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Power Nine - wikipedia <H1> Power Nine </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> In Magic : The Gathering , Power Nine is a set of nine cards that were only printed early in the game 's history , consisting of Black Lotus , Ancestral Recall , Time Walk , Mox Pearl , Mox Sapphire , Mox Jet , Mox Ruby , Mox Emerald , and Timetwister . </P> <P> The Power Nine are considered to be among the most powerful cards in the game . All nine cards are of the rarest level of rarity and were printed only in the Alpha , Beta , and Unlimited sets in late 1993 to early 1994 . Currently , all of the Power Nine cards are restricted in the Vintage tournament format and banned in Legacy , the only tournament formats where they would be legal otherwise , and all except for Timetwister are banned in the casual Commander format . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cards <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Black Lotus </Li> <Li> 1.2 Moxes </Li> <Li> 1.3 Ancestral Recall </Li> <Li> 1.4 Time Walk </Li> <Li> 1.5 Timetwister </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Magic Online </Li> <Li> 3 Alternate versions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Parodies </Li> <Li> 3.2 Alternate art </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cards ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Black Lotus ( edit ) </H3> The Black Lotus , signed by artist Christopher Rush <P> The `` Black Lotus '' card can be played at zero cost , and grants three mana ( the game 's primary resource ) when sacrificed ( discarded from play ) . Thus , the card gives the player an enormous jump in the early stages of a Magic game . Former Pro player and Magic writer Zvi Mowshowitz has declared Black Lotus as the best card of its type of all time , claiming every deck in the history of the game is better with a Black Lotus in it . It has since been banned from all official tournament styles save for Vintage , but even there , it is limited to one copy per deck , compared to the normal allowance of four . The illustration on Black Lotus was painted by Christopher Rush , who was at the time a Wizards of the Coast employee . The Black Lotus illustration is a depiction of a black lotus flower over a foliage backdrop . </P> <P> Black Lotus is usually considered to be the most valuable non-promotional Magic card ever printed . Its Alpha and Beta versions in particular are considered to be extremely valuable , due to the more limited print runs and black borders of those sets . Alpha is the most sought after with an estimated 1100 ever printed , and beta with 3300 ever printed . A Gem Mint Alpha version of the Black Lotus was auctioned for more than $27,000 in November 2013 . </P> <H3> Moxes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The five original Mox cards are Mox Pearl , Mox Sapphire , Mox Jet , Mox Ruby , and Mox Emerald . They are colloquially known as `` Moxen '' . They are similar to the five Basic Lands ( the cards that provide the primary resource to play most cards ) in that they cost nothing to play and can add one mana of a specific color to their owner 's resource pool . Unlike lands , however , more than one can be played per turn . Like Black Lotus , this can lead to extremely powerful plays much earlier than normal . All five Mox cards were illustrated by Dan Frazier . In each artwork , a different piece of jewelry is depicted . </P> <H3> Ancestral Recall ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ancestral Recall allows the player to draw three cards at an extremely low cost . It originated as part of a set of five cards known as `` Boons '' , one of each color , which gave three of something ( e.g. mana , life , damage ) for the cost of one mana . Ancestral Recall is the only rare Boon and the only one not to have been reprinted since the Unlimited set . </P> <H3> Time Walk ( edit ) </H3> <P> For a very low cost , Time Walk allows a player to take an extra turn . In a game that involves a constant build - up of resources over time , a full turn 's additional development turned out to be far more powerful than Magic 's early designers had imagined . Several cards that grant additional turns have been printed since Time Walk , but always at a much greater cost . </P> <P> In Time Walk 's early development version , it originally had the text `` Target player loses next turn . '' Richard Garfield tells an anecdote about a playtester telling him that he had a card in his deck that would guarantee he would win the game on the next turn . Garfield could not figure out which card this could be , until the playtester showed him a Time Walk , and pointed out the alternate meaning of the word `` loses '' . The wording was changed prior to the release of the game . </P> <H3> Timetwister ( edit ) </H3> <P> While the other Power Nine cards are simple in concept , Timetwister is more complex . It forces each player to shuffle their hand , graveyard , and library together and then draw a new hand of seven cards . Because it affects all players , it may not be apparent at first why Timetwister is a powerful card . Its power lies mostly in situations where the player playing it has fewer cards in his or her hand than the opponent , and has established a powerful board position -- Timetwister does not affect cards already on the table . The player casting Timetwister can essentially catch up on cards in hand , and potentially get back powerful cards that were discarded , without giving up a dominant board position . Unlike the other cards in the Power Nine , Timetwister therefore requires a deck to be more carefully built in order to exploit its power . </P> <H2> Magic Online ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the past , the Power Nine have only been available on Magic Online as a part of Cube Drafts , which cards are not allowed to be kept by players after the game . But there has been no way to permanently own any of the Power Nine cards on Magic Online , and Vintage format was not sanctioned at that time either ( although there was an alternative format named `` Classic '' ) . </P> <P> In June 2014 , WotC officially supported Vintage as one of the sanctioned format in Magic Online , and Vintage Masters , a booster specifically providing essential parts in Vintage format , including all Power Nine cards , was released in a limited period . They will appear only in the premium foil slot where they could be either foil or non-foil as a special rarity . On average it will take 53 packs of Vintage Masters to pull one of the Power Nine . </P> <P> The implementation of the Power Nine cards online are functionally identical to the original cards , but have updated rules text , different artwork and are displayed with a modern card frame . With exception of the Black Lotus , the illustrations are those that were originally given to the winners of the Vintage Championships as alternate Power Nine artworks . The Black Lotus received a new artwork by Chris Rahn . </P> <H2> Alternate versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Parodies ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Blacker Lotus was a satirical card in the parody Unglued set which produced four mana , although it required the user to physically tear the card up after use . Jack - in - the - Mox from the same set works like a regular Mox but produces either a random color of mana , or destroys itself , depending on a die roll . Mox Lotus , from the later Unhinged parody set , provides infinite mana of any color and immunity to mana - burn ( now redundant due to rules changes ) , but costs fifteen mana to play . </P> <H3> Alternate art ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Power Nine are among the very few widely recognized cards never to have received updated artwork from their original printing . As a way to rectify this , since 2003 , the winner of the annual Vintage Championship has received a unique , oversized Power Nine card featuring brand - new art . These prize cards are considerably larger than actual cards , and therefore can not be used in play . The five Mox cards feature artwork that represent the settings of the Magic expansions released in their corresponding years . Their artist , Volkan Baga , has also illustrated two other Mox cards -- Mox Opal and the reissued Mox Diamond -- in the same style . The following cards have been given to the winners : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2003 : Black Lotus to Carl Winter ( Artwork by Christopher Rush ) </Li> <Li> 2004 : Timetwister to Mark Biller ( Artwork by Mark Tedin ) </Li> <Li> 2005 : Ancestral Recall to Roland Chang ( Artwork by Mark Poole ) </Li> <Li> 2006 : Mox Pearl to Travis Spero ( Artwork by Volkan Baga ) </Li> <Li> 2007 : Mox Jet to Stephen Menendian ( Artwork by Volkan Baga ) </Li> <Li> 2008 : Mox Ruby to Paul Mastriano ( Artwork by Volkan Baga ) </Li> <Li> 2009 : Mox Emerald to Itou Hiromichi ( Artwork by Volkan Baga ) </Li> <Li> 2010 : Mox Sapphire to Owen Turtenwald ( Artwork by Volkan Baga ) </Li> <Li> 2011 : Time Walk to Mark Hornung ( Artwork by Chris Rahn ) </Li> <Li> 2012 : Timetwister to Marc Lanigra ( Artwork by Matt Stewart ) </Li> <Li> 2013 : Ancestral Recall to Joel Lim ( Artwork by Ryan Pancoast ) </Li> <Li> 2014 : Mox Pearl to Mark Tocco ( Artwork by Raoul Vitale ) </Li> <Li> 2015 : Mox Emerald to Brian Kelly ( Artwork by Raoul Vitale ) </Li> <Li> 2016 : Mox Sapphire to Joseph Bogaard ( Artwork by Raoul Vitale ) </Li> <Li> 2016 EU : Mox Jet to Joan Anton Mateo ( Artwork by Raoul Vitale ) </Li> <Li> 2017 EU : Mox Ruby to Joaquín Solís ( Artwork by Raoul Vitale ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ History of the World by InQuest Gamer & Leigh Newmark , wizarduniverse.com , December 15 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Power Nine '' . Magicthegathering.com. 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ask Wizards : August 7 , 2008 '' . Magicthegathering.com . August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vintage Format Deck Construction '' . Magicthegathering.com . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Legacy Format Deck Construction '' . Magicthegathering.com . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commander '' . Magicthegathering.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mowshowitz , Zvi ( 28 February 2005 ) . `` The Top 50 Artifacts of All Time '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerardi , Matt ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Rare Magic : The Gathering card sells for more than $27,000 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Rare Magic Card Sells For $27,000 '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Card Drawing Cards '' . Magicthegathering.com . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ben Bleiweiss ( July 10 , 2002 ) . `` Sets of Five , Part I '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Card of the Day August 2003 : Time Walk '' . Magicthegathering.com . August 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turian , Mike ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Introducing Vintage Masters ! '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Carlos ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Power 9 At Special Rarity in Vintage Masters '' . Gathering Magic Explore the Game . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Player 's Guide to Type I '' . magicthegathering.com . August 9 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FNM Foils and Judge Foil Promos '' . starcitygames.com. April 21 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 Vintage Championship '' . magicthegathering.com . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 Vintage Championship Fact Sheet '' . magicthegathering.com. 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 Vintage Year in Review , Part 2 '' . starcitygames.com . December 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 2007 Vintage Year in Review '' . magicthegathering.com . December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price , Nate ( August 2008 ) . `` Feature : Vintage Championship Top 8 Coverage '' . magicthegathering.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gen Con : The Days Are Too Short '' . magicthegathering.com. 24 August 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 U.S. National Championship - Day 1 Blog '' . Wizards of the Coast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marc Lanigra , 2012 Vintage Champion '' . Wizards of the Coast . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lim 's Fish the Real Deal in Philly ! '' . Wizards of the Coast . 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vintage Finals : Mark Tocco VS . Dario Moreno '' . Wizards of the Coast . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Finals : Brian Kelly ( Oath ) Vs. Robert Greene ( Grixis Thieves ) '' . Wizards of the Coast . 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 NA Vintage Championship - Top 8 Players '' . Cardtitan . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EUROPEAN VINTAGE CHAMPIONSHIP 2016 ETERNAL WEEKEND '' . BAZAAR of MOXEN. 23 October 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DECKLIST VINTAGE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP 2017 '' . BAZAAR of MOXEN. 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` The Power Nine '' -- Images of all Power Nine cards </Li> <Li> `` Magic Rarities -- Images of the alternate art versions </Li> <Li> The Gatherer Card Database -- This database has detailed information on all other cards mentioned in this article </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Magic : The Gathering </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gameplay </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rules <Ul> <Li> Keywords </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Card advantage </Li> <Li> Formats </Li> <Li> Deck types </Li> <Li> Sideboard </Li> <Li> Power Nine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wizards of the Coast </Li> <Li> Richard Garfield </Li> <Li> Randy Buehler </Li> <Li> Mark Rosewater </Li> <Li> Artists </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DCI </Li> <Li> Friday Night Magic </Li> <Li> Grand Prix <Ul> <Li> List of events </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Masters </Li> <Li> Nationals </Li> <Li> Professional players </Li> <Li> Pro Tour <Ul> <Li> List of events </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> World Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magazines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Duelist </Li> <Li> InQuest Gamer </Li> <Li> Scrye </Li> <Li> The Sideboard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apprentice </Li> <Li> Battlegrounds </Li> <Li> Duels </Li> <Li> Duels of the Planeswalkers <Ul> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Magic : The Gathering ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Magic Workstation </Li> <Li> Online </Li> <Li> Tactics </Li> <Li> Puzzle Quest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sets </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Core </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Limited Edition </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Expansion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1993 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Ice Age </Li> <Li> Mirage </Li> <Li> Rath </Li> <Li> Urza </Li> <Li> Masques </Li> <Li> Invasion </Li> <Li> Odyssey </Li> <Li> Onslaught </Li> <Li> Mirrodin </Li> <Li> Kamigawa </Li> <Li> Ravnica </Li> <Li> Time Spiral </Li> <Li> Lorwyn </Li> <Li> Shadowmoor </Li> <Li> Alara </Li> <Li> Zendikar </Li> <Li> Scars of Mirrodin </Li> <Li> Innistrad </Li> <Li> Return to Ravnica </Li> <Li> Theros </Li> <Li> Khans of Tarkir </Li> <Li> Battle for Zendikar </Li> <Li> Shadows over Innistrad </Li> <Li> Kaladesh </Li> <Li> Amonkhet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Compilation , reprint , and box sets </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Starter </Li> <Li> Unglued </Li> <Li> Unhinged </Li> <Li> Masters Edition </Li> <Li> Planechase </Li> <Li> Archenemy </Li> <Li> Commander </Li> <Li> Conspiracy </Li> <Li> Theme decks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Multiverse </Li> <Li> Novels </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Nine&oldid=791980543 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Magic : The Gathering </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 17 : 55 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Have n't Got Time for the Pain - wikipedia <H1> Have n't Got Time for the Pain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Carly Simon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Hotcakes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Mind on My Man '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> April 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> Autumn 1973 at The Hit Factory , New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soft rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Elektra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Carly Simon & Jacob Brackman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Perry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Carly Simon singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mockingbird '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Attitude Dancing '' ( 1975 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mockingbird '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Attitude Dancing '' ( 1975 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' is a song written by Carly Simon and Jacob Brackman that was first released on Simon 's 1974 album Hotcakes . It was also released as a single , reaching # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 2 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . It is also known for its use in commercials for the ibuprofen brand Medipren in the late 1980s . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Lyrics and music </Li> <Li> 2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3 Other appearances </Li> <Li> 4 Chart </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Lyrics and music ( edit ) </H2> <P> Allmusic critic Joe Viglione described `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' as sounding like a sequel to `` The Right Thing to Do , '' from Simon 's previous album No Secrets from 1972 . The lyrics state that after a new , wonderful person has entered the singer 's life , she no longer has time or reason for suffering over past lovers lost . According to author Sheila Weller , the lyrics reflect Simon 's life at the time - she has no more use for `` self - obsession '' or `` existential angst . '' Viglione describes Simon 's vocals as being `` perfectly in tune , '' and Weller describes the passion expressed by her `` bleating voice '' as undercutting the `` vow of emotional peace '' in the lyrics , which according to Weller `` gives the song its edge . '' Instrumentation includes piano , played by Simon herself , drums and string instruments , plus acoustic guitar played by Simon 's then - husband James Taylor . Weller describes the string interlude ( arranged and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster ) as `` operatic . '' Viglione praises producer Richard Perry for `` very cleverly accentuating Simon 's emotions '' by using classical instruments in the song . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rolling Stone Magazine critic Jon Landau described `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' as Simon 's `` best single to date '' ; this following such hit singles as `` Anticipation '' and `` You 're So Vain . '' Viglione describes it as `` one of the classiest as well as one of the simplest '' of the many successful singles released by female vocalists in 1974 . Music critic Robert Christgau called `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` the most insidious let 's - write - God - a-love - song to date . Author Bruce Pollock described it as a `` yuppie credo . '' </P> <H2> Other appearances ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' has been included on several Carly Simon compilation albums , including The Best of Carly Simon in 1975 , Clouds in My Coffee in 1995 , The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better in 1999 , Anthology in 2002 , Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits and Carly Simon Collector 's Edition in 2009 . </P> <P> Vikki Carr covered `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' on her 1974 album One Hell of a Woman . Lesley Gore covered it on her 1982 album The Canvas Can Do Miracles . </P> <H2> Chart ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1974 ) </Th> <Th> Peak Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA Charts ) </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM ) Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Pop Singles ( Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hotcakes awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magahem , J. ( December 20 , 1989 ) . `` Commercial Success '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Viglione , J. `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fornatale , P. ; Ayres , B. ( 1998 ) . All You Need Is Love . Fireside . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 0684845296 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Weller , S. ( 2008 ) . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , Carly Simon -- And the Journey of a Generation . Simon & Schuster . p. 443 . ISBN 9780743491471 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christgau , R. ( 1981 ) . Rock Albums of the ' 70s : A Critical Guide . Da Capo Press . p. 353 . ISBN 9780306804090 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pollock , B. ( 2014 ) . Rock Song Index : The 7500 Most Important Songs for the Rock and Roll Era ( revised ed . ) . Routledge . p. 135 . ISBN 9781135462963 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Theakston , R. `` Ms. America / One Hell of a Woman '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Canvas Can Do Miracles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5057&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5057.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5057 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> <Li> Carly Simon 's Official Website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Carly Simon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carly Simon </Li> <Li> Anticipation </Li> <Li> No Secrets </Li> <Li> Hotcakes </Li> <Li> Playing Possum </Li> <Li> Another Passenger </Li> <Li> Boys in the Trees </Li> <Li> Spy </Li> <Li> Come Upstairs </Li> <Li> Torch </Li> <Li> Hello Big Man </Li> <Li> Spoiled Girl </Li> <Li> Coming Around Again </Li> <Li> My Romance </Li> <Li> Have You Seen Me Lately </Li> <Li> This Is My Life </Li> <Li> Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera </Li> <Li> Letters Never Sent </Li> <Li> Film Noir </Li> <Li> The Bedroom Tapes </Li> <Li> Moonlight Serenade </Li> <Li> Into White </Li> <Li> This Kind of Love </Li> <Li> Never Been Gone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best of Carly Simon </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits Live </Li> <Li> Clouds in My Coffee </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better </Li> <Li> Christmas Is Almost Here </Li> <Li> Anthology </Li> <Li> Christmas Is Almost Here Again </Li> <Li> Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Carly Simon Collector 's Edition </Li> <Li> Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon </Li> <Li> Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Working Girl </Li> <Li> This Is My Life </Li> <Li> Piglet 's Big Movie </Li> <Li> Pooh 's Heffalump Movie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concerts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live from Martha 's Vineyard </Li> <Li> Carly in Concert -- My Romance </Li> <Li> Live at Grand Central </Li> <Li> A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' </Li> <Li> `` Anticipation '' </Li> <Li> `` Legend in Your Own Time '' </Li> <Li> `` You 're So Vain '' </Li> <Li> `` The Right Thing to Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Mockingbird '' </Li> <Li> `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' </Li> <Li> `` Attitude Dancing '' </Li> <Li> `` Waterfall '' </Li> <Li> `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Nobody Does It Better '' </Li> <Li> `` You Belong to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Devoted to You '' </Li> <Li> `` Vengeance '' </Li> <Li> `` Jesse '' </Li> <Li> `` Why '' </Li> <Li> `` Kissing with Confidence '' </Li> <Li> `` You Know What to Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Tired of Being Blonde '' </Li> <Li> `` My New Boyfriend '' </Li> <Li> `` Coming Around Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Give Me All Night '' </Li> <Li> `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' </Li> <Li> `` All I Want Is You '' </Li> <Li> `` Let the River Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Better Not Tell Her '' </Li> <Li> `` Love of My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` We Have No Secrets '' </Li> <Li> `` Night Owl '' </Li> <Li> `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Simon Sisters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meet The Simon Sisters </Li> <Li> Cuddlebug </Li> <Li> The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children </Li> <Li> Lucy & Carly -- The Simon Sisters Sing for Children </Li> <Li> Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings </Li> <Li> Carly & Lucy Simon Sing Songs For Children </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Carly Simon </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haven%27t_Got_Time_for_the_Pain&oldid=800612893 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1974 songs </Li> <Li> 1974 singles </Li> <Li> Carly Simon songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Carly Simon </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Richard Perry </Li> <Li> Elektra Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs with lyrics by Jacob Brackman </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 16 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Marriage of Figaro - wikipedia <H1> The Marriage of Figaro </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Beaumarchais play , see The Marriage of Figaro ( play ) . For the opera by Marcos Portugal ( 1799 ) , see Marcos Portugal . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Le nozze di Figaro The Marriage of Figaro </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Opera by W.A. Mozart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Early 19th - century engraving depicting Count Almaviva and Susanna in act 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Librettist </Th> <Td> Lorenzo Da Ponte </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Italian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Le Mariage de Figaro by Pierre Beaumarchais </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premiere </Th> <Td> 1 May 1786 ( 1786 - 05 - 01 ) Burgtheater , Vienna </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Marriage of Figaro ( Italian : Le nozze di Figaro , pronounced ( le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro ) ) , K. 492 , is an opera buffa ( comic opera ) in four acts composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte . It premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 1 May 1786 . The opera 's libretto is based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais , La folle journée , ou le Mariage de Figaro ( `` The Mad Day , or The Marriage of Figaro '' ) , which was first performed in 1784 . It tells how the servants Figaro and Susanna succeed in getting married , foiling the efforts of their philandering employer Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna and teaching him a lesson in fidelity . </P> <P> The opera is a cornerstone of the repertoire and appears consistently among the top ten in the Operabase list of most frequently performed operas . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Composition history </Li> <Li> 2 Performance history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Other early performances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Roles </Li> <Li> 4 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Overture </Li> <Li> 4.2 Act 1 </Li> <Li> 4.3 Act 2 </Li> <Li> 4.4 Act 3 </Li> <Li> 4.5 Act 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Instrumentation </Li> <Li> 6 Frequently omitted numbers </Li> <Li> 7 Critical discussion </Li> <Li> 8 Other uses of the melodies </Li> <Li> 9 Recordings </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Composition history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Beaumarchais 's earlier play The Barber of Seville had already made a successful transition to opera in a version by Paisiello . Beaumarchais 's Mariage de Figaro was at first banned in Vienna ; the Emperor , Joseph II , stated that `` since the piece contains much that is objectionable , I therefore expect that the Censor shall either reject it altogether , or at any rate have such alterations made in it that he shall be responsible for the performance of this play and for the impression it may make '' , after which the Austrian Censor duly forbade performing the German version of the play . Mozart 's librettist managed to get official approval for an operatic version which eventually achieved great success . </P> <P> The opera was the first of three collaborations between Mozart and Da Ponte ; their later collaborations were Don Giovanni and Così fan tutte . It was Mozart who originally selected Beaumarchais 's play and brought it to Da Ponte , who turned it into a libretto in six weeks , rewriting it in poetic Italian and removing all of the original 's political references . In particular , Da Ponte replaced Figaro 's climactic speech against inherited nobility with an equally angry aria against unfaithful wives . Contrary to the popular myth , the libretto was approved by the Emperor before any music was written by Mozart . </P> <P> The Imperial Italian opera company paid Mozart 450 florins for the work ; this was three times his ( low ) yearly salary when he had worked as a court musician in Salzburg . Da Ponte was paid 200 florins . </P> <H2> Performance history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Figaro premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 1 May 1786 , with a cast listed in the `` Roles '' section below . Mozart himself directed the first two performances , conducting seated at the keyboard , the custom of the day . Later performances were conducted by Joseph Weigl . The first production was given eight further performances , all in 1786 . </P> <P> Although the total of nine performances was nothing like the frequency of performance of Mozart 's later success , The Magic Flute , which for months was performed roughly every other day , the premiere is generally judged to have been a success . The applause of the audience on the first night resulted in five numbers being encored , seven on 8 May . Joseph II , who , in addition to his empire , was in charge of the Burgtheater , was concerned by the length of the performance and directed his aide Count Rosenberg as follows : </P> <P> To prevent the excessive duration of operas , without however prejudicing the fame often sought by opera singers from the repetition of vocal pieces , I deem the enclosed notice to the public ( that no piece for more than a single voice is to be repeated ) to be the most reasonable expedient . You will therefore cause some posters to this effect to be printed . </P> <P> The requested posters were printed up and posted in the Burgtheater in time for the third performance on 24 May . </P> <P> The newspaper Wiener Realzeitung carried a review of the opera in its issue of 11 July 1786 . It alludes to interference probably produced by paid hecklers , but praises the work warmly : </P> <P> Mozart 's music was generally admired by connoisseurs already at the first performance , if I except only those whose self - love and conceit will not allow them to find merit in anything not written by themselves . </P> <P> The public , however ... did not really know on the first day where it stood . It heard many a bravo from unbiassed connoisseurs , but obstreperous louts in the uppermost storey exerted their hired lungs with all their might to deafen singers and audience alike with their St ! and Pst ; and consequently opinions were divided at the end of the piece . </P> <P> Apart from that , it is true that the first performance was none of the best , owing to the difficulties of the composition . </P> <P> But now , after several performances , one would be subscribing either to the cabal or to tastelessness if one were to maintain that Herr Mozart 's music is anything but a masterpiece of art . </P> It contains so many beauties , and such a wealth of ideas , as can be drawn only from the source of innate genius . <P> The Hungarian poet Ferenc Kazinczy was in the audience for a May performance , and later remembered the powerful impression the work made on him : </P> <P> ( Nancy ) Storace ( see below ) , the beautiful singer , enchanted eye , ear , and soul . -- Mozart directed the orchestra , playing his fortepiano ; the joy which this music causes is so far removed from all sensuality that one can not speak of it . Where could words be found that are worthy to describe such joy ? </P> <P> Joseph Haydn appreciated the opera greatly , writing to a friend that he heard it in his dreams . In summer 1790 Haydn attempted to produce the work with his own company at Eszterháza , but was prevented from doing so by the death of his patron , Nikolaus Esterházy . </P> <H3> Other early performances ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Emperor requested a special performance at his palace theater in Laxenburg , which took place in June 1786 . </P> <P> The opera was produced in Prague starting in December 1786 by the Pasquale Bondini company . This production was a tremendous success ; the newspaper Prager Oberpostamtszeitung called the work `` a masterpiece '' , and said `` no piece ( for everyone here asserts ) has ever caused such a sensation . '' Local music lovers paid for Mozart to visit Prague and hear the production ; he listened on 17 January 1787 , and conducted it himself on the 22nd . The success of the Prague production led to the commissioning of the next Mozart / Da Ponte opera , Don Giovanni , premiered in Prague in 1787 ; see Mozart and Prague . </P> <P> The work was not performed in Vienna during 1787 or 1788 , but starting in 1789 there was a revival production . For this occasion Mozart replaced both arias of Susanna with new compositions , better suited to the voice of Adriana Ferrarese del Bene who took the role . For Deh vieni he wrote Al desio di chi t'adora -- `` ( come and fly ) To the desire of ( the one ) who adores you '' ( K. 577 ) in July 1789 , and for Venite , inginocchiatevi he wrote Un moto di gioia -- `` A joyous emotion '' , ( K. 579 ) , probably in mid-1790 . </P> <H2> Roles ( edit ) </H2> <P> The voice types which appear in this table are those listed in the critical edition published in the Neue Mozart - Ausgabe . In modern performance practice , Cherubino is usually assigned to a mezzo - soprano ( sometimes also Marcellina ) , Count Almaviva to a baritone , and Figaro to a bass - baritone . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Voice type </Th> <Th> Premiere cast , 1 May 1786 ( Conductor : W.A. Mozart ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Count Almaviva </Td> <Td> bass </Td> <Td> Stefano Mandini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Countess Rosina Almaviva </Td> <Td> soprano </Td> <Td> Luisa Laschi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Susanna , the countess 's maid </Td> <Td> soprano </Td> <Td> Nancy Storace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Figaro , personal valet to the count </Td> <Td> bass </Td> <Td> Francesco Benucci </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cherubino , the Count 's page </Td> <Td> soprano ( en travesti ) </Td> <Td> Dorotea Bussani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marcellina , Doctor Bartolo 's housekeeper </Td> <Td> soprano </Td> <Td> Maria Mandini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bartolo , doctor from Seville , also a practicing lawyer </Td> <Td> bass </Td> <Td> Francesco Bussani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basilio , music teacher </Td> <Td> tenor </Td> <Td> Michael Kelly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Curzio , judge </Td> <Td> tenor </Td> <Td> Michael Kelly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbarina , Antonio 's daughter </Td> <Td> soprano </Td> <Td> Anna Gottlieb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antonio , the Count 's gardener , Susanna 's uncle </Td> <Td> bass </Td> <Td> Francesco Bussani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Chorus of peasants , villagers , and servants </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Marriage of Figaro continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later , and recounts a single `` day of madness '' ( la folle journée ) in the palace of Count Almaviva near Seville , Spain . Rosina is now the Countess ; Dr. Bartolo is seeking revenge against Figaro for thwarting his plans to marry Rosina himself ; and Count Almaviva has degenerated from the romantic youth of Barber into a scheming , bullying , skirt - chasing baritone . Having gratefully given Figaro a job as head of his servant - staff , he is now persistently trying to exercise his droit du seigneur -- his right to bed a servant girl on her wedding night -- with Figaro 's bride - to - be , Susanna , who is the Countess 's maid . He keeps finding excuses to delay the civil part of the wedding of his two servants , which is arranged for this very day . Figaro , Susanna , and the Countess conspire to embarrass the Count and expose his scheming . He retaliates by trying to compel Figaro legally to marry a woman old enough to be his mother , but it turns out at the last minute that she really is his mother . Through Figaro 's and Susanna 's clever manipulations , the Count 's love for his Countess is finally restored . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Place : Count Almaviva 's estate , Aguas - Frescas , three leagues outside Seville , Spain . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Overture ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Overture Performed by Musopen Symphony ( 4 : 00 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The overture is in the key of D major ; the tempo marking is presto ; i.e. very fast . The work is well known and often played independently as a concert piece . </P> <H3> Act 1 ( edit ) </H3> <P> A partly furnished room , with a chair in the centre . </P> <P> Figaro happily measures the space where the bridal bed will fit while Susanna tries on her wedding bonnet in front of a mirror ( in the present day , a more traditional French floral wreath or a modern veil are often substituted , often in combination with a bonnet , so as to accommodate what Susanna happily describes as her wedding cappellino ) . ( Duet : Cinque , dieci , venti -- `` Five , ten , twenty '' ) . Figaro is quite pleased with their new room ; Susanna far less so ( Duettino : Se a caso madama la notte ti chiama -- `` If the Countess should call you during the night '' ) . She is bothered by its proximity to the Count 's chambers : it seems he has been making advances toward her and plans on exercising his droit du seigneur , the purported feudal right of a lord to bed a servant girl on her wedding night before her husband can sleep with her . The Count had the right abolished when he married Rosina , but he now wants to reinstate it . Figaro is livid and plans to outwit the Count ( Cavatina : Se vuol ballare signor contino -- `` If you want to dance , sir count '' ) . </P> <P> Figaro departs , and Dr. Bartolo arrives with Marcellina , his old housekeeper . Marcellina has hired Bartolo as legal counsel , since Figaro had once promised to marry her if he should default on a loan she had made to him , and she intends to enforce that promise . Bartolo , still irked at Figaro for having facilitated the union of the Count and Rosina ( in The Barber of Seville ) , promises , in comical lawyer - speak , to help Marcellina ( aria : La vendetta -- `` Vengeance '' ) . </P> <P> Bartolo departs , Susanna returns , and Marcellina and Susanna share an exchange of very politely delivered sarcastic insults ( duet : Via resti servita , madama brillante -- `` After you , brilliant madam '' ) . Susanna triumphs in the exchange by congratulating her rival on her impressive age . The older woman departs in a fury . </P> Act 1 : Cherubino hides behind Susanna 's chair as the Count arrives . <P> Cherubino then arrives and , after describing his emerging infatuation with all women , particularly with his `` beautiful godmother '' the Countess ( aria : Non so più cosa son -- `` I do n't know anymore what I am '' ) , asks for Susanna 's aid with the Count . It seems the Count is angry with Cherubino 's amorous ways , having discovered him with the gardener 's daughter , Barbarina , and plans to punish him . Cherubino wants Susanna to ask the Countess to intercede on his behalf . When the Count appears , Cherubino hides behind a chair , not wanting to be seen alone with Susanna . The Count uses the opportunity of finding Susanna alone to step up his demands for favours from her , including financial inducements to sell herself to him . As Basilio , the music teacher , arrives , the Count , not wanting to be caught alone with Susanna , hides behind the chair . Cherubino leaves that hiding place just in time , and jumps onto the chair while Susanna scrambles to cover him with a dress . </P> <P> When Basilio starts to gossip about Cherubino 's obvious attraction to the Countess , the Count angrily leaps from his hiding place ( terzetto : Cosa sento ! -- `` What do I hear ! '' ) . He disparages the `` absent '' page 's incessant flirting and describes how he caught him with Barbarina under the kitchen table . As he lifts the dress from the chair to illustrate how he lifted the tablecloth to expose Cherubino , he finds ... the self same Cherubino ! The count is furious , but is reminded that the page overheard the Count 's advances on Susanna , something that the Count wants to keep from the Countess . The young man is ultimately saved from punishment by the entrance of the peasants of the Count 's estate , a preemptive attempt by Figaro to commit the Count to a formal gesture symbolizing his promise that Susanna would enter into the marriage unsullied . The Count evades Figaro 's plan by postponing the gesture . The Count says that he forgives Cherubino , but he dispatches him to his own regiment in Seville for army duty , effective immediately . Figaro gives Cherubino mocking advice about his new , harsh , military life from which all luxury , and especially women , will be totally excluded ( aria : Non più andrai -- `` No more gallivanting '' ) . </P> <H3> Act 2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> A handsome room with an alcove , a dressing room on the left , a door in the background ( leading to the servants ' quarters ) and a window at the side . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> No. 11 Cavatina Porgi , amor Provided by Musopen ( 3 : 36 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Countess laments her husband 's infidelity ( aria : Porgi , amor , qualche ristoro -- `` Grant , love , some comfort '' ) . Susanna comes in to prepare the Countess for the day . She responds to the Countess 's questions by telling her that the Count is not trying to seduce her ; he is merely offering her a monetary contract in return for her affection . Figaro enters and explains his plan to distract the Count with anonymous letters warning him of adulterers . He has already sent one to the Count ( via Basilio ) that indicates that the Countess has a rendezvous of her own that evening . They hope that the Count will be too busy looking for imaginary adulterers to interfere with Figaro and Susanna 's wedding . Figaro additionally advises the Countess to keep Cherubino around . She should dress him up as a girl and lure the Count into an illicit rendezvous where he can be caught red - handed . Figaro leaves . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Voi che sapete cosa è amor Performed in 1910 by Nellie Melba ( 3 : 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cherubino arrives , sent in by Figaro and eager to co-operate . Susanna urges him to sing the song he wrote for the Countess ( aria : Voi che sapete che cosa è amor -- `` You ladies who know what love is , is it what I 'm suffering from ? '' ) . After the song , the Countess , seeing Cherubino 's military commission , notices that the Count was in such a hurry that he forgot to seal it with his signet ring ( which would be necessary to make it an official document ) . </P> <P> Susanna and the Countess then begin with their plan . Susanna takes off Cherubino _́ s cloak , and she begins to comb his hair and teach him to behave and walk like a woman ( aria of Susanna : Venite , inginocchiatevi -- `` Come , kneel down before me '' ) . Then she leaves the room through a door at the back to get the dress for Cherubino , taking his cloak with her . </P> <P> While the Countess and Cherubino are waiting for Susanna to come back , they suddenly hear the Count arriving . Cherubino hides in the closet . The Count demands to be allowed into the room and the Countess reluctantly unlocks the door . The Count enters and hears a noise from the closet . He tries to open it , but it is locked . The Countess tells him it is only Susanna , trying on her wedding dress . At this moment , Susanna re-enters unobserved , quickly realizes what 's going on , and hides behind a couch ( Trio : Susanna , or via , sortite -- `` Susanna , come out ! '' ) . The Count shouts for her to identify herself by her voice , but the Countess orders her to be silent . Furious and suspicious , the Count leaves , with the Countess , in search of tools to force the closet door open . As they leave , he locks all the bedroom doors to prevent the intruder from escaping . Cherubino and Susanna emerge from their hiding places , and Cherubino escapes by jumping through the window into the garden . Susanna then takes Cherubino 's former place in the closet , vowing to make the Count look foolish ( duet : Aprite , presto , aprite -- `` Open the door , quickly ! '' ) . </P> <P> The Count and Countess return . The Countess , thinking herself trapped , desperately admits that Cherubino is hidden in the closet . The enraged Count draws his sword , promising to kill Cherubino on the spot , but when the door is opened , they both find to their astonishment only Susanna ( Finale : Esci omai , garzon malnato -- `` Come out of there , you ill - born boy ! '' ) . The Count demands an explanation ; the Countess tells him it is a practical joke , to test his trust in her . Shamed by his jealousy , the Count begs for forgiveness . When the Count presses about the anonymous letter , Susanna and the Countess reveal that the letter was written by Figaro , and then delivered by Basilio . Figaro then arrives and tries to start the wedding festivities , but the Count berates him with questions about the anonymous note . Just as the Count is starting to run out of questions , Antonio the gardener arrives , complaining that a man has jumped out of the window and broken his flowerpots . The Count immediately realizes that the jumping fugitive was Cherubino , but Figaro claims it was he himself who jumped out of the window , and claims to have injured his foot while landing . Figaro , Susanna , and the Countess attempt to discredit Antonio as a chronic drunkard whose constant inebriation makes him unreliable and prone to fantasy , but Antonio brings forward a paper which , he says , was dropped by the escaping man . The Count orders Figaro to prove he was the jumper by identifying the paper ( which is , in fact , Cherubino 's appointment to the army ) . Figaro is at a loss , but Susanna and the Countess manage to signal the correct answers , and Figaro identifies the document . His victory is , however , short - lived : Marcellina , Bartolo , and Basilio enter , bringing charges against Figaro and demanding that he honor his contract to marry Marcellina . The Count happily postpones the wedding in order to investigate the charge . </P> <H3> Act 3 ( edit ) </H3> <P> A rich hall , with two thrones , prepared for the wedding ceremony . </P> <P> The Count mulls over the confusing situation . At the urging of the Countess , Susanna enters and gives a false promise to meet the Count later that night in the garden ( duet : Crudel ! perchè finora -- `` Cruel girl , why did you make me wait so long '' ) . As Susanna leaves , the Count overhears her telling Figaro that he has already won the case . Realizing that he is being tricked ( recitative and aria : Hai già vinta la causa ! ... Vedrò , mentr'io sospiro -- `` You 've already won the case ! '' ... `` Shall I , while sighing , see '' ) , he resolves to punish Figaro by forcing him to marry Marcellina . </P> <P> Figaro 's hearing follows , and the Count 's judgment is that Figaro must marry Marcellina . Figaro argues that he can not get married without his parents ' permission , and that he does not know who his parents are , because he was stolen from them when he was a baby . The ensuing discussion reveals that Figaro is Rafaello , the long - lost illegitimate son of Bartolo and Marcellina . A touching scene of reconciliation occurs . During the celebrations , Susanna enters with a payment to release Figaro from his debt to Marcellina . Seeing Figaro and Marcellina in celebration together , Susanna mistakenly believes that Figaro now prefers Marcellina to her . She has a tantrum and slaps Figaro 's face . Marcellina explains , and Susanna , realizing her mistake , joins the celebration . Bartolo , overcome with emotion , agrees to marry Marcellina that evening in a double wedding ( sextet : Riconosci in questo amplesso -- `` Recognize in this embrace '' ) . </P> <P> All leave , before Barbarina , Antonio 's daughter , invites Cherubino back to her house so they can disguise him as a girl . The Countess , alone , ponders the loss of her happiness ( aria : Dove sono i bei momenti -- `` Where are they , the beautiful moments '' ) . Meanwhile , Antonio informs the Count that Cherubino is not in Seville , but in fact at his house . Susanna enters and updates her mistress regarding the plan to trap the Count . The Countess dictates a love letter for Susanna to send to the Count , which suggests that he meet her ( Susanna ) that night , `` under the pines '' . The letter instructs the Count to return the pin which fastens the letter ( duet : Sull'aria ... che soave zeffiretto -- `` On the breeze ... What a gentle little zephyr '' ) . </P> <P> A chorus of young peasants , among them Cherubino disguised as a girl , arrives to serenade the Countess . The Count arrives with Antonio and , discovering the page , is enraged . His anger is quickly dispelled by Barbarina , who publicly recalls that he had once offered to give her anything she wants , and asks for Cherubino 's hand in marriage . Thoroughly embarrassed , the Count allows Cherubino to stay . </P> <P> The act closes with the double wedding , during the course of which Susanna delivers her letter to the Count ( Finale : Ecco la marcia -- `` Here is the procession '' ) . Figaro watches the Count prick his finger on the pin , and laughs , unaware that the love - note is an invitation for the Count to tryst with Figaro 's own bride Susanna . As the curtain drops , the two newlywed couples rejoice . </P> <H3> Act 4 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The garden , with two pavilions . Night . </P> <P> Following the directions in the letter , the Count has sent the pin back to Susanna , giving it to Barbarina . Unfortunately , Barbarina has lost it ( aria : L'ho perduta , me meschina -- `` I have lost it , poor me '' ) . Figaro and Marcellina see Barbarina , and Figaro asks her what she is doing . When he hears the pin is Susanna 's , he is overcome with jealousy , especially as he recognises the pin to be the one that fastened the letter to the Count . Thinking that Susanna is meeting the Count behind his back , Figaro complains to his mother , and swears to be avenged on the Count and Susanna , and on all unfaithful wives . Marcellina urges caution , but Figaro will not listen . Figaro rushes off , and Marcellina resolves to inform Susanna of Figaro 's intentions . Marcellina sings an aria lamenting that male and female wild beasts get along with each other , but rational humans ca n't ( aria : Il capro e la capretta -- `` The billy - goat and the she - goat '' ) . ( This aria and Basilio 's ensuing aria are usually omitted from performances due to their relative unimportance , both musically and dramatically ; however , some recordings include them . ) </P> <P> Motivated by jealousy , Figaro tells Bartolo and Basilio to come to his aid when he gives the signal . Basilio comments on Figaro 's foolishness and claims he was once as frivolous as Figaro was . He tells a tale of how he was given common sense by `` Donna Flemma '' ( `` Dame Prudence '' ) and learned the importance of not crossing powerful people . ( aria : In quegli anni -- `` In those years '' ) . They exit , leaving Figaro alone . Figaro muses bitterly on the inconstancy of women ( recitative and aria : Tutto è disposto ... Aprite un po ' quegli occhi -- `` Everything is ready ... Open those eyes a little '' ) . Susanna and the Countess arrive , each dressed in the other 's clothes . Marcellina is with them , having informed Susanna of Figaro 's suspicions and plans . After they discuss the plan , Marcellina and the Countess leave , and Susanna teases Figaro by singing a love song to her beloved within Figaro 's hearing ( aria : Deh vieni , non tardar -- `` Oh come , do n't delay '' ) . Figaro is hiding behind a bush and , thinking the song is for the Count , becomes increasingly jealous . </P> <P> The Countess arrives in Susanna 's dress . Cherubino shows up and starts teasing `` Susanna '' ( really the Countess ) , endangering the plan . ( Finale : Pian pianin le andrò più presso - `` Softly , softly I 'll approach her '' ) Fortunately , the Count gets rid of him by striking out in the dark . His punch actually ends up hitting Figaro , but the point is made and Cherubino runs off . </P> <P> The Count now begins making earnest love to `` Susanna '' ( really the Countess ) , and gives her a jeweled ring . They go offstage together , where the Countess dodges him , hiding in the dark . Onstage , meanwhile , the real Susanna enters , wearing the Countess ' clothes . Figaro mistakes her for the real Countess , and starts to tell her of the Count 's intentions , but he suddenly recognizes his bride in disguise . He plays along with the joke by pretending to be in love with `` my lady '' , and inviting her to make love right then and there . Susanna , fooled , loses her temper and slaps him many times . Figaro finally lets on that he has recognized Susanna 's voice , and they make peace , resolving to conclude the comedy together ( Pace , pace , mio dolce tesoro - `` Peace , peace , my sweet treasure '' ) . </P> <P> The Count , unable to find `` Susanna '' , enters frustrated . Figaro gets his attention by loudly declaring his love for `` the Countess '' ( really Susanna ) . The enraged Count calls for his people and for weapons : his servant is seducing his wife . ( Ultima Scena : Gente , gente , all'armi , all'armi -- `` Gentlemen , to arms ! '' ) Bartolo , Basilio and Antonio enter with torches as , one by one , the Count drags out Cherubino , Barbarina , Marcellina and the `` Countess '' from behind the pavilion . </P> <P> All beg him to forgive Figaro and the `` Countess '' , but he loudly refuses , repeating `` no '' at the top of his voice , until finally the real Countess re-enters and reveals her true identity . The Count , seeing the ring he had given her , realizes that the supposed Susanna he was trying to seduce was actually his wife . Ashamed and remorseful , he kneels and pleads for forgiveness himself ( Contessa perdono ! -- `` Countess , forgive me ! '' ) . The Countess , more kind than he ( Più docile io sono -- `` I am more mild '' ) , forgives her husband and all are contented . The opera ends in universal celebration . </P> <H2> Instrumentation ( edit ) </H2> Libretto 1786 <P> The Marriage of Figaro is scored for two flutes , two oboes , two clarinets , two bassoons , two horns , two trumpets , timpani , and strings ; the recitativi are accompanied by a keyboard instrument , usually a fortepiano or a harpsichord , often joined by a cello . The instrumentation of the recitativi is not given in the score , so it is up to the conductor and the performers . A typical performance usually lasts around 3 hours . </P> <H2> Frequently omitted numbers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two arias from Act 4 are often omitted : one in which Marcellina regrets that people ( unlike animals ) abuse their mates ( `` Il capro e la capretta '' ) , and one in which Don Basilio tells how he saved himself from several dangers in his youth , by using the skin of an ass for shelter and camouflage ( `` In quegli anni '' ) . </P> <P> Mozart wrote two replacement arias for Susanna when the role was taken over by Adriana Ferrarese in the 1789 revival . The replacement arias , `` Un moto di gioia '' ( replacing `` Venite , inginocchiatevi '' in Act 2 ) and `` Al desio di chi t'adora '' ( replacing `` Deh vieni , non tardar '' in Act 4 ) , in which the two clarinets are replaced with basset horns , are normally not used in modern performances . A notable exception was a series of performances at the Metropolitan Opera in 1998 with Cecilia Bartoli as Susanna . </P> <H2> Critical discussion ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lorenzo Da Ponte wrote a preface to the first published version of the libretto , in which he boldly claimed that he and Mozart had created a new form of music drama : </P> <P> In spite ... of every effort ... to be brief , the opera will not be one of the shortest to have appeared on our stage , for which we hope sufficient excuse will be found in the variety of threads from which the action of this play ( i.e. Beaumarchais 's ) is woven , the vastness and grandeur of the same , the multiplicity of the musical numbers that had to be made in order not to leave the actors too long unemployed , to diminish the vexation and monotony of long recitatives , and to express with varied colours the various emotions that occur , but above all in our desire to offer as it were a new kind of spectacle to a public of so refined a taste and understanding . </P> <P> Charles Rosen ( in The Classical Style ) proposes to take Da Ponte 's words quite seriously , noting the `` richness of the ensemble writing '' , which carries forward the action in a far more dramatic way than recitatives would . Rosen also suggests that the musical language of the classical style was adapted by Mozart to convey the drama : many sections of the opera musically resemble sonata form ; by movement through a sequence of keys , they build up and resolve musical tension , providing a natural musical reflection of the drama . As Rosen writes : </P> <P> The synthesis of accelerating complexity and symmetrical resolution which was at the heart of Mozart 's style enabled him to find a musical equivalent for the great stage works which were his dramatic models . The Marriage of Figaro in Mozart 's version is the dramatic equal , and in many respects the superior , of Beaumarchais 's work . </P> <P> This is demonstrated in the closing numbers of all four acts : as the drama escalates , Mozart eschews recitativi altogether and opts for increasingly sophisticated writing , bringing his characters on stage , revelling in a complex weave of solo and ensemble singing in multiple combinations , and climaxing in seven - and eight - voice tutti for acts 2 and 4 . </P> <P> Mozart cleverly uses the sound of two horns playing together to represent cuckoldry , in the act 4 aria `` Aprite un po ' quegli occhi '' . Verdi later used the same device in Ford 's aria in Falstaff . </P> <P> Johannes Brahms said `` In my opinion , each number in Figaro is a miracle ; it is totally beyond me how anyone could create anything so perfect ; nothing like it was ever done again , not even by Beethoven . '' </P> <H2> Other uses of the melodies ( edit ) </H2> <P> A musical phrase from the act 1 trio of The Marriage of Figaro ( where Basilio sings Così fan tutte le belle ) was later reused , by Mozart , in the overture to his opera Così fan tutte . Mozart also quotes Figaro 's aria Non più andrai in the second act of his opera Don Giovanni ; it is also used as a military march . Further , Mozart used it in 1791 in his Five Contredanses , K. 609 , No. 1 . Mozart reused the music of the Agnus Dei of his earlier Krönungsmesse ( Coronation Mass ) for the Countess ' Dove sono , in C major instead of the original F major . Mozart also reused the motif that begins his early bassoon concerto in another aria sung by the Countess , Porgi , amor . Franz Liszt quoted the opera in his Fantasy on Themes from Mozart 's Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni . </P> <P> In 1819 , Henry R. Bishop wrote an adaptation of the opera in English , translating from Beaumarchais 's play and re-using some of Mozart 's music , while adding some of his own . </P> <P> In his 1991 opera , The Ghosts of Versailles , which includes elements of Beaumarchais 's third Figaro play ( La Mère coupable ) and in which the main characters of The Marriage of Figaro also appear , John Corigliano quotes Mozart 's opera , especially the overture , several times . </P> <H2> Recordings ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Marriage of Figaro discography <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Opera portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of operas by Mozart </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statistics for the five seasons 2009 / 10 to 2013 / 14 '' . Operabase . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mann , William . The Operas of Mozart . Cassell , London , 1977 , p. 366 ( in chapter on Le Nozze di Figaro ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte in his memoirs asserted that the play was banned only for its sexual references . See the Memoirs of Lorenzo Da Ponte , trans . Elisabeth Abbott ( New York : Da Capo Press , 1988 ) , 150 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ While the political content was suppressed , the opera enhanced the emotional content . According to Stendhal , Mozart `` transformed into real passions the superficial attachments that amuse Beaumarchais 's easy - going inhabitants of ( Count Almaviva 's castle ) Aguas Frescas '' . Stendhal 's French text is in : Dümchen , Sybil ; Nerlich , Michael , eds. ( 1994 ) . Stendhal -- Text und Bild ( in German ) . Tübingen : Gunter Narr . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8233 - 3990 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan Broder . Essay on the opera in the Schirmer edition </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Deutsch 1965 , p. 274 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Solomon 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deutsch 1965 , p. 272 Deutsch says Mozart played a harpsichord ; for conflicting testimony , see below . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ These were : 3 , 8 , 24 May ; 4 July , 28 August , 22 ( perhaps 23 ) of September , 15 November , 18 December ( Deutsch 1965 , p. 272 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deutsch ( 1965 ) , p. 272 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice ( 1999 ) , p. 331 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 9 May 1786 , quoted from Deutsch 1965 , p. 272 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Deutsch 1965 , p. 275 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quoted in Deutsch ( 1965 ) , p. 278 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From Kazinczy 's 1828 autobiography ; quoted in Deutsch ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The letter , to Marianne von Genzinger , is printed in Geiringer 1982 , pp. 90 -- 92 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Landon & Jones 1988 , p. 174 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Deutsch 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Deutsch 1965 , p. 281 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Deutsch 1965 , p. 280 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Deutsch 1965 , p. 285 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Performance dates : 29 and 31 August ; 2 , 11 , 19 September ; 3 , 9 , 24 October ; 5 , 13 , 27 November ; 8 January 1790 ; 1 February ; 1 , 7 , 9 , 19 , 30 May ; 22 June ; 24 , 26 July ; 22 August ; 3 , 25 September ; 11 October ; 4 , 20 January 1791 ; 9 February ; from Deutsch 1965 , p. 272 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dexter Edge , `` Mozart 's Viennese Copyists '' ( PhD diss. , University of Southern California , 2001 ) , 1718 -- 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Le nozze di Figaro , p. 2 , NMA II / 5 / 16 / 1 - 2 ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Robinson ( 1986 ) p. 173 ; Chanan ( 1999 ) p. 63 ; and Singher and Singher ( 2003 ) p. 150 . Mozart ( and his contemporaries ) never used the terms `` mezzo - soprano '' or `` baritone '' . Women 's roles were listed as either `` soprano '' or `` contralto '' , while men 's roles were listed as either `` tenor '' or `` bass '' . Many of Mozart 's baritone and bass - baritone roles derive from the basso buffo tradition , where no clear distinction was drawn between bass and baritone , a practice that continued well into the 19th century . Similarly , mezzo - soprano as a distinct voice type was a 19th - century development ( Jander , Steane , Forbes , Harris , and Waldman 2001 ) . Modern re-classifications of the voice types for Mozartian roles have been based on analysis of contemporary descriptions of the singers who created those roles and their other repertoire , and on the role 's tessitura in the score . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` Ten -- Leaving Madrid . '' . Beaumarchais in Seville : an intermezzo . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12103 - 2 . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Synopsis based on Melitz ( 1921 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This piece became so popular that Mozart himself , in the final act of his next opera Don Giovanni , transformed the aria into table music played by a woodwind ensemble , and alluded to by Leporello as `` rather well - known sounds '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown - Montesano , Kristi ( 2007 ) . Understanding the Women of Mozart 's Operas , p. 207 . University of California Press . ISBN 052093296X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gossett , Philip ( 2008 ) . Divas and Scholars : Performing Italian Opera , pp. 239 -- 240 . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226304876 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ English translation taken from Deutsch 1965 , 273 -- 274 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen 1997 , 182 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen 1997 , 183 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/aug/14/glyndebourne-2012-the-marriage-of-figaro-musical-guide </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.110198-99&catNum=8110198&filetype=About+this+Recording&language=English </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://bachtrack.com/review-falstaff-maestri-winters-gardner-cbso-birmingham-july-2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Robert , What to listen for in Mozart , 2002 , ISBN 0743244044 , p. 141 ; in a different translation , Peter Gay , Mozart : A Life , Penguin , New York , 1999 , p. 131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cairns , David ( 2007 ) . Mozart and His Operas . Penguin . p. 256 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.catholicchorale.org/event/w-a-mozart-coronation-mass-k-317/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bishop , Henry R. ( 1819 ) . The Marriage of Figaro : A Comic Opera in Three Acts . Piccadilly : John Miller . </Li> </Ol> <P> Sources </P> <Ul> <Li> Chanan , Michael ( 1999 ) . From Handel to Hendrix : the composer in the public sphere . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 706 - 4 </Li> <Li> Deutsch , Otto Erich ( 1965 ) . Mozart : A Documentary Biography . Stanford University Press . </Li> <Li> Geiringer , Karl ; Irene Geiringer ( 1982 ) . Haydn : A Creative Life in Music ( 3rd ed . ) . University of California Press . xii , 403 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04316 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Gutman , Robert W. ( 2001 ) . Mozart : A Cultural Biography . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 601171 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jackson , Roland John ( 2005 ) . Performance practice : a dictionary - guide for musicians . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94139 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jander , Owen ; Steane , J.B. ; Forbes , Elizabeth ; Harris , Ellen T. ; and Waldman , Gerald ( 2001 ) . `` Baritone '' and `` Mezzo - soprano ( mezzo ) '' , in Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell ( eds . ) , The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 2nd edition . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 60800 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Landon , H.C. Robbins ; David Wyn Jones ( 1988 ) . Haydn : His Life and Music . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 37265 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Melitz , Leo ( 1921 ) . The Opera Goer 's Complete Guide ( translated by Richard Sanger . Dodd , Mead and Co . </Li> <Li> Rice , John A. ( 1999 ) Antonio Salieri and Viennese Opera . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . </Li> <Li> Robinson , Paul A. ( 1986 ) . Opera & ideas : from Mozart to Strauss . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9428 - 1 </Li> <Li> Rosen , Charles ( 1997 ) . The Classical Style : Haydn , Mozart , Beethoven ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31712 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Singher , Martial and Singher , Eta ( 2003 ) . An Interpretive Guide to Operatic Arias : A Handbook for Singers , Coaches , Teachers , and Students . Penn State Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02354 - 6 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italian Wikisource has original text related to this article : Le nozze di Figaro </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le nozze di Figaro . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Marriage of Figaro </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Le nozze di Figaro : Score and critical report ( in German ) in the Neue Mozart - Ausgabe </Li> <Li> Complete libretto </Li> <Li> Full orchestral score ( German / Italian ) </Li> <Li> Italian / English side by side translation </Li> <Li> Italian / English side by side translation </Li> <Li> Mozart 's Opera Marriage of Figaro , containing the Italian text , with an English translation , and the Music of all of the Principal Airs , Ditson ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> The Marriage of Figaro : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) 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Law and order ( politics ) - wikipedia <H1> Law and order ( politics ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In politics , law and order refers to demands for a strict criminal justice system , especially in relation to violent and property crime , through stricter criminal penalties . These penalties may include longer terms of imprisonment , mandatory sentencing , three - strikes laws , and in some countries , capital punishment . </P> <P> Supporters of `` law and order '' argue that incarceration is the most effective means of crime prevention . Opponents of law and order argue that a system of harsh criminal punishment is ultimately ineffective because it does not address underlying or systemic causes of crime . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Political issue in the United States <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Causes <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Riots </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Crime </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 International issue </Li> <Li> 3 Criticisms </Li> <Li> 4 Order without law </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Political issue in the United States ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Law and order '' became a powerful conservative theme in the U.S. in the 1960s . The leading proponents in the late 1960s were Republicans Ronald Reagan ( as governor of California ) and Richard Nixon ( as presidential candidate in 1968 ) . They used it to dissolve a liberal consensus about crime that involved federal court decisions and a pushback against illegal drugs and violent gang activity . White ethnics in northern cities turned against the Democratic party , blaming it for being soft on crime and rioters . </P> <P> The political demand for `` law and order '' was made by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in the 1780s and 1790s . It was a political slogan in Kentucky around 1900 after the assassination of Governor William Goebel . The term was used by Barry Goldwater in his run for president in 1964 . </P> <P> Liberals , Flamm ( 2005 ) argues , were unable to craft a compelling message for anxious voters . Instead , liberals either ignored the crime crisis , claimed that law and order was a racist ruse , or maintained that social programs would solve the `` root causes '' of civil disorder , which by 1968 seemed increasingly unlikely and contributed to a loss of faith in the ability of the government to do what it was sworn to do -- protect personal security and private property . Conservatives rejected the liberal notions . `` How long are we going to abdicate law and order , '' House GOP leader Gerald Ford demanded in 1966 , `` in favor of a soft social theory that the man who heaves a brick through your window or tosses a firebomb into your car is simply the misunderstood and underprivileged product of a broken home ? '' </P> <P> Flamm ( 2005 ) documents how conservatives constructed a persuasive message that argued that the Civil Rights Movement had contributed to racial unrest and Johnson 's Great Society had rewarded rather than punished the perpetrators of violence . Conservatives demanded that the national government should promote respect for law and order and contempt for those who violated it , regardless of cause . </P> <P> After Reagan took office in 1981 and started appointing tough conservative judges , the law became a weapon against crime . The number of prisoners tripled from 500,000 in 1980 to 1.5 million in 1994 . Conservatives at the state level built many more prisons and convicts served much longer terms , with less parole . By the time they were released they were much older and thus much less violent . </P> <H3> Causes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Two developments were involved . </P> Riots ( edit ) <P> After the murder of Martin Luther King , riots broke out in over 100 cities , with nights of violence against police and looting and burning of local white - owned businesses . The inner neighborhoods of many major cities , such as Detroit , Los Angeles , Newark and New York , were burned out . National Guard and Army troops were called out . At one point machine gun units were stationed on the steps of the Capitol building in Washington to prevent rioters from burning it down . Every summer from 1964 through 1970 was a `` long hot summer '' . </P> Crime ( edit ) <P> Secondly there was a dramatic rise in violent street crime , including drug - related murders , as well as armed robberies , rapes and violent assaults . Inner city neighborhoods became far more violent and people tried to move out to safer ones . The number of violent crimes more than tripled from 288,000 in 1960 ( including 9,110 murders ) to 1,040,000 in 1975 ( including 20,510 murders ) . Then the numbers levelled off . </P> <P> In response to sharply rising rates of crime in the 1960s , treatment of criminal offenders , both accused and convicted , became a highly divisive topic in the 1968 U.S. Presidential Election . Republican Vice Presidential candidate Spiro Agnew , then the governor of Maryland , often used the expression ; Agnew and Nixon won and were reelected in 1972 . </P> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> <P> Advocates of stricter policies toward crime and those accused of crime have won many victories since the issue became important . Highlights include stringent laws dealing with the sale and use of illicit drugs . For example , the Rockefeller drug laws passed in New York state in 1973 -- and later , laws mandating tougher sentences for repeat offenders , such as the three - strikes laws adopted by many U.S. states starting in 1993 and the re-legalization of the death penalty in several states . </P> <P> Opponents of these and similar laws have often accused advocates of racism . Civil rights groups have steadfastly opposed the trend toward harsher measures generally . The law - and - order issue caused a deep rift within the Democratic Party in the late 1960s and 1970s , and this rift was seen by many political scientists as a major contributing factor in Ronald Reagan 's two successful Presidential runs in 1980 and 1984 . In both elections , millions of registered Democrats voted for Reagan , and they collectively became known as `` Reagan Democrats '' . Many of these voters eventually changed their party registration and became Republicans , especially in the South . </P> <P> Though violent crimes are the primary focus of law - and - order advocates , quality - of - life crimes are sometimes also included under the law - and - order umbrella , particularly in local elections . A tough stance on this matter greatly helped Rudy Giuliani win two terms as mayor of New York in the 1990s , and was also widely cited as propelling Gavin Newsom to victory over a more liberal opponent in San Francisco 's mayoral election of 2003 . Richard Riordan also became Los Angeles ' new mayor in 1993 for the first time in 20 years after Tom Bradley retired . </P> <P> Platt ( 1995 ) argues that the intensity of law - and - order campaigns represents a significant shift in criminal justice that involves modernization and increased funding for police technology and personnel , privatization of security services and surveillance , higher rates of incarceration , and greater racial inequality in security and punishment . </P> <H2> International issue ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Crime has also become a prominent issue in Canadian , British , Australian , South African , French , and New Zealand politics , following the lead of the United States . </P> <H2> Criticisms ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Critics of law - and - order politics commonly point to actual and potential abuses of judicial and police powers , including police brutality and misconduct , racial profiling , prison overcrowding , and miscarriages of justice . As an example , they argue that while crime in New York City dropped under Mayor Giuliani , reports of police brutality increased during the same period . This period included the fatal shootings of Amadou Diallo and Sean Bell , and the Abner Louima incident . </P> <P> In extreme cases , civil unrest has broken out in retaliation against law - and - order politics , as happened in London 's Brixton district in 1981 , Los Angeles in 1992 , France in 2005 , and Ferguson , Missouri in 2014 . </P> <P> In 2009 , Pennsylvania juvenile court judges Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan were pleaded guilty in the `` kids for cash '' scandal , of taking kickbacks from private prison industry officials in exchange for sentencing over 1,000 youths to prison terms for minor offenses . </P> <P> Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio , a role model of tougher sentencing campaigners for his hardline corrections policies , was investigated by the FBI -- starting in 2009 -- for alleged abuses of power and intimidation of dissenting officials , among other controversies . </P> <P> A United States Supreme Court ruling in 2011 ordered the State of California to cut its inmate population , citing prison overcrowding to be in violation of the Eighth Amendment . </P> <H2> Order without law ( edit ) </H2> <P> In a limited number of cases , it can be argued that order can be maintained without law . Robert Ellickson , in his book Order without Law : How Neighbors Settle Disputes , concludes that it is sometimes possible for order to be maintained without law in small , close - knit groups . Ellickson examines a rural community in California in which cattle openly roam and sometimes destroy crops . He finds that since social norms call for the cattle owner to pay for the damaged crops , the disputes are settled without law . According to Ellickson , not only is the law not necessary to maintain order in this case , but it is more efficient for social norms to govern the settling of disputes . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Back to Basics ( campaign ) </Li> <Li> Civil disobedience </Li> <Li> Culture war </Li> <Li> Ira Carmen </Li> <Li> Justice of the Peace </Li> <Li> Peace , order and good government ( Commonwealth ) </Li> <Li> Queen 's peace ( common law ) </Li> <Li> Penal harm </Li> <Li> Penal populism </Li> <Li> Three - strikes law </Li> <Li> War on Drugs </Li> <Li> Wedge politics </Li> <Li> Zero tolerance </Li> <Li> Zucht und Ordnung </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Flamm , Michael W. Law and Order : Street Crime , Civil Unrest , and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hameiri , Shahar . `` Governing disorder : the Australian Federal Police and Australia 's new regional frontier , '' Pacific Review , Dec 2009 , Vol. 22 Issue 5 , pp 549 -- 574 </Li> <Li> Niaz , Ilhan . `` The Debate on Law and Order and Development : Pakistani Elite 's Orientations , '' Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , '' Summer 2009 , Vol. 32 Issue 4 , pp 1 - 19 </Li> <Li> Platt , Anthony M. `` The Politics of Law and Order , '' Social Justice Volume : 21 . Issue : 3 . 1994 . pp 3 + </Li> <Li> Don Weatherburn . Law and Order in Australia : Rhetoric and Reality ( Sydney : The Federation Press , 2004 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael W. Flamm , Law and Order : Street Crime , Civil Unrest , and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s ( 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Adams ( 1856 ) . The works of John Adams , second President of the United States . Volume 1 . p. 439 . ISBN 9781623764623 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson ( 1829 ) . Memoir , correspondence , and miscellanies from the papers of T. Jefferson . p. 370 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tribune Almanac and Political Register : 1901 . 1901 . pp. 92 -- 93 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FBI , Uniform Crime Reports ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ann K. Johnson , Urban Ghetto Riots , 1965 - 1968 ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janet L. Abu - Lughod , Race , Space , and Riots in Chicago , New York , and Los Angeles ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert M. Fogelson , Violence as Protest : A Study of Riots and Ghettos ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders , Report on Civil Disorders ( 1968 ) , the famous the Kerner Commission Report </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FBI Uniform Crime Reports . Violent crimes included murder , rape , robbery and aggravated assault . Source : Table Ec1 - 10 - Estimated crimes known to police , by type of offense : 1960 - 1997 , in Susan Carter , ed . Historical Statistics of the United States Millennial Edition Online ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Flamm , Law and Order ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony M. Platt , `` Crime Rave '' , Monthly Review : An Independent Socialist Magazine , June 1995 , Vol. 47 # 2 pp 35 - 46 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rudy Giuliani on Crime '' . Ontheissues.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Giuliani and Violence in Pre-9 / 11 New York '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2011 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trial Puts Giuliani , NYPD on Defensive '' . Washingtonpost.com. 1999 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Americas US judges admit taking kickbacks '' . BBC News . 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US judges admit to jailing children for money '' . Stuff.co.nz . Reuters. 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wingett , Yvonne ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Sources : FBI asking questions on Arpaio '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wingett , Yvonne ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) . `` FBI expands Joe Arpaio probe to Maricopa County Attorney '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fischel , William A. ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Review of Order without Law : How Neighbors Settle Disputes '' . Land Economics . 69 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 115 . JSTOR 3146284 . doi : 10.2307 / 3146284 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Civil Rights . Law and Order : Street Crime , Civil Unrest , and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s ( Columbia Studies in Contemporary American History ) : Michael W. Flamm : 9780231115131 : Amazon.com : Books . Amazon.com . ASIN 023111513X . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Politics of Law and Order '' by Platt , Anthony M. - Social Justice , Vol. 21 , Issue 3 , Fall 1994 Online Research Library : Questia Reader `` . Questia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_and_order_(politics)&oldid=807485030 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Political catchphrases </Li> <Li> American political catchphrases </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2013 </Li> <Li> USA - centric </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from September 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from April 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 07 : 31 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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My Big Fat Greek Wedding - wikipedia <H1> My Big Fat Greek Wedding </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> My Big Fat Greek Wedding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Joel Zwick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gary Goetzman </Li> <Li> Tom Hanks </Li> <Li> Rita Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Nia Vardalos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nia Vardalos </Li> <Li> John Corbett </Li> <Li> Lainie Kazan </Li> <Li> Michael Constantine </Li> <Li> Andrea Martin </Li> <Li> Joey Fatone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexander Janko </Li> <Li> Chris Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Jur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Mia Goldman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gold Circle Films </Li> <Li> HBO Films </Li> <Li> MPH Entertainment </Li> <Li> Playtone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> IFC Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 19 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> August 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 16 ) ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 95 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $368.7 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a 2002 romantic comedy film directed by Joel Zwick and written by Nia Vardalos , who also stars in the film as Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos , a middle class Greek American woman who falls in love with non-Greek upper middle class White Anglo - Saxon Protestant Ian Miller . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and , at the 75th Academy Awards , it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . </P> <P> A sleeper hit , the film became the highest - grossing romantic comedy of all time , and grossed $241.4 million in North America , despite never reaching number one at the box office during its release . It was the highest - grossing film to accomplish this feat for 14 years until the animated film Sing grossed $268 million in 2016 . </P> <P> The film spawned a franchise , which inspired the short - lived 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life and a film sequel titled My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 , was released on March 25 , 2016 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4.3 Accolades </Li> <Li> 4.4 10th - anniversary edition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Lawsuit </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Television series </Li> <Li> 6.2 Sequel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Being 30 - years - old and single , Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos is her family 's black sheep . The daughter of staunchly proud Greek immigrants , she was raised to follow her cultural tradition of marriage and motherhood . Her golden - child sister Athena met her family 's expectations by marrying young to another Greek and becoming , in Toula 's words , `` a Greek baby - breeding machine '' . Toula still lives with her parents and works at Dancing Zorba 's , her family 's restaurant in Chicago . Toula longs for her own life away from the restaurant and her intrusive family . Frumpy and cynical , she fears her life will never change . One day at the restaurant , Toula notices a handsome young customer -- Ian Miller , a school teacher . She tries to speak to him , only to embarrass herself with her social awkwardness . Ian is bewildered by her behavior , and Toula figures she 's lost her chance to get to know him . </P> <P> Toula 's idea for independence is taking computer classes at a community college . When Toula approaches her father Gus about the classes , he forbids it , thinking she wants to leave her family . He insists she 's `` smart enough for a girl '' and it is too dangerous for her to be out in the city alone . After some crafty persuasion by his wife , Maria , Gus reluctantly permits Toula to attend classes . As her classes progress , Toula gains self - confidence . She trades her thick glasses for contact lenses and her baggy , drab clothes for flattering , colorful outfits . She updates her hairstyle and learns to apply makeup . With her new computer skills and polished image , Toula asks her mother and her Aunt Voula to convince Gus that Toula should work at Voula 's travel agency instead of the restaurant . </P> <P> Toula thrives in her new job , and one day she sees Ian walking by the travel agency . He notices Toula , not recognizing that she is the same woman who tried to talk to him at Dancing Zorba 's . Despite Toula 's lingering shyness , they introduce themselves and begin dating . When Ian realizes Toula was the woman at the restaurant , Toula is sure Ian will lose interest . Instead , he loves her even more for who she is , and they become a couple . </P> <P> Because Ian is not Greek , Toula keeps the relationship secret from her family , but her parents find out when a family friend sees them kissing in a parking lot . As she feared , Gus is angry because Ian is not an ethnic Greek -- referring to Ian as a `` Xeno '' -- and both Gus and Maria tell Toula to end the relationship . Toula insists she loves Ian . Her parents try to dissuade her by bringing various Greek bachelors home to meet her , all to no avail . </P> <P> When Ian proposes to Toula , she happily accepts , but Gus is upset that Ian did not ask him for permission to date Toula , let alone marry her . Ian tries to adapt to the family 's Greek customs and mannerisms . Ian and Toula can not marry in the Greek Orthodox Church unless Ian converts , and Toula is already worried the wedding will be a fiasco . She suggests to Ian that they elope instead . He refuses , saying if it 's that important to her family to marry in their religion , then he will be baptized Greek Orthodox . Ian 's willingness to do this encourages Gus and Maria to gradually accept Ian into the family . </P> <P> As Toula feared , her numerous well - meaning female relatives take over much of the wedding plans , while the men keep testing Ian . Her cousin Nikki selects tacky bridesmaids dresses without Toula 's permission ; her brother Nick semi-jokingly threatens Ian that he 'll kill him if he ever hurts Toula . Other cousins trick Ian into saying inappropriate things in Greek . When Toula invites Ian 's quiet , reserved parents to meet her parents at their home , she insists that it be a simple dinner with just the six of them . Toula and Ian arrive to find all of Toula 's extended family at the dinner , where they dance and drink for hours . Ian 's parents are unaware of Greek culture and are shocked by the family 's rambunctiousness . </P> <P> On the wedding day , Toula is nervous and surrounded by relatives , but the traditional Greek wedding goes perfectly . At the reception , Gus gives a speech accepting Ian and his parents as family . He then presents the newlyweds with a deed to a house . Both Ian and Toula are deeply touched by Gus 's generosity . Following the reception , Toula and Ian leave for a honeymoon in Greece , both appreciating the craziness of their Greek family . </P> <P> An epilogue shows the couple 's life six years later . Toula got pregnant `` a minute later '' after their honeymoon with their daughter Paris . As Ian and Toula are walking Paris from their house to Greek school , Paris asks why she has to go to Greek school . Toula replies that she had to go to Greek school as a child , so Paris will too . But she assures her that when the time comes , she can marry whomever she wants . As they walk , it is revealed that their home is next door to Toula 's parents . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nia Vardalos as Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos - Miller </Li> <Li> John Corbett as Ian Miller </Li> <Li> Lainie Kazan as Maria Portokalos </Li> <Li> Michael Constantine as Costas `` Gus '' Portokalos </Li> <Li> Andrea Martin as Aunt Voula </Li> <Li> Louis Mandylor as Nick Portokalos </Li> <Li> Gia Carides as Cousin Nikki </Li> <Li> Gerry Mendicino as Uncle Taki </Li> <Li> Joey Fatone as Cousin Angelo </Li> <Li> Bess Meisler as Yiayia ( Grandma ) </Li> <Li> Stavroula Logothettis as Athena Portokalos </Li> <Li> Ian Gomez as Mike , Ian 's best man ; he is Vardalos 's real - life husband </Li> <Li> Bruce Gray as Rodney Miller </Li> <Li> Fiona Reid as Harriet Miller </Li> <Li> Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. White </Li> <Li> Arielle Sugarman as Paris Miller </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> My Big Fat Greek Wedding started as a one - woman play written by and starring Vardalos , performed for six weeks at the Hudson Backstage Theatre in Los Angeles in the summer of 1997 . Vardalos later jokingly stated that she only wrote the play `` to get a better agent . '' The play was based on Vardalos 's own family in Winnipeg in Canada and on her experience marrying a non-Greek man ( actor Ian Gomez ) . The play was popular , and was sold out for much of its run , in part due to Vardalos 's marketing it across Greek Orthodox churches in the area . A number of Hollywood executives and celebrities saw it , including actress Rita Wilson , who is herself of Greek origin ; Wilson convinced her husband , actor Tom Hanks , to see it as well . </P> <P> Vardalos began meeting various executives about making a film version of the play and began writing a screenplay as well . However , the meetings proved fruitless because the executives insisted on making changes that they felt would make the film more marketable , which Vardalos objected to : these included changing the plot , getting a known actress in the lead role ( Marisa Tomei was one name mentioned ) , and changing the family 's ethnicity to Hispanic . Two months after the play 's initial run ended , Hanks 's production company , Playtone , contacted Vardalos about producing a film based on her vision for it ; they also agreed to remount the play in early 1998 , this time at LA 's Globe Theatre . Hanks later said that casting Vardalos in the lead role `` brings a huge amount of integrity to the piece , because it 's Nia 's version of her own life and her own experience . I think that shows through on the screen and people recognize it . '' </P> <P> In 2000 , while in Toronto doing pre-production for the film , Vardalos and Playtone producer Gary Goetzman overheard actor John Corbett ( who was in town shooting the film Serendipity ) at a bar , telling a friend of his about having read the script for My Big Fat Greek Wedding , and being upset that he could n't make the auditions . Vardalos and Goetzman approached Corbett and offered him the part of Ian Miller on the spot , which he accepted . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> Parts of the film were shot in Greektown , Toronto <P> Despite being based on life in the Greek community of Winnipeg , the film was set in Chicago and shot in both Toronto and Chicago . Toronto 's Ryerson University and Greektown neighborhood feature prominently in the film . The home used to depict Gus and Maria Portokalos 's residence ( as well as the home bought next door at the end of the film for Toula and Ian ) is located on Glenwood Crescent just off O'Connor Drive in East York . The real home representing the Portokalos ' residence actually has most of the external ornamentation that was shown in the film . Also , some minor parts of the movie were shot at Jarvis Collegiate Institute in Toronto . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> After a February 2002 premiere , it was initially released in the United States via a limited release on April 19 , 2002 before receiving a wider release worldwide over the summer , including a wide release in the United States on August 2 . </P> <H3> Box Office performance ( edit ) </H3> <P> My Big Fat Greek Wedding became a sleeper hit and grew steadily from its limited release . Despite never hitting the number one spot and being an independent film with a $5 million budget , it ultimately grossed over $368.7 million worldwide , becoming one of the top romantic films of the 21st century according to Echo Bridge Entertainment . It was the fifth highest - grossing film of 2002 in the United States and Canada , with USD $241,438,208 , and the highest - grossing romantic comedy in history . Domestically , it also held the record for the highest - grossing film never having been number one on the weekly North American box office charts , until the release of the 2016 animated film , Sing , 14 years later . The film is among the most profitable of all time , with a 6150 % return on a ( inflation adjusted ) cost of $6 million to produce . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating 76 % based on 121 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though it sometimes feels like a television sitcom , My Big Fat Greek Wedding is good - hearted , lovable , and delightfully eccentric , with a sharp script and lead performance from Nia Vardalos . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating based on reviews , the film has an average score of 62 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : <Ul> <Li> Nominated Romantic Comedy Film </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> 10th - anniversary edition ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2012 , a 10th anniversary edition of the film was released via DVD and Blu - ray . The edition contains a digital copy of the film and features deleted scenes as well as a 30 - minute retrospective with Vardalos and Corbett . </P> <H2> Lawsuit ( edit ) </H2> <P> The cast ( with the exception of Vardalos , who had a separate deal ) , as well as Hanks 's production company , Playtone , later sued the studio for their part of the profits , charging that Gold Circle Films was engaging in so - called `` Hollywood accounting '' practices . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television series ( edit ) </H3> Main article : My Big Fat Greek Life <P> The film inspired the brief 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life , with most of the major characters played by the same actors , with the exception of Steven Eckholdt replacing Corbett as the husband . Corbett had already signed on to the TV series Lucky . He was scheduled to appear as the best friend of his replacement 's character , but the show was cancelled before he appeared . The show received poor reviews from critics noting the random character entrances and serious plot `` adjustments '' that did not match the film . </P> <P> The seven episodes from the series are available on DVD from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , whose TV studio division produced the show . </P> <H3> Sequel ( edit ) </H3> Main article : My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 <P> In a 2009 interview for her film My Life in Ruins , asked about a possible sequel for My Big Fat Greek Wedding , Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it , hinting that , like Ruins , the film would be set in Greece . </P> <P> Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview , she stated : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Well , actually , yes . And it 's only now that I 've really become open to the idea . Over the years , I 've heard from everybody about what the sequel should be . People next to me at Starbucks would say , ' Hey , let me tell you my idea , ' and I 'd be like , ' Hey , I 'm just trying to get a cup of coffee . ' I never thought much about it . But then when John ( Corbett ) and I recently sat down to do that interview ( for the 10th anniversary edition ) , we laughed so hard through the whole thing . It made me think that it 's time . He said , `` Come on , write something , will you ? '' And I now think I will . We have such an easy chemistry together . And we have chemistry because we never ' did it . ' That 's the surefire way to kill chemistry in a scene . You have to make sure your actors do n't ' do it ' off - screen . If they do n't ' do it , ' then they 'll have chemistry on camera . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On May 27 , 2014 , various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works . Nia Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter , and she also has written a script for the film . The first trailer for My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 was aired on NBC 's The Today Show on November 11 , 2015 and it was released on March 25 , 2016 , to mixed reviews from critics and modest box office success . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MY BIG FAT GREEK WEDDING ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 17 , 2002 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review - My Big Fat Greek Life '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2003 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding Headed for L.A. 's Globe Jan. 15 -- and Film , Willard Manus , Playbill , January 15 , 1998 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding : About the Production , Hollywood Jesus , 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rick Siegel '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 04 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nia Vardalos interview , Robin Rea , Screenmancer.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My Life in Ruins '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Echo Bridge Entertainment . Retrieved on May 12 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2002 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` The 15 Most Profitable Movies of All Time '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . The rankings cited in this article have been disputed as some movies were not included . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Munoz , Lorenza ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Hanks sues over profit on ' Greek Wedding ' '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is a ' Big Fat Greek Wedding ' Sequel in the Works ? '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Editor , Shelley Emling Senior ; Post , The Huffington ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding ' Star Talks Chemistry , Motherhood And Plans For A Sequel '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding ' gets big fat sequel '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Universal reveals March 2016 release for ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ' '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding on IMDb </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Joel Zwick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Second Sight ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Elvis Has Left the Building ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Fat Albert ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Satellite Award for Best Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evita ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Moulin Rouge ! 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( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cast Away ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Buck Howard ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> City of Ember ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Circle ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Greyhound ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Game Change ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> Playtone </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Colin Hanks </Li> <Li> Rita Wilson </Li> <Li> Jim Hanks </Li> <Li> David S. 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A Tale of Two Cities - Wikipedia <H1> A Tale of Two Cities </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Tale of Two Cities ( disambiguation ) . <Table> A Tale of Two Cities <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of serial Vol . V , 1859 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Charles Dickens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrator </Th> <Td> Hablot Knight Browne ( Phiz ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> Hablot Knight Browne ( Phiz ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Historical novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1859 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> London : Chapman & Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 341 pages ( Paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Little Dorrit ( 1855 -- 1857 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Great Expectations ( 1860 -- 1861 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Tale of Two Cities ( 1859 ) is a historical novel by Charles Dickens , set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution . The novel tells the story of the French Doctor Manette , his 18 - year - long imprisonment in the Bastille in Paris and his release to life in London with his daughter Lucie , whom he had never met ; Lucie 's marriage and the collision between her beloved husband and the people who caused her father 's imprisonment ; and Monsieur and Madame Defarge , sellers of wine in a poor suburb of Paris . The story is set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Book the First : Recalled to Life </Li> <Li> 1.2 Book the Second : The Golden Thread </Li> <Li> 1.3 Book the Third : The Track of a Storm </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Sources and publication </Li> <Li> 4 Literary significance </Li> <Li> 5 Analysis <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Themes <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Resurrection </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Water </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Darkness and light </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Social justice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Autobiographical material </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Setting </Li> <Li> 7 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Films </Li> <Li> 7.2 Radio </Li> <Li> 7.3 Television </Li> <Li> 7.4 Stage productions </Li> <Li> 7.5 Stage musicals </Li> <Li> 7.6 Opera </Li> <Li> 7.7 Books </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Popular culture </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Works cited </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Book the first : Recalled to life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dickens 's famous opening sentence introduces the universal approach of the book , the French Revolution , and the drama depicted within : </P> <P> It was the best of times , it was the worst of times , it was the age of wisdom , it was the age of foolishness , it was the epoch of belief , it was the epoch of incredulity , it was the season of Light , it was the season of Darkness , it was the spring of hope , it was the winter of despair , we had everything before us , we had nothing before us , we were all going direct to Heaven , we were all going direct the other way -- in short , the period was so far like the present period , that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received , for good or for evil , in the superlative degree of comparison only . </P> <P> In 1775 , a man flags down the nightly mail - coach on its route from London to Dover . The man is Jerry Cruncher , an employee of Tellson 's Bank in London ; he carries a message for Jarvis Lorry , a passenger and one of the bank 's managers . Mr. Lorry sends Jerry back to deliver a cryptic response to the bank : `` Recalled to Life . '' The message refers to Alexandre Manette , a French physician who has been released from the Bastille after an 18 - year imprisonment . Once Mr. Lorry arrives in Dover , he meets with Dr. Manette 's daughter Lucie and her governess , Miss Pross . Lucie has believed her father to be dead , and faints at the news that he is alive ; Mr. Lorry takes her to France to reunite with him . </P> Dickens ' Book the First makes an early reference to the 1766 torture and execution of the Chevalier de La Barre in Abbeville , France . <P> In the Paris neighbourhood of Saint Antoine , Dr. Manette has been given lodgings by his former servant Ernest Defarge and his wife Therese , owners of a wine shop . Mr. Lorry and Lucie find him in a small garret , where he spends much of his time making shoes -- a skill he learned in prison -- which he uses to distract himself from his thoughts and which has become an obsession for him . He does not recognise Lucie at first but does eventually see the resemblance to her mother through her blue eyes and long golden hair , a strand of which he found on his sleeve when he was imprisoned . Mr. Lorry and Lucie take him back to England . </P> <H3> Book the second : the golden thread ( edit ) </H3> `` The Golden Thread '' redirects here . For the legal judgement , see Golden thread ( law ) . <P> In 1780 , French émigré Charles Darnay is on trial for treason against the British Crown . The key witnesses against him are two British spies , John Barsad and Roger Cly , who claim that Darnay gave information about British troops in North America to the French . Barsad states that he would recognise Darnay anywhere , at which point Darnay 's defense counsel , Stryver , directs attention to Sydney Carton , a barrister present in the courtroom who looks almost identical to him . With Barsad 's eyewitness testimony now discredited , Darnay is acquitted . </P> <P> In Paris , the hated and abusive Marquis St. Evrémonde orders his carriage driven recklessly fast through the crowded streets , hitting and killing the child of Gaspard in Saint Antoine . The Marquis throws a coin to Gaspard to compensate him for his loss . Defarge , having observed the incident , comes forth to comfort the distraught father , saying the child would be worse off alive . This piece of wisdom pleases the Marquis , who throws a coin to Defarge also . As the Marquis departs , a coin is flung back into his carriage . </P> <P> Arriving at his country château , the Marquis meets with his nephew and heir , Darnay . Out of disgust with his aristocratic family , Darnay has shed his real surname and adopted an anglicized version of his mother 's maiden name , D'Aulnais . The following passage records the Marquis ' principles of aristocratic superiority : </P> <P> `` Repression is the only lasting philosophy . The dark deference of fear and slavery , my friend , '' observed the Marquis , `` will keep the dogs obedient to the whip , as long as this roof , '' looking up to it , `` shuts out the sky . '' </P> <P> That night , Gaspard , who followed the Marquis to his château by riding on the underside of the carriage , stabs and kills him in his sleep . Gaspard leaves a note on the knife saying , `` Drive him fast to his tomb . This , from JACQUES . '' After nearly a year on the run , he is caught and hanged above the village well . </P> <P> In London , Darnay gets Dr. Manette 's permission to wed Lucie ; but Carton confesses his love to Lucie as well . Knowing she will not love him in return , Carton promises to `` embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you '' . Stryver , the barrister who defended Darnay and with whom Carton has a working relationship , considers proposing marriage to Lucie , but Mr. Lorry talks him out of the idea . </P> <P> On the morning of the marriage , Darnay reveals his real name and family lineage to Dr. Manette , a detail he had been asked to withhold until that day . In consequence , Dr. Manette reverts to his obsessive shoemaking after the couple leave for their honeymoon . He returns to sanity before their return , and the whole incident is kept secret from Lucie . Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross destroy the shoemaking bench and tools , which Dr. Manette had brought with him from Paris . </P> <P> As time passes in England , Lucie and Charles begin to raise a family , a son ( who dies in childhood ) and a daughter , little Lucie . Mr. Lorry finds a second home and a sort of family with the Darnays . Stryver marries a rich widow with three children and becomes even more insufferable as his ambitions begin to be realized . Carton , even though he seldom visits , is accepted as a close friend of the family and becomes a special favourite of little Lucie . </P> <P> In July 1789 , the Defarges help to lead the storming of the Bastille , a symbol of royal tyranny . Defarge enters Dr. Manette 's former cell , `` One Hundred and Five , North Tower , '' and searches it thoroughly . Throughout the countryside , local officials and other representatives of the aristocracy are dragged from their homes to be killed , and the St. Evrémonde château is burned to the ground . </P> <P> In 1792 , Mr. Lorry decides to travel to Paris to collect important documents from the Tellson 's branch in that city and bring them to London for safekeeping against the chaos of the French Revolution . Darnay intercepts a letter written by Gabelle , one of his uncle 's servants who has been imprisoned by the revolutionaries , pleading for the Marquis to help secure his release . Without telling his family or revealing his position as the new Marquis , Darnay sets out for Paris . </P> <H3> Book the third : the track of a storm ( edit ) </H3> `` The Sea Still Rises '' , an illustration for Book 2 , Chapter 22 by `` Phiz '' <P> Shortly after Darnay arrives in Paris , he is denounced for being an emigrated aristocrat from France and jailed in La Force Prison . Dr. Manette , Lucie , little Lucie , Jerry , and Miss Pross travel to Paris and meet Mr. Lorry to try to free Darnay . A year and three months pass , and Darnay is finally tried . </P> <P> Dr Manette , viewed as a hero for his imprisonment in the Bastille , testifies on Darnay 's behalf at his trial . Darnay is released , only to be arrested again later that day . A new trial begins on the following day , under new charges brought by the Defarges and a third individual who is soon revealed as Dr Manette . He had written an account of his imprisonment at the hands of Darnay 's father and hidden it in his cell ; Defarge found it while searching the cell during the storming of the Bastille . </P> <P> While running errands with Jerry , Miss Pross is amazed to see her long - lost brother Solomon , but he does not want to be recognized in public . Carton suddenly steps forward from the shadows and identifies Solomon as Barsad , one of the spies who tried to frame Darnay for treason at his trial in 1780 . Jerry remembers that he has seen Solomon with Cly , the other key witness at the trial and that Cly had faked his death to escape England . By threatening to denounce Solomon to the revolutionary tribunal as a Briton , Carton blackmails him into helping with a plan . </P> <P> At the tribunal , Defarge identifies Darnay as the nephew of the dead Marquis St. Evrémonde and reads Dr Manette 's letter . Defarge had learned Darnay 's lineage from Solomon during the latter 's visit to the wine shop several years earlier . The letter describes Dr Manette 's imprisonment at the hands of Darnay 's father and uncle for trying to report their crimes against a peasant family . Darnay 's uncle had become infatuated with a girl , whom he had kidnapped and raped ; despite Dr. Manette 's attempt to save her , she died . The uncle killed her husband by working him to death , and her father died from a heart attack on being informed of what had happened . Before he died defending the family honour , the brother of the raped peasant had hidden the last member of the family , his younger sister . The Evrémonde brothers imprisoned Dr Manette after he refused their offer of a bribe to keep quiet . He concludes his letter by condemning the Evrémondes , `` them and their descendants , to the last of their race . '' Dr. Manette is horrified , but he is not allowed to retract his statement . Darnay is sent to the Conciergerie and sentenced to be guillotined the next day . </P> <P> Carton wanders into the Defarge 's wine shop , where he overhears Madame Defarge talking about her plans to have both Lucie and little Lucie condemned . Carton discovers that Madame Defarge was the surviving sister of the peasant family savaged by the Evrémondes . At night , when Dr. Manette returns , shattered after spending the day in many failed attempts to save Darnay 's life , he falls into an obsessive search for his shoemaking implements . Carton urges Lorry to flee Paris with Lucie , her father , and Little Lucie , asking them to leave as soon as he joins . </P> <P> Shortly before the executions are to begin , Solomon sneaks Carton into the prison for a visit with Darnay . The two men trade clothes , and Carton drugs Darnay and has Solomon carry him out . Carton has decided to be executed in his place , which he is able to do because of their similar appearances , and has given his own identification papers to Mr Lorry to present on Darnay 's behalf . Following Carton 's earlier instructions , the family and Mr Lorry flee to England with the unconscious Darnay , who slowly comes to consciousness as they travel by stages to cross the waters to England . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Madame Defarge , armed with a dagger and pistol , goes to the Manette residence , hoping to apprehend Lucie and little Lucie and bring them in for execution . However , the family is already gone and Miss Pross stays behind to confront and delay Madame Defarge . As the two women struggle , Madame Defarge 's pistol discharges , killing her and causing Miss Pross to go permanently deaf from noise and shock . </P> The seamstress and Carton , an illustration for Book 3 , Chapter 15 by John McLenan ( 1859 ) <P> The novel concludes with the guillotining of Carton . As he is waiting to board the tumbril , he is approached by a seamstress , also condemned to death , who mistakes him for Darnay ( with whom she had been imprisoned earlier ) but realises the truth once she sees him at close range . Awed by his unselfish courage and sacrifice , she asks to stay close to him and he agrees . Upon their arrival at the guillotine , Carton comforts her , telling her that their ends will be quick but that there is no Time or Trouble `` in the better land where ... ( they ) will be mercifully sheltered '' , and she is able to meet her death in peace . Carton 's unspoken last thoughts are prophetic : </P> <P> I see Barsad , and Cly , Defarge , The Vengeance ( a lieutenant of Madame Defarge ) , the Juryman , the Judge , long ranks of the new oppressors who have risen on the destruction of the old , perishing by this retributive instrument , before it shall cease out of its present use . I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss , and , in their struggles to be truly free , in their triumphs and defeats , through long years to come , I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth , gradually making expiation for itself and wearing out . </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> I see the lives for which I lay down my life , peaceful , useful , prosperous and happy , in that England which I shall see no more . I see Her with a child upon her bosom , who bears my name . I see her father , aged and bent , but otherwise restored , and faithful to all men in his healing office , and at peace . I see the good old man ( Mr. Lorry ) , so long their friend , in ten years ' time enriching them with all he has , and passing tranquilly to his reward . </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts , and in the hearts of their descendants , generations hence . I see her , an old woman , weeping for me on the anniversary of this day . I see her and her husband , their course done , lying side by side in their last earthly bed , and I know that each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other 's soul , than I was in the souls of both . </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name , a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine . I see him winning it so well , that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his . I see the blots I threw upon it , faded away . I see him , fore-most of just judges and honoured men , bringing a boy of my name , with a forehead that I know and golden hair , to this place -- then fair to look upon , with not a trace of this day 's disfigurement -- and I hear him tell the child my story , with a tender and a faltering voice . </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> It is a far , far better thing that I do , than I have ever done ; it is a far , far better rest that I go to than I have ever known . </P> <P> After Carton tearfully hears the execution of the seamstress , his final thoughts flash in his mind as he is pushed towards the slot where the blade would fall . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> Illustration from a serialized edition of the story , showing three tricoteuses knitting , with the Vengeance standing in the center . <Ul> <Li> Sydney Carton : A quick - minded but depressed English barrister . Though he is portrayed in the beginning as a cynical alcoholic , he ultimately becomes a selfless hero . </Li> <Li> Lucie Manette : An ideal pre-Victorian lady , perfect in every way . She is loved by both Carton and Charles Darnay ( whom she marries ) and is the daughter of Dr. Manette . She is the `` golden thread '' after whom Book the Second is named , so called because she holds her father 's and her family 's lives together ( and because of her blond hair like her mother 's ) . She also ties nearly every character in the book together . </Li> <Li> Charles Darnay : A young French noble of the Evrémonde family . In disgust at the cruelty of his family to the French peasantry , he took on the name `` Darnay '' ( after his mother 's maiden name , D'Aulnais ) and left France for England . He exhibits an admirable honesty in his decision to reveal to Doctor Manette his true identity as a member of the infamous Evrémonde family . So , too , does he prove his courage in his decision to return to Paris at great personal risk to save the imprisoned Gabelle . </Li> <Li> Dr. Alexandre Manette : Lucie 's father , kept as a prisoner in the Bastille for eighteen years . Dr. Manette dies 12 years after Sydney Carton . </Li> <Li> Monsieur Ernest Defarge : The owner of a French wine shop and leader of the Jacquerie ; husband of Madame Defarge ; servant to Dr. Manette as a youth . One of the key revolutionary leaders , he embraces the revolution as a noble cause , unlike many other revolutionaries . </Li> <Li> Madame Therese Defarge : A vengeful female revolutionary , arguably the novel 's antagonist . She is represented as a more extreme and bloodthirsty personality than her husband Ernest , in part because of the abuses visited on her peasant family by the aristocracy when she was a child . </Li> <Li> Jacques One , Two , and Three : Revolutionary compatriots of Ernest Defarge . Jacques Three is especially bloodthirsty and serves as a juryman on the Revolutionary Tribunals . </Li> <Li> The Vengeance : A companion of Madame Defarge referred to as her `` shadow '' and lieutenant , a member of the sisterhood of women revolutionaries in Saint Antoine , and revolutionary zealot . ( Many Frenchmen and women did change their names to show their enthusiasm for the Revolution . ) Carton predicts that the Vengeance , Defarge , Cly , and Barsad will be consumed by the Revolution and end up on the guillotine . </Li> <Li> The Mender of Roads : A peasant who later works as a woodsawyer and assists the Defarges . </Li> <Li> Jarvis Lorry : An elderly manager at Tellson 's Bank and a dear friend of Dr. Manette . He serves as a sort of trustee and guardian of the Manette family . </Li> <Li> Miss Pross : Lucie Manette 's governess since Lucie was ten years old . She is fiercely loyal to Lucie and to England . </Li> <Li> Marquis St. Evrémonde : The cruel uncle of Charles Darnay . Also called `` The Younger '' . He inherited the title at `` the Elder '' 's death . Lamenting reforms which have imposed some restraints on the abusive powers of his class , the Marquis is out of favor at the royal court at the time of his assassination . </Li> <Li> The Elder and his wife : The twin brother of the Marquis St. Evrémonde , referred to as `` the Elder '' ( he held the title of Marquis St. Evrémonde at the time of Dr. Manette 's arrest ) , and his wife , who fears him . They are the parents of Charles Darnay . Both are dead by the time the story begins . </Li> <Li> John Barsad ( real name Solomon Pross ) : An informer in London and later employed by the Marquis St. Evrémonde . Moving to Paris he takes service as a police spy in Saint Antoine , under the French monarchy . Following the revolution , he becomes an agent for revolutionary France ( at which point he must hide his British identity ) . He is the long - lost brother of Miss Pross . </Li> <Li> Roger Cly : Another spy , Barsad 's collaborator . </Li> <Li> Jerry Cruncher : Porter and messenger for Tellson 's Bank and secret `` Resurrection Man '' ( body - snatcher ) . His first name is short for Jeremiah ; the latter name shares a meaning with the name of Jarvis Lorry . </Li> <Li> Young Jerry Cruncher : Son of Jerry and Mrs. Cruncher . Young Jerry often follows his father around to his father 's odd jobs , and at one point in the story , follows his father at night and discovers that his father is a resurrection man . Young Jerry looks up to his father as a role model and aspires to become a resurrection man himself when he grows up . </Li> <Li> Mrs. Cruncher : Wife of Jerry Cruncher . She is a very religious woman , but her husband , somewhat paranoid , claims she is praying against him , and that is why he does not often succeed at work . She is often abused verbally , and , almost as often , physically , by Jerry , but at the end of the story , he appears to feel a bit guilty about this . </Li> <Li> Mr. Stryver : An arrogant and ambitious barrister , senior to Sydney Carton . There is a frequent misperception that Stryver 's full name is `` C.J. Stryver '' , but this is very unlikely . The mistake comes from a line in Book 2 , Chapter 12 : `` After trying it , Stryver , C.J. , was satisfied that no plainer case could be . '' The initials C.J. almost certainly refer to a legal title ( probably `` chief justice '' ) ; Stryver is imagining that he is playing every role in a trial in which he attempts to browbeat Lucie Manette into marrying him . </Li> <Li> The Seamstress : A young woman caught up in The Terror . She precedes Sydney Carton , who comforts her , to the guillotine . She and Barsad are the only people in Paris who know Carton has taken Darnay 's place . </Li> <Li> Théophile Gabelle : Gabelle is `` the Postmaster , and some other taxing functionary , united '' for the tenants of the Marquis St. Evrémonde . Gabelle is imprisoned by the revolutionaries , and his beseeching letter brings Darnay to France . Gabelle is `` named after the hated salt tax '' . </Li> <Li> Gaspard : Gaspard is the man whose son is run over by the Marquis . He then kills the Marquis and goes into hiding for a year . He eventually is found , arrested , and executed . </Li> <Li> `` Monseigneur '' : The appellation `` Monseigneur '' is used to refer to both a specific aristocrat in the novel and the general class of displaced aristocrats in England . </Li> <Li> A peasant boy and his sister : Victims of the Marquis St. Evrémonde and his brother . They are revealed to be Madame Defarge 's brother and sister . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sources and publication ( edit ) </H2> <P> While performing in The Frozen Deep , Dickens was given a play to read called The Dead Heart by Watts Phillips which had the historical setting , the basic storyline , and the climax that Dickens used in A Tale of Two Cities . The play was produced while A Tale of Two Cities was being serialized in All the Year Round and led to talk of plagiarism . </P> <P> Other sources are The French Revolution : A History by Thomas Carlyle ( especially important for the novel 's rhetoric and symbolism ) ; Zanoni by Edward Bulwer - Lytton ; The Castle Spector by Matthew Lewis ; Travels in France by Arthur Young ; and Tableau de Paris by Louis - Sébastien Mercier . Dickens also used material from an account of imprisonment during the Terror by Beaumarchais , and records of the trial of a French spy published in The Annual Register . </P> <P> The 45 - chapter novel was published in 31 weekly instalments in Dickens 's new literary periodical titled All the Year Round . From April 1859 to November 1859 , Dickens also republished the chapters as eight monthly sections in green covers . All but three of Dickens 's previous novels had appeared only as monthly instalments . The first weekly instalment of A Tale of Two Cities ran in the first issue of All the Year Round on 30 April 1859 . The last ran thirty weeks later , on 26 November . </P> <P> A Tale of Two Cities has been cited as one of the best - selling novels of all time . It has been stated to have sold 200 million copies since its first publication , though this figure has been dismissed as `` pure fiction '' by Oxford University 's Peter Thonemann . As with other contenders for the title , such as Don Quixote and Three Musketeers , available sales figures are not reliable , or indeed , for such public domain works , not available . </P> <H2> Literary significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many of Dickens 's characters are `` flat '' , not `` round '' , in the novelist E.M. Forster 's famous terms , meaning roughly that they have only one mood . For example , the Marquis is unremittingly wicked and relishes being so ; Lucie is perfectly loving and supportive . As a corollary , Dickens often gives these characters verbal tics or visual quirks such as the dints in the nose of the Marquis . Forster believed that Dickens never truly created rounded characters . </P> <H2> Analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> A Tale of Two Cities is one of only two works of historical fiction by Charles Dickens ( the other being Barnaby Rudge ) . Dickens relies much on The French Revolution : A History by Thomas Carlyle as a historical source . Dickens wrote in his Preface to Tale that `` no one can hope to add anything to the philosophy of Mr. Carlyle 's wonderful book '' . </P> <P> Dickens uses literal translations of French idioms for characters who can not speak English , such as `` What the devil do you do in that galley there ? ! ! '' and `` Where is my wife ? -- - Here you see me . '' The Penguin Classics edition of the novel notes that `` Not all readers have regarded the experiment as a success . '' </P> <P> J.L. Borges quipped : `` Dickens lived in London . In his book A Tale of Two Cities , based on the French Revolution , we see that he really could not write a tale of two cities . He was a resident of just one city : London . '' </P> <H3> Themes ( edit ) </H3> Resurrection ( edit ) <P> In Dickens ' England , resurrection always sat firmly in a Christian context . Most broadly , Sydney Carton is resurrected in spirit at the novel 's close ( even as he , paradoxically , gives up his physical life to save Darnay 's . ) More concretely , `` Book the First '' deals with the rebirth of Dr. Manette from the living death of his incarceration . </P> <P> Resurrection appears for the first time when Mr. Lorry replies to the message carried by Jerry Cruncher with the words `` Recalled to Life '' . Resurrection also appears during Mr. Lorry 's coach ride to Dover , as he constantly ponders a hypothetical conversation with Dr. Manette : ( `` Buried how long ? '' `` Almost eighteen years . '' ... `` You know that you are recalled to life ? '' `` They tell me so . '' ) He believes he is helping with Dr. Manette 's revival and imagines himself `` digging '' up Dr. Manette from his grave . </P> <P> Resurrection is a major theme in the novel . In Jarvis Lorry 's thoughts of Dr. Manette , resurrection is first spotted as a theme . It is also the last theme : Carton 's sacrifice . Dickens originally wanted to call the entire novel Recalled to Life . ( This instead became the title of the first of the novel 's three `` books '' . ) Jerry is also part of the recurring theme : he himself is involved in death and resurrection in ways the reader does not yet know . The first piece of foreshadowing comes in his remark to himself : `` You 'd be in a blazing bad way , if recalling to life was to come into fashion , Jerry ! '' The black humour of this statement becomes obvious only much later on . Five years later , one cloudy and very dark night ( in June 1780 ) , Mr. Lorry reawakens the reader 's interest in the mystery by telling Jerry it is `` Almost a night ... to bring the dead out of their graves '' . Jerry responds firmly that he has never seen the night do that . </P> <P> It turns out that Jerry Cruncher 's involvement with the theme of resurrection is that he is what the Victorians called a `` Resurrection Man '' , one who ( illegally ) digs up dead bodies to sell to medical men ( there was no legal way to procure cadavers for study at that time ) . </P> <P> The opposite of resurrection is of course death . Death and resurrection appear often in the novel . Dickens is angered that in France and England , courts hand out death sentences for insignificant crimes . In France , peasants had formerly been put to death without any trial , at the whim of a noble . The Marquis tells Darnay with pleasure that `` ( I ) n the next room ( my bedroom ) , one fellow ... was poniarded on the spot for professing some insolent delicacy respecting his daughter -- his daughter ! '' </P> <P> Interestingly , the demolition of Dr. Manette 's shoe - making workbench by Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry is described as `` the burning of the body '' . It seems clear that this is a rare case where death or destruction ( the opposite of resurrection ) has a positive connotation since the `` burning '' helps liberate the doctor from the memory of his long imprisonment . But Dickens 's description of this kind and healing act is strikingly odd : </P> `` The Accomplices '' , an illustration for Book 2 , Chapter 19 by `` Phiz '' <P> So wicked do destruction and secrecy appear to honest minds , that Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross , while engaged in the commission of their deed and in the removal of its traces , almost felt , and almost looked , like accomplices in a horrible crime . </P> <P> Sydney Carton 's martyrdom atones for all his past wrongdoings . He even finds God during the last few days of his life , repeating Christ 's soothing words , `` I am the resurrection and the life '' . Resurrection is the dominant theme of the last part of the novel . Darnay is rescued at the last moment and recalled to life ; Carton chooses death and resurrection to a life better than that which he has ever known : `` it was the peacefullest man 's face ever beheld there ... he looked sublime and prophetic '' . </P> <P> In the broadest sense , at the end of the novel , Dickens foresees a resurrected social order in France , rising from the ashes of the old one . </P> Water ( edit ) <P> Hans Biedermann writes that water `` is the fundamental symbol of all the energy of the unconscious -- an energy that can be dangerous when it overflows its proper limits ( a frequent dream sequence ) . '' This symbolism suits Dickens 's novel ; in A Tale of Two Cities , the frequent images of water stand for the building anger of the peasant mob , an anger that Dickens sympathizes with to a point , but ultimately finds irrational and even animalistic . </P> <P> Early in the book , Dickens suggests this when he writes , `` ( T ) he sea did what it liked , and what it liked was destruction . '' The sea here represents the coming mob of revolutionaries . After Gaspard murders the Marquis , he is `` hanged there forty feet high -- and is left hanging , poisoning the water . '' The poisoning of the well represents the bitter impact of Gaspard 's execution on the collective feeling of the peasants . </P> <P> After Gaspard 's death , the storming of the Bastille is led ( from the St. Antoine neighbourhood , at least ) by the Defarges ; `` As a whirlpool of boiling waters has a centre point , so , all this raging circled around Defarge 's wine shop , and every human drop in the cauldron had a tendency to be sucked towards the vortex ... '' The crowd is envisioned as a sea . `` With a roar that sounded as if all the breath in France had been shaped into a detested word ( the word Bastille ) , the living sea rose , wave upon wave , depth upon depth , and overflowed the city ... '' </P> <P> Darnay 's jailer is described as `` unwholesomely bloated in both face and person , as to look like a man who had been drowned and filled with water . '' Later , during the Reign of Terror , the revolution had grown `` so much more wicked and distracted ... that the rivers of the South were encumbered with bodies of the violently drowned by night ... '' Later a crowd is `` swelling and overflowing out into the adjacent streets ... the Carmagnole absorbed them every one and whirled them away . '' </P> <P> During the fight with Miss Pross , Madame Defarge clings to her with `` more than the hold of a drowning woman '' . Commentators on the novel have noted the irony that Madame Defarge is killed by her own gun , and perhaps Dickens means by the above quote to suggest that such vicious vengefulness as Madame Defarge 's will eventually destroy even its perpetrators . </P> <P> So many read the novel in a Freudian light , as exalting the ( British ) superego over the ( French ) id . Yet in Carton 's last walk , he watches an eddy that `` turned and turned purposeless , until the stream absorbed it , and carried it onto the sea '' -- his fulfilment , while masochistic and superego - driven , is nonetheless an ecstatic union with the subconscious . </P> Darkness and light ( edit ) <P> As is frequent in European literature , good and evil are symbolized by light and darkness . Lucie Manette is the light , as represented literally by her name ; and Madame Defarge is darkness . Darkness represents uncertainty , fear , and peril . It is dark when Mr. Lorry rides to Dover ; it is dark in the prisons ; dark shadows follow Madame Defarge ; dark , gloomy doldrums disturb Dr. Manette ; his capture and captivity are shrouded in darkness ; the Marquis 's estate is burned in the dark of night ; Jerry Cruncher raids graves in the darkness ; Charles 's second arrest also occurs at night . Both Lucie and Mr. Lorry feel the dark threat that is Madame Defarge . `` That dreadful woman seems to throw a shadow on me , '' remarks Lucie . Although Mr. Lorry tries to comfort her , `` the shadow of the manner of these Defarges was dark upon himself '' . Madame Defarge is `` like a shadow over the white road '' , the snow symbolising purity and Madame Defarge 's darkness corruption . Dickens also compares the dark colour of blood to the pure white snow : the blood takes on the shade of the crimes of its shedders . </P> Social justice ( edit ) <P> Charles Dickens was a champion of the poor in his life and in his writings . His childhood included some of the pains of poverty in England , as he had to work in a factory as a child to help his family . His father , John Dickens , continually lived beyond his means and eventually went to debtors ' prison . Charles was forced to leave school and began working ten - hour days at Warren 's Blacking Warehouse , earning six shillings a week . </P> <P> Dickens considered the workings of a mob , in this novel and in Barnaby Rudge , creating believable characters who act differently when the mob mentality takes over . The reasons for revolution by the lower classes are clear , and given in the novel . Some of his characters , notably Madame Defarge , have no limit to their vengeance for crimes against them . The Reign of Terror was a horrific time in France , and she gives some notion for how things went too far from the perspective of the citizens , as opposed to the actions of the de facto government in that year . Dickens does not spare his descriptions of mob actions , including the night Dr Manette and his family arrive at Tellson 's bank in Paris to meet Mr Lorry , saying that the people in the vicious crowd display `` eyes which any unbrutalized beholder would have given twenty years of life , to petrify with a well - directed gun '' . </P> <P> The reader is shown that the poor are brutalised in France and England alike . As crime proliferates , the executioner in England is `` stringing up long rows of miscellaneous criminals ; now hanging housebreaker ... now burning people in the hand '' or hanging a broke man for stealing sixpence . In France , a boy is sentenced to have his hands removed and be burned alive , only because he did not kneel down in the rain before a parade of monks passing some fifty yards away . At the lavish residence of Monseigneur , we find `` brazen ecclesiastics of the worst world worldly , with sensual eyes , loose tongues , and looser lives ... Military officers destitute of military knowledge ... ( and ) Doctors who made great fortunes ... for imaginary disorders '' . ( This incident is fictional , but is based on a true story related by Voltaire in a famous pamphlet , An Account of the Death of the Chevalier de la Barre . ) </P> <P> So riled is Dickens at the brutality of English law that he depicts some of its punishments with sarcasm : `` the whipping - post , another dear old institution , very humanising and softening to behold in action '' . He faults the law for not seeking reform : `` Whatever is , is right '' is the dictum of the Old Bailey . The gruesome portrayal of quartering highlights its atrocity . </P> <P> Dickens wants his readers to be careful that the same revolution that so damaged France will not happen in Britain , which ( at least at the beginning of the book ) is shown to be nearly as unjust as France ; Ruth Glancy has argued that Dickens portrays France and England as nearly equivalent at the beginning of the novel , but that as the novel progresses , England comes to look better and better , climaxing in Miss Pross 's pro-Britain speech at the end of the novel . But his warning is addressed not to the British lower classes , but to the aristocracy . He repeatedly uses the metaphor of sowing and reaping ; if the aristocracy continues to plant the seeds of a revolution through behaving unjustly , they can be certain of harvesting that revolution in time . The lower classes do not have any agency in this metaphor : they simply react to the behaviour of the aristocracy . In this sense it can be said that while Dickens sympathizes with the poor , he identifies with the rich : they are the book 's audience , its `` us '' and not its `` them '' . `` Crush humanity out of shape once more , under similar hammers , and it will twist itself into the same tortured forms . Sow the same seed of rapacious licence and oppression over again , and it will surely yield the same fruit according to its kind '' . </P> <P> With the people starving and begging the Marquis for food , his uncharitable response is to let the people eat grass ; the people are left with nothing but onions to eat and are forced to starve while the nobles are living lavishly upon the people 's backs . Every time the nobles refer to the life of the peasants it is only to destroy or humiliate the poor . </P> <H3> Autobiographical material ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some have argued that in A Tale of Two Cities Dickens reflects on his recently begun affair with eighteen - year - old actress Ellen Ternan , which was possibly platonic but certainly romantic . Lucie Manette has been noted as resembling Ternan physically . </P> <P> After starring in a play by Wilkie Collins titled The Frozen Deep , Dickens was first inspired to write Tale . In the play , Dickens played the part of a man who sacrifices his own life so that his rival may have the woman they both love ; the love triangle in the play became the basis for the relationships between Charles Darnay , Lucie Manette , and Sydney Carton in Tale . </P> <P> Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay may also bear importantly on Dickens 's personal life . The plot hinges on the near - perfect resemblance between Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay ; the two look so alike that Carton twice saves Darnay through the inability of others to tell them apart . Carton is Darnay made bad . Carton suggests as much : </P> <P> ' Do you particularly like the man ( Darnay ) ? ' he muttered , at his own image ( which he is regarding in a mirror ) ; ' why should you particularly like a man who resembles you ? There is nothing in you to like ; you know that . Ah , confound you ! What a change you have made in yourself ! A good reason for talking to a man , that he shows you what you have fallen away from and what you might have been ! Change places with him , and would you have been looked at by those blue eyes ( belonging to Lucie Manette ) as he was , and commiserated by that agitated face as he was ? Come on , and have it out in plain words ! You hate the fellow . ' </P> <P> Many have felt that Carton and Darnay are doppelgängers , which Eric Rabkin defines as a pair `` of characters that together , represent one psychological persona in the narrative '' . If so , they would prefigure such works as Robert Louis Stevenson 's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Darnay is worthy and respectable but dull ( at least to most modern readers ) , Carton disreputable but magnetic . </P> <P> One can only suspect whose psychological persona it is that Carton and Darnay together embody ( if they do ) , but it is often thought to be the psyche of Dickens himself . Dickens might have been quite aware that between them , Carton and Darnay shared his own initials , a frequent property of his characters . However , he denied it when asked . </P> <H2> Setting ( edit ) </H2> <P> Research published in The Dickensian in 1963 suggests that the house at 1 Greek Street , now The House of St Barnabas , forms the basis for Dr Manette and Lucie 's London house . </P> <P> In a building at the back , attainable by a courtyard where a plane tree rustled its green leaves , church organs claimed to be made , and likewise gold to be beaten by some mysterious giant who had a golden arm starting out of the wall ... as if he had beaten himself precious . </P> <P> The `` golden arm '' ( an arm - and - hammer symbol , an ancient sign of the gold - beater 's craft ) now resides at the Charles Dickens Museum but you could have seen a modern replica sticking out of the wall near the Pillars of Hercules pub at the western end of Manette Street ( formerly Rose Street ) , until this building was demolished in 2017 . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> Classic Comics issue # 6 <H3> Films ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities , a 1911 silent film . </Li> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities , a 1917 silent film . </Li> <Li> A Tale of Two Ci. ties , a 1922 silent film . </Li> <Li> The Only Way , a 1927 silent British film directed by Herbert Wilcox . </Li> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities , a 1935 black - and - white MGM film starring Ronald Colman , Elizabeth Allan , Reginald Owen , Basil Rathbone , and Edna May Oliver . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . </Li> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities , a 1958 version , starring Dirk Bogarde , Dorothy Tutin , Christopher Lee , Leo McKern , and Donald Pleasence . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> On 25 July 1938 , The Mercury Theatre on the Air produced a radio adaptation starring Orson Welles . Welles also starred in a version broadcast on Lux Radio Theater on 26 March 1945 . </Li> <Li> In 1945 , a portion of the novel was adapted to the syndicated programme The Weird Circle as `` Dr. Manette 's Manuscript . '' </Li> <Li> In 1950 , The BBC broadcast a radio adaptation by Terence Rattigan and John Gielgud of their unproduced 1935 stage play . </Li> <Li> A half - hour version titled `` Sydney Carton '' was broadcast on 27 March 1954 , on Theatre Royal hosted by and starring Laurence Olivier . </Li> <Li> In June 1989 , BBC Radio 4 produced a seven - hour drama adapted for radio by Nick McCarty and directed by Ian Cotterell . This adaptation has been occasionally repeated by BBC Radio 7 ( most recently in 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> In December 2011 , as part of its special season on Charles Dickens ' Bicentenerary , BBC Radio 4 produced a new five - part adaptation for radio by Mike Walker with original music by Lennert Busch and directed by Jessica Dromgoole and Jeremy Mortimer which won the 2012 Bronze Sony Radio Academy Award for Best Drama . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> ABC produced a two - part mini-series in 1953 . </Li> <Li> The BBC produced an eight - part mini-series in 1957 starring Peter Wyngarde as Sydney Carton , Edward de Souza as Charles Darnay , and Wendy Hutchinson as Lucie Manette . </Li> <Li> The BBC produced a ten - part mini-series in 1965 . </Li> <Li> The BBC produced another eight - part mini-series in 1980 starring Paul Shelley as Carton / Darnay , Sally Osborne as Lucie Manette , and Nigel Stock as Jarvis Lorry . </Li> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities , a 1980 version for TV , starring Chris Sarandon , Peter Cushing , Alice Krige , and Billie Whitelaw . </Li> <Li> ITV Granada produced a two - part mini-series in 1989 starting James Wilby as Sydney Carton , Xavier Deluc as Charles Darnay , and Serena Gordon as Lucie Manette . The production also aired on Masterpiece Theatre on the PBS in the United States . </Li> <Li> Plans for a new TV adaptation were announced at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Stage productions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Royal & Derngate Theatre produced an adaptation of Tale of Two Cities by Mike Poulton with original music by Rachel Portman , directed by James Dacre . </Li> <Li> The Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre is to stage a new adaptation of Tale of Two Cities by Matthew Dunster as part of their 2017 season , which will be directed by Artistic Director Timothy Sheader . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Stage musicals ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> A 1968 stage version , Two Cities , the Spectacular New Musical , with music by Jeff Wayne , lyrics by Jerry Wayne and starring Edward Woodward . </Li> <Li> In 1997 , Paul Nicholas commissioned an adaptation with music by David Pomeranz and book by Steven David Horwich and David Soames . Co-produced by Bill Kenwright , the show ran at the New Alexandra Theatre in Birmingham during their 1998 Christmas season with Paul Nicholas as Sydney Carton . </Li> <Li> In 2008 , Jill Santoriello wrote a new musical theatre adaptation . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Opera ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Arthur Benjamin 's operatic version of the novel , subtitled Romantic Melodrama in six scenes , was premiered by the BBC on 17 April 1953 , conducted by the composer ; it received its stage premiere at Sadler 's Wells on 22 July 1957 , under the baton of Leon Lovett . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Books ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dav Pilkey wrote a comic called ' Dog Man , A Tale Of Two Kittys ' which was loosely based off the novel . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> In United States politics , at the 1984 Democratic National Convention , the keynote speaker Gov. Mario Cuomo of New York delivered a scathing criticism of then - President Ronald Reagan 's comparison of the United States to a `` shining city on a hill '' , saying : `` Mr. President , you ought to know that this nation is more a ' Tale of Two Cities ' than it is just a ' Shining City on a Hill ' . '' </P> <P> A Tale of Two Cities served as inspiration to the 2012 Batman film The Dark Knight Rises by Christopher Nolan . The character of Bane is in part inspired by Dickens ' Madame Defarge : he organises kangaroo court trials against the ruling elite of the city of Gotham and is seen knitting in one of the trial scenes like Madame Defarge . There are other hints to Dickens ' novel , such as Talia al Ghul being obsessed with revenge and having a close relationship to the hero , Bane 's catchphrase `` the fire rises '' as an ode to one of the book 's chapters , among others . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Facsimile of the original 1st publication of `` A Tale of Two Cities '' in All the year round `` . S4ulanguages.com . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , A Tale of Two Cities , Book the First , Chapter I . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 191 ( Book 2 , Chapter 16 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 128 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) . This statement ( about the roof ) is truer than the Marquis knows , and another example of foreshadowing : the Evrémonde château is burned down by revolting peasants in Book 2 , Chapter 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 134 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 159 ( Book 2 , Chapter 14 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 330 ( Book 3 , Chapter 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emigration is about to be made illegal but is not yet . See Dickens 2003 , p. 258 ( Book 3 , Chapter 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 344 ( Book 3 , Chapter 10 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , ( Book 3 , Chapter 12 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dickens 2003 , p. 390 ( Book 3 , Chapter 15 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 83 ( Book 2 , Chapter 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ After Dr. Manette 's letter is read , Darnay says that `` It was the always - vain endeavour to discharge my poor mother 's trust , that first brought my fatal presence near you . '' ( Dickens 2003 , p. 347 ( Book 3 , Chapter 11 ) . ) Darnay seems to be referring to the time when his mother brought him , still a child , to her meeting with Dr. Manette in Book 3 , Chapter 10 . But some readers also feel that Darnay is explaining why he changed his name and travelled to England in the first place : to discharge his family 's debt to Dr. Manette without fully revealing his identity . ( See note to the Penguin Classics edition : Dickens 2003 , p. 486 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 470 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Marquis is sometimes referred to as `` Monseigneur the Marquis St. Evrémonde '' . He is not so called in this article because the title `` Monseigneur '' applies to whoever among a group is of the highest status ; thus , this title sometimes applies to the Marquis and other times does not . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stryver , like Carton , is a barrister and not a solicitor ; Dickens 2003 , p. xi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 147 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 120 ( Book 2 , Chapter 8 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 462 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 777 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 859 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dickens , Charles ( 1970 ) ( 1859 ) . George Woodcock , ed . A tale of Two Cities . Illust . by Hablot L. Browne . Penguin Books . pp. 408 , 410 ; Notes 30 and 41 . ISBN 0140430547 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 858 - 862 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Signed Dickens book up for £ 275,000 '' . 19 August 2014 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russon , Mary - Ann ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey Joins Top 10 Bestselling Books : How Many Have You Read ? '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Bible vs. Mao : A `` Best Guess '' of the Top 25 Bestselling Books of All Time - Publishing Perspectives `` . 7 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thonemann , Peter ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` The all - conquering Wikipedia ? '' . the-tls.co.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . This figure of 200 million is -- to state the obvious -- pure fiction . Its ultimate source is unknown : perhaps a hyperbolic 2005 press release for a Broadway musical adaptation of Dickens 's novel . But the presence of this canard on Wikipedia had , and continues to have , a startling influence . Since 2008 , the claim has been recycled repeatedly ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As of 2016 , World Cat listed 1,529 editions of the work , including 1,305 print editions. ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In their purest form ( flat characters ) ... are constructed round a single idea or quality ... Part of the genius of Dickens is that he does use types and caricatures , people whom we recognize the instant they re-enter , and yet achieves effects that are not mechanical and a vision of humanity that is not shallow . Those who dislike Dickens have an excellent case . He ought to be bad . '' Forster 1927 , p. 67 , 71 -- 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` www.dickensfellowship.org , ' Dickens as a Fiction Writer ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Glancy , Ruth , ed. ( 2013 ) . Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities : A Routledge Study Guide and Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1317797128 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dickens , Charles ( 2003 ) . A Tale of Two Cities ( Revised ed . ) . London : Penguin Books Ltd . pp. 31 , 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 43960 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borges , Jorge Luis ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Professor Borges : A Course on English Literature '' . New Directions Publishing -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. xxxix </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , pp. 107 -- 108 ( Book 2 , Chapter 6 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 103 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Marquis emphasizes his because Dickens is alluding to the ( probably mythical ) Droit du seigneur , under which any girl from the Marquis 's land would belong to the Marquis rather than to her parents . Dickens 2003 , p. 127 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 212 ( Book 2 , Chapter 19 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 214 ( Book 2 , Chapter 19 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John 11.25 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biedermann 1994 , p. 375 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 21 ( Book 1 , Chapter 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 178 ( Book 2 , Chapter 15 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dickens 2003 , p. 223 ( Book 2 , Chapter 21 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 110 ( Book 2 , Chapter 7 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Chevalier de la Barre was indeed executed for acts of impiety , including failure to pay homage to a procession of monks . These acts were attributed to him , it seems , by his mother 's slighted lover . A synopsis of the story is given by Stanford University 's Victorian Reading Project . See also Andrew Sanders , Companion to A Tale of Two Cities ( London : Unwin Hyman , 1988 ) , p. 31 ; see also Voltaire , An Account of the Death of the Chevalier de la Barre ( 1766 ) ; translated by Simon Harvey , Treatise on Tolerance ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 63 ( Book 2 , Chapter 2 ) . Dickens is quoting Alexander Pope 's Essay on Man of 1733 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 385 ( Book 3 , Chapter 15 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. xxi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Context of A Tale of Two Cities '' . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 89 ( Book 2 , Chapter 4 ) p. 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rabkin 2007 , course booklet p. 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlicke 2008 , p. 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chesters & Hampshire , Graeme & David ( 2013 ) . LONDON 'S SECRET PLACES . Bath , England : Survival Books . pp. 22 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Tale of Two Cities , Charles Dickens </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Jones . Walking Dickensian London . New Holland Publishers , 2004 . ISBN 9781843304838 . p. 88 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dickens on Radio 4 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dromgoole , Jessica . `` A Tale of Two Cities on BBC Radio 4 . And a podcast too ! '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sony Radio Academy Award Winners '' . The Guardian . 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ chasmilt777 ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` '' The Plymouth Playhouse '' A Tale of Two Cities : Part 1 ( TV Episode 1953 ) `` . IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Benjamin , Arthur '' . Boosey & Hawkes . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eidenmuller , Michael E. `` American Rhetoric : Mario Cuomo - Keynote Address at the 1984 Democratic National Convention '' . www.americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shesol , Jeff ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Mario Cuomo 's Finest Moment '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Christopher Nolan on The Dark Knight Rises ' Literary Inspiration - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net. 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Works cited ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities Shmoop : Study Guides & Teacher Resources . Web . 12 Mar 2014 . </Li> <Li> Biedermann , Hans . Dictionary of Symbolism . New York : Meridian ( 1994 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 01118 - 2 </Li> <Li> Dickens , Charles . A Tale of Two Cities . Edited and with an introduction and notes by Richard Maxwell . London : Penguin Classics ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 143960 - 0 </Li> <Li> Drabble , Margaret , ed . The Oxford Companion to English Literature . 5th ed . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press ( 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 866130 - 4 </Li> <Li> Forster , E.M. Aspects of the Novel ( 1927 ) . 2005 reprint : London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 144169 - 6 </Li> <Li> Orwell , George . `` Charles Dickens '' . In A Collection of Essays . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ( 1946 ) ISBN 0 - 15 - 618600 - 4 </Li> <Li> Rabkin , Eric . Masterpieces of the Imaginative Mind : Literature 's Most Fantastic Works . Chantilly , VA : The Teaching Company ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Schlicke , Paul . Coffee With Dickens . London : Duncan Baird Publishers ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84483 - 608 - 6 </Li> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities : Character List SparkNotes : Today 's Most Popular Study Guides . Web . 11 Apr 2011 . </Li> <Li> Ackroyd , Peter . Dickens . مخىيخى : HarperCollins ( 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016602 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further Reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alleyn , Susanne . The Annotated A Tale of Two Cities . Albany , NY : Spyderwort Press ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1535397438 </Li> <Li> Glancy , Ruth . Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities : A Sourcebook . London : Routledge ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28760 - 9 </Li> <Li> Sanders , Andrew . The Companion to A Tale of Two Cities . 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List of airports in Cape Verde - wikipedia <H1> List of airports in Cape Verde </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of airports in Cape Verde , which have been historically an important infrastructural need for the economy and development of the country , since being an archipelago makes it impossible to have terrestrial links between the main cities and towns . As such , in addition to frequent maritime connections , every island except Brava has a domestic airport , and the number of international airports have been increasing sharply in the recent years . </P> <P> Praia Airport , which was opened to international flights on September 2005 , caters mainly to the Cape Verdian diaspora ; Sal Airport , which previously handled all international flights , currently serves mainly the tourist industry of Sal Island . In late 2009 the São Pedro Airport ( VXE ) on the island of São Vicente became the new São Pedro International airport ( VXR ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Airports </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Airports ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Island </Th> <Th> City / town </Th> <Th> ICAO </Th> <Th> IATA </Th> <Th> Airport name </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boa Vista </Td> <Td> Rabil </Td> <Td> GVBA </Td> <Td> BVC </Td> <Td> Aristides Pereira International Airport </Td> <Td> 16 ° 8 ′ 11.3 '' N 022 ° 53 ′ 19.7 '' W / 16.136472 ° N 22.888806 ° W / 16.136472 ; - 22.888806 ( Rabil Airport ( Boa Vista ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brava </Td> <Td> Brava </Td> <Td> GVBR </Td> <Td> BVR </Td> <Td> Esperadinha Airport ( Closed ) </Td> <Td> 14 ° 51 ′ 51.6 '' N 024 ° 44 ′ 45.5 '' W / 14.864333 ° N 24.745972 ° W / 14.864333 ; - 24.745972 ( Esperadinha Airport ( Esperadinha ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fogo </Td> <Td> São Filipe </Td> <Td> GVSF </Td> <Td> SFL </Td> <Td> São Filipe Airport </Td> <Td> 14 ° 53 ′ 6.9 '' N 024 ° 28 ′ 48.7 '' W / 14.885250 ° N 24.480194 ° W / 14.885250 ; - 24.480194 ( São Filipe Airport ( São Filipe ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maio </Td> <Td> Vila do Maio </Td> <Td> GVMA </Td> <Td> MMO </Td> <Td> Maio Airport </Td> <Td> 15 ° 9 ′ 21.7 '' N 023 ° 12 ′ 49.2 '' W / 15.156028 ° N 23.213667 ° W / 15.156028 ; - 23.213667 ( Vila Do Maio / Porto Inglez Airport ( Vila Do Maio ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fogo </Td> <Td> São Filipe </Td> <Td> GVMT </Td> <Td> MTI </Td> <Td> Mosteiros Airport ( Closed ) </Td> <Td> 15 ° 2 ′ 42.4 '' N 024 ° 20 ′ 24.0 '' W / 15.045111 ° N 24.340000 ° W / 15.045111 ; - 24.340000 ( Mosteiros Airport ( Mosteiros ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sal </Td> <Td> Espargos </Td> <Td> GVAC </Td> <Td> SID </Td> <Td> Amílcar Cabral International Airport </Td> <Td> 16 ° 44 ′ 31.6 '' N 022 ° 56 ′ 56.4 '' W / 16.742111 ° N 22.949000 ° W / 16.742111 ; - 22.949000 ( Amilcar Cabral International Airport ( Ilha do Sal ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santiago </Td> <Td> Praia </Td> <Td> GVNP </Td> <Td> RAI </Td> <Td> Nelson Mandela International Airport </Td> <Td> 14 ° 56 ′ 28.8 '' N 023 ° 29 ′ 5.1 '' W / 14.941333 ° N 23.484750 ° W / 14.941333 ; - 23.484750 ( Francisco Mendes International Airport ( Praia ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santo Antão </Td> <Td> Ponta do Sol </Td> <Td> GVAN </Td> <Td> NTO </Td> <Td> Agostinho Neto Airport ( Closed ) </Td> <Td> 17 ° 12 ′ 10.7 '' N 025 ° 5 ′ 26.8 '' W / 17.202972 ° N 25.090778 ° W / 17.202972 ; - 25.090778 ( Aeródromo Agostinho Neto / Ilha de São Antão ( Ponta do Sol ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Nicolau </Td> <Td> Preguiça </Td> <Td> GVSN </Td> <Td> SNE </Td> <Td> Preguiça Airport </Td> <Td> 16 ° 35 ′ 17.7 '' N 024 ° 17 ′ 2.6 '' W / 16.588250 ° N 24.284056 ° W / 16.588250 ; - 24.284056 ( Preguiça / Ilha de São Nicolau Airport ( Preguiça ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Vicente </Td> <Td> São Pedro </Td> <Td> GVSV </Td> <Td> VXE </Td> <Td> Cesária Évora Airport ( International ) </Td> <Td> 16 ° 49 ′ 59.7 '' N 025 ° 3 ′ 19.7 '' W / 16.833250 ° N 25.055472 ° W / 16.833250 ; - 25.055472 ( São Pedro / Ilha de São Vicente Airport ( São Pedro ) ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Transport in Cape Verde </Li> <Li> List of airports by ICAO code : G # GV - Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : WikiProject Aviation / Airline destination lists : Africa # Cape Verde </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Export all coordinates as KML </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Export all coordinates as GPX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Map all microformatted coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Place data as RDF </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` ICAO Location Indicators by State '' ( PDF ) . International Civil Aviation Organization . 17 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> `` UN Location Codes : Cape Verde ( includes IATA codes ) '' . UN / LOCODE 2011 - 2 . UNECE. 28 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Great Circle Mapper : Airports in Cape Verde </Li> <Li> World Aero Data : Cape Verde </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> List of airports in Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> Somaliland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Madeira ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) </Li> <Li> Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cape Verde articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Portuguese Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Colonial governors </Li> <Li> PAIGC </Li> <Li> PAICV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Islands <Ul> <Li> Barlavento </Li> <Li> Sotavento </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Ports </Li> <Li> Streams </Li> <Li> Villages and settlements </Li> <Li> Volcanoes </Li> <Li> Wildlife </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Human rights <Ul> <Li> LGBT </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Law enforcement </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> National Assembly </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> <Li> President </Li> <Li> Prime Minister </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Companies </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Escudo ( currency ) </Li> <Li> Stock market </Li> <Li> Telecommunications </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Transport <Ul> <Li> airports </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Basketball </Li> <Li> Cape Verdean Creole </Li> <Li> Cape Verdean Portuguese </Li> <Li> Cape Verdeans <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Emblem </Li> <Li> Flag </Li> <Li> Football </Li> <Li> Health </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Public holidays </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Index </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_airports_in_Cape_Verde&oldid=741247623 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Airports in Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Lists of airports by country </Li> <Li> Cape Verde transport - related lists </Li> <Li> Lists of buildings and structures in Cape Verde </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of coordinates </Li> <Li> Geographic coordinate lists </Li> <Li> Articles with Geo </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 September 2016 , at 08 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Volcanism - wikipedia <H1> Volcanism </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the process that forms volcanoes and other igneous formations . For the 18th century geological theory , see Plutonism . Plate tectonics map with volcano locations indicated with red circles <P> Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock ( magma ) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid - surface planet or moon , where lava , pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent . It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body , to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Volcanic processes </Li> <Li> 2 Driving forces of volcanism </Li> <Li> 3 Aspects of volcanism <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Volcanoes </Li> <Li> 3.2 Intrusions </Li> <Li> 3.3 Earthquakes </Li> <Li> 3.4 Hydrothermal vents </Li> <Li> 3.5 Volcanic winter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Forming rocks </Li> <Li> 5 Volcanism on other bodies </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Volcanic processes ( edit ) </H2> Non-viscous lava during an effusive eruption of Kīlauea <P> Magma from the mantle or lower crust rises through its crust towards the surface . If magma reaches the surface , its behavior depends on the viscosity of the molten constituent rock . Viscous ( thick ) magma produces volcanoes characterised by explosive eruptions , while non-viscous ( runny ) magma produce volcanoes characterised by effusive eruptions pouring large amounts of lava onto the surface . </P> <P> In some cases , rising magma can cool and solidify without reaching the surface . Instead , the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion . As magma cools the chemicals in the crystals formed are effectively removed from the main mix of the magma ( by a process known as fractional crystallization ) , so the chemical content of the remaining magma evolves as it solidifies slowly . Fresh unevolved magma injections can remobilise more evolved magmas , allowing eruptions from more viscous magmas . </P> <H2> Driving forces of volcanism ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Plate tectonics Three types of plate boundary . <P> Movement of molten rock in the mantle , caused by thermal convection currents , coupled with gravitational effects of changes on the earth 's surface ( erosion , deposition , even asteroid impact and patterns of post-glacial rebound ) drive plate tectonic motion and ultimately volcanism . </P> <H2> Aspects of volcanism ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Volcanoes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Volcano Cross-section through a stratovolcano ( vertical scale is exaggerated ) : <Ol> <Li> Large magma chamber </Li> <Li> Bedrock </Li> <Li> Conduit ( pipe ) </Li> <Li> Base </Li> <Li> Sill </Li> <Li> Dike </Li> <Li> Layers of ash emitted by the volcano </Li> <Li> Flank </Li> <Li> Layers of lava emitted by the volcano </Li> <Li> Throat </Li> <Li> Parasitic cone </Li> <Li> Lava flow </Li> <Li> Vent </Li> <Li> Crater </Li> <Li> Ash cloud </Li> </Ol> <P> Volcanoes are places where magma reaches the earth 's surface . The type of volcano depends on the location of the eruption and the consistency of the magma . </P> Further information : Types of volcanic eruptions <H3> Intrusions ( edit ) </H3> Types of Intrusion : <Ol> <Li> Laccolith </Li> <Li> small Dike </Li> <Li> Pluton / Batholith </Li> <Li> Dike </Li> <Li> Sill </Li> <Li> Pipe / Volcanic neck </Li> <Li> Lopolith </Li> </Ol> Main article : Intrusion See also : Methods of pluton emplacement <P> These are formed where magma pushes between existing rock , intrusions can be in the form of batholiths , dikes , sills and layered intrusions . </P> <H3> Earthquakes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Volcano tectonic earthquake <P> Earthquakes are generally associated with plate tectonic activity , but some earthquakes are generated as a result of volcanic activity ( though that itself is ultimately driven by the same forces ) . </P> <H3> Hydrothermal vents ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hydrothermal vents <P> These are formed where water interacts with volcanism . These include geysers , fumaroles , hotsprings and mudpots , they are often used as a source of geothermal energy . </P> <H3> Volcanic winter ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Volcanic winter <P> The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth 's climate . Large eruptions correlate well with some significant climate change events . </P> <H2> Forming rocks ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Igneous rock and Metamorphic rock <P> When magma cools it solidifies and forms rocks . The type of rock formed depends on the chemical composition of the magma and how rapidly it cools . Magma that reaches the surface to become lava cools rapidly , resulting in rocks with small crystals such as basalt . Some of this magma may cool extremely rapidly and will form volcanic glass ( rocks without crystals ) such as obsidian . Magma trapped below ground in thin intrusions cools more slowly than exposed magma and produces rocks with medium - sized crystals . Magma that remains trapped in large quantities below ground cools most slowly resulting in rocks with larger crystals , such as granite and gabbro . </P> <P> Existing rocks that come into contact with magma may be melted and assimilated into the magma . Other rocks adjacent to the magma may be altered by contact metamorphism or metasomatism as they are affected by the heat and escaping or externally - circulating hydrothermal fluids . </P> <H2> Volcanism on other bodies ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Volcanology of Io , Volcanology of Venus , Volcanology of Mars , and Geology of Vesta See also : Geology of solar terrestrial planets <P> Volcanism is not confined only to Earth , but is thought to be found on any body having a solid crust and fluid mantle . Evidence of volcanism should still be found on any body that has had volcanism at some point in its history . Volcanoes have indeed been clearly observed on other bodies in the Solar System -- on some , such as Mars , in the shape of mountains that are unmistakably old volcanoes ( most notably Olympus Mons ) , but on Io actual ongoing eruptions have been observed . It can be surmised that volcanism exists on planets and moons of this type in other planetary systems as well . In 2014 , scientists found 70 lava flows which formed on the Moon in the last 100 million years . </P> The internal structure of the inner planets . <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bimodal volcanism </Li> <Li> Continental drift </Li> <Li> Hotspot </Li> <Li> Volcanic arc </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cooling Planets : Some Background : What is volcanism ? '' ( PDF ) . The Lunar and Planetary Institute , Department of Education and Public Outreach. 2006 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watson , John ; Watson , Kathie ( January 7 , 1998 ) . `` Volcanoes and Earthquakes '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nemzer , J. `` Geothermal heating and cooling '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robock , Alan ( 2000 ) . `` Volcanic eruptions and climate '' . Reviews of geophysics 38 ( 2 ) : 191 - 219 . doi : 10.1029 / 1998RG000054 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon?rss=1 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volcanism . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Glossary of Volcanic Terms '' . G.J. Hudak , University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Crumpler , L.S. , and Lucas , S.G. ( 2001 ) . `` Volcanoes of New Mexico : An Abbreviated Guide For Non-Specialists '' ( PDF ) . Volcanology in New Mexico . New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin . 18 : 5 -- 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Types of volcanic eruptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magmatic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawaiian eruption </Li> <Li> Strombolian eruption </Li> <Li> Vulcanian eruption </Li> <Li> Peléan eruption </Li> <Li> Plinian eruption </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phreatomagmatic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Surtseyan eruption </Li> <Li> Submarine eruption </Li> <Li> Subglacial eruption </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phreatic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phreatic eruption </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other classifications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Effusive eruption </Li> <Li> Explosive eruption </Li> <Li> Subaerial eruption </Li> <Li> Lateral eruption </Li> <Li> Limnic eruption </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4064081 - 4 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcanism&oldid=809315320 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Volcanic eruption types </Li> <Li> Volcanism </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 11 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Wikipedia <H1> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Sitcom Black comedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Rob McElhenney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rob McElhenney </Li> <Li> Glenn Howerton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Day </Li> <Li> Glenn Howerton </Li> <Li> Rob McElhenney </Li> <Li> Kaitlin Olson </Li> <Li> Danny DeVito </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Temptation Sensation '' by Heinz Kiessling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Cormac Bluestone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 134 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Day </Li> <Li> Glenn Howerton </Li> <Li> Rob McElhenney </Li> <Li> Michael Rotenberg </Li> <Li> Nick Frenkel </Li> <Li> Scott Marder </Li> <Li> Rob Rosell </Li> <Li> David Hornsby </Li> <Li> Dan Attias </Li> <Li> John Fortenberry </Li> <Li> Matt Shakman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Lofaro </Li> <Li> Fred Savage </Li> <Li> Matt Shakman </Li> <Li> Randall Einhorn </Li> <Li> Dave Chernin </Li> <Li> John Chernin </Li> <Li> Hunter Covington </Li> <Li> Todd Biermann </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Los Angeles , California </Li> <Li> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Smokler </Li> <Li> John Tanzer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Josh Drisko </Li> <Li> Tim Roche </Li> <Li> Robert Bromwell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single - camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 18 -- 25 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 Arts Entertainment </Li> <Li> RCG Productions </Li> <Li> FX Productions ( 2007 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> FXP ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FX Networks </Li> <Li> 20th Television </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FX ( 2005 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> FXX ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 2005 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of debauched , self - centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia . </P> <P> On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running ( in number of seasons ) live - action sitcom in American TV history . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Production </Li> <Li> 5 Broadcast and syndication </Li> <Li> 6 Music <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Soundtrack track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Reception </Li> <Li> 8 Other media <Ul> <Li> 8.1 The Nightman Cometh live </Li> <Li> 8.2 Russian adaptation </Li> <Li> 8.3 Book </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series follows `` The Gang '' , a group of five depraved underachievers : twins Dennis Reynolds ( Glenn Howerton ) and Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds ( Kaitlin Olson ) , their friends Charlie Kelly ( Charlie Day ) and Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( Rob McElhenney ) , and ( from season 2 onward ) Frank Reynolds ( Danny DeVito ) , Dennis ' and Dee 's legal father . The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy 's Pub , an Irish bar in South Philadelphia . </P> <P> Each member of the gang shows varying degrees of dishonesty , egotism , selfishness , greed , pettiness , ignorance , laziness , and unethical behavior ; they are often engaged in controversial activities . Episodes usually find them hatching elaborate schemes and often conspiring against one another and others for personal gain , vengeance , or simply the entertainment of watching another 's downfall . They habitually inflict mental , emotional , and physical pain on each other and anyone who crosses their path . They also regularly use blackmail to manipulate one another and others outside of the group . </P> <P> The Gang 's unity is never solid , and any of them would quickly dump any of the others for quick profit or personal gain , regardless of the consequences . Everything they do results in contention among themselves , and much of the show 's dialogue involves the characters arguing or yelling at one another . Despite their lack of success or achievements , they maintain high opinions of themselves and display an obsessive interest in their own reputations and public images . </P> <P> The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating , disgusting , or shocking . Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare , attempted cannibalism , kidnapping , blackface , hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people , tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance , forcing each other to eat inedible items , huffing paint , foraging in the sewers for valuables , sleeping with each other 's romantic interests , seducing a priest , secretly feeding someone their dead pet , plugging their open wounds with trash , setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal , fantasizing about killing each other , pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides , taking out life insurance on a suicidal person , orally siphoning gasoline , and stalking their crushes . </P> <P> During the Season 7 episode `` The Gang Gets Trapped '' , in which The Gang breaks into a family 's home and has to hide from them when they return , an angry monologue by Dennis captures the essence of The Gang 's modus operandi : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> We immediately escalate everything to a ten ... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea , then all of a sudden everyone 's on the gas , nobody 's on the brakes , nobody 's thinking , everyone 's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another ! Until , finally , we find ourselves in a situation where we 've broken into somebody 's house -- and the homeowner is home ! </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters McElhenney , Howerton , Day , Olson , and DeVito at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con . <Ul> <Li> Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly -- Charlie was a co-owner at Paddy 's Pub , but traded his capital investment for `` goods and services '' , half a sandwich , and other undisclosed compensation . He is a childhood friend of Mac , and high school friend of Dennis and Dee . He is also the roommate of Frank , who may be his biological father . Charlie does most of the actual work and maintenance ( referred to as `` Charlie Work '' ) at the pub . He is unable to properly read or write , and is an alcoholic substance abuser who is often seen huffing glue or paint . He lives in squalor with Frank in a run - down , vermin - infested apartment and suffers from deep - seated psychological problems , believing his dreams to be haunted by a figure known as `` The Nightman '' , who breaks into his home and rapes him . Charlie has unresolved anger issues , often screaming as a means of getting his point across . He also has an unhealthy obsession with `` The Waitress '' , a recurring character who finds Charlie repulsive and shows no interest in him . </Li> <Li> Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds -- Dennis is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub and is Dee 's twin brother . Easily the most sociopathic of the characters , Dennis is abrasive , narcissistic , selfish , histrionic , and vain . Dennis graduated from the University of Pennsylvania . It is at times hinted that Dennis may be a psychopathic serial killer , but this remains ambiguous . After the season 12 finale it is unclear whether or not Dennis will be returning for the show 's 13th and 14th seasons . </Li> <Li> Rob McElhenney as Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald -- Mac is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub . He is Charlie Kelly 's childhood friend and Dennis 's high school friend and later roommate . The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac 's life , he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the `` sheriff of Paddy 's '' . He also often brags about his hand - to - hand combat skills , although he typically flees from physical confrontation . Mac is a Roman Catholic , though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions , despite his often amoral behavior , such as engaging in casual sex with numerous women , including Dennis ' mother . Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings , he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity , much to the annoyance of the gang , until the season 12 episode `` Hero or Hate Crime ? '' , when he finally comes out . </Li> <Li> Kaitlin Olson as Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds -- Dee is Dennis 's twin sister and is the bartender at Paddy 's Pub . Dee dreams of becoming an actress , although she lacks any apparent talent and suffers from debilitating stage fright . She wore a back brace in high school , leaving her with the nickname of `` The Aluminum Monster '' , and she is constantly referred to by the gang as a bird , due to their perception of her as a giant , awkward , avian - like creature . She majored in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania , but did not graduate . Dee lives alone in an apartment . Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others , though they will often repeat what she has said word - for - word and pretend it was their idea , at which point it will be hailed as a great idea . She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang 's activities . Though often the butt of the gang 's jokes , she is frequently involved in their schemes . She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault , including setting her roommate on fire in college . </Li> <Li> Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds -- Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee , and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie . He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters , but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his `` whore wife '' . He has since embraced his `` feral '' nature and describes himself as `` fringe class '' . Despite having substantial financial resources , he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie , where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch . The two also share similar interests , such as playing the inexplicable game of ' Night Crawlers ' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables . He is also a severe compulsive gambler , seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette , usually with his chain smoking , and high - stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends . He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group 's schemes . He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Network </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> FX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> June 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 14 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 9 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> FXX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 11 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 12 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show began as a short film idea written by Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton about a man telling his friend he might have cancer , while the friend is only intent on trying to borrow a cup of sugar for the `` shitload of coffee '' he has made . This was then developed into a pilot called It 's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder by Charlie Day , Glenn Howerton , and Rob McElhenney . It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200 , but Day would later comment , `` We shot it for nothing ... I do n't know where this $200 came from ... We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and ( the ) next thing you know , we 're eleven years in and we 're still doing the show . '' This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios , their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives . After viewing the pilot , FX Network ordered the first season . Although it is often stated publicly that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was one of the first shows to be shot in 24p standard - definition video , using Panasonic 's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera , from the sixth season forward , the show was shot in 24p using high - definition video cameras . </P> <P> Danny DeVito joined the cast in the first episode of the second season , playing the father of Dennis ( played by Glenn Howerton ) and Dee ( played by Kaitlin Olson ) . </P> <P> In March 2017 , after the conclusion of the twelfth season , Glenn Howerton revealed he might not return to the series , due to working on other projects . In an August 2017 interview , Charlie Day said that he believes Howerton will be back , and that he would not feel right continuing without him . </P> <H2> Broadcast and syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 13 , 2005 . According to McElhenney , word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season , which ran from June 29 to August 17 , 2006 . Reruns of edited first - season episodes began airing on FX 's parent network , Fox , in June 2006 , for a planned three - episode run -- `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' , `` Gun Fever '' ( which was renamed as `` Gun Control '' ) and `` Charlie Gets Molested '' were shown . The show would not be shown on broadcast television again until 2011 , when FX began offering the show for syndication . </P> <P> The third season ran from September 13 , 2007 to November 15 , 2007 . On March 5 , 2008 , FX renewed It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season . On July 15 , 2008 , it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series , consisting of the fifth and sixth seasons . All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run . The fifth season ran from September 17 , 2009 to December 10 , 2009 . On May 31 , 2010 , Comedy Central began airing reruns of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule . </P> <P> The sixth season ran from September 16 , 2010 until December 9 , 2010 , running twelve episodes , plus the Christmas special . The seventh season ran from September 15 , 2011 until December 15 , 2011 , running 13 episodes . On August 6 , 2011 , FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons ( the show 's eighth and ninth ) running through 2013 . On March 28 , 2013 , FX renewed the show for a tenth season , along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network , FXX . </P> <P> In April 2017 , it was announced by Kaitlin Olson that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus . In an interview with TV Guide Olson stated , `` We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year . So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick I 'll step right into Sunny after that . '' The show is currently under contract for two more seasons and is expected to return in 2019 . </P> <P> On October 2 , 2017 , the show premiered on Viceland . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> The theme song is a piece of production music called `` Temptation Sensation '' by German composer Heinz Kiessling . Additionally , Kiessling 's work ( `` On Your Bike '' and `` Blue Blood '' ) can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show , along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ( `` Off Broadway '' ) , Joe Brook ( `` Moonbeam Kiss '' ) and Karl Grell ( `` Honey Bunch '' ) . Many of the tracks heard in the series have been taken from Cafe Romantique , an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music , the production music library unit of Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show . Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra 's album , Easy Listening Symph - O - Nette ( `` Take A Letter Miss Jones '' , `` Golly Gee Whiz '' , and `` Not a Care in the World '' ) and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ( `` Birdcage '' , `` Cotton Club '' and `` Quintessential '' ) are heard in several episodes . The soundtrack , featuring most of the music heard on the show , was released in 2010 . </P> <H3> Soundtrack track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( Music from the Original TV Series ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Music </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Temptation Sensation ( Main Title Theme ) '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Derby Day '' </Td> <Td> Werner Tautz </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Blue Blood '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` On Your Bike '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Take the Plunge '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 3 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Hotsy - Totsy '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Off Broadway '' </Td> <Td> Werner Tautz </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Coconut Shy '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Diamontinos </Td> <Td> 2 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Honey Bunch '' </Td> <Td> Karl Grell </Td> <Td> The Ralph Manning Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Glitterati Party '' </Td> <Td> Werner Tautz </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Singles Soiree '' </Td> <Td> Richard Faecks </Td> <Td> The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Pink Deville '' </Td> <Td> Paul Rothman </Td> <Td> The Ole Olafsen Band </Td> <Td> 2 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Captain 's Table '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Starlet Express '' </Td> <Td> Werner Tautz </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Final Fling '' </Td> <Td> Heinz Kiessling </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Sweetheart Serenade '' </Td> <Td> Werner Tautz </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Tea at Tiffani 's '' </Td> <Td> Werner Tautz </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Moonbeam Kiss '' </Td> <Td> Joe Brook </Td> <Td> The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra </Td> <Td> 2 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Grand Central '' </Td> <Td> Werner Tautz </Td> <Td> The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra </Td> <Td> 3 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 50 : 05 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show , calling it `` not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series , period '' . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively , commenting `` it is smug enough to think it 's breaking ground , but not smart enough to know it is n't '' . Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review , saying it was `` invariably clever and occasionally a laugh - out - loud riot , all while lampooning taboo topics '' . Later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic , receiving 70 / 100 , 78 / 100 and 85 / 100 for seasons 4 , 5 and 6 respectively . The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld -- particularly due to the self - centered nature of its main characters . The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote `` It 's like Seinfeld on crack , '' a quote that became widely used to describe the series , to the point that FX attached the tagline , `` It 's Seinfeld on crack . '' </P> <P> In 2014 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at # 7 in the `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' , with the comment that `` it 's a great underdog story ... If it sounds too dark for you , consider that there 's an episode about making mittens for kittens , and it 's adorable . '' In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Sunny was `` more popular in college towns ( and most popular in Philadelphia ) '' . </P> <P> In 2015 , Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes , stating `` for 10 seasons , the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy 's Pub . '' They claimed the two - part season 4 episode , `` Mac and Charlie Die '' is the sitcom 's greatest episode yet . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Winner / nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Satellite Award </Td> <Td> Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical </Td> <Td> Danny DeVito </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical </Td> <Td> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical </Td> <Td> Charlie Day </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical </Td> <Td> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Award </Td> <Td> Favorite Cable TV Comedy </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Primetime Emmy Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or a Variety Program </Td> <Td> Marc Scizak </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Award </Td> <Td> Favorite Cable TV Comedy </Td> <Td> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Nightman Cometh live ( edit ) </H3> <P> In September 2009 , the cast took their show live . The `` Gang '' performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City , Boston , Seattle , San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia . Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis . Actress Rhea Perlman ( wife of Danny DeVito ) assumed the role of Gladys . </P> <P> Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities , but in the end the cast settled on 6 . Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as `` essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of `` The Nightman Cometh '' , which was the final episode for season four . There are some added moments , added scenes , added songs , and extended versions of songs that already existed . '' Two new songs were included in the performance and a longer running time allowed for greater improvisation by the actors . The performance was also preceded by a preview screening of a season five episode . </P> <P> The Los Angeles performance , filmed at The Troubadour , was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set . </P> <H3> Russian adaptation ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Russian adaptation of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12 , 2014 . This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно ( V Moskve vsegda solnechno , It 's Always Sunny in Moscow ) and like the original , centers around four friends , who own a bar called `` Philadelphia '' in Moscow . </P> <H3> Book ( edit ) </H3> <P> A book based upon It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6 , 2015 , titled The Gang Writes a Self - Help Book : The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four - Hour Giant , Today . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Renewed for Seasons 13 and 14 at FXX '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is Glen Howerton Leaving ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' ? '' . UPROXX. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dowling , Kyle ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Day Claims ' It 's Always Sunny ' Pilot was Shot for Nothing , Report of $200 is False '' . MStarsNews . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Was This Glenn Howerton 's ' Always Sunny ' Farewell ? ' It 's A Little Complicated , ' He Says '' . Uproxx . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Day Would n't Want To Do ' It 's Always Sunny ' Without Dennis '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Premiere '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0635 ) `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0636 ) `` Gun Control '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0637 ) `` Charlie Gets Molested '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Gets Another Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` FX Shows Love for It 's Always Sunny '' . IGN . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 5 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Debuts On Comedy Central May 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cable Guide 2011 '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` FX Renews Louie and Wilfred , Orders Two More Seasons of It 's Always Sunny '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' Renewed For Season 10 And ' The League ' For Season 6 On FX '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 13 Will Be a Year Late '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on VICELAND - Begins Oct 2 '' . Viceland . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' soundtrack to be released September 1 : Ta - da , ta - da , ta - da - daah - daah - daah ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bar None : `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' and `` The Mindy Project '' `` . New Yorker . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Storm , Jonathan ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Slackers ' revenge -- The jokers of ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' take on a ( fictional ) Inquirer critic , while those on Testees take the juvenile quotient even higher '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Why you need to watch It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` 20 Best ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Episodes '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Nightman Cometh ' to a city near you '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : Live ! '' . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Alyssa ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton Interview '' . Flash Flood Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glenn Howerton Talks `` It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' And More ! `` . Icon vs. Icon . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ В Москве всегда солнечно ( in Russian ) . THT - Online . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia by The Gang '' . HarperCollins . 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King of Pain - wikipedia <H1> King of Pain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by The Police . For the album by Loudness , see King of Pain ( album ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` King of Pain '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Police </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Synchronicity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Tea in the Sahara '' ( live ) ( UK ) </Li> <Li> `` Someone to Talk To '' ( US ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 1983 ( 1983 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 - inch single </Li> <Li> 12 - inch single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> December 1982 , January -- February 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> AIR Studios , Montserrat for basic tracks , then at Le Studio , Quebec , Canada for overdubs and mixing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> New wave </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> A&M ( AM 176 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Sting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Police </Li> <Li> Hugh Padgham </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Police UK singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Synchronicity II '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` King of Pain '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' ( 1986 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Synchronicity II '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` King of Pain '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' ( 1986 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Police US singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Every Breath You Take '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` King of Pain '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Synchronicity II '' ( 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative covers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> US 7 - inch single cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` King of Pain '' is a song by English rock band The Police , released as the final single from their fifth and final studio album Synchronicity ( 1983 ) . Written by the band 's lead singer and bassist Sting as a post-separation song from his wife , `` King of Pain '' conjures up symbols of pain and relates them to a man 's soul . A&M Records released `` King of Pain '' as the album 's fourth single in the UK , while in North America , it was released as the second single . </P> <P> The song received acclaim from music critics , many of whom praised Sting 's lyrics and cited the song as a highlight from Synchronicity . Reaching number three in the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in October 1983 , and number one on the Billboard Top Tracks chart for five weeks in August 1983 . In the United Kingdom , it reached number 17 in January 1984 . </P> <P> Multiple artists have covered `` King of Pain '' . Canadian singer - songwriter Alanis Morissette covered the track for her MTV Unplugged album ( 1999 ) and released it as the second single from the album . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and release </Li> <Li> 2 Composition and lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Critical </Li> <Li> 3.2 Commercial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Track listing <Ul> <Li> 4.1 7 `` : A&M / AM 176 ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 7 `` : A&M / AM - 2569 ( US ) </Li> <Li> 4.3 12 `` : A&M / AMX 176 ( UK ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Personnel </Li> <Li> 6 Charts </Li> <Li> 7 Alanis Morissette version <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Background and writing </Li> <Li> 7.2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 7.3 Track listing </Li> <Li> 7.4 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Other cover versions </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and release ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` King of Pain '' was released as the second single in the US and the fourth single in the UK , taken from their fifth and final album , Synchronicity ( 1983 ) . The song was released after `` Every Breath You Take '' 's eight - week appearance on top of the charts . Sting 's fascination with Carl Jung and , to a greater extent , Arthur Koestler inspired him to write the track . As a Hungarian - born novelist who resided in England , Koestler was enthralled with parapsychology and the unexplained workings of the mind ( he wrote the book titled The Ghost in the Machine in the late ' 60s , after which the Police named their fourth album ) . A music video was made but only released in Australia . </P> <H2> Composition and lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` King of Pain '' was written by Sting , while production was done by The Police and Hugh Padgham . The song was inspired by his then - recent separation from his first wife . He remarked , `` I conjured up symbols of pain and related them to my soul . A black spot on the sun struck me as being a very painful image , and I felt that was my soul up there on there on the sun . It 's just projecting your state into the world of symbolism , which is what poetry 's all about , really . '' </P> <P> Actually , it was something I said . I 'd just left my first wife -- a very painful break -- and I went to Jamaica to try and pull myself together . I was fortunate to be able to go to Jamaica , I have to say , and stayed at this nice house and was looking at the sun one day . I was with Trudie who is now my current wife and said ' Look , there 's a little black spot on the sun today ' . And there 's a pause . I said , ' That 's my soul up there ' . I was full of hyperbole . I said that ! I went back in and wrote it down on a piece of stuff , and wrote some other stuff . </P> -- Sting , ' In The Studio ' Radio Show <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song received acclaim from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic picked the song as a highlight from the album , writing that `` King of Pain '' and `` Wrapped Around Your Finger '' , `` are devilishly infectious new wave singles . '' Sputnikmusic website picked it as an `` essential track '' , writing that `` King of Pain '' , `` Every Breath You Take '' and `` Wrapped Around Your Finger '' , `` rely on gorgeous , understated melodies , embracing the primary sonic overtones encompassing the record . '' Michael Roffman of Consequence of Sound chose the track as `` one of his personal favorite Sting - led tracks , '' pairing it next to his other works like `` If I Ever Lose My Faith in You '' or `` Fields of Gold '' . </P> <H3> Commercial ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song was a success in the United States , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the Mainstream Rock chart , while also reaching number 33 on the Adult Contemporary chart . `` King of Pain '' entered Canada 's RPM chart at number 48 , on the edition of 20 August 1983 . The song climbed to number - one on the edition of 15 October 1983 . </P> <P> Elsewhere , the song performed moderately . In the United Kingdom , the song only reached number 17 ; one of the lowest charting - singles , since their first single , `` Fall Out '' ( 1979 ) . In Ireland , the song proved to be more successful , reaching number seven , becoming their third top - ten single . In Belgium ( Flanders ) and Germany , the song became their lowest charting - single . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 7 `` : A&M / AM 176 ( UK ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` King of Pain '' -- 4 : 59 </Li> <Li> `` Tea in the Sahara '' ( Live ) -- 5 : 05 </Li> </Ol> <H3> 7 `` : A&M / AM - 2569 ( US ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` King of Pain '' -- 4 : 59 </Li> <Li> `` Someone to Talk To '' -- 3 : 08 </Li> </Ol> <H3> 12 `` : A&M / AMX 176 ( UK ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` King of Pain '' -- 4 : 59 </Li> <Li> `` Tea in the Sahara '' ( Live ) -- 5 : 05 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sting -- lead and backing vocals , bass guitar , piano , synthesizers </Li> <Li> Andy Summers -- electric guitars </Li> <Li> Stewart Copeland -- drums , marimba , percussion </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1983 -- 84 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil ( ABPD ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Mainstream Rock </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Do n't Cry '' by Asia </Td> <Td> Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one 27 August -- 17 September 1983 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` How Can I Refuse '' by Heart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello </Td> <Td> Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single 15 October 1983 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` One Thing Leads to Another '' by The Fixx </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` How Can I Refuse '' by Heart </Td> <Td> Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one 1 October 1983 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Suddenly Last Summer '' by The Motels </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Alanis Morissette version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` King of Pain '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Alanis Morissette </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album MTV Unplugged </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 19 April 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 18 September 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Acoustic rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Maverick , Reprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Sting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Alanis Morissette </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alanis Morissette singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` That I Would Be Good '' ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> `` King of Pain '' ( 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` You Learn ( acoustic ) '' / `` Hands Clean '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` That I Would Be Good '' ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> `` King of Pain '' ( 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` You Learn ( acoustic ) '' / `` Hands Clean '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Canadian singer - songwriter Alanis Morissette covered `` King of Pain '' for her MTV Unplugged album , on 18 September 1999 . The song was released as the album 's second single on 19 April 2000 . Morissette shifted the word `` king '' to `` queen '' towards the end of the track . Critics gave the track favourable reviews , with some calling a `` tender '' ballad , and others naming it outstanding . The song only managed to chart in Brazil and Netherlands . </P> <H3> Background and writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` King of Pain '' was one of the songs Alanis selected to perform on her MTV Unplugged special on 18 September 1999 . `` King of Pain '' was released as the second single from the album on 19 April 2000 . The CD Single features `` King of Pain '' and three songs recorded for the Unplugged special , but not included on the album : `` Thank U '' , `` Baba '' and `` Your House '' . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Neva Chonin of Rolling Stone wrote that `` songs with lusher orchestral backdrops -- `` You Oughta Know , '' `` Uninvited '' and the Police 's `` King of Pain '' -- still carry lengthy , vocalcentric intros . '' Beth Johnson of Entertainment Weekly called it `` a tender cover '' . Chris Massey of PopMatters called it a `` folksy cover which comes across exceedingly well . '' Massey commented that , `` Sting 's haunting vocals on the original song by The Police are almost overshadowed by the similarly chilling vocals of Alanis herself -- almost . When the band kicks in -- the bass is almost overpowering -- and Alanis belts out the familiar chorus ' I have stood here before inside the pouring rain / With the world turning circles , running around my brain , ' the power is outstanding . '' </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` King of Pain '' ( MTV Unplugged ) -- 4 : 05 </Li> <Li> Thank U ( MTV Unplugged ) -- 4 : 11 </Li> <Li> Baba ( MTV Unplugged ) -- 5 : 11 </Li> <Li> Your House ( MTV Unplugged ) -- 4 : 37 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2000 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil ( Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> American rock band Mudvayne released the track on their album `` By the People , for the People '' in 2007 . American recording artist Lady Gaga performed the track along with Sting at iHeart Radio Festival in 2011 ; they also performed the track `` Stand by Me '' . Their rendition of `` King of Pain '' was lauded by critics . Louis Virtel of The Backlot called it `` the best version of the song you 'll ever hear , '' praising Gaga for `` sporting teal streaks and some Stevie Nicks drapery , and Sting is ( of course ) wearing Underarmour , basically . Excellent performance . '' </P> <P> `` Weird Al '' Yankovic parodied the song as `` King of Suede '' in his 1984 album `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of RPM number - one singles of 1983 </Li> <Li> List of number - one mainstream rock hits ( United States ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Buskin , Richard ( March 2004 ) . `` Classic Tracks : The Police 's ' Every Breath You Take ' '' . Sound on Sound . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeGagne , Mike . `` King of Pain -- The Police : Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFN5DveQH0o </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sting.com : THE POLICE : King Of Pain , 12 '' . Sting.com . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . King of Pain at AllMusic . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Police Synchronicity : Sputnikmusic '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roffman , Michael ( 1 June 2013 ) . `` Dusting ' Em Off : The Police -- Synchronicity '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Police -- Awards -- Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- Top Singles -- Volume 38 , No. 25 , August 20 , 1983 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display -- Top Singles -- Volume 39 , No. 7 , October 15 , 1983 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Police Artist Official Charts '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Chart Placement '' . irishcharts.ie . Note : Sting must be searched manually . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- The Police -- King of Pain '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Musicline.de -- The Police Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : King of Pain : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette -- King of Pain ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chonin , Neva ( 3 February 2000 ) . `` Rolling Stone : Alanis Morissette : MTV Unplugged '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Beth ( 22 November 1999 ) . `` MTV Unplugged Review Music Reviews and News EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Massey , Chris . `` Alanis Morissette : MTV Unplugged PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Brasil ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Hot 100 Brasil . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Alanis Morissette search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Watch : Lady Gaga Destroys `` King Of Pain '' With Sting `` . The Backlot . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Police </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Stewart Copeland </Li> <Li> Sting </Li> <Li> Andy Summers </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Henry Padovani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outlandos d'Amour </Li> <Li> Reggatta de Blanc </Li> <Li> Zenyatta Mondatta </Li> <Li> Ghost in the Machine </Li> <Li> Synchronicity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live ! </Li> <Li> Certifiable : Live in Buenos Aires </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Every Breath You Take : The Singles </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Every Breath You Take : The Classics </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Sting & The Police </Li> <Li> The Police </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boxed sets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Six Pack </Li> <Li> Message in a Box : The Complete Recordings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Fall Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Roxanne '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Stand Losing You '' </Li> <Li> `` So Lonely '' </Li> <Li> `` Message in a Bottle '' </Li> <Li> `` Walking on the Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` Bring on the Night '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da '' </Li> <Li> `` Invisible Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' </Li> <Li> `` Spirits in the Material World '' </Li> <Li> `` Secret Journey '' </Li> <Li> `` Every Breath You Take '' </Li> <Li> `` Wrapped Around Your Finger '' </Li> <Li> `` Synchronicity II '' </Li> <Li> `` King of Pain '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' </Li> <Li> `` When the World Is Running Down , You Make the Best of What 's Still Around '' ( Different Gear vs. The Police ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Next to You '' </Li> <Li> `` Reggatta de Blanc '' </Li> <Li> `` Driven to Tears '' </Li> <Li> `` Behind My Camel '' </Li> <Li> `` Demolition Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Synchronicity I '' </Li> <Li> `` Tea in the Sahara '' </Li> <Li> `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da ' 86 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Police Around the World Tour </Li> <Li> Zenyatta Mondatta Tour </Li> <Li> Ghost in the Machine Tour </Li> <Li> Synchronicity Tour </Li> <Li> A Conspiracy of Hope Tour </Li> <Li> The Police Reunion Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Strontium 90 </Li> <Li> Strontium 90 : Police Academy </Li> <Li> Brimstone & Treacle </Li> <Li> ¡ Policia ! : A Tribute to the Police </Li> <Li> Everyone Stares </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alanis Morissette </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alanis </Li> <Li> Now Is the Time </Li> <Li> Jagged Little Pill </Li> <Li> Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie </Li> <Li> Under Rug Swept </Li> <Li> So - Called Chaos </Li> <Li> Flavors of Entanglement </Li> <Li> Havoc and Bright Lights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feast on Scraps </Li> <Li> iTunes Originals </Li> <Li> Jagged Little Pill Acoustic </Li> <Li> The Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Space Cakes </Li> <Li> The Singles Box </Li> <Li> The Prayer Cycle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jagged Little Pill , Live </Li> <Li> MTV Unplugged </Li> <Li> Live in the Navajo Nation </Li> <Li> Feast on Scraps </Li> <Li> Live at Montreux 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ca n't Not Tour </Li> <Li> Junkie Tour </Li> <Li> 5 1⁄2 Weeks Tour </Li> <Li> One Tour </Li> <Li> So - Called Chaos Tour </Li> <Li> Au Naturale Tour </Li> <Li> Diamond Wink Tour </Li> <Li> Flavors of Entanglement Tour </Li> <Li> Guardian Angel Tour </Li> <Li> Intimate and Acoustic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wade Morissette ( brother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Alanis Morissette </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Pain&oldid=798547584 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1983 singles </Li> <Li> 1983 songs </Li> <Li> The Police songs </Li> <Li> Alanis Morissette songs </Li> <Li> A&M Records singles </Li> <Li> Reprise Records singles </Li> <Li> Maverick Records singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Sting ( musician ) </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from May 2015 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip </Li> <Li> Singlechart making named ref </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch40 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 14 : 32 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Sun Also Rises - wikipedia <H1> The Sun Also Rises </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see The Sun Also Rises ( disambiguation ) . The first edition of The Sun Also Rises published in 1926 by Scribner 's , with dust jacket illustrated by Cleonike Damianakes . The Hellenistic jacket design `` breathed sex yet also evoked classical Greece '' . <P> The Sun Also Rises is a 1926 novel written by American author Ernest Hemingway , about a group of American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights . An early and enduring modernist novel , it received mixed reviews upon publication . However , Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes that it is now `` recognized as Hemingway 's greatest work '' , and Hemingway scholar Linda Wagner - Martin calls it his most important novel . The novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by Scribner 's . A year later , Jonathan Cape published the novel in London under the title Fiesta . It remains in print . </P> <P> Hemingway began writing the novel on his birthday -- 21 July -- in 1925 , and finished the draft manuscript barely two months later , in September . After setting aside the manuscript for a short period , he worked on revisions during the winter of 1926 . </P> <P> The basis for the novel was Hemingway 's trip to Spain in 1925 . The setting was unique and memorable , depicting sordid café life in Paris and the excitement of the Pamplona festival , with a middle section devoted to descriptions of a fishing trip in the Pyrenees . Hemingway 's sparse writing style , combined with his restrained use of description to convey characterizations and action , is demonstrative of his `` Iceberg Theory '' of writing . </P> <P> The novel is a roman à clef : the characters are based on real people in Hemingway 's circle , and the action is based on real events . In the book , Hemingway presents his notion that the `` Lost Generation '' -- considered to have been decadent , dissolute , and irretrievably damaged by World War I -- was in fact resilient and strong . Additionally , Hemingway investigates themes of love and death ; the revivifying power of nature , and the concept of masculinity . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Publication history </Li> <Li> 3 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 4 Major themes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Paris and the Lost Generation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Women and love </Li> <Li> 4.3 The corrida , the fiesta , and nature </Li> <Li> 4.4 Masculinity and gender </Li> <Li> 4.5 Anti-semitism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Writing style </Li> <Li> 6 Reception </Li> <Li> 7 Legacy and adaptations </Li> <Li> 8 References <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 8.2 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the 1920s Hemingway lived in Paris , was foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star , and traveled to places such as Smyrna to report about the Greco -- Turkish War . He wanted to use his journalism experience to write fiction , believing that a story could be based on real events when a writer distilled his own experiences in such a way that , according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers , `` what he made up was truer than what he remembered '' . </P> Hemingway ( left ) , with Harold Loeb , Duff Twysden ( in hat ) , Hadley Richardson , Donald Ogden Stewart ( obscured ) , and Pat Guthrie ( far right ) at a café in Pamplona , Spain , July 1925 . The group formed the basis for the characters in The Sun Also Rises : Twysden as Brett Ashley , Loeb as Robert Cohn , Stewart as Bill Gorton , and Guthrie as Mike Campbell . <P> With his wife Hadley Richardson , Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona , Spain , in 1923 , where he was following his recent passion for bullfighting . The couple returned to Pamplona in 1924 -- enjoying the trip immensely -- this time accompanied by Chink Dorman - Smith , John Dos Passos , and Donald Ogden Stewart and his wife . The two returned a third time in June 1925 and stayed at the hotel of his friend Juanito Quintana . That year , they brought with them a different group of American and British expatriates : Hemingway 's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith , Stewart , recently divorced Duff , Lady Twysden , her lover Pat Guthrie , and Harold Loeb . In Pamplona , the group quickly disintegrated . Hemingway , attracted to Duff , was jealous of Loeb , who had recently been on a romantic getaway with her ; by the end of the week the two men had a public fistfight . Against this background was the influence of the young matador from Ronda , Cayetano Ordóñez , whose brilliance in the bullring affected the spectators . Ordóñez honored Hemingway 's wife by presenting her , from the bullring , with the ear of a bull he killed . Outside of Pamplona , the fishing trip to the Irati River ( near Burguete in Navarre ) was marred by polluted water . </P> <P> Hemingway had intended to write a nonfiction book about bullfighting , but then decided that the week 's experiences had presented him with enough material for a novel . A few days after the fiesta ended , on his birthday ( 21 July ) , he began writing what would eventually become The Sun Also Rises . By 17 August , with 14 chapters written and a working title of Fiesta chosen , Hemingway returned to Paris . He finished the draft on 21 September 1925 , writing a foreword the following weekend and changing the title to The Lost Generation . </P> <P> A few months later , in December 1925 , Hemingway and his wife spent the winter in Schruns , Austria , where he began revising the manuscript extensively . Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January , and -- against Richardson 's advice -- urged him to sign a contract with Scribner 's . Hemingway left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers , and on his return , during a stop in Paris , began an affair with Pauline . He returned to Schruns to finish the revisions in March . In June , he was in Pamplona with both Richardson and Pfeiffer . On their return to Paris , Richardson asked for a separation , and left for the south of France . In August , alone in Paris , Hemingway completed the proofs , dedicating the novel to his wife and son . After the publication of the book in October , Richardson asked for a divorce ; Hemingway subsequently gave her the book 's royalties . </P> <H2> Publication history ( edit ) </H2> Hemingway spent December 1925 in Schruns , Austria , with Hadley and Jack . During that period he wrote The Torrents of Spring . <P> Hemingway apparently maneuvered Boni & Liveright into terminating their contract so he could have The Sun Also Rises published by Scribner 's instead . In December 1925 he quickly wrote The Torrents of Spring -- a satirical novella attacking Sherwood Anderson -- and sent it to his publishers Boni & Liveright . His three - book contract with them included a termination clause should they reject a single submission . Unamused by the satire against one of their most saleable authors , Boni & Liveright immediately rejected it and terminated the contract . Within weeks Hemingway signed a contract with Scribner 's , who agreed to publish The Torrents of Spring and all of his subsequent work . </P> <P> Scribner 's published the novel on 22 October 1926 . Its first edition consisted of 5090 copies , selling at $2.00 per copy . Cleonike Damianakes illustrated the dust jacket with a Hellenistic design of a seated , robed woman , her head bent to her shoulder , eyes closed , one hand holding an apple , her shoulders and a thigh exposed . Editor Maxwell Perkins intended `` Cleon 's respectably sexy '' design to attract `` the feminine readers who control the destinies of so many novels '' . Two months later the book was in a second printing with 7000 copies sold . Subsequent printings were ordered ; by 1928 , after the publication of Hemingway 's short story collection Men Without Women , the novel was in its eighth printing . In 1927 the novel was published in the UK by Jonathan Cape , titled Fiesta , without the two epigraphs . Two decades later , in 1947 , Scribner 's released three of Hemingway 's works as a boxed set , including The Sun Also Rises , A Farewell to Arms , and For Whom the Bell Tolls . </P> <P> By 1983 , The Sun Also Rises had been in print continuously since its publication in 1926 , and was likely one of the most translated titles in the world . At that time Scribner 's began to print cheaper mass - market paperbacks of the book , in addition to the more expensive trade paperbacks already in print . In the 1990s , British editions were titled Fiesta : The Sun Also Rises . In 2006 Simon & Schuster began to produce audiobook versions of Hemingway 's novels , including The Sun Also Rises . </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> On the surface , the novel is a love story between the protagonist Jake Barnes -- a man whose war wound has made him impotent -- and the promiscuous divorcée usually identified as Lady Brett Ashley . Barnes is an expatriate American journalist living in Paris , while Brett is a twice - divorced Englishwoman with bobbed hair and numerous love affairs , and embodies the new sexual freedom of the 1920s . Brett 's affair with Robert Cohn causes Jake to be upset and break off his friendship with Cohn ; her seduction of the 19 - year - old matador Romero causes Jake to lose his good reputation among the Spaniards in Pamplona . </P> <P> Book One is set in the café society of young American expatriates in Paris . In the opening scenes , Jake plays tennis with his college friend Robert Cohn , picks up a prostitute ( Georgette ) , and runs into Brett and Count Mippipopolous in a nightclub . Later , Brett tells Jake she loves him , but they both know that they have no chance at a stable relationship . </P> <P> In Book Two , Jake is joined by Bill Gorton , recently arrived from New York , and Brett 's fiancé Mike Campbell , who arrives from Scotland . Jake and Bill travel south and meet Robert Cohn at Bayonne for a fishing trip in the hills northeast of Pamplona . Instead of fishing , Cohn stays in Pamplona to wait for the overdue Brett and Mike . Cohn had an affair with Brett a few weeks earlier and still feels possessive of her despite her engagement to Mike . After Jake and Bill enjoy five days of fishing the streams near Burguete , they rejoin the group in Pamplona . </P> <P> All begin to drink heavily . Cohn is resented by the others , who taunt him with anti-semitic remarks . During the fiesta the characters drink , eat , watch the running of the bulls , attend bullfights , and bicker with each other . Jake introduces Brett to the 19 - year - old matador Romero at the Hotel Montoya ; she is smitten with him and seduces him . The jealous tension among the men builds -- Jake , Campbell , Cohn , and Romero each want Brett . Cohn , who had been a champion boxer in college , has a fistfight with Jake and Mike , and another with Romero , whom he beats up . Despite his injuries , Romero continues to perform brilliantly in the bullring . </P> <P> Book Three shows the characters in the aftermath of the fiesta . Sober again , they leave Pamplona ; Bill returns to Paris , Mike stays in Bayonne , and Jake goes to San Sebastián on the northern coast of Spain . As Jake is about to return to Paris , he receives a telegram from Brett asking for help ; she had gone to Madrid with Romero . He finds her there in a cheap hotel , without money , and without Romero . She announces she has decided to go back to Mike . The novel ends with Jake and Brett in a taxi speaking of the things that might have been . </P> <H2> Major themes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Paris and the lost generation ( edit ) </H3> Gertrude Stein in 1924 with Hemingway 's son Jack . She coined the phrase `` Lost Generation '' . <P> The first book of The Sun Also Rises is set in mid-1920s Paris . Americans were drawn to Paris in the Roaring Twenties by the favorable exchange rate , with as many as 200,000 English - speaking expatriates living there . The Paris Tribune reported in 1925 that Paris had an American Hospital , an American Library , and an American Chamber of Commerce . Many American writers were disenchanted with the US , where they found less artistic freedom than in Europe . ( For example , Hemingway was in Paris during the period when Ulysses , written by his friend James Joyce , was banned and burned in New York . ) </P> <P> The themes of The Sun Also Rises appear in its two epigraphs . The first is an allusion to the `` Lost Generation , '' a term coined by Gertrude Stein referring to the post-war generation ; the other epigraph is a long quotation from Ecclesiastes : `` What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun ? One generation passeth away , and another generation cometh : but the earth abideth for ever . The sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose . '' Hemingway told his editor Max Perkins that the book was not so much about a generation being lost , but that `` the earth abideth forever . '' He thought the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been `` battered '' but were not lost . </P> <P> Hemingway scholar Wagner - Martin writes that Hemingway wanted the book to be about morality , which he emphasized by changing the working title from Fiesta to The Sun Also Rises . Wagner - Martin claims that the book can be read either as a novel about bored expatriates or as a morality tale about a protagonist who searches for integrity in an immoral world . Months before Hemingway left for Pamplona , the press was depicting the Parisian Latin Quarter , where he lived , as decadent and depraved . He began writing the story of a matador corrupted by the influence of the Latin Quarter crowd ; he expanded it into a novel about Jake Barnes at risk of being corrupted by wealthy and inauthentic expatriates . </P> Hemingway at home in his apartment on the Left Bank , Paris , 1924 <P> The characters form a group , sharing similar norms , and each greatly affected by the war . Hemingway captures the angst of the age and transcends the love story of Brett and Jake , although they are representative of the period : Brett is starved for reassurance and love and Jake is sexually maimed . His wound symbolizes the disability of the age , the disillusion , and the frustrations felt by an entire generation . </P> <P> Hemingway thought he lost touch with American values while living in Paris , but his biographer Michael Reynolds claims the opposite , seeing evidence of the author 's midwestern American values in the novel . Hemingway admired hard work . He portrayed the matadors and the prostitutes , who work for a living , in a positive manner , but Brett , who prostitutes herself , is emblematic of `` the rotten crowd '' living on inherited money . It is Jake , the working journalist , who pays the bills again and again when those who can pay do not . Hemingway shows , through Jake 's actions , his disapproval of the people who did not pay up . Reynolds says that Hemingway shows the tragedy , not so much of the decadence of the Montparnasse crowd , but of the decline in American values of the period . As such , the author created an American hero who is impotent and powerless . Jake becomes the moral center of the story . He never considers himself part of the expatriate crowd because he is a working man ; to Jake a working man is genuine and authentic , and those who do not work for a living spend their lives posing . </P> <H3> Women and love ( edit ) </H3> <P> The twice - divorced Brett Ashley represented the liberated New Woman ( in the 1920s , divorces were common and easy to be had in Paris ) . James Nagel writes that , in Brett , Hemingway created one of the more fascinating women in 20th - century American literature . Sexually promiscuous , she is a denizen of Parisian nightlife and cafés . In Pamplona she sparks chaos : in her presence , the men drink too much and fight . She also seduces the young bullfighter Romero and becomes a Circe in the festival . Critics describe her variously as complicated , elusive , and enigmatic ; Donald Daiker writes that Hemingway `` treats her with a delicate balance of sympathy and antipathy . '' She is vulnerable , forgiving , independent -- qualities that Hemingway juxtaposes with the other women in the book , who are either prostitutes or overbearing nags . </P> <P> Nagel considers the novel a tragedy . Jake and Brett have a relationship that becomes destructive because their love can not be consummated . Conflict over Brett destroys Jake 's friendship with Robert Cohn , and her behavior in Pamplona affects Jake 's hard - won reputation among the Spaniards . Meyers sees Brett as a woman who wants sex without love while Jake can only give her love without sex . Although Brett sleeps with many men , it is Jake she loves . Dana Fore writes that Brett is willing to be with Jake in spite of his disability , in a `` non-traditional erotic relationship . '' Other critics such as Leslie Fiedler and Nina Baym see her as a supreme bitch ; Fiedler sees Brett as one of the `` outstanding examples of Hemingway 's ' bitch women . ' '' Jake becomes bitter about their relationship , as when he says , `` Send a girl off with a man ... Now go and bring her back . And sign the wire with love . '' </P> <P> Critics interpret the Jake -- Brett relationship in various ways . Daiker suggests that Brett 's behavior in Madrid -- after Romero leaves and when Jake arrives at her summons -- reflects her immorality . Scott Donaldson thinks Hemingway presents the Jake -- Brett relationship in such a manner that Jake knew `` that in having Brett for a friend ' he had been getting something for nothing ' and that sooner or later he would have to pay the bill . '' Daiker notes that Brett relies on Jake to pay for her train fare from Madrid to San Sebastián , where she rejoins her fiancé Mike . In a piece Hemingway cut , he has Jake thinking , `` you learned a lot about a woman by not sleeping with her . '' By the end of the novel , although Jake loves Brett , he appears to undergo a transformation in Madrid when he begins to distance himself from her . Reynolds believes that Jake represents the `` everyman , '' and that in the course of the narrative he loses his honor , faith , and hope . He sees the novel as a morality play with Jake as the person who loses the most . </P> <H3> The corrida , the fiesta , and nature ( edit ) </H3> Hemingway ( in white trousers and dark shirt ) fighting a bull in the amateur corrida at Pamplona fiesta , July 1925 . <P> In The Sun Also Rises , Hemingway contrasts Paris with Pamplona , and the frenzy of the fiesta with the tranquillity of the Spanish countryside . Spain was Hemingway 's favorite European country ; he considered it a healthy place , and the only country `` that has n't been shot to pieces . '' He was profoundly affected by the spectacle of bullfighting , writing , </P> <P> It is n't just brutal like they always told us . It 's a great tragedy -- and the most beautiful thing I 've ever seen and takes more guts and skill and guts again than anything possibly could . It 's just like having a ringside seat at the war with nothing going to happen to you . </P> <P> He demonstrated what he considered the purity in the culture of bullfighting -- called afición -- and presented it as an authentic way of life , contrasted against the inauthenticity of the Parisian bohemians . To be accepted as an aficionado was rare for a non-Spaniard ; Jake goes through a difficult process to gain acceptance by the `` fellowship of afición . '' </P> <P> The Hemingway scholar Allen Josephs thinks the novel is centered on the corrida ( the bullfighting ) , and how each character reacts to it . Brett seduces the young matador ; Cohn fails to understand and expects to be bored ; Jake understands fully because only he moves between the world of the inauthentic expatriates and the authentic Spaniards ; the hotel keeper Montoya is the keeper of the faith ; and Romero is the artist in the ring -- he is both innocent and perfect , and the one who bravely faces death . The corrida is presented as an idealized drama in which the matador faces death , creating a moment of existentialism or nada ( nothingness ) , broken when he vanquishes death by killing the bull . </P> Hemingway named his character Romero for Pedro Romero , shown here in Goya 's etching Pedro Romero Killing the Halted Bull ( 1816 ) . <P> Hemingway presents matadors as heroic characters dancing in a bullring . He considered the bullring as war with precise rules , in contrast to the messiness of the real war that he , and by extension Jake , experienced . Critic Keneth Kinnamon notes that young Romero is the novel 's only honorable character . Hemingway named Romero after Pedro Romero , an 18th - century bullfighter who killed thousands of bulls in the most difficult manner : having the bull impale itself on his sword as he stood perfectly still . Reynolds says Romero , who symbolizes the classically pure matador , is the `` one idealized figure in the novel . '' Josephs says that when Hemingway changed Romero 's name from Guerrita and imbued him with the characteristics of the historical Romero , he also changed the scene in which Romero kills a bull to one of recibiendo ( receiving the bull ) in homage to the historical namesake . </P> <P> Before the group arrives in Pamplona , Jake and Bill take a fishing trip to the Irati River . As Harold Bloom points out , the scene serves as an interlude between the Paris and Pamplona sections , `` an oasis that exists outside linear time . '' More importantly , on another level it reflects `` the mainstream of American fiction beginning with the Pilgrims seeking refuge from English oppression '' -- the prominent theme in American literature of escaping into the wilderness , as seen in Cooper , Hawthorne , Melville , Twain , and Thoreau . Fiedler calls the theme `` The Sacred Land '' ; he thinks the American West is evoked in The Sun Also Rises by the Pyrenees and given a symbolic nod with the name of the `` Hotel Montana . '' In Hemingway 's writing , nature is a place of refuge and rebirth , according to Stoltzfus , where the hunter or fisherman gains a moment of transcendence at the moment the prey is killed . Nature is the place where men act without women : men fish , men hunt , men find redemption . In nature Jake and Bill do not need to discuss the war because their war experience , paradoxically , is ever - present . The nature scenes serve as counterpoint to the fiesta scenes . </P> <P> All of the characters drink heavily during the fiesta and generally throughout the novel . In his essay `` Alcoholism in Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises , '' Matts Djos says the main characters exhibit alcoholic tendencies such as depression , anxiety and sexual inadequacy . He writes that Jake 's self - pity is symptomatic of an alcoholic , as is Brett 's out - of - control behavior . William Balassi thinks that Jake gets drunk to avoid his feelings for Brett , notably in the Madrid scenes at the end where he has three martinis before lunch and drinks three bottles of wine with lunch . Reynolds , however , believes the drinking is relevant as set against the historical context of Prohibition in the United States . The atmosphere of the fiesta lends itself to drunkenness , but the degree of revelry among the Americans also reflects a reaction against Prohibition . Bill , visiting from the US , drinks in Paris and in Spain . Jake is rarely drunk in Paris where he works but on vacation in Pamplona , he drinks constantly . Reynolds says that Prohibition split attitudes about morality , and in the novel Hemingway made clear his dislike of Prohibition . </P> <H3> Masculinity and gender ( edit ) </H3> <P> Critics have seen Jake as an ambiguous representative of Hemingway manliness . For example , in the bar scene in Paris , Jake is angry at some homosexual men . The critic Ira Elliot suggests that Hemingway viewed homosexuality as an inauthentic way of life , and that he aligns Jake with homosexual men because , like them , Jake does not have sex with women . Jake 's anger shows his self - hatred at his inauthenticity and lack of masculinity . His sense of masculine identity is lost -- he is less than a man . Elliot wonders if Jake 's wound perhaps signifies latent homosexuality , rather than only a loss of masculinity ; the emphasis in the novel , however , is on Jake 's interest in women . Hemingway 's writing has been called homophobic because of the language his characters use . For example , in the fishing scenes , Bill confesses his fondness for Jake but then goes on to say , `` I could n't tell you that in New York . It 'd mean I was a faggot . '' </P> <P> In contrast to Jake 's troubled masculinity , Romero represents an ideal masculine identity grounded in self - assurance , bravery , competence , and uprightness . The Davidsons note that Brett is attracted to Romero for these reasons , and they speculate that Jake might be trying to undermine Romero 's masculinity by bringing Brett to him and thus diminishing his ideal stature . </P> <P> Critics have examined issues of gender misidentification that are prevalent in much of Hemingway 's work . He was interested in cross-gender themes , as shown by his depictions of effeminate men and boyish women . In his fiction , a woman 's hair is often symbolically important and used to denote gender . Brett , with her short hair , is androgynous and compared to a boy -- yet the ambiguity lies in the fact that she is described as a `` damned fine - looking woman . '' While Jake is attracted to this ambiguity , Romero is repulsed by it . In keeping with his strict moral code he wants a feminine partner and rejects Brett because , among other things , she will not grow her hair . </P> <H3> Anti-Semitism ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Mike lay on the bed looking like a death mask of himself . He opened his eyes and looked at me . ' Hello Jake ' he said very slowly . ' I 'm getting a little sleep . I 've wanted a little sleep for a long time ... ' ' You 'll sleep , Mike . Do n't worry , boy . ' ' Brett 's got a bullfighter , ' Mike said . ' But her Jew has gone away ... Damned good thing , what ? ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- The Sun Also Rises </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hemingway has been called anti-Semitic , most notably because of the characterization of Robert Cohn in the book . The other characters often refer to Cohn as a Jew , and once as a ' kike ' . Shunned by the other members of the group , Cohn is characterized as `` different , '' unable or unwilling to understand and participate in the fiesta . Cohn is never really part of the group -- separated by his difference or his Jewish faith . Critic Susan Beegel goes so far as to claim , `` Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew , not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew . '' Hemingway critic Josephine Knopf speculates that Hemingway might have wanted to depict Cohn as a `` shlemiel '' ( or fool ) , but she points out that Cohn lacks the characteristics of a traditional shlemiel . </P> <P> Cohn is based on Harold Loeb , a fellow writer who rivaled Hemingway for the affections of Duff , Lady Twysden ( the real - life inspiration for Brett ) . Biographer Michael Reynolds writes that in 1925 , Loeb should have declined Hemingway 's invitation to join them in Pamplona . Before the trip he was Duff 's lover and Hemingway 's friend ; during the fiasco of the fiesta , he lost Duff and Hemingway 's friendship . Hemingway used Loeb as the basis of a character remembered chiefly as a `` rich Jew . '' </P> <H2> Writing style ( edit ) </H2> <P> The novel is well known for its style , which is variously described as modern , hard - boiled , or understated . As a novice writer and journalist in Paris , Hemingway turned to Ezra Pound -- who had a reputation as `` an unofficial minister of culture who acted as mid-wife for new literary talent '' -- to mark and blue - ink his short stories . From Pound , Hemingway learned to write in the modernist style : he used understatement , pared away sentimentalism , and presented images and scenes without explanations of meaning , most notably at the book 's conclusion , in which multiple future possibilities are left for Brett and Jake . The scholar Anders Hallengren writes that because Hemingway learned from Pound to `` distrust adjectives , '' he created a style `` in accordance with the esthetics and ethics of raising the emotional temperature towards the level of universal truth by shutting the door on sentiment , on the subjective . '' </P> <P> F. Scott Fitzgerald told Hemingway to `` let the book 's action play itself out among its characters . '' Hemingway scholar Linda Wagner - Martin writes that , in taking Fitzgerald 's advice , Hemingway produced a novel without a central narrator : `` Hemingway 's book was a step ahead ; it was the modernist novel . '' When Fitzgerald advised Hemingway to trim at least 2500 words from the opening sequence , which was 30 pages long , Hemingway wired the publishers telling them to cut the opening 30 pages altogether . The result was a novel without a focused starting point , which was seen as a modern perspective and critically well received . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Each time he let the bull pass so close that the man and the bull and the cape that filled and pivoted ahead of the bull were all one sharply etched mass . It was all so slow and so controlled . It was as though he were rocking the bull to sleep . He made four veronicas like that ... and came away toward the applause , his hand on his hip , his cape on his arm , and the bull watching his back going away . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- bullfighting scene from The Sun Also Rises </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Wagner - Martin speculates that Hemingway may have wanted to have a weak or negative hero as defined by Edith Wharton , but he had no experience creating a hero or protagonist . At that point his fiction consisted of extremely short stories , not one of which featured a hero . The hero changed during the writing of The Sun Also Rises : first the matador was the hero , then Cohn was the hero , then Brett , and finally Hemingway realized `` maybe there is not any hero at all . Maybe a story is better without any hero . '' Balassi believes that in eliminating other characters as the protagonist , Hemingway brought Jake indirectly into the role of the novel 's hero . </P> <P> As a roman à clef , the novel based its characters on living people , causing scandal in the expatriate community . Hemingway biographer Carlos Baker writes that `` word - of - mouth of the book '' helped sales . Parisian expatriates gleefully tried to match the fictional characters to real identities . Moreover , he writes that Hemingway used prototypes easily found in the Latin Quarter on which to base his characters . The early draft identified the characters by their living counterparts ; Jake 's character was called Hem , and Brett 's was called Duff . </P> <P> Although the novel is written in a journalistic style , Frederic Svoboda writes that the striking thing about the work is `` how quickly it moves away from a simple recounting of events . '' Jackson Benson believes that Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices for life in general . For example , Benson says that Hemingway drew out his experiences with `` what if '' scenarios : `` what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night ? What if I were wounded and made crazy , what would happen if I were sent back to the front ? '' Hemingway believed that the writer could describe one thing while an entirely different thing occurs below the surface -- an approach he called the iceberg theory , or the theory of omission . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader , if the writer is writing truly enough , will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them . The dignity of movement of an ice - berg is due to only one - eighth of it being above water . A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Hemingway explained the iceberg theory in Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Balassi says Hemingway applied the iceberg theory better in The Sun Also Rises than in any of his other works , by editing extraneous material or purposely leaving gaps in the story . He made editorial remarks in the manuscript that show he wanted to break from the stricture of Gertrude Stein 's advice to use `` clear restrained writing . '' In the earliest draft , the novel begins in Pamplona , but Hemingway moved the opening setting to Paris because he thought the Montparnasse life was necessary as a counterpoint to the later action in Spain . He wrote of Paris extensively , intending `` not to be limited by the literary theories of others , ( but ) to write in his own way , and possibly , to fail . '' He added metaphors for each character : Mike 's money problems , Brett 's association with the Circe myth , Robert 's association with the segregated steer . It was n't until the revision process that he pared down the story , taking out unnecessary explanations , minimizing descriptive passages , and stripping the dialogue , all of which created a `` complex but tightly compressed story . '' </P> <P> Hemingway said that he learned what he needed as a foundation for his writing from the style sheet for The Kansas City Star , where he worked as cub reporter . The critic John Aldridge says that the minimalist style resulted from Hemingway 's belief that to write authentically , each word had to be carefully chosen for its simplicity and authenticity and carry a great deal of weight . Aldridge writes that Hemingway 's style `` of a minimum of simple words that seemed to be squeezed onto the page against a great compulsion to be silent , creates the impression that those words -- if only because there are so few of them -- are sacramental . '' In Paris Hemingway had been experimenting with the prosody of the King James Bible , reading aloud with his friend John Dos Passos . From the style of the biblical text , he learned to build his prose incrementally ; the action in the novel builds sentence by sentence , scene by scene and chapter by chapter . </P> Paul Cézanne , L'Estaque , Melting Snow , c. 1871 . Writer Ronald Berman draws comparison between Cézanne 's treatment of this landscape and the way Hemingway imbues the Irati River with emotional texture . In both , the landscape is a subjective element seen differently by each character . <P> The simplicity of his style is deceptive . Bloom writes that it is the effective use of parataxis that elevates Hemingway 's prose . Drawing on the Bible , Walt Whitman and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , Hemingway wrote in deliberate understatement and he heavily incorporated parataxis , which in some cases almost becomes cinematic . His skeletal sentences were crafted in response to Henry James 's observation that World War I had `` used up words , '' explains Hemingway scholar Zoe Trodd , who writes that his style is similar to a `` multi-focal '' photographic reality . The syntax , which lacks subordinating conjunctions , creates static sentences . The photographic `` snapshot '' style creates a collage of images . Hemingway omits internal punctuation ( colons , semicolons , dashes , parentheses ) in favor of short declarative sentences , which are meant to build , as events build , to create a sense of the whole . He also uses techniques analogous to cinema , such as cutting quickly from one scene to the next , or splicing one scene into another . Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap as though responding to instructions from the author and create three - dimensional prose . Biographer James Mellow writes that the bullfighting scenes are presented with a crispness and clarity that evoke the sense of a newsreel . </P> <P> Hemingway also uses color and visual art techniques to convey emotional range in his descriptions of the Irati River . In Translating Modernism : Fitzgerald and Hemingway , Ronald Berman compares Hemingway 's treatment of landscape with that of the post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne . During a 1949 interview , Hemingway told Lillian Ross that he learned from Cézanne how to `` make a landscape . '' In comparing writing to painting he told her , `` This is what we try to do in writing , this and this , and woods , and the rocks we have to climb over . '' The landscape is seen subjectively -- the viewpoint of the observer is paramount . To Jake , landscape `` meant a search for a solid form ... not existentially present in ( his ) life in Paris . '' </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hemingway 's first novel was arguably his best and most important and came to be seen as an iconic modernist novel , although Reynolds emphasizes that Hemingway was not philosophically a modernist . In the book , his characters epitomized the post-war expatriate generation for future generations . He had received good reviews for his volume of short stories , In Our Time , of which Edmund Wilson wrote , `` Hemingway 's prose was of the first distinction . '' Wilson 's comments were enough to bring attention to the young writer . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises . It is a truly gripping story , told in a lean , hard , athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame . Mr. Hemingway knows how not only to make words be specific but how to arrange a collection of words which shall betray a great deal more than is to be found in the individual parts . It is magnificent writing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- The New York Times review of The Sun Also Rises , 31 October 1926 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Good reviews came in from many major publications . Conrad Aiken wrote in the New York Herald Tribune , `` If there is a better dialogue to be written today I do not know where to find it '' ; and Bruce Barton wrote in The Atlantic that Hemingway `` writes as if he had never read anybody 's writing , as if he had fashioned the art of writing himself , '' and that the characters `` are amazingly real and alive . '' Many reviewers , among them H.L. Mencken , praised Hemingway 's style , use of understatement , and tight writing . </P> <P> Other critics , however , disliked the novel . The Nation 's critic believed Hemingway 's hard - boiled style was better suited to the short stories published in In Our Time than his novel . Writing in the New Masses , Hemingway 's friend John Dos Passos asked : `` What 's the matter with American writing these days ? ... The few unsad young men of this lost generation will have to look for another way of finding themselves than the one indicated here . '' Privately he wrote Hemingway an apology for the review . The reviewer for the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote of the novel , `` The Sun Also Rises is the kind of book that makes this reviewer at least almost plain angry . '' Some reviewers disliked the characters , among them the reviewer for The Dial , who thought the characters were shallow and vapid ; and The Nation and Atheneum deemed the characters boring and the novel unimportant . The reviewer for The Cincinnati Enquirer wrote of the book that it `` begins nowhere and ends in nothing . '' </P> <P> Hemingway 's family hated it . His mother , Grace Hemingway , distressed that she could not face the criticism at her local book study class -- where it was said that her son was `` prostituting a great ability ... to the lowest uses '' -- expressed her displeasure in a letter to him : </P> <P> The critics seem to be full of praise for your style and ability to draw word pictures but the decent ones always regret that you should use such great gifts in perpetuating the lives and habits of so degraded a strata of humanity ... It is a doubtful honor to produce one of the filthiest books of the year ... What is the matter ? Have you ceased to be interested in nobility , honor and fineness in life ? ... Surely you have other words in your vocabulary than `` damn '' and `` bitch '' -- Every page fills me with a sick loathing . </P> <P> Still , the book sold well , and young women began to emulate Brett while male students at Ivy League universities wanted to become `` Hemingway heroes . '' Scribner 's encouraged the publicity and allowed Hemingway to `` become a minor American phenomenon '' -- a celebrity to the point that his divorce from Richardson and marriage to Pfieffer attracted media attention . </P> <P> Reynolds believes The Sun Also Rises could only have been written in 1925 : it perfectly captured the period between World War I and the Great Depression , and immortalized a group of characters . In the years since its publication , the novel has been criticized for its anti-Semitism , as expressed in the characterization of Robert Cohn . Reynolds explains that although the publishers complained to Hemingway about his description of bulls , they allowed his use of Jewish epithets , which showed the degree to which anti-Semitism was accepted in the US after World War I. Cohn represented the Jewish establishment and contemporary readers would have understood this from his description . Hemingway clearly makes Cohn unlikeable not only as a character but as a character who is Jewish . Critics of the 1970s and 1980s considered Hemingway to be misogynistic and homophobic ; by the 1990s his work , including The Sun Also Rises , began to receive critical reconsideration by female scholars . </P> <H2> Legacy and adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hemingway 's work continued to be popular in the latter half of the century and after his suicide in 1961 . During the 1970s , The Sun Also Rises appealed to what Beegel calls the lost generation of the Vietnam era . Aldridge writes that The Sun Also Rises has kept its appeal because the novel is about being young . The characters live in the most beautiful city in the world , spend their days traveling , fishing , drinking , making love , and generally reveling in their youth . He believes the expatriate writers of the 1920s appeal for this reason , but that Hemingway was the most successful in capturing the time and the place in The Sun Also Rises . </P> <P> Bloom says that some of the characters have not stood the test of time , writing that modern readers are uncomfortable with the anti-semitic treatment of Cohn 's character and the romanticization of a bullfighter . Moreover , Brett and Mike belong uniquely to the Jazz Age and do not translate to the modern era . Bloom believes the novel is in the canon of American literature for its formal qualities : its prose and style . </P> <P> The novel made Hemingway famous , inspired young women across America to wear short hair and sweater sets like the heroine 's -- and to act like her too -- and changed writing style in ways that could be seen in any American magazine published in the next twenty years . In many ways , the novel 's stripped - down prose became a model for 20th - century American writing . Nagel writes that `` The Sun Also Rises was a dramatic literary event and its effects have not diminished over the years . '' </P> <P> The success of The Sun Also Rises guaranteed interest from Broadway and Hollywood . In 1927 two Broadway producers wanted to adapt the story for the stage but made no immediate offers . Hemingway considered marketing the story directly to Hollywood , telling his editor Max Perkins that he would not sell it for less than $30,000 -- money he wanted his estranged wife Hadley Richardson to have . Conrad Aiken thought the book was perfect for a film adaptation solely on the strength of dialogue . Hemingway would not see a stage or film adaption anytime soon : he sold the film rights to RKO Pictures in 1932 , but only in 1956 was the novel adapted to a film of the same name . Peter Viertel wrote the screenplay . Tyrone Power as Jake played the lead role opposite Ava Gardner as Brett and Errol Flynn as Mike . The royalties went to Richardson . It was again adapted into a film in 1984 . It was adapted into a one - act opera in 2000 . </P> <P> Hemingway wrote more books about bullfighting : Death in the Afternoon was published in 1932 and The Dangerous Summer was published posthumously in 1985 . His depictions of Pamplona , beginning with The Sun Also Rises , helped to popularize the annual running of the bulls at the Festival of St. Fermin . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Torrents of Spring has little scholarly criticism as it is considered to be of less importance than Hemingway 's subsequent work . See Oliver ( 1999 ) , 330 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hemingway may have used the term as an early title for the novel , according to biographer James Mellow . The term originated from a remark in French made to Gertrude Stein by the owner of a garage , speaking of those who went to war : `` C'est une génération perdue '' ( literally , `` they are a lost generation '' ) . See Mellow ( 1992 ) , 309 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hemingway wrote a fragment of an unpublished sequel in which he has Jake and Brett meeting in the Dingo Bar in Paris . With Brett is Mike Campbell . See Daiker ( 2009 ) , 85 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Use short sentences . Use short first paragraphs . Use vigorous English . Be positive , not negative . '' </Li> </Ol> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leff ( 1999 ) , 51 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 192 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner - Martin ( 1990 ) , 1 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Baker ( 1972 ) , 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 98 -- 99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 117 -- 119 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balassi ( 1990 ) , 128 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nagel ( 1996 ) , 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 189 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balassi ( 1990 ) , 132 , 142 , 146 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1989 ) , vi -- vii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 172 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker ( 1972 ) , 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mellow ( 1992 ) , 338 -- 340 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mellow ( 1992 ) , 317 -- 321 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker ( 1972 ) , 76 , 30 -- 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1999 ) , 318 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ qtd. in Leff ( 1999 ) , 51 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mellow ( 1992 ) , 334 -- 336 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leff ( 1999 ) , 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White ( 1969 ) , iv </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1999 ) , 154 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDowell , Edwin , `` Hemingway 's Status Revives Among Scholars and Readers '' . The New York Times ( July 26 , 1983 ) . Retrieved 27 February 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Books at Random House '' . Random House . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hemingway books coming out in audio editions '' MSNBC.com ( February 15 , 2006 ) . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 48 -- 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1999 ) , 316 -- 318 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 191 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ecclesiastes 1 : 3 -- 5 , King James Version . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wagner - Martin ( 1990 ) , 6 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 62 -- 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 45 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 60 -- 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 58 -- 59 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nagel ( 1996 ) , 94 -- 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daiker ( 2009 ) , 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nagel ( 1996 ) , 99 -- 103 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 190 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fore ( 2007 ) , 80 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fiedler ( 1975 ) , 345 -- 365 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baym ( 1990 ) , 112 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ qtd. in Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 60 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daiker ( 2009 ) , 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donaldson ( 2002 ) , 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daiker ( 2009 ) , 83 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balassi ( 1990 ) , 144 -- 146 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1989 ) , 323 -- 324 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : qtd. in Balassi ( 1990 ) , 127 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Müller ( 2010 ) , 31 -- 32 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kinnamon ( 2002 ) , 128 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephs ( 1987 ) , 158 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stoltzfus ( 2005 ) , 215 -- 218 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1989 ) , 320 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephs ( 1987 ) , 163 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom ( 2007 ) , 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Djos ( 1995 ) , 65 -- 68 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balassi ( 1990 ) , 145 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 56 -- 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot ( 1995 ) , 80 -- 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot ( 1995 ) , 86 -- 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot ( 1995 ) , 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mellow ( 1992 ) , 312 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davidson ( 1990 ) , 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fore ( 2007 ) , 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hemingway ( 2006 ed ) , 214 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1999 ) , 270 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beegel ( 1996 ) , 288 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knopf ( 1987 ) , 68 -- 69 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1989 ) , 297 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wagner - Martin ( 1990 ) , 2 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 70 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hallengren , Anders . `` A Case of Identity : Ernest Hemingway '' , Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner - Martin ( 2002 ) , 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner - Martin ( 1990 ) , 11 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hemingway ( 2006 ed ) , 221 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ qtd. in Balassi ( 1990 ) , 138 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balassi ( 1990 ) , 138 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker ( 1987 ) , 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mellow ( 1992 ) , 303 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Svoboda ( 1983 ) , 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benson ( 1989 ) , 351 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1999 ) , 321 -- 322 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ qtd. in Oliver ( 1999 ) , 322 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balassi ( 1990 ) , 136 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balassi ( 1990 ) , 125 , 136 , 139 -- 141 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balassi ( 1990 ) , 150 ; Svoboda ( 1983 ) , 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star style and rules for writing '' Archived 2014 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... The Kansas City Star . KansasCity.com . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aldridge ( 1990 ) , 126 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman ( 2011 ) , 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1987 ) , 7 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trodd ( 2007 ) , 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mellow ( 1992 ) , 311 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman ( 2011 ) , 52 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berman ( 2011 ) , 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner - Martin ( 1990 ) , 1 , 15 ; Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 46 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mellow ( 1992 ) , 302 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner - Martin ( 2002 ) , 4 -- 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sun Also Rises '' . ( October 31 , 1926 ) The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wagner - Martin ( 2002 ) , 1 -- 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ qtd. in Wagner - Martin ( 1990 ) , 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ qtd. in Reynolds ( 1998 ) , 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leff ( 1999 ) , 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1990 ) , 53 -- 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom ( 2007 ) , 28 ; Beegel ( 1996 ) , 282 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beegel ( 1996 ) , 281 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aldridge ( 1990 ) , 122 -- 123 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1987 ) , 5 -- 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nagel ( 1996 ) , 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leff ( 1999 ) , 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leff ( 1999 ) , 156 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1999 ) , 293 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palin , Michael . `` Lifelong Aficionado '' and `` San Fermín Festival '' . in Michael Palin 's Hemingway Adventure . PBS.org . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Aldridge , John W. ( 1990 ) . `` Afterthought on the Twenties and The Sun Also Rises '' . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . New Essays on Sun Also Rises . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30204 - 3 </Li> <Li> Baker , Carlos ( 1972 ) . Hemingway : The Writer as Artist . Princeton : Princeton UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01305 - 3 </Li> <Li> Baker , Carlos ( 1987 ) . `` The Wastelanders '' . in Bloom , Harold ( ed ) . Modern Critical Interpretations : Ernest Hemingway 's `` The Sun Also Rises '' . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55546 - 053 - 2 </Li> <Li> Balassi , William ( 1990 ) . `` Hemingway 's Greatest Iceberg : The Composition of The Sun Also Rises '' . in Barbour , James and Quirk , Tom ( eds ) . Writing the American Classics . Chapel Hill : North Carolina UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1896 - 1 </Li> <Li> Baym , Nina ( 1990 ) . `` Actually I Felt Sorry for the Lion '' . in Benson , Jackson J. ( ed ) . New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway . Durham : Duke UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1067 - 9 </Li> <Li> Beegel , Susan ( 1996 ) . `` Conclusion : The Critical Reputation '' . in Donaldson , Scott ( ed ) . The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45574 - 9 </Li> <Li> Benson , Jackson ( 1989 ) . `` Ernest Hemingway : The Life as Fiction and the Fiction as Life '' . American Literature. 61 ( 3 ) : 354 -- 358 </Li> <Li> Berman , Ronald ( 2011 ) . Translating Modernism : Fitzgerald and Hemingway . Tuscaloosa : Alabama UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5665 - 1 </Li> <Li> Bloom , Harold ( 1987 ) . `` Introduction '' . in Bloom , Harold ( ed ) . Modern Critical Interpretations : Ernest Hemingway 's `` The Sun Also Rises '' . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55546 - 053 - 2 </Li> <Li> Bloom , Harold ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . in Bloom , Harold ( ed ) . Ernest Hemingway 's `` The Sun Also Rises '' . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9359 - 7 </Li> <Li> Daiker , Donald ( 2009 ) . `` Lady Ashley , Pedro Romero and the Madrid Sequence of The Sun Also Rises '' . The Hemingway Review . 29 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 86 </Li> <Li> Davidson , Cathy and Arnold ( 1990 ) . `` Decoding the Hemingway Hero in The Sun Also Rises '' . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . New Essays on Sun Also Rises . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30204 - 3 </Li> <Li> Djos , Matt ( 1995 ) . `` Alcoholism in Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises '' . The Hemingway Review . 14 ( 2 ) : 64 -- 78 </Li> <Li> Donaldson , Scott ( 2002 ) . `` Hemingway 's Morality of Compensation '' . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises : A Casebook . New York : Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514573 - 1 </Li> <Li> Elliot , Ira ( 1995 ) . `` Performance Art : Jake Barnes and Masculine Signification in The Sun Also Rises '' . American Literature. 63 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 94 </Li> <Li> Fiedler , Leslie ( 1975 ) . Love and Death in the American Novel . New York : Stein and Day . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8128 - 1799 - 7 </Li> <Li> Fore , Dana ( 2007 ) . `` Life Unworthy of Life ? Masculinity , Disability , and Guilt in The Sun Also Rises . The Hemingway Review . 16 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 88 </Li> <Li> Hays , Peter L. , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Teaching Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises . '' Kent , OH : The Kent State University Press . </Li> <Li> Hemingway , Ernest ( 1926 ) . The Sun Also Rises . New York : Scribner. 2006 edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9733 - 2 </Li> <Li> Josephs , Allen ( 1987 ) . `` Torero : The Moral Axis of The Sun Also Rises '' . in Bloom , Harold ( ed ) . Modern Critical Interpretations : Ernest Hemingway 's `` The Sun Also Rises '' . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55546 - 053 - 2 </Li> <Li> Kinnamon , Keneth ( 2002 ) . `` Hemingway , the Corrida , and Spain '' . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises : A Casebook . New York : Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514573 - 1 </Li> <Li> Knopf , Josephine ( 1987 ) . `` Meyer Wolfsheim and Robert Cohn : A Study of a Jew Type and Sterotype '' . in Bloom , Harold ( ed ) . Modern Critical Interpretations : Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises `` . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55546 - 053 - 2 </Li> <Li> Leff , Leonard ( 1999 ) . Hemingway and His Conspirators : Hollywood , Scribner 's and the making of American Celebrity Culture . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 8545 - 5 </Li> <Li> Mellow , James ( 1992 ) . Hemingway : A Life Without Consequences . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 37777 - 2 </Li> <Li> Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1985 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 42126 - 0 </Li> <Li> Müller , Timo ( 2010 ) . `` The Uses of Authenticity : Hemingway and the Literary Field , 1926 -- 1936 '' . Journal of Modern Literature. 33 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Nagel , James ( 1996 ) . `` Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises '' . in Donaldson , Scott ( ed ) . The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45574 - 9 </Li> <Li> Oliver , Charles ( 1999 ) . Ernest Hemingway A to Z : The Essential Reference to the Life and Work . New York : Checkmark Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 3467 - 3 </Li> <Li> Reynolds , Michael ( 1990 ) . `` Recovering the Historical Context '' . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . New Essays on Sun Also Rises . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30204 - 3 </Li> <Li> Reynolds , Michael ( 1999 ) . Hemingway : The Final Years . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32047 - 3 </Li> <Li> Reynolds , Michael ( 1989 ) . Hemingway : The Paris Years . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31879 - 1 </Li> <Li> Reynolds , Michael ( 1998 ) . The Young Hemingway . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31776 - 3 </Li> <Li> Stoltzfus , Ben ( 2005 ) . `` Sartre , `` Nada , '' and Hemingway 's African Stories `` . Comparative Literature Studies . 42 ( 3 ) : 228 -- 250 </Li> <Li> Stoneback , H.R. ( 2007 ) . `` Reading Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises : Glossary and Commentary . '' Kent , OH : The Kent State UP . </Li> <Li> Svoboda , Frederic ( 1983 ) . Hemingway & The Sun Also Rises : The Crafting of a Style . Lawrence : Kansas UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0228 - 5 </Li> <Li> Trodd , Zoe ( 2007 ) . `` Hemingway 's Camera Eye : The Problems of Language and an Interwar Politics of Form '' . The Hemingway Review . 26 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 21 </Li> <Li> Wagner - Martin , Linda ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction '' . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises : A Casebook . New York : Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514573 - 1 </Li> <Li> Wagner - Martin , Linda ( 1990 ) . `` Introduction '' . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . New Essays on Sun Also Rises . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30204 - 3 </Li> <Li> White , William ( 1969 ) . The Merrill Studies in The Sun Also Rises . Columbus : C.E. Merrill . </Li> <Li> Young , Philip ( 1973 ) . Ernest Hemingway . St. Paul : Minnesota UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0191 - 2 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Sun Also Rises at Faded Page ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> Hemingway Archives , John F. Kennedy Library </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ernest Hemingway </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Torrents of Spring ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> A Farewell to Arms ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> To Have and Have Not ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Across the River and into the Trees ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Old Man and the Sea ( 1952 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Green Hills of Africa ( 1935 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posthumous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Moveable Feast ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Islands in the Stream ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Dangerous Summer ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Garden of Eden ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> True at First Light ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Under Kilimanjaro ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short stories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Indian Camp '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Doctor and the Doctor 's Wife '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` The End of Something '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Three - Day Blow '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Battler '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Very Short Story '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` Soldier 's Home '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Revolutionist '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` Mr. and Mrs. Elliot '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` Cat in the Rain '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` Out of Season '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` Cross Country Snow '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` My Old Man '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` Big Two - Hearted River '' ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Canary for One '' ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> `` Fifty Grand '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> `` Hills Like White Elephants '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Killers '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Undefeated '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> `` Che Ti Dice La Patria ? '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> `` In Another Country '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> `` On the Quai at Smyrna '' ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> `` Fathers and Sons '' ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Day 's Wait '' ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Gambler , the Nun , and the Radio '' ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Way You 'll Never Be '' ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Capital of the World '' ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber '' ( 1936 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short story collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Three Stories and Ten Poems ( 1923 ) </Li> <Li> In Our Time ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Men Without Women ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Winner Take Nothing ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> The Fifth Column and the First Forty - Nine Stories ( 1938 ) </Li> <Li> The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The Nick Adams Stories ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Ernest Hemingway : The Collected Stories ( 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story fragments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` On Writing '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poetry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 88 Poems ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Complete Poems </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Letters and journalism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 -- 1961 ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Dateline : Toronto ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> The Sun Also Rises </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1957 film </Li> <Li> 1984 film </Li> <Li> Opera </Li> <Li> The Select ( The Sun Also Rises ) </Li> <Li> Ballet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Killers '' </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1946 film </Li> <Li> 1956 film </Li> <Li> 1964 film </Li> <Li> Bukowski short story </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A Farewell to Arms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1932 film </Li> <Li> 1957 film </Li> <Li> 1966 TV series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> To Have and Have Not </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1944 film </Li> <Li> The Breaking Point ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Gun Runners ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Captain Khorshid ( 1987 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> For Whom the Bell Tolls </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1943 film </Li> <Li> 1965 TV series </Li> <Li> Metallica song </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Old Man and the Sea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1958 film </Li> <Li> 1990 miniseries </Li> <Li> 1999 film </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other film adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Macomber Affair ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Hemingway 's Adventures of a Young Man ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nick Adams </Li> <Li> Michigan cottage </Li> <Li> Idaho house </Li> <Li> Key West home </Li> <Li> Hotel Ambos Mundos , Havana home </Li> <Li> Finca Vigía , Cuba home </Li> <Li> Pilar ( boat ) </Li> <Li> The Spanish Earth ( 1937 film ) </Li> <Li> Bacall to Arms ( 1946 cartoon ) </Li> <Li> Hello Hemingway ( 1990 film ) </Li> <Li> In Love and War ( 1996 film ) </Li> <Li> Hemingway & Gellhorn ( 2012 film ) </Li> <Li> Cooper & Hemingway : The True Gen ( 2013 documentary ) </Li> <Li> Papa : Hemingway in Cuba ( 2015 film ) </Li> <Li> Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award </Li> <Li> Kennedy Library Hemingway collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ( first wife ) </Li> <Li> Jack Hemingway ( son ) </Li> <Li> Pauline Pfeiffer ( second wife ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Hemingway ( son ) </Li> <Li> Gregory Hemingway ( son ) </Li> <Li> Martha Gellhorn ( third wife ) </Li> <Li> Mary Welsh Hemingway ( fourth wife ) </Li> <Li> Grace Hall Hemingway ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Leicester Hemingway ( brother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BNF : cb11968353f ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sun_Also_Rises&oldid=830146164 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1926 American novels </Li> <Li> Novels by Ernest Hemingway </Li> <Li> Modernist novels </Li> <Li> American novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> American autobiographical novels </Li> <Li> Novels set in the Roaring Twenties </Li> <Li> Charles Scribner 's Sons books </Li> <Li> Novels set in Paris </Li> <Li> Novels set in France </Li> <Li> Novels set in Spain </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with Project Gutenberg links </Li> <Li> Featured articles </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Vèneto </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 20 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 01 : 07 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Depreciation - wikipedia <H1> Depreciation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Deprecation . For the concept in economics involving fixed capital goods , see Depreciation ( economics ) . For the concept in foreign exchange markets , see Depreciation ( currency ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> An asset depreciation at 15 % per year over 20 years <P> In accountancy , depreciation refers to two aspects of the same concept : </P> <Ul> <Li> The decrease in value of assets ( fair value depreciation ) </Li> <Li> The allocation of the cost of assets to periods in which the assets are used ( depreciation with the matching principle ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Depreciation is a method of reallocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life span of it being in motion . Businesses depreciate long - term assets for both accounting and tax purposes . The former affects the balance sheet of a business or entity , and the latter affects the net income that they report . Generally the cost is allocated , as depreciation expense , among the periods in which the asset is expected to be used . Methods of computing depreciation , and the periods over which assets are depreciated , may vary between asset types within the same business and may vary for tax purposes . These may be specified by law or accounting standards , which may vary by country . There are several standard methods of computing depreciation expense , including fixed percentage , straight line , and declining balance methods . Depreciation expense generally begins when the asset is placed in service . For example , a depreciation expense of 100 per year for five years may be recognized for an asset costing 500 . Depreciation has been defined as the diminution in the utility or value of an asset . Depreciation is a non cash expenses . It does not result in any cash outflow . Causes of depreciation are natural wear and tear . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Accounting concept <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Depreciable basis </Li> <Li> 1.2 Impairment </Li> <Li> 1.3 Depletion and amortization </Li> <Li> 1.4 Effect on cash </Li> <Li> 1.5 Accumulated depreciation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Methods of depreciation <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Straight - line depreciation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Double declining balance method </Li> <Li> 2.3 Annuity depreciation </Li> <Li> 2.4 Sum - of - years - digits method </Li> <Li> 2.5 Units - of - production depreciation method </Li> <Li> 2.6 Units of time depreciation </Li> <Li> 2.7 Group depreciation method </Li> <Li> 2.8 Composite depreciation method </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Tax depreciation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Capital allowances </Li> <Li> 3.2 Tax lives and methods </Li> <Li> 3.3 Additional depreciation </Li> <Li> 3.4 Real property </Li> <Li> 3.5 Averaging conventions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Economics </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Additional reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Accounting concept ( edit ) </H2> <P> In determining the profits ( net income ) from an activity , the receipts from the activity must be reduced by appropriate costs . One such cost is the cost of assets used but not immediately consumed in the activity . Such cost so allocated in a given period is equal to the reduction in the value placed on the asset , which is initially equal to the amount paid for the asset and subsequently may or may not be related to the amount expected to be received upon its disposal . Depreciation is any method of allocating such net cost to those periods in which the organization is expected to benefit from use of the asset . The asset is referred to as a depreciable asset . Depreciation is technically a method of allocation , not valuation , even though it determines the value placed on the asset in the balance sheet . </P> <P> Any business or income producing activity using tangible assets may incur costs related to those assets . If an asset is expected to produce a benefit in future periods , some of these costs must be deferred rather than treated as a current expense . The business then records depreciation expense in its financial reporting as the current period 's allocation of such costs . This is usually done in a rational and systematic manner . Generally this involves four criteria : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cost of the asset </Li> <Li> Expected salvage value , also known as residual value of the assets </Li> <Li> Estimated useful life of the asset </Li> <Li> A method of apportioning the cost over such life </Li> </Ul> <H3> Depreciable basis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cost generally is the amount paid for the asset , including all costs related to acquisition . In some countries or for some purposes , salvage value may be ignored . The rules of some countries specify lives and methods to be used for particular types of assets . However , in most countries the life is based on business experience , and the method may be chosen from one of several acceptable methods . </P> <H3> Impairment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Accounting rules also require that an impairment charge or expense be recognized if the value of assets declines unexpectedly . Such charges are usually nonrecurring , and may relate to any type of asset . Many companies consider write - offs of some of their long - lived assets because some property , plant , and equipment have suffered partial obsolescence . Accountants reduce the asset 's carrying amount by its fair value . For example , if a company continues to incur losses because prices of a particular product or service are higher than the operating costs , companies consider write - offs of the particular asset . These write - offs are referred to as impairments . There are events and changes in circumstances might lead to impairment . Some examples are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Large amount of decrease in fair value of an asset </Li> <Li> A change of manner in which the asset is used </Li> <Li> Accumulation of costs that are not originally expected to acquire or construct an asset </Li> <Li> A projection of incurring losses associated with the particular asset </Li> </Ul> <P> Events or changes in circumstances indicate that the company may not be able recover the carrying amount of the asset . In which case , companies use the recoverability test to determine whether impairment has occurred . The steps to determine are : 1 . Estimate the future cash flow of asset ( from the use of the asset to disposition ) 2 . If the sum of the expected cash flow is less than the carrying amount of the asset , the asset is considered impaired </P> <H3> Depletion and amortization ( edit ) </H3> <P> Depletion and amortization are similar concepts for minerals ( including oil ) and intangible assets , respectively . </P> <H3> Effect on cash ( edit ) </H3> <P> Depreciation expense does not require current outlay of cash . However , since depreciation is an expense to the P&L account , provided the enterprise is operating in a manner that covers its expenses ( e.g. operating at a profit ) depreciation is a source of cash in a statement of cash flows , which generally offsets the cash cost of acquiring new assets required to continue operations when existing assets reach the end of their useful lives . </P> <H3> Accumulated depreciation ( edit ) </H3> <P> While depreciation expense is recorded on the income statement of a business , its impact is generally recorded in a separate account and disclosed on the balance sheet as accumulated depreciation , under fixed assets , according to most accounting principles . Accumulated depreciation is known as a contra account , because it separately shows a negative amount that is directly associated with another account . </P> <P> Without an accumulated depreciation account on the balance sheet , depreciation expense is usually charged against the relevant asset directly . The values of the fixed assets stated on the balance sheet will decline , even if the business has not invested in or disposed of any assets . The amounts will roughly approximate fair value . Otherwise , depreciation expense is charged against accumulated depreciation . Showing accumulated depreciation separately on the balance sheet has the effect of preserving the historical cost of assets on the balance sheet . If there have been no investments or dispositions in fixed assets for the year , then the values of the assets will be the same on the balance sheet for the current and prior year ( P / Y ) . </P> <H2> Methods of depreciation ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are several methods for calculating depreciation , generally based on either the passage of time or the level of activity ( or use ) of the asset . </P> <H3> Straight - line depreciation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Straight - line depreciation is the simplest and most often used method . In this method , the company estimates the residual value ( also known as salvage value or scrap value ) of the asset at the end of the period during which it will be used to generate revenues ( useful life ) . ( The salvage value may be zero , or even negative due to costs required to retire it ; however , for depreciation purposes salvage value is not generally calculated at below zero . ) The company will then charge the same amount to depreciation each year over that period , until the value shown for the asset has reduced from the original cost to the salvage value . </P> <P> Straight - line method : </P> <Dl> <Dd> annual depreciation expense = cost of fixed asset − residual value useful life of asset ( y e a r s ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( annual depreciation expense ) ) = ( ( \ mbox ( cost of fixed asset ) ) - ( \ mbox ( residual value ) ) \ over ( \ mbox ( useful life of asset ) ) ( years ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> For example , a vehicle that depreciates over 5 years is purchased at a cost of $17,000 , and will have a salvage value of $2000 . Then this vehicle will depreciate at $3,000 per year , i.e. ( 17 - 2 ) / 5 = 3 . This table illustrates the straight - line method of depreciation . Book value at the beginning of the first year of depreciation is the original cost of the asset . At any time book value equals original cost minus accumulated depreciation . </P> <P> book value = original cost − accumulated depreciation Book value at the end of year becomes book value at the beginning of next year . The asset is depreciated until the book value equals scrap value . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Depreciation expense </Th> <Th> Accumulated depreciation at year - end </Th> <Th> Book value at year - end </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( original cost ) $17,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> $3,000 </Td> <Td> $3,000 </Td> <Td> $14,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> 6,000 </Td> <Td> 11,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> 9,000 </Td> <Td> 8,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> ( scrap value ) 2,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> If the vehicle were to be sold and the sales price exceeded the depreciated value ( net book value ) then the excess would be considered a gain and subject to depreciation recapture . In addition , this gain above the depreciated value would be recognized as ordinary income by the tax office . If the sales price is ever less than the book value , the resulting capital loss is tax deductible . If the sale price were ever more than the original book value , then the gain above the original book value is recognized as a capital gain . </P> <P> If a company chooses to depreciate an asset at a different rate from that used by the tax office then this generates a timing difference in the income statement due to the difference ( at a point in time ) between the taxation department 's and company 's view of the profit . </P> <P> In the UK used car pricing expert CAP regularly examine their data to find vehicles that devalue at a slower rate than others . They discuss the distinction and differences between percentage depreciate figures and real world cash depreciation to help motorists to reduce their long term costs . When buying a new vehicle it is important to consider if you are likely to change the car in the next three years ( when most cars lose between 50 % and 60 % of their value ) and the expected future value ( also known as residual value ) . For example : `` If you buy a car for £ 8,000 which 5 years later is only worth £ 2,000 you are actually going to have less value than if you had purchased a vehicle for £ 10,000 that 5 years later is worth £ 5,000 . </P> <H3> Double declining balance method ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Depreciation rate </Th> <Th> Depreciation expense </Th> <Th> Accumulated depreciation </Th> <Th> Book value at year - end </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> original cost $1,000.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 400.00 </Td> <Td> 400.00 </Td> <Td> 600.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 240.00 </Td> <Td> 640.00 </Td> <Td> 360.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 144.00 </Td> <Td> 784.00 </Td> <Td> 216.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 86.40 </Td> <Td> 870.40 </Td> <Td> 129.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 129.60 - 100.00 </Td> <Td> 29.60 </Td> <Td> 900.00 </Td> <Td> scrap value 100.00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When using the double - declining - balance method , the salvage value is not considered in determining the annual depreciation , but the book value of the asset being depreciated is never brought below its salvage value , regardless of the method used . Depreciation ceases when either the salvage value or the end of the asset 's useful life is reached . </P> <P> Since double - declining - balance depreciation does not always depreciate an asset fully by its end of life , some methods also compute a straight - line depreciation each year , and apply the greater of the two . This has the effect of converting from declining - balance depreciation to straight - line depreciation at a midpoint in the asset 's life . </P> <P> With the declining balance method , one can find the depreciation rate that would allow exactly for full depreciation by the end of the period , using the formula : </P> <P> depreciation rate = 1 − residual value cost of fixed asset N ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( depreciation rate ) ) = 1 - ( \ sqrt ( ( N ) ) ( ( \ mbox ( residual value ) ) \ over ( \ mbox ( cost of fixed asset ) ) ) ) ) , </P> <P> where N is the estimated life of the asset ( for example , in years ) . </P> <H3> Annuity depreciation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Annuity depreciation methods are not based on time , but on a level of Annuity . This could be miles driven for a vehicle , or a cycle count for a machine . When the asset is acquired , its life is estimated in terms of this level of activity . Assume the vehicle above is estimated to go 50,000 miles in its lifetime . The per - mile depreciation rate is calculated as : ( $17,000 cost - $2,000 salvage ) / 50,000 miles = $0.30 per mile . Each year , the depreciation expense is then calculated by multiplying the number of miles driven by the per - mile depreciation rate ... </P> <H3> Sum - of - years - digits method ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sum - of - years - digits is a depreciation method that results in a more accelerated write - off than the straight line method , and typically also more accelerated than the declining balance method . Under this method the annual depreciation is determined by multiplying the depreciable cost by a schedule of fractions . </P> <P> Sum of the years ' digits method of depreciation is one of the accelerated depreciation techniques which are based on the assumption that assets are generally more productive when they are new and their productivity decreases as they become old . The formula to calculate depreciation under SYD method is : </P> <P> SYD depreciation = depreciable base x ( remaining useful life / sum of the years ' digits ) depreciable base = cost − salvage value </P> <P> Example : If an asset has original cost of $1000 , a useful life of 5 years and a salvage value of $100 , compute its depreciation schedule . </P> <P> First , determine years ' digits . Since the asset has useful life of 5 years , the years ' digits are : 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , and 1 . </P> <P> Next , calculate the sum of the digits : 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15 </P> <P> The sum of the digits can also be determined by using the formula ( n + n ) / 2 where n is equal to the useful life of the asset in years . The example would be shown as ( 5 + 5 ) / 2 = 15 </P> <P> Depreciation rates are as follows : </P> <P> 5 / 15 for the 1st year , 4 / 15 for the 2nd year , 3 / 15 for the 3rd year , 2 / 15 for the 4th year , and 1 / 15 for the 5th year . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Depreciable base </Th> <Th> Depreciation rate </Th> <Th> Depreciation expense </Th> <Th> Accumulated depreciation </Th> <Th> Book value at end of year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> $1,000 ( original cost ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 5 / 15 </Td> <Td> 300 = ( 900 x 5 / 15 ) </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> 700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 4 / 15 </Td> <Td> 240 = ( 900 x 4 / 15 ) </Td> <Td> 540 </Td> <Td> 460 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 3 / 15 </Td> <Td> 180 = ( 900 x 3 / 15 ) </Td> <Td> 720 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 2 / 15 </Td> <Td> 120 = ( 900 x 2 / 15 ) </Td> <Td> 840 </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 1 / 15 </Td> <Td> 60 = ( 900 x 1 / 15 ) </Td> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 100 ( scrap value ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Units - of - production depreciation method ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under the units - of - production method , useful life of the asset is expressed in terms of the total number of units expected to be produced : </P> <Dl> <Dd> annual depreciation expense = cost of fixed asset − residual value estimated total production × actual production ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( annual depreciation expense ) ) = ( ( \ mbox ( cost of fixed asset ) ) - ( \ mbox ( residual value ) ) \ over ( \ mbox ( estimated total production ) ) ) \ times ( \ mbox ( actual production ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Suppose , an asset has original cost $70,000 , salvage value $10,000 , and is expected to produce 6,000 units . </P> <P> Depreciation per unit = ( $70,000 − 10,000 ) / 6,000 = $10 </P> <P> 10 × actual production will give the depreciation cost of the current year . </P> <P> The table below illustrates the units - of - production depreciation schedule of the asset . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Units of production </Th> <Th> Depreciation cost per unit </Th> <Th> Depreciation expense </Th> <Th> Accumulated depreciation </Th> <Th> Book value at year - end </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> $70,000 ( original cost ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,100 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11,000 </Td> <Td> 21,000 </Td> <Td> 49,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,200 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> 33,000 </Td> <Td> 37,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,300 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> 46,000 </Td> <Td> 24,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,400 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 14,000 </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> <Td> 10,000 ( scrap value ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Depreciation stops when book value is equal to the scrap value of the asset . In the end , the sum of accumulated depreciation and scrap value equals the original cost . </P> <H3> Units of time depreciation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Units of time depreciation is similar to units of production , and is used for depreciation equipment used in mining or natural resource exploration , or cases where the amount the asset is used is not linear year to year . </P> <P> A simple example can be given for construction companies , where some equipment is used only for some specific purpose . Depending on the number of projects , the equipment will be used and depreciation charged accordingly . </P> <H3> Group depreciation method ( edit ) </H3> <P> The group depreciation method is used for depreciating multiple - asset accounts using a similar depreciation method . The assets must be similar in nature and have approximately the same useful lives . </P> <H3> Composite depreciation method ( edit ) </H3> <P> The composite method is applied to a collection of assets that are not similar , and have different service lives . For example , computers and printers are not similar , but both are part of the office equipment . Depreciation on all assets is determined by using the straight - line - depreciation method . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Asset </Th> <Th> Historical cost </Th> <Th> Salvage value </Th> <Th> Depreciable cost </Th> <Th> Life </Th> <Th> Depreciation per year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Computers </Td> <Td> $5,500 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> $5,000 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> $1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Printers </Td> <Td> $1,000 </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $900 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> $6,500 </Td> <Td> $600 </Td> <Td> $5,900 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> $1,300 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Composite life equals the total depreciable cost divided by the total depreciation per year . $5,900 / $1,300 = 4.5 years . </P> <P> Composite depreciation rate equals depreciation per year divided by total historical cost . $1,300 / $6,500 = 0.20 = 20 % </P> <P> Depreciation expense equals the composite depreciation rate times the balance in the asset account ( historical cost ) . ( 0.20 * $6,500 ) $1,300 . Debit depreciation expense and credit accumulated depreciation . </P> <P> When an asset is sold , debit cash for the amount received and credit the asset account for its original cost . Debit the difference between the two to accumulated depreciation . Under the composite method no gain or loss is recognized on the sale of an asset . Theoretically , this makes sense because the gains and losses from assets sold before and after the composite life will average themselves out . </P> <P> To calculate composite depreciation rate , divide depreciation per year by total historical cost . To calculate depreciation expense , multiply the result by the same total historical cost . The result , not surprisingly , will equal to the total depreciation per year again . </P> <P> Common sense requires depreciation expense to be equal to total depreciation per year , without first dividing and then multiplying total depreciation per year by the same number . </P> <H2> Tax depreciation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most income tax systems allow a tax deduction for recovery of the cost of assets used in a business or for the production of income . Such deductions are allowed for individuals and companies . Where the assets are consumed currently , the cost may be deducted currently as an expense or treated as part of cost of goods sold . The cost of assets not currently consumed generally must be deferred and recovered over time , such as through depreciation . Some systems permit full deduction of the cost , at least in part , in the year the assets are acquired . Other systems allow depreciation expense over some life using some depreciation method or percentage . Rules vary highly by country , and may vary within a country based on type of asset or type of taxpayer . Many systems that specify depreciation lives and methods for financial reporting require the same lives and methods be used for tax purposes . Most tax systems provide different rules for real property ( buildings , etc . ) and personal property ( equipment , etc . ) . </P> <H3> Capital allowances ( edit ) </H3> <P> A common system is to allow a fixed percentage of the cost of depreciable assets to be deducted each year . This is often referred to as a capital allowance , as it is called in the United Kingdom . Deductions are permitted to individuals and businesses based on assets placed in service during or before the assessment year . Canada 's Capital Cost Allowance are fixed percentages of assets within a class or type of asset . Fixed percentage rates are specified by type of asset . The fixed percentage is multiplied by the tax basis of assets in service to determine the capital allowance deduction . The tax law or regulations of the country specifies these percentages . Capital allowance calculations may be based on the total set of assets , on sets or pools by year ( vintage pools ) or pools by classes of assets ... Depreciation has got three methods only . </P> <H3> Tax lives and methods ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some systems specify lives based on classes of property defined by the tax authority . Canada Revenue Agency specifies numerous classes based on the type of property and how it is used . Under the United States depreciation system , the Internal Revenue Service publishes a detailed guide which includes a table of asset lives and the applicable conventions . The table also incorporates specified lives for certain commonly used assets ( e.g. , office furniture , computers , automobiles ) which override the business use lives . U.S. tax depreciation is computed under the double declining balance method switching to straight line or the straight line method , at the option of the taxpayer . IRS tables specify percentages to apply to the basis of an asset for each year in which it is in service . Depreciation first becomes deductible when an asset is placed in service . </P> <H3> Additional depreciation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many systems allow an additional deduction for a portion of the cost of depreciable assets acquired in the current tax year . The UK system provides a first year capital allowance of £ 50,000 . In the United States , two such deductions are available . A deduction for the full cost of depreciable tangible personal property is allowed up to $500,000 through 2013 . This deduction is fully phased out for businesses acquiring over $2,000,000 of such property during the year . In addition , additional first year depreciation of 50 % of the cost of most other depreciable tangible personal property is allowed as a deduction . Some other systems have similar first year or accelerated allowances . </P> <H3> Real property ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many tax systems prescribe longer depreciable lives for buildings and land improvements . Such lives may vary by type of use . Many such systems , including the United States and Canada , permit depreciation for real property using only the straight line method , or a small fixed percentage of cost . Generally , no depreciation tax deduction is allowed for bare land . In the United States , residential rental buildings are depreciable over a 27.5 year or 40 year life , other buildings over a 39 or 40 year life , and land improvements over a 15 or 20 year life , all using the straight line method . </P> <H3> Averaging conventions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Depreciation calculations require a lot of record - keeping if done for each asset a business owns , especially if assets are added to after they are acquired , or partially disposed of . However , many tax systems permit all assets of a similar type acquired in the same year to be combined in a `` pool '' . Depreciation is then computed for all assets in the pool as a single calculation . These calculations must make assumptions about the date of acquisition . The United States system allows a taxpayer to use a half year convention for personal property or mid-month convention for real property . Under such a convention , all property of a particular type is considered to have been acquired at the midpoint of the acquisition period . One half of a full period 's depreciation is allowed in the acquisition period ( and also in the final depreciation period if the life of the assets is a whole number of years ) . United States rules require a mid-quarter convention for per property if more than 40 % of the acquisitions for the year are in the final quarter . </P> <H2> Economics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Depreciation ( economics ) <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Amortization </Li> <Li> Consumption of fixed capital </Li> <Li> Cost segregation study </Li> <Li> Deferred financing costs </Li> <Li> Deferred tax </Li> <Li> Depletion ( accounting ) </Li> <Li> Expense </Li> <Li> John I. Beggs </Li> <Li> Life expectancy </Li> <Li> MACRS </Li> <Li> Revaluation of fixed assets </Li> <Li> Writing down allowance </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Raymond H. Peterson , `` Accounting for Fixed Assets '' , John Wiley and Sons , Inc. , 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Costs of assets consumed in producing goods are treated as cost of goods sold . Other costs of assets consumed in providing services or conducting business are an expense reducing income in the period of consumption under the matching principle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ASC 360 - 10 - 35 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Under most systems , a business or income producing activity may be conducted by individuals or companies . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiesco , et al , p. 521 . See also Walther , Larry , Principles of Accounting Chapter 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An allocation of costs may be required where multiple assets are acquired in a single transaction . Purchase price allocation may be required where assets are acquired as part of a business acquisition or combination . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A charge for such impairment is referred to in Germany as depreciation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CAP Car Valuation '' . CAP . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How to avoid depreciation '' . WhatCar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Depreciation explained '' . Creditplus . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 168 ( c ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 179 . Amounts extended by American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 168 ( k ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 168 ( c ) and ( e ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 168 ( d ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Additional reading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about Depreciation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Accounting </P> <Ul> <Li> Kieso , Donald E ; Weygandt , Jerry J. ; and Warfield , Terry D. : Intermediate Accounting , Chapter 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 44896 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Financial Accounting Standards Board ( U.S. ) Accounting Standards Codification 360 - 10 - 35 . Available for free browsing access with registration . </Li> <Li> International Financial Reporting Standards IAS 16 </Li> <Li> Depreciation Journal Entries </Li> </Ul> <P> Tax </P> <Ul> <Li> Canada Revenue Claiming capital cost allowance ( CCA ) . </Li> <Li> UK Business Link ( a government site ) Capital allowances : the basics . </Li> <Li> UK HMRC Capital Allowances Manual and Help Sheet for employees . </Li> <Li> U.S. Internal Revenue Service Publication 946 , How to Depreciate Property . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . </Li> <Li> IRS Rev. Proc. 87 - 56 and 87 - 55 ( shown in Publication 946 as tables , as currently updated ) </Li> <Li> Fox , Stephen C. , Income Tax in the USA , chapter 24 , 2013 edition ISBN 978 - 0 - 9851823 - 3 - 5 , ASIN B00BCSNOGG </Li> <Li> Hoffman , William H. Jr. , et al , South - Western Federal Taxation , chapter 8 . 2013 edition 978 - 1 - 1331 - 8955 - 8 , ASIN B00B6F3AWI . </Li> <Li> Pratt , James W. , ; Kulsrud , William N. , et al , Federal Taxation , chapter 9 . 2013 edition ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 49623 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <P> How to find terminal value How to find intrinsic value </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Accounting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Financial accounting </Li> <Li> Cost accounting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balance sheet </Li> <Li> Income statement </Li> <Li> Cash flow statement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Terms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Revenue </Li> <Li> Cost of goods sold </Li> <Li> Operating expenses </Li> <Li> Capital expenditure </Li> <Li> Depreciation </Li> <Li> Gross profit </Li> <Li> Net profit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4000232 - 9 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00562356 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depreciation&oldid=840781421 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Accounting </Li> <Li> Corporate taxation </Li> <Li> Depreciation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2013 </Li> <Li> USA - centric </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Papiamentu </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 文言 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 32 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 03 : 31 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Shot glass - wikipedia <H1> Shot glass </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Three shot glasses of varying shape and size Shot glasses with a variety of designs . Shot glasses such as these are often collected as novelty items . <P> A shot glass is a small glass originally designed to hold or measure spirits or liquor , which is either imbibed straight from the glass ( `` a shot '' ) or poured into a cocktail ( `` a drink '' ) . An alcoholic beverage served in a shot glass and typically consumed quickly , in one gulp , may also be known as a `` shooter '' . </P> <P> Shot glasses decorated with a wide variety of toasts , advertisements , humorous pictures , or other decorations and words are popular souvenirs and collectibles , especially as merchandise of a brewery . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Name origin </Li> <Li> 2 Earliest shot glasses </Li> <Li> 3 Sizes </Li> <Li> 4 Shot - measuring tools <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Jigger </Li> <Li> 4.2 Measuring shot glass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Name origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> The word `` shot '' , meaning a drink of alcohol , has been used since at least the 17th century , while reference to a shot specifically as a small drink of spirits is known in the U.S. since at least the 1920s . The phrase `` shot glass '' has been in use since at least 1940 . </P> <H2> Earliest shot glasses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some of the earliest small whiskey glasses in America from the late 1700s to early 1800s were called `` whiskey tasters '' or `` whiskey tumblers '' and were hand blown . They are thick , similar to today 's shot glasses , but will show a pontil mark or scar on the bottom , or will show a cupped area on the bottom where the pontil mark was ground and polished off . Some of these glasses even have hand - applied handles and decorations hand cut by a grinding wheel . </P> <P> In the early to mid-1800s , glass blowers began to use molds and several different patterns of `` whiskey tasters '' in several different colors were being made in molds . These glasses are also thick like today 's shot glass but they will have rough pontiled bottoms from being hand blown into the mold . By the 1870s to 1890s as glass making technology improved , the rough pontiled bottoms largely disappeared from glasses and bottles . </P> <P> Just before Prohibition in the U.S. in the late 1800s to early 1900s , thin - sided mass - produced whiskey glasses were common . Many of these glasses feature etched advertising on them . After Prohibition , these were replaced by shot glasses with a thick base and thick sides . </P> <H2> Sizes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Small </Th> <Th> Single </Th> <Th> Double </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 ml </Td> <Td> 60 ml </Td> <Td> A single shot is sometimes called a `` nip '' . At 30 mL , a typical spirit with 40 percent alcohol is roughly equivalent to one Australian standard drink . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 ml </Td> <Td> 100 ml </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 30 ml ( 1 US fl oz ) or 28 ml ( 1 imp fl oz ) </Td> <Td> 44 ml ( 1.5 US fl oz ) or 43 ml ( 1.5 imp fl oz ) </Td> <Td> 71 ml ( 2.5 imp fl oz ) </Td> <Td> In Canada , a `` shot '' may refer to an official `` standard drink '' of 1.5 imperial fluid ounces or 42.6 millilitres , though many establishments serve a `` standard drink '' of 1 oz . However , shot glasses available in Canada typically are manufactured according to US fluid ounces rather than imperial , making them about 4 % larger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 ml </Td> <Td> 40 ml </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 20 or 30 ml </Td> <Td> 40 ml </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 20 ml </Td> <Td> 40 ml </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> In Finland , the amount of strong alcohol that restaurants are allowed to serve is regulated by law to one portion of no more than 40 mL at a time per customer . Doubles can not be legally served . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 or 35 ml </Td> <Td> 50 or 70 ml </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 ml </Td> <Td> 40 ml </Td> <Td> In Germany , shot glasses ( Schnapsglas , Pinnchen , Stamperl ) are smaller . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 ml </Td> <Td> 90 ml </Td> <Td> A shot is commonly referred to as a `` sfinaki '' and it can be made of one liquor or a cocktail mix . There is also a 3 oz -- `` bottoms up '' version of `` sfinaki '' , called `` ipovrihio '' , Greek word for submarine . It 's served in a standard liquor glass half full of blonde beer , where the bartender adds a glass shot filled with vodka or whiskey . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 20 or 30 ml </Td> <Td> 40 or 50 ml </Td> <Td> 80 or 100 ml </Td> <Td> In Hungarian , shot glasses are called felespohár ( feles meaning `` half '' , standing for 0.5 dl ) , pálinkáspohár ( for pálinka ) , kupica or stampedli . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 30 ml </Td> <Td> 30 ml </Td> <Td> 60 ml </Td> <Td> A shot is commonly referred to as a `` peg '' , and is measured as a `` small '' ( chhota ) , or a `` large '' ( bud - da ) peg . A 120 ml shot in India is called a Patiala peg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35.5 ml </Td> <Td> 71 ml </Td> <Td> Derived from the use of a quarter - gill ( 35.516 ml , one - sixteenth of a pint ) as the traditional Irish spirit measure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 30 ml </Td> <Td> 50 or 60 ml </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Israel , the common word for a small shot is צ'ייסר ( `` chaser '' ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 30 ml </Td> <Td> 40 or 60 ml </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Italy , the common word for a shot is cicchetto or , more informally and used mainly in nightclubs by young people , shortino . In North Italy , the cicchetto is the most - common way to taste grappa from at least two centuries . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 30 ml </Td> <Td> 60 ml </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Japanese , the word ショット グラス ( shottogurasu ) is the singular term for a shot glass . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 ml </Td> <Td> 100 ml </Td> <Td> A standard shot ( small ) is called pięćdziesiątka ( lit . fifty , as in 50 ml ) while a large shot ( double ) is called setka or , colloquially , seta ( lit . a hundred , as in 100 ml ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 ml </Td> <Td> 100 ml </Td> <Td> A single shot is traditionally known in the Romanian language as unu mic ( una mică ) meaning `` a small one '' or cinzeacă , meaning `` a fifty '' , as in fifty milliliters . A double shot is simply called unu ( una mare ) , meaning `` one ( big ) '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 ml </Td> <Td> 100 ml </Td> <Td> Both single and double shots are commonly called стопка ( stópka ) in Russian , though a variety of slang names exist . Before metrication a single shot was called шкалик ( shkálik ) and amounted to 61.5 ml , while a double was called чарка ( chárka ) and was equal to 123 ml -- both names are still occasionally used . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 20 ml </Td> <Td> 30 -- 50 ml </Td> <Td> 60 -- 100 ml </Td> <Td> A single shot is traditionally known in the Serbian language as чашица за ракију and ракијска чашица , meaning `` small glass for rakija '' and `` rakija glass '' , or simply as мера -- мерица , meaning `` measure '' . A double shot is simply called Дупли , meaning `` a double '' , while the smallest , 20 milliliter glass , is known as dvojka meaning `` two '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 20 ml </Td> <Td> 40 ml </Td> <Td> 60 ml </Td> <Td> A single shot is referred to as a fyra , meaning `` a four '' and a double is referred to as a sexa , meaning `` a six '' , as Swedes generally use centiliters rather than milliliters . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 20 or 25 ml </Td> <Td> 40 or 50 ml </Td> <Td> 80 or 100 ml </Td> <Td> The most - common single - shot size is the pol deci ( literally , `` half a decilitre '' , 50 ml ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 30 ml </Td> <Td> 50 ml </Td> <Td> 100 ml </Td> <Td> The 50 ml size is colloquially known as nula pet ( `` zero five '' , meaning 0.5 of a decilitre ) , and the small one nula tri ( `` zero three '' ) . Another common term for a single shot is ta kratek , meaning `` the short one '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 ml </Td> <Td> 50 ml </Td> <Td> The South African government has an official definition for the single - shot size . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 or 35 ml </Td> <Td> 50 or 70 ml </Td> <Td> Shots sold on - premises must contain either 25 ml or 35 ml measures of whisky , gin , rum , or vodka as defined in the Weights and Measures Act of 1985 . This requirement does not extend to other spirits . A 2001 amendment allowed a double shot of 70 ml to be served . Generally , a single measure is equal to 35 ml in Northern Ireland and Scotland and 25 ml in England and Wales . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 30 ml ( 1 US fl oz ) </Td> <Td> 44 ml ( 1.5 US fl oz ) </Td> <Td> 59 to 89 ml ( 2 to 3 US fl oz ) </Td> <Td> There is no standard size for a single shot , except in Utah , where a shot is defined as 1.5 US fl oz ( 44 ml ) . Elsewhere in the U.S. , the standard size is generally considered to be 1.25 -- 1.5 US fl oz ( 37 -- 44 ml ) . A double shot in the U.S. may be 2 fluid ounces or more . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Shot - measuring Tools ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Jigger ( edit ) </H3> Variety of jiggers <P> A jigger or measure is a bartending tool used to measure liquor , which is typically then poured into a glass or cocktail shaker . </P> <P> The term jigger in the sense of a small cup or measure of spirits or wine originates in the U.S. in the early 19th century . It was slang for a small drink of about half a gill or so , or the special cup used for it . Many references from the 1800s describe the `` jigger boss '' providing jiggers of whiskey to Irish immigrant workers who were digging canals in the U.S. Northeast . </P> <P> The style of double - ended jigger common today , made of stainless steel with two unequal sized opposing cones in an hourglass shape , was patented in 1893 by Cornelius Dungan of Chicago . Typically , one cone measures a regulation single shot , and the other some fraction or multiple -- with the actual sizes depending on local laws and customs . </P> <P> A contemporary jigger measure in the U.S. usually holds 1.5 US fluid ounces ( 44 ml ) , while the jiggers used in the U.K. are typically either 25 / 50 ml or 35 / 70 ml . Jiggers may also hold other amounts and ratios , and can vary depending on the region and date of manufacture . </P> <P> In the U.S. up until Prohibition , a jigger was commonly known to be about half a gill , or 2 US fluid ounces ( 59 ml ) , but starting in the latter part of the 20th century , it is typically interpreted to be 1.5 US fluid ounces ( 44 ml ) . </P> <H3> Measuring shot glass ( edit ) </H3> <P> A shot glass graduated in smaller units such as half - ounces , teaspoons , tablespoons , or millilitres . They are useful for precise measurement of cocktail ingredients , as well as in cooking recipes that call for multiples of a smaller unit ( e.g. several teaspoons ) , allowing the dispensing of the amount in a single measure . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alcoholic spirits measure </Li> <Li> Pony glass </Li> <Li> Alcohol measurements </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Drink portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Pickvet ( Oct 1 , 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia of Shot Glasses . Glass Press , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` shot '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` He held his shot glass upside down and watched the last few drops of whisky roll down the side of the glass '' Prairie Schooner , Volumes 13 -- 14 ( 1939 - 1940 ) . University of Nebraska Press ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ... and brought out a bottle of brandy and a shot glass ... '' The Portsmouth Times September 6 , 1941 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alcohol -- Standard drinks guide '' . alcohol.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Standard Drinks Guide '' . Australia : Department of Health and Ageing . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Low - Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smart Serve Ontario : Hospitality Industry Training Organization of Ontario . Smart Serve Ontario : Responsible Alcohol Beverage Service Training ( 2002 ) . Queen 's Printer for Ontario , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What 's in an ounce ? Less if you 're in Canada '' . The Hamilton Spectator . Dec 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ § 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirin Narayan , Love , stars , and all that , Piatkus , 1995 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 0265 - 0 , A Patiala peg is as high as the distance between pinky and index finger . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1 Unit '' ( PDF format ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark . `` Shotglass Size '' . Shotglass.org : a site for shotglasses and other similar items . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham , Colleen . `` Shot Glass '' . Cocktails : The Glassware Tour . About.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ . `` Units : S '' . How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ . `` Units : D '' . How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ware , Eugene Fitch ( 1907 ) . The Lyon campaign in Missouri . Topeka , Kansas : Crane and Company . pp. 187 -- 189 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` jigger '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frechette , Chloe ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` How Japanese Are Japanese Bar Tools ? '' . Punch . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , Herbert Arthur ( 1974 ) . The Science of Measurement : A Historical Survey . New York : Dover Publications , Inc. p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25839 - 4 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willett , Andrew ( 2016 ) . Elemental Mixology . p. 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feller , Robyn M. ( 2003 ) . The Complete Bartender . Berkley Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 19013 - 5 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shot glasses . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Shotglass collectors website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Glassware </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tumblers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collins glass </Li> <Li> Highball glass </Li> <Li> Old Fashioned glass </Li> <Li> Shot glass </Li> <Li> Table - glass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beer glassware </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beer stein </Li> <Li> Pilsner glass </Li> <Li> Pint glass </Li> <Li> Pony glass </Li> <Li> Tankard </Li> <Li> Wheat beer glass </Li> <Li> Yard glass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stemware </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Absinthe glass </Li> <Li> Chalice </Li> <Li> Champagne coupe </Li> <Li> Champagne flute </Li> <Li> Cocktail glass </Li> <Li> Glencairn whisky glass </Li> <Li> Hurricane glass </Li> <Li> Margarita glass </Li> <Li> Sherry glass </Li> <Li> Snifter </Li> <Li> Wine glass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_glass&oldid=834358035 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Drinking glasses </Li> <Li> Alcohol </Li> <Li> Measurement </Li> <Li> Alcohol measurement </Li> <Li> Collecting </Li> <Li> Volumetric instruments </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles containing German - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 9 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 09 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Charles a Goodrich - wikipedia <H1> Charles a Goodrich </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Reverend Charles Augustus Goodrich ( 1790 -- June 4 , 1862 ) was an American author and Congregational minister , who popularized the motto `` a place for everything and everything in its place '' . His uncle was Chauncey Goodrich and brother Samuel Griswold Goodrich . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Life and works </Li> <Li> 2 Epigram </Li> <Li> 3 Honors and Memberships </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Life and works ( edit ) </H2> <P> Goodrich graduated from Yale University in 1812 , studied theology and was ordained in 1816 and became pastor of the 1st Congregational Church in Worcester , Massachusetts . In 1820 he moved to Berlin , Connecticut , and in 1848 to Hartford , where he held a pastorate . He was also a member of the Connecticut Senate . Goodrich was associated with his brother Samuel ( who published as Peter Parley ) in writing books for the young . He was the author of several books : View of Religions ( 1829 ) ; Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of independence ( 1829 ) ; History of the United States of America ( 1822 ) ; Family Tourist ( 1848 ) ; Family Sabbath - Day Miscellany ( 1855 ) ; Geography of the Chief Places mentioned in the Bible ( 1855 ) ; Greek Grammar ( 1855 ) ; Child 's History of the United States ( 1855 ) ; Bible History of Prayer ( 1855 ) ; Great Events of American History ; Outlines of Geography ; and Universal Traveller . </P> <H2> Epigram ( edit ) </H2> <P> Goodrich is known for having the first printed citation of the epigram : `` Have a place for every thing , and keep every thing in its proper place . The phrase was published in an article called `` Neatness '' which Goodrich published in The Ohio Repository ( Canton , Ohio ) , in December 1827 . The idea that everything should have a place , and that everything should be returned to this place subsequently appeared in later texts : </P> <Ul> <Li> In 1841 the phrase was used in a modified version in an item headed `` Brother Jonathan 's Wife 's Advice to her Daughter on her Marriage '' , in the Hagerstown Mail , Maryland : `` A place for everything and everything in time are good family mottos . '' </Li> <Li> In Masterman Ready , or the Wreck of the Pacific , in 1842 , Frederick Marryat wrote , `` In a well - conducted man - of - war every thing is in its place , and there is a place for every thing . '' </Li> <Li> It appears also in a book printed in 1857 by D. Appleton & Co. of New York with the same title : A Place for Everything and Everything In Its Place `` . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Honors and memberships ( edit ) </H2> <P> Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Appletons ' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year : 1862 . New York : D. Appleton & Company . 1863 . p. 667 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Works by Charles A. Goodrich at Project Gutenberg </Li> <Li> Works by or about Charles A. Goodrich at Internet Archive </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 44649042 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n86143859 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1804 1511 </Li> <Li> IATH : w6vh6r5c </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Goodrich&oldid=758515248 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1790 births </Li> <Li> 1862 deaths </Li> <Li> Yale University alumni </Li> <Li> American male writers </Li> <Li> People from Berlin , Connecticut </Li> <Li> People from Hartford , Connecticut </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with Project Gutenberg links </Li> <Li> Articles with Internet Archive links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 January 2017 , at 22 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of townships in Missouri by County - wikipedia <H1> List of townships in Missouri by County </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The U.S. state of Missouri is divided into 1378 townships in 114 counties . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> ( hide ) Contents : </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 001 Adair County </Li> <Li> 003 Andrew County </Li> <Li> 005 Atchison County </Li> <Li> 007 Audrain County </Li> <Li> 009 Barry County </Li> <Li> 011 Barton County </Li> <Li> 013 Bates County </Li> <Li> 015 Benton County </Li> <Li> 017 Bollinger County </Li> <Li> 019 Boone County </Li> <Li> 021 Buchanan County </Li> <Li> 023 Butler County </Li> <Li> 025 Caldwell County </Li> <Li> 027 Callaway County </Li> <Li> 029 Camden County </Li> <Li> 031 Cape Girardeau County </Li> <Li> 033 Carroll County </Li> <Li> 035 Carter County </Li> <Li> 037 Cass County </Li> <Li> 039 Cedar County </Li> <Li> 041 Chariton County </Li> <Li> 043 Christian County </Li> <Li> 045 Clark County </Li> <Li> 047 Clay County </Li> <Li> 049 Clinton County </Li> <Li> 051 Cole County </Li> <Li> 053 Cooper County </Li> <Li> 055 Crawford County </Li> <Li> 057 Dade County </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 059 Dallas County </Li> <Li> 061 Daviess County </Li> <Li> 063 DeKalb County </Li> <Li> 065 Dent County </Li> <Li> 067 Douglas County </Li> <Li> 069 Dunklin County </Li> <Li> 071 Franklin County </Li> <Li> 073 Gasconade County </Li> <Li> 075 Gentry County </Li> <Li> 077 Greene County </Li> <Li> 079 Grundy County </Li> <Li> 081 Harrison County </Li> <Li> 083 Henry County </Li> <Li> 085 Hickory County </Li> <Li> 087 Holt County </Li> <Li> 089 Howard County </Li> <Li> 091 Howell County </Li> <Li> 093 Iron County </Li> <Li> 095 Jackson County </Li> <Li> 097 Jasper County </Li> <Li> 099 Jefferson County </Li> <Li> 101 Johnson County </Li> <Li> 103 Knox County </Li> <Li> 105 Laclede County </Li> <Li> 107 Lafayette County </Li> <Li> 109 Lawrence County </Li> <Li> 111 Lewis County </Li> <Li> 113 Lincoln County </Li> <Li> 115 Linn County </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 117 Livingston County </Li> <Li> 119 McDonald County </Li> <Li> 121 Macon County </Li> <Li> 123 Madison County </Li> <Li> 125 Maries County </Li> <Li> 127 Marion County </Li> <Li> 129 Mercer County </Li> <Li> 131 Miller County </Li> <Li> 133 Mississippi County </Li> <Li> 135 Moniteau County </Li> <Li> 137 Monroe County </Li> <Li> 139 Montgomery County </Li> <Li> 141 Morgan County </Li> <Li> 143 New Madrid County </Li> <Li> 145 Newton County </Li> <Li> 147 Nodaway County </Li> <Li> 149 Oregon County </Li> <Li> 151 Osage County </Li> <Li> 153 Ozark County </Li> <Li> 155 Pemiscot County </Li> <Li> 157 Perry County </Li> <Li> 159 Pettis County </Li> <Li> 161 Phelps County </Li> <Li> 163 Pike County </Li> <Li> 165 Platte County </Li> <Li> 167 Polk County </Li> <Li> 169 Pulaski County </Li> <Li> 171 Putnam County </Li> <Li> 173 Ralls County </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 175 Randolph County </Li> <Li> 177 Ray County </Li> <Li> 179 Reynolds County </Li> <Li> 181 Ripley County </Li> <Li> 183 St. Charles County </Li> <Li> 185 St. Clair County </Li> <Li> 186 Ste . Genevieve County </Li> <Li> 187 St. Francois County </Li> <Li> 189 St. Louis County </Li> <Li> 195 Saline County </Li> <Li> 197 Schuyler County </Li> <Li> 199 Scotland County </Li> <Li> 201 Scott County </Li> <Li> 203 Shannon County </Li> <Li> 205 Shelby County </Li> <Li> 207 Stoddard County </Li> <Li> 209 Stone County </Li> <Li> 211 Sullivan County </Li> <Li> 213 Taney County </Li> <Li> 215 Texas County </Li> <Li> 217 Vernon County </Li> <Li> 219 Warren County </Li> <Li> 221 Washington County </Li> <Li> 223 Wayne County </Li> <Li> 225 Webster County </Li> <Li> 227 Worth County </Li> <Li> 229 Wright County </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Adair County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Morrow </Li> <Li> Nineveh </Li> <Li> Pettis </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> <Li> Walnut </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Andrew County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Empire </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Nodaway </Li> <Li> Platte </Li> <Li> Rochester </Li> </Ul> <H2> Atchison County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Buchanan </Li> <Li> Clark </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Colfax </Li> <Li> Dale </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Nishnabotna </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Tarkio </Li> <Li> Templeton </Li> </Ul> <H2> Audrain County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cuivre </Li> <Li> Linn </Li> <Li> Loutre </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Saling </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> <Li> South Fork </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Barry County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ash </Li> <Li> Butterfield </Li> <Li> Capps Creek </Li> <Li> Corsicana </Li> <Li> Crane Creek </Li> <Li> Exeter </Li> <Li> Flat Creek </Li> <Li> Jenkins </Li> <Li> Kings Prairie </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> McDonald </Li> <Li> McDowell </Li> <Li> Mineral </Li> <Li> Monett </Li> <Li> Mountain </Li> <Li> Ozark </Li> <Li> Pioneer </Li> <Li> Pleasant Ridge </Li> <Li> Purdy </Li> <Li> Roaring River </Li> <Li> Seligman </Li> <Li> Shell Knob </Li> <Li> Sugar Creek </Li> <Li> Washburn </Li> <Li> Wheaton </Li> <Li> White River </Li> </Ul> <H2> Barton County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barton City </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> City </Li> <Li> Doylesport </Li> <Li> Golden City </Li> <Li> Lamar </Li> <Li> Leroy </Li> <Li> Milford </Li> <Li> Nashville </Li> <Li> Newport </Li> <Li> Northfork </Li> <Li> Ozark </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> South West </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bates County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Charlotte </Li> <Li> Deepwater </Li> <Li> Deer Creek </Li> <Li> East Boone </Li> <Li> Elkhart </Li> <Li> Grand River </Li> <Li> Homer </Li> <Li> Howard </Li> <Li> Hudson </Li> <Li> Lone Oak </Li> <Li> Mingo </Li> <Li> Mound </Li> <Li> Mount Pleasant </Li> <Li> New Home </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Pleasant Gap </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Rockville </Li> <Li> Shawnee </Li> <Li> Spruce </Li> <Li> Summit </Li> <Li> Walnut </Li> <Li> West Boone </Li> <Li> West Point </Li> </Ul> <H2> Benton County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alexander </Li> <Li> Cole </Li> <Li> Fristoe </Li> <Li> Lindsey </Li> <Li> Tom </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> White </Li> <Li> Williams </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bollinger County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Crooked Creek </Li> <Li> Filmore </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lorance </Li> <Li> Scopus </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Wayne </Li> <Li> Whitewater </Li> </Ul> <H2> Boone County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bourbon </Li> <Li> Cedar </Li> <Li> Centralia </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Katy </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Perche </Li> <Li> Rock Bridge </Li> <Li> Rocky Fork </Li> <Li> Three Creeks </Li> </Ul> <H2> Buchanan County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Agency </Li> <Li> Bloomington </Li> <Li> Center </Li> <Li> Crawford </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Lake </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Platte </Li> <Li> Rush </Li> <Li> Tremont </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wayne </Li> </Ul> <H2> Butler County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ash Hill </Li> <Li> Beaver Dam </Li> <Li> Black River </Li> <Li> Cane Creek </Li> <Li> Coon Island </Li> <Li> Epps </Li> <Li> Gillis Bluff </Li> <Li> Neely </Li> <Li> Poplar Bluff </Li> <Li> St. Francois </Li> </Ul> <H2> Caldwell County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Breckenridge </Li> <Li> Davis </Li> <Li> Fairview </Li> <Li> Gomer </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Kidder </Li> <Li> Kingston </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Mirabile </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Rockford </Li> </Ul> <H2> Callaway County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Auxvasse </Li> <Li> Bourbon </Li> <Li> Caldwell </Li> <Li> Calwood </Li> <Li> Cedar </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Cote Sans Dessein </Li> <Li> East Fulton </Li> <Li> Guthrie </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> McCredie </Li> <Li> Nine Mile Prairie </Li> <Li> Round Prairie </Li> <Li> Shamrock </Li> <Li> St. Aubert </Li> <Li> Summit </Li> <Li> West Fulton </Li> </Ul> <H2> Camden County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adair </Li> <Li> Auglaize </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jasper </Li> <Li> Kiheka </Li> <Li> Niangua </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Osceola </Li> <Li> Pawhuska </Li> <Li> Russell </Li> <Li> Warren </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cape Girardeau County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Apple Creek </Li> <Li> Byrd </Li> <Li> Cape Girardeau </Li> <Li> Hubble </Li> <Li> Kinder </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Randol </Li> <Li> Shawnee </Li> <Li> Welch </Li> <Li> Whitewater </Li> </Ul> <H2> Carroll County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Carrollton </Li> <Li> Cherry Valley </Li> <Li> Combs </Li> <Li> De Witt </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Eugene </Li> <Li> Fairfield </Li> <Li> Hill </Li> <Li> Hurricane </Li> <Li> Leslie </Li> <Li> Moss Creek </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Ridge </Li> <Li> Rockford </Li> <Li> Stokes Mound </Li> <Li> Sugartree </Li> <Li> Trotter </Li> <Li> Van Horn </Li> <Li> Wakenda </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Carter County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Carter </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Kelly </Li> <Li> Pike </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cass County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Austin </Li> <Li> Big Creek </Li> <Li> Camp Branch </Li> <Li> Coldwater </Li> <Li> Dayton </Li> <Li> Dolan </Li> <Li> Everett </Li> <Li> Grand River </Li> <Li> Index </Li> <Li> Mount Pleasant </Li> <Li> Peculiar </Li> <Li> Pleasant Hill </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Raymore </Li> <Li> Sherman </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> West Dolan </Li> <Li> West Peculiar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cedar County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Box </Li> <Li> Cedar </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Linn </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Chariton County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bee Branch </Li> <Li> Bowling Green </Li> <Li> Brunswick </Li> <Li> Chariton </Li> <Li> Clark </Li> <Li> Cockrell </Li> <Li> Cunningham </Li> <Li> Keytesville </Li> <Li> Mendon </Li> <Li> Musselfork </Li> <Li> Salisbury </Li> <Li> Salt Creek </Li> <Li> Triplett </Li> <Li> Wayland </Li> <Li> Yellow Creek </Li> </Ul> <H2> Christian County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bruner </Li> <Li> Cassidy </Li> <Li> Chadwick </Li> <Li> East Benton </Li> <Li> East Finley </Li> <Li> East Polk </Li> <Li> Garden Grove </Li> <Li> Garrison </Li> <Li> Lead Hill </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Linden </Li> <Li> McCracken </Li> <Li> North Galloway </Li> <Li> North Linn </Li> <Li> Northview </Li> <Li> Oldfield </Li> <Li> Riverside </Li> <Li> Rosedale </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> South Galloway </Li> <Li> South Linn </Li> <Li> Sparta </Li> <Li> Union Chapel </Li> <Li> West Benton </Li> <Li> West Finley </Li> <Li> West Polk </Li> </Ul> <H2> Clark County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Des Moines </Li> <Li> Folker </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Sweet Home </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Vernon </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wyaconda </Li> </Ul> <H2> Clay County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chouteau </Li> <Li> Fishing River </Li> <Li> Gallatin </Li> <Li> Kearney </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Platte </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Clinton County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Atchison </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Hardin </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Lafayette </Li> <Li> Lathrop </Li> <Li> Platte </Li> <Li> Shoal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cole County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clark </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Moreau </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cooper County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blackwater </Li> <Li> Boonville </Li> <Li> Clark Fork </Li> <Li> Clear Creek </Li> <Li> Kelly </Li> <Li> Lamine </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> North Moniteau </Li> <Li> Otterville </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Pilot Grove </Li> <Li> Prairie Home </Li> <Li> Saline </Li> <Li> South Moniteau </Li> </Ul> <H2> Crawford County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Boone </Li> <Li> Courtois </Li> <Li> Knobview </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Meramec </Li> <Li> Oak Hill </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Dade County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cedar </Li> <Li> Center </Li> <Li> Ernest </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Lockwood </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> North Morgan </Li> <Li> North </Li> <Li> Pilgrim </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Rock Prairie </Li> <Li> Sac </Li> <Li> Smith </Li> <Li> South Morgan </Li> <Li> South </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Dallas County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jasper </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Miller </Li> <Li> North Benton </Li> <Li> Sheridan </Li> <Li> Sherman </Li> <Li> South Benton </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Daviess County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Colfax </Li> <Li> Grand River </Li> <Li> Harrison </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jamesport </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Salem </Li> <Li> Sheridan </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> DeKalb County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adams </Li> <Li> Camden </Li> <Li> Colfax </Li> <Li> Dallas </Li> <Li> Grand River </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Sherman </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Dent County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Current </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Gladden </Li> <Li> Linn </Li> <Li> Meramec </Li> <Li> Norman </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Short Bend </Li> <Li> Sinkin </Li> <Li> Spring Creek East </Li> <Li> Spring Creek West </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Watkins </Li> </Ul> <H2> Douglas County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Boone </Li> <Li> Brown </Li> <Li> Brush Creek </Li> <Li> Bryan </Li> <Li> Buchanan </Li> <Li> Campbell </Li> <Li> Cass </Li> <Li> Champion </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Findley </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> McKinley </Li> <Li> McMurtrey </Li> <Li> Miller </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Spencer </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> <Li> Walls </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wood </Li> </Ul> <H2> Dunklin County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Cotton Hill </Li> <Li> Freeborn </Li> <Li> Holcomb </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> <Li> Salem </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Franklin County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Boeuf </Li> <Li> Boles </Li> <Li> Boone </Li> <Li> Calvey </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Lyon </Li> <Li> Meramec </Li> <Li> New Haven </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> St. Johns </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gasconade County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Boeuf </Li> <Li> Boulware </Li> <Li> Bourbois </Li> <Li> Brush Creek </Li> <Li> Canaan </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Roark </Li> <Li> Third Creek </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gentry County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Athens </Li> <Li> Bogle </Li> <Li> Cooper </Li> <Li> Howard </Li> <Li> Huggins </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Miller </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Greene County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Boone No. 1 </Li> <Li> Boone No. 2 </Li> <Li> Brookline </Li> <Li> Campbell No. 1 </Li> <Li> Campbell No. 2 </Li> <Li> Cass </Li> <Li> Center No. 1 </Li> <Li> Center No. 2 </Li> <Li> Center No. 3 </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> East Republic </Li> <Li> Franklin No. 1 </Li> <Li> Franklin No. 2 </Li> <Li> Jackson No. 1 </Li> <Li> Jackson No. 2 </Li> <Li> Murray </Li> <Li> North Campbell No. 1 </Li> <Li> North Campbell No. 2 </Li> <Li> North Campbell No. 3 </Li> <Li> Pond Creek </Li> <Li> Robberson No. 1 </Li> <Li> Robberson No. 2 </Li> <Li> Springfield </Li> <Li> Taylor </Li> <Li> Walnut Grove </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Republic </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Grundy County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Harrison </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Myers </Li> <Li> Taylor </Li> <Li> Trenton </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Harrison County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adams </Li> <Li> Bethany </Li> <Li> Butler </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Colfax </Li> <Li> Cypress </Li> <Li> Dallas </Li> <Li> Fox Creek </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Sherman </Li> <Li> Sugar Creek </Li> <Li> Trail Creek </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> White Oak </Li> </Ul> <H2> Henry County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bear Creek </Li> <Li> Bethlehem </Li> <Li> Big Creek </Li> <Li> Bogard </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Davis </Li> <Li> Deepwater </Li> <Li> Deer Creek </Li> <Li> Fairview </Li> <Li> Fields Creek </Li> <Li> Honey Creek </Li> <Li> Leesville </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Shawnee </Li> <Li> Springfield </Li> <Li> Tebo </Li> <Li> Walker </Li> <Li> White Oak </Li> <Li> Windsor </Li> </Ul> <H2> Hickory County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Center </Li> <Li> Cross Timbers </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Hermitage </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Montgomery </Li> <Li> Stark </Li> <Li> Tyler </Li> <Li> Weaubleau </Li> <Li> Wheatland </Li> </Ul> <H2> Holt County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Bigelow </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Forbes </Li> <Li> Forest </Li> <Li> Hickory </Li> <Li> Lewis </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Minton </Li> <Li> Nodaway </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Howard County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bonne Femme </Li> <Li> Boonslick </Li> <Li> Burton </Li> <Li> Chariton </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Moniteau </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> </Ul> <H2> Howell County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Chapel </Li> <Li> Dry Creek </Li> <Li> Goldsberry </Li> <Li> Howell </Li> <Li> Hutton Valley </Li> <Li> Myatt </Li> <Li> Siloam Springs </Li> <Li> Sisson </Li> <Li> South Fork </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> <Li> Willow Springs </Li> </Ul> <H2> Iron County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arcadia </Li> <Li> Dent </Li> <Li> Iron </Li> <Li> Kaolin </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Jackson County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Brooking </Li> <Li> Fort Osage </Li> <Li> Kaw </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Sni - A-Bar </Li> <Li> Van Buren </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Jasper County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Duval </Li> <Li> Galena </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jasper </Li> <Li> Joplin </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> McDonald </Li> <Li> Mineral </Li> <Li> Preston </Li> <Li> Sarcoxie </Li> <Li> Sheridan </Li> <Li> Twin Groves </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Jefferson County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arnold </Li> <Li> Big River </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> High Ridge </Li> <Li> Imperial </Li> <Li> Joachim </Li> <Li> Meramec </Li> <Li> Plattin </Li> <Li> River View </Li> <Li> Rock </Li> <Li> Valle </Li> <Li> Windsor </Li> </Ul> <H2> Johnson County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Centerview </Li> <Li> Chilhowee </Li> <Li> Columbus </Li> <Li> Grover </Li> <Li> Hazel Hill </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Kingsville </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Post Oak </Li> <Li> Rose Hill </Li> <Li> Simpson </Li> <Li> Warrensburg </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Knox County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bee Ridge </Li> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Bourbon </Li> <Li> Center </Li> <Li> Colony </Li> <Li> Fabius </Li> <Li> Greensburg </Li> <Li> Jeddo </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lyon </Li> <Li> Myrtle </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> <Li> Shelton </Li> </Ul> <H2> Laclede County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Auglaize </Li> <Li> Eldridge </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Gasconade </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> May / Smith </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Phillipsburg </Li> <Li> Spring Hollow </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Lafayette County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Davis </Li> <Li> Dover </Li> <Li> Freedom </Li> <Li> Lexington </Li> <Li> Middleton </Li> <Li> Sni - A-Bar </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Lawrence County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Aurora </Li> <Li> Buck Prairie </Li> <Li> Freistatt </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Hoberg </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Mount Pleasant </Li> <Li> Mount Vernon </Li> <Li> Ozark </Li> <Li> Pierce </Li> <Li> Red Oak </Li> <Li> Spring River </Li> <Li> Turnback </Li> <Li> Vineyard </Li> </Ul> <H2> Lewis County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Canton </Li> <Li> Dickerson </Li> <Li> Highland </Li> <Li> La Belle </Li> <Li> Lyon </Li> <Li> Reddish </Li> <Li> Salem </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Lincoln County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bedford </Li> <Li> Burr Oak </Li> <Li> Clark </Li> <Li> Hawk Point </Li> <Li> Hurricane </Li> <Li> Millwood </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Nineveh </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Snow Hill </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Waverly </Li> </Ul> <H2> Linn County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Baker </Li> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Brookfield </Li> <Li> Bucklin </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Enterprise </Li> <Li> Grantsville </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Locust Creek </Li> <Li> Marceline </Li> <Li> North Salem </Li> <Li> Parson Creek </Li> <Li> Yellow Creek </Li> </Ul> <H2> Livingston County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blue Mound </Li> <Li> Chillicothe </Li> <Li> Cream Ridge </Li> <Li> Fairview </Li> <Li> Grand River </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Mooresville </Li> <Li> Rich Hill </Li> <Li> Sampsel </Li> <Li> Wheeling </Li> </Ul> <H2> McDonald County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anderson East </Li> <Li> Anderson West </Li> <Li> Buffalo Hart </Li> <Li> Buffalo May </Li> <Li> Center </Li> <Li> Elk Horn </Li> <Li> Elk River East </Li> <Li> Elk River West </Li> <Li> Erie Goodman </Li> <Li> Erie McNatt </Li> <Li> McMillen Coy </Li> <Li> McMillen Tiff </Li> <Li> Mountain </Li> <Li> Pineville Lanagan </Li> <Li> Pineville North </Li> <Li> Pineville South </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Richwood </Li> <Li> White Rock </Li> </Ul> <H2> Macon County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bevier </Li> <Li> Callao </Li> <Li> Chariton </Li> <Li> Drake </Li> <Li> Eagle </Li> <Li> Easley </Li> <Li> Hudson </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Johnston </Li> <Li> La Plata </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lingo </Li> <Li> Lyda </Li> <Li> Middle Fork </Li> <Li> Morrow </Li> <Li> Narrows </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Round Grove </Li> <Li> Russell </Li> <Li> Ten Mile </Li> <Li> Valley </Li> <Li> Walnut Creek </Li> <Li> White </Li> </Ul> <H2> Madison County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Big Creek </Li> <Li> Castor </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Marquand </Li> <Li> Mine La Motte </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> St. Francois </Li> <Li> St. Michael </Li> <Li> Twelvemile </Li> </Ul> <H2> Maries County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Boone </Li> <Li> Dry Creek </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Miller </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> </Ul> <H2> Marion County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fabius </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Mason </Li> <Li> Miller </Li> <Li> Round Grove </Li> <Li> South River </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Warren </Li> </Ul> <H2> Mercer County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Harrison </Li> <Li> Lindley </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Morgan </Li> <Li> Ravanna </Li> <Li> Somerset </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Miller County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Equality </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Glaze </Li> <Li> Jim Henry </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Richwoods </Li> <Li> Saline </Li> </Ul> <H2> Mississippi County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> James Bayou </Li> <Li> Long Prairie </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> St. James </Li> <Li> Tywappity </Li> <Li> Wolf Island </Li> </Ul> <H2> Moniteau County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Burris Fork </Li> <Li> Harrison </Li> <Li> Linn </Li> <Li> Moreau </Li> <Li> Pilot Grove </Li> <Li> Walker </Li> <Li> Willow Fork </Li> </Ul> <H2> Monroe County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Indian Creek </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> South Fork </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Woodlawn </Li> </Ul> <H2> Montgomery County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bear Creek </Li> <Li> Danville </Li> <Li> Loutre </Li> <Li> Montgomery </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Upper Loutre </Li> </Ul> <H2> Morgan County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Haw Creek </Li> <Li> Mill Creek </Li> <Li> Moreau </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> </Ul> <H2> New Madrid County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anderson </Li> <Li> Big Prairie </Li> <Li> Como </Li> <Li> Hough </Li> <Li> La Font </Li> <Li> Le Sieur </Li> <Li> Lewis </Li> <Li> New Madrid </Li> <Li> Portage </Li> <Li> St. John </Li> <Li> West </Li> </Ul> <H2> Newton County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Berwick </Li> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Dayton </Li> <Li> Five Mile </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Granby </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Neosho </Li> <Li> Newtonia </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Shoal Creek </Li> <Li> Van Buren </Li> <Li> West Benton </Li> </Ul> <H2> Nodaway County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Atchison </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Hopkins </Li> <Li> Hughes </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Nodaway </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> White Cloud </Li> </Ul> <H2> Oregon County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Big Apple </Li> <Li> Billmore </Li> <Li> Black Pond </Li> <Li> Cedar Bluff </Li> <Li> Couch </Li> <Li> Falling Spring </Li> <Li> Goebel </Li> <Li> Highland </Li> <Li> Jeff </Li> <Li> Jobe </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> King </Li> <Li> Moore </Li> <Li> Myrtle </Li> <Li> Ozark </Li> <Li> Piney </Li> <Li> Thayer </Li> <Li> Woodside </Li> </Ul> <H2> Osage County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Crawford </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Linn </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ozark County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barren Fork </Li> <Li> Bayou I </Li> <Li> Bayou II </Li> <Li> Big Creek </Li> <Li> Bridges </Li> <Li> Dawt </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jasper </Li> <Li> Lick Creek </Li> <Li> Longrun </Li> <Li> Noble </Li> <Li> Nottinghill </Li> <Li> Pine Creek </Li> <Li> Pontiac </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> <Li> Thornfield </Li> <Li> West Bridges </Li> </Ul> <H2> Pemiscot County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Braggadocio </Li> <Li> Butler </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Cooter </Li> <Li> Godair </Li> <Li> Hayti </Li> <Li> Holland </Li> <Li> Little Prairie </Li> <Li> Little River </Li> <Li> Pascola </Li> <Li> Pemiscot </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> </Ul> <H2> Perry County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bois Brule </Li> <Li> Brazeau </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Cinque Hommes </Li> <Li> Salem </Li> <Li> Saline </Li> <Li> St. Mary 's </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Pettis County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blackwater </Li> <Li> Bowling Green </Li> <Li> Cedar </Li> <Li> Dresden </Li> <Li> Elk Fork </Li> <Li> Flat Creek </Li> <Li> Green Ridge </Li> <Li> Heath Creek </Li> <Li> Houstonia </Li> <Li> Hughesville </Li> <Li> La Monte </Li> <Li> Lake Creek </Li> <Li> Longwood </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Sedalia </Li> <Li> Smithton </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Phelps County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arlington </Li> <Li> Cold Spring </Li> <Li> Dawson </Li> <Li> Dillon </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Meramec </Li> <Li> Miller </Li> <Li> Rolla </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> <Li> St. James </Li> </Ul> <H2> Pike County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ashley </Li> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Calumet </Li> <Li> Cuivre </Li> <Li> Hartford </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> <Li> Peno </Li> <Li> Prairieville </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> <Li> Spencer </Li> </Ul> <H2> Platte County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Carroll </Li> <Li> Fair </Li> <Li> Fox </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Kickapoo </Li> <Li> Lee </Li> <Li> Marshall </Li> <Li> May </Li> <Li> Pawnee </Li> <Li> Pettis </Li> <Li> Preston </Li> <Li> Sioux </Li> <Li> Waldron </Li> <Li> Weston </Li> </Ul> <H2> Polk County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Campbell </Li> <Li> Cliquot </Li> <Li> East Looney </Li> <Li> East Madison </Li> <Li> Flemington </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> McKinley </Li> <Li> Mooney </Li> <Li> North Benton </Li> <Li> North Green </Li> <Li> Northeast Marion </Li> <Li> Northwest Marion </Li> <Li> South Benton </Li> <Li> South Green </Li> <Li> Southeast Marion </Li> <Li> Southwest Marion </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> West Looney </Li> <Li> West Madison </Li> <Li> Wishart </Li> </Ul> <H2> Pulaski County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cullen </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Piney </Li> <Li> Roubidoux </Li> <Li> Tavern </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Putnam County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Elm </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Sherman </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> <Li> York </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ralls County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Center </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Jasper </Li> <Li> Saline </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> <Li> Saverton </Li> <Li> Spencer </Li> </Ul> <H2> Randolph County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cairo </Li> <Li> Chariton </Li> <Li> Clifton </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Moniteau </Li> <Li> North Sugar Creek </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> <Li> Salt Springs </Li> <Li> Silver Creek </Li> <Li> South Sugar Creek </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ray County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Camden </Li> <Li> Crooked River </Li> <Li> Fishing River </Li> <Li> Grape Grove </Li> <Li> Knoxville </Li> <Li> Orrick </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reynolds County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Black River </Li> <Li> Carroll </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Lesterville </Li> <Li> Logan </Li> <Li> Webb </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ripley County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Current River </Li> <Li> Doniphan </Li> <Li> Flatwoods </Li> <Li> Gatewood </Li> <Li> Harris </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kelley </Li> <Li> Pine </Li> <Li> Poynor </Li> <Li> Shirley </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Varner </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Doniphan </Li> </Ul> <H2> St. Charles County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blanchette </Li> <Li> Boone </Li> <Li> Cottleville </Li> <Li> Dardenne </Li> <Li> Friedens </Li> <Li> Frontier </Li> <Li> Harvester </Li> <Li> Lindenwood </Li> <Li> O'Fallon </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Spencer Creek </Li> <Li> St. Peters </Li> <Li> Wentzville </Li> <Li> Zumbehl </Li> </Ul> <H2> St. Clair County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Appleton </Li> <Li> Butler </Li> <Li> Center </Li> <Li> Chalk Level </Li> <Li> Collins </Li> <Li> Dallas </Li> <Li> Doyal </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Monegaw </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Osceola </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Roscoe </Li> <Li> Speedwell </Li> <Li> Taber </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ste . Genevieve County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beauvais </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Saline </Li> <Li> Ste . Genevieve </Li> <Li> Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> St. Francois County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Big River </Li> <Li> Iron </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Pendleton </Li> <Li> Perry </Li> <Li> Randolph </Li> <Li> St. Francois </Li> </Ul> <H2> St. Louis County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Airport </Li> <Li> Bonhomme </Li> <Li> Chesterfield </Li> <Li> Clayton </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Creve Coeur </Li> <Li> Ferguson </Li> <Li> Florissant </Li> <Li> Gravois </Li> <Li> Hadley </Li> <Li> Halls Ferry </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Lafayette </Li> <Li> Lemay </Li> <Li> Lewis and Clark </Li> <Li> Maryland Heights </Li> <Li> Meramec </Li> <Li> Midland </Li> <Li> Missouri River </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> Norwood </Li> <Li> Oakville </Li> <Li> Queeny </Li> <Li> Spanish Lake </Li> <Li> St. Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Tesson Ferry </Li> <Li> University </Li> </Ul> <H2> Saline County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arrow Rock </Li> <Li> Blackwater </Li> <Li> Cambridge </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Elmwood </Li> <Li> Grand Pass </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Marshall </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> <Li> Salt Fork </Li> <Li> Salt Pond </Li> </Ul> <H2> Schuyler County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chariton </Li> <Li> Fabius </Li> <Li> Glenwood </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Prairie </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> </Ul> <H2> Scotland County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Harrison </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Miller </Li> <Li> Mount Pleasant </Li> <Li> Sand Hill </Li> <Li> Thomson </Li> <Li> Tobin </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Vest </Li> </Ul> <H2> Scott County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Commerce </Li> <Li> Kelso </Li> <Li> Moreland </Li> <Li> Morley </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Rootwad </Li> <Li> Sandywoods </Li> <Li> Sylvania </Li> <Li> Tywappity </Li> </Ul> <H2> Shannon County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bartlett </Li> <Li> Birch Tree </Li> <Li> Bowlan </Li> <Li> Buckeye </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Eminence </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Montier </Li> <Li> Moore </Li> <Li> Newton </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> <Li> Spring Valley </Li> <Li> Winona </Li> </Ul> <H2> Shelby County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bethel </Li> <Li> Black Creek </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Lentner </Li> <Li> North River </Li> <Li> Salt River </Li> <Li> Taylor </Li> <Li> Tiger Fork </Li> </Ul> <H2> Stoddard County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Castor </Li> <Li> Duck Creek </Li> <Li> Elk </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> New Lisbon </Li> <Li> Pike </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> </Ul> <H2> Stone County ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alpine </Li> <Li> Cass </Li> <Li> Flat Creek A </Li> <Li> Flat Creek B </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Hurley </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> McKinley </Li> <Li> Pierce </Li> <Li> Pine A </Li> <Li> Pine B </Li> <Li> Ponce de Leon </Li> <Li> Ruth A </Li> <Li> Ruth B City </Li> <Li> Ruth B Rural </Li> <Li> Ruth C Rural </Li> <Li> Ruth C </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Williams </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sullivan 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Football - wikipedia <H1> Football </H1> Group of related team sports This article is about the overall concept of games called football . For the balls themselves , see Football ( ball ) . For specific versions of the game and other uses of the term , see Football ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> Several codes of football . Images , from top to down , left to right : Association football , Australian rules football , international rules football , a rugby union scrum , rugby league , and American football . <P> Football is a family of team sports that involve , to varying degrees , kicking a ball to score a goal . Unqualified , the word football is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears . Sports commonly called football in certain places include association football ( known as soccer in some countries ) ; gridiron football ( specifically American football or Canadian football ) ; Australian rules football ; rugby football ( either rugby league or rugby union ) ; and Gaelic football . These different variations of football are known as football codes . </P> <P> There are a number of references to traditional , ancient , or prehistoric ball games played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world . Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century . The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire . By the end of the nineteenth century , distinct regional codes were already developing : Gaelic football , for example , deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage . In 1888 , The Football League was founded in England , becoming the first of many professional football competitions . During the twentieth century , several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Common elements </Li> <Li> 2 Etymology </Li> <Li> 3 Early history <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Ancient games </Li> <Li> 3.2 Medieval and early modern Europe </Li> <Li> 3.3 Calcio Fiorentino </Li> <Li> 3.4 Official disapproval and attempts to ban football </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Establishment of modern codes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 English public schools </Li> <Li> 4.2 Firsts <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Clubs </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Competitions </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Modern balls </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Modern ball passing tactics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Cambridge rules </Li> <Li> 4.4 Sheffield rules </Li> <Li> 4.5 Australian rules </Li> <Li> 4.6 Football Association </Li> <Li> 4.7 Rugby football </Li> <Li> 4.8 North American football codes </Li> <Li> 4.9 Gaelic football </Li> <Li> 4.10 Schism in Rugby football </Li> <Li> 4.11 Globalisation of association football </Li> <Li> 4.12 Further divergence of the two rugby codes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Use of the word `` football '' </Li> <Li> 6 Popularity </Li> <Li> 7 Football codes board <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Football codes development tree </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Present day codes and families <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Association football and descendants </Li> <Li> 8.2 Rugby school football and descendants </Li> <Li> 8.3 Irish and Australian varieties </Li> <Li> 8.4 Surviving medieval ball games <Ul> <Li> 8.4. 1 Inside the UK </Li> <Li> 8.4. 2 Outside the UK </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.5 Surviving UK school games </Li> <Li> 8.6 Recent inventions and hybrid games <Ul> <Li> 8.6. 1 Based on FA rules </Li> <Li> 8.6. 2 Based on rugby </Li> <Li> 8.6. 3 Hybrid games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.7 Tabletop games , video games and other recreations <Ul> <Li> 8.7. 1 Based on association football </Li> <Li> 8.7. 2 Based on American football </Li> <Li> 8.7. 3 Based on Australian football </Li> <Li> 8.7. 4 Based on rugby league football </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Common elements </H2> Play media Men kicking footballs <P> The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football : carrying codes like American football , Canadian football , rugby union and rugby league , where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown , and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football , where the ball is moved primarily with the feet , and where handling is strictly limited . </P> <P> Common rules among the sports include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players ; some variations that have fewer players ( five or more per team ) are also popular . </Li> <Li> A clearly defined area in which to play the game . </Li> <Li> Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team 's end of the field and either into a goal area , or over a line . </Li> <Li> Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts . </Li> <Li> The goal or line being defended by the opposing team . </Li> <Li> Players being required to move the ball -- depending on the code -- by kicking , carrying , or hand - passing the ball . </Li> <Li> Players using only their body to move the ball . </Li> </Ul> <P> In all codes , common skills include passing , tackling , evasion of tackles , catching and kicking . In most codes , there are rules restricting the movement of players offside , and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts . </P> <H2> Etymology </H2> Main article : Football ( word ) <P> There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word `` football '' . It is widely assumed that the word `` football '' ( or the phrase `` foot ball '' ) refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball . There is an alternative explanation , which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe , which were played on foot . There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation . </P> <H2> Early History </H2> <H3> Ancient games </H3> A painting depicting Emperor Taizu of Song playing cuju ( i.e. Chinese football ) with his prime minister Zhao Pu ( 趙普 ) and other ministers , by the Yuan dynasty artist Qian Xuan ( 1235 -- 1305 ) <P> A Chinese game called cuju ( 蹴鞠 ) has been recognised by FIFA as the first version of the game with regular rules . It existed during the Han dynasty and possibly the Qin dynasty , in the second and third centuries BC . The Japanese version of cuju is kemari ( 蹴鞠 ) , and was developed during the Asuka period . This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD . In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other , trying not to let the ball drop to the ground ( much like keepie uppie ) . </P> <P> The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games , some of which involved the use of the feet . The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as `` ἐπίσκυρος '' ( Episkyros ) or `` φαινίνδα '' ( phaininda ) , which is mentioned by a Greek playwright , Antiphanes ( 388 -- 311 BC ) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- c. 215 AD ) . These games appear to have resembled rugby football . The Roman politician Cicero ( 106 -- 43 BC ) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber 's shop . Roman ball games already knew the air - filled ball , the follis . Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA . </P> <P> There are a number of references to traditional , ancient , or prehistoric ball games , played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world . For example , in 1586 , men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis , went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit ( Eskimo ) people in Greenland . There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice , called Aqsaqtuk . Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines , before attempting to kick the ball through each other team 's line and then at a goal . In 1610 , William Strachey , a colonist at Jamestown , Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans , called Pahsaheman . On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook ( Djab Wurrung for `` game ball '' ) . The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough - Smyth , The Aborigines of Victoria , in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying , in about 1841 in Victoria , Australia , that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game : `` Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it . '' Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules football . </P> <P> The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki - o - rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones , and score points by touching the ' pou ' ( boundary markers ) and hitting a central ' tupu ' or target . </P> <P> Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well - documented as existing since before this time , but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball , and no links have been found between such games and modern football sports . Northeastern American Indians , especially the Iroquois Confederation , played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball ; however , although it is a ball - goal foot game , lacrosse ( as its modern descendant is called ) is likewise not usually classed as a form of `` football . '' </P> <P> These games and others may well go far back into antiquity . However , the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe , especially England . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Ancient Greek athlete balancing a ball on his thigh . Depiction on an Attic Lekythos , Piraeus , 400 - 375 BC . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A Song dynasty painting by Su Hanchen ( c. 1130 - 1160 ) , depicting Chinese children playing cuju . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Paint of a Mesoamerican ballgame player of the Tepantitla murals in Teotihuacan . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A revived version of kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine , Japan . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> An illustration from the 1850s of Australian Aboriginal hunter gatherers . File : Children in the background are playing a game , possibly Woggabaliri . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A group of aborigines playing a ball game in Guiana . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Medieval and early modern Europe </H3> Further information : Medieval football <P> The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe , particularly in England . An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century Historia Brittonum , which describes `` a party of boys ... playing at ball '' . References to a ball game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule , in which the ball was propelled by hands , feet , and sticks , date from the 12th century . </P> An illustration of so - called `` mob football '' <P> The early forms of football played in England , sometimes referred to as `` mob football '' , would be played between neighbouring towns and villages , involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash en masse , struggling to move an item , such as inflated animal 's bladder to particular geographical points , such as their opponents ' church , with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes . The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals , such as Shrovetide , Christmas , or Easter , and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns ( see below ) . </P> <P> The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174 -- 1183 . He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday : </P> <P> After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game . The students of each school have their own ball ; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls . Older citizens , fathers , and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing , and to relive their own youth vicariously : you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents . </P> <P> Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of `` ball play '' or `` playing at ball '' . This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked . </P> <P> An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham , Northumberland , England : `` Henry ... while playing at ball ... ran against David '' . Football was played in Ireland in 1308 , with a documented reference to John McCrocan , a spectator at a `` football game '' at Newcastle , County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard . Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham , Norfolk , England : `` ( d ) uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball , a lay friend of his ... ran against him and wounded himself '' . </P> <P> In 1314 , Nicholas de Farndone , Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time . A translation reads : `` ( f ) orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls ( rageries de grosses pelotes de pee ) in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid : we command and forbid on behalf of the king , on pain of imprisonment , such game to be used in the city in the future . '' This is the earliest reference to football . </P> <P> In 1363 , King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning `` ... handball , football , or hockey ; coursing and cock - fighting , or other such idle games '' , showing that `` football '' -- whatever its exact form in this case -- was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body , such as handball . </P> <P> A game known as `` football '' was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century : it was prohibited by the Football Act 1424 and although the law fell into disuse it was not repealed until 1906 . There is evidence for schoolboys playing a `` football '' ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 ( some references cite 1636 ) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball . The word `` pass '' in the most recent translation is derived from `` huc percute '' ( strike it here ) and later `` repercute pilam '' ( strike the ball again ) in the original Latin . It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team . The original word translated as `` goal '' is `` metum '' , literally meaning the `` pillar at each end of the circus course '' in a Roman chariot race . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball before ( another player ) does '' ( Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere ) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed . One sentence states in the original 1930 translation `` Throw yourself against him '' ( Age , objice te illi ) . </P> France circa 1750 <P> King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word `` football '' , in 1409 , when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for `` foteball '' . </P> <P> There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston , Nottinghamshire . This is the first description of a `` kicking game '' and the first description of dribbling : `` ( t ) he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot - ball game . It is one in which young men , in country sport , propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground , and that not with their hands but with their feet ... kicking in opposite directions '' The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch , stating that : `` ( t ) he boundaries have been marked and the game had started . </P> <P> Other firsts in the mediæval and early modern eras : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` a football '' , in the sense of a ball rather than a game , was first mentioned in 1486 . This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners ' Book of St Albans . It states : `` a certain rounde instrument to play with ... it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn ' pila pedalis ' , a fotebal . '' </Li> <Li> a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526 . </Li> <Li> women playing a form of football was first described in 1580 by Sir Philip Sidney in one of his poems : `` ( a ) tyme there is for all , my mother often sayes , When she , with skirts tuckt very hy , with girles at football playes . '' </Li> <Li> the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In 1584 and 1602 respectively , John Norden and Richard Carew referred to `` goals '' in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made : `` they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue ( twelve ) score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their Goales '' . He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players . </Li> <Li> the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) : `` I 'll play a gole at camp - ball '' ( an extremely violent variety of football , which was popular in East Anglia ) . Similarly in a poem in 1613 , Michael Drayton refers to `` when the Ball to throw , And drive it to the Gole , in squadrons forth they goe '' . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Calcio Fiorentino </H3> An illustration of the Calcio Fiorentino field and starting positions , from a 1688 book by Pietro di Lorenzo Bini . Main article : Calcio Fiorentino <P> In the 16th century , the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as `` calcio storico '' ( `` historic kickball '' ) in the Piazza Santa Croce . The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football . For example , calcio players could punch , shoulder charge , and kick opponents . Blows below the belt were allowed . The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise . In 1580 , Count Giovanni de ' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra ' l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino . This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game . The game was not played after January 1739 ( until it was revived in May 1930 ) . </P> <H3> Official disapproval and attempts to ban football </H3> Main article : Attempts to ban football games <P> There have been many attempts to ban football , from the middle ages through to the modern day . The first such law was passed in England in 1314 ; it was followed by more than 30 in England alone between 1314 and 1667 . Football faced armed opposition in the 18th Century when used as a cover for violent protest against the enclosure act . Women were banned from playing at English and Scottish Football League grounds in 1921 , a ban that was only lifted in the 1970s . Female footballers still face similar problems in some parts of the world . </P> <H2> Establishment of modern codes </H2> <H3> English public schools </H3> Main article : English public school football games <P> While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain , its public schools ( equivalent to private schools in other countries ) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes . First of all , the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its `` mob '' form and turning it into an organised team sport . Second , many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools . Third , it was teachers , students and former students from these schools who first codified football games , to enable matches to be played between schools . Finally , it was at English public schools that the division between `` kicking '' and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games first became clear . </P> <P> The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools -- mainly attended by boys from the upper , upper - middle and professional classes -- comes from the Vulgaria by William Herman in 1519 . Herman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase `` We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde '' . </P> <P> Richard Mulcaster , a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools , has been described as `` the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football '' . Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football . Mulcaster 's writings refer to teams ( `` sides '' and `` parties '' ) , positions ( `` standings '' ) , a referee ( `` judge over the parties '' ) and a coach `` ( trayning maister ) '' . Mulcaster 's `` footeball '' had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football : </P> <P> ( s ) ome smaller number with such overlooking , sorted into sides and standings , not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength : nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body , by the chiefe use of the legges . </P> <P> In 1633 , David Wedderburn , a teacher from Aberdeen , mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called Vocabula . Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as `` keeping goal '' and makes an allusion to passing the ball ( `` strike it here '' ) . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball '' , suggesting that some handling was allowed . It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ( `` drive that man back '' ) . </P> <P> A more detailed description of football is given in Francis Willughby 's Book of Games , written in about 1660 . Willughby , who had studied at Bishop Vesey 's Grammar School , Sutton Coldfield , is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field : `` a close that has a gate at either end . The gates are called Goals . '' His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field . He also mentions tactics ( `` leaving some of their best players to guard the goal '' ) ; scoring ( `` they that can strike the ball through their opponents ' goal first win '' ) and the way teams were selected ( `` the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness '' ) . He is the first to describe a `` law '' of football : `` they must not strike ( an opponent 's leg ) higher than the ball '' . </P> <P> English public schools were the first to codify football games . In particular , they devised the first offside rules , during the late 18th century . In the earliest manifestations of these rules , players were `` off their side '' if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective . Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward , either by foot or by hand . They could only dribble with their feet , or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation . However , offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school , as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester , Rugby , Harrow and Cheltenham , during between 1810 and 1850 . The first known codes -- in the sense of a set of rules -- were those of Eton in 1815 and Aldenham in 1825 . ) </P> <P> During the early 19th century , most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week , often for over twelve hours a day . They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and , at the time , many children were part of the labour force . Feast day football played on the streets was in decline . Public school boys , who enjoyed some freedom from work , became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules . </P> <P> Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit . Each school drafted its own rules , which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils . Two schools of thought developed regarding rules . Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried ( as at Rugby , Marlborough and Cheltenham ) , while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted ( as at Eton , Harrow , Westminster and Charterhouse ) . The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played . For example , Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas ; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters , making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games . </P> Rugby School <P> William Webb Ellis , a pupil at Rugby School , is said to have `` with a fine disregard for the rules of football , as played in his time ( emphasis added ) , first took the ball in his arms and ran with it , thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game . '' in 1823 . This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football , but there is little evidence that it occurred , and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal . The act of ' taking the ball in his arms ' is often misinterpreted as ' picking the ball up ' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis ' ' crime ' was handling the ball , as in modern soccer , however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory , the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards . </P> <P> The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before . Inter-school sporting competitions became possible . However , it was difficult for schools to play each other at football , as each school played by its own rules . The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves , one half played by the rules of the host `` home '' school , and the other half by the visiting `` away '' school . </P> <P> The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid - or late - 19th century . This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls , lawn tennis , etc . The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world 's first lawnmower in 1830 . This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals , playing fields , pitches , grass courts , etc . </P> <P> Apart from Rugby football , the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school 's playing fields . However , many of them are still played at the schools which created them ( see Surviving UK school games below ) . </P> <P> Public schools ' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850 , which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children . Before 1850 , many British children had to work six days a week , for more than twelve hours a day . From 1850 , they could not work before 6 a.m. ( 7 a.m. in winter ) or after 6 p.m. on weekdays ( 7 p.m. in winter ) ; on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2 p.m. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games , including various forms of football . </P> <H3> Firsts </H3> Clubs Main article : Oldest football clubs <P> Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century , for example London 's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796 . </P> <P> The first documented club to bear in the title a reference to being a ' football club ' were called `` The Foot - Ball Club '' who were located in Edinburgh , Scotland , during the period 1824 -- 41 . The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball . </P> <P> In 1845 , three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school . These were the first set of written rules ( or code ) for any form of football . This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game . </P> Competitions Main article : Oldest football competitions <P> One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner - Eggleston Cup , contested between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College , Melbourne every year since 1858 . It is believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules football , although it was played under experimental rules in its first year . The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup , donated by the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne , played in 1861 under the Melbourne Rules . The oldest football league is a rugby football competition , the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , while the oldest rugby trophy is the Yorkshire Cup , contested since 1878 . The South Australian Football Association ( 30 April 1877 ) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition . The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup ( 1867 ) and the oldest national football competition is the English FA Cup ( 1871 ) . The Football League ( 1888 ) is recognised as the longest running Association Football league . The first ever international football match took place between sides representing England and Scotland on March 5 , 1870 at the Oval under the authority of the FA . The first Rugby international took place in 1871 . </P> Modern balls Main article : Football ( ball ) Richard Lindon ( seen in 1880 ) is believed to have invented the first footballs with rubber bladders . <P> In Europe , early footballs were made out of animal bladders , more specifically pig 's bladders , which were inflated . Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the balls to keep their shape . However , in 1851 , Richard Lindon and William Gilbert , both shoemakers from the town of Rugby ( near the school ) , exhibited both round and oval - shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London . Richard Lindon 's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig 's bladders . Lindon also won medals for the invention of the `` Rubber inflatable Bladder '' and the `` Brass Hand Pump '' . </P> <P> In 1855 , the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear -- who had patented vulcanised rubber -- exhibited a spherical football , with an exterior of vulcanised rubber panels , at the Paris Exhibition Universelle . The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.A. </P> <P> The iconic ball with a regular pattern of hexagons and pentagons ( see truncated icosahedron ) did not become popular until the 1960s , and was first used in the World Cup in 1970 . </P> Modern ball passing tactics Main article : Passing ( association football ) <P> The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn , a poet and teacher in Aberdeen , Scotland . Nevertheless , the original text does not state whether the allusion to passing as ' kick the ball back ' ( ' Repercute pilam ' ) was in a forward or backward direction or between members of the same opposing teams ( as was usual at this time ) </P> <P> `` Scientific '' football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862 and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865 . The first side to play a passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in 1869 / 70 By 1869 they were `` work ( ing ) well together '' , `` backing up '' and benefiting from `` cooperation '' . By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball : `` Lieut . Creswell , who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side , who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called '' Passing was a regular feature of their style By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for `` play ( ing ) beautifully together '' A double pass is first reported from Derby school against Nottingham Forest in March 1872 , the first of which is irrefutably a short pass : `` Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis , who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal , sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts '' The first side to have perfected the modern formation was Cambridge University AFC and introduced the 2 -- 3 -- 5 `` pyramid '' formation . </P> <H3> Cambridge rules </H3> Main article : Cambridge rules <P> In 1848 , at Cambridge University , Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring , who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School , called a meeting at Trinity College , Cambridge , with 12 other representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury . An eight - hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules , known as the Cambridge rules . No copy of these rules now exists , but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School . The rules clearly favour the kicking game . Handling was only allowed when a player catches the ball directly from the foot entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule , disallowing players from `` loitering '' around the opponents ' goal . The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities ( but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football ) . </P> <H3> Sheffield rules </H3> Main article : Sheffield rules <P> By the late 1850s , many football clubs had been formed throughout the English - speaking world , to play various codes of football . Sheffield Football Club , founded in 1857 in the English city of Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest , was later recognised as the world 's oldest club playing association football . However , the club initially played its own code of football : the Sheffield rules . The code was largely independent of the public school rules , the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule . </P> <P> The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football . These included free kicks , corner kicks , handball , throw - ins and the crossbar . By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England . At this time a series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877 . </P> <H3> Australian rules </H3> Main article : Australian rules football See also : Origins of Australian rules football Tom Wills , widely regarded as the father of Australian football <P> There is archival evidence of `` foot - ball '' games being played in various parts of Australia throughout the first half of the 19th century . The origins of an organised game of football known today as Australian rules football can be traced back to 1858 in Melbourne , the capital city of Victoria . </P> <P> In July 1858 , Tom Wills , an Australian - born cricketer educated at Rugby School in England , wrote a letter to Bell 's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle , calling for a `` foot - ball club '' with a `` code of laws '' to keep cricketers fit during winter . This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of Australian rules football . Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules , the first of which was played on July 31 , 1858 . One week later , Wills umpired a schoolboys match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College . Following these matches , organised football in Melbourne rapidly increased in popularity . </P> Wood engraving of an Australian rules football match at the Richmond Paddock , Melbourne , 1866 <P> Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club ( the oldest surviving Australian football club ) on May 14 , 1859 . Club members Wills , William Hammersley , J.B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs . The committee debated rules used in English public school games ; Wills pushed for various rugby football rules he learnt during his schooling . The first rules share similarities with these games , and were shaped to suit to Australian conditions . H.C.A. Harrison , a seminal figure in Australian football , recalled that his cousin Wills wanted `` a game of our own '' . The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the mark , free kick , tackling , lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball . </P> <P> The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs . The rules were updated several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs . A significant redraft in 1866 by H.C.A. Harrison 's committee accommodated the Geelong Football Club 's rules , making the game then known as `` Victorian Rules '' increasingly distinct from other codes . It soon adopted cricket fields and an oval ball , used specialised goal and behind posts , and featured bouncing the ball while running and spectacular high marking . The game spread quickly to other Australian colonies . Outside its heartland in southern Australia , the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown throughout Australia and in other parts of the world , and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition . </P> <H3> Football Association </H3> Main article : The Football Association The first football international , Scotland versus England . Once kept by the Rugby Football Union as an early example of rugby football . <P> During the early 1860s , there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games . In 1862 , J.C. Thring , who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules , was a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called `` The Simplest Game '' ( these are also known as the Uppingham Rules ) . In early October 1863 another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow , Shrewsbury , Eton , Rugby , Marlborough and Westminster . </P> <P> At the Freemasons ' Tavern , Great Queen Street , London on the evening of October 26 , 1863 , representatives of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football Association ( FA ) . The aim of the Association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members . Following the first meeting , the public schools were invited to join the association . All of them declined , except Charterhouse and Uppingham . In total , six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863 . After the third meeting , a draft set of rules were published . However , at the beginning of the fourth meeting , attention was drawn to the recently published Cambridge Rules of 1863 . The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas ; namely running with ( carrying ) the ball and hacking ( kicking opposing players in the shins ) . The two contentious FA rules were as follows : </P> <P> IX . A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal if he makes a fair catch , or catches the ball on the first bound ; but in case of a fair catch , if he makes his mark he shall not run . </P> <P> X . If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal , any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge , hold , trip or hack him , or to wrest the ball from him , but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time . </P> <P> At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed . Most of the delegates supported this , but F.M. Campbell , the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer , objected . He said : `` hacking is the true football '' . However , the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA . After the final meeting on 8 December , the FA published the `` Laws of Football '' , the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association Football . The term `` soccer '' , in use since the late 19th century , derives from an Oxford University abbreviation of `` Association '' . </P> <P> The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football , but which are still recognisable in other games ( such as Australian football and rugby football ) : for instance , a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark , which entitled him to a free kick ; and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents ' goal line , his side was entitled to a free kick at goal , from 15 yards ( 13.5 metres ) in front of the goal line . </P> <H3> Rugby football </H3> Main article : History of rugby union A rugby scrum in 1871 <P> In Britain , by 1870 , there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game . There were also `` rugby '' clubs in Ireland , Australia , Canada and New Zealand . However , there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871 , when 21 clubs from London came together to form the Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871 . These rules allowed passing the ball . They also included the try , where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal , though drop - goals from marks and general play , and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest . </P> <H3> North American football codes </H3> Main articles : History of American football and Canadian football § History <P> As was the case in Britain , by the early 19th century , North American schools and universities played their own local games , between sides made up of students . For example , students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football , a variant of the association football codes , as early as the 1820s . They remained largely `` mob football '' style games , with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area , often by any means necessary . Rules were simple , violence and injury were common . The violence of these mob - style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them . Yale University , under pressure from the city of New Haven , banned the play of all forms of football in 1860 , while Harvard University followed suit in 1861 . In its place , two general types of football evolved : `` kicking '' games and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games . A hybrid of the two , known as the `` Boston game '' , was played by a group known as the Oneida Football Club . The club , considered by some historians as the first formal football club in the United States , was formed in 1862 by schoolboys who played the `` Boston game '' on Boston Common . The game began to return to American college campuses by the late 1860s . The universities of Yale , Princeton ( then known as the College of New Jersey ) , Rutgers , and Brown all began playing `` kicking '' games during this time . In 1867 , Princeton used rules based on those of the English Football Association . </P> The `` Tigers '' of Hamilton , Ontario , circa 1906 . Founded 1869 as the Hamilton Foot Ball Club , they eventually merged with the Hamilton Flying Wildcats to form the Hamilton Tiger - Cats , a team still active in the Canadian Football League . <P> In Canada , the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9 , 1861 , at University College , University of Toronto ( approximately 400 yards west of Queen 's Park ) . One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was ( Sir ) William Mulock , later Chancellor of the school . In 1864 , at Trinity College , Toronto , F. Barlow Cumberland , Frederick A. Bethune , and Christopher Gwynn , one of the founders of Milton , Massachusetts , devised rules based on rugby football . A `` running game '' , resembling rugby football , was then taken up by the Montreal Football Club in Canada in 1868 . </P> <P> On November 6 , 1869 , Rutgers faced Princeton in a game that was played with a round ball and , like all early games , used improvised rules . It is usually regarded as the first game of American intercollegiate football . </P> <P> Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal , and Harvard University in 1874 . During the game , the two teams alternated between the rugby - based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard . Within a few years , Harvard had both adopted McGill 's rules and had persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same . On November 23 , 1876 , representatives from Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield , Massachusetts , agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules , with some variations . </P> Rutgers College Football Team , 1882 <P> In 1880 , Yale coach Walter Camp , who had become a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where the rules were debated and changed , devised a number of major innovations . Camp 's two most important rule changes that diverged the American game from rugby was replacing the scrummage with the line of scrimmage and the establishment of the down - and - distance rules . American football still however remained a violent sport where collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death . This led U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to hold a meeting with football representatives from Harvard , Yale , and Princeton on October 9 , 1905 , urging them to make drastic changes . One rule change introduced in 1906 , devised to open up the game and reduce injury , was the introduction of the legal forward pass . Though it was underutilised for years , this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game . </P> <P> Over the years , Canada absorbed some of the developments in American football in an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby - oriented game . In 1903 , the Ontario Rugby Football Union adopted the Burnside rules , which implemented the line of scrimmage and down - and - distance system from American football , among others . Canadian football then implemented the legal forward pass in 1929 . American and Canadian football remain different codes , stemming from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side has not . </P> <H3> Gaelic football </H3> The All - Ireland Football Final in Croke Park , 2004 . Main article : History of Gaelic football <P> In the mid-19th century , various traditional football games , referred to collectively as caid , remained popular in Ireland , especially in County Kerry . One observer , Father W. Ferris , described two main forms of caid during this period : the `` field game '' in which the object was to put the ball through arch - like goals , formed from the boughs of two trees ; and the epic `` cross-country game '' which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played , and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary . `` Wrestling '' , `` holding '' opposing players , and carrying the ball were all allowed . </P> <P> By the 1870s , Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland . Trinity College , Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby ( see the Developments in the 1850s section , above ) . The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely . Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a `` rough - and - tumble game '' which allowed tripping . </P> <P> There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football , until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) in 1884 . The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports , such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football . The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7 , 1887 . Davin 's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football . The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule ( an attribute which , for many years , was shared only by other Irish games like hurling , and by Australian rules football ) . </P> <H3> Schism in rugby football </H3> An English cartoon from the 1890s lampooning the divide in rugby football which led to the formation of rugby league . The caricatures are of Rev. Frank Marshall , an arch - opponent of player payments , and James Miller , a long - time opponent of Marshall . The caption reads : Marshall : `` Oh , fie , go away naughty boy , I do n't play with boys who ca n't afford to take a holiday for football any day they like ! '' Miller : `` Yes , that 's just you to a T ; you 'd make it so that no lad whose father was n't a millionaire could play at all in a really good team . For my part I see no reason why the men who make the money should n't have a share in the spending of it . '' Further information : History of rugby league <P> The International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) was founded in 1886 , but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code . Professionalism had already begun to creep into the various codes of football . </P> <P> In England , by the 1890s , a long - standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football , as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train , travel , play and recover from injuries . This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU , attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England . In 1895 , following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments , which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby , representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union ( NRFU ) . The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements . However , within two years , NRFU players could be paid , but they were required to have a job outside sport . </P> <P> The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better `` spectator '' sport . Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU , most notably with the abolition of the line - out . This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the `` play - the - ball ruck '' , which allowed a two - player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled . Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held , being replaced by a play - the ball - ruck . The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901 , forming the Northern Rugby League , the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England . </P> <P> Over time , the RFU form of rugby , played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB , became known as rugby union . </P> <H3> Globalisation of Association football </H3> Main article : History of FIFA <P> The need for a single body to oversee association football had become apparent by the beginning of the 20th century , with the increasing popularity of international fixtures . The English Football Association had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body , but was perceived as making no progress . It fell to associations from seven other European countries : France , Belgium , Denmark , Netherlands , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland , to form an international association . The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) was founded in Paris on May 21 , 1904 . Its first president was Robert Guérin . The French name and acronym has remained , even outside French - speaking countries . </P> <H3> Further divergence of the two rugby codes </H3> <P> Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906 , with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players . In 1907 , a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain , receiving an enthusiastic response , and professional rugby leagues were launched in Australia the following year . However , the rules of professional games varied from one country to another , and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match . This situation endured until 1948 , when at the instigation of the French league , the Rugby League International Federation ( RLIF ) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux . </P> <P> During the second half of the 20th century , the rules changed further . In 1966 , rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of downs : a team was allowed to retain possession of the ball for four tackles ( rugby union retains the original rule that a player who is tackled and brought to the ground must release the ball immediately ) . The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six ( in 1971 ) , and in rugby league this became known as the six tackle rule . </P> <P> With the advent of full - time professionals in the early 1990s , and the consequent speeding up of the game , the five metre off - side distance between the two teams became 10 metres , and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules , among other changes . </P> <P> The laws of rugby union also changed during the 20th century , although less significantly than those of rugby league . In particular , goals from marks were abolished , kicks directly into touch from outside the 22 metre line were penalised , new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive ruck or maul , and the lifting of players in line - outs was legalised . </P> <P> In 1995 , rugby union became an `` open '' game , that is one which allowed professional players . Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared -- and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification -- the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future . </P> <H2> Use of the word `` football '' </H2> Further information : Football ( word ) <P> The word football , when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above . Because of this , much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football , primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English - speaking world . Most often , the word `` football '' is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region . So , effectively , what the word `` football '' means usually depends on where one says it . </P> Heading from The Sportsman ( London ) front page of 25 November 1910 , illustrating the continued use of the word `` football '' to encompass both association football and rugby <P> In each of the United Kingdom , the United States , and Canada , one football code is known solely as `` football '' , while the others generally require a qualifier . In New Zealand , `` football '' historically referred to rugby union , but more recently may be used unqualified to refer to association football . The sport meant by the word `` football '' in Australia is either Australian rules football or rugby league , depending on local popularity ( which largely conforms to the Barassi Line ) . In francophone Quebec , where Canadian football is more popular , the Canadian code is known as le football while American football is known as le football américain and association football is known as le soccer . Of the 45 national FIFA ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) affiliates in which English is an official or primary language , most currently use Football in their organisations ' official names ; the FIFA affiliates in Canada and the United States use Soccer in their names . A few FIFA affiliates have recently `` normalised '' to using `` Football '' , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia 's association football governing body changed its name in 2005 from using `` soccer '' to `` football '' </Li> <Li> New Zealand 's governing body renamed itself in 2007 , saying `` the international game is called football . '' </Li> <Li> Samoa changed from `` Samoa Football ( Soccer ) Federation '' to `` Football Federation Samoa '' in 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Popularity </H2> <P> Several of the football codes are the most popular team sports in the world . Globally , association football is played by over 250 million players in over 200 nations , and has the highest television audience in sport , making it the most popular in the world , American football , with 1.1 million high school football players and nearly 70,000 college football players , is the most popular sport in the United States , with the annual Super Bowl game accounting for nine of the top ten of the most watched broadcasts in U.S. television history . Australian rules football has the highest spectator attendance of all sports in Australia . Similarly , Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance , and the All - Ireland Football Final is the most watched event of that nation 's sporting year . </P> <H2> Football codes Board </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Football </Td> <Td> Cambridge rules ( 1848 -- 1863 ) </Td> <Td> Association football ( 1863 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Indoor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Beach ( 1992 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Futsal ( 1930 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheffield rules ( 1857 -- 1877 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Paralympic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Street </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rugby Union with minor modifications </Td> <Td> American football ( 1869 - ) </Td> <Td> Flag football , Arena football ( 1987 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rugby rules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Canadian football ( 1861 -- ) </Td> <Td> Flag football </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rugby union ( 1871 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Rugby sevens ( 1883 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rugby league ( 1895 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rugby league sevens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Touch football </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rugby rules and other English public school games </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Australian rules ( 1859 -- ) </Td> <Td> International rules ( 1967 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Gaelic ( 1887 -- ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Football codes development tree </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Football codes development tree </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Football </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Cambridge rules ( 1848 - 1863 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheffield rules ( 1857 - 1877 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby rules </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby rules and other English public school games </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Association Football ( 1863 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Australian rules ( 1859 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Gaelic ( 1887 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby union with minor modifications </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Canadian football ( 1861 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby union ( 1871 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Int'l Rules ( 1967 - ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> American football ( 1869 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby league ( 1895 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby sevens ( 1883 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Flag football </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Arena football ( 1987 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Flag football ( Canadian ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Futsal ( 1930 - ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby league nines </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rugby league sevens </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Touch football </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Beach soccer ( 1992 - ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Indoor soccer </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Paralympic football </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Street soccer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Notes : </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Present day codes and families </H2> <H3> Association football and descendants </H3> Main article : Variants of association football An indoor soccer game at an open - air venue in Mexico . The referee has just awarded the red team a free kick . Street football , Venice ( 1960 ) <P> These codes have in common the prohibition of the use of hands ( by all players except the goalkeeper ) , unlike other codes where carrying or handling the ball is allowed </P> <Ul> <Li> Association football , also known as football , soccer , footy and footie </Li> <Li> Indoor / basketball court variants : <Ul> <Li> Five - a-side football -- played throughout the world under various rules including : <Ul> <Li> Futebol de Salão </Li> <Li> Futsal -- the FIFA - approved five - a-side indoor game </Li> <Li> Minivoetbal -- the five - a-side indoor game played in East and West Flanders where it is extremely popular </Li> <Li> Papi fut -- the five - a-side game played in outdoor basketball courts ( built with goals ) in Central America . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indoor soccer -- the six - a-side indoor game , the Latin American variant ( fútbol rápido , `` fast football '' ) is often played in open - air venues </Li> <Li> Masters Football -- six - a-side played in Europe by mature professionals ( 35 years and older ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paralympic football -- modified game for athletes with a disability . Includes : <Ul> <Li> Football 5 - a-side -- for visually impaired athletes </Li> <Li> Football 7 - a-side -- for athletes with cerebral palsy </Li> <Li> Amputee football -- for athletes with amputations </Li> <Li> Deaf football -- for athletes with hearing impairments </Li> <Li> Powerchair football -- for athletes in electric wheelchairs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beach soccer , beach football or sand soccer -- variant modified for play on sand </Li> <Li> Street football -- encompasses a number of informal variants </Li> <Li> Rush goalie -- a variation in which the role of the goalkeeper is more flexible than normal </Li> <Li> Headers and Volleys -- where the aim is to score goals against a goalkeeper using only headers and volleys </Li> <Li> Crab football -- players stand on their hands and feet and move around on their backs whilst playing </Li> <Li> Swamp soccer -- the game as played on a swamp or bog field </Li> <Li> Jorkyball </Li> <Li> Rushball </Li> </Ul> <P> The hockey game bandy has rules partly based on the association football rules and is sometimes nicknamed as ' winter football ' . </P> <P> There are also motorsport variations of the game . </P> <H3> Rugby school football and descendants </H3> <P> These codes have in common the ability of players to carry the ball with their hands , and to throw it to teammates , unlike association football where the use of hands is prohibited by anyone except the goal keeper . They also feature various methods of scoring based upon whether the ball is carried into the goal area , or kicked through a target . </P> <Ul> <Li> Rugby football <Ul> <Li> Rugby union <Ul> <Li> Mini rugby a variety for children . </Li> <Li> Rugby sevens and Rugby tens -- variants for teams of reduced size . Rugby sevens ; Fiji v Wales at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rugby league -- often referred to simply as `` league '' , and usually known simply as `` football '' or `` footy '' in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland . <Ul> <Li> Rugby league sevens and Rugby league nines -- variant for teams of reduced size . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beach rugby -- rugby played on sand </Li> <Li> Touch rugby -- generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles , one variant has been formalised </Li> <Li> Tag Rugby -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gridiron football <Ul> <Li> American football -- called `` football '' in the United States and Canada , and `` gridiron '' in Australia and New Zealand . <Ul> <Li> Nine - man football , eight - man football , six - man football -- variants played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full teams . </Li> <Li> Flag football -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . </Li> <Li> Street football / backyard football -- played without equipment or official fields and with simplified rules </Li> <Li> Touch football -- non-tackle variants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Canadian football -- called simply `` football '' in Canada ; `` football '' in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context . All of the variants listed for American football are also attested for Canadian football . </Li> <Li> Indoor football , arena football -- indoor variants </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> See also : Comparison of American football and rugby league , Comparison of American football and rugby union , Comparison of Canadian and American football , and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union <H3> Irish and Australian varieties </H3> International rules football test match from the 2005 International Rules Series between Australia and Ireland at Telstra Dome , Melbourne , Australia . <P> These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule , the prohibition of continuous carrying of the ball ( requiring a periodic bounce or solo ( toe - kick ) , depending on the code ) while running , handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it , and other traditions . </P> <Ul> <Li> Australian rules football -- officially known as `` Australian football '' , and informally as `` football '' , `` footy '' or `` Aussie rules '' . In some areas it is referred to as `` AFL '' , the name of the main organising body and competition <Ul> <Li> Auskick -- a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children </Li> <Li> Metro footy ( or Metro rules footy ) -- a modified version invented by the USAFL , for use on gridiron fields in North American cities ( which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches ) </Li> <Li> Kick - to - kick -- informal versions of the game </Li> <Li> 9 - a-side footy -- a more open , running variety of Australian rules , requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area ( includes contact and non-contact varieties ) </Li> <Li> Rec footy -- `` Recreational Football '' , a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules , created by the AFL , which replaces tackles with tags </Li> <Li> Touch Aussie Rules -- a non-tackle variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Samoa rules -- localised version adapted to Samoan conditions , such as the use of rugby football fields </Li> <Li> Masters Australian football ( a.k.a. Superules ) -- reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age </Li> <Li> Women 's Australian rules football -- women 's competition played with a smaller ball and ( sometimes ) reduced contact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gaelic football -- Played predominantly in Ireland . Commonly referred to as `` football '' or `` Gaelic '' <Ul> <Li> Ladies Gaelic football </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> International rules football -- a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players </Li> </Ul> See also : Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football <H3> Surviving Medieval ball games </H3> Inside the UK <Ul> <Li> The Haxey Hood , played on Epiphany in Haxey , Lincolnshire </Li> <Li> Shrove Tuesday games <Ul> <Li> Scoring the Hales in Alnwick , Northumberland </Li> <Li> Royal Shrovetide Football in Ashbourne , Derbyshire </Li> <Li> The Shrovetide Ball Game in Atherstone , Warwickshire </Li> <Li> The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers in Corfe Castle , Dorset </Li> <Li> Hurling the Silver Ball at St Columb Major in Cornwall </Li> <Li> The Ball Game in Sedgefield , County Durham </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> In Scotland the Ba game ( `` Ball Game '' ) is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at : <Ul> <Li> Duns , Berwickshire </Li> <Li> Scone , Perthshire </Li> <Li> Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Outside the UK <Ul> <Li> Calcio Fiorentino -- a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence . </Li> <Li> la Soule -- a modern revival of French medieval football </Li> <Li> lelo burti -- a Georgian traditional football game </Li> </Ul> <H3> Surviving UK school games </H3> Harrow football players after a game at Harrow School ( circa 2005 ) . <P> Games still played at UK public ( independent ) schools : </P> <Ul> <Li> Eton field game </Li> <Li> Eton wall game </Li> <Li> Harrow football </Li> <Li> Winchester College football </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recent inventions and hybrid games </H3> <Ul> <Li> Keepie uppie ( keep up ) -- the art of juggling with a football using the feet , knees , chest , shoulders , and head . <Ul> <Li> Footbag -- several variations using a small bean bag or sand bag as a ball , the trade marked term hacky sack is sometimes used as a generic synonym . </Li> <Li> Freestyle football -- participants are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Based on FA rules <Ul> <Li> Three sided football </Li> <Li> Triskelion </Li> </Ul> Based on rugby <Ul> <Li> Force ' em backs a.k.a. forcing back , forcemanback </Li> </Ul> Hybrid games <Ul> <Li> Austus -- a compromise between Australian rules and American football , invented in Melbourne during World War II . </Li> <Li> Bossaball -- mixes Association football and volleyball and gymnastics ; played on inflatables and trampolines . </Li> <Li> Cycle ball − a sport similar to association football played on bicycles </Li> <Li> Footvolley -- mixes Association football and beach volleyball ; played on sand </Li> <Li> Football tennis -- mixes Association football and tennis </Li> <Li> Kickball -- a hybrid of Association football and baseball , invented in the United States in about 1942 . </Li> <Li> Speedball -- a combination of American football , soccer , and basketball , devised in the United States in 1912 . </Li> <Li> Universal football -- a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league , trialled in Sydney in 1933 . </Li> <Li> Volata -- a game resembling Association football and European handball , devised by Italian fascist leader , Augusto Turati , in the 1920s . </Li> <Li> Wheelchair rugby -- also known as Murderball , invented in Canada in 1977 . Based on ice hockey and basketball rather than rugby . </Li> </Ul> <P> Note : although similar to football and volleyball in some aspects , Sepak takraw has ancient origins and can not be considered a hybrid game . </P> <H3> Tabletop games , video games and other recreations </H3> Based on association football <Ul> <Li> Blow football </Li> <Li> Button football -- also known as Futebol de Mesa , Jogo de Botões </Li> <Li> Fantasy football </Li> <Li> FIFA Video Games Series </Li> <Li> Lego Football </Li> <Li> Mario Strikers </Li> <Li> Penny football </Li> <Li> Pro Evolution Soccer </Li> <Li> Subbuteo </Li> <Li> Table football -- also known as foosball , table soccer , babyfoot , bar football or gettone </Li> </Ul> Based on American football <Ul> <Li> Blood Bowl </Li> <Li> Fantasy football ( American ) </Li> <Li> Madden NFL </Li> <Li> Paper football </Li> </Ul> Based on Australian football <Ul> <Li> AFL video game series <Ul> <Li> List of AFL video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Based on rugby league football <Ul> <Li> Australian Rugby League </Li> <Li> Sidhe 's Rugby League series <Ul> <Li> Rugby League 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Football portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1601 to 1725 in sports : Football </Li> <Li> Football field ( unit of length ) </Li> <Li> Footgolf </Li> <Li> List of types of football </Li> <Li> List of players who have converted from one football code to another </Li> <Li> Names for association football </Li> <Li> Underwater football </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Reilly , Thomas ; Gilbourne , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Science and football : a review of applied research in the football code '' . Journal of Sports Science . 21 ( 9 ) : 693 -- 705 . doi : 10.1080 / 0264041031000102105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Soccer -- or should we say football -- must change '' . 12 June 2014 . New Zealanders on the way to their local rugby grounds should still be talking of `` going to the football '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Football - Britain , the home of Football '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Post Publishing PCL . `` Bangkok Post article '' . bangkokpost.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Football - The Origins '' . FIFA . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Rugby in Australia '' . Rugby Football History . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bailey , Steven ( 1995 ) . `` Living Sports History : Football at Winchester , Eton and Harrow '' . The Sports Historian. 15 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 53 . doi : 10.1080 / 17460269508551675 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkin , Harold ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching the nations how to play : sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth '' . The International Journal of the History of Sport. 6 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 155 . doi : 10.1080 / 09523368908713685 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reilly , Thomas ; Doran , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Science and Gaelic football : A revie '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 19 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 193 . doi : 10.1080 / 026404101750095330 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bale , J. ( 2002 ) . Sports Geography . Taylor & Francis . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 419 - 25230 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Douge , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` Football : the common threads between the games '' . Science and Football ( Second ed . ) . Abingdon : Routledge . pp. 3 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 50911 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Law 1 : The Field of Play - Football Rules & Governance The FA '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Football '' . Etymology Online . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` History of Football - The Origins - FIFA.com '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giossos , Yiannis ; Sotiropoulos , Aristomenis ; Souglis , Athanasios ; Dafopoulou , Georgia ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football '' ( PDF ) . Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity . 3 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.2478 / v10131 - 011 - 0013 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen Guttmann , Lee Austin Thompson ( 2001 ) . Japanese sports : a history . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 9780824824648 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ἐπίσκυρος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007 Edition : `` In ancient Greece a game with elements of football , episkuros , or harpaston , was played , and it had migrated to Rome as harpastum by the 2nd century BC '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ φαινίνδα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nigel Wilson , Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece , Routledge , 2005 , p. 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nigel M. Kennell , The Gymnasium of Virtue : Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta ( Studies in the History of Greece and Rome ) , The University of North Carolina Press , 1995 , on Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Craig , Sports and Games of the Ancients : ( Sports and Games Through History ) , Greenwood , 2002 , on Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Don Nardo , Greek and Roman Sport , Greenhaven Press , 1999 , p. 83 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sally E.D. Wilkins , Sports and games of medieval cultures , Greenwood , 2002 , on Google books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E. Norman Gardiner : `` Athletics in the Ancient World '' , Courier Dover Publications , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 42486 - 3 , p. 229 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Smith : `` Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities '' , 1857 , p. 777 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` A gripping Greek derby '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Hakluyt , Voyages in Search of The North - West Passage Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , University of Adelaide , December 29 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From William Blandowski 's Australien in 142 File : Photographischen Abbildungen , 1857 , ( Haddon Library , Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology , Cambridge ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historia Brittonum at the Medieval Sourcebook . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruff , Julius ( 2001 ) . Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500 -- 1800 . Cambridge University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59894 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jusserand , Jean - Jules. ( 1901 ) . Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 , from http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . Routledge . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , William ( 1988 ) . Sports in the Western World . University of Illinois Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06042 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Alsford , FitzStephen 's Description of London , Florilegium Urbanum , April 5 , 2006 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Francis Peabody Magoun , 1929 , `` Football in Medieval England and Middle - English literature '' ( The American Historical Review , v. 35 , No. 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irish inventions : fact and fiction '' . Carlow-nationalist.ie . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derek Birley ( Sport and The Making of Britain ) . 1993 . Manchester University Press . p. 32 . 978 - 0719037597 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derek Baker ( England in the Later Middle Ages ) . 1995 . Boydell & Brewer . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 648 - 4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary ( no date ) , `` football '' `` . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vivek Chaudhary , `` Who 's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt ? '' ( The Guardian , February 18 , 2004 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anniina Jokinen , Sir Philip Sidney . `` A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds '' ( Luminarium.org , July 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard , Carew . `` EBook of The Survey of Cornwall '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magee , Jonathan ; Caudwell , Jayne ; Liston , Kate ; Scraton , Sheila , eds. ( 2007 ) . Women , Football and Europe : Histories , Equity and Experience . International Football Institute Series . 1 . Meyer & Meyer Sport . ISBN 9781841262253 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A history of Winchester College . by Arthur F Leach . Duckworth , 1899 ISBN 1 - 4446 - 5884 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2003 , `` Richard Mulcaster '' `` . Footballnetwork.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis Peabody Magoun. ( 1938 ) History of football from the beginnings to 1871 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowley , Christopher ( 2015 ) . The Shared Origins of Football , Rugby , and Soccer . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 9781442246195 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis Willughby , 1660 -- 72 , ' ' Book of Games ' '. 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85928 - 460 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Julian Carosi , 2006 , `` The History of Offside '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cox , Richard William ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Routledge . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ example of ball handling in early football from English writer William Hone , writing in 1825 or 1826 , quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden , regarding `` Foot - Ball '' , as played at ( ( Scone , Scotland ) ) , Scotland : <Dl> <Dd> The game was this : he who at any time got the ball into his hands , run ( sic ) with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part ; and then , if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him , he run on ; if not , he threw the ball from him , unless it was wrested from him by the other party , but no person was allowed to kick it . ( William Hone , 1825 -- 26 , The Every - Day Book , `` February 15 . '' Archived January 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Access date : March 15 , 2007 . ) </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ABC Radio National Ockham 's Razor , first broadcast 6 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ THE SURREY CLUB Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , October 07 , 1849 ; pg. 6 . New Readerships </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Football : The First Hundred Years . The Untold Story . Adrian Harvey . 2005 . Routledge , London </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Hope , Accounts and papers of the football club kept by John Hope , WS , and some Hope Correspondence 1787 -- 1886 ( National Archives of Scotland , GD253 / 183 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Foot - Ball Club in Edinburgh , 1824 -- 1841 -- The National Archives of Scotland '' . Nas.gov.uk. 2007 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rugby chronology '' . Museum of Rugby . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne '' . Electricscotland.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soccer Ball World -- Early History . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Archived June 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute , as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder . It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs . However , sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon , who was actually Richard Lindon 's son , and created the ball in 1862 ( ref : Soccer Ball World ) , whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 ( ref : Guardian article ) . Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig 's bladders . This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable , and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ soccerballworld.com , ( no date ) `` Charles Goodyear 's Soccer Ball '' Downloaded 30 / 11 / 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scots invented beautiful game The Scotsman , 14 June 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magoun , Francis Peabody ( 1938 ) . History of football from the beginnings to 1871 . Published by H. Pöppinghaus </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , January 13 , 1839 . New Readerships </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackwood 's Magazine , Published by W. Blackwood , 1862 , page 563 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Saturday , January 07 , 1865 ; Issue 2,229 : `` The Sheffield party , however , eventually took a lead , and through some scientific movements of Mr J Wild , scored a goal amid great cheering '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 's life in london , November 26 , 1865 , issue 2275 : `` We can not help recording the really scientific play with which the Sheffield men backed each other up </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wall , Sir Frederick ( 2005 ) . 50 Years of Football , 1884 -- 1934 . Soccer Books Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86223 - 116 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Cox , Richard ( 2002 ) The encyclopaedia of British Football , Routledge , United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 18 December 1869 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 5 November 1870 , issue 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 18 November 1871 , issue 2 , 681 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 17 February 1872 , issue 2694 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Derby Mercury ( Derby , England ) , Wednesday , March 20 , 1872 ; Issue 8226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Brendan ( 2007 ) . From Sheffield with Love . Sports Book Limited . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899807 - 56 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Association Football , chapter by CW Alcock , The English Illustrated Magazine 1891 , page 287 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Football , the First Hundred Years . Routledge . pp. 273 , ref 34 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35019 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Csanadi Arpad , Hungerian coaching manual `` Soccer '' , Corvina , Budapest 1965 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson Jonathon , Inverting the pyramid : a History of Football Tactics , Orion , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Football Association tribute to the Cambridge Rules '' . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Football , the First Hundred Years . Routledge . pp. 95 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35019 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Brendan ( 2007 ) . From Sheffield with Love . Sports Book Limited . pp. 41 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899807 - 56 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter from Tom Wills '' . MCG website . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Origins of Australian Rules Football '' . MCG website . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibbins , Gillian ; Mancini , Anne ( 1987 ) . Running with the Ball : Football 's Foster Father . Lynedoch Publications . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7316 - 0481 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Shortell . Hacking -- a history Archived 2008 - 04 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Cornwall Referees Society Archived March 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2 October 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` soccer , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . June 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meacham , Scott ( 2006 ) . `` Old Division Football , The Indigenous Mob Soccer Of Dartmouth College ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . dartmo.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` No Christian End ! '' ( PDF ) . The Journey to Camp : The Origins of American Football to 1889 . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allaway , Roger ( 2001 ) . `` Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not ? '' . The USA Soccer History Archives . Dave Litterer . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian Football Timelines ( 1860 -- present ) '' . Football Canada . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline 1860s '' . Official Site of the Canadian Football League . Canadian Football League . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The History of Football '' . The History of Sports . Saperecom. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1800s '' . Rutgers Through The Years . Rutgers University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No Christian End ! The Beginnings of Football in America '' ( PDF ) . The Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History -- CFL.ca -- Official Site of the Canadian Football League '' . CFL.ca . Archived from the original on 13 December 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` gridiron football ( sport ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . britannica.com . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Camp and His Followers : American Football 1876 -- 1889 '' ( PDF ) . The Journey to Camp : The Origins of American Football to 1889 . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Tom ( 1976 ) . The Pro Style : The Complete Guide to Understanding National Football League Strategy . Los Angeles : National Football League Properties , Inc. , Creative Services Division . p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , John ( 2001 ) . `` Tiny Maxwell and the Crisis of 1905 : The Making of a Gridiron Myth '' ( PDF ) . College Football Historical Society : 54 -- 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 08 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vancil , Mark ( Ed . ) ( 2000 ) . ABC Sports College Football All - Time All - America Team . New York : Hyperion Books . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6710 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) History of the Grey Cup </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CFL.ca History , Timeline , 1920 Archived June 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the RFU '' . RFU . Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The governing body is the `` Fédération de soccer du Québec '' `` . Federation-soccer.qc.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stories Soccer to become football in Australia ( SMH.com.au . December 17 , 2004 ) `` ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NZ Football -- The Local Name Of The Global Game '' . NZFootball.co.nz. April 27 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2009 . The international game is called football and were part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` new name & logo for Samoan football '' . Sportingpulse.com. 2009 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Football progress in Samoa '' . Samoaobserver.ws . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Survey : approximately 250 million footballers worldwide '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA. 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mueller , Frederick ; Cantu , Robert ; Van Camp , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Team Sports '' . Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports . Champaign : Human Kinetics . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87322 - 674 - 5 . Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over US $400 billion world wide . 80 % of this is generated in Europe , though its popularity is growing in the United States . It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s , and that number is increasing . In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? '' . Harris Interactive . 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Estimated Probability of Competing in Athletics Beyond the High School Interscholastic Level '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . September 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 4174.0 -- Sports Attendance , Australia , April 1999 '' . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 4174.0 -- Sports Attendance , Australia , 2005 -- 06 '' . Abs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Social Significance of Sport '' ( PDF ) . The Economic and Social Research Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2008 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Initiative 's latest ViewerTrack TM study shows that in Ireland GAA and soccer still dominate the sporting arena , while globally the Super Bowl was the most watched sporting event of 2005 '' . Finfacts.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton . But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time . During the latter half of the 1870s , colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In 1845 , the first rules of rugby were written by Rugby School pupils . But various rules of rugby had existed until the foundation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ There are Canadian rules ( 1 ) established by Football Canada . Apart from this , there are also rules ( 2 ) established by IFAF . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some historians support the theory that the primary influence was rugby football and other games emanating from English public schools . On the other hand , there are also historians who support the theory that Australian rules football and Gaelic Football have some common origins . See Origins of Australian rules football . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summers , Mark . `` The Disability Football Directory '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2006 ) . `` Breaking The Codes '' . RL1908.com . Archived from the original on 21 October 2006 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> Find more aboutFootballat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Eisenberg , Christiane and Pierre Lanfranchi , eds. ( 2006 ) : Football History : International Perspectives ; Special Issue , Historical Social Research 31 , no . 1 . 312 pages . </Li> <Li> Green , Geoffrey ( 1953 ) ; The History of the Football Association ; Naldrett Press , London </Li> <Li> Mandelbaum , Michael ( 2004 ) ; The Meaning of Sports ; Public Affairs , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 252 - 1 </Li> <Li> Williams , Graham ( 1994 ) ; The Code War ; Yore Publications , ISBN 1 - 874427 - 65 - 8 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Team sports </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Governing bodies </Li> <Li> Sportspeople </Li> <Li> National sport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basket sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Basketball <Ul> <Li> beach </Li> <Li> deaf </Li> <Li> 3x3 </Li> <Li> water </Li> <Li> wheelchair </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cestoball </Li> <Li> Korfball </Li> <Li> Netball <Ul> <Li> Fast5 </Li> <Li> indoor </Li> <Li> wheelchair </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rezball </Li> <Li> Ringball </Li> <Li> Slamball </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football codes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Association football <Ul> <Li> amputee </Li> <Li> beach </Li> <Li> freestyle </Li> <Li> Futsal </Li> <Li> indoor </Li> <Li> Jorkyball </Li> <Li> paralympic </Li> <Li> powerchair </Li> <Li> roller </Li> <Li> street </Li> <Li> walking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australian rules football <Ul> <Li> AFLX </Li> <Li> Lightning football </Li> <Li> Metro footy </Li> <Li> Nine - 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Point - to - point ( telecommunications ) - wikipedia <H1> Point - to - point ( telecommunications ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In telecommunications , a point - to - point connection refers to a communications connection between two Communication endpoints or nodes . An example is a telephone call , in which one telephone is connected with one other , and what is said by one caller can only be heard by the other . This is contrasted with a point - to - multipoint or broadcast connection , in which many nodes can receive information transmitted by one node . Other examples of point - to - point communications links are leased lines , microwave radio relay and two - way radio . </P> <P> The term is also used in computer networking and computer architecture to refer to a wire or other connection that links only two computers or circuits , as opposed to other network topologies such as buses or crossbar switches which can connect many communications devices . </P> <P> Point - to - point is sometimes abbreviated as P2P . This usage of P2P is distinct from P2P referring to peer - to - peer for file sharing networks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Basic data link </Li> <Li> 2 Modern links </Li> <Li> 3 Networking </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Basic data link ( edit ) </H2> <P> A traditional point - to - point data link is a communications medium with exactly two endpoints and no data or packet formatting . The host computers at either end take full responsibility for formatting the data transmitted between them . The connection between the computer and the communications medium was generally implemented through an RS - 232 or similar interface . Computers in close proximity may be connected by wires directly between their interface cards . </P> <P> When connected at a distance , each endpoint would be fitted with a modem to convert analog telecommunications signals into a digital data stream . When the connection uses a telecommunications provider , the connection is called a dedicated , leased , or private line . The ARPANET used leased lines to provide point - to - point data links between its packet - switching nodes , which were called Interface Message Processors . </P> <H2> Modern links ( edit ) </H2> A point - to - point wireless unit with built - in antenna at Huntington Beach , California . <P> In modern computer networking , the term point - to - point telecommunications means a wireless data link between two fixed points . The telecommunications signal is typically bi-directional and either time division multiple access ( TDMA ) or channelized . This can be a microwave relay link consisting of a transmitter which transmits a narrow beam of microwaves with a parabolic dish antenna to a second parabolic dish at the receiver . It also includes technologies such as lasers which transmit data modulated on a light beam . These technologies require an unobstructed line of sight between the two points and thus are limited by the visual horizon to distances of about 40 miles . </P> <H2> Networking ( edit ) </H2> <P> In a local network , repeater hubs or switches provide basic connectivity . A hub provides a point - to - multipoint ( or simply multipoint ) circuit in which all connected client nodes share the network bandwidth . A switch on the other hand provides a series of point - to - point circuits , via microsegmentation , which allows each client node to have a dedicated circuit and the added advantage of having full - duplex connections . </P> <P> From the OSI model 's layer perspective , both switches and repeater hubs provide point - to - point connections on the physical layer . However , on the data link layer , a repeater hub provides point - to - multipoint connectivity -- each frame is forwarded to all nodes -- while a switch provides virtual point - to - point connections -- each unicast frame is only forwarded to the destination node . </P> <P> Within many switched telecommunications systems , it is possible to establish a permanent circuit . One example might be a telephone in the lobby of a public building , which is programmed to ring only the number of a telephone dispatcher . `` Nailing down '' a switched connection saves the cost of running a physical circuit between the two points . The resources in such a connection can be released when no longer needed , for example , a television circuit from a parade route back to the studio . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Telecommunications Industry Association 's engineering committees develop U.S. standards for point - to - point communications and related cellular tower structures . Online tools help users find if they have such line of sight . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TR - 14 Structural Standards for Communication and Small Wind Turbine Support Structures '' . Telecommunications Industry Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PtP Estimator Overview '' . AlphiMAX . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point-to-point_(telecommunications)&oldid=840704374 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Network topology </Li> <Li> Telecommunication services </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2006 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 16 : 19 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Processual archaeology - wikipedia <H1> Processual archaeology </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Processual archaeology originated in American Archaeology , where analysing historical change over time had proved difficult with existing technology <P> Processual archaeology ( formerly the New Archaeology ) is a form of archaeological theory that had its genesis in 1958 with the work of Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips , Method and Theory in American Archeology , in which the pair stated that `` American archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing '' ( Willey and Phillips , 1958 : 2 ) , a rephrasing of Frederic William Maitland 's comment : `` My own belief is that by and by anthropology will have the choice between being history and being nothing . '' This idea implied that the goals of archaeology were , in fact , the goals of anthropology , which were to answer questions about humans and human society . That was a critique of the former period in archaeology , the Culture - Historical phase in which archaeologists thought that any information that artifacts contained about past people and past ways of life was lost once the items became included in the archaeological record . All they felt could be done was to catalogue , describe , and create timelines based on the artifacts . </P> <P> Proponents of this new phase in archaeology claimed that with the rigorous use of the scientific method it was possible to get past the limits of the archaeological record and learn something about how the people who used the artifacts lived . Colin Renfrew , a proponent of the new processual archaeology , observed in 1987 that it focuses attention on `` the underlying historical processes which are at the root of change '' . Archaeology , he noted `` has learnt to speak with greater authority and accuracy about the ecology of past societies , their technology , their economic basis and their social organization . Now it is beginning to interest itself in the ideology of early communities : their religions , the way they expressed rank , status and group identity . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Theory </Li> <Li> 2 Further theoretical development </Li> <Li> 3 Legacy </Li> <Li> 4 Criticism </Li> <Li> 5 References <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 5.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Sources </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Theory ( edit ) </H2> `` New Archaeology represents a precipitate , unplanned and unfinished exploration of new disciplinary field space , conducted with very varied success in an atmosphere of complete uncertainty . What at first appeared to be merely a period of technical re-equipment has produced profound practical , theoretical and philosophical problems to which the new archaeologies have responded with diverse new methods , new observations , new paradigms and new theory . However , unlike its parent , the New Archaeology is as yet a set of questions rather than a set of answers ; when the questions are answered it too will be Old Archaeology . '' Processualist David L. Clarke , 1973 . <P> The theoretical frame at the heart of processual archaeology is cultural evolutionism . Processual archaeologists are , in almost all cases , cultural evolutionists . It is from this perspective that they believe they can understand past cultural systems through the remains they left behind . This is because processual archaeologists adhere to Leslie White 's theory that culture can be defined as the exosomatic ( outside the body ) means of environmental adaptation for humans . In other words , they study cultural adaptation to environmental change rather than the bodily adaptation over generations , which is dealt with by evolutionary biologists . This focus on environmental adaptation is based on the cultural ecology and multilinear evolution ideas of anthropologists such as Julian Steward . As exosomatic adaptation , culture is determined by environmental constraints . The result of this is that processual archaeologists propose that cultural change happens within a predictable framework and seek to understand it by the analysis of its components . Moreover , since that framework is predictable , then science is the key to unlocking how those components interacted with the cultural whole . What this all means to processual archaeologists is that cultural changes are driven by evolutionary `` processes '' in cultural development , which will be adaptive relative to the environment and therefore not only understandable , but also scientifically predictable once the interaction of the variables is understood . Thus one should be able to virtually completely reconstruct these `` cultural processes . '' Hence came the name `` processual archaeology '' . Its practitioners were also called `` new archaeologists '' . </P> <P> Methodologically , the advocates of the New Archaeology had to come up with ways of analyzing the archaeological remains in a more scientific fashion . The problem was that no framework for this kind of analysis existed . There was such a dearth of work in this area that it led Willey and Phillips to state in 1958 , `` So little work has been done in American archaeology on the explanatory level that it is difficult to find a name for it '' . Different researchers had different approaches to this problem . Lewis Binford felt that ethno - historical information was necessary to facilitate an understanding of archaeological context . Ethno - historical ( history of peoples ) research involves living and studying the life of those who would have used the artifacts - or at least a similar culture . Binford wanted to prove that the Mousterian assemblage , a group of stone artifacts from France during the ice age , was adapted to its environment , and so Binford spent time with the Nunamiut of Alaska , a people living in conditions very similar to those of France during the period in question . Binford had a good deal of success with this approach , and though his specific problem ultimately eluded complete understanding , the ethno - historical work he did is constantly referred to by researchers today and has since been emulated by many . </P> <P> The new methodological approaches of the processual research paradigm include logical positivism ( the idea that all aspects of culture are accessible through the material record ) , the use of quantitative data , and the hypothetico - deductive model ( scientific method of observation and hypothesis testing ) . </P> <P> During the late 1960s and into the 1970s , archaeologist Kent Flannery began championing the idea that Systems theory could be used in archaeology to attack questions of culture from an unbiased perspective . Systems theory has proved to be a mixed bag for archaeology as a whole . It works well when trying to describe how elements of a culture interact , but appears to work poorly when describing why they interact the way that they do . Nevertheless , Systems Theory has become a very important part of processualism , and is perhaps the only way archaeologists can examine other cultures without interference from their own cultural biases . </P> <P> As an instance , in the field of paleolinguistics , Colin Renfrew , in re-examining Proto - Indo - European language and making a case for the spread of Indo - European languages through neolithic Europe in connection with the spread of farming , outlined three basic , primary processes through which a language comes to be spoken in a specific area : initial colonization , replacement and continuous development . From some obvious reasoning he proceeded to some radically new conclusions . </P> <H2> Further theoretical development ( edit ) </H2> `` Do these developments represent a ' New Archaeology ' ? Well of course it depends on the point of view of the observer and what the observer wishes to see . However , it does seem difficult to sustain the view that the character , scale and rapidity of recent change is of no greater significance than that experienced in other twenty - year spans of archaeological development . We seem rather to have witnessed an interconnected series of dramatic , intersecting and international developments which together may be taken to define new archaeologies within a New Archaeology ; whether we choose to use these terms or avoid them is then mainly a personal , political and semantic decision . '' Processualist David L. Clarke , 1973 . <P> In 1973 , the processualist David Clarke of Cambridge University would publish an academic paper in Antiquity claiming that as a discipline , archaeology had moved from its original `` noble innocence '' through to `` self - consciousness '' and then onto `` critical self - consciousness '' , a symptom of which was the development of the New Archaeology . As a result , he argued , archaeology had suffered a `` loss of innocence '' as archaeologists became sceptical of the work of their forebears . Clarke 's paper would later be described as `` one of the seminal statements of the New Archaeology , by one of its leading proponents '' in Britain , if not elsewhere , by the archaeologists Caroline Malone and Simon Stoddart . </P> <P> Processualism 's development transformed archaeology , and is sometimes called the `` New Archaeology . '' With few notable exceptions such as Boston University , universities in America classify archaeology as a sub-discipline of anthropology , while in Europe it is thought to be a subject more like historical studies . It is important to analyze which sciences are close kin because such analysis highlights the questions of what archaeology ought to study and in what ways . Like the other social scientists , the New Archaeologists or processualists wanted to utilize scientific methodology in their work . Archaeology , and in particular archaeology of the historical period , has sometimes been allied more with humanities disciplines such as Classics . The question of where to put archaeology as a discipline , and its concomitant issues of what archaeology ought to study and which methods it ought to use , likely played no small part in the emergence of post-processualism in Europe . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> In his 2010 book on archaeological theory , Mathew Johnson of the University of Southampton argued that despite the intervening 40 years since its development , the `` intellectual questions '' first posed by processualism remained `` absolutely central '' to archaeology . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> Processual archaeologist David L. Clarke suggested that the New Archaeology would face particular opposition from amateurs , historical archaeologists and practical excavators , although argued that such individuals would nevertheless benefit from the theory 's adoption . </P> <P> Processualism began to be critiqued soon after it emerged , initiating a theoretical movement that would come to be called post-processualism . Post-processualist critics consider the main weaknesses of processual archaeology to be : </P> <Ul> <Li> environmental determinism </Li> <Li> lack of human agency </Li> <Li> view of cultures as homeostatic , with cultural change only resulting from outside stimuli </Li> <Li> failure to take into account factors such as gender , ethnicity , identity , social relations , etc . </Li> <Li> supposed objectivity of interpretation </Li> </Ul> <P> Writing in 1987 , the archaeologist Christopher Chippindale of Cambridge University spoke on the view of processualism at that time , putting it in the context of the 1960s , when he stated that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The sharper students of the current generation reasonably regard the `` New Archaeology '' in its pristine form as a period piece , as strange an artefact of that remote era as the Paris évènements or Woodstock . They have some cause : the then - radical insistence that nothing valuable had been written in archaeology before 1960 matched the hippie belief that anyone over 30 was too ancient to be intelligent , and the optimism that anything could be recovered from the archaeological record if only you searched hard enough was the archaeological version of the hope that the Pentagon could be levitated if only enough people had sufficient faith . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Footnotes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , H.A.L. ; Maitland , Frederic William . `` The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland , vol. 3 ( 1911 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trigger , 1989 : 148 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colin Renfrew , Archaeology and Language : the puzzle of Indo - European origins 1987 : 6 , and `` 6 . Language , population and social organization : a processual approach '' 120ff . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke 1973 . p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , 1959 : 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trigger , 1989 : 289 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trigger , 1989 : 295 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willey and Phillips , 1958 : 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Binford 1962 : 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watson 1991 : 267 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renfrew 1987 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke 1973 . p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke 1973 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malone and Stoddart 1998 . p. 676 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2010 . p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke 1973 . p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chippindale , Christopher . 1987 . Review of `` Processual Archaeology and the Radical Critique '' . Current Anthropology Volume 28 , Number 4 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Clarke , David ( 1973 ) . `` Archaeology : the loss of innocence '' . Antiquity. 47 . pp. 6 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> Johnson , Matthew ( 2010 ) . Archaeological Theory : An Introduction ( second edition ) . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1405100144 . </Li> <Li> Malone , Caroline ; Stoddart , Simon ( 1998 ) . `` Special section : David Clarke 's `` Archaeology : the loss of innocence '' ( 1973 ) 25 years after `` . Antiquity. 72 . pp. 676 -- 677 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Binford , Lewis R . <Ul> <Li> 1962 . `` Archaeology as anthropology '' . In Contemporary Archaeology , ed by M. Leone , pp. 93 -- 101 . Southern Illinois University , Carbondale . </Li> <Li> 1965 . `` Archaeological systematics and the study of culture process '' . In American Antiquity 31 ( 2 ) Part 1 : 203 - 210 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Binford , Sally R. & Lewis Binford . <Ul> <Li> 1968 . New Perspectives in Archaeology . Chicago , Aldine Press . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trigger , Bruce . <Ul> <Li> 1989 . A History of Archaeological Thought . Cambridge University Press : New York </Li> <Li> 1984 . Alternative Archaeologies : nationalist , colonialist , imperialist . Man 19 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 370 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Watson , Patty J . <Ul> <Li> 1991 . `` A Parochial Primer : the New Dissonance as Seen from the Midcontinental United States '' . In Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies , ed. by Preucel , Robert W , pp. 265 -- 274 . Center for Archaeological Investigations . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> White , Leslie A . <Ul> <Li> 1959 . The Evolution of Culture . McGraw - Hill , New York . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Willey , Gordon R. , and Philip Phillips . <Ul> <Li> 1958 . Method and Theory in American Archaeology . Univ. of Chicago Press , Chicago . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <P> Balter , Michael . The Goddess and the Bull : Catalhoyuk , An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization ( 2005 ) for a detailed account of the debate between the processual and post-processual schools of archaeology . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Archaeological Theory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Neo-evolutionary </Li> <Li> Culture - historical </Li> <Li> Marxist <Ul> <Li> Social </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Conjunctive </Li> <Li> Processual ( `` New '' ) </Li> <Li> Behavioural </Li> <Li> Post-processual </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Processual_archaeology&oldid=813623383 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Archaeological theory </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 11 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Dissolution of the Soviet Union - wikipedia <H1> Dissolution of the Soviet Union </H1> <Table> Dissolution of the Soviet Union <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tanks at Red Square during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> December 26 , 1991 ; 26 years ago ( 1991 - 12 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> Template : Unbullet list </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dissolution of the Soviet Union into 15 independent republics </Li> <Li> Conclusion of the Cold War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Post-Soviet states ( alphabetical order ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 . Armenia </Li> <Li> 2 . Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> 3 . Belarus </Li> <Li> 4 . Estonia </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 5 . Georgia </Li> <Li> 6 . Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> 7 . Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> 8 . Latvia </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 9 . Lithuania </Li> <Li> 10 . Moldova </Li> <Li> 11 . Russia </Li> <Li> 12 . Tajikistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 13 . Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> 14 . Ukraine </Li> <Li> 15 . 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It was a result of the declaration number 142 - Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union . The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all . On the previous day , 25 December 1991 , Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union , resigned , declared his office extinct , and handed over its powers -- including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes -- to Russian President Boris Yeltsin . That evening at 7 : 32 p.m. , the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag . </P> <P> Previously , from August to December , all the individual republics , including Russia itself , had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union . The week before the union 's formal dissolution , 11 republics signed the Alma - Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist . Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also marked the end of the Cold War . </P> <P> Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States , Eurasian Economic Community , the Union State , the Eurasian Customs Union , and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation . On the other hand , the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 1985 <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Moscow : Mikhail Gorbachev , new General Secretary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 1986 <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Sakharov </Li> <Li> 2.2 Baltic republics <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Latvia 's Helsinki - 86 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Central Asia <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Kazakhstan : Jeltoqsan riots </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Moscow : One - party democracy </Li> <Li> 3.2 Baltic republics : Molotov -- Ribbentrop protests <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Latvia leads </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Estonia 's first protests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Caucasus <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Armenia : Environmental concerns and Nagorno - Karabakh </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 1988 <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Moscow loses control </Li> <Li> 4.2 Baltic Republics <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Estonian Popular Front </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Latvian Popular Front </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Lithuania 's Sąjūdis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Rebellion in the Caucasus <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Azerbaijan : Violence </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Armenia : Uprising </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Georgia : First demonstrations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 The Western republics <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Democratic Movement of Moldova </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 Demonstrations in Lviv , Ukraine </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Kurapaty , Belarus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 1989 <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Moscow : Limited democratization <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Congress of People 's Deputies of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Loss of satellite states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Baltic `` Chain of Freedom '' <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Lithuania 's Communist Party splits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Caucasus <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 Azerbaijan 's blockade </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2 Armenia 's Karabakh Committee released </Li> <Li> 5.3. 3 Massacre in Tbilisi , Georgia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.4 The Western republics <Ul> <Li> 5.4. 1 Popular Front of Moldova </Li> <Li> 5.4. 2 Ukraine 's Rukh </Li> <Li> 5.4. 3 Belarus : Kurapaty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.5 Central Asian republics <Ul> <Li> 5.5. 1 Fergana , Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> 5.5. 2 Zhanaozen , Kazakhstan </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 1990 <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Moscow loses six republics </Li> <Li> 6.2 Rivalry between USSR and RSFSR </Li> <Li> 6.3 Baltic republics <Ul> <Li> 6.3. 1 Lithuania </Li> <Li> 6.3. 2 Estonia </Li> <Li> 6.3. 3 Latvia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.4 Caucasus <Ul> <Li> 6.4. 1 Azerbaijan 's Black January </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.5 The Western republics <Ul> <Li> 6.5. 1 Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.6 Central Asian republics <Ul> <Li> 6.6. 1 Tajikistan : Dushanbe riots </Li> <Li> 6.6. 2 Kirghizia : Osh massacre </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 1991 <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Moscow 's crisis </Li> <Li> 7.2 Russia 's President Boris Yeltsin </Li> <Li> 7.3 Baltic republics <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Lithuania </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 Latvia </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3 Estonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.4 August coup </Li> <Li> 7.5 The fall : August -- December 1991 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Consequences and impact <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Sports </Li> <Li> 8.2 Telecommunications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Chronology of declarations of restored and newly independent states <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Before the coup </Li> <Li> 9.2 During the coup </Li> <Li> 9.3 After the coup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 10.1 United Nations membership </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Explanations of Soviet dissolution in historiography </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> 1985 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Moscow : Mikhail Gorbachev , New general Secretary ( edit ) </H3> See also : Glasnost and Perestroika Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987 <P> Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11 , 1985 , three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko 's death at age 73 . Gorbachev , aged 54 , was the youngest member of the Politburo . His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy , and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures . The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev - era officials who would impede political and economic change . On April 23 , 1985 , Gorbachev brought two protégés , Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov , into the Politburo as full members . He kept the `` power '' ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate . </P> <P> This liberalization , however , fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union . It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989 , in which Soviet - imposed socialist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were toppled , all peacefully ( with the notable exception of Romania ) , which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union 's constituent republics . Under Gorbachev 's leadership , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature , the Congress of People 's Deputies ( although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990 ) . </P> <P> In May 1985 , Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism . Prices of vodka , wine , and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and to discourage consumption and alcohol rationing was introduced . Unlike most forms of rationing , which is typically adopted as a strategy to conserve scarce goods , this was done to restrict sales with the overt goal of curtailing drunkenness . Gorbachev 's plan also included billboards promoting sobriety , increased penalties for public drunkenness , and censorship of drinking scenes from old movies . This mirrored Tsar Nicholas II 's program during the First World War , which was intended to eradicate drunkenness in order to bolster the war effort . However , that earlier effort was also intended to preserve grain for only the most essential purposes , which did not appear to be a goal in Gorbachev 's program . Gorbachev soon faced the same adverse economic reaction to his prohibition as did the last Tsar . The disincentivization of alcohol consumption was a serious blow to the state budget according to Alexander Yakovlev , who noted annual collections of alcohol taxes decreased by 100 billion rubles . Alcohol sales migrated to the black market and moonshining became more prevalent as some made `` bathtub vodka '' with homegrown potatoes . Poorer , less educated Soviets resorted to drinking unhealthy substitutes such as nail - polish remover , rubbing alcohol , or men 's cologne , resulting in an additional burden on Russia 's healthcare sector due to the increased poisoning cases . The underlying purpose of these reforms was to prop up the existing centrally planned economy , in contrast to later reforms , which tended toward market socialism . </P> <P> On July 1 , 1985 , Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze , First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party , to full member of the Politburo , and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs , replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko . The latter , disparaged as `` Mr Nyet '' in the West , had served for 28 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs . Gromyko was relegated to the largely ceremonial position of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( officially Soviet Head of State ) , as he was considered an `` old thinker . '' Also on July 1 , Gorbachev sidelined his main rival by removing Grigory Romanov from the Politburo and he brought Boris Yeltsin and Lev Zaikov into the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat . </P> <P> In the fall of 1985 , Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government . On September 27 , 55 - year - old Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79 - year - old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers , effectively the Soviet prime minister , and on October 14 , Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee ( GOSPLAN ) . At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15 , Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate . Finally , on December 23 , 1985 , Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin . </P> <H2> 1986 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sakharov ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gorbachev continued to press for greater liberalization . On December 23 , 1986 , the most prominent Soviet dissident , Andrei Sakharov , returned to Moscow shortly after receiving a personal telephone call from Gorbachev telling him that after almost seven years his internal exile for defying the authorities was over . </P> <H3> Baltic republics ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Baltic republics , forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944 , pressed for independence , beginning with Estonia in November 1988 when the Estonian legislature passed laws resisting the control of the central government . While Gorbachev had loosened Soviet control over Eastern Europe , he had made it known that Baltic separatism would not be tolerated and be met with embargoes and force if need be , as there was a tacit agreement in the Politboro of the infeasibility of using force to keep Poland and Czechoslovakia communist , but said loss of power would not extend into the USSR itself . </P> Latvia 's Helsinki - 86 ( edit ) Figure of Liberty on the Freedom Monument in Riga , focus of 1986 Latvian demonstrations . <P> The CTAG ( Latvian : Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa , Human Rights Defense Group ) Helsinki - 86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers : Linards Grantiņš , Raimonds Bitenieks , and Mārtiņš Bariss . Its name refers to the human - rights statements of the Helsinki Accords . Helsinki - 86 was the first openly anti-Communist organization in the U.S.S.R. , and the first openly organized opposition to the Soviet regime , setting an example for other ethnic minorities ' pro-independence movements . </P> <P> On December 26 , 1986 , in the early morning hours after a rock concert , 300 working - class Latvian youths gathered in Riga 's Cathedral Square and marched down Lenin Avenue toward the Freedom Monument , shouting , `` Soviet Russia out ! Free Latvia ! '' Security forces confronted the marchers , and several police vehicles were overturned . </P> <H3> Central asia ( edit ) </H3> Kazakhstan : Jeltoqsan riots ( edit ) <P> The `` Jeltoqsan '' ( Kazakh for `` December '' ) of 1986 were riots in Alma - Ata , Kazakhstan , sparked by Gorbachev 's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh , who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin , an outsider from the Russian SFSR . Demonstrations started in the morning of December 17 , 1986 , with 200 to 300 students in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square protesting Konayev 's dismissal and replacement by a Russian . Protesters swelled to 1,000 then to 5,000 as other students joined the crowd . The CPK Central Committee ordered troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs , druzhiniki ( volunteers ) , cadets , policemen , and the KGB to cordon the square and videotape the participants . The situation escalated around 5 p.m. , as troops were ordered to disperse the protesters . Clashes between the security forces and the demonstrators continued throughout the night in Almaty . </P> <P> On the next day , December 18 , protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops , volunteers , militia units , and Kazakh students turned into a wide - scale confrontation . The clashes could only be controlled on the third day . The Alma - Ata events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent , Pavlodar , Karaganda , and Taldykorgan . Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people . Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed , and an unknown number of casualties . Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests . According to the Kazakh SSR government , there were two deaths during the riots , including a volunteer police worker and a student . Both of them had died due to blows to the head . About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps . Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter ; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000 . The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed , but that figure remains unconfirmed . </P> <H2> </H2> <H3> Moscow : one - Party democracy ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the January 28 -- 30 , 1987 , Central Committee plenum , Gorbachev suggested a new policy of `` Demokratizatsiya '' throughout Soviet society . He proposed that future Communist Party elections should offer a choice between multiple candidates , elected by secret ballot . However , the CPSU delegates at the Plenum watered down Gorbachev 's proposal , and democratic choice within the Communist Party was never significantly implemented . </P> <P> Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost , stating that no subject was off - limits for open discussion in the media . Even so , the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said . For the first time , the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people 's support in exchange for expansion of liberties . The tactic proved successful : Within two years political reform could no longer be sidetracked by Party `` conservatives . '' An unintended consequence was that having saved reform , Gorbachev 's move ultimately killed the very system it was designed to save . </P> <P> On February 7 , 1987 , dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev 's `` thaw '' in the mid-1950s . On May 6 , 1987 , Pamyat , a Russian nationalist group , held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow . The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demonstrators ' way while they marched to an impromptu meeting with Boris Yeltsin , head of the Moscow Communist Party and at the time one of Gorbachev 's closest allies . On July 25 , 1987 , 300 Crimean Tatars staged a noisy demonstration near the Kremlin Wall for several hours , calling for the right to return to their homeland , from which they were deported in 1944 ; police and soldiers merely looked on . </P> <P> On September 10 , 1987 , after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow , Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev , who had been holidaying on the Black Sea . Gorbachev was stunned -- no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Politburo . At the October 27 , 1987 , plenary meeting of the Central Committee , Yeltsin , frustrated that Gorbachev had not addressed any of the issues outlined in his resignation letter , criticized the slow pace of reform , servility to the general secretary , and opposition from Ligachev that had led to his ( Yeltsin 's ) resignation . No one had ever addressed the Party leader so brazenly in front of the Central Committee since Leon Trotsky in the 1920s . In his reply , Gorbachev accused Yeltsin of `` political immaturity '' and `` absolute irresponsibility . '' No one backed Yeltsin . </P> <P> Nevertheless , news of Yeltsin 's insubordination and `` secret speech '' spread , and soon samizdat versions began to circulate . This marked the beginning of Yeltsin 's rebranding as a rebel and rise in popularity as an anti-establishment figure . The following four years of political struggle between Yeltsin and Gorbachev played a large role in the dissolution of the USSR . On November 11 , 1987 , Yeltsin was fired from the post of First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party . </P> <H3> Baltic republics : Molotov -- Ribbentrop protests ( edit ) </H3> <P> On August 23 , 1987 , on the 48th anniversary of the secret protocols of the 1939 Molotov Pact between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin that ultimately turned the then - independent Baltic states over to the Soviet Union , thousands of demonstrators marked the occasion in the three Baltic capitals to sing independence songs and attend speeches commemorating Stalin 's victims . The gatherings were sharply denounced in the official press and closely watched by the police , but were not interrupted . </P> Latvia leads ( edit ) <P> On June 14 , 1987 , about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga , and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin 's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941 . This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history . The authorities did not crack down on demonstrators , which encouraged more and larger demonstrations throughout the Baltic States . The next major anniversary after the August 23 Molotov Pact demonstration was on November 18 , the date of Latvia 's independence in 1918 . On November 18 , 1987 , hundreds of police and civilian militiamen cordoned off the central square to prevent any demonstration at Freedom Monument , but thousands lined the streets of Riga in silent protest regardless . </P> Estonia 's first protests ( edit ) <P> In spring 1987 , a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia . Signatures were collected in Tartu , and students assembled in the university 's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government . At a demonstration on May 1 , 1987 , young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an official ban . On August 15 , 1987 , former political prisoners formed the MRP - AEG group ( Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ) , which was headed by Tiit Madisson . In September 1987 , the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar , Siim Kallas , Tiit Made , and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia 's transition to autonomy . Initially geared toward economic independence , then toward a certain amount of political autonomy , the project , Isemajandav Eesti ( `` A Self - Managing Estonia '' ) became known according to its Estonian acronym , IME , which means `` miracle '' . On October 21 , a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918 -- 1920 Estonian War of Independence took place in Võru , which culminated in a conflict with the militia . For the first time in years , the blue , black , and white national tricolor was publicly displayed . </P> <H3> The Caucasus ( edit ) </H3> Armenia : environmental concerns and Nagorno - Karabakh ( edit ) Environmental concerns over the Metsamor nuclear power plant drove initial demonstrations in Yerevan . <P> On October 17 , 1987 , about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan , the Nairit chemicals plant , and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant , and air pollution in Yerevan . Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway . The demonstration was led by Armenian writers such as Silva Kaputikian , Zori Balayan , and Maro Margarian and leaders from the National Survival organization . The march originated at the Opera Plaza after speakers , mainly intellectuals , addressed the crowd . </P> <P> The following day 1,000 Armenians participated in another demonstration calling for Armenian national rights in Karabagh . The demonstrators demanded the annexation of Nakhchivan and Nagorno - Karabakh to Armenia , and carried placards to that effect . The police tried to physically prevent the march and after a few incidents , dispersed the demonstrators . Nagorno - Karabakh would break out in violence the following year . </P> <H2> 1988 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Moscow loses control ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1988 Gorbachev started to lose control of two regions of the Soviet Union , as the Baltic republics were now leaning towards independence , and the Caucasus descended into violence and civil war . </P> <P> On July 1 , 1988 , the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference , Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last - minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People 's Deputies . Frustrated by the old guard 's resistance , Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to try to separate party and state , and thereby isolate his conservative Party opponents . Detailed proposals for the new Congress of People 's Deputies were published on October 2 , 1988 , and to enable the creation of the new legislature . The Supreme Soviet , during its November 29 -- December 1 , 1988 , session , implemented amendments to the 1977 Soviet Constitution , enacted a law on electoral reform , and set the date of the election for March 26 , 1989 . </P> <P> On November 29 , 1988 , the Soviet Union ceased to jam all foreign radio stations , allowing Soviet citizens for the first time to have unrestricted access to news sources beyond Communist Party control . </P> <H3> Baltic republics ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1986 and 1987 Latvia had been in the vanguard of the Baltic states in pressing for reform . In 1988 Estonia took over the lead role with the foundation of the Soviet Union 's first popular front and starting to influence state policy . </P> Estonian Popular Front ( edit ) <P> The Estonian Popular Front was founded in April 1988 . On June 16 , 1988 , Gorbachev replaced Karl Vaino , the `` old guard '' leader of the Communist Party of Estonia , with the comparatively liberal Vaino Väljas , the Soviet ambassador to Nicaragua . In late June 1988 , Väljas bowed to pressure from the Estonian Popular Front and legalized the flying of the old blue - black - white flag of Estonia , and agreed to a new state language law that made Estonian the official language of the Republic . </P> <P> On October 2 , the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two - day congress . Väljas attended , gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival , while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies . On November 16 , 1988 , the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a declaration of national sovereignty under which Estonian laws would take precedence over those of the Soviet Union . Estonia 's parliament also laid claim to the republic 's natural resources including land , inland waters , forests , mineral deposits , and to the means of industrial production , agriculture , construction , state banks , transportation , and municipal services within the territory of Estonia 's borders . </P> Latvian Popular Front ( edit ) <P> The Latvian Popular Front was founded in June 1988 . On October 4 , Gorbachev replaced Boris Pugo , the `` old guard '' leader of the Communist Party of Latvia , with the more liberal Jānis Vagris . In October 1988 Vagris bowed to pressure from the Latvian Popular Front and legalized flying the former carmine red - and - white flag of independent Latvia , and on October 6 he passed a law making Latvian the country 's official language . </P> Lithuania 's Sąjūdis ( edit ) <P> The Popular Front of Lithuania , called Sąjūdis ( `` Movement '' ) , was founded in May 1988 . On October 19 , 1988 , Gorbachev replaced Ringaudas Songaila , the `` old guard '' leader of the Communist Party of Lithuania , with the relatively liberal Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas . In October 1988 Brazauskas bowed to pressure from Sąjūdis and legalized the flying of the historic yellow - green - red flag of independent Lithuania , and in November 1988 passed a law making Lithuanian the country 's official language and the former national anthem Tautiška giesmė was later reinstated . </P> <H3> Rebellion in the Caucasus ( edit ) </H3> Azerbaijan : violence ( edit ) <P> On February 20 , 1988 , after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert , capital of the Nagorno - Karabakh Autonomous Oblast ( the Armenian majority area within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ) , the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia . This local vote in a small , remote part of the Soviet Union made headlines around the world ; it was an unprecedented defiance of republican and national authorities . On February 22 , 1988 , in what became known as the `` Askeran clash '' , thousands of Azerbaijanis marched towards Nagorno - Karabakh , demanding information about rumors of an Azerbaijani having been killed in Stepanakert . They were informed that no such incident had occurred , but refused to believe it . Dissatisfied with what they were told , thousands began marching toward Nagorno - Karabakh , massacring 50 Armenian villagers in the process . Karabakh authorities mobilised over a thousand police to stop the march , with the resulting clashes leaving two Azerbaijanis dead . These deaths , announced on state radio , led to the Sumgait Pogrom . Between February 26 and March 1 , the city of Sumgait ( Azerbaijan ) saw violent anti-Armenian rioting during which 32 people were killed . The authorities totally lost control and occupied the city with paratroopers and tanks ; nearly all of the 14,000 Armenian residents of Sumgait fled . </P> <P> Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh , which remained part of Azerbaijan . He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics -- on May 21 , 1988 , Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party . From July 23 to September 1988 , a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the Popular Front of Azerbaijan , loosely based on the Estonian Popular Front . On September 17 , when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert , two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured . This led to almost tit - for - tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno - Karabakh 's two main towns : The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert , and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha . On November 17 , 1988 , in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia , a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku 's Lenin Square , lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators . On December 5 , 1988 , the Soviet militia finally moved in , cleared the square by force , and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months . </P> Armenia : uprising ( edit ) <P> The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno - Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself . Daily demonstrations , which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18 , initially attracted few people , but each day the Nagorno - Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled . On February 20 , a 30,000 - strong crowd demonstrated in the Theater Square , by February 22 , there were 100,000 , the next day 300,000 , and a transport strike was declared , by February 25 , there were close to 1 million demonstrators -- more than a quarter of Armenia 's population - . This was the first of the large , peaceful public demonstrations that would become a feature of communism 's overthrow in Prague , Berlin , and , ultimately , Moscow . Leading Armenian intellectuals and nationalists , including future first president of independent Armenia Levon Ter - Petrossian , formed the eleven - member Karabakh Committee to lead and organize the new movement . </P> <P> Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh , which remained part of Azerbaijan . Instead he sacked both Republics ' Communist Party Leaders : On May 21 , 1988 , Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia . However , Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28 , allowed Armenians to unfurl the red - blue - orange First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years . On June 15 , 1988 , the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia . Armenia , formerly one of the most loyal Republics , had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic . On July 5 , 1988 , when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan 's Zvartnots International Airport , shots were fired and one student protester was killed . In September , further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles . In the autumn of 1988 almost all of the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists , with over 100 killed in the process -- this , after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan . On November 25 , 1988 , a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence . </P> <P> On December 7 , 1988 , the Spitak earthquake struck , killing an estimated 25,000 to 50,000 people . When Gorbachev rushed back from a visit to the United States , he was so angered to be confronted by protesters calling for Nagorno - Karabakh to be made part of the Armenian Republic -- during a natural disaster -- that on December 11 , 1988 , he ordered the entire Karabakh Committee to be arrested . </P> Georgia : first demonstrations ( edit ) <P> In November 1988 , in Tbilisi , capital of Soviet Georgia , many demonstrators camped out in front of the republic 's legislature calling for Georgia 's independence and in support of Estonia 's declaration of sovereignty . </P> <H3> The western republics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Democratic movement of Moldova ( edit ) <P> Beginning in February 1988 , the Democratic Movement of Moldova ( formerly Moldavia ) organized public meetings , demonstrations , and song festivals , which gradually grew in size and intensity . In the streets , the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău , and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor ( The `` Alee of the Classics ( of the Literature ) '' ) . On January 15 , 1988 , in a tribute to Mihai Eminescu at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor , Anatol Şalaru submitted a proposal to continue the meetings . In the public discourse , the movement called for national awakening , freedom of speech , revival of Moldavian traditions , and for attainment of official status for the Romanian language and return to the Latin alphabet . The transition from `` movement '' ( an informal association ) to `` front '' ( a formal association ) was seen as a natural `` upgrade '' once a movement gained momentum with the public , and the Soviet authorities no longer dared to crack down on it . </P> Demonstrations in Lviv , Ukraine ( edit ) <P> On April 26 , 1988 , about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev 's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster , carrying placards with slogans like `` Openness and Democracy to the End . '' Between May and June 1988 , Ukrainian Catholics in western Ukraine celebrated the Millennium of Christianity in Kievan Rus ' in secret by holding services in the forests of Buniv , Kalush , Hoshiv , and Zarvanytsia . On June 5 , 1988 , as the official celebrations of the Millennium were held in Moscow , the Ukrainian Cultural Club hosted its own observances in Kiev at the monument to St. Volodymyr the Great , the grand prince of Kievan Rus ' . </P> <P> On June 16 , 1988 , 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference , to begin on June 29 . On June 21 , a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list . Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium . On July 7 , 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika . On July 17 , a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk . The militia tried to disperse attendees , but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946 . On August 4 , which came to be known as `` Bloody Thursday , '' local authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika . Forty - one people were detained , fined , or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest . On September 1 , local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at Ivan Franko State University . </P> <P> On November 13 , 1988 , approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna , the Kyiv University student club Hromada , and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit ( `` Green World '' ) and Noosfera , to focus on ecological issues . From November 14 -- 18 , 15 Ukrainian activists were among the 100 human - , national - and religious - rights advocates invited to discuss human rights with Soviet officials and a visiting delegation of the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( also known as the Helsinki Commission ) . On December 10 , hundreds gathered in Kiev to observe International Human Rights Day at a rally organized by the Democratic Union . The unauthorized gathering resulted in the detention of local activists . </P> Kurapaty , Belarus ( edit ) <P> The Partyja BPF ( Belarusian Popular Front ) was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence , à la the Baltic republics ' popular fronts . The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak , the Belarusian Popular Front 's first leader , gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus . It claimed that the NKVD performed secret killings in Kurapaty . Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB . </P> <H2> 1989 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Moscow : limited democratization ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice , albeit limited , for the first time since 1917 , when they elected the new Congress of People 's Deputies . Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature 's deliberations , where people witnessed the previously feared Communist leadership being questioned and held accountable . This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in Poland , which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer -- which in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew communism in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989 , the year the Berlin Wall fell . These events showed that the people of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not support Gorbachev 's drive to modernize Communism ; rather , they preferred to abandon it altogether . </P> <P> This was also the year that CNN became the first non-Soviet broadcaster allowed to beam its TV news programs to Moscow . Officially , CNN was available only to foreign guests in the Savoy Hotel , but Muscovites quickly learned how to pick up signals on their home televisions . That had a major impact on how Russians saw events in their country , and made censorship almost impossible . </P> Congress of people 's Deputies of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Andrei Sakharov , formerly exiled to Gorky , was elected to the Congress of People 's Deputies in March 1989 . <P> The month - long nomination period for candidates for the Congress of People 's Deputies of the USSR lasted until January 24 , 1989 . For the next month , selection among the 7,531 district nominees took place at meetings organized by constituency - level electoral commissions . On March 7 , a final list of 5,074 candidates was published ; about 85 % were Party members . </P> <P> In the two weeks prior to the 1,500 district polls , elections to fill 750 reserved seats of public organizations , contested by 880 candidates , were held . Of these seats , 100 were allocated to the CPSU , 100 to the All - Union Central Council of Trade Unions , 75 to the Communist Youth Union ( Komsomol ) , 75 to the Committee of Soviet Women , 75 to the War and Labour Veterans ' Organization , and 325 to other organizations such as the Academy of Sciences . The selection process was done in April . </P> <P> In the March 26 general elections , voter participation was an impressive 89.8 % , and 1,958 ( including 1,225 district seats ) of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled . In district races , run - off elections were held in 76 constituencies on April 2 and 9 and fresh elections were organized on April 20 and 14 to May 23 , in the 199 remaining constituencies where the required absolute majority was not attained . While most CPSU - endorsed candidates were elected , more than 300 lost to independent candidates such as Yeltsin , physicist Andrei Sakharov and lawyer Anatoly Sobchak . </P> <P> In the first session of the new Congress of People 's Deputies , from May 25 to June 9 , hardliners retained control but reformers used the legislature as a platform for debate and criticism -- which was broadcast live and uncensored . This transfixed the population ; nothing like this freewheeling debate had ever been witnessed in the U.S.S.R. On May 29 , Yeltsin managed to secure a seat on the Supreme Soviet , and in the summer he formed the first opposition , the Inter-Regional Deputies Group , composed of Russian nationalists and liberals . Composing the final legislative group in the Soviet Union , those elected in 1989 played a vital part in reforms and the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union during the next two years . </P> <P> On May 30 , 1989 , Gorbachev proposed that nationwide local elections , scheduled for November 1989 , be postponed until early 1990 because there were still no laws governing the conduct of such elections . This was seen by some as a concession to local Party officials , who feared they would be swept from power in a wave of anti-establishment sentiment . </P> <P> On October 25 , 1989 , the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in national and local elections , responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic . After vigorous debate , the 542 - member Supreme Soviet passed the measure 254 - 85 ( with 36 abstentions ) . The decision required a constitutional amendment , ratified by the full congress , which met December 12 -- 25 . It also passed measures that would allow direct elections for presidents of each of the 15 constituent republics . Gorbachev strongly opposed such a move during debate but was defeated . </P> <P> The vote expanded the power of republics in local elections , enabling them to decide for themselves how to organize voting . Latvia , Lithuania , and Estonia had already proposed laws for direct presidential elections . Local elections in all the republics had already been scheduled to take place between December and March 1990 . </P> Loss of satellite states ( edit ) The Eastern Bloc <P> The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe , while nominally independent , were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states . All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945 , had Soviet - style socialist states imposed upon them , and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs . Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force -- in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968 . Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine , which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states , in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies -- jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song `` My Way '' . </P> <H3> Baltic `` chain of Freedom '' ( edit ) </H3> `` Baltic Way '' 1989 demonstration in Šiauliai , Lithuania . The coffins are decorated with national flags of the three Baltic Republics and are placed symbolically beneath Soviet and Nazi flags . <P> The Baltic Way or Baltic Chain ( also Chain of Freedom Estonian : Balti kett , Latvian : Baltijas ceļš , Lithuanian : Baltijos kelias , Russian : Балтийский путь ) was a peaceful political demonstration on August 23 , 1989 . An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) across Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944 . The colossal demonstration marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence and led to the occupation of the Baltic states in 1940 . </P> <P> In December 1989 , the Congress of People 's Deputies accepted -- and Gorbachev signed -- the report by the Yakovlev Commission condemning the secret protocols of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop pact . </P> Lithuania 's Communist Party Splits ( edit ) <P> In the March 1989 elections to the Congress of Peoples Deputies , 36 of the 42 deputies from Lithuania were candidates from the independent national movement Sąjūdis . This was the greatest victory for any national organization within the USSR and was a devastating revelation to the Lithuanian Communist Party of its growing unpopularity . </P> <P> On December 7 , 1989 , the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas , split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional `` leading role '' in politics . A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party , headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevičius , was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU . However , Lithuania 's governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow 's control -- a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control . The following year , the Communist Party lost power altogether in multiparty parliamentary elections which had caused Vytautas Landsbergis to become the first non-Communist president of Lithuania since its forced incorporation into the USSR . </P> <H3> Caucasus ( edit ) </H3> Azerbaijan 's blockade ( edit ) <P> On July 16 , 1989 , the Popular Front of Azerbaijan held its first congress and elected Abulfaz Elchibey , who would become President , as its chairman . On August 19 , 600,000 protesters jammed Baku 's Lenin Square ( now Azadliq Square ) to demand the release of political prisoners . In the second half of 1989 , weapons were handed out in Nagorno - Karabakh . When Karabakhis got hold of small arms to replace hunting rifles and crossbows , casualties began to mount ; bridges were blown up , roads were blockaded , and hostages were taken . </P> <P> In a new and effective tactic , the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia , which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia 's freight came from Azerbaijan . Under pressure from the Popular Front the Communist authorities in Azerbaijan started making concessions . On September 25 , they passed a sovereignty law that gave precedence to Azerbaijani law , and on October 4 , the Popular Front was permitted to register as a legal organization as long as it lifted the blockade . Transport communications between Azerbaijan and Armenia never fully recovered . Tensions continued to escalate and on December 29 , Popular Front activists seized local party offices in Jalilabad , wounding dozens . </P> Armenia 's Karabakh Committee released ( edit ) <P> On May 31 , 1989 , the 11 members of the Karabakh Committee , who had been imprisoned without trial in Moscow 's Matrosskaya Tishina prison , were released , and returned home to a hero 's welcome . Soon after his release , Levon Ter - Petrossian , an academic , was elected chairman of the anti-communist opposition Pan-Armenian National Movement , and later stated that it was in 1989 that he first began considering full independence . </P> Massacre in Tbilisi , Georgia ( edit ) Photos of victims ( mostly young women ) of an April 1989 massacre in Tbilisi , Georgia . <P> On April 7 , 1989 , Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia . On April 9 , 1989 , troops attacked the demonstrators ; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded . This event radicalized Georgian politics , prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule . On April 14 , Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze . </P> <P> On July 16 , 1989 , in Abkhazia 's capital Sukhumi , a protest against the opening of a Georgian university branch in the town led to violence that quickly degenerated into a large - scale inter-ethnic confrontation in which 18 died and hundreds were injured before Soviet troops restored order . This riot marked the start of the Georgian - Abkhaz conflict . </P> <H3> The western republics ( edit ) </H3> Popular Front of Moldova ( edit ) <P> In the March 26 , 1989 , elections to the Congress of People 's Deputies , 15 of the 46 Moldavian deputies sent to Moscow were supporters of the Nationalist / Democratic movement . The Popular Front of Moldova founding congress took place two months later , on May 20 , 1989 . During its second congress ( June 30 -- July 1 , 1989 ) , Ion Hadârcă was elected its president . </P> <P> A series of demonstrations that became known as the Grand National Assembly ( Romanian : Marea Adunare Naţională ) was the Front 's first major achievement . Such mass demonstrations , including one attended by 300,000 people on August 27 , convinced the Moldavian Supreme Soviet on August 31 to adopt the language law making Moldovan the official language , and replacing the Cyrillic alphabet with Latin characters . </P> Ukraine 's Rukh ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In Ukraine , Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22 , 1989 . Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben ( religious service ) in front of St. George 's Cathedral . In Kiev , 60 activists met in a Kiev apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the Ukrainian People 's Republic in 1918 . On February 11 -- 12 , 1989 , the Ukrainian Language Society held its founding congress . On February 15 , 1989 , the formation of the Initiative Committee for the Renewal of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was announced . The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the Writers Union of Ukraine and were published in the journal Literaturna Ukraina on February 16 , 1989 . The organization heralded Ukrainian dissidents such as Vyacheslav Chornovil . </P> <P> In late February , large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws , on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People 's Deputies , and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine , Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , lampooned as `` the mastodon of stagnation . '' The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev . On February 26 , 1989 , between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv , marking the anniversary of the death of 19th - century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko . </P> <P> On March 4 , 1989 , the Memorial Society , committed to honoring the victims of Stalinism and cleansing society of Soviet practices , was founded in Kiev . A public rally was held the next day . On March 12 , A pre-election meeting organized in Lviv by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and the Marian Society Myloserdia ( Compassion ) was violently dispersed , and nearly 300 people were detained . On March 26 , elections were held to the union Congress of People 's Deputies ; by - elections were held on April 9 , May 14 , and May 21 . Among the 225 Ukrainian deputies , most were conservatives , though a handful of progressives made the cut . </P> <P> From April 20 -- 23 , 1989 , pre-election meetings were held in Lviv for four consecutive days , drawing crowds of up to 25,000 . The action included a one - hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions . It was the first labor strike in Lviv since 1944 . On May 3 , a pre-election rally attracted 30,000 in Lviv . On May 7 , The Memorial Society organized a mass meeting at Bykivnia , site of a mass grave of Ukrainian and Polish victims of Stalinist terror . After a march from Kiev to the site , a memorial service was staged . </P> <P> From mid-May to September 1989 , Ukrainian Greek - Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow 's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church . They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow . The protest ended with the arrests of the group on September 18 . On May 27 , 1989 , the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was held . On June 18 , 1989 , an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in Ivano - Frankivsk in western Ukraine , responding to Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky 's call for an international day of prayer . </P> <P> On August 19 , 1989 , the Russian Orthodox Parish of Saints Peter and Paul announced it would be switching to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church . On September 2 , 1989 , tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations : 50,000 in Lviv , 40,000 in Kiev , 10,000 in Zhytomyr , 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad , and 2,000 in Kharkiv . From September 8 -- 10 , 1989 , writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh , the People 's Movement of Ukraine , at its founding congress in Kiev . On September 17 , between 150,000 and 200,000 people marched in Lviv , demanding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . On September 21 , 1989 , exhumation of a mass grave began in Demianiv Laz , a nature preserve south of Ivano - Frankivsk . On September 28 , First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , a holdover from the Brezhnev era , was replaced by Vladimir Ivashko . </P> <P> On October 1 , 1989 , a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv 's Druzhba Stadium , where a concert celebrating the Soviet `` reunification '' of Ukrainian lands was being held . On October 10 , Ivano - Frankivsk was the site of a pre-election protest attended by 30,000 people . On October 15 , several thousand people gathered in Chervonohrad , Chernivtsi , Rivne , and Zhytomyr ; 500 in Dnipropetrovsk ; and 30,000 in Lviv to protest the election law . On October 20 , faithful and clergy of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church participated in a synod in Lviv , the first since its forced liquidation in the 1930s . </P> <P> On October 24 , the union Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating special seats for Communist Party and other official organizations ' representatives . On October 26 , twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities ' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible . From October 26 -- 28 , the Zelenyi Svit ( Friends of the Earth -- Ukraine ) environmental association held its founding congress , and on October 27 the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating the special status of party and other official organizations . </P> <P> On October 28 , 1989 , the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1 , 1990 , Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine , while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups . On the same day The Congregation of the Church of the Transfiguration in Lviv left the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed itself the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . The following day , thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz , and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the `` victims of the repressions of 1939 -- 1941 '' soon would be erected . </P> <P> In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered . On November 19 , 1989 , a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners , friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains : human - rights activists Vasyl Stus , Oleksiy Tykhy , and Yuri Lytvyn . Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery . On November 26 , 1989 , a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky , thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev . On November 28 , 1989 , the Ukrainian SSR 's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations . The decree was proclaimed on December 1 , coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president . </P> <P> On December 10 , 1989 , the first officially sanctioned observance of International Human Rights Day was held in Lviv . On December 17 , an estimated 30,000 attended a public meeting organized in Kiev by Rukh in memory of Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov , who died on December 14 . On December 26 , the Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian SSR adopted a law designating Christmas , Easter , and the Feast of the Holy Trinity official holidays . </P> <P> In May 1989 , a Soviet dissident , Mustafa Dzhemilev , was elected to lead the newly founded Crimean Tatar National Movement . He also led the campaign for return of Crimean Tatars to their homeland in Crimea after 45 years of exile . </P> Belarus : Kurapaty ( edit ) Meeting in Kurapaty , Byelorussia , 1989 <P> On January 24 , 1989 , the Soviet authorities in Byelorussia agreed to the demand of the democratic opposition to build a monument to thousands of people shot by Stalin - era police in the Kuropaty Forest near Minsk in the 1930s . </P> <P> On September 30 , 1989 , thousands of Byelorussians , denouncing local leaders , marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine . Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red - and - white Byelorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities . Later , they gathered in the city center near the government 's headquarters , where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov , the republic 's Communist Party leader , and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones . </P> <H3> Central Asian republics ( edit ) </H3> Fergana , Uzbekistan ( edit ) <P> Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley , southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent , to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4 -- 11 , 1989 ; about 100 people were killed . On June 23 , 1989 , Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov , who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state . </P> Zhanaozen , Kazakhstan ( edit ) Nursultan Nazarbayev became leader of the Kazakh SSR in 1989 and later led Kazakhstan to independence . <P> In Kazakhstan on June 19 , 1989 , young men carrying guns , firebombs , iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen , causing a number of deaths . The youths tried to seize a police station and a water - supply station . They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries . By June 25 , the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea . A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks , stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak , about 90 miles from Zhanaozen , before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters . Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev , Shepke , Fort - Shevchenko and Kulsary , where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire . </P> <P> On June 22 , 1989 , Gorbachev removed Gennady Kolbin ( the ethnic Russian whose appointment caused riots in December 1986 ) as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan for his poor handling of the June events , and replaced him with Nursultan Nazarbayev , an ethnic Kazakh who went on to lead Kazakhstan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state for decades . </P> <H2> 1990 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Moscow loses six republics ( edit ) </H3> <P> On February 7 , 1990 , the Central Committee of the CPSU accepted Gorbachev 's recommendation that the party give up its monopoly on political power . In 1990 , all fifteen constituent republics of the USSR held their first competitive elections , with reformers and ethnic nationalists winning many seats . The CPSU lost the elections in six republics : </P> <Ul> <Li> In Lithuania , to Sąjūdis , on February 24 ( run - off elections on March 4 , 7 , 8 , and 10 ) . </Li> <Li> In Moldova , to the Popular Front of Moldova , on February 25 . </Li> <Li> In Estonia , to the Estonian Popular Front , on March 18 . </Li> <Li> In Latvia , to the Latvian Popular Front , on March 18 ( run - off elections on March 25 , April 1 , and April 29 ) . </Li> <Li> In Armenia , to the Pan-Armenian National Movement , on May 20 ( run - off elections on June 3 and July 15 ) . </Li> <Li> In Georgia , to Round Table - Free Georgia , on October 28 ( run - off election on November 11 ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> The constituent republics began to declare their national sovereignty and began a `` war of laws '' with the Moscow central government ; they rejected union - wide legislation that conflicted with local laws , asserted control over their local economy and refused to pay taxes . President Landsbergis of Lithuania also exempted Lithuanian men from mandatory service in the Soviet Armed Forces . This conflict caused economic dislocation as supply lines were disrupted , and caused the Soviet economy to decline further . </P> <H3> Rivalry between USSR and RSFSR ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 4 , 1990 , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic held relatively free elections for the Congress of People 's Deputies of Russia . Boris Yeltsin was elected , representing Sverdlovsk , garnering 72 percent of the vote . On May 29 , 1990 , Yeltsin was elected chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR , despite the fact that Gorbachev asked Russian deputies not to vote for him . </P> <P> Yeltsin was supported by democratic and conservative members of the Supreme Soviet , who sought power in the developing political situation . A new power struggle emerged between the RSFSR and the Soviet Union . On June 12 , 1990 , the Congress of People 's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted a declaration of sovereignty . On July 12 , 1990 , Yeltsin resigned from the Communist Party in a dramatic speech at the 28th Congress . </P> Lithuania 's Vytautas Landsbergis <H3> Baltic republics ( edit ) </H3> Lithuania ( edit ) <P> Gorbachev 's visit to the Lithuanian capital Vilnius on January 11 -- 13 , 1990 , provoked a pro-independence rally attended by an estimated 250,000 people . </P> <P> On March 11 , the newly elected parliament of the Lithuanian SSR elected Vytautas Landsbergis , the leader of Sąjūdis , as its chairman and proclaimed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania , making Lithuania the first Soviet Republic to break away from the USSR . Moscow reacted with an economic blockade keeping the troops in Lithuania ostensibly `` to secure the rights of ethnic Russians '' . </P> Estonia 's Edgar Savisaar Estonia ( edit ) <P> On March 25 , 1990 , the Estonian Communist Party voted to split from the CPSU after a six - month transition . </P> <P> On March 30 , 1990 , the Estonian Supreme Council declared the Soviet occupation of Estonia since World War II to be illegal and began reestablishing Estonia as an independent state . </P> <P> On April 3 , 1990 , Edgar Savisaar of the Popular Front of Estonia was elected chairman of the Council of Ministers ( the equivalent of being Prime Minister ) . </P> Latvia 's Ivars Godmanis Latvia ( edit ) <P> Latvia declared the restoration of independence on May 4 , 1990 , with the declaration stipulating a transitional period to complete independence . The Declaration stated that although Latvia had de facto lost its independence in World War II , the country had de jure remained a sovereign country because the annexation had been unconstitutional and against the will of the Latvian people . The declaration also stated that Latvia would base its relationship with the Soviet Union on the basis of the Latvian -- Soviet Peace Treaty of 1920 , in which the Soviet Union recognized Latvia 's independence as inviolable `` for all future time '' . May 4 is now a national holiday in Latvia . </P> <P> On May 7 , 1990 , Ivars Godmanis of the Latvian Popular Front was elected chairman of the Council of Ministers ( the equivalent of being Latvia 's Prime Minister ) . </P> <H3> Caucasus ( edit ) </H3> Azerbaijan 's black January ( edit ) <P> During the first week of January 1990 , in the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan , the Popular Front led crowds in the storming and destruction of the frontier fences and watchtowers along the border with Iran , and thousands of Soviet Azerbaijanis crossed the border to meet their ethnic cousins in Iranian Azerbaijan . It was the first time the Soviet Union had lost control of an external border . </P> Azerbaijani stamp with photos of Black January <P> Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988 . On January 9 , 1990 , after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno - Karabakh within its budget , renewed fighting broke out , hostages were taken , and four Soviet soldiers were killed . On January 11 , Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran . Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan ; the events that ensued are known as `` Black January . '' Late on January 19 , 1990 , after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines , 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku , smashing barricades , attacking protesters , and firing into crowds . On that night and during subsequent confrontations ( which lasted until February ) , more than 130 people died . Most of these were civilians . More than 700 civilians were wounded , hundreds were detained , but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses . </P> <P> Civil liberties suffered . Soviet Defence Minister Dmitry Yazov stated that the use of force in Baku was intended to prevent the de facto takeover of the Azerbaijani government by the non-communist opposition , to prevent their victory in upcoming free elections ( scheduled for March 1990 ) , to destroy them as a political force , and to ensure that the Communist government remained in power . This marked the first time the Soviet Army took one of its own cities by force . </P> <P> The army had gained control of Baku , but by January 20 it had essentially lost Azerbaijan . Nearly the entire population of Baku turned out for the mass funerals of `` martyrs '' buried in the Alley of Martyrs . Thousands of Communist Party members publicly burned their party cards . First Secretary Vezirov decamped to Moscow and Ayaz Mutalibov was appointed his successor in a free vote of party officials . The ethnic Russian Viktor Polyanichko remained second secretary and the power behind the throne . </P> <P> Following the hardliners ' takeover , the September 30 , 1990 elections ( runoffs on October 14 ) were characterized by intimidation ; several Popular Front candidates were jailed , two were murdered , and unabashed ballot stuffing took place , even in the presence of Western observers . The election results reflected the threatening environment ; out of the 350 members , 280 were Communists , with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups , who together formed a Democratic Bloc ( `` Dembloc '' ) . In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed . </P> <H3> The western republics ( edit ) </H3> Ukraine ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Viacheslav Chornovil , a prominent Ukrainian dissident and a lead figure of Rukh . <P> On January 21 , 1990 , Rukh organized a 300 - mile ( 480 km ) human chain between Kiev , Lviv , and Ivano - Frankivsk . Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later ( 1919 Unification Act ) . On January 23 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 ( an act which the gathering declared invalid ) . On February 9 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh . However , the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4 . At the 1990 elections of people 's deputies to the Supreme Council ( Verkhovna Rada ) , candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts . A majority of the seats had to hold run - off elections . On March 18 , Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run - offs . The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament . </P> <P> On April 6 , 1990 , the Lviv City Council voted to return St. George Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . The Russian Orthodox Church refused to yield . On April 29 -- 30 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Helsinki Union disbanded to form the Ukrainian Republican Party . On May 15 the new parliament convened . The bloc of conservative communists held 239 seats ; the Democratic Bloc , which had evolved into the National Council , had 125 deputies . On June 4 , 1990 , two candidates remained in the protracted race for parliament chair . The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine ( CPU ) , Volodymyr Ivashko , was elected with 60 percent of the vote as more than 100 opposition deputies boycotted the election . On June 5 -- 6 , 1990 , Metropolitan Mstyslav of the U.S. - based Ukrainian Orthodox Church was elected patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church ( UAOC ) during that Church 's first synod . The UAOC declared its full independence from the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church , which in March had granted autonomy to the Ukrainian Orthodox church headed by the Metropolitan Filaret . </P> Leonid Kravchuk became Ukraine 's leader in 1990 . <P> On June 22 , 1990 , Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament . Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU . On July 11 , Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later , on July 18 . On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine -- with a vote of 355 in favour and four against . The people 's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday . </P> <P> On July 23 , 1990 , Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman . On July 30 , Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers `` in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan '' to return to Ukrainian territory . On August 1 , Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . On August 3 , it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic . On August 19 , the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral . On September 5 -- 7 , the International Symposium on the Great Famine of 1932 -- 1933 was held in Kiev . On September 8 , The first `` Youth for Christ '' rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv , with 40,000 participants . In September 28 -- 30 , the Green Party of Ukraine held its founding congress . On September 30 , nearly 100,000 people marched in Kiev to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev . </P> <P> On October 1 , 1990 , parliament reconvened amid mass protests calling for the resignations of Kravchuk and of Prime Minister Vitaliy Masol , a leftover from the previous régime . Students erected a tent city on October Revolution Square , where they continued the protest . </P> <P> On October 17 Masol resigned , and on October 20 , Patriarch Mstyslav I of Kiev and all Ukraine arrived at Saint Sophia 's Cathedral , ending a 46 - year banishment from his homeland . On October 23 , 1990 , Parliament voted to delete Article 6 of the Ukrainian Constitution , which referred to the `` leading role '' of the Communist Party . </P> <P> On October 25 -- 28 , 1990 , Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the `` renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine '' . On October 28 UAOC faithful , supported by Ukrainian Catholics , demonstrated near St. Sophia 's Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine . On November 1 , the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , respectively , Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav , met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the Western Ukrainian National Republic . </P> <P> On November 18 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia 's Cathedral . Also on November 18 , Canada announced that its consul - general to Kiev would be Ukrainian - Canadian Nestor Gayowsky . On November 19 , the United States announced that its consul to Kiev would be Ukrainian - American John Stepanchuk . On November 19 , the chairmen of the Ukrainian and Russian parliaments , respectively , Kravchuk and Yeltsin , signed a 10 - year bilateral pact . In early December 1990 the Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine was founded ; on December 15 , the Democratic Party of Ukraine was founded . </P> <H3> Central Asian republics ( edit ) </H3> Tajikistan : Dushanbe riots ( edit ) Main article : 1990 Dushanbe riots Tajik nationalist protesters squared off against the Soviet Army in Dushanbe . <P> On February 12 -- 14 , 1990 , anti-government riots took place in Tajikistan 's capital , Dushanbe , as tensions rose between nationalist Tajiks and ethnic Armenian refugees , after the Sumgait pogrom and anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan in 1988 . During these riots , demonstrations sponsored by the nationalist Rastokhez movement turned violent . Radical economical and political reforms were demanded by the protesters which in turned torched government buildings ; shops and other businesses were attacked and looted. 26 people were killed and 565 people were injured . </P> Kirghizia : Osh massacre ( edit ) Main article : Osh riots ( 1990 ) <P> In June 1990 , the city of Osh and its environs experienced bloody ethnic clashes between ethnic Kirghiz nationalist group Osh Aymaghi and Uzbek nationalist group Adolat over the land of a former collective farm . There were about 1,200 casualties , including over 300 dead and 462 seriously injured . The riots broke out over the division of land resources in and around the city . </P> <H2> 1991 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Moscow 's crisis ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 14 , 1991 , Nikolai Ryzhkov resigned from his post as Chairman of the Council of Ministers , or premier of the Soviet Union , and was succeeded by Valentin Pavlov in the newly established post of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union . </P> <P> On March 17 , 1991 , in a Union - wide referendum 76.4 percent of voters endorsed retention of a reformed Soviet Union . The Baltic republics , Armenia , Georgia , and Moldova boycotted the referendum as well as Checheno - Ingushetia ( an autonomous republic within Russia that had a strong desire for independence , and by now referred to itself as Ichkeria ) . In each of the other nine republics , a majority of the voters supported the retention of a reformed Soviet Union . </P> <H3> Russia 's President Boris Yeltsin ( edit ) </H3> Boris Yeltsin , Russia 's first democratically elected President <P> On June 12 , 1991 , Boris Yeltsin won 57 percent of the popular vote in the democratic elections , defeating Gorbachev 's preferred candidate , Nikolai Ryzhkov , who won 16 percent of the vote . Following Yeltsin 's election as president , Russia declared itself independent . In his election campaign , Yeltsin criticized the `` dictatorship of the center , '' but did not yet suggest that he would introduce a market economy . </P> <H3> Baltic republics ( edit ) </H3> Lithuania ( edit ) Main article : January Events ( Lithuania ) <P> On January 13 , 1991 , Soviet troops , along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group , stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement . Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured . On the night of July 31 , 1991 , Russian OMON from Riga , the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics , assaulted the Lithuanian border post in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen . This event further weakened the Soviet Union 's position internationally and domestically , and stiffened Lithuanian resistance . </P> Latvia ( edit ) Main article : The Barricades Barricade erected in Riga to prevent the Soviet Army from reaching the Latvian Parliament , July 1991 . <P> The bloody attacks in Lithuania prompted Latvians to organize defensive barricades ( the events are still today known as `` The Barricades '' ) blocking access to strategically important buildings and bridges in Riga . Soviet attacks in the ensuing days resulted in six deaths and several injuries ; one person died later of their wounds . </P> Estonia ( edit ) Main article : Tallinn TV Tower <P> When Estonia had officially restored its independence during the coup ( see below ) in the dark hours of August 20 , 1991 , at 11 : 03 pm Tallinn time , many Estonian volunteers surrounded the Tallinn TV Tower in an attempt to prepare to cut off the communication channels after the Soviet troops seized it and refused to be intimidated by the Soviet troops . When Edgar Savisaar confronted the Soviet troops for ten minutes , they finally retreated from the TV tower after a failed resistance against the Estonians . </P> <H3> August coup ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt Tanks in Red Square during the 1991 coup attempt . <P> Faced with growing separatism , Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state . On August 20 , 1991 , the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president , foreign policy and military . It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics , which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper . However , it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life . </P> <P> More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required , even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states . Independence also accorded with Yeltsin 's desires as president of the Russian Federation , as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow 's pervasive control . In contrast to the reformers ' lukewarm response to the treaty , the conservatives , `` patriots , '' and Russian nationalists of the USSR -- still strong within the CPSU and the military -- were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure . </P> Russian President Boris Yeltsin speaks atop a tank outside the White House in defiance of the August 1991 coup . <P> On August 19 , 1991 , Gorbachev 's vice president , Gennady Yanayev , Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov , Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov , KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov and other senior officials acted to prevent the union treaty from being signed by forming the `` General Committee on the State Emergency , '' which put Gorbachev -- on holiday in Foros , Crimea -- under house arrest and cut off his communications . The coup leaders issued an emergency decree suspending political activity and banning most newspapers . </P> <P> Coup organizers expected popular support but found that public opinion in large cities and in the republics was mostly against them , manifested by public demonstrations , especially in Moscow . Russian SFSR President Yeltsin condemned the coup and garnered popular support . </P> <P> Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House ( the Russian Federation 's parliament and Yeltsin 's office ) , the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time . The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin , who rallied opposition to the coup by making speeches from atop a tank . The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House , but members refused to storm the barricaded building . The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts , so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN . Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into the BBC World Service on a small transistor radio . </P> <P> After three days , on August 21 , 1991 , the coup collapsed . The organizers were detained and Gorbachev was reinstated as president , albeit with his power much depleted . </P> <H3> The fall : August -- December 1991 ( edit ) </H3> Signing of the agreement to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , December 8 , 1991 . <P> On August 24 , 1991 , Gorbachev dissolved the Central Committee of the CPSU , resigned as the party 's general secretary , and dissolved all party units in the government . Five days later , the Supreme Soviet indefinitely suspended all CPSU activity on Soviet territory , effectively ending Communist rule in the Soviet Union and dissolving the only remaining unifying force in the country . Gorbachev established a State Council of the Soviet Union on 5 September , designed to bring him and the highest officials of the remaining republics into a collective leadership , able to appoint a premier of the Soviet Union ; it never functioned properly , though Ivan Silayev de facto took the post through the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy and the Interstate Economic Committee and tried to form a government though with rapidly reducing powers . </P> <P> The Soviet Union collapsed with dramatic speed in the last quarter of 1991 . Between August and December , 10 republics declared their independence , largely out of fear of another coup . By the end of September , Gorbachev no longer had the authority to influence events outside of Moscow . He was challenged even there by Yeltsin , who had begun taking over what remained of the Soviet government , including the Kremlin . </P> <P> On September 17 , 1991 , General Assembly resolution numbers 46 / 4 , 46 / 5 , and 46 / 6 admitted Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania to the United Nations , conforming to Security Council resolution numbers 709 , 710 , and 711 passed on September 12 without a vote . </P> <P> By 7 November 1991 , most newspapers referred to the country as the ' former Soviet Union ' . </P> <P> The final round of the Soviet Union 's collapse began with a Ukrainian popular referendum on December 1 , 1991 , in which 90 percent of voters opted for independence . The secession of Ukraine , long second only to Russia in economic and political power , ended any realistic chance of Gorbachev keeping the Soviet Union together even on a limited scale . The leaders of the three principal Slavic republics , Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus ( formerly Byelorussia ) , agreed to discuss possible alternatives to the union . </P> <P> On December 8 , the leaders of Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha , in western Belarus , and signed the Belavezha Accords , which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) as a looser association to take its place . They also invited other republics to join the CIS . Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup . However , by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that , as the preamble of the Accords put it , `` the USSR , as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality , is ceasing its existence . '' </P> <P> On December 12 , the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty . It also recalled the Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . The legality of this action was questionable , since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies . However , no one in either Russia or the Kremlin objected . Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect , since the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December . On the surface , it appeared that the largest republic had formally seceded . However , this is not the case . Russia apparently took the line that it was not possible to secede from a country that no longer existed . Later that day , Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down . </P> <P> On December 17 , 1991 , along with 28 European countries , the European Community , and four non-European countries , the three Baltic Republics and nine of the twelve remaining Soviet republics signed the European Energy Charter in the Hague as sovereign states . </P> Five double - headed Russian eagles ( below ) replace the former state emblem of the Soviet Union and the `` СССР '' letters ( above ) in the façade of the Grand Kremlin Palace after the dissolution of the USSR . <P> Doubts remained over whether the Belavezha Accords had legally dissolved the Soviet Union , since they were signed by only three republics . However , on December 21 , 1991 , representatives of 11 of the 12 remaining republics -- all except Georgia -- signed the Alma - Ata Protocol , which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS . They also `` accepted '' Gorbachev 's resignation . While Gorbachev had n't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet , he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality . </P> <P> In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25 , 1991 , Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR -- or , as he put it , `` I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . '' He declared the office extinct , and all of its powers ( such as control of the nuclear arsenal ) were ceded to Yeltsin . A week earlier , Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union 's dissolution . On the same day , the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia 's legal name from `` Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic '' to `` Russian Federation , '' showing that it was now a sovereign state . </P> <P> On the night of December 25 , at 7 : 32 p.m. Moscow time , after Gorbachev left the Kremlin , the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time , and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place at 11 : 40 pm , symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union . In his parting words , he defended his record on domestic reform and détente , but conceded , `` The old system collapsed before a new one had time to start working . '' On that same day , the President of the United States George H.W. Bush held a brief televised speech officially recognizing the independence of the 11 remaining republics . </P> <P> On December 26 , the upper chamber of the Union 's Supreme Soviet voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence . ( The lower chamber , the Council of the Union , had been unable to work since December 12 , when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum . ) The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev 's former office , though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier . By the end of 1991 , the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation , and individual republics assumed the central government 's role . </P> <P> The Alma - Ata Protocol also addressed other issues , including UN membership . Notably , Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union 's UN membership , including its permanent seat on the Security Council . The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary - General dated December 24 , 1991 , informing him that by virtue of the Alma - Ata Protocol , Russia was the successor state to the USSR . After being circulated among the other UN member states , with no objection raised , the statement was declared accepted on the last day of the year , December 31 , 1991 . </P> <H2> Consequences and impact ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sports ( edit ) </H3> <P> The breakup of the Soviet Union saw a massive impact in the sporting world . Before its dissolution , the team had just qualified for Euro 1992 , but their place was instead taken by the CIS national football team . After the tournament , the former Soviet Republics competed as separate independent nations , with FIFA allocating the Soviet team 's record to Russia . </P> <P> Before the start of the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and the Summer Olympics in Barcelona , The Olympic Committee of the USSR formally existed until March 12 , 1992 , when it disbanded but it was succeeded by the Russian Olympic Committee . However , 12 of the 15 former Soviet Republics competed together as the Unified Team and marched under the Olympic Flag in Barcelona , where they finished first in the medal rankings . Separately , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia also competed as independent nations in the 1992 Games . The Unified Team also competed in Albertville earlier in the year ( represented by six of the twelve ex-Republics ) , and finished second in the medal ranking at those Games . Afterwards , the individual IOCs of the non-Baltic former republics were established and made their debut in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta . </P> <H3> Telecommunications ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Soviet Union 's calling code of + 7 continues to be used by Russia and Kazakhstan . Between 1993 and 1997 , many newly independent republics implemented their own numbering plans such as Belarus ( + 375 ) and Ukraine ( + 380 ) . </P> <H2> Chronology of declarations of restored and newly independent states ( edit ) </H2> <P> States with limited recognition are shown in italics . </P> Animated map showing independent states , and territorial changes to the Soviet Union , in chronological order . <H3> Before the coup ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lithuania -- March 11 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Estonia ( transitional ) -- March 30 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Latvia ( transitional ) -- May 4 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Abkhazia -- August 25 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Tatarstan - August 30 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Transnistria -- September 2 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Georgia -- April 9 , 1991 </Li> </Ul> <H3> During the coup ( edit ) </H3> Zviazda , a state newspaper of the Belarusian SSR , issue from August 25 , 1991 . The headline reads , Belarus is independent ! <Ul> <Li> Gagauzia -- August 19 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Estonia ( effective ) -- August 20 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Latvia ( effective ) -- August 21 , 1991 </Li> </Ul> <H3> After the coup ( edit ) </H3> Country emblems of the independent states , before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union . <Ul> <Li> Ukraine -- August 24 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Byelorussia / Belarus -- August 25 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Moldova -- August 27 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Kirghizia -- August 31 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan -- September 1 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh Republic -- September 2 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Tajikistan -- September 9 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Armenia -- September 21 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan -- October 18 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan -- October 27 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Chechen Republic of Ichkeria -- November 1 , 1991 </Li> <Li> South Ossetia -- November 28 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Russian SFSR -- December 12 , 1991 ( the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords , renounced the 1922 Union Treaty , and recalled Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR ) . </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan -- December 16 , 1991 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Nostalgia for the Soviet Union <P> According to a 2014 poll , 57 percent of citizens of Russia regretted the collapse of the Soviet Union , while 30 percent said they did not . Elderly people tended to be more nostalgic than younger Russians . 50 % of respondents in Ukraine in a similar poll held in February 2005 stated they regret the disintegration of the Soviet Union . A similar poll conducted in 2016 showed only 35 % Ukrainians regretting the Soviet Union collapse , and 50 % not regretting this . </P> <P> On 25 January 2016 , Russian President Vladimir Putin blamed Lenin and his advocating for the individual republics ' right to political secession for the breakup of the Soviet Union . </P> <P> The breakdown of economic ties that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in living standards in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc , which was even worse than the Great Depression . Poverty and economic inequality surged ; between 1988 / 1989 and 1993 / 1995 , the Gini ratio increased by an average of 9 points for all former socialist countries . Even before Russia 's financial crisis in 1998 , Russia 's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s . </P> <H3> United Nations membership ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a letter dated December 24 , 1991 , Boris Yeltsin , the President of the Russian Federation , informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States . </P> <P> However , the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had already joined the UN as original members on October 24 , 1945 , together with the Soviet Union . After declaring independence , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on August 24 , 1991 , and on September 19 , 1991 , the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to the Republic of Belarus . </P> <P> The other twelve independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : </P> <Ul> <Li> September 17 , 1991 : Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania </Li> <Li> March 2 , 1992 : Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> July 31 , 1992 : Georgia </Li> </Ul> <H2> Explanations of Soviet dissolution in historiography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Historiography on Soviet dissolution can be roughly classified in two groups : intentionalist accounts and structuralist accounts . </P> <P> Intentionalist accounts contend that Soviet collapse was not inevitable , and resulted from the policies and decisions of specific individuals ( usually , Gorbachev and Yeltsin ) . One characteristic example of intentionalist writing is historian Archie Brown 's The Gorbachev Factor , which argues Gorbachev was the main force in Soviet politics at least in the period 1985 -- 1988 ; even later , he largely spearheaded the political reforms and developments , as opposed to ' being led by events ' . This was especially true of the policies of perestroika and glasnost , market initiatives , and foreign policy stance , as political scientist George Breslauer has seconded , labelling Gorbachev a `` man of the events '' . In a slightly different vein , David Kotz and Fred Weir have contended that Soviet elites were responsible for spurring on both nationalism and capitalism , from which they could personally benefit ( this is also demonstrated by their continued presence in the higher economic and political echelons of post-Soviet republics ) . </P> <P> Structuralist accounts , by contrast , take a more deterministic view , in which Soviet dissolution was an outcome of deeply - rooted structural issues , which planted a ' time - bomb ' . For example , Stephen Walker has argued that while minority nationalities were denied power at the Union level , confronted by a culturally - destabilizing form of economic modernization , and subjected to a certain amount of Russification , they were at the same time strengthened by several policies pursued by Soviet regime ( such as indigenization of leadership , support for local languages , etc . ) -- which over time created conscious nations . Furthermore , the basic legitimating myths of the Soviet Union federative system -- that it was a voluntary and mutual union of allied peoples -- eased the task of secession / independence . On January 25 , 2016 , Russian president Vladimir Putin supported this view , calling Lenin 's support of the right of secession for the Soviet Republics a `` delay - action bomb '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Soviet Union portal </Li> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Belavezha Accords </Li> <Li> Breakup of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Dissolution of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> German reunification </Li> <Li> History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) </Li> <Li> History of Russia ( 1992 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Predictions of Soviet collapse </Li> <Li> Union of Sovereign States </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Russian : Распа́д Сове́тского Сою́за , tr . Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza , more frequently a negatively connotated Russian : Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за , tr . Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza variant is used </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) Declaration No 142 - Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union , formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev , Last Soviet Leader , Resigns ; U.S. Recognizes Republics ' Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The End of the Soviet Union ; Text of Declaration : ' Mutual Recognition ' and ' an Equal Basis ' '' . The New York Times . December 22 , 1991 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev , Last Soviet Leader , Resigns ; U.S. Recognizes Republics ' Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв ( Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv ) '' . Archontology . March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carrere D'Encausse , Helene ( 1993 ) . The End of the Soviet Empire : The Triumph of the Nations ( English -- translated by Franklin Philip ed . ) . New York , NY : The New Republic ( Basic Books ) division of HarperCollins . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 09812 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Beissinger , Mark . `` Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University : 5 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev 's role in 1989 turmoil '' . BBC News . April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Gorbachev Plan : Restructuring Soviet Power '' . The New York Times . June 30 , 1988 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Third Russian Revolution ; Transforming the Communist Party '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 1990 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hough , Jerry F. ( 1997 ) , pp. 124 -- 125 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1986 : Sakharov comes in from the cold '' . BBC News . December 23 , 1972 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Elsuwege , Peter ( 2008 ) . From Soviet Republics to EU Member States : A Legal and Political Assessment of the Baltic States ' Accession to the EU . Studies in EU External Relations . 1 . BRILL . p. xxii . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16945 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev Says Ethnic Unrest Could Destroy Restructuring Effort '' . The New York Times . November 28 , 1988 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebeling , Richard `` How Lithuania Took Down the Soviet Union '' https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/how-lithuania-helped-take-down-the-soviet-union/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nationalist riots in Kazakhstan : `` Violent nationalist riots erupted in Alma - Ata , the capital of Kazakhstan , on 17 & 18 December 1986 '' `` . Informaworld . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soviet Riots Worse Than First Reported '' , San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , Calif. : February 19 , 1987 . p. 22 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kazakhstan : Jeltoqsan Protest Marked 20 Years Later '' , RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeltoqsan Movement blames leader of Kazakh Communists '' Archived September 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , EurasiaNet </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 , from ProQuest Newsstand . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leon Aron , Boris Yeltsin A Revolutionary Life . Harper Collins , 2000 . page 187 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soviet Releasing Some Prisoners Under New Law '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 1987 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barringer , Felicity ( May 24 , 1987 ) . `` Russian Nationalists Test Gorbachev '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barringer , Felicity ( July 26 , 1987 ) . `` Tartars Stage Noisy Protest in Moscow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Clery , Conor . Moscow December 25 , 1991 : The Last Day of the Soviet Union . Transworld Ireland ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84827 - 112 - 8 , p. 71 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Conor O'Clery , Moscow December 25 , 1991 : The Last Day of the Soviet Union . Transworld Ireland ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84827 - 112 - 8 , p. 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( November 1 , 1987 ) . `` Critic of Gorbachev Offers to Resign His Moscow Party Post '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( August 24 , 1987 ) . `` Lithuanians Rally For Stalin Victims '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Latvian Protest Reported Curbed '' . New York Times . November 19 , 1987 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Estonia 's return to independence 1987 -- 1991 '' . Estonia.eu . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia Official Site '' . Armeniaforeignministry.com . October 18 , 1987 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Government in the Soviet Union : Gorbachev 's Proposal for Change '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 1988 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Union of Soviet SOSocialist Republics : Parliamentary elections Congress of People 's Deputies of the USSR , 1989 '' . Ipu.org . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.radiojamming.puslapiai.it/article_en.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Estonia Gets Hope '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Helsinki , Finland : UPI . October 23 , 1989 . p. 9 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( October 4 , 1988 ) . `` Estonia Ferment : Soviet Role Model or Exception ? '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Website of Estonian Embassy in London ( National Holidays ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Edward ( 2003 ) . Dissolution . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2453 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pages 10 -- 12 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fuller , `` Nagorno - Karabakh : The Death and Casualty Toll to Date , '' RL 531 / 88 , Dec. 14 , 1988 , pp. 1 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Modern Hatreds : The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War - Page 63 by Stuart J. Kaufman </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 , p. 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page 82 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` Gunfire Erupts in Tense Soviet Area '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page 69 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page 83 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 , p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pages 60 -- 61 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( June 16 , 1988 ) . `` Armenian Legislature Bakcs ( sic ) Calls For Annexing Disputed Territory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barringer , Felicity ( July 11 , 1988 ) . `` Anger Alters the Chemistry of Armenian Protest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( September 23 , 1988 ) . `` Parts Of Armenia Are Blocked Off By Soviet Troops '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pages 62 -- 63 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taubman , Philip ( November 26 , 1988 ) . `` Soviet Army Puts Armenian Capital Under Its Control '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barringer , Felicity ( December 12 , 1988 ) . `` Amid the Rubble , Armenians Express Rage at Gorbachev '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barringer , Felicity ( November 29 , 1988 ) . `` Tension Called High In Armenia Capital , With 1,400 Arrests '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Independence : a timeline ( PART I ) ( 08 / 19 / 01 ) '' . Ukrweekly.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Graves of 500 Stalin Victims Are Reported Outside Minsk '' . The New York Times . August 18 , 1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( December 28 , 1988 ) . `` Stalin 's Victims : An Uneasy Enshrinement '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pages 188 -- 189 . Conor O'Clery . Moscow December 25 , 1991 : The Last Day of the Soviet Union . Transworld Ireland ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clines , Francis X . ( May 15 , 1989 ) . `` This Time , Many Candidates for Soviet Voters '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( May 30 , 1989 ) . `` Moscow Maverick , in Shift , Is Seated in Supreme Soviet '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( May 31 , 1989 ) . `` Gorbachev Urges a Postponement of Local Voting '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fein , Esther B. ( October 25 , 1989 ) . `` Soviet Legislature Votes to Abolish Official Seats '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolchik , Sharon L. ; Jane Leftwich Curry ( 2007 ) . Central and East European Politics : From Communism to Democracy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 238 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4068 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senn ( 1995 ) , p. 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Anne ( September 2 , 1989 ) . `` Communists in Baltics Shying From Kremlin '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fein , Esther B. ( December 8 , 1989 ) . `` Upheaval in the East ; Lithuania Legalizes Rival Parties , Removing Communists ' Monopoly '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page 86 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Huge Azerbaijani Rally Asks Moscow to Free Prisoners '' . The New York Times . August 20 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 , p. 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( September 26 , 1989 ) . `` A Gorbachev Deadline on Armenia Issue '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 , p. 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fein , Esther B. ( August 27 , 1989 ) . `` 11 Armenians Leave Prison , Find Celebrity '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page 72 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soldiers Patrolling Soviet Georgia Amid Wave of Nationalist Protests '' . The New York Times . April 8 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fein , Esther B. ( April 10 , 1989 ) . `` At Least 16 Killed as Protesters Battle the Police in Soviet Georgia '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fein , Esther ( April 25 , 1989 ) . `` Kremlin Calls Georgia Violence a Local Operation '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soviet Troops Struggle To Curb Georgia Strife '' . The New York Times . July 18 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Update on the Moldavian Elections to the USSR Congress of People 's Deputies '' . 24 May 1989 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esther B. Fein , `` Baltic Nationalists Voice Defiance But Say They Wo n't Be Provoked '' , in The New York Times , August 28 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King , p. 140 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Belarus Plans to Build Memorial to Stalin 's Victims '' . The New York Times . January 25 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marchers in Minsk Demand Further Chernobyl Cleanup '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan Riots Reported Quelled '' . The New York Times . June 12 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fein , Esther B. ( June 20 , 1989 ) . `` Soviets Report an Armed Rampage in Kazakhstan '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fein , Esther B. ( June 26 , 1989 ) . `` Rioting Youths Reportedly Attack The Police in Soviet Kazakhstan '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power : This Day in History -- 2 / 7 / 1990 '' . History.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acton , Edward , ( 1995 ) Russia , The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy , Longmann Group Ltd ( 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 582 - 08922 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leon Aron , Boris Yeltsin A Revolutionary Life . Harper Collins , 2000 . page 739 -- 740 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1990 : Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists '' . BBC News . July 12 , 1990 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nina Bandelj , From Communists to Foreign Capitalists : The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe , Princeton University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12912 - 9 , p. 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Upheaval in the East ; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay '' . The New York Times . March 26 , 1990 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Upheaval in the East : Azerbaijan ; Angry Soviet Crowd Attacks What Is Left Of Iran Border Posts '' . The New York Times . January 7 , 1990 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 , p. 90 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Page 89 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Page 93 Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black Garden de Waal , Thomas . 2003 . NYU . 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SovietHistory.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles King , The Ghost of Freedom : History of the Caucasus </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H. , Hunt , Michael . The world transformed : 1945 to the present . p. 321 . ISBN 9780199371020 . OCLC 907585907 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerbner , George ( 1993 ) . `` Instant History : The Case of the Moscow Coup '' . Political Communication . 10 : 193 -- 203 . ISSN 1058 - 4609 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 46th Session ( 1991 -- 1992 ) -- General Assembly -- Quick Links -- Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library '' . United Nations . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmemann , Serge ( 7 November 1991 ) . `` Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The On paper , the Russian SFSR had the constitutional right to `` freely secede from the Soviet Union '' ( art . 69 of the RSFSR Constitution , art . 72 of the USSR Constitution ) , but according to USSR laws 1409 - I ( enacted on April 3 , 1990 ) and 1457 - I ( enacted on April 26 , 1990 ) this could be done only by referendum with two - thirds of all registered voters supporting it . No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the Russian SFSR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis X . Clines , `` Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances '' , The New York Times , December 13 , 1991 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Concluding document of The Hague Conference on the European Energy Charter '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis X . Clines , `` 11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers '' , The New York Times , December 22 , 1991 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H. , Hunt , Michael . The world transformed : 1945 to the present . pp. 323 -- 324 . ISBN 9780199371020 . OCLC 907585907 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sputnik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Over Half of Russians Regret Loss of Soviet Union '' . ria.ru . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russians , Ukrainians Evoke Soviet Union '' Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Angus Reid Global Monitor ( 01 / 02 / 05 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dynamics of nostalgia for USSR '' , `` Rating '' sociological group ( 05 / 10 / 16 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Putin : Lenin 's Ideas Destroyed USSR by Backing Republics Right to Secession '' . sputniknews.com . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Child poverty soars in eastern Europe '' , BBC News , October 11 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Can Transition Economies Learn from the First Ten Years ? A New World Bank Report '' , Transition Newsletter , World Bank , K-A.kg </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Who Lost Russia ? '' , The New York Times , October 8 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( 2017 ) . The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century . Princeton University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0691165028 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Archie ( 1997 ) . The Gorbachev Factor . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19288 - 052 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breslauer , George ( 2002 ) . Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 274 -- 275 . ISBN 978 - 0521892445 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kotz , David and Fred Weir . `` The Collapse of the Soviet Union was a Revolution from Above '' . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union : 155 -- 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward , Walker ( 2003 ) . Dissolution : Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union . Oxford : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 74252 - 453 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Putin : Lenin 's Ideas Destroyed USSR by Backing Republics Right to Secession '' , sputniknews , January 25 , 2016 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` After the Fall : Building Nations out of the Soviet Union '' ( PDF ) . History of the International Monetary Fund 1990 -- 1999 -- Tearing Down Walls . International Monetary Fund . </Li> <Li> Aron , Leon . Boris Yeltsin : A Revolutionary Life . Harper Collins ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653041 - 9 </Li> <Li> Aron , Leon . `` The ' Mystery ' of Soviet Collapse . '' Journal of Democracy 17.2 ( 2006 ) : 21 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Beissinger , Mark . `` Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism '' Contemporary European History 18.3 ( 2009 ) : 331 -- 347 . </Li> <Li> Brown , Archie . The Gorbachev Factor . Oxford University Press ( 1997 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19288 - 052 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Cohen , Stephen . `` Was the Soviet System Reformable ? '' Slavic Review 63.3 ( 2004 ) : 459 -- 488 . </Li> <Li> Crawshaw , Steve . Goodbye to the USSR : The Collapse of Soviet Power . Bloomsbury ( 1992 ) . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 1561 - 1 </Li> <Li> Dallin , Alexander . `` Causes of the Collapse of the USSR . '' Post-Soviet Affairs 8.4 ( 1992 ) . </Li> <Li> Dawisha , Karen & Parrott , Bruce ( Editors ) . `` Conflict , cleavage , and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus '' . Cambridge University Press ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59731 - 5 </Li> <Li> de Waal , Thomas . Black Garden . NYU ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 </Li> <Li> Gorbachev , Mikhail . Memoirs . Doubleday ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 385 - 40668 - 1 </Li> <Li> Gvosdev , Nikolas K. , ed . The Strange Death of Soviet Communism : A Post-Script . Transaction Publishers ( 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 41280 - 698 - 5 </Li> <Li> Kotz , David , and Fred Weir . `` The Collapse of the Soviet Union was a Revolution from Above . '' In The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , edited by Laurie Stoff , 155 -- 164 . Thomson Gale ( 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Mayer , Tom . `` The Collapse of Soviet Communism : A Class Dynamics Interpretation . '' Social Forces 80.3 ( 2002 ) : 759 -- 811 . </Li> <Li> Miller , Chris ( 13 October 2016 ) . The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy : Mikhail Gorbachev and the Collapse of the USSR . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4696 - 3018 - 2 . </Li> <Li> O'Clery , Conor . Moscow December 25 , 1991 : The Last Day of the Soviet Union . Transworld Ireland ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84827 - 112 - 8 </Li> <Li> Segrillo , Angelo . The Decline of the Soviet Union : A Hypothesis on Industrial Paradigms , Technological Revolutions and the Roots of Perestroika . LEA Working Paper Series , no . 2 , December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Plokhy , Serhii . The Last Empire : The Final Days of the Soviet Union . Oneworld ( 2014 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78074 - 646 - 3 </Li> <Li> Strayer , Robert . Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse ? Understanding Historical Change . M.E. Sharpe ( 1998 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 76560 - 004 - 2 </Li> <Li> Suny , Ronald . Revenge of the Past : Nationalism , Revolution , and the Collapse of the Soviet Union . Stanford University Press ( 1993 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80472 - 247 - 6 </Li> <Li> Walker , Edward W. Dissolution : Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ( 2003 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 74252 - 453 - 8 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Photographs of the fall of the USSR by photojournalist Alain - Pierre Hovasse , a first - hand witness of these events . </Li> <Li> Guide to the James Hershberg poster collection , Special Collections Research Center , The Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library , The George Washington University . This collection contains posters documenting the changing social and political culture in the former Soviet Union and Europe ( particularly Eastern Europe ) during the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union . A significant portion of the posters in this collection were used in a 1999 exhibit at Gelman Library titled `` Goodbye Comrade : An Exhibition of Images from the Revolution of ' 89 and the Collapse of Communism . '' </Li> <Li> Lowering of the Soviet flag in December 25 , 1991 </Li> <Li> U.S. Response to the End of the USSR from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives </Li> <Li> Miller , Chris ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy '' . C - Span . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cold War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> USA </Li> <Li> USSR </Li> <Li> ANZUS </Li> <Li> NATO </Li> <Li> Non-Aligned Movement </Li> <Li> SEATO </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact </Li> <Li> Cold War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Morgenthau Plan </Li> <Li> Hukbalahap Rebellion </Li> <Li> Dekemvriana </Li> <Li> Percentages agreement </Li> <Li> Yalta Conference </Li> <Li> Guerrilla war in the Baltic states <Ul> <Li> Forest Brothers </Li> <Li> Operation Priboi </Li> <Li> Operation Jungle </Li> <Li> Occupation of the Baltic states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cursed soldiers </Li> <Li> Operation Unthinkable </Li> <Li> Operation Downfall </Li> <Li> Potsdam Conference </Li> <Li> Gouzenko Affair </Li> <Li> Division of Korea </Li> <Li> Operation Masterdom </Li> <Li> Operation Beleaguer </Li> <Li> Operation Blacklist Forty </Li> <Li> Iran crisis of 1946 </Li> <Li> Greek Civil War </Li> <Li> Baruch Plan </Li> <Li> Corfu Channel incident </Li> <Li> Turkish Straits crisis </Li> <Li> Restatement of Policy on Germany </Li> <Li> First Indochina War </Li> <Li> Truman Doctrine </Li> <Li> Asian Relations Conference </Li> <Li> May 1947 Crises </Li> <Li> Marshall Plan </Li> <Li> Comecon </Li> <Li> 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état </Li> <Li> Tito -- Stalin Split </Li> <Li> Berlin Blockade </Li> <Li> Western betrayal </Li> <Li> Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Western Bloc </Li> <Li> Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) </Li> <Li> Malayan Emergency </Li> <Li> Albanian Subversion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Papua conflict </Li> <Li> Bamboo Curtain </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> McCarthyism </Li> <Li> Egyptian Revolution of 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 Iranian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Uprising of 1953 in East Germany </Li> <Li> Dirty War ( Mexico ) </Li> <Li> Bricker Amendment </Li> <Li> 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état </Li> <Li> Partition of Vietnam </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> First Taiwan Strait Crisis </Li> <Li> Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Bandung Conference </Li> <Li> Poznań 1956 protests </Li> <Li> Hungarian Revolution of 1956 </Li> <Li> Suez Crisis </Li> <Li> `` We will bury you '' </Li> <Li> Operation Gladio </Li> <Li> Arab Cold War <Ul> <Li> Syrian Crisis of 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 Lebanon crisis </Li> <Li> Iraqi 14 July Revolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sputnik crisis </Li> <Li> Second Taiwan Strait Crisis </Li> <Li> 1959 Tibetan uprising </Li> <Li> Cuban Revolution </Li> <Li> Kitchen Debate </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet split </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congo Crisis </Li> <Li> 1960 U-2 incident </Li> <Li> Bay of Pigs Invasion </Li> <Li> 1960 Turkish coup d'état </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Albanian split </Li> <Li> Berlin Crisis of 1961 </Li> <Li> Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Portuguese Colonial War <Ul> <Li> Angolan War of Independence </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau War of Independence </Li> <Li> Mozambican War of Independence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cuban Missile Crisis </Li> <Li> Sino - Indian War </Li> <Li> Communist insurgency in Sarawak </Li> <Li> Iraqi Ramadan Revolution </Li> <Li> Eritrean War of Independence </Li> <Li> Sand War </Li> <Li> North Yemen Civil War </Li> <Li> Aden Emergency </Li> <Li> 1963 Syrian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Shifta War </Li> <Li> Guatemalan Civil War </Li> <Li> Colombian conflict </Li> <Li> Nicaraguan Revolution </Li> <Li> 1964 Brazilian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Dominican Civil War </Li> <Li> South African Border War </Li> <Li> Transition to the New Order </Li> <Li> Domino theory </Li> <Li> ASEAN Declaration </Li> <Li> Laotian Civil War </Li> <Li> 1966 Syrian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Argentine Revolution </Li> <Li> Korean DMZ Conflict </Li> <Li> Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Years of Lead ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> USS Pueblo incident </Li> <Li> Six - Day War </Li> <Li> War of Attrition </Li> <Li> Dhofar Rebellion </Li> <Li> Al - Wadiah War </Li> <Li> Protests of 1968 </Li> <Li> French May </Li> <Li> Tlatelolco massacre </Li> <Li> Cultural Revolution </Li> <Li> Prague Spring </Li> <Li> 1968 Polish political crisis </Li> <Li> Communist insurgency in Malaysia </Li> <Li> Invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution </Li> <Li> Goulash Communism </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet border conflict </Li> <Li> CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion </Li> <Li> Corrective Move </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Détente </Li> <Li> Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty </Li> <Li> Black September in Jordan </Li> <Li> Corrective Movement ( Syria ) </Li> <Li> Cambodian Civil War </Li> <Li> Koza riot </Li> <Li> Realpolitik </Li> <Li> Ping - pong diplomacy </Li> <Li> Uganda -- Tanzania War </Li> <Li> 1971 Turkish military memorandum </Li> <Li> Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) </Li> <Li> Four Power Agreement on Berlin </Li> <Li> Bangladesh Liberation War </Li> <Li> 1972 Nixon visit to China </Li> <Li> North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 </Li> <Li> Yemenite War of 1972 </Li> <Li> NDF Rebellion </Li> <Li> Eritrean Civil Wars </Li> <Li> 1973 Chilean coup d'état </Li> <Li> Yom Kippur War </Li> <Li> 1973 oil crisis </Li> <Li> Carnation Revolution </Li> <Li> Spanish transition </Li> <Li> Metapolitefsi </Li> <Li> Strategic Arms Limitation Talks </Li> <Li> Rhodesian Bush War </Li> <Li> Angolan Civil War </Li> <Li> Mozambican Civil War </Li> <Li> Oromo conflict </Li> <Li> Ogaden War </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Civil War </Li> <Li> Lebanese Civil War </Li> <Li> Sino - Albanian split </Li> <Li> Cambodian -- Vietnamese War </Li> <Li> Sino - Vietnamese War </Li> <Li> Operation Condor </Li> <Li> Dirty War ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> 1976 Argentine coup d'état </Li> <Li> Korean Air Lines Flight 902 </Li> <Li> Yemenite War of 1979 </Li> <Li> Grand Mosque seizure </Li> <Li> Iranian Revolution </Li> <Li> Saur Revolution </Li> <Li> New Jewel Movement </Li> <Li> 1979 Herat uprising </Li> <Li> Seven Days to the River Rhine </Li> <Li> Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soviet -- Afghan War </Li> <Li> 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts </Li> <Li> 1980 Turkish coup d'état </Li> <Li> Peruvian conflict </Li> <Li> Casamance conflict </Li> <Li> Ugandan Bush War </Li> <Li> Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency </Li> <Li> Eritrean Civil Wars </Li> <Li> 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War </Li> <Li> Ndogboyosoi War </Li> <Li> United States invasion of Grenada </Li> <Li> Able Archer 83 </Li> <Li> Star Wars </Li> <Li> Iran -- Iraq War </Li> <Li> Somali Rebellion </Li> <Li> 1986 Black Sea incident </Li> <Li> 1988 Black Sea bumping incident </Li> <Li> South Yemen Civil War </Li> <Li> Bougainville Civil War </Li> <Li> 8888 Uprising </Li> <Li> Solidarity <Ul> <Li> Soviet reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Contras </Li> <Li> Central American crisis </Li> <Li> RYAN </Li> <Li> Korean Air Lines Flight 007 </Li> <Li> People Power Revolution </Li> <Li> Glasnost </Li> <Li> Perestroika </Li> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh War </Li> <Li> Afghan Civil War </Li> <Li> United States invasion of Panama </Li> <Li> 1988 Polish strikes </Li> <Li> Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 </Li> <Li> Revolutions of 1989 </Li> <Li> Fall of the Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Velvet Revolution </Li> <Li> Romanian Revolution </Li> <Li> Peaceful Revolution </Li> <Li> Die Wende </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mongolian Revolution of 1990 </Li> <Li> German reunification </Li> <Li> Yemeni unification </Li> <Li> Fall of communism in Albania </Li> <Li> Breakup of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Dissolution of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Dissolution of Czechoslovakia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frozen conflicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> China - Taiwan </Li> <Li> Korea </Li> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> <Li> Sino - Indian border dispute </Li> <Li> North Borneo dispute </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foreign policy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Truman Doctrine </Li> <Li> Containment </Li> <Li> Eisenhower Doctrine </Li> <Li> Domino theory </Li> <Li> Hallstein Doctrine </Li> <Li> Kennedy Doctrine </Li> <Li> Peaceful coexistence </Li> <Li> Ostpolitik </Li> <Li> Johnson Doctrine </Li> <Li> Brezhnev Doctrine </Li> <Li> Nixon Doctrine </Li> <Li> Ulbricht Doctrine </Li> <Li> Carter Doctrine </Li> <Li> Reagan Doctrine </Li> <Li> Rollback </Li> <Li> Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ideologies </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Capitalism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago school </Li> <Li> Keynesianism </Li> <Li> Monetarism </Li> <Li> Neoclassical economics </Li> <Li> Reaganomics </Li> <Li> Supply - side economics </Li> <Li> Thatcherism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marxism -- Leninism </Li> <Li> Castroism </Li> <Li> Eurocommunism </Li> <Li> Guevarism </Li> <Li> Hoxhaism </Li> <Li> Juche </Li> <Li> Maoism </Li> <Li> Trotskyism </Li> <Li> Naxalism </Li> <Li> Stalinism </Li> <Li> Titoism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fascism </Li> <Li> Islamism </Li> <Li> Liberal democracy </Li> <Li> Social democracy </Li> <Li> Third - Worldism </Li> <Li> White supremacy </Li> <Li> Apartheid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ASEAN </Li> <Li> CIA </Li> <Li> Comecon </Li> <Li> EEC </Li> <Li> KGB </Li> <Li> MI6 </Li> <Li> Non-Aligned Movement </Li> <Li> SAARC </Li> <Li> Safari Club </Li> <Li> Stasi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Propaganda </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Active measures </Li> <Li> Crusade for Freedom </Li> <Li> Izvestia </Li> <Li> Pravda </Li> <Li> Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty </Li> <Li> Red Scare </Li> <Li> TASS </Li> <Li> Voice of America </Li> <Li> Voice of Russia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Races </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arms race </Li> <Li> Nuclear arms race </Li> <Li> Space Race </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War </Li> <Li> Soviet espionage in the United States </Li> <Li> Soviet Union -- United States relations </Li> <Li> USSR -- USA summits </Li> <Li> Russian espionage in the United States </Li> <Li> American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation </Li> <Li> Russia -- NATO relations </Li> <Li> Brinkmanship </Li> <Li> CIA and the Cultural Cold War </Li> <Li> Cold War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> List of conflicts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Eastern Bloc </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Communism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Secret Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact protocol </Li> <Li> Soviet invasion of Poland </Li> <Li> Soviet occupations <Ul> <Li> Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina </Li> <Li> Baltic states </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Yalta Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annexed as , or into , SSRs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Finland </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Memel </Li> <Li> East Prussia </Li> <Li> West Belarus </Li> <Li> Western Ukraine </Li> <Li> Moldavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Satellite states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hungarian People 's Republic </Li> <Li> Polish People 's Republic </Li> <Li> Czechoslovak Socialist Republic </Li> <Li> Socialist Republic of Romania </Li> <Li> German Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> People 's Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) </Li> <Li> People 's Republic of Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annexing SSRs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Russian SFSR </Li> <Li> Ukrainian SSR </Li> <Li> Byelorussian SSR </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cominform </Li> <Li> COMECON </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact </Li> <Li> World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) </Li> <Li> World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revolts and opposition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Welles Declaration </Li> <Li> Goryani Movement </Li> <Li> Forest Brothers </Li> <Li> Ukrainian Insurgent Army </Li> <Li> Operation Jungle </Li> <Li> Baltic state continuity </Li> <Li> Baltic Legations ( 1940 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Cursed soldiers </Li> <Li> Rebellion of Cazin 1950 </Li> <Li> 1953 uprising in Plzeň </Li> <Li> 1953 East German uprising </Li> <Li> 1956 Georgian demonstrations </Li> <Li> 1956 Poznań protests </Li> <Li> 1956 Hungarian Revolution </Li> <Li> Novocherkassk massacre </Li> <Li> 1965 Yerevan demonstrations </Li> <Li> Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Brezhnev Doctrine </Li> <Li> 1968 Red Square demonstration </Li> <Li> 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade </Li> <Li> 1968 protests in Kosovo </Li> <Li> 1970 Polish protests </Li> <Li> Croatian Spring </Li> <Li> 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR </Li> <Li> June 1976 protests </Li> <Li> Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law </Li> <Li> 1981 protests in Kosovo </Li> <Li> Reagan Doctrine </Li> <Li> Jeltoqsan </Li> <Li> Karabakh movement </Li> <Li> April 9 tragedy </Li> <Li> Romanian Revolution </Li> <Li> Black January </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cold War events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marshall Plan </Li> <Li> Berlin Blockade </Li> <Li> Tito -- Stalin split </Li> <Li> 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état </Li> <Li> 1961 Berlin Wall crisis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conditions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emigration and defection ( list of defectors ) </Li> <Li> Sovietization of the Baltic states </Li> <Li> Information dissemination </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Economies </Li> <Li> Telephone tapping </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Decline </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Revolutions of 1989 </Li> <Li> Fall of the Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Romanian Revolution </Li> <Li> Fall of communism in Albania </Li> <Li> Singing Revolution </Li> <Li> Collapse of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Dissolution of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> January 1991 events in Lithuania </Li> <Li> January 1991 events in Latvia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-Cold War topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltic Assembly </Li> <Li> Collective Security Treaty Organization </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Independent States </Li> <Li> Craiova Group </Li> <Li> European Union </Li> <Li> European migrant crisis </Li> <Li> Eurasian Economic Union </Li> <Li> NATO </Li> <Li> Post-Soviet states </Li> <Li> Shanghai Cooperation Organisation </Li> <Li> Visegrad Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Independence of Ukraine ( 1991 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dissolution of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> 1990 Ukrainian parliamentary election </Li> <Li> Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine </Li> <Li> USSR referendum </Li> <Li> Sovereignty referendum </Li> <Li> Chicken Kiev speech </Li> <Li> Declaration of Independence </Li> <Li> Independence referendum </Li> <Li> International recognition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political groups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> People 's Movement of Ukraine </Li> <Li> Democratic Bloc </Li> <Li> Group of 239 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Viacheslav Chornovil </Li> <Li> Leonid Kravchuk </Li> <Li> Levko Lukyanenko </Li> <Li> Oleksandr Moroz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celebrations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence Day of Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> History of Ukraine </Li> <Li> Politics of Ukraine </Li> <Li> List of sovereign states by date of formation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Revolutions of 1989 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internal background </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Era of Stagnation </Li> <Li> Communism </Li> <Li> Anti-communism </Li> <Li> Criticism of communist party rule </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc economies </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc politics </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc media and propaganda </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc emigration and defection </Li> <Li> KGB </Li> <Li> Nomenklatura </Li> <Li> Shortage economy </Li> <Li> Totalitarianism </Li> <Li> Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International background </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Active measures </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> List of socialist states </Li> <Li> People Power Revolution </Li> <Li> Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Reagan Doctrine </Li> <Li> Soviet Empire </Li> <Li> Terrorism and the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Vatican Opposition </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reforms </Th> 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Bush </Li> <Li> Pope John Paul II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opposition movements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation </Li> <Li> Charter 77 </Li> <Li> New Forum </Li> <Li> Civic Forum </Li> <Li> Democratic Party of Albania </Li> <Li> Democratic Russia </Li> <Li> Initiative for Peace and Human Rights </Li> <Li> Sąjūdis </Li> <Li> Peaceful Revolution </Li> <Li> People 's Movement of Ukraine </Li> <Li> Solidarity </Li> <Li> Popular Front of Latvia </Li> <Li> Popular Front of Estonia </Li> <Li> Public Against Violence </Li> <Li> Belarusian Popular Front </Li> <Li> National League for Democracy </Li> <Li> National Salvation Front </Li> <Li> Unification Church political activities </Li> <Li> Union of Democratic Forces </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events by location </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central and Eastern Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> East Germany </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soviet Union </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Chechnya </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Tajikstan </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elsewhere </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Congo - 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Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin </Li> <Li> Tennis Academy , named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin </Li> <Li> Boris Yeltsin Peak </Li> <Li> Street of Boris Yeltsin ( Yekaterinburg ) </Li> <Li> Monument ( Yekaterinburg ) </Li> <Li> Monument ( Cholpon - Ata ) </Li> <Li> Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Confession on a Given Theme </Li> <Li> Notes of President </Li> <Li> Presidential Marathon </Li> <Li> Boris Yeltsin : From Dawn to Dusk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yeltsin : Three Days in August </Li> <Li> Three August 's Days </Li> <Li> Tsar Boris </Li> <Li> President of All Russia </Li> <Li> B.N. </Li> <Li> Boris Yeltsin . 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=846559449 | 4,097,994,553,380,700,000 |
It ( mini-series ) - wikipedia <H1> It ( mini-series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the 2017 film adaptation of the same novel , see It ( 2017 film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> IT </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional artwork </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Horror </Li> <Li> drama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> It by Stephen King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Lawrence D. Cohen Tommy Lee Wallace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Tommy Lee Wallace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Harry Anderson Dennis Christopher Richard Masur Annette O'Toole Tim Reid John Ritter Richard Thomas Tim Curry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Tim Reid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Richard Bellis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mark Basino Allen S. Epstein Jim Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Richard Leiterman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> David Blangsted Robert F. Shugrue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 192 minutes ( original version ) 187 minutes ( DVD version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lorimar Productions DawnField Entertainment The Konigsberg & Sanitsky Company Greeb & Epstein Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> November 18 -- November 20 , 1990 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> It is a 1990 American supernatural horror drama 2 part Television Movie directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and adapted by Lawrence D. Cohen from the Stephen King novel of the same name . </P> <P> The story revolves around a predatory shapeshifter which has the ability to transform itself into its prey 's worst fears , allowing it to exploit the phobias of its victims . It mostly takes the form of a sadistic , wisecracking clown called Pennywise played by Tim Curry . The protagonists are The Lucky Seven , or The Losers Club , a group of outcast kids who discover Pennywise and vow to destroy him by any means necessary . The series takes place over two different time periods , the first when the Losers first confront Pennywise as children in 1960 , and the second when they return as adults in 1990 to defeat him a second time after he resurfaces . </P> <P> It features an ensemble cast , starring Richard Thomas , John Ritter , Annette O'Toole , Harry Anderson , Dennis Christopher , Tim Reid , and Richard Masur as the seven members of the Losers Club , and Tim Curry as Pennywise . The child counterparts of the Losers that appear in part one are played by Jonathan Brandis , Seth Green , Emily Perkins , Brandon Crane , Adam Faraizl , Marlon Taylor , and Ben Heller . Michael Cole , Jarred Blancard , Gabe Khouth , Chris Eastman , Olivia Hussey , Frank C. Turner , Tony Dakota , Ryan Michael , Tom Heaton , and Chelan Simmons also play supporting roles . </P> <P> Originally conceived as a four - part eight - hour series , ABC enlisted writer Lawrence D. Cohen to adapt the 1,138 - page King novel . Cohen 's script condensed the source work into a two - part , three - hour mini-series that retained the core elements of the novel , but Cohen was forced to abandon numerous subplots by virtue of the novel 's length and the network 's time - slot restrictions . Production on It began in early 1990 , and the series was filmed over a period of three months in New Westminster , British Columbia in mid-1990 . </P> <P> It aired on ABC over two nights on November 18 and 20 , 1990 , attracting 30 million viewers in its premiere . Critics praised Tim Curry 's performance as Pennywise . For his work on the mini-series , Richard Bellis received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a mini-series or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Losers Club </Li> <Li> 2.2 Forms of It </Li> <Li> 2.3 The Bowers Gang </Li> <Li> 2.4 The Losers Club relatives </Li> <Li> 2.5 Derry townspeople </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Special effects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Broadcast history </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Musical score <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Works cited </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Derry , Maine , in 1960 , Bill Denbrough gives his younger brother Georgie a paper sailboat to take out onto the street to sail in the gutter . But Georgie is unable to stop it from sailing down the storm drain , peering in to see a strange clown who introduces himself as Pennywise . Pennywise then entices Georgie to reach into the drain to retrieve his boat , killing the boy while ripping his arm off . Months later , during the spring semester at their school , Bill befriends the overweight and nerdy new kid Ben Hanscom , asthmatic Eddie Kaspbrak who lives with his overbearing mother , Beverly Marsh who lives with her abusive father , comical Richie Tozier , and Jewish Boy Scout , Stanley Uris . Besides being tormented by a gang of local bullies led by Henry Bowers , the group each had disturbing encounters with Pennywise . During one afternoon when he was going to practice his band instrument for the town parade , Bill and his friends encounter African - American Mike Hanlon being pursued by Henry 's gang . They chase the bullies off with rocks and befriend Mike , with Henry vowing to kill them all . The group , calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , come to realize that they are each being terrorized by the same entity . Noticing that `` It '' assumes the appearance of what they fear , they deduce Pennywise is a monster that surfaces every 30 years in Derry to feed on the town 's children before returning to hibernation again . </P> <P> The Losers are chased into the sewers under Derry to kill It , followed by Henry and his friends , Victor Criss and Belch Huggins , intent on killing them . But It kills Victor , who had separated to set an ambush on the Losers , and Belch , who helps Henry separate Stan from the others , sparing a horrified Henry while chasing Stan as he regroups with the Losers . But Pennywise grabs Stan , only for the Losers to use It 's ability to access their imaginations against him when Eddie uses his aspirator to melt the clown 's face while Beverly smashes a hole in the clown 's head using one of the two silver projectiles . Pennywise evades the second and escapes down a drain , seemingly dying as the Losers assumed . But Bill makes the others promise to return and kill It should the creature resurface 30 years later . Henry , his hair whitened while having lost his mind from seeing It 's Deadlights , later emerged from the sewers and is institutionalized when he takes credit for murdering It 's victims . </P> <P> In 1990 , now the town librarian , Mike is investigating the string of missing children and killings as he arrived to the crime scene of a murdered girl named Laurie Anne Winterbarger . Finding Georgie 's picture convinces Mike that It is back as he proceeds to contact the others to fulfill their vow . Bill became a horror novelist married to British actress Audra Phillips , Ben is an architect , Beverly is a fashion designer abused by her husband Tom Rogan , Richie is a late night TV comedian , Eddie runs a limousine service but still lives with his mother , and Stan is a real estate broker . Prior to Mike 's phone calls , the other Losers had completely forgotten each other along with their childhood traumas and memories of It . While the other five reluctantly agree to come , a fear - stricken Stan slits his wrists in his bathtub and writes `` IT '' on the wall in his own blood . </P> <P> The remaining six find themselves harassed by Pennywise once reaching Derry as they eventually meet at dinner , learning of Stan 's suicide shortly after while Mike reminds them of what It is . Two other people also converging on the town : an older Henry who Pennywise freed to kill the Losers , and a worried Audra who ends up being abducted by It while exposed to the creature 's Deadlights . Mike is hospitalized by Henry before he is killed by his own knife during a scuffle with the other Losers . After Mike gives Bill the two pieces of silver he retrieved from the sewers , the five remaining Losers decide to destroy It for good . They descend into the sewers once again , Bill learning Audra is being held while overcoming It 's attempt to induce further guilt . The Losers eventually reach It 's inner sanctum , finding both a catatonic Audra and It 's true form as a giant spider . Bill , Ben , and Richie nearly get lost in It 's Deadlights when Eddie is killed attempting to save his friends , as Beverly mortally wounds It with her slingshot . It limps away , but the surviving Losers pursue and knock the creature down and rip its heart out . They remove the comatose Audra and Eddie 's body from the sewers , burying him in Derry 's cemetery . </P> <P> With It finally dead , the Losers go their separate ways and move on with their lives as their memories of It fade away . A recovered Mike also has his memories begin to fade as he considers starting a new life elsewhere . Richie is cast in a film with an actor resembling Eddie , while Beverly and Ben are finally married and expecting their first child . Bill is the last to leave Derry , using his last hour in town to coax Audra out of her catatonia by giving her a ride on his childhood bicycle Silver , causing her to recover . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> The principal cast of It : From top left to top right , Tim Curry , Richard Thomas , Harry Anderson , and Dennis Christopher . From bottom left to bottom right , Tim Reid , John Ritter , Richard Masur , and Jonathan Brandis . <H3> The Losers Club ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough <Ul> <Li> Jonathan Brandis as Young Bill Denbrough </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> John Ritter as Ben Hanscom <Ul> <Li> Brandon Crane as Young Ben Hanscom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh <Ul> <Li> Emily Perkins as Young Beverly Marsh </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier <Ul> <Li> Seth Green as Young Richie Tozier </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak <Ul> <Li> Adam Faraizl as Young Eddie Kaspbrak </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon <Ul> <Li> Marlon Taylor as Young Mike Hanlon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Richard Masur as Stanley Uris <Ul> <Li> Ben Heller as Young Stanley Uris </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Forms of It ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Tim Curry as Pennywise the Dancing Clown </Li> <Li> Steve Makaj as Captain Hanscom </Li> <Li> Florence Paterson as Mrs. Kersh </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Bowers Gang ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Michael Cole as Henry Bowers <Ul> <Li> Jarred Blancard as Young Henry Bowers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gabe Khouth as Victor Criss </Li> <Li> Chris Eastman as Belch Huggins </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Losers Club relatives ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Olivia Hussey as Audra Phillips / Denbrough </Li> <Li> Frank C. Turner as Alvin `` Al '' Marsh </Li> <Li> Tony Dakota as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough </Li> <Li> Steven Hilton as Zack Denbrough </Li> <Li> Sheelah Megill as Sharon Denbrough </Li> <Li> Ryan Michael as Tom Rogan </Li> <Li> Caitlin Hicks as Patti Uris </Li> <Li> Susan Astley as Aunt Jean </Li> <Li> Claire Vardiel as Arlene Hanscom </Li> <Li> Sheila Moore as Ms. Sonya Kaspbrak </Li> </Ul> <H3> Derry townspeople ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Terence Kelly as Officer Nell </Li> <Li> Jay Brazeau as Derry Cab Driver </Li> <Li> Donna Peerless as Miss Douglas </Li> <Li> Merrilyn Gann as Mrs. Winterbarger </Li> <Li> Chelan Simmons as Laurie Anne Winterbarger </Li> <Li> William B. Davis as Mr. Gedreau </Li> <Li> Laura Harris as Loni </Li> <Li> Garry Chalk as Coach </Li> <Li> Kim Kondrashoff as Joey </Li> <Li> Helena Yea as Rose </Li> <Li> Venus Terzo as Cyndi </Li> <Li> Charles Siegel as Nat </Li> <Li> Noel Geer as Bradley </Li> <Li> Amos Hertzman as `` Chubby Kid '' </Li> <Li> Megan Leitch as Library aide </Li> <Li> Boyd Norman as Gas station attendant </Li> <Li> Suzie Payne as Female cabbie </Li> <Li> Scott Swanson as Rademacher </Li> <Li> Nicola Cavendish as Desk clerk </Li> <Li> Tom Heaton as Mr. Keene </Li> <Li> Paul Batten as Pharmacist </Li> <Li> Russell Roberts as Greco </Li> <Li> Bill Croft as Koontz </Li> <Li> Deva Neil DePodesta as Bum </Li> <Li> Katherine Banwell as Television announcer </Li> <Li> Douglas Newell as Doctor </Li> <Li> Gary Hetherington as Police deputy </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> George A. Romero initially planned to direct It , but left due to scheduling problems . <P> ABC had acquired the rights to a television mini-series of It , for what would be the first made - for - television film based on a Stephen King work since Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) , directed by Tobe Hooper . Lawrence D. Cohen , who had previously written the film adaptation of Carrie in 1976 , was hired to write It . According to both Stephen King and Cohen , King had little to no involvement in the writing of the mini-series . George A. Romero had originally been signed on to direct the project , which at the time ABC had planned for an eight - to - ten - hour series that would run over four two - hour blocks . Romero left the project due to scheduling conflicts , after which ABC condensed it to a three - part series . Shortly after , Tommy Lee Wallace was brought in to direct . After Wallace signed on to the project , ABC had ultimately decided to condense the series to two parts . </P> <P> According to writer Cohen : `` Speaking candidly , ABC was always nervous about It , primarily the fact that it was in the horror genre , but also the eight - to - ten hour commitment . They loved the piece , but lost their nerve in terms of how many hours they were willing to commit . Eventually , they agreed to a two - night , four - hour commitment . '' Given the length of the King novel , which runs 1,138 pages , a great deal of material was left out of Cohen 's adaptation , including subplots concerning the personal lives of the adult characters , one of which had the main male characters each losing their virginity to Beverly . `` I ca n't even begin to enumerate my favorite scenes from the book that we had to cut , because there are so many of them , '' Cohen reflected . `` I look at it as a glass half full situation . There are scenes in both nights that were created by Steve ( King ) on the page , and I 'm delighted that they survived , like the fortune cookie scene and adult Beverly going to her childhood house . The way I see it , the best moments from the book made the cut and the rest are casualties of war . '' </P> <P> Wallace and Cohen , however , retained the centrality of Pennywise in the source novel ; as noted by film scholar Tony Magistrale in Hollywood 's Stephen King , the mini-series retains the `` association between the adult world of Derry and It ( which ) is further established in the masterful choice of a carnival clown as a unifying symbol for the various creatures representing the monster . '' </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> Malcolm McDowell ( left ) and Roddy McDowall ( right ) were initial choices for the role of Pennywise before Tim Curry was cast . <P> The majority of the adult actors in the film , including John Ritter , Dennis Christopher , Tim Reid , and Harry Anderson , were hand - chosen by Wallace and Cohen for their roles . Annette O'Toole was cast in the film at the suggestion of Ritter , with whom she had recently shot The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) : `` I think ( John ) may have talked to somebody , because I got an offer ( to play Beverly ) , '' O'Toole recalled . `` It happened really fast ; I do n't think I even went in for a reading . I was living in Oregon at the time , and the next thing I knew , I was in Vancouver hanging out with the coolest , most fun guys of all time . '' </P> <P> Emily Perkins and Marlon Taylor , who played the young Beverly Marsh and Mike Hanlon , were cast out of Vancouver , while Seth Green and Jonathan Brandis were cast out of Los Angeles for the parts of young Richie and Bill . </P> <P> According to Cohen , he had written the script for the series without a specific actor in mind for the role of Pennywise . According to director Tommy Lee Wallace , before he was attached to the project , Malcolm McDowell and Roddy McDowall were in consideration to play Pennywise , but Wallace wanted Tim Curry for the part ; Wallace had previously worked with the latter in Fright Night Part 2 ( 1988 ) . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> It was shot over a period of three months in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada on a budget of $12 million . Given that the shooting entailed an adult cast with child counterparts , Wallace sought to have the adult actors meet with the children playing the younger versions of their characters : `` We made a point of bringing the adult and children actors together for a couple of days , even though it was costly , since the adults and the kids have no scenes together . '' Filming locations in Vancouver included Stanley Park , Beaver Lake and Saint Thomas Aquinas High School Convent in North Vancouver . Wallace told The Hollywood Reporter that his job as a director `` was to give Tim the stage and not get in his way too much . He was like Robin Williams in the way he brought a spontaneous improvisation to the part . '' Curry gave Pennywise a Bronx accent in order to sound like `` an old - time Catskills comic '' . `` I just let it happen , '' Curry said . `` Clowns are your worst fear realized . I think I scared a lot of children . '' </P> <H3> Special effects ( edit ) </H3> The appearance of Pennywise was based on Lon Chaney in Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) . <P> Original storyboards for Pennywise featured exaggerated cheekbones , a sharp chin , and bulbous forehead . According to director Wallace , `` Tim ( Curry ) objected strongly to all the rubber . He had recently been in several movies which covered him in prosthetics and I 'm sure he felt all the glue and latex would just get in his way . He was right , of course . With those eyes , and that mouth , and his crazy , sardonic sense of humor , less turned out to be more in the makeup department . '' </P> <P> Special effects coordinator Bart Mixon began working on a head cast for the Pennywise character after Curry was cast in the role ; he also designed three clay molds for testing . According to Mixon , he based the shape of Pennywise 's head on Lon Chaney in The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) , `` stylized into a clown . '' Three different versions of the clown 's face were created , one of which resembled a hobo clown , another that was `` a little meaner , '' and the final one seen in the series . To achieve the white complexion , Curry wore prosthetic make - up cream to make him appear `` almost like a living cartoon . '' </P> <P> The majority of the special effects in the film were done practically without digital alteration , aside from the shower scene in which Pennywise comes out of the drain ; this scene was done with replacement animation , an animation technique similar to stop motion animation . </P> <P> The spider figure in the conclusion of the series was hand - constructed by Mixon and his art department team . Wallace recalled of the spider : </P> <P> We labored long and hard designing a spider that was very beefy and muscular , almost reptilian in appearance . It looked great in the drawings , and I even recall a little clay model Bart did , which sealed the deal and won my enthusiastic approval . Bart and team went back to Hollywood to work the whole thing up full - size , and shooting started . When the SVFX team returned to Vancouver and unpacked the full - size spider , what I expected to see was the big version of that original model , the beefy , reptilian thing that was scary on sight . What they assembled on set was very , very different . Not chunky at all , very lean and mean . '' </P> <H2> Broadcast History ( edit ) </H2> <P> It originally aired on ABC in 1990 on the nights of November 18 and November 20 . Part 1 was the fifth highest rated program of the week with an 18.5 / 29 rating / share , and being watched in 17.5 million households . Part 2 was the second highest rated program of the week with a 20.6 / 33 rating / share , and watched in 19.2 million households . According to writer Cohen , It was considered a major success for ABC , garnering nearly 30 million viewers over its two - night premiere . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of September 2017 , the film has a 57 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 14 reviews . </P> <P> Matt Roush of USA Today gave the series a positive review , writing : `` If Twin Peaks is a midnight movie for prime - time live , It is the mini-series equivalent of those Saturday matinee shockers that merrily warped a generation before Freddie and Jason began stalking their more graphic turf ... Accept It on its own popcorn - munching terms , and keep the lights on high . '' Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the performances in the film , but had a negative response to its special effects and pacing , noting : `` It features a high level of ensemble acting rare for any horror film ... in addition to It 's slow pace , I found the ending a big letdown -- unimaginative special effects animate the monster in its final incarnation . But the cast is terrific , Curry 's cackle is chilling , and King 's usual buried theme -- about the pain adults inflict on children without even realizing it ( It ? ) -- is always worth pondering . '' The Hollywood Reporter called It `` one big kicky ride thanks to the charismatic acting of Curry as savage , sneering malevolence . '' </P> <P> Sandra Harris of Movie Pilot gave the film a positive review , noting : `` There 's some gorgeous scenery too and a nice interweaving of flashbacks with the regular scenes . For Stephen King fans , this film is a must for your collection . For fans of horror in general , I 'd say you could do a lot worse . Take the phone off the hook and burrow under the duvet for three hours with the popcorn and the remote control . '' Ian Jane of DVD Talk highlighted the mini-series ' combination of childhood nostalgia with horror elements and praised Curry 's performance as Pennywise . Bloody Disgusting 's John Campopiano commended director Tommy Lee Wallace for `` relying less on jump scares and more on creating an unsettling atmosphere to contrast against the kids and their stories . '' In 2017 , Rolling Stone writer Sean T. Collins called the mini-series `` legendary '' and commented that it had become a cult classic . He said although the mini-series `` largely bungles Pennywise 's powers '' , Curry 's portrayal of Pennywise is `` the stuff sleepless nights are made of . He gloats , he giggles , he taunts , he devours the scenery like the monster himself devours middle - schoolers -- and he generally sears his way right into the brain of the viewer . '' Dan Stephens from the UK website Top 10 Films awarded the film four out of five stars . In his review Stephens praised the film 's story , character development , and suspense during the first half . But criticized the second half as disappointing and criticizing the lack of `` friendship and togetherness '' of the main characters that was present during the first half , and clichéd ending . </P> <P> Stephen King commented on the mini-series in a 2015 interview , and was appreciative of it : `` You have to remember , my expectations were in the basement . Here was a book that sprawled over 1,000 pages , and they were going to cram it into four hours , with commercials . But the series really surprised me by how good it was . It 's a really ambitious adaptation of a really long book . '' </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> It was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1991 . The original VHS release was on two cassette tapes , one for each part . The VHS and Laserdisc releases feature It as originally aired . In 1998 , It was re-released on VHS , this time , on one cassette tape ( in EP format ) . The film was later released on DVD in 2002 and on Blu - ray on October 4 , 2016 . Both the DVD and the Blu - ray feature an edited version of the film , which presents It as one `` movie '' . The suicide scene at the end of Part 1 is shortened , the hotel scene from Part 2 is missing , and the graveyard scene toward the beginning of Part 2 is also slightly shortened to remove the on - screen credits that originally appeared . </P> <H2> Musical score ( edit ) </H2> <P> A 2 - CD release of the mini-series ' complete score by Richard Bellis was released on November 15 , 2011 . The music of the film ranges from orchestral music to trumpet - heavy music that accompanies the setting of Derry to unsteady electronic instrument arrangements for the film 's scarier moments . Bellis won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a mini-series or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) for his work on the film . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Disc 1 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Main Title '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Enter the Clown '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Georgie Dies '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Ben Gets the News '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Punks '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` I Hate It Here '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Bedroom Jazz Source '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` The Slap '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Die if You Try '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Richie 's Talk Show Play - Off '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` The Beast -- First Encounter '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Mike Remembers '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Mike Joins the Group '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Pennywise '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Circus Source '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Target Practice '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` The Sewer Hole '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Stan Gets Nabbed '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` The Fog '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` The Pact '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Stan 's Suicide '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` End Credits I '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 50 : 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Disc 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Main Title Part II '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` The Graves '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Library Balloons '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Ben 's Flashback '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Skeleton on the Pond '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Guillory 's Muzak '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Hydrox '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Audra '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Fortune Cookie '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Silver Flyer '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Leftover Stan '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Henry and Belch '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Every Thirty Years '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Audra Arrives '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` This Time It 's for Real '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` The Smell of Death '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Something 's Coming '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` The Spider 's Web '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Hi Ho Silver '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` End Credits Part II '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 47 : 23 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Goble 1999 , p. 260 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Back to Derry : An Oral History of ' Stephen King 's It ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon , Charles ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Why Stephen King 's IT scares off film - makers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sarah ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm Every Nightmare You 've Ever Had : 9 Insane Facts You Never Knew About ' IT ' ! '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magistrale 2003 , p. 185 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( April 5 , 1990 ) . `` Producers scare up 5 more King films '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D6 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 -- via The Statesman . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newton , Steve ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Horror in Vancouver : Stephen King 's evil clown stalks Stanley Park in 1990 '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Bill ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Flashback : Tim Curry Played ' It 's ' Scary Clown in 1990 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Deborah ( November 21 , 1990 ) . `` TV movies score big in Nielsen ratings '' . The Times - News . p. 12 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Deborah ( November 23 , 1990 ) . `` ABC posts first ratings win of the season '' . The Times - News . p. 10 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Beam 1998 , p. 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Sandra ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It . ' 1990 . '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jane , Ian ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campopiano , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Why We Should Enjoy ' IT ' 2017 Without Comparing to ' IT ' 1990 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' : Everything You Need to Know About Stephen King 's Killer Clown Story '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : Stephen King 's It - Top 10 Films '' . Top10Films.co.uk . Dan Stephens . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen King 's It ( VHS ) . Amazon . ASIN 0790736039 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen King 's It Soundtrack '' . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 43rd Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys.com . Emmys . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Works cited ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beahm , George ( September 1 , 1998 ) . Stephen King from A to Z : An Encyclopedia of His Life and Work . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 836 - 26914 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Goble , Alan ( ed . ) ( January 1 , 1999 ) . The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film . Bowker - Saur . ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11492 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Magistrale , Tony ( November 22 , 2003 ) . Hollywood 's Stephen King . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 29321 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : It ( miniseries ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> It ( 1990 ) on IMDb </Li> <Li> It ( 1990 ) at AllMovie </Li> <Li> It ( 1990 ) at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> `` Back to Derry '' : An Oral History of ' Stephen King 's It ' at Yahoo ! </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Stephen King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Short fiction </Li> <Li> Unpublished and uncollected </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrie ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Stand ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Firestarter ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Cujo ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Christine ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Talisman ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> It ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Misery ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Half ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Needful Things ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Insomnia ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Rose Madder ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Green Mile ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Desperation ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) </Li> <Li> Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Black House ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Cell ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Duma Key ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Under the Dome ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Joyland ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Revival ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> End of Watch ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Outsider ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Dark Tower series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Richard Bachman novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rage ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Long Walk ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Roadwork ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Running Man ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Thinner ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Regulators ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Blaze ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short fiction collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Night Shift ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Different Seasons ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> On Writing ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Secret Windows ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Faithful ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creepshow ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) </Li> <Li> Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Cell ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teleplays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Golden Years ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Stand ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Rose Red ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Desperation ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creepshow ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Secretary of Dreams ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Tower ( 2007 -- ) </Li> <Li> The Stand ( 2008 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> The Talisman ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> American Vampire ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> N. ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Road Rage ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Man ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musical collaborations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anthologies edited </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Worlds and concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fictional locations of Maine <Ul> <Li> Jerusalem 's Lot </Li> <Li> Castle Rock </Li> <Li> Derry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fictional books </Li> <Li> Multiverse <Ul> <Li> All - World </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dollar Baby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of adaptations </Li> <Li> Books about Stephen King </Li> <Li> Rock Bottom Remainders </Li> <Li> Philtrum Press </Li> <Li> Six Stories </Li> <Li> Stephen King Goes to the Movies </Li> <Li> Charlie the Choo - Choo </Li> <Li> Hearts in Suspension </Li> <Li> Tabitha King </Li> <Li> Joe Hill </Li> <Li> Owen King </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Adaptations of works by Stephen King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Shining ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Cujo ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Christine ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Running Man ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Misery ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Needful Things ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Half ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Thinner ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Night Flier ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Green Mile ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Secret Window ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 1408 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Mist ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Mercy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Cell ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> It ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 1922 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Carrie </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrie ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Carrie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Carrie ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creepshow </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creepshow ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children of the Corn </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Gathering ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Revelation ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Genesis ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Different Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stand by Me ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Firestarter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Firestarter ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Rekindled ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Trucks ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pet Sematary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Mangler </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Mangler ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Lawnmower Man </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> TV films , episodes , and miniseries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> It ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Stand ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Langoliers ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Big Driver ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Salem 's Lot </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sometimes They Come Back </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Sometimes They Come Back ... 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Led Zeppelin IV - wikipedia <H1> Led Zeppelin IV </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Zoso '' redirects here . For the character from the TV series Once Upon a Time , see List of Once Upon a Time characters . `` The Untitled Album '' redirects here . For other uses , see Untitled . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Untitled </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Led Zeppelin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 8 November 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> November 1970 -- January 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rolling Stones Mobile Studio , Headley Grange , Hampshire </Li> <Li> Island Studios , London </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hard rock </Li> <Li> blues rock </Li> <Li> folk rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 42 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Atlantic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Jimmy Page </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Led Zeppelin chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Led Zeppelin III ( 1970 ) </Td> <Td> Untitled ( 1971 ) </Td> <Td> Houses of the Holy ( 1973 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Untitled </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Black Dog / Misty Mountain Hop '' Released : 2 December 1971 </Li> <Li> `` Rock and Roll / Four Sticks '' Released : 21 February 1972 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> English rock band Led Zeppelin 's untitled fourth album , commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV , was released on 8 November 1971 by Atlantic Records . Produced by guitarist Jimmy Page , it was recorded between November 1970 and January 1971 at several locations , most prominently the 18th - century house Headley Grange . </P> <P> After the band 's previous album Led Zeppelin III received lukewarm reviews from critics , they decided their fourth album would officially be untitled . This , along with the inner sleeve 's design featuring four symbols that represented each band member , led to the album being referred to variously as , Four Symbols , The Fourth Album , Untitled , Runes , The Hermit , and ZoSo ( which was derived from Page 's symbol ) . In addition to lacking an album title , the cover featured no band name , as the group wished to be anonymous and to avoid easy pigeonholing by the press . </P> <P> Led Zeppelin IV was a commercial and critical success , featuring many of the band 's best - known songs , including `` Black Dog '' , `` Rock and Roll '' , `` Going to California '' , `` Stairway to Heaven '' , and `` When the Levee Breaks '' . The album is one of the best - selling albums of all time with more than 37 million copies sold . It is tied for third highest - certified album in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America at 23 × Platinum . Writers and critics have regularly placed it on lists of the greatest albums of all time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Recording sessions </Li> <Li> 2 Album title </Li> <Li> 3 The four symbols </Li> <Li> 4 Packaging and artwork </Li> <Li> 5 Release and reception </Li> <Li> 6 Awards and recognition </Li> <Li> 7 2014 reissue </Li> <Li> 8 Track listing </Li> <Li> 9 Personnel </Li> <Li> 10 Charts </Li> <Li> 11 Certifications </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Recording sessions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Recording sessions for the album began at Island Records ' newly opened Basing Street Studios , London , at the same time as Jethro Tull 's Aqualung in December 1970 . Upon the recommendation of Fleetwood Mac , the band then moved to Headley Grange , a country house in Hampshire , England , to continue recording . Here they used the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio . Jimmy Page later recalled : `` We needed the sort of facilities where we could have a cup of tea and wander around the garden and go in and do what we had to do . '' This relaxed , atmospheric environment at Headley Grange also provided other advantages for the band . As is explained by Dave Lewis , `` By moving into Headley Grange for the whole period of recording , many of the tracks ( on the album ) were made up on the spot and committed to tape almost there and then . '' </P> <P> Once the basic tracks had been recorded , the band later added overdubs at Island Studios , then took the completed master tapes to Sunset Sound in Los Angeles for mixing . However , the mix ultimately proved to be less than satisfactory , creating an unwanted delay in the album 's release . Further mixing had to be undertaken in London , pushing the final release date back by some months . </P> <P> Three other songs from the sessions , `` Down by the Seaside '' , `` Night Flight '' and `` Boogie with Stu '' ( featuring Rolling Stones co-founder / collaborator Ian Stewart on piano ) , were included four years later on the double album Physical Graffiti . </P> <H2> Album title ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the lukewarm , if not confused and sometimes dismissive , critical reaction Led Zeppelin III had received in late 1970 , Page decided that the next Led Zeppelin album would not have a title , but would instead feature four hand - drawn symbols on the inner sleeve and record label , each one chosen by the band member it represents . `` We decided that on the fourth album , we would deliberately play down the group name , and there would n't be any information whatsoever on the outer jacket , '' Page explained . `` Names , titles and things like that do not mean a thing . '' </P> <P> Page has also stated that the decision to release the album without any written information on the album sleeve was contrary to strong advice given to him by a press agent , who said that after a year 's absence from both records and touring , the move would be akin to `` professional suicide . '' In Page 's words : `` We just happened to have a lot of faith in what we were doing . '' In an interview he gave to The Times in 2010 , he elaborated : </P> <P> It was n't easy . The record company were sort of insisting that the name go on it . There were eyes looking towards heaven if you like . It was hinted it was professional suicide to go out with an album with no title . The reality of it was that we 'd had so many dour reviews to our albums along the way . At the time each came out it was difficult sometimes for the reviewers to come to terms with what was on there , without an immediate point of reference to the previous album . But the ethic of the band was very much summing up where we were collectively at that point in time . An untitled album struck me as the best answer to all the critics -- because we knew the way that the music was being received both by sales and attendance at concerts . </P> <P> Releasing the album without an official title has made it difficult to consistently identify . While most commonly called Led Zeppelin IV , Atlantic Records catalogues have used the names Four Symbols and The Fourth Album . It has also been referred to as ZoSo ( which Page 's symbol appears to spell ) , Untitled and Runes . Page frequently refers to the album in interviews as `` the fourth album '' and `` Led Zeppelin IV '' , and Plant thinks of it as `` the fourth album , that 's it '' . Not only does the album have no title , but there is no text anywhere on the front or back cover , or even a catalogue number on the spine ( at least , on the original vinyl LP release ) . </P> <H2> The four symbols ( edit ) </H2> The four symbols representing ( from left to right ) ; at the top ; Page , Jones at the bottom ; Bonham and Plant <P> The idea for each member of the band to choose a personal emblem for the cover was Page 's . In an interview he gave in 1977 , he recalled : </P> <P> After all this crap that we 'd had with the critics , I put it to everybody else that it 'd be a good idea to put out something totally anonymous . At first I wanted just one symbol on it , but then it was decided that since it was our fourth album and there were four of us , we could each choose our own symbol . I designed mine and everyone else had their own reasons for using the symbols that they used . </P> <P> Page stated that he designed his own symbol and has never publicly disclosed any reasoning behind it . It has been argued that his symbol appeared as early as 1557 to represent Saturn . The symbol is sometimes referred to as `` ZoSo '' , though Page has explained that it was not in fact intended to be a word at all . </P> <P> Bassist John Paul Jones ' symbol , which he chose from Rudolf Koch 's Book of Signs , is a single circle intersecting three vesica pisces ( a triquetra ) . It is intended to symbolise a person who possesses both confidence and competence . </P> <P> Drummer John Bonham 's symbol , the three interlocking ( Borromean ) rings , was picked by the drummer from the same book . It represents the triad of mother , father and child , but , inverted , it also happens to be the logo for Ballantine beer . </P> <P> Singer Robert Plant 's symbol of a feather within a circle was his own design , being based on the sign of the supposed Mu civilisation . </P> Sandy Denny 's symbol of three downward - pointing equilateral triangles . <P> A fifth , smaller symbol chosen by guest vocalist Sandy Denny represents her contribution to `` The Battle of Evermore '' ; the figure , composed of three equilateral triangles , appears on the inner sleeve of the LP , serving as an asterisk . </P> <P> During Led Zeppelin 's tour of the United Kingdom in winter 1971 , which took place shortly following the release of the album , the band visually projected the four symbols on their stage equipment . Page 's symbol was put onto one of his Marshall amplifiers , Bonham 's three interlinked circles adorned the outer skin of his bass drum , Jones had his symbol stencilled onto material which was draped across his Fender Rhodes keyboard , and Plant 's feather symbol was painted onto a side speaker PA cabinet . Only Page 's and Bonham 's symbols were retained for subsequent Led Zeppelin concert tours . </P> <H2> Packaging and artwork ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 19th - century rustic oil painting on the front of the album was purchased from an antique shop in Reading , Berkshire by Plant . The painting was then juxtaposed and affixed to the internal , papered wall of a partly demolished suburban house for the photograph to be taken . The block of flats seen on the album is `` Salisbury Tower '' in the Ladywood district of Birmingham , England . </P> <P> Page has explained that the cover of the fourth album was intended to bring out a city / country dichotomy that had initially surfaced on Led Zeppelin III : </P> <P> It represented the change in the balance which was going on . There was the old countryman and the blocks of flats being knocked down . It was just a way of saying that we should look after the earth , not rape and pillage it . </P> <P> However , regarding the meaning of the album cover , he has also stated : </P> <P> The cover was supposed to be something that was for other people to savour rather than for me to actually spell everything out , which would make the whole thing rather disappointing on that level of your own personal adventure into the music . </P> <P> The album cover was among the 10 chosen by the Royal Mail for a set of `` Classic Album Cover '' postage stamps issued in January 2010 . </P> <P> The inside illustration , entitled `` The Hermit '' and credited to Barrington Colby MOM , was influenced by the design of the card of the same name in the Rider - Waite tarot deck . This character was later portrayed by Page himself in Led Zeppelin 's concert film , The Song Remains the Same ( 1976 ) . The inner painting is also referred to as View in Half or Varying Light and was sold at auction under that name in 1981 . </P> <P> Varied versions of the artwork within the album exist . Some versions depict a longhaired and bearded supplicant climbing at the base of the mountain , while some others do not show the six pointed star within the hermit 's lantern . If the inside cover of the album is held vertically against a mirror , a man 's face can be seen hidden in the rocks below the hermit . Speculation exists that the face is actually that of a black dog . </P> <P> The typeface for the lyrics to `` Stairway to Heaven '' , printed on the inside sleeve of the album , was Page 's contribution . He found it in an old arts and crafts magazine called The Studio which dated from the late 19th century . He thought the lettering was interesting and arranged for someone to create a whole alphabet . </P> <H2> Release and reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AllMusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blender </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christgau 's Record Guide </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Encyclopedia of Popular Music </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Entertainment Weekly </Td> <Td> A+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mojo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MusicHound Rock </Td> <Td> 5 / 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pitchfork </Td> <Td> 9.1 / 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Rolling Stone Album Guide </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the lead - up to the album 's release , a series of teaser advertisements depicting each symbol was placed in the music press . The album was a massive instant seller . It entered the UK chart at No. 10 , rising to No. 1 the following week and stayed on the chart for 90 weeks . In the US it stayed on the charts longer than any other Led Zeppelin album and became the highest selling album in the US not to top the Billboard album chart , peaking at # 2 behind There 's a Riot Goin ' On by Sly and the Family Stone and Music by Carole King . `` Ultimately , '' writes Lewis , `` the fourth Zeppelin album would be the most durable seller in their catalogue and the most impressive critical and commercial success of their career '' . At one point , it was ranked as one of the top five best - selling albums of all time . </P> <P> Led Zeppelin IV received overwhelming praise from critics . In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone , Lenny Kaye called it the band 's `` most consistently good '' album yet and praised the diversity of the songs : `` out of eight cuts , there is n't one that steps on another 's toes , that tries to do too much all at once . '' Billboard magazine called it a `` powerhouse album '' that has the commercial potential of the band 's previous three albums . </P> <P> Robert Christgau originally gave Led Zeppelin IV a lukewarm review in The Village Voice , but later called the album a `` genre masterpiece '' , and wrote that it showed the band at the pinnacle of their songwriting . Even though he found their Medieval ideas limiting as usual , he said that it is `` the definitive Led Zeppelin and hence heavy metal album '' . In his review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine credited the album for `` defining not only Led Zeppelin but the sound and style of ' 70s hard rock '' , while `` encompassing heavy metal , folk , pure rock & roll , and blues '' . In his album guide to heavy metal , Spin magazine 's Joe Gross cited Led Zeppelin IV as a `` monolithic cornerstone '' . BBC Music 's Daryl Easlea said that the album made the band a global success and effectively combined their third album 's folk ideas with their second album 's hard rock style , while Katherine Flynn and Julian Ring of Consequence of Sound felt it featured their debut 's blues rock , along with the other styles from their second and third albums . Led Zeppelin 's Rock Hall biography described the album as `` a fully realized hybrid of the folk and hard - rock directions '' . Music journalist Chuck Eddy named it the number one metal album of all time in his 1991 book Stairway to Hell : The 500 Best Heavy Metal Albums in the Universe . </P> <H2> Awards and recognition ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2000 , Led Zeppelin IV was named the twenty - sixth greatest British album in a list by Q magazine . In 2002 , Spin magazine 's Chuck Klosterman named it the second greatest metal album of all time and said that it was `` the most famous hard - rock album ever recorded '' as well as an album that unintentionally created metal -- `` the origin of everything that sounds , feels , or even tastes vaguely metallic '' . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 69 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' , which described it as `` the peak of Seventies hard rock '' . It was also named the seventh - best album of the 1970s in a list by Pitchfork . In 2016 , Classic Rock magazine ranked Led Zeppelin IV as the greatest of all Zeppelin albums . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Publication </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Accolade </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mojo </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grammy Awards </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Grammy Hall of Fame Award </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Guitar </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` Album of the Millennium '' </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classic Rock </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` 100 Greatest Rock Albums Ever '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rolling Stone </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` 500 Greatest Albums Ever '' </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pitchfork </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` Top 100 Albums of the 1970s '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` The Greatest Classic Rock Albums Ever '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Dimery </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` 100 Best Albums Ever '' </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classic Rock </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever '' </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` The Definitive 200 : Top 200 Albums of All - Time '' </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NME </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> NME 's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( * ) designates unordered lists . </P> <H2> 2014 reissue ( edit ) </H2> <P> A remastered version of Led Zeppelin IV was reissued on 27 October 2014 , along with Houses of the Holy . The reissue comes in six formats : a standard CD edition , a deluxe two - CD edition , a standard LP version , a deluxe two - LP version , a super deluxe two - CD plus two - LP version with a hardback book , and as high resolution 96k / 24 - bit digital downloads . The deluxe and super deluxe editions feature bonus material . The reissue was released with an inverted color version of the original album 's artwork as its bonus disc 's cover . The album 's remastered version received widespread acclaim from critics , including Rolling Stone , who found Page 's remastering `` illuminative '' . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Side one </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Black Dog '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Paul Jones </Li> <Li> Jimmy Page </Li> <Li> Robert Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Rock and Roll '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Bonham </Li> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Page </Li> <Li> Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` The Battle of Evermore '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Page </Li> <Li> Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Stairway to Heaven '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Page </Li> <Li> Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 8 : 02 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Side two </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Misty Mountain Hop '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Page </Li> <Li> Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Four Sticks '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Page </Li> <Li> Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Going to California '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Page </Li> <Li> Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` When the Levee Breaks '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bonham </Li> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Memphis Minnie </Li> <Li> Page </Li> <Li> Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 7 : 07 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Led Zeppelin IV -- Deluxe edition ( Disc 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Black Dog '' ( Basic track with guitar overdubs ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Rock and Roll '' ( Alternate mix ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` The Battle of Evermore '' ( Mandolin / Guitar mix from Headley Grange ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Stairway to Heaven '' ( Sunset Sound mix ) </Td> <Td> 8 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Misty Mountain Hop '' ( Alternate mix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Four Sticks '' ( Alternate mix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Going to California '' ( Mandolin / Guitar mix ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` When the Levee Breaks '' ( Alternate UK mix ) </Td> <Td> 7 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 40 : 32 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> John Bonham -- drums , percussion </Li> <Li> John Paul Jones -- bass guitar , electric piano , mandolin on `` Going to California '' , recorders , EMS VCS 3 , acoustic guitar on `` The Battle of Evermore '' </Li> <Li> Jimmy Page -- electric and acoustic guitars , mandolin on `` The Battle of Evermore '' , production , mastering , digital remastering </Li> <Li> Robert Plant -- lead and overdubbed backing vocals , tambourine , harmonica on `` When the Levee Breaks '' </Li> <Li> Sandy Denny -- vocals on `` The Battle of Evermore '' </Li> <Li> Ian Stewart -- piano on `` Rock and Roll '' </Li> <Li> Barrington Colby M.O.M. -- The Hermit illustration </Li> <Li> George Chkiantz -- mixing </Li> <Li> Peter Grant -- executive production </Li> <Li> Graphreaks -- design coordination </Li> <Li> Andy Johns -- engineering , mixing </Li> <Li> Joe Sidore -- mastering ( original 1984 Compact Disc release ) </Li> <Li> George Marino -- remastering ( 1990 Compact Disc re-release ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canadian Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Danish Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> German Albums Chart </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japanese Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norwegian Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italian Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spanish Albums Chart </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Albums Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard 200 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( CAPIF ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 9 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 630,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Diamond </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 970,866 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Gold </Td> <Td> 750,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( NVPI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> 7 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 105,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> 6 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,800,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 23 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 23,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of best - selling albums </Li> <Li> List of best - selling albums in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Footnotes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Led Zeppelin IV , Led Zeppelin , Atlantic Records , R2 - 536185 , Super Deluxe Edition Box , 2014 Liner Notes , page 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Stephen ( 2008 ) . `` Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga '' . p. 234 . HarperCollins , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 269 -- 270 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bukszpan 2003 , p. 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown 2001 , p. 480 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums '' . RIAA . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Their Time is Gonna Come '' . Classic Rock Magazine . December 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Michael Leonard , `` Heaven Sent '' , Q Led Zeppelin Special Edition , 2003 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dave Lewis ( 1994 ) , The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , Omnibus Press , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` What Do the Four Symbols on Led Zeppelin 's 4th Album Mean ? '' . straightdope.com . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dave Schulps , Interview with Jimmy Page , Trouser Press , October 1977 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Jackson , `` Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV , the band 's peak and their reunion , The Times , January 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Interview with Jimmy Page , Guitar World magazine , 1993 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Led-Zeppelin.org . `` Led Zeppelin Assorted Info '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Austin Scaggs , Q&A : Robert Plant , Rolling Stone , 5 May 2005 . Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zoso Jimmy Page 's symbol '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Page 's Led Zeppelin symbol '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gettings , Fred ( 1981 ) . The Dictionary of Occult , Hermetic , and Alchemical Sigils and Symbols . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 201 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 0095 - 2 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the 1990 Bonham tribute radio special , `` It 's Been a Long Time '' , son Jason Bonham confirmed that the symbol was chosen as a representation of man , woman and child - </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ; Pallett , Simon ( 2007 ) . Led Zeppelin : The Concert File . London : Omnibus Press . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tolinski , Brad ; Di Bendetto , Greg ( January 1998 ) . `` Light and Shade '' . Guitar World . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin IV photo location - mystery solved '' . Led Zeppelin Official Forum . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Jackson , Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin 's good times , bad times and reunion rumours , The Times , 8 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 8 January 2010 ) . `` Coldplay album gets stamp of approval from Royal Mail '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Infrequently Murmured Led Zeppelin Trivia List '' . Oldbuckeye.com . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 8 November 1971 ) . `` AllMusic Review '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blender Review Archived 26 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 13 October 1981 ) . Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the Seventies . Ticknor & Fields . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 025 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Larkin , Colin ( 2006 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . 5 ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 531373 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( 20 June 2003 ) . `` On the Records ... Led Zeppelin '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snow , Mat ( November 2014 ) . `` More muscle in your bustle : Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin IV '' . Mojo . p. 106 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) . MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide . Farmington Hills , MI : Visible Ink Press . p. 662 . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richardson , Mark ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` Led Zeppelin : Led Zeppelin IV / Houses of the Holy / Physical Graffiti '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : Led Zeppelin IV '' . Q. London : 141 . October 1994 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ; et al. ( 2004 ) . Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian , eds . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . p. 479 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Review '' . Rolling Stone . 23 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Album Reviews '' . Billboard : 70 . 20 November 1971 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 3 March 1972 ) . `` Consumer Guide ( 24 ) '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 4 October 1976 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gross , Joe ( February 2005 ) . `` Heavy Metal '' . Spin . Vibe / Spin Ventures . 21 ( 2 ) : 89 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Easlea , Daryl ( 2007 ) . `` Review of Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin IV '' . BBC Music . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dusting ' Em Off : Led Zeppelin IV '' . 7 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herrmann , Brenda ( 18 June 1991 ) . `` Ranking Rock , Enraging Fans '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest British Albums '' . Q. London : 76 . June 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( September 2002 ) . `` 40 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time '' . Spin : 81 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wenner , Jann S. ( ed . ) ( 2012 ) . `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone ( Special Collectors Issue ) . ISBN 978 - 7 - 09 - 893419 - 6 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pitchfork Staff ( 23 June 2004 ) . `` Top 100 Albums of the 1970s '' . Pitchfork . p. 10 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Albums Ranked From Worst To Best -- The Ultimate Guide '' . loudersound . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made -- January 1996 '' . Mojo . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Grammy Hall of Fame Award '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Album of the Millennium -- December 1999 '' . The Guitar . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classic Rock -- 100 Greatest Rock Albums Ever December 2001 '' . Classic Rock . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Classic Rock Albums Ever October 2004 '' . Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dimery , Robert -- 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ; page 856 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Albums Ever -- February 2006 '' . Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classic Rock -- 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever -- April 2006 '' . Classic Rock . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Definitive 200 : Top 200 Albums of All - Time '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( United States ) . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rocklist.net ... NME : The 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time : October 2013 '' . www.rocklistmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Ross ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` Led Zeppelin IV And Houses Of The Holy Remasters Due '' . Mojo . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Led Zeppelin IV ( Remastered ) by Led Zeppelin '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramirez , AJ ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` All That Glitters : Led Zeppelin - The Battle of Evermore '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williamson , Nigel ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin . Penguin . p. 228 . ISBN 1 - 4053 - 8421 - 2 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Albums -- 11 March 1972 '' . Go Set . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM Albums Chart -- 8 January 1972 '' . RPM . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LP Top 10 - November 22 , 1971 '' . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 1971 '' . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- December 1971 '' . charts-surfer.de . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 8 November 1971 '' . Oricon . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Albums -- 28 November 1971 '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 1972 '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 5 February 1972 '' . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 4 December 1971 '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 -- 18 December 1971 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin IV '' . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin 4 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin IV '' . Music Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Volume 4 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums depuis 1968 : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Led Zeppelin ; ' IV ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin 4 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin IV '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts ( 1st ed . ) . Wellington : Transpress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Led Zeppelin ; ' 4 ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin IV '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Led Zeppelin IV in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin IV '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH </Li> </Ol> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Brown , Pat ( 2001 ) . The Guide to United States Popular Culture . Minneapolis , MN : Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 821 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Bukszpan , Daniel ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal . New York , NY : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 4218 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Wall , Mick ( 2008 ) . When Giants Walked the Earth : A Biography of Led Zeppelin . London : Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 0319 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Led Zeppelin IV at Discogs ( list of releases ) </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin IV at MusicBrainz </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Top of the Pops , Volume 20 by Various artists </Td> <Td> UK Albums Chart number - one album 4 -- 18 December 1971 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Electric Warrior by T. Rex </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Led Zeppelin IV track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Side one </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Black Dog '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock and Roll '' </Li> <Li> `` The Battle of Evermore '' </Li> <Li> `` Stairway to Heaven '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Side two </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Misty Mountain Hop '' </Li> <Li> `` Four Sticks '' </Li> <Li> `` Going to California '' </Li> <Li> `` When the Levee Breaks '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Led Zeppelin </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin II </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin III </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin IV </Li> <Li> Houses of the Holy </Li> <Li> Physical Graffiti </Li> <Li> Presence </Li> <Li> In Through the Out Door </Li> <Li> Coda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Led Zeppelin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> John Bonham </Li> <Li> John Paul Jones </Li> <Li> Jimmy Page </Li> <Li> Robert Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Led Zeppelin </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin II </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin III </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin IV </Li> <Li> Houses of the Holy </Li> <Li> Physical Graffiti </Li> <Li> Presence </Li> <Li> In Through the Out Door </Li> <Li> Coda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Song Remains the Same </Li> <Li> BBC Sessions </Li> <Li> How the West Was Won </Li> <Li> Celebration Day </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Profiled </Li> <Li> BBC Sessions </Li> <Li> The Best of Led Zeppelin </Li> <Li> Mothership </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boxed sets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Led Zeppelin </Li> <Li> Remasters </Li> <Li> Boxed Set 2 </Li> <Li> The Complete Studio Recordings </Li> <Li> Definitive Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' </Li> <Li> `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' </Li> <Li> `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' </Li> <Li> `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' </Li> <Li> `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' </Li> <Li> `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' </Li> <Li> `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Come On Home '' </Li> <Li> `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Song Remains the Same </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin DVD </Li> <Li> Celebration Day </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scandinavia 1968 </Li> <Li> U.K. 1968 </Li> <Li> North America 1968 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 </Li> <Li> North America Spring 1969 </Li> <Li> U.K. Summer 1969 </Li> <Li> North America Summer 1969 </Li> <Li> Europe Autumn 1969 </Li> <Li> North America Autumn 1969 </Li> <Li> U.K. 1970 </Li> <Li> Europe 1970 </Li> <Li> North America Spring 1970 </Li> <Li> Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 </Li> <Li> North America Summer 1970 </Li> <Li> U.K. Spring 1971 </Li> <Li> Europe 1971 </Li> <Li> North America 1971 </Li> <Li> Japan 1971 </Li> <Li> U.K. Winter 1971 </Li> <Li> Australasia 1972 </Li> <Li> North America 1972 </Li> <Li> Japan 1972 </Li> <Li> U.K. 1972 -- 1973 </Li> <Li> Europe 1973 </Li> <Li> North America 1973 </Li> <Li> North America 1975 </Li> <Li> Earls Court 1975 </Li> <Li> North America 1977 </Li> <Li> Knebworth 1979 </Li> <Li> Over Europe 1980 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reunions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live Aid ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Bootlegs </Li> <Li> Cover versions by others </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Swan Song Records </Li> <Li> Three Week Hero </Li> <Li> `` Beck 's Bolero '' </Li> <Li> Bron - Yr - Aur </Li> <Li> The Starship </Li> <Li> Caesar 's Chariot </Li> <Li> Shark episode </Li> <Li> Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One </Li> <Li> Covers and tributes </Li> <Li> That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Yardbirds </Li> <Li> Band of Joy </Li> <Li> XYZ </Li> <Li> The Honeydrippers </Li> <Li> The Firm </Li> <Li> Coverdale Page </Li> <Li> Page and Plant </Li> <Li> Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes </Li> <Li> Them Crooked Vultures </Li> <Li> Strange Sensation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga </Li> <Li> Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored </Li> <Li> When Giants Walked the Earth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jason Bonham </Li> <Li> Peter Grant </Li> <Li> Richard Cole </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Led_Zeppelin_IV&oldid=842965782 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1971 albums </Li> <Li> Albums produced by Jimmy Page </Li> <Li> Atlantic Records albums </Li> <Li> Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients </Li> <Li> Led Zeppelin albums </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2010 </Li> <Li> CS1 Portuguese - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Stuck with You - Wikipedia <H1> Stuck with You </H1> For the Zones song , see Stuck with You ( Zones song ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Stuck with You '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Huey Lewis and the News </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Fore ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Do n't Ever Tell Me That You Love Me ( Remix ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 31 , 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' and 12 '' Vinyl record </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> April 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Chrysalis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Chris Hayes , Huey Lewis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Huey Lewis and the News </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Huey Lewis and the News singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` The Power of Love '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Stuck with You '' ( 1986 ) </Td> <Td> `` Hip to Be Square '' ( 1986 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` The Power of Love '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Stuck with You '' ( 1986 ) </Td> <Td> `` Hip to Be Square '' ( 1986 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Stuck with You '' is a hit single by Huey Lewis and the News , written by guitarist Chris Hayes and lead singer Huey Lewis , released in 1986 . It was the first single from the band 's fourth album , Fore ! . The song spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 from September 14 to October 3 , 1986 . The single was the band 's second number - one hit on the Hot 100 chart , following `` The Power of Love '' in 1985 . The song reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Lewis , the song was written about a girl he liked ; however , she did n't like the song once he revealed it to her . summer - 1986 </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video for `` Stuck with You '' was filmed in the Bahamas and features Keely Shaye Smith . The island that Lewis and Smith wind up on is a small island about ten miles from Paradise Island in Nassau . The video was filmed on land , on water , underwater and from the air . The band , the crew and all the extras used in the island barbecue scene had to stay on a barge moored off the island so that they would n't be seen . </P> <P> The video was directed by Edd Griles , who had previously directed the band 's video for `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' as well as Cyndi Lauper 's `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' and `` Time After Time '' . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1986 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finnish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South African Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Album Rock Tracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1986 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Singles ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand Singles ( RIANZ ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1986 </Li> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1986 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 1986 ( Canada ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dean , Maury ( 2003 ) . Rock N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 207 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.hueylewisandthenews.com/wp/?page_id=1038 Huey Lewis Fan Q&A : January 20 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Huey+Lewis+And+The+News&titel=Stuck+With+You&cat=s ( Retrieved September 17 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0731&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=1lvfijugemop6c5ooahfb8m6g3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ source : Pennanen , Timo : Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava , 2006 . ISBN 9789511210535 . page : 280 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.infodisc.fr/Artistes.php </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://timarit.is/files/32327692.jpg ( Retrieved September 17 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/indici/per_interprete/al.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/utwor/artykul2898,1173_stuck_with_you.aspx . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Stuck with You '' on the South African Singles Chart `` . Springbok Radio . October 17 , 1986 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3875 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Full lyrics of this song </Li> <Li> Stuck With You official video on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Huey Lewis and the News </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Huey Lewis </Li> <Li> Johnny Colla </Li> <Li> Bill Gibson </Li> <Li> Sean Hopper </Li> <Li> John Pierce </Li> <Li> Stef Burns </Li> <Li> Marvin McFadden </Li> <Li> Rob Sudduth </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chris Hayes </Li> <Li> Mario Cipollina </Li> <Li> Ron Stallings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Huey Lewis and the News </Li> <Li> Picture This </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Fore ! </Li> <Li> Small World </Li> <Li> Hard at Play </Li> <Li> Four Chords & Several Years Ago </Li> <Li> Plan B </Li> <Li> Soulsville </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live at 25 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Heart of Rock & Roll -- The Best of Huey Lewis and The News </Li> <Li> Time Flies ... The Best Of </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits & Videos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Do You Believe in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Hope You Love Me Like You Say You Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart and Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` I Want a New Drug '' </Li> <Li> `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' </Li> <Li> `` If This Is It '' </Li> <Li> `` Walking on a Thin Line '' </Li> <Li> `` The Power of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Back in Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Stuck with You '' </Li> <Li> `` Hip to Be Square '' </Li> <Li> `` Jacob 's Ladder '' </Li> <Li> `` I Know What I Like '' </Li> <Li> `` Doing It All for My Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` Perfect World '' </Li> <Li> `` Give Me the Keys ( And I 'll Drive You Crazy ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Couple Days Off '' </Li> <Li> `` It Hit Me Like a Hammer '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's All Right '' </Li> <Li> `` ( She 's ) Some Kind of Wonderful '' </Li> <Li> `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Clover </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Huey Lewis and the News </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 1980s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_with_You&oldid=864770507 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1986 songs </Li> <Li> 1986 singles </Li> <Li> Huey Lewis and the News songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Huey Lewis </Li> <Li> Songs written by Chris Hayes ( musician ) </Li> <Li> Chrysalis Records singles </Li> <Li> Rock ballads </Li> <Li> 1980s ballads </Li> <Li> 1980s rock song stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 10 : 34 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mohiniyattam - wikipedia <H1> Mohiniyattam </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Mohiniyaattam '' redirects here . For the 1976 film , see Mohiniyaattam ( film ) . Mohiniyattam is a classical Indian dance from Kerala . <P> Mohiniyattam , also spelled Mohiniattam ( Malayalam : മോഹിനിയാട്ടം ) , is one of two classical dances of India that developed and remain popular in the state of Kerala . The other classical dance form from Kerala is Kathakali . Mohiniyattam dance gets its name from the word Mohini -- a mythical enchantress avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu , who helps the good prevail over evil by deploying her feminine powers . </P> <P> Mohiniyattam 's roots , like all classical Indian dances , are in the Natya Shastra -- the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text on performance arts . However , it follows the Lasya style described in Natya Shastra , that is a dance which is delicate , eros - filled and feminine . It is traditionally a solo dance performed by women after extensive training . The repertoire of Mohiniyattam includes music in the Carnatic style , singing and acting a play through the dance , where the recitation may be either by a separate vocalist or the dancer herself . The song is typically in Malayalam - Sanskrit hybrid called Manipravala . </P> <P> The earliest mention of the word is found in the 16th - century legal text Vyavaharamala , but the likely roots of the dance are older . The dance was systematized in the 18th century , was ridiculed as a Devadasi prostitution system during the colonial British Raj , banned by a series of laws from 1931 through 1938 , a ban that was protested and partially repealed in 1940 . The socio - political conflict ultimately led to renewed interest , revival and reconstruction of Mohiniyattam by the people of Kerala , particularly the poet Vallathol Narayana Menon . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 British rule era </Li> <Li> 2.2 Modern era </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Repertoire <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Sequence </Li> <Li> 3.2 Costumes </Li> <Li> 3.3 Music and instruments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Gallery </Li> <Li> 5 References <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> Mythical Mohini . <P> Mohiniyattam , also referred to as Mohini - attam , is derived from `` Mohini '' -- a famous female avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu in Indian mythology . </P> <P> Mohini refers to a `` divine enchantress , supreme seductress '' . She appears in Hindu mythologies during a battle between Devas ( good ) and Asuras ( evil ) , after the evil had won control of Amrita ( nectar of immortality ) . Appearing in her youthful bloom , dressed rapturously she uses her charms to seduce the Asuras , who seeking her favors , give her the Amrita to distribute among the evil forces . Mohini after gaining the Amrita gives it to the good instead , depriving the evil from gaining immortality . </P> <P> The details of the Mohini story varies by the Purana and region , but she is consistently an enchantress avatar of the supreme in Vaishnavism . Aattam is a Malayalam language word , and means rhythmic motion or dance . Mohiniyattam thus connotes `` a dance of an enchantress , a beautiful woman '' . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Divya Nedungadi performing Mohiniyattam . <P> Mohiniyattam is a classical Indian dance , which by definition traces its repertoire to the foundational text Natya Shastra . The Natya Shastra text is attributed to the ancient scholar Bharata Muni . Its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE , but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE . The text describes the basic elements and the structure of two types of dance : the vigorous , high energy Tāṇḍava dance ( Shiva ) and the gentle , calmingly graceful Lāsyā dance ( Parvati , Shiva 's lover ) . Mohiniyāttam follows the structure and aims of the Lāsyā dance in Natya Shastra . </P> <P> According to Reginald Massey , Mohiniyattam 's history is unclear . Kerala , the region where this dance genre developed and is popular , has a long tradition of lasya style dances whose basics and structure may be at the root . The earliest evidence of Mohiniyattam , or a Mohiniyattam - like dance tradition is found in temple sculpture of Kerala . The 11th century Vishnu temple at Trikodithanam , and the Kidangur Subramanya temple , have several sculptures of female dancers in Mohiniyattam pose . The textual evidence from 12th century onwards suggest that Malayalam poets and playwrights included Lāsyā themes . The 16th century Vyavaharamala by Nambootiri contains the first known mention of the term Mohiniyattam , in the context of a payment to be made to a Mohiniyattam dancer . Another text , Gosha Yatra , from the 17th century too mentions the term . The 18th century Balarama Bharatam , a major secondary work on Natya Shastra composed in Kerala , mentions many dance styles including Mohini Natana . </P> <P> In the 18th and 19th century , Mohiniyattam grew as dance arts received patronage of competing princely states . In particular , the early 19th century sponsorship and building of a joint Mohiniyattam and Bharatanatyam team of artists by the Hindu king , poet and music composer Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma contributed to the growth and systematization of modern Mohiniyattam . </P> <H3> British rule era ( edit ) </H3> <P> With the spread of colonial British rule in the 19th century India , all classical dance forms of India were ridiculed and discouraged , leading to their severely decline . This was in part the result of the Victorian morality of sexual repressiveness along with Anglican missionaries who criticized Hinduism . </P> A Mohiniattam pose by Rekha Raju . <P> The seductive gestures and facial expressions during temple dances were caricatured in The Wrongs of Indian Womanhood , published at the start of the 20th century , as evidence of `` harlots , debased erotic culture , slavery to idols and priests '' tradition , and Christian missionaries demanded that this must be stopped , launching the `` anti-dance movement '' or `` anti-nautch movement '' in 1892 . This movement affected all classical dances in India and contributed to their decline , including the stigmatization of Mohiniyattam in the princely states of Travancore and Cochin in the British Empire . </P> <P> According to Justine Lemos , the conventional stereotype has been to label the temple dancers as prostitutes and that Mohiniyattam was banned by the Maharaja under pressure from the British rule and his citizens , but an examination of historical evidence suggests that neither did any law or proclamation ban Mohiniyattam nor is there any evidence that dancing girls of Mohiniyattam were devadasis , temple prostitutes or even menial servants of the temple . However , adds Lemos , there is evidence of rewards being given , scholarship being sponsored , and payments being made to the dancers of Mohiniyattam , as well as laws enacted between 1931 and 1938 that -- without naming Mohiniyattam -- banned devadasis , banned all forms of `` lewd dance or theatre '' , and banned dancing in temples while the princely states of Kerala were part of the British Empire , in a manner similar to bans on Hindu performance arts in Madras , Bombay and Calcutta Presidencies enacted earlier . In 1940 , the ban was partially repealed , by allowing `` voluntary dances in temples '' . In 1941 , a new law clarified that voluntary dance was permitted , but the dancers should never be paid . This led to protests , public riots and demands by dancers that performance art is a form of economic activity and religious freedom , that Mohiniyattam artists should be paid by the state or the audience , but the state did not pay them . </P> <P> Some women continued to dance Mohiniyattam in Hindu temples , regardless of the historic politics during the 1940s . </P> <H3> Modern era ( edit ) </H3> <P> The ridicule and bans enacted during the British colonial era contributed to nationalist sentiments , and impacted all Hindu performance arts including Mohiniyattam . It too was revived and reconstructed , particularly in the 1930s by the nationalist Malayalam poet Vallathol Narayana Menon , who helped repeal the ban on temple dancing in Kerala , as well as established the Kerala Kalamandalam dance school and encouraged Mohiniattam studies , training and practice . </P> <P> Other significant champions of Mohiniyattam in the 20th century have been Mukundraja , Krishna Panicker , Thankamony , as well as the guru and dancer Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma . </P> <H2> Repertoire ( edit ) </H2> Expression of an artist <P> Mohiniyattam is a lasya subgenre of dance , performed in the Kaisiki vritti ( graceful style ) , as discussed in ancient Indian performance arts texts such as the Natya Shastra . More specifically , it is a dance that excels in Ekaharya Abhinaya form , that is a solo expressive dance performance aided by singing and music . The dance includes nritta ( pure dance , solo ) , nritya ( expressive dance , solo ) and modern productions sometimes include natya ( play , group dance ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Nritta performance is abstract , rhythmic aspect of the dance that appears early and at the end of the dance repertoire . The viewer is presented with pure movement , wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion , form , speed , range and pattern . This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect , no telling of story . </Li> </Ul> An expressive gesture in Mohiniyattam . <Ul> <Li> The Nritya is the expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate a storyline , with emotions and feelings , with spiritual themes . In a nritya , the dance - acting ( Abhinaya , Vaittari ) expands to include silent expression of words through hand and facial gestures and body motion set to musical notes . The dancer articulates a legend or a spiritual message , aiming to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer . </Li> </Ul> <P> The basic posture of Mohiniyattam is parted feet , knees bent outwards , an erect upper torso , gentle 8 - shape side to side swaying of body along with hips ( Ati Bhanga ) . The footwork is soft , sliding and synchronous with the musical beat and acting . The body movement is sometimes described in terms of calming images of nature as the swinging of the palm leaves , and the gentle undulating of ocean waves . </P> <P> The basic dance units in Mohiniattam are known as atavus or atavukal , and these are grouped into four : Taganam , Jaganam , Dhaganam and Sammisram . The hand and facial gestures of the dance follow the classical text of Hastha Lakshanadeepika , which has elaborate description of mudras . </P> <H3> Sequence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The repertoire sequence of Mohiniyattam is similar to that of Bharatanatyam , and contains seven items that are performed to a structure described in classical dance texts : Cholkettu ( invocation , but starts with offering reverence to a goddess Bhagavati and ends with a prayer to Shiva ) , Jatisvaram or more precisely Swarajeti , Varnam ( a play wherein she embeds a mimicry for distraction while communicating the underlying story or message ) , Padam ( song ) , Tillana ( dancer 's interpretation of melody the musician create ) , Shlokam and Saptam . </P> <H3> Costumes ( edit ) </H3> Mohiniyattam costumes . <P> The costume includes plain white or off - white such as ivory or cream colored sari embroidered with bright golden or gold laced colored brocade ( similar to a ceremonial Kasavu saree ) . She wears a fitted choli ( blouse ) matching the sari , below which at the waist is a golden belt which tucks in the end of the sari , and highlights the waist . In front of the saree , below the belt is pleated sheet with concentric bands in gold or saffron colors , which allow freedom of movement and assist in visually communicating the mudra to distant audience . </P> <P> The dancer wears relatively simple jewelry and no masks , in contrast to the other major classical dance of Kerala called Kathakali . Her jewelry typically includes items on fingers , wrists , neck and ears ( which may have bells ) . The face makeup is natural , but lips are brilliant red , she has the Hindu tikka on her forehead and her eyes are lined to help prominently highlight the eye movements during the dance . Her ankles are adorned with leather straps with bells ( ghungroo ) , feet and fingers colored red with natural dyes . Her hairdo is gathered and tied into a smooth tight round chignon on one side of her head ( typically left ) and the bun then ringed with fragrant flowers ( typically jasmine mallika ) . </P> <H3> Music and instruments ( edit ) </H3> <P> The vocal music of Mohiniyattam involves various rhythms . There are numerous compositions for a Mohiniyattam repertoire , most of whose lyrics are in Manipravalam , a mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam . </P> <P> The musical instruments usually used in Mohiniyattam are Mridangam or Madhalam ( barrel drum ) , Idakka ( hour glass drum ) , flute , Veena , and Kuzhitalam ( cymbals ) . The ragas ( melody ) are rendered in the sopana ( steps ) style , which is a slow melodic style with roots in the Natya Shastra . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mohiniyaattam </P> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohiniyattam . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : James G. Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : A-M . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 433 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3179 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mohini Attam , Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James G. Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : A-M . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3179 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter J. Claus ; Sarah Diamond ; Margaret Ann Mills ( 2003 ) . South Asian Folklore : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . pp. 332 -- 333 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93919 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reginald Massey ( 2004 ) . India 's Dances : Their History , Technique , and Repertoire . Abhinav Publications . pp. 131 -- 133 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 434 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : James G. Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : N-Z . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3180 - 4 . , Quote : `` the Natyashastra remains the ultimate authority for any dance form that claims to be ' classical ' dance , rather than ' folk ' dance '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James B. Robinson ( 2009 ) . Hinduism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 103 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0641 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 6 , 44 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justine Lemos ( 2016 ) . Maratt Mythili Anoop and Varun Gulati , ed . Scripting Dance in Contemporary India . Lexington . pp. 35 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0552 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : KR Kavya Krishna ( 2015 ) . Saugata Bhaduri and Indrani Mukherjee , ed . Transcultural Negotiations of Gender : Studies in ( Be ) longing . Springer . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 322 - 2437 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reginald Massey 2004 , pp. 131 - 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farley P. Richmond , Darius L. Swann & Phillip B. Zarrilli 1993 , p. 471 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mohan Khokar ( 1984 ) . Traditions of Indian classical dance . Clarion Books . pp. 57 -- 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schramm , Harold ( 1968 ) . `` Musical Theatre in India '' . Asian Music . University of Texas Press . 1 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 40 . doi : 10.2307 / 834008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coorlawala , Uttara Asha ( 1993 ) . `` The Toronto conference on `` new directions in Indian dance '' `` . Dance Chronicle . Routledge. 16 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 396 . doi : 10.1080 / 01472529308569140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Natalia Lidova 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tarla Mehta 1995 , pp. xxiv , 19 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallace Dace 1963 , p. 249 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 7 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siyuan Liu ( 2016 ) . Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre . Routledge . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 27886 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leslie C. Orr ( 2000 ) . Donors , Devotees , and Daughters of God : Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu . Oxford University Press . pp. 11 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 535672 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reena Shah ( 2006 ) . Movement in Stills : The Dance and Life of Kumudini Lakhia . Mapin . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88204 - 42 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mary Ellen Snodgrass ( 2016 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 165 -- 168 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 5749 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Margaret E. Walker ( 2016 ) . India 's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective . Routledge . pp. 94 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 11737 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nalini Ghuman ( 2014 ) . Resonances of the Raj : India in the English Musical Imagination , 1897 - 1947 . Oxford University Press . pp. 97 footnote 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 931489 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Justine Lemos ( 2016 ) . Maratt Mythili Anoop and Varun Gulati , ed . Scripting Dance in Contemporary India . Lexington . pp. 29 -- 31 , 33 -- 34 , 41 , 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0552 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kay Kirkpatrick Jordan ( 2003 ) . From Sacred Servant to Profane Prostitute : A History of the Changing Legal Status of the Devadāsīs in India , 1857 - 1947 . Manohar Publishers . pp. 2 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 468 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Justine Lemos ( 2016 ) . Maratt Mythili Anoop and Varun Gulati , ed . Scripting Dance in Contemporary India . Lexington . pp. 35 -- 36 , 38 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0552 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justine Lemos ( 2016 ) . Maratt Mythili Anoop and Varun Gulati , ed . Scripting Dance in Contemporary India . Lexington . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0552 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kavya Krishna , K.R. ( 2016 ) . Gender and Performance : The Reinvention of Mohiniyattam in Early Twentieth - Century Kerala . Springer . pp. 123 -- 133 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 322 - 2436 - 5 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 81 - 322 - 2437 - 2_12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justine Lemos ( 2016 ) . Maratt Mythili Anoop and Varun Gulati , ed . Scripting Dance in Contemporary India . Lexington . pp. 43 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0552 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justine Lemos ( 2016 ) . Maratt Mythili Anoop and Varun Gulati , ed . Scripting Dance in Contemporary India . Lexington . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0552 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. vi , 50 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nirmmalā Paṇikkar ( 1992 ) . Nangiar Koothu , the classical dance theatre of the Nangiars . Kutiyattam Series . Natana Kairali . pp. 38 -- 39 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 56 -- 59 , 64 , 84 -- 86 , 103 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ellen Koskoff ( 2008 ) . The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music : The Middle East , South Asia , East Asia , Southeast Asia . Routledge . p. 955 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 99404 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Janet Descutner ( 2010 ) . Asian Dance . Infobase . pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3078 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 50 -- 53 , 59 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erin B. Mee ( 2001 ) . Drama Contemporary : India . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6621 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geeta Radhakrishna ( 1979 ) . Splendours of Kerala . Marg Publications . p. 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 56 -- 59 , 102 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ragini Devi 1990 , pp. 116 - 117 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reginald Massey 2004 , p. 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shovana Narayan ( 2004 ) . The Sterling Book of Indian Classical Dances . Sterling Publishers . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84557 - 169 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 44 , 80 , 110 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siyuan Liu ( 2016 ) . Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre . Routledge . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 27886 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharati Shivaji ; Avinash Pasricha ( 1986 ) . The Art of Mohiniyāttam . Lancer Publishers . pp. 79 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 003 - 7 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ambrose , Kay ( 1984 ) . Classical Dances and Costumes of India . Palgrave Macmillan . </Li> <Li> Ragini Devi ( 1990 ) . Dance Dialects of India . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0674 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Natalia Lidova ( 2014 ) . `` Natyashastra '' . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / obo / 9780195399318 - 0071 . </Li> <Li> Natalia Lidova ( 1994 ) . Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1234 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Williams , Drid ( 2004 ) . `` In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism : Authentic East Indian Dancing '' ( PDF ) . Visual Anthropology . Routledge. 17 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 98 . doi : 10.1080 / 08949460490274013 . </Li> <Li> Tarla Mehta ( 1995 ) . Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1057 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Reginald Massey ( 2004 ) . India 's Dances : Their History , Technique , and Repertoire . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 434 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Emmie Te Nijenhuis ( 1974 ) . Indian Music : History and Structure . BRILL Academic . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03978 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Kapila Vatsyayan ( 2001 ) . Bharata , the Nāṭyaśāstra . Sahitya Akademi . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1220 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Kapila Vatsyayan ( 1977 ) . Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts . Sangeet Natak Akademi . OCLC 233639306 . , Table of Contents </Li> <Li> Kapila Vatsyayan ( 1974 ) . Indian classical dance . Sangeet Natak Akademi . OCLC 2238067 . </Li> <Li> Kapila Vatsyayan ( 2008 ) . Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition . Munshiram Manoharlal . ISBN 978 - 8187586357 . OCLC 286469807 . </Li> <Li> Kapila Vatsyayan . Dance In Indian Painting . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 153 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Wallace Dace ( 1963 ) . `` The Concept of `` Rasa '' in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory `` . Educational Theatre Journal . 15 ( 3 ) : 249 . JSTOR 3204783 . doi : 10.2307 / 3204783 . </Li> <Li> Farley P. Richmond ; Darius L. Swann ; Phillip B. Zarrilli ( 1993 ) . Indian Theatre : Traditions of Performance . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0981 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohiniyattam . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> About Mohiniyattam </Li> <Li> Mohiniyattam , Aishwarya , Kalolsavam ( 2012 , video clip , 7'51 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dance in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bharata Natyam </Li> <Li> Kathak </Li> <Li> Kathakali </Li> <Li> Kuchipudi </Li> <Li> Manipuri </Li> <Li> Mohiniyattam </Li> <Li> Odissi </Li> <Li> Sattriya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divine forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nataraja </Li> <Li> Tandava </Li> <Li> Rasa lila </Li> <Li> Lasya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Folk ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bihu </Li> <Li> Bagurumba </Li> <Li> Bhangra </Li> <Li> Chang </Li> <Li> Cheraw </Li> <Li> Chhau </Li> <Li> Dollu Kunitha </Li> <Li> Giddha </Li> <Li> Garba </Li> <Li> Dandiya Raas </Li> <Li> 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<Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohiniyattam&oldid=798013449 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mohiniyattam </Li> <Li> Dances of Kerala </Li> <Li> Classical dance genres of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing Malayalam - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> 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Andes - wikipedia <H1> Andes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mountain range in South America . For other uses , see Andes ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Andes Mountain Range </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Quechua : Anti ( s / kuna ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Andes mountain range as seen from a plane , between Santiago de Chile and Mendoza , Argentina , in summer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Highest point </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peak </Th> <Td> Aconcagua ( Las Heras Department , Mendoza , Argentina ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 32 ° S 70 ° W / 32 ° S 70 ° W / - 32 ; - 70 Coordinates : 32 ° S 70 ° W / 32 ° S 70 ° W / - 32 ; - 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 500 km ( 310 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part ( roughly parallel to the Pacific coast ) of the continent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Td> List ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Andes or Andean Mountains ( Spanish : Cordillera de los Andes ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world . They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America . This range is about 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) long , about 200 to 700 km ( 120 to 430 mi ) wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ) , and of an average height of about 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile and Argentina . </P> <P> Along their length , the Andes are split into several ranges , which are separated by intermediate depressions . The Andes are the location of several high plateaus -- some of which host major cities such as Quito , Bogotá , Arequipa , Medellín , Sucre , Mérida and La Paz . The Altiplano plateau is the world 's second - highest after the Tibetan plateau . These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate : the Tropical Andes , the Dry Andes , and the Wet Andes . </P> <P> The Andes are the world 's highest mountain range outside Asia . The highest mountain outside Asia , Mount Aconcagua , in Argentina , rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) above sea level . The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth 's center than any other location on the Earth 's surface , due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth 's rotation . The world 's highest volcanoes are in the Andes , including Ojos del Salado on the Chile - Argentina border , which rises to 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) . </P> <P> The Andes are also part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges ( cordillera ) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western `` backbone '' of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica . </P> `` Cono de Arita '' in the Puna de Atacama , Salta ( Argentina ) Aerial view of Aconcagua <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Geography </Li> <Li> 3 Geology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Orogeny </Li> <Li> 3.2 Volcanism </Li> <Li> 3.3 Ore deposits and evaporates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Climate and hydrology </Li> <Li> 5 Flora </Li> <Li> 6 Fauna </Li> <Li> 7 Human activity <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Cities </Li> <Li> 7.2 Transportation </Li> <Li> 7.3 Agriculture </Li> <Li> 7.4 Irrigation </Li> <Li> 7.5 Mining </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Peaks <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Argentina </Li> <Li> 8.2 Border between Argentina and Chile </Li> <Li> 8.3 Bolivia </Li> <Li> 8.4 Border between Bolivia and Chile </Li> <Li> 8.5 Chile </Li> <Li> 8.6 Colombia </Li> <Li> 8.7 Ecuador </Li> <Li> 8.8 Peru </Li> <Li> 8.9 Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The etymology of the word Andes has been debated . The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti , which means `` east '' as in Antisuyu ( Quechua for `` east region '' ) , one of the four regions of the Inca Empire . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Aerial view of Valle Carbajal in the Fuegian Andes <P> The Andes can be divided into three sections : </P> <Ol> <Li> The Southern Andes ( south of Llullaillaco ) in Argentina and Chile ; </Li> <Li> The Central Andes in Ecuador , Peru , and Bolivia </Li> <Li> The Northern Andes ( north of the Nudo de Pasto ) in Venezuela and Colombia , which consist of three parallel ranges , the western , central , and eastern ( the cordillera occidental , central , and oriental ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> In the northern part of the Andes , the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is often considered to be part of the Andes . The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word `` cordel '' , meaning `` rope '' . The Andes range is about 200 km ( 124 mi ) wide throughout its length , except in the Bolivian flexure where it is about 640 kilometres ( 398 mi ) wide . The Leeward Antilles islands Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao , which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela , were thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range , but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the South American and Caribbean plates . </P> <H2> Geology ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="1"> Geology of the Andes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="1"> Orogenies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Pampean orogeny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Famatinian orogeny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Gondwanide orogeny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Andean orogeny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fold - thrust belts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> <P> Central Andean Patagonian </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="1"> Batholiths </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Peruvian Coastal North Patagonian South Patagonian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subducted structures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> <P> Antarctic Plate Carnegie Ridge Chile Rise Farallon Plate ( formerly ) Juan Fernández Ridge Nazca Plate Nazca Ridge </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Faults </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> <P> Gastre Liquiñe - Ofqui Magallanes - Fagnano </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Andean Volcanic Belt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> <P> Northern Zone Peruvian flat - slab Central Zone Pampean flat - slab Southern Zone Patagonian Gap Austral Zone </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paleogeographic terminology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> <P> Arequipa - Antofalla Chilenia Chiloé Block Cuyania Iapetus Ocean Madre de Dios Terrane Mejillonia Pampia </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> This box : <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> edit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Andes are a Mesozoic -- Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire , a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia - Pacific region . The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes , caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate . The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate . To the east , the Andes range is bounded by several sedimentary basins , such as Orinoco , Amazon Basin , Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco , that separate the Andes from the ancient cratons in eastern South America . In the south , the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane . To the west , the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean , although the Peru - Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit . From a geographical approach , the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography . The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range . </P> <P> The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines . The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18 ° S. At this point the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina . The Andean segment north and south of the orocline have been rotated 15 ° to 20 ° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively . The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau and according to Isacks ( 1988 ) the orocline is related to crustal shortening . The specific point at 18 ° S where the coastline bends is known as the `` Arica Elbow '' . Further south lies the Maipo Orocline or Maipo Transition Zone located between 30 ° S and 38 ° S with a break in trend at 33 ° S. Near the southern tip of the Andes lies the Patagonian orocline . </P> <H3> Orogeny ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Andean orogeny <P> The western rim of the South American Plate has been the place of several pre-Andean orogenies since at least the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic , when several terranes and microcontinents collided and amalgamated with the ancient cratons of eastern South America , by then the South American part of Gondwana . </P> <P> The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic when Pangaea began to break up that resulted in developing several rifts . The development continued through the Jurassic Period . It was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form , by the uplifting , faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east . The rise of the Andes has not been constant , where different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress , uplift , and erosion . </P> <P> Tectonic forces above the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day . In the extreme south a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate . Across the 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) wide Drake Passage lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain . </P> <P> The regions immediately east of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny . Parts of the Sunsás Orogen in Amazonian craton disappeared from the surface of earth being overridden by the Andes . The Sierras de Córdoba , where the effects of the ancient Pampean orogeny can be observed , owe their modern uplift and relief to the Andean orogeny in the Tertiary . Further south in southern Patagonia the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the Magallanes Basin to evolve from being an extensional back - arc basin in the Mesozoic to being a compressional foreland basin in the Cenozoic . </P> <H3> Volcanism ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Andean Volcanic Belt Rift valley near Quilotoa , Ecuador Aerial photograph showing the high plains of the Andes Mountains in the foreground , with a line of young volcanoes facing the much lower Atacama Desert <P> The Andes range has many active volcanoes , which are distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity . The Andean volcanism is a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate . The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps . The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style , products and morphology . While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to , there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes . Despite being a type location for calc - alkalic and subduction volcanism , the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano - tectonic settings , such as rift systems and extensional zones , transpressional faults , subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths , and different amount of crustal assimilations . </P> <H3> Ore deposits and evaporates ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Andes Mountains host large ore and salt deposits and some of their eastern fold and thrust belt acts as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of hydrocarbons . In the forelands of the Atacama desert some of the largest porphyry copper mineralizations occurs making Chile and Peru the first and second largest exporters of copper in the world . Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by hydrothermal fluids ( mostly water ) during the cooling of plutons or volcanic systems . The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that let them largely out of the disturbing actions of meteoric water . The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter deposits which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic nitrates . Yet another result of the dry climate are the salars of Atacama and Uyuni , the first one being the largest source of lithium today and the second the world 's largest reserve of the element . Early Mesozoic and Neogene plutonism in Bolivia 's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian tin belt as well as the famous , now depleted , deposits of Cerro Rico de Potosí . </P> <H2> Climate and hydrology ( edit ) </H2> See also : Tropical Andes , Dry Andes , and Wet Andes Central Andes Bolivian Andes <P> The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude , altitude , and proximity to the sea . Temperature , atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations . The southern section is rainy and cool , the central section is dry . The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm , with an average temperature of 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in Colombia . The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances . Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow - covered peak Cotopaxi . The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas . The snow line depends on the location . It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m ( 14,800 and 15,700 ft ) in the tropical Ecuadorian , Colombian , Venezuelan , and northern Peruvian Andes , rising to 4,800 -- 5,200 m ( 15,700 -- 17,100 ft ) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30 ° S , then descending to 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) on Aconcagua at 32 ° S , 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) at 40 ° S , 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) at 50 ° S , and only 300 m ( 980 ft ) in Tierra del Fuego at 55 ° S ; from 50 ° S , several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level . </P> <P> The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be divided in two climatic and glaciological zones : the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes . Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River , precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations . The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time , leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area . </P> <P> In the high Andes of central Chile and Mendoza Province , rock glaciers are larger and more common than glaciers ; this is due to the high exposure to solar radiation . </P> <P> Though precipitation increases with the height , there are semiarid conditions in the nearly 7000 m towering highest mountains of the Andes . This dry steppe climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32 -- 34 ° S . The valley bottoms have no woods , just dwarf scrub . The largest glaciers , as e.g. the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers do not even reach 10 km in length and have an only insignificant ice thickness . At glacial times , however , c. 20 000 years ago , the glaciers were over ten times longer . On the east side of this section of the Mendozina Andes they flowed down to 2060 m and on the west side to c. 1220 m asl . The massifs of Cerro Aconcagua ( 6,961 m ) , Cerro Tupungato ( 6,550 m ) and Nevado Juncal ( 6,110 m ) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network . The Andes ' dendritic glacier arms , i.e. components of valley glaciers , were up to 112.5 km long , over 1020 , i.e. 1250 m thick and overspanned a vertical distance of 5150 altitude metres . The climatic glacier snowline ( ELA ) was lowered from currently 4600 m to 3200 m at glacial times . </P> <H2> Flora ( edit ) </H2> Laguna de Sonso tropical dry forest in Northern Andes <P> The Andean region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold , windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert . Rainforests and tropical dry forests used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished , especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia . As a direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru , Chile and Argentina . Along with several Interandean Valles , they are typically dominated by deciduous woodland , shrub and xeric vegetation , reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert . </P> <P> About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes , with roughly half being endemic to the region , surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot . The small tree Cinchona pubescens , a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria , is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia . Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes . The high - altitude Polylepis forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and Chile . These trees , by locals referred to as Queñua , Yagual and other names , can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) above sea level . It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural , or the result of clearing which began during the Incan period . Regardless , in modern times the clearance has accelerated , and the trees are now considered to be highly endangered , with some believing that as little as 10 % of the original woodland remains . </P> <H2> Fauna ( edit ) </H2> A male Andean cock - of - the - rock , a species found in humid Andean forests and the national bird of Peru Herds of alpacas near Ausangate mountain Main article : Fauna of the Andes <P> The Andes are rich in fauna : With almost 3,500 species , of which roughly 2 / 3 are endemic to the region , the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians . The diversity of animals in the Andes is high , with almost 600 species of mammals ( 13 % endemic ) , more than 1,700 species of birds ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) , more than 600 species of reptile ( about 45 % endemic ) , and almost 400 species of fish ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) . </P> <P> The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano , while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool . The crepuscular ( active during dawn and dusk ) chinchillas , two threatened members of the rodent order , inhabit the Andes ' alpine regions . The Andean condor , the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere , occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities . Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the huemul , cougar , foxes in the genus Pseudalopex , and , for birds , certain species of tinamous ( notably members of the genus Nothoprocta ) , Andean goose , giant coot , flamingos ( mainly associated with hypersaline lakes ) , lesser rhea , Andean flicker , diademed sandpiper - plover , miners , sierra - finches and diuca - finches . </P> <P> Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics , among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog . A few species of hummingbirds , notably some hillstars , can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m ( 13,100 ft ) , but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes , especially in the humid Andean forests ( `` cloud forests '' ) growing on slopes in Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina . These forest - types , which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó , are very rich in flora and fauna , although few large mammals exist , exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir , spectacled bear and yellow - tailed woolly monkey . </P> <P> Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain - toucans , quetzals and the Andean cock - of - the - rock , while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen -- in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens , tapaculos and antpittas . </P> <P> A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white - browed tit - spinetail are associated with Polylepis , and consequently also threatened . </P> <H2> Human activity ( edit ) </H2> See also : Cultural periods of Peru , Inca Empire , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Andean states <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Andes Mountains form a north - south axis of cultural influences . A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century . The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management . The government sponsored the construction of aqueducts and roads in addition to preexisting installations . Some of these constructions are still in existence today . </P> <P> Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars , in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated ( e.g. Huancas , Chachapoyas , Cañaris ) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro . One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu , which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon . The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families . Woodbine Parish and Joseph Barclay Pentland surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827 . </P> <H3> Cities ( edit ) </H3> La Paz , Bolivia is the highest capital city in the world Santiago de Chile <P> In modern times , the largest cities in the Andes are Bogotá , Colombia , with a population of about eight million , Santiago , Chile , and Medellin , Colombia . Lima is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes and is the largest city of all Andean countries . It is the seat of the Andean Community of Nations . </P> <P> La Paz , Bolivia 's seat of government , is the highest capital city in the world , at an elevation of approximately 3,650 m ( 11,975 ft ) . Parts of the La Paz conurbation , including the city of El Alto , extend up to 4,200 m ( 13,780 ft ) . </P> <P> Other cities in or near the Andes include Arequipa , Cusco , and Huancayo in Peru ; Quito and Cuenca in Ecuador ; Cochabamba , Oruro , and Sucre in Bolivia ; Mendoza , Tucumán , Salta , and San Juan in Argentina ; Rancagua in Chile ; Cali , Cúcuta , Bucaramanga , Pereira , Pasto , Villavicencio , and Manizales in Colombia ; and Barquisimeto , San Cristóbal , Mérida , and Valera in Venezuela . The cities of Caracas , Valencia , and Maracay are in the Venezuelan Coastal Range , which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extreme of South America . </P> <H3> Transportation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cities and large towns are connected with asphalt - paved roads , while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads , which may require a four - wheel - drive vehicle . </P> Venezuelan Andes in Mérida <P> The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries , even with modern civil engineering practices . For example , the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores . Only recently the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west have been connected . Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft . </P> <P> However , there is one railroad that connects Chile with Argentina via the Andes , and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia . See railroad maps of that region . </P> <P> There is one or more highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes . Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguay , in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay . </P> <P> For decades , Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes . However , these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile , the allied Bolivia and Peru , in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war . The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru , and Chile took over Bolivia 's only province on the Pacific Coast , some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later . Bolivia has been a completely landlocked country ever since . It mostly uses seaports in eastern Argentina and Uruguay for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978 . </P> <P> Because of the tortuous terrain in places , villages and towns in the mountains -- to which travel via motorized vehicles are of little use -- are still located in the high Andes of Argentina , Bolivia , Peru , and Ecuador . Locally , the relatives of the camel , the llama , and the alpaca continue to carry out important uses as pack animals , but this use has generally diminished in modern times . Donkeys , mules , and horses are also useful . </P> <H3> Agriculture ( edit ) </H3> Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans See also : Andean Agriculture , Incan agriculture , and Vertical archipelago <P> The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years . Because of the mountain slopes , terracing has been a common practice . Terracing , however , was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm . The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop . Maize was also an important crop for these people , and was used for the production of chicha , important to Andean native people . Currently , tobacco , cotton and coffee are the main export crops . Coca , despite eradication programmes in some countries , remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating herbal tea , and , both controversially and illegally , for the production of cocaine . </P> <H3> Irrigation ( edit ) </H3> Irrigating land in the Peruvian Andes <P> In unirrigated land , pasture is the most common type of land use . In the rainy season ( summer ) , part of the rangeland is used for cropping ( mainly potatoes , barley , broad beans and wheat ) . </P> <P> Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage . Also , by early sowing , maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains ( till 3800 m ) . In addition it makes cropping in the dry season ( winter ) possible and allows the cultivation of frost resistant vegetable crops like onion and carrot . </P> <H3> Mining ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the Spanish conquest of South America . Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals the mineralizations of the Andes were first mined in large scale after the Spanish arrival . Potosí in present - day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru were one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World . Río de la Plata and Argentina derive their names from the silver of Potosí . </P> <P> Currently , mining in the Andes of Chile and Peru places these countries as the first and third major producers of copper in the world . Peru also contains the 4th largest goldmine in the world : the Yanacocha . The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe . </P> <P> There is a long history of mining in the Andes , from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru . Other metals including iron , gold and tin in addition to non-metallic resources are important . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Chilean huasos , 19th century </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The mountain Huayna Picchu overlooks the Inca estate ( land ) of Machu Picchu . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Peaks ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of mountains in the Andes <P> This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range . The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina ( see below ) . </P> <H3> Argentina ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of mountains in Argentina <Ul> <Li> Aconcagua , 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cerro Bonete , 6,759 m ( 22,175 ft ) </Li> <Li> Galán , 5,912 m ( 19,396 ft ) </Li> <Li> Mercedario , 6,720 m ( 22,047 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pissis , 6,795 m ( 22,293 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Llao Llao Hotel with the Andes in the background , in the city of Bariloche , Argentina </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Aconcagua , Argentina , the highest mountain in the Americas and in the entire world outside the Himalayas </P> </Li> <Li> <P> El Chaltén , Argentina </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mount Fitz Roy </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Border between Argentina and Chile ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cerro Bayo , 5,401 m ( 17,720 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cerro Fitz Roy , 3,375 m ( 11,073 ft ) or 3,405 m , Patagonia , also known as Cerro Chaltén </Li> <Li> Cerro Escorial , 5,447 m ( 17,871 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cordón del Azufre , 5,463 m ( 17,923 ft ) </Li> <Li> Falso Azufre , 5,890 m ( 19,324 ft ) </Li> <Li> Incahuasi , 6,620 m ( 21,719 ft ) </Li> <Li> Lastarria , 5,697 m ( 18,691 ft ) </Li> <Li> Llullaillaco , 6,739 m ( 22,110 ft ) </Li> <Li> Maipo , 5,264 m ( 17,270 ft ) </Li> <Li> Marmolejo , 6,110 m ( 20,046 ft ) </Li> <Li> Ojos del Salado , 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) </Li> <Li> Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) </Li> <Li> Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) </Li> <Li> Socompa , 6,051 m ( 19,852 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nevado Tres Cruces , 6,749 m ( 22,142 ft ) ( south summit ) ( III Region ) </Li> <Li> Tronador , 3,491 m ( 11,453 ft ) </Li> <Li> Tupungato , 6,570 m ( 21,555 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nacimiento , 6,492 m ( 21,299 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bolivia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Janq'u Uma , 6,427 m ( 21,086 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cabaraya , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) </Li> <Li> Chacaltaya , 5,421 m ( 17,785 ft ) </Li> <Li> Wayna Potosí , 6,088 m ( 19,974 ft ) </Li> <Li> Illampu , 6,368 m ( 20,892 ft ) </Li> <Li> Illimani , 6,438 m ( 21,122 ft ) </Li> <Li> Laram Q'awa , 5,520 m ( 18,110 ft ) </Li> <Li> Macizo de Pacuni , 5,400 m ( 17,720 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nevado Anallajsi , 5,750 m ( 18,865 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nevado Sajama , 6,542 m ( 21,463 ft ) </Li> <Li> Patilla Pata , 5,300 m ( 17,390 ft ) </Li> <Li> Tata Sabaya , 5,430 m ( 17,815 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Illampu , Bolivia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Illimani , Bolivia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sajama , Bolivia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Wayna Potosí , Bolivia </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Border between Bolivia and Chile ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Acotango , 6,052 m ( 19,856 ft ) </Li> <Li> Michincha , 5,305 m ( 17,405 ft ) </Li> <Li> Iru Phutunqu , 5,163 m ( 16,939 ft ) </Li> <Li> Licancabur , 5,920 m ( 19,423 ft ) </Li> <Li> Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) </Li> <Li> Parinacota , 6,348 m ( 20,827 ft ) </Li> <Li> Paruma , 5,420 m ( 17,782 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pomerape , 6,282 m ( 20,610 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Licancabur , Bolivia / Chile </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Parinacota , Bolivia / Chile </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Chile ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of mountains in Chile <Ul> <Li> Monte San Valentin , 4,058 m ( 13,314 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cerro Paine Grande , 2,884 m ( 9,462 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cerro Macá , c. 2,300 m ( 7,546 ft ) </Li> <Li> Monte Darwin , c. 2,500 m ( 8,202 ft ) </Li> <Li> Volcan Hudson , c. 1,900 m ( 6,234 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cerro Castillo Dynevor , c. 1,100 m ( 3,609 ft ) </Li> <Li> Mount Tarn , c. 825 m ( 2,707 ft ) </Li> <Li> Polleras , c. 5,993 m ( 19,662 ft ) </Li> <Li> Acamarachi , c. 6,046 m ( 19,836 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Santiago de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes </P> </Li> <Li> <P> View of Cuernos del Paine in Torres del Paine National Park </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Colombia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nevado del Huila , 5,365 m ( 17,602 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nevado del Ruiz , 5,321 m ( 17,457 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nevado del Tolima , 5,205 m ( 17,077 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico Pan de Azucar , 5,200 m ( 17,060 ft ) </Li> <Li> Ritacuba Negra , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nevado del Cumbal , 4,764 m ( 15,630 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cerro Negro de Mayasquer , 4,445 m ( 14,583 ft ) </Li> <Li> Ritacuba Blanco , 5,410 m ( 17,749 ft ) </Li> <Li> Nevado del Quindío , 5,215 m ( 17,110 ft ) </Li> <Li> Purace , 4,655 m ( 15,272 ft ) </Li> <Li> Santa Isabel , 4,955 m ( 16,257 ft ) </Li> <Li> Doña Juana , 4,150 m ( 13,615 ft ) </Li> <Li> Galeras , 4,276 m ( 14,029 ft ) </Li> <Li> Azufral . 4,070 m ( 13,353 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Ritacuba Blanco , the highest peak of Cordillera Oriental , Colombia . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nevado del Ruiz , Colombia </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ecuador ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Antisana , 5,752 m ( 18,871 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cayambe , 5,790 m ( 18,996 ft ) </Li> <Li> Chimborazo , 6,268 m ( 20,564 ft ) </Li> <Li> Corazón , 4,790 m ( 15,715 ft ) </Li> <Li> Cotopaxi , 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) </Li> <Li> El Altar , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) </Li> <Li> Illiniza , 5,248 m ( 17,218 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pichincha , 4,784 m ( 15,696 ft ) </Li> <Li> Quilotoa , 3,914 m ( 12,841 ft ) </Li> <Li> Reventador , 3,562 m ( 11,686 ft ) </Li> <Li> Sangay , 5,230 m ( 17,159 ft ) </Li> <Li> Tungurahua , 5,023 m ( 16,480 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Chimborazo near Riobamba , Ecuador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Tungurahua , Ecuador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Cayambe , Ecuador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> El Altar , Ecuador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Cotopaxi , Ecuador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Andes near Otavalo , Ecuador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pichincha Volcano , an active stratovolcano in the Ecuadorian Andes , photographed from the Historic Center of Quito </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Imbabura Volcano , Ecuador , an inactive stratovolcano </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Peru ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alpamayo , 5,947 m ( 19,511 ft ) </Li> <Li> Artesonraju , 6,025 m ( 19,767 ft ) </Li> <Li> Carnicero , 5,960 m ( 19,554 ft ) </Li> <Li> Chumpe , 6,106 m ( 20,033 ft ) </Li> <Li> Coropuna , 6,377 m ( 20,922 ft ) </Li> <Li> El Misti , 5,822 m ( 19,101 ft ) </Li> <Li> El Toro , 5,830 m ( 19,127 ft ) </Li> <Li> Huandoy , 6,395 m ( 20,981 ft ) </Li> <Li> Huascarán , 6,768 m ( 22,205 ft ) </Li> <Li> Jirishanca , 6,094 m ( 19,993 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pumasillo , 5,991 m ( 19,656 ft ) </Li> <Li> Rasac , 6,040 m ( 19,816 ft ) </Li> <Li> Rondoy , 5,870 m ( 19,259 ft ) </Li> <Li> Sarapo , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) </Li> <Li> Salcantay , 6,271 m ( 20,574 ft ) </Li> <Li> Seria Norte , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) </Li> <Li> Siula Grande , 6,344 m ( 20,814 ft ) </Li> <Li> Huaytapallana , 5,557 m ( 18,232 ft ) </Li> <Li> Yerupaja , 6,635 m ( 21,768 ft ) </Li> <Li> Yerupaja Chico , 6,089 m ( 19,977 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Alpamayo , Peru </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Chachani and El Misti , Peru </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Huandoy , Peru </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Yerupaja , Peru </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Venezuela ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Pico Bolívar , 5,007 m ( 16,427 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico Humboldt , 4,940 m ( 16,207 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico Bonpland , 4,880 m ( 16,010 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico La Concha , 4,920 m ( 16,142 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico Piedras Blancas , 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico El Águila , 4,180 m ( 13,714 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico El Toro 4,729 m ( 15,515 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico El León 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) </Li> <Li> Pico Mucuñuque 4,609 m ( 15,121 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Pico Bolívar , Venezuela </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pico Humboldt , Venezuela </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pico El León , Venezuela </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Snow in the Pico Humboldt , Venezuela </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pico Pan de Azúcar , Venezuela </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Andean Geology -- a scientific journal </Li> <Li> Andesite line </Li> <Li> Apu ( god ) </Li> <Li> Cordillera Mountains in the Philippines </Li> <Li> List of longest mountain chains on Earth </Li> <Li> Mountain Passes of the Andes </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Teofilo Laime Ajacopa , Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha , La Paz , 2007 ( Quechua - Spanish dictionary ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CORDILLERA '' . etimologias.dechile.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Meghan S. ; Levander , Alan ; Niu , Fenglin ; Li , Aibing ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean - South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 114 : B01312 . Bibcode : 2009JGRB ... 114.1312 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2007JB005507 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Isacks , Bryan L. ( 1988 ) , `` Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Geophysical Research , 93 ( B4 ) : 3211 -- 3231 , Bibcode : 1988JGR ... 93.3211 I , doi : 10.1029 / jb093ib04p03211 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kley , J. ( 1999 ) , `` Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline '' , Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 12 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 235 , Bibcode : 1999JSAES ... 12 ... 221K , doi : 10.1016 / s0895 - 9811 ( 99 ) 00015 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beck , Myrl E. ( 1987 ) , `` Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America : The Bolivian orocline revisited '' , Geology , 15 ( 9 ) : 806 -- 808 , Bibcode : 1987Geo ... 15 ... 806B , doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1987 ) 15 < 806 : trotle > 2.0.co ; 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prezzi , Claudia B. ; Vilas , Juan F. ( 1998 ) . `` New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow ( Argentine Puna ) '' . Tectonophysics. 292 : 85 -- 100 . Bibcode : 1998Tectp. 292 ... 85P . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 1951 ( 98 ) 00058 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arriagada , César ; Ferrando , Rodolfo ; Córdova , Loreto ; Morata , Diego ; Roperch , Pierrick ( 2013 ) , `` The Maipo Orocline : A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes '' ( PDF ) , Andean Geology , 40 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 437 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charrier , Reynaldo ; Pinto , Luisa ; Rodríguez , María Pía ( 2006 ) . `` 3 . Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile '' . In Moreno , Teresa ; Gibbons , Wes . Geology of Chile . Geological Society of London . pp. 5 -- 19 . ISBN 9781862392199 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santos , J.O.S. ; Rizzotto , G.J. ; Potter , P.E. ; McNaughton , N.J. ; Matos , R.S. ; Hartmann , L.A. ; Chemale Jr. , F. ; Quadros , M.E.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U -- Pb geochronology '' . Precambrian Research . 165 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 120 -- 152 . Bibcode : 2008PreR ... 165 ... 120S . doi : 10.1016 / j. precamres. 2008.06. 009 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rapela , C.W. ; Pankhurst , R.J ; Casquet , C. ; Baldo , E. ; Saavedra , J. ; Galindo , C. ; Fanning , C.M. ( 1998 ) . `` The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto - Andes : Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba '' ( PDF ) . In Pankhurst , R.J ; Rapela , C.W. The Proto - Andean Margin of Gondwana. 142 . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . pp. 181 -- 217 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , T.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Transition from back - arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes : Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District , Chile '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 103 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 111 . Bibcode : 1991GSAB ... 103 ... 98W . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1991 ) 103 < 0098 : tfbatf > 2.3.co ; 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Climate of the Andes '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jan - Christoph Otto , Joachim Götz , Markus Keuschnig , Ingo Hartmeyer , Dario Trombotto , and Lothar Schrott ( 2010 ) . Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system -- Morenas Coloradas valley ( Cordon del Plata , Mendoza , Argentina ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuhle , M. ( 2011 ) : The High - Glacial ( Last Glacial Maximum ) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence . Development in Quaternary Science , Vol. 15 ( Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology , A Closer Look , Eds : Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P.L. ; Hughes , P.D. ) , 735 -- 738 . ( Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brüggen , J. ( 1929 ) : Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden . Geol . Rundsch. 20 , 1 -- 35 , Berlin . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1984 ) : Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua - Gruppe ( 32 -- 33 ° S ) . In : Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11 / 12 , Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika - Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg : 1635 -- 1646 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1986 ) : Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten . In : Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9 / 86 : 42 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1987 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : GeoJournal 14 ( 4 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 393 -- 421 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1988 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 17 ( in Chinese language ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1989 ) : Ice - Marginal Ramps : An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations . In : GeoJournal 18 ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 223 -- 238 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains : Convergence and Difference . In : Rachocki , A.H. , Church , M. ( eds . ) : Alluvial fans -- A field approach . John Wiley & Sons Ltd , Chester - New York - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore : 55 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology -- an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type , the Ice - marginal Ramp ( Bortensander ) . In : GeoJournal 21 ( 3 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 195 -- 222 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 2004 ) : The Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) . In : Ehlers , J. , Gibbard , P.L. ( Eds . ) , Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology . Part III : South America , Asia , Africa , Australia , Antarctica . Development in Quaternary Science , vol . 2c . Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam , pp. 75 -- 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions '' . wwf.panda.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tropical Andes Archived 2010 - 08 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . -- biodiversityhotspots.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pants of the Andies '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 2000 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 3 : The Central Neotropics : Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Brazil . ISBN 978 - 0226195421 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 2 : The Southern Cone : Chile , Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay . ISBN 978 - 0226706825 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fjeldsaa , J. ; & Krabbe , N. ( 1990 ) . Birds of the High Andes : A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia , South America . ISBN 978 - 8788757163 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stuart , Hoffmann , Chanson , Cox , Berridge , Ramani and Young , editors ( 2008 ) . Threatened Amphibians of the World . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96553 - 41 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence N. The Incas . Blackwell Publishing , 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andes travel map </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile by Emiliano Galli '' . La Nación newspaper . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. van Immerzeel , 1989 . Irrigation and erosion / flood control at high altitudes in the Andes . Published in Annual Report 1989 , p. 8 -- 24 , International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement , Wageningen , The Netherlands . On line : ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Information on Argentina '' . Argentine Embassy London . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oncken , O. et al. ( 2006 ) . The Andes . Active Subduction Orogeny . Springer : Berlin . DOI : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 48684 - 8 </Li> <Li> Biggar , J. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide For Climbers . 3rd . edition . Andes : Kirkcudbrightshire . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 </Li> <Li> de Roy , T. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : As the Condor Flies . Firefly books : Richmond Hill . ISBN 1 - 55407 - 070 - 8 </Li> <Li> Fjeldså , J. & N. Krabbe ( 1990 ) . The Birds of the High Andes . Zoological Museum , University of Copenhagen : Copenhagen . ISBN 87 - 88757 - 16 - 1 </Li> <Li> Fjeldså , J. & M. Kessler ( 1996 ) . Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia , a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes . NORDECO : Copenhagen . ISBN 978 - 87 - 986168 - 0 - 1 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biggar , John ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide for Climbers ( 3 ed . ) . Scotland : Andes Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Darack , Ed ( 2001 ) . Wild Winds : Adventures in the Highest Andes . Cordee / DPP . ISBN 978 - 1884980817 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Andes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Andes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> University of Arizona : Andes geology </Li> <Li> Blueplanetbiomes.org : Climate and animal life of the Andes </Li> <Li> Discover-peru.org : Regions and Microclimates in the Andes </Li> <Li> Peaklist.org : Complete list of mountains in South America with an elevation at / above 1,500 m ( 4,920 ft ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of the world </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf 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Coast </Li> <Li> Bashmur </Li> <Li> Ancient Libya </Li> <Li> Atlas Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nile Valley <Ul> <Li> Cataracts of the Nile </Li> <Li> Darfur </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Lower Egypt </Li> <Li> Lower Nubia </Li> <Li> Middle Egypt </Li> <Li> Nile Delta </Li> <Li> Nuba Mountains </Li> <Li> Nubia </Li> <Li> The Sudans </Li> <Li> Upper Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pepper Coast </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Slave Coast </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Cape Palmas </Li> <Li> Cape Mesurado </Li> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger Basin </Li> <Li> Guinean Forests of West Africa </Li> <Li> Niger Delta </Li> <Li> Inner Niger Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madagascar <Ul> <Li> Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) </Li> <Li> Northern Highlands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rhodesia <Ul> <Li> North </Li> <Li> South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thembuland </Li> <Li> Succulent Karoo </Li> <Li> Nama Karoo </Li> <Li> Bushveld </Li> <Li> Highveld </Li> <Li> Fynbos </Li> <Li> Cape Floristic Region </Li> <Li> Kalahari Desert </Li> <Li> Okavango Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Macro-regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aethiopia </Li> <Li> Arab world </Li> <Li> Commonwealth realm </Li> <Li> East African montane forests </Li> <Li> Eastern Desert </Li> <Li> Equatorial Africa </Li> <Li> Françafrique </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Islands of Africa </Li> <Li> List of countries where Arabic is an official language </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Basin </Li> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Mittelafrika </Li> <Li> Negroland </Li> <Li> Northeast Africa </Li> <Li> Portuguese - speaking African countries </Li> <Li> Sahara </Li> <Li> Sahel </Li> <Li> Sub-Saharan Africa </Li> <Li> Sudan ( region ) </Li> <Li> Sudanian Savanna </Li> <Li> Tibesti Mountains </Li> <Li> Tropical Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Aral Sea <Ul> <Li> Aralkum Desert </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Galilee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transoxiana <Ul> <Li> Turan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Khorasan </Li> <Li> Ariana </Li> <Li> Khwarezm </Li> <Li> Sistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstania </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe <Ul> <Li> Asian Steppe </Li> <Li> Kazakh Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> <Li> Wild Fields <Ul> <Li> Yedisan </Li> <Li> Muravsky Trail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ural <Ul> <Li> Ural Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volga region </Li> <Li> Idel - Ural </Li> <Li> Kolyma </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Pryazovia </Li> <Li> Bjarmaland </Li> <Li> Kuban </Li> <Li> Zalesye </Li> <Li> Ingria </Li> <Li> Novorossiya </Li> <Li> Gornaya Shoriya </Li> <Li> Tulgas </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Pamir Mountains </Li> <Li> Tian Shan </Li> <Li> Badakhshan </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Mount Imeon </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Western Regions </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Northeast </Li> <Li> Far East <Ul> <Li> Russian Far East </Li> <Li> Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extreme North </Li> <Li> Siberia <Ul> <Li> Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Khatanga Gulf </Li> <Li> Baraba steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kamchatka Peninsula </Li> <Li> Amur Basin </Li> <Li> Yenisei Gulf </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Sikhote - Alin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japanese archipelago <Ul> <Li> Northeastern Japan Arc </Li> <Li> Sakhalin Island Arc </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Korean Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gobi Desert </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Greater Khingan </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Outer Mongolia </Li> <Li> China proper </Li> <Li> Manchuria <Ul> <Li> Outer Manchuria </Li> <Li> Inner Manchuria </Li> <Li> Northeast China Plain </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North China Plain <Ul> <Li> Yan Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kunlun Mountains </Li> <Li> Liaodong Peninsula </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Tibetan Plateau <Ul> <Li> Tibet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tarim Basin </Li> <Li> Northern Silk Road </Li> <Li> Hexi Corridor </Li> <Li> Nanzhong </Li> <Li> Lingnan </Li> <Li> Liangguang </Li> <Li> Jiangnan </Li> <Li> Jianghuai </Li> <Li> Guanzhong </Li> <Li> Huizhou </Li> <Li> Wu </Li> <Li> Jiaozhou </Li> <Li> Zhongyuan </Li> <Li> Shaannan </Li> <Li> Ordos Loop <Ul> <Li> Loess Plateau </Li> <Li> Shaanbei </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hamgyong Mountains </Li> <Li> Central Mountain Range </Li> <Li> Japanese Alps </Li> <Li> Suzuka Mountains </Li> <Li> Leizhou Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Yangtze River Delta </Li> <Li> Pearl River Delta </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East <Ul> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Zagros Mountains </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf <Ul> <Li> Pirate Coast </Li> <Li> Strait of Hormuz </Li> <Li> Greater and Lesser Tunbs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Al - Faw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Najd </Li> <Li> Hejaz </Li> <Li> Tihamah </Li> <Li> Eastern Arabia </Li> <Li> South Arabia <Ul> <Li> Hadhramaut </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tigris -- Euphrates </Li> <Li> Mesopotamia <Ul> <Li> Upper Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Lower Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Sawad </Li> <Li> Nineveh plains </Li> <Li> Akkad ( region ) </Li> <Li> Babylonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Canaan </Li> <Li> Aram </Li> <Li> Eber - Nari </Li> <Li> Suhum </Li> <Li> Eastern Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Mashriq </Li> <Li> Kurdistan </Li> <Li> Levant <Ul> <Li> Southern Levant </Li> <Li> Transjordan </Li> <Li> Jordan Rift Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Golan Heights </Li> <Li> Hula Valley </Li> <Li> Galilee </Li> <Li> Gilead </Li> <Li> Judea </Li> <Li> Samaria </Li> <Li> Arabah </Li> <Li> Anti-Lebanon Mountains </Li> <Li> Sinai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Arabian Desert </Li> <Li> Syrian Desert </Li> <Li> Fertile Crescent </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Armenian Highlands </Li> <Li> Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Caucasus Mountains <Ul> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Lesser Caucasus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> South Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Kur - Araz Lowland </Li> <Li> Lankaran Lowland </Li> <Li> Alborz </Li> <Li> Absheron Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anatolia </Li> <Li> Cilicia </Li> <Li> Cappadocia </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater India </Li> <Li> Indian subcontinent </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Hindu Kush </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> <Li> Ganges Basin </Li> <Li> Ganges Delta </Li> <Li> Pashtunistan </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Kashmir <Ul> <Li> Kashmir Valley </Li> <Li> Pir Panjal Range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thar Desert </Li> <Li> Indus Valley </Li> <Li> Indus River Delta </Li> <Li> Indus Valley Desert </Li> <Li> Indo - Gangetic Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern coastal plains </Li> <Li> Western Coastal Plains </Li> <Li> Meghalaya subtropical forests </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests </Li> <Li> Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows </Li> <Li> Doab </Li> <Li> Bagar tract </Li> <Li> Great Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Little Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Coromandel Coast </Li> <Li> Konkan </Li> <Li> False Divi Point </Li> <Li> Hindi Belt </Li> <Li> Ladakh </Li> <Li> Aksai Chin </Li> <Li> Gilgit - Baltistan <Ul> <Li> Baltistan </Li> <Li> Shigar Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Saltoro Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mannar </Li> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands <Ul> <Li> Andaman Islands </Li> <Li> Nicobar Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maldive Islands </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainland <Ul> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Malay Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maritime <Ul> <Li> Peninsular Malaysia </Li> <Li> Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Greater Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Lesser Sunda Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesian Archipelago </Li> <Li> Timor </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippine Archipelago <Ul> <Li> Luzon </Li> <Li> Visayas </Li> <Li> Mindanao </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leyte Gulf </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> East Indies </Li> <Li> Nanyang </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific </Li> <Li> Tropical Asia </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Scandinavia </Li> <Li> Scandinavian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fennoscandia </Li> <Li> Baltoscandia </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> West Nordic </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danubian countries </Li> <Li> Prussia </Li> <Li> Galicia </Li> <Li> Volhynia </Li> <Li> Donbass </Li> <Li> Sloboda Ukraine </Li> <Li> Sambia Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Amber Coast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Curonian Spit </Li> <Li> Izyum Trail </Li> <Li> Lithuania Minor </Li> <Li> Nemunas Delta </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Vyborg Bay </Li> <Li> Karelia <Ul> <Li> East Karelia </Li> <Li> Karelian Isthmus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lokhaniemi </Li> <Li> Southeastern <Ul> <Li> Balkans </Li> <Li> Aegean Islands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Chania </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Kabardia </Li> <Li> European Russia <Ul> <Li> Southern Russia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Alpine states </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> <Li> Mitteleuropa </Li> <Li> Visegrád Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benelux </Li> <Li> Low Countries </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> British Isles </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Cotentin Peninsula </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Brittany </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pyrenees </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Insular Italy </Li> <Li> Tuscan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Aegadian Islands </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Crimea </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Germanic </Li> <Li> Celtic </Li> <Li> Slavic countries </Li> <Li> Uralic </Li> <Li> European Plain </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> <Li> Wild Fields </Li> <Li> Pannonian Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Little Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern Slovak Lowland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Canada </Li> <Li> Western Canada </Li> <Li> Canadian Prairies </Li> <Li> Central Canada </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Atlantic Canada </Li> <Li> The Maritimes </Li> <Li> French Canada </Li> <Li> English Canada </Li> <Li> Acadia <Ul> <Li> Acadian Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor </Li> <Li> Peace River Country </Li> <Li> Cypress Hills </Li> <Li> Palliser 's Triangle </Li> <Li> Canadian Shield </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Newfoundland ( island ) </Li> <Li> Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> Gulf Islands </Li> <Li> Strait of Georgia </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Labrador Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gaspé Peninsula </Li> <Li> Avalon Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Bay de Verde Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brodeur Peninsula </Li> <Li> Melville Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bruce Peninsula </Li> <Li> Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) </Li> <Li> Cook Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Georgian Bay </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Inland Northwest </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Midwest </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Mountain States </Li> <Li> Intermountain West </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Mormon Corridor </Li> <Li> Calumet Region </Li> <Li> Southwest <Ul> <Li> Old Southwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado </Li> <Li> Central United States <Ul> <Li> Tallgrass prairie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> South Central </Li> <Li> Deep South </Li> <Li> Upland South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Third Coast </Li> <Li> Eastern United States <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Great North Woods </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Great Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Basin Desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Ark - La - Tex </Li> <Li> Waxhaws </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> <Li> Twin Tiers </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Atlantic coastal plain </Li> <Li> Outer Lands </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region </Li> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Piney Woods </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> The Dakotas </Li> <Li> The Carolinas </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> Tornado Alley </Li> <Li> North Coast </Li> <Li> Lost Coast </Li> <Li> Emerald Triangle </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay </Li> <Li> North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> Silicon Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Lower Colorado River Valley </Li> <Li> Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta </Li> <Li> Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta </Li> <Li> Colville Delta </Li> <Li> Arkansas Delta </Li> <Li> Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi River Delta </Li> <Li> Columbia River Estuary </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> High Desert </Li> <Li> Monterey Peninsula </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Lower Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Virginia Peninsula </Li> <Li> Keweenaw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Middle Peninsula </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula </Li> <Li> Alaska Peninsula </Li> <Li> Kenai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Niagara Peninsula </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Belt regions <Ul> <Li> Bible Belt </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Corn Belt </Li> <Li> Cotton Belt </Li> <Li> Frost Belt </Li> <Li> Rice Belt </Li> <Li> Rust Belt </Li> <Li> Sun Belt </Li> <Li> Snow Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Northern Mexico </Li> <Li> Baja California Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of California <Ul> <Li> Colorado River Delta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Soconusco </Li> <Li> Tierra Caliente </Li> <Li> La Mixteca </Li> <Li> La Huasteca </Li> <Li> Bajío </Li> <Li> Valley of Mexico </Li> <Li> Mezquital Valley </Li> <Li> Sierra Madre de Oaxaca </Li> <Li> Yucatán Peninsula </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> <Li> Western Caribbean Zone </Li> <Li> Isthmus of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama <Ul> <Li> Pearl Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Azuero Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mosquito Coast </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Antilles <Ul> <Li> Greater Antilles </Li> <Li> Lesser Antilles <Ul> <Li> Leeward </Li> <Li> Leeward Antilles </Li> <Li> Windward </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lucayan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Southern Caribbean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Aridoamerica </Li> <Li> Mesoamerica </Li> <Li> Oasisamerica </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Middle </Li> <Li> Anglo </Li> <Li> Latin <Ul> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Hispanic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Cordillera </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australasia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> New Zealand <Ul> <Li> South Island </Li> <Li> North Island <Ul> <Li> Coromandel Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Zealandia </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) </Li> <Li> Vanuatu <Ul> <Li> Kula Gulf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australia <Ul> <Li> Capital Country </Li> <Li> Eastern Australia </Li> <Li> Lake Eyre basin </Li> <Li> Murray -- Darling basin </Li> <Li> Northern Australia </Li> <Li> Nullarbor Plain </Li> <Li> Outback </Li> <Li> Southern Australia <Ul> <Li> Maralinga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sunraysia </Li> <Li> Great Victoria Desert </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf St Vincent </Li> <Li> Lefevre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fleurieu Peninsula </Li> <Li> Yorke Peninsula </Li> <Li> Eyre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mornington Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bellarine Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mount Henry Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melanesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Islands Region <Ul> <Li> Bismarck Archipelago </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands Archipelago </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Micronesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caroline Islands <Ul> <Li> Federated States of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Polynesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easter Island </Li> <Li> Hawaiian Islands </Li> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> <Li> French Polynesia <Ul> <Li> Austral Islands </Li> <Li> Gambier Islands </Li> <Li> Marquesas Islands </Li> <Li> Society Islands </Li> <Li> Tuamotu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kermadec Islands </Li> <Li> Mangareva Islands </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Tokelau </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of South America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazon basin </Li> <Li> Atlantic Forest </Li> <Li> Caatinga </Li> <Li> Cerrado </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caribbean South America </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Los Llanos </Li> <Li> The Guianas </Li> <Li> Amazon basin <Ul> <Li> Amazon rainforest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Paria </Li> <Li> Paria Peninsula </Li> <Li> Paraguaná Peninsula </Li> <Li> Orinoco Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tierra del Fuego </Li> <Li> Patagonia </Li> <Li> Pampas </Li> <Li> Pantanal </Li> <Li> Gran Chaco </Li> <Li> Chiquitano dry forests </Li> <Li> Valdes Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andes <Ul> <Li> Tropical Andes </Li> <Li> Wet Andes </Li> <Li> Dry Andes </Li> <Li> Pariacaca 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Federation of Australia - wikipedia <H1> Federation of Australia </H1> For Australia 's federal system of government , see Federalism in Australia . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> The Sydney Town Hall illuminated in celebratory lights and fireworks marking the Inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia , 1901 . The sign reads One people , one destiny . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chronological </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prehistory </Li> <Li> European exploration ( sea ) </Li> <Li> European exploration ( land ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1788 -- 1850 </Li> <Li> 1851 -- 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- present </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Diplomacy </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Federation </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Indigenous people </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Monarchy </Li> <Li> Rail transport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By region </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> State / Territory </Td> <Td> Capital </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ACT </Td> <Td> Canberra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New South Wales </Td> <Td> Sydney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Territory </Td> <Td> Darwin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queensland </Td> <Td> Brisbane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Australia </Td> <Td> Adelaide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tasmania </Td> <Td> Hobart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Victoria </Td> <Td> Melbourne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Australia </Td> <Td> Perth </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self - governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia , establishing a system of federalism in Australia . Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process , but they decided not to join the federation . Following federation , the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government ( and the bicameral legislatures ) that they had developed as separate colonies , but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation . When the Constitution of Australia came into force , on 1 January 1901 , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia . </P> <P> The efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement . A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth . Sir Henry Parkes , Premier of New South Wales , was instrumental in this process . Sir Edmund Barton , second only to Parkes in the length of his commitment to the federation cause , was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia at the inaugural national election in 1901 in March 1901 . The election returned Barton as prime minister , though without a majority . </P> <P> This period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time , known as Federation architecture , or Federation style . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Federal idea <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Federal Council </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early opposition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early constitutional conventions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Conference of 1890 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Clark 's draft constitution </Li> <Li> 2.3 Convention of 1891 </Li> <Li> 2.4 Griffith or Clark ? </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Later constitutional conventions </Li> <Li> 4 Federal Constitution </Li> <Li> 5 Landmarks named after Federation </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Federal idea ( edit ) </H2> Governor of Queensland Lord Lamington reading the Queen 's proclamation on Federation in Brisbane <H3> Federal Council ( edit ) </H3> <P> A serious movement for Federation of the colonies arose in the late 1880s , a time when there was increasing nationalism amongst Australians , the great majority of whom were native - born . The idea of being `` Australian '' began to be celebrated in songs and poems . This was fostered by improvements in transport and communications , such as the establishment of a telegraph system between the colonies in 1872 . The Australian colonies were also influenced by other federations which had emerged around the world , such as the United States and Canada . </P> <P> Sir Henry Parkes , then Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , first proposed a Federal Council body in 1867 . After it was rejected by the British Secretary of State for the Colonies , the Duke of Buckingham , Parkes brought up the issue again in 1880 , this time as the Premier of New South Wales . At the conference , representatives from Victoria , New South Wales and South Australia considered a number of issues including federation , communication , Chinese immigration , vine diseases and uniform tariff rates . The Federation had the potential to ensure that throughout the continent , trade , and interstate commerce would be unaffected by protectionism and measurement and transport would be standardised . </P> <P> The final ( and successful ) push for a Federal Council came at an Intercolonial Convention in Sydney in November and December 1883 . The trigger was the British rejection of Queensland 's unilateral annexation of New Guinea and the British Government wish to see a federalised Australasia . The convention was called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea and in New Hebrides . Sir Samuel Griffith , the Premier of Queensland , drafted a bill to constitute the Federal Council . The conference successfully petitioned the Imperial Parliament to enact the bill as the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885 . </P> <P> As a result , a Federal Council of Australasia was formed , to represent the affairs of the colonies in their relations with the South Pacific islands . New South Wales and New Zealand did not join . The self - governing colonies of Queensland , Tasmania and Victoria , as well as the Crown Colonies of Western Australia and Fiji , became involved . South Australia was briefly a member between 1888 and 1890 . The Federal Council had powers to legislate directly upon certain matters , such as in relation to extradition , regulation of fisheries , and so on , but it did not have a permanent secretariat , executive powers , or any revenue of its own . Furthermore , the absence of the powerful colony of New South Wales weakened its representative value . </P> Published in 1888 this cartoon depicts the anti-Chinese sentiment that was one of the driving forces behind the push for federation . <P> Nevertheless , it was the first major form of inter-colonial co-operation . It provided an opportunity for Federalists from around the country to meet and exchange ideas . The means by which the Council was established endorsed the continuing role that the Imperial Parliament would have in the development of Australia 's constitutional structure . In terms of the Federal Council of Australia Act , the Australian drafters established a number of powers dealing with their `` common interest '' which would later be replicated in the Australian Constitution , especially section 51 . </P> <H3> Early Opposition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The individual colonies , Victoria excepted , were somewhat wary of Federation . Politicians from the smaller colonies , in particular , disliked the very idea of delegating power to a national government ; they feared that any such government would inevitably be dominated by the more populous New South Wales and Victoria . Queensland , for its part , worried that the advent of race - based national legislation would restrict the importing of kanaka labourers , thereby jeopardising its sugar cane industry . </P> <P> These were not the only concerns of those resistant to federation . Smaller colonies also worried about the abolition of tariffs , which would deprive them of a large proportion of their revenue , and leave their commerce at the mercy of the larger states . New South Wales , traditionally free - trade in its outlook , wanted to be satisfied that the federation 's tariff policy would not be protectionist . Victorian Premier James Service described fiscal union as `` the lion in the way '' of federation . </P> <P> A further fundamental issue was how to distribute the excess customs duties from the central government to the states . For the larger colonies there was the possibility ( which never became an actuality ) that they could be required to subsidise the struggling economies of Tasmania , South Australia and Western Australia . </P> <P> Even without the concerns , there was debate about the form of government that a federation would take . Experience of other federations was less than inspiring . In particular , the United States had experienced the traumatic Civil War . </P> <P> The nascent Australian labour movement was less than wholly committed in its support for federation . On the one hand , nationalist sentiment was strong within the labour movement and there was much support for the idea of White Australia . On the other hand , labour representatives feared that federation would distract attention from the need for social and industrial reform , and further entrench the power of the conservative forces . The federal conventions included no representatives of organised labour . In fact , the proposed federal constitution was criticised by labour representatives as being too conservative . These representative wanted to see a federal government with more power to legislate on issues such as wages and prices . They also regarded the proposed senate as much too powerful , with the capacity to block attempts at social and political reform , much as the colonial upper houses were quite openly doing at that time . </P> <P> Religious factors played a small but not trivial part in disputes over whether federation was desirable or even possible . As a general rule , pro-federation leaders were Protestants , while Catholics ' enthusiasm for federation was much weaker , not least because Parkes had been militantly anti-Catholic for decades ( and because the labour movement was disproportionately Catholic in its membership ) . </P> <H2> Early Constitutional conventions ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the early 1890s two meetings established the need for federation and set the framework for this to occur . An informal meeting attended by official representatives from the Australasian colonies was held in 1890 . This led to the first National Australasian Convention , meeting in Sydney in 1891 . New Zealand was represented at both the conference and the Convention , although its delegates indicated that it would be unlikely to join the Federation at its foundation , but it would probably be interested in doing so at a later date . </P> <H3> Conference of 1890 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Conference of 1890 was organised at the instigation of Parkes . The account of the calling of the 1890 conference usually begins with Lord Carrington , the Governor of New South Wales , goading the ageing Parkes at a luncheon on 15 June 1889 . Parkes reportedly boasted that he `` could confederate these colonies in twelve months '' . Carrington retorted , `` Then why do n't you do it ? It would be a glorious finish to your life . '' Parkes the next day wrote to the Premier of Victoria , Duncan Gillies , offering to advance the cause of Federation . Gillies 's response was predictably cool , given the reluctance of Parkes to bring New South Wales into the Federal Council . In October Parkes travelled north to Brisbane and met with Griffith and Sir Thomas McIlwraith . On the return journey , he stopped just south of the colonial border , and delivered the historic Tenterfield Oration on 24 October 1889 , stating that the time had come for the colonies to consider Australian federation . </P> <P> Through the latter part of 1889 the premiers and governors corresponded and agreed for an informal meeting to be called . The membership was : New South Wales , Parkes ( Premier ) and William McMillan ( Colonial Treasurer ) ; Victoria , Duncan Gillies ( Premier ) and Alfred Deakin ( Chief Secretary ) ; Queensland , Sir Samuel Griffith ( Leader of the Opposition ) and John Murtagh Macrossan ( Colonial Secretary ) ; South Australia , Dr. John Cockburn ( Premier ) and Thomas Playford ( Leader of the Opposition ) ; Tasmania , Andrew Inglis Clark ( Attorney - General ) and Stafford Bird ( Treasurer ) ; Western Australia , Sir James George Lee Steere ( Speaker ) ; New Zealand , Captain William Russell ( Colonial Secretary ) and Sir John Hall . </P> The Federal Oak in the gardens of the Victorian Parliament House in Melbourne . The tree was planted in 1890 by Sir Henry Parkes to commemorate the meeting of the Australian Federal Conference . <P> When the conference met at the Victorian Parliament in Melbourne on 6 February , the delegates were confronted with a scorching summer maximum temperature of 39.7 ° C ( 103.5 ° F ) in the shade . The Conference debated whether or not the time was ripe to proceed with federation . </P> <P> While some of the delegates agreed it was , the smaller states were not as enthusiastic . Thomas Playford from South Australia indicated the tariff question and lack of popular support as hurdles . Similarly , Sir James Lee Steere from Western Australia and the New Zealand delegates suggested there was little support for federation in their respective colonies . </P> <P> A basic question at this early assembly was how to structure the federation within the Westminster tradition of government . The British North America Act ( 1867 ) , which had confederated the Canadian provinces , provided a model with respect to the relations between the federation and the Crown . There was less enthusiasm , however , for the centralism of the Canadian Constitution , especially from the smaller states . Following the conference of 1890 , the Canadian federal model was no longer considered appropriate for the Australian situation . </P> <P> Although the Swiss Federal Constitution provided another example , it was inevitable that the delegates should look to the Constitution of the United States as the other major model of a federation within the English - speaking world . It gave just a few powers to the federal government and left the majority of matters within the legislative competence of the states . It also provided that the Senate should consist of an equal number of members from each State while the Lower House should reflect the national distribution of population . Andrew Inglis Clark , a long - time admirer of American federal institutions , introduced the US Constitution as an example of the protection of States ' rights . He presented it as an alternative to the Canadian model , arguing that Canada was `` an instance of amalgamation rather than Federation . '' The introduction by Deakin of James Bryce 's The American Commonwealth also had far - reaching influence . </P> <P> The conference in Melbourne ended with an agreement by the delegates that the time for federation had arrived . </P> <H3> Clark 's draft Constitution ( edit ) </H3> Andrew Clark , circa 1907 <P> A.I. Clark had given considerable thought towards a suitable constitution for Australia . In May 1890 , he travelled to London to conduct an appeal on behalf of the Government of Tasmania before the Privy Council . During this trip , he began writing a draft constitution , taking the main provisions of the British North America Act and its supplements up through 1890 , the US Constitution , the Federal Council of Australasia Act , and various Australian colonial constitutions . Clark returned from London by way of Boston , Massachusetts , where he held discussions about his draft with Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , and Moncure Conway among others . </P> <P> Clark 's draft introduced the nomenclature and form which was subsequently adopted : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Australian Federation is described as the Commonwealth of Australia </Li> <Li> There are three separate and equal branches -- the Parliament , the Executive , and the Judicature . </Li> <Li> The Legislature consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate </Li> <Li> It specified the separation of powers and the division of powers between the Federal and State governments . </Li> </Ul> <P> Upon his return to Hobart in early November 1890 , with the technical aid of W.O. Wise , the Tasmanian Parliamentary Draftsman , Clark completed the final form of the Draft Constitution and had a number of copies printed . In February 1891 , Inglis Clark circulated copies of his draft to Parkes , Barton and probably Playford as well . This draft was always intended to be a private working document , and was never published . </P> <H3> Convention of 1891 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Parliament proposed at the Convention of 1891 was to adopt the nomenclature of the United States Congress . This proposal provided the broad outline of a Federal government . Its lower house was to be elected by districts drawn up on the basis of their population , while in the Senate there was to be equal representation for each `` province '' . This American model was mixed with the Westminster system by which the Prime Minister and other ministers would be appointed by the representative of the British Crown from among the members of the political party holding a majority in the lower House . </P> <P> Griffith identified with great clarity at the Sydney Convention perhaps the greatest problem of all : how to structure the relationship between the lower and upper houses within the Federal Parliament . The main division of opinion centred on the contention of Alfred Deakin , that the lower house must be supreme , as opposed to the views of Barton , John Cockburn and others , that a strong Senate with co-ordinate powers was essential . Griffith himself recommended that the doctrine of responsible government should be left open , or substantially modified to accord with the Federal structure . </P> <P> Over the Easter weekend in 1891 , Griffith edited Clark 's draft aboard the Queensland Government 's steam yacht Lucinda . ( Clark was not present , as he was ill with influenza in Sydney ) . Griffith 's draft Constitution was submitted to colonial parliaments but it lapsed in New South Wales , after which the other colonies were unwilling to proceed . </P> <H3> Griffith or Clark ? ( edit ) </H3> <P> The importance of the draft Constitution of 1891 was recognised by John La Nauze when he flatly declared that `` The draft of 1891 is the Constitution of 1900 , not its father or grandfather . '' In the Twenty - First Century , however , a lively debate has sprung up as to whether the principal credit for this draft belongs to Queensland 's Sir Samuel Griffith or Tasmania 's Andrew Inglis Clark . The debate began with the publication of Peter Botsman 's The Great Constitutional Swindle : A Citizen 's Guide to the Australian Constitution in 2000 , and a biography of Andrew Inglis Clark by F.M. Neasey and L.J. Neasey published by the University of Tasmania Law Press in 2001 . </P> <P> The traditional view attached almost sole responsibility for the 1891 draft to Griffith . Quick and Garran , for instance , state curtly that Griffith `` had the chief hand in the actual drafting of the Bill . '' Given that the authors of this highly respected work were themselves active members of the federal movement , it may be presumed that this view represents - if not the complete truth - then , at least , the consensus opinion amongst Australia 's `` founding fathers '' . </P> <P> In his 1969 entry on `` Clark , Andrew Inglis ( 1848 -- 1907 ) '' for the Australian Dictionary of Biography , Henry Reynolds offers a more nuanced view : </P> <P> Before the National Australasian Convention in Sydney in 1891 he ( Clark ) circulated his own draft constitution bill . This was practically a transcript of relevant provisions from the British North American Act , the United States Constitution and the Federal Council Act , arranged systematically , but it was to be of great use to the drafting committee at the convention . Parkes received it with reservations , suggesting that ' the structure should be evolved bit by bit ' . George Higinbotham admitted the ' acknowledged defects & disadvantages ' of responsible government , but criticized Clark 's plan to separate the executive and the legislature . Clark 's draft also differed from the adopted constitution in his proposal for ' a separate federal judiciary ' , with the new Supreme Court replacing the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal on all questions of law , which would be ' a wholesome innovation upon the American system ' . He became a member of the Constitutional Committee and chairman of the Judiciary Committee . Although he took little part in the debates he assisted ( Sir ) Samuel Griffith , ( Sir ) Edmund Barton and Charles Cameron Kingston in revising Griffith 's original draft of the adopted constitution on the Queensland government 's steam yacht , Lucinda ; though he was too ill to be present when the main work was done , his own draft had been the basis for most of Griffith 's text . </P> <P> Clark 's supporters are quick to point out that 86 Sections ( out of a total of 128 ) of the final Australian Constitution are recognisable in Clark 's draft , and that `` only eight of Inglis Clark 's ninety - six clauses failed to find their way into the final Australian Constitution '' ; but these are potentially misleading statistics . As Professor John Williams has pointed out : </P> <P> It is easy to point to the document and dismiss it as a mere ' cut and paste ' from known provisions . While there is some validity in such observations it does tend to overlook the fact that there are very few variations to be added once the basic structure is agreed . So for instance , there was always going to be parts dealing with the executive , the parliament and the judiciary in any Australian constitution . The fact that Inglis Clark modelled his on the American Constitution is no surprise once that basic decision was made . Issues of the respective legislative powers , the role of the states , the power of amendment and financial questions were the detail of the debate that the framers were about to address in 1891 . </P> <P> As to who was responsible for the actual detailed drafting , as distinct from the broad structure and framework of the 1891 draft , Professor Williams ( for one ) is in no doubt : </P> <P> In terms of style there can be little argument that Inglis Clark 's Constitution is not as crisp or clean as Kingston 's 1891 draft Constitution . This is not so much a reflection on Inglis Clark , but an acknowledgement of the talents of Charles Kingston and Sir Samuel Griffith as drafters . They were direct and economical with words . The same can not always be said of Inglis Clark . </P> <H2> Later Constitutional conventions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The revival of the federal movement stemmed from the growth of federal leagues and nationalist organisations that were committed to federation , such as the Australian Natives ' Association . There were two so - called People 's Conventions held in Corowa and Bathurst . </P> A ribbon produced in Sydney <P> In 1893 John Quick , who had attended the Corowa convention , drew up a bill which became the basis of discussion at the Adelaide Convention ( see below ) and is considered to have contributed largely to the eventual constitution . Quick with Robert Garran went on to publish The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth in 1901 , which is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative works on the Australian Constitution . </P> <P> In 1895 a proposal was accepted by the premiers of the Australian colonies to establish a new Convention by popular vote , with the resulting draft of the constitution being submitted to the electors of each colony in a referendum . The Convention held meetings over the course of a year , beginning first in Adelaide in 1897 , later meeting in Sydney , and culminating in Melbourne in March 1898 . After the Adelaide meeting , the colonial Parliaments took the opportunity to debate the emerging Bill and to suggest changes . The basic principles discussed in 1891 were adopted , with the addition of the principle of responsible government . There was also a consensus for more democracy in the constitutional structure . It was agreed that the Senate should be chosen by popular vote with the voters in each State acting as one electorate . </P> <P> A draft bill was drawn up in 1898 , and then sent to each colony to be ratified by the electorate . Referendums were held in four of the colonies in June 1898 . There were majority votes in all four of them , however , the enabling legislation in New South Wales required the support of at least 80,000 voters for passage , and this number was not reached . A meeting of the colonial premiers in early 1899 agreed to a number of amendments to make the constitution more acceptable to New South Wales . Known as the `` Braddon Clause '' , the amendments provided for the return of customs revenue to the states for ten years . It was also agreed that the new federal capital was to be built in New South Wales provided it was at least a hundred miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney . In June 1899 , the referendum was held again in all the colonies except for Western Australia , where the vote was not held until the following year . The majority vote was `` yes '' in all the colonies . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> referendum </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> NSW </Th> <Th> Qld </Th> <Th> SA </Th> <Th> Tas </Th> <Th> Vic </Th> <Th> WA </Th> <Th> total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> 71,595 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35,800 </Td> <Td> 11,797 </Td> <Td> 100,520 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 219,712 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> no </Td> <Td> 66,228 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17,320 </Td> <Td> 2,716 </Td> <Td> 22,099 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 108,363 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> 107,420 </Td> <Td> 38,488 </Td> <Td> 65,900 </Td> <Td> 13,437 </Td> <Td> 152,653 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 377,898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> no </Td> <Td> 82,741 </Td> <Td> 30,996 </Td> <Td> 17,953 </Td> <Td> 791 </Td> <Td> 9,805 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 142,286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44,800 </Td> <Td> 44,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> no </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19,691 </Td> <Td> 19,691 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Bill as accepted by the colonies went to Britain for ratification by the British Parliament . </P> <H2> Federal Constitution ( edit ) </H2> The letters patent issued by Queen Victoria creating the office of Governor - General , issued in 1900 as a part of the process of implementing the new federal constitution . The Constitution of Australia One of the many arches made to celebrate Federation , the Citizens Arch -- National Museum , Canberra The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne is the site of the first sitting of Federal parliament . Main article : Constitution of Australia <P> The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act ( UK ) was passed on 5 July 1900 and given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900 . It was proclaimed on 1 January 1901 in Centennial Park , Sydney . Sir Edmund Barton was sworn in as the interim Prime Minister , leading an interim Federal ministry of nine members . </P> <P> The new constitution established a bicameral Parliament , containing a Senate and a House of Representatives . The office of Governor - General was established as the Queen 's representative ; initially , this person was considered a representative of the British government . The Constitution also established a High Court , and divided the powers of government between the states and the new Commonwealth government . </P> <P> The site of a federal capital was disputed heavily between the two arch - rivals Sydney and Melbourne ; the compromise was that a separate territory ( the Australian Capital Territory ) would be established within New South Wales to hold a new capital , while Parliament would sit in Melbourne until the new city was constructed . The site eventually chosen for the city became Canberra . </P> <H2> Landmarks named after federation ( edit ) </H2> See also : Federation architecture <P> The significance of Federation for Australia is such that a number of landmarks , natural and man - made , have been named after it . These include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Federal Highway , between Goulburn , New South Wales and Canberra </Li> <Li> Federation Creek , near Croydon , Queensland </Li> <Li> Federation Peak , Tasmania </Li> <Li> Federation Range , on the Royston River , about 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) east - northeast of Melbourne , Victoria </Li> <Li> Federation Square , Melbourne , Victoria </Li> <Li> Federation Trail , Melbourne , Victoria </Li> <Li> Federation University , Ballarat , Victoria </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of Australia </Li> <Li> Federalism in Australia </Li> <Li> Australian Capital Territory </Li> <Li> Secessionism in Western Australia </Li> <Li> History of monarchy in Australia </Li> <Li> Australian nationality law </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fiji and Australian Federation . -- ( From the Herald 's own Correspondent . ) Melbourne , Monday '' . The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser. 25 October 1883 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ note 2 , at 18 -- 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Henry Parkes , at 383 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams J , `` ' With Eyes Open ' : Andrew Inglis Clark and our Republican Tradition '' ( 1995 ) 23 ( 2 ) Federal Law Review 149 at 165 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Debates of the Australian Federation Conference , at 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Nauze , J.A. The Making of the Australian Constitution . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84016 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As early as 1874 , he published a comparative study of the American , Canadian and Swiss constitutions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Conway and Holmes were all Unitarians . Clark had met Conway when he travelled to Hobart , Tasmania , as part of his speaking tour in 1883 . Conway later introduced Clark to Holmes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Letter from W.O. Wise to A.P. Canaway dated 29 June 1921 . Cover page to First draft of Australian Constitution . Mitchell Library MS , Q342. 901 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neasey , F.M. ; Neasey , L.J. ( 2001 ) . Andrew Inglis Clark . University of Tasmania Law Press . ISBN 0 - 85901 - 964 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Nauze , page 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Nauze , note 11 at 78 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Botsman , Peter ( 2000 ) . The Great Constitutional Swindle . Pluto Press Australia . p. 19 . ISBN 1 - 86403 - 062 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neasey , F.M. ; Neasey , L.J. ( 2001 ) . Andrew Inglis Clark . Hobart : University of Tasmania Law Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quick , John ; Garran , Robert Randolph ( 1901 ) . The annotated constitution of the Australian Commonwealth . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . p. 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , Henry ( 1969 ) . `` Clark , Andrew Inglis ( 1848 - 1907 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neasey , Frank ( 1991 ) . `` Andrew Inglis Clark and Australian Federation '' . Papers on Parliament . 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Williams , John ( Professor ) ( 2014 ) . `` Andrew Inglis Clark : Our Constitution and His Influence '' . Papers on Parliament . 61 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Closer Look : The Australian Constitution '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating Federation '' ( PDF ) . Constitutional Centre of Western Australia . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Explore the Fascinating History of Federation Square '' . Fed Square Pty Ltd. 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> La Nauze , J , The Making of the Australian Constitution ( Carlton : Melbourne University Press , 1972 ) . </Li> <Li> McGrath , F , The Framers of the Australian Constitution ( Brighton - le - Sands : Frank McGrath , 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Neasey , F.M. ; Neasey , L.J. Andrew Inglis Clark . ( University of Tasmania Law Press , 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hunt , Lyall ( editor ) ( 2000 ) Towards Federation : Why Western Australia joined the Australian Federation in 1901 Nedlands , W.A. Royal Western Australian Historical Society ISBN 0 - 909845 - 03 - 4 </Li> <Li> La Nauze , John Andrew ( 1972 ) The Making of the Australian Constitution ( Melbourne : Melbourne University ) </Li> <Li> McQueen , Humphrey , ( 1970 / 2004 ) , A New Britannia , University of Queensland Press , Brisbane . </Li> <Li> Quick , John , Historical Introduction to The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth ( Sydney : University of Sydney Library , 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federation of Australia . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Federation and the Constitution -- resource of the National Archives of Australia </Li> <Li> Records of the Australasian Federal Conventions of the 1890s </Li> <Li> Federation Fast Facts </Li> <Li> Australian Federation Full Text Database -- primary source material </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Australia articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Prehistory </Li> <Li> Archaeology </Li> <Li> European Exploration </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> 1788 -- 1850 </Li> <Li> 1851 -- 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> Since 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitutional </Li> <Li> Diplomatic </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Federation </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Indigenous </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Monarchy </Li> <Li> Railway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Continent </Li> <Li> Deserts </Li> <Li> Environment <Ul> <Li> issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Fauna </Li> <Li> Forests </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Regions </Li> <Li> Protected areas </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> States and territories </Li> <Li> Capitals </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Courts </Li> <Li> Elections <Ul> <Li> Donations </Li> <Li> Electoral system </Li> <Li> Parties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Federal budget </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Governor - 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A Love She Can Count On - wikipedia <H1> A Love She Can Count On </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` A Love She Can Count On '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Miracles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Fabulous Miracles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` I Can Take A Hint '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 11 , 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) ; February 13 , 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Tamla T 54078 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Miracles singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) </Td> <Td> `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) </Td> <Td> `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1962 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( Tamla 54078 ) was a 1963 hit single by Motown Records R&B group The Miracles , issued on that label 's Tamla subsidiary label . It was taken from their album The Fabulous Miracles , and was the follow - up to the group 's million - selling Grammy Hall of Fame inducted tune , `` You 've Really Got A Hold On Me '' . The first of three singles released by The Miracles that year , this song was a Billboard Top 40 Pop Hit , peaking at # 31 , and missed the Top 20 of its R&B chart by only one position , peaking at # 21 . Written and produced by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson , `` A Love She Can Count On '' features the same bluesy sound and feel of `` Hold On Me '' , featuring the gospel - inspired harmonies of Miracles members Bobby Rogers , Claudette Robinson , Pete Moore , and the late Ronnie White , and , like that previous song , begins with the guitar of Miracles member Marv Tarplin . However , that is where the similarities end ; unlike the previous hit , with its theme of being in love with someone you do n't like , `` A Love She Can Count On '' has as its theme undying love and loyalty , with Robinson , as the song 's narrator , promising eternal love and devotion : </P> <Ul> <Li> Every day ... </Li> <Li> I 'm gon na love you , come what may </Li> <Li> ' Cause I know that there is nothing that means more </Li> <Li> To a woman , </Li> <Li> than A Love That She Can Count On . </Li> </Ul> <P> The other Miracles participate in a sing - along call and response with Smokey on the song 's bridge , similar to the song that , according to Smokey , inspired both this song and `` Hold On Me '' , Sam Cooke 's 1962 hit `` Bring It On Home to Me '' . The single and album versions of this song are noticeably different , the album version of `` A Love She Can Count On '' featuring a bluesy piano style as was done by its predecessor `` You 've Really Got A Hold On Me '' . For the most part the piano was deleted from the single version , not being featured as prominently . Unlike almost all other singles from The Miracles , and indeed many other songs by the group , `` A Love She Can Count On '' has not yet been covered by major acts . This was also the case with the B - side of the single , `` I Can Take A Hint '' , despite the fact that it was also a chart hit , reaching # 107 on the Billboard Pop chart . </P> <P> `` A Love She Can Count On '' appears on several Miracles `` Greatest Hits '' collections , including their album Greatest Hits from the Beginning , and their 2009 two - CD set , The Miracles -- Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( which features both live and studio versions ) . The Miracles also performed a special extended version of the song on their first live album , 1963 's The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lead vocals by Smokey Robinson </Li> <Li> Background vocals by Claudette Rogers Robinson , Warren `` Pete '' Moore , Bobby Rogers and Ronnie White </Li> <Li> Guitar by Marv Tarplin </Li> <Li> Other instrumentation by The Funk Brothers </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Miracles - A Love She Can Count On - Song Review from the Motown Junkies website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Love_She_Can_Count_On&oldid=811819548 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Miracles songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Smokey Robinson </Li> <Li> Tamla Records singles </Li> <Li> 1963 singles </Li> <Li> 1963 songs </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from September 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nederlands </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 05 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Integrated pest Management - wikipedia <H1> Integrated pest Management </H1> Approach for economic control of pests An IPM boll weevil trap in a cotton field ( Manning , South Carolina ) . <P> Integrated pest management ( IPM ) , also known as integrated pest control ( IPC ) is a broad - based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests . IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level ( EIL ) . The UN 's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as `` the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment . IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms . '' Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s . IPM allows for safer pest control . </P> <P> The introduction and spread of invasive species can also be managed with IPM by reducing risks while maximizing benefits and reducing costs . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Applications </Li> <Li> 3 Principles </Li> <Li> 4 Process </Li> <Li> 5 Southeast Asia </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Shortly after World War II , when synthetic insecticides became widely available , entomologists in California developed the concept of `` supervised insect control '' . Around the same time , entomologists in the US Cotton Belt were advocating a similar approach . Under this scheme , insect control was `` supervised '' by qualified entomologists and insecticide applications were based on conclusions reached from periodic monitoring of pest and natural - enemy populations . This was viewed as an alternative to calendar - based programs . Supervised control was based on knowledge of the ecology and analysis of projected trends in pest and natural - enemy populations . </P> <P> Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for the `` integrated control '' that University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s . Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological controls for a given insect pest . Chemical insecticides were to be used in the manner least disruptive to biological control . The term `` integrated '' was thus synonymous with `` compatible . '' Chemical controls were to be applied only after regular monitoring indicated that a pest population had reached a level ( the economic threshold ) that required treatment to prevent the population from reaching a level ( the economic injury level ) at which economic losses would exceed the cost of the control measures . </P> <P> IPM extended the concept of integrated control to all classes of pests and was expanded to include all tactics . Controls such as pesticides were to be applied as in integrated control , but these now had to be compatible with tactics for all classes of pests . Other tactics , such as host - plant resistance and cultural manipulations , became part of the IPM framework . IPM combined entomologists , plant pathologists , nematologists and weed scientists . </P> <P> In the United States , IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972 when President Richard Nixon directed federal agencies to take steps to advance the application of IPM in all relevant sectors . In 1979 , President Jimmy Carter established an interagency IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices . </P> <P> Perry Adkisson and Ray F. Smith received the 1997 World Food Prize for encouraging the use of IPM . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <P> IPM is used in agriculture , horticulture , forestry , human habitations , preventive conservation and general pest control , including structural pest management , turf pest management and ornamental pest management . </P> <H2> Principles ( edit ) </H2> <P> An American IPM system is designed around six basic components : </P> <Ul> <Li> Acceptable pest levels -- The emphasis is on control , not eradication . IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible , and the attempt can be expensive and unsafe . IPM programmes first work to establish acceptable pest levels , called action thresholds , and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed . These thresholds are pest and site specific , meaning that it may be acceptable at one site to have a weed such as white clover , but not at another site . Allowing a pest population to survive at a reasonable threshold reduces selection pressure . This lowers the rate at which a pest develops resistance to a control , because if almost all pests are killed then those that have resistance will provide the genetic basis of the future population . Retaining a significant number of unresistant specimens dilutes the prevalence of any resistant genes that appear . Similarly , the repeated use of a single class of controls will create pest populations that are more resistant to that class , whereas alternating among classes helps prevent this . </Li> <Li> Preventive cultural practices -- Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions and maintaining healthy crops is the first line of defense . Plant quarantine and ' cultural techniques ' such as crop sanitation are next , e.g. , removal of diseased plants , and cleaning pruning shears to prevent spread of infections . Beneficial fungi and bacteria are added to the potting media of horticultural crops vulnerable to root diseases , greatly reducing the need for fungicides . </Li> <Li> Monitoring -- Regular observation is critically important . Observation is broken into inspection and identification . Visual inspection , insect and spore traps , and other methods are used to monitor pest levels . Record - keeping is essential , as is a thorough knowledge target pest behavior and reproductive cycles . Since insects are cold - blooded , their physical development is dependent on area temperatures . Many insects have had their development cycles modeled in terms of degree - days . The degree days of an environment determines the optimal time for a specific insect outbreak . Plant pathogens follow similar patterns of response to weather and season . </Li> <Li> Mechanical controls -- Should a pest reach an unacceptable level , mechanical methods are the first options . They include simple hand - picking , barriers , traps , vacuuming and tillage to disrupt breeding . </Li> <Li> Biological controls -- Natural biological processes and materials can provide control , with acceptable environmental impact , and often at lower cost . The main approach is to promote beneficial insects that eat or parasitize target pests . Biological insecticides , derived from naturally occurring microorganisms ( e.g. -- Bt , entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes ) , also fall in this category . Further ' biology - based ' or ' ecological ' techniques are under evaluation . </Li> <Li> Responsible use -- Synthetic pesticides are used as required and often only at specific times in a pest 's life cycle . Many newer pesticides are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances ( e.g. -- nicotine , pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues ) , but the toxophore or active component may be altered to provide increased biological activity or stability . Applications of pesticides must reach their intended targets . Matching the application technique to the crop , the pest , and the pesticide is critical . The use of low - volume spray equipment reduces overall pesticide use and labor cost . </Li> </Ul> <P> An IPM regime can be simple or sophisticated . Historically , the main focus of IPM programmes was on agricultural insect pests . Although originally developed for agricultural pest management , IPM programmes are now developed to encompass diseases , weeds and other pests that interfere with management objectives for sites such as residential and commercial structures , lawn and turf areas , and home and community gardens . </P> <H2> Process ( edit ) </H2> <P> IPM is the selection and use of pest control actions that will ensure favourable economic , ecological and social consequences and is applicable to most agricultural , public health and amenity pest management situations . The IPM process starts with monitoring , which includes inspection and identification , followed by the establishment of economic injury levels . The economic injury levels set the economic threshold level . That is the point when pest damage ( and the benefits of treating the pest ) exceed the cost of treatment . This can also be an action threshold level for determining an unacceptable level that is not tied to economic injury . Action thresholds are more common in structural pest management and economic injury levels in classic agricultural pest management . An example of an action threshold is one fly in a hospital operating room is not acceptable , but one fly in a pet kennel would be acceptable . Once a threshold has been crossed by the pest population action steps need to be taken to reduce and control the pest . Integrated pest management employ a variety of actions including cultural controls , including physical barriers , biological controls , including adding and conserving natural predators and enemies to the pest , and finally chemical controls or pesticides . Reliance on knowledge , experience , observation and integration of multiple techniques makes IPM appropriate for organic farming ( excluding synthetic pesticides ) . These may or may not include materials listed on the Organic Materials Review Institute ( OMRI ) Although the pesticides and particularly insecticides used in organic farming and organic gardening are generally safer than synthetic pesticides , they are not always more safe or environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides and can cause harm . For conventional farms IPM can reduce human and environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals , and potentially lower overall costs . </P> <P> Risk assessment usually includes four issues : 1 ) characterization of biological control agents , 2 ) health risks , 3 ) environmental risks and 4 ) efficacy . </P> <P> Mistaken identification of a pest may result in ineffective actions . E.g. , plant damage due to over-watering could be mistaken for fungal infection , since many fungal and viral infections arise under moist conditions . </P> <P> Monitoring begins immediately , before the pest 's activity becomes significant . Monitoring of agricultural pests includes tracking soil / planting media fertility and water quality . Overall plant health and resistance to pests is greatly influenced by pH , alkalinity , of dissolved mineral and oxygen reduction potential . Many diseases are waterborne , spread directly by irrigation water and indirectly by splashing . </P> <P> Once the pest is known , knowledge of its lifecycle provides the optimal intervention points . For example , weeds reproducing from last year 's seed can be prevented with mulches and pre-emergent herbicide . </P> <P> Pest - tolerant crops such as soybeans may not warrant interventions unless the pests are numerous or rapidly increasing . Intervention is warranted if the expected cost of damage by the pest is more than the cost of control . Health hazards may require intervention that is not warranted by economic considerations . </P> <P> Specific sites may also have varying requirements . E.g. , white clover may be acceptable on the sides of a tee box on a golf course , but unacceptable in the fairway where it could confuse the field of play . </P> <P> Possible interventions include mechanical / physical , cultural , biological and chemical . Mechanical / physical controls include picking pests off plants , or using netting or other material to exclude pests such as birds from grapes or rodents from structures . Cultural controls include keeping an area free of conducive conditions by removing waste or diseased plants , flooding , sanding , and the use of disease - resistant crop varieties . Biological controls are numerous . They include : conservation of natural predators or augmentation of natural predators , sterile insect technique ( SIT ) . </P> <P> Augmentation , inoculative release and inundative release are different methods of biological control that affect the target pest in different ways . Augmentative control includes the periodic introduction of predators . With inundative release , predators are collected , mass - reared and periodically released in large numbers into the pest area . This is used for an immediate reduction in host populations , generally for annual crops , but is not suitable for long run use . With inoculative release a limited number of beneficial organisms are introduced at the start of the growing season . This strategy offers long term control as the organism 's progeny affect pest populations throughout the season and is common in orchards . With seasonal inoculative release the beneficials are collected , mass - reared and released seasonally to maintain the beneficial population . This is commonly used in greenhouses . In America and other western countries , inundative releases are predominant , while Asia and the eastern Europe more commonly use inoculation and occasional introductions . </P> <P> The sterile insect technique ( SIT ) is an area - wide IPM program that introduces sterile male pests into the pest population to trick females into ( unsuccessful ) breeding encounters , providing a form of birth control and reducing reproduction rates . The biological controls mentioned above only appropriate in extreme cases , because in the introduction of new species , or supplementation of naturally occurring species can have detrimental ecosystem effects . Biological controls can be used to stop invasive species or pests , but they can become an introduction path for new pests . </P> <P> Chemical controls include horticultural oils or the application of insecticides and herbicides . A green pest management IPM program uses pesticides derived from plants , such as botanicals , or other naturally occurring materials . </P> <P> Pesticides can be classified by their modes of action . Rotating among materials with different modes of action minimizes pest resistance . </P> <P> Evaluation is the process of assessing whether the intervention was effective , whether it produced unacceptable side effects , whether to continue , revise or abandon the program . </P> <H2> Southeast Asia ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Green Revolution of the 1960s and ' 70s introduced sturdier plants that could support the heavier grain loads resulting from intensive fertilizer use . Pesticide imports by 11 Southeast Asian countries grew nearly sevenfold in value between 1990 and 2010 , according to FAO statistics , with disastrous results . Rice farmers become accustomed to spraying soon after planting , triggered by signs of the leaf folder moth , which appears early in the growing season . It causes only superficial damage and does n't reduce yields . In 1986 , Indonesia banned 57 pesticides and completely stopped subsidizing their use . Progress was reversed in the 2000s , when growing production capacity , particularly in China , reduced prices . Rice production in Asia more than doubled . But it left farmers believing more is better -- whether it 's seed , fertilizer , or pesticides . </P> <P> The brown planthopper , Nilaparvata lugens , the farmers ' main target , has become increasingly resistant . Since 2008 , outbreaks have devastated rice harvests throughout Asia , but not in the Mekong Delta . Reduced spraying allowed natural predators to neutralize planthoppers in Vietnam . In 2010 and 2011 , massive planthopper outbreaks hit 400,000 hectares of Thai rice fields , causing losses of about $64 million . The Thai government is now pushing the `` no spray in the first 40 days '' approach . </P> <P> By contrast early spraying kills frogs , spiders , wasps and dragonflies that prey on the later - arriving and dangerous planthopper and produced resistant strains . Planthoppers now require pesticide doses 500 times greater than originally . Overuse indiscriminately kills beneficial insects and decimates bird and amphibian populations . Pesticides are suspected of harming human health and became a common means for rural Asians to commit suicide . </P> <P> In 2001 , scientists challenged 950 Vietnamese farmers to try IPM . In one plot , each farmer grew rice using their usual amounts of seed and fertilizer , applying pesticide as they chose . In a nearby plot , less seed and fertilizer were used and no pesticides were applied for 40 days after planting . Yields from the experimental plots was as good or better and costs were lower , generating 8 % to 10 % more net income . The experiment led to the `` three reductions , three gains '' campaign , claiming that cutting the use of seed , fertilizer and pesticide would boost yield , quality and income . Posters , leaflets , TV commercials and a 2004 radio soap opera that featured a rice farmer who gradually accepted the changes . It did n't hurt that a 2006 planthopper outbreak hit farmers using insecticides harder than those who did n't . Mekong Delta farmers cut insecticide spraying from five times per crop cycle to zero to one . </P> <P> The Plant Protection Center and the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) have been encouraging farmers to grow flowers , okra and beans on rice paddy banks , instead of stripping vegetation , as was typical . The plants attract bees and a tiny wasp that eats planthopper eggs , while the vegetables diversify farm incomes . </P> <P> Agriculture companies offer bundles of pesticides with seeds and fertilizer , with incentives for volume purchases . A proposed law in Vietnam requires licensing pesticide dealers and government approval of advertisements to prevent exaggerated claims . Insecticides that target other pests , such as Scirpophaga incertulas ( stem borer ) , the larvae of moth species that feed on rice plants allegedly yield gains of 21 % with proper use . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers </Li> <Li> Agroecology </Li> <Li> Agronomy </Li> <Li> Biodynamic agriculture </Li> <Li> Endangered arthropod </Li> <Li> Forest integrated pest management </Li> <Li> International Organization for Biological Control </Li> <Li> Pesticide application </Li> <Li> Professional Landcare Network ( PLANET ) </Li> <Li> Push - pull technology </Li> <Li> Soil contamination </Li> <Li> Sustainable agriculture </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AGP - Integrated Pest Management '' . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knipling , EF ( 1972 ) . `` Entomology and the Management of Man 's Environment '' . Australian Journal of Entomology. 11 : 153 -- 167 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1972. tb01618. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , M.G. ; Hoffmann , M.P. ; Kuhar , T.P. ; Gardner , J. ; Pitcher , S.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Evaluating risks of biological control introductions : A probabilistic risk - assessment approach '' . Biological Control . 35 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 347 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocontrol. 2005.02. 002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Perrings ; Mark Herbert Williamson ; Silvana Dalmazzone ( 1 January 2000 ) . The Economics of Biological Invasions . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84064 - 378 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clercq , P. ; Mason , P.G. ; Babendreier , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Benefits and risks of exotic biological control agents '' . BioControl. 56 ( 4 ) : 681 -- 698 . doi : 10.1007 / s10526 - 011 - 9372 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , R.F. ; Smith , G.L. ( May 1949 ) . `` Supervised control of insects : Utilizes parasites and predators and makes chemical control more efficient '' ( PDF ) . California Agriculture . 3 ( 5 ) : 3 -- 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acosta , EW ( 1995 -- 2006 ) . `` The History of Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) '' . BioControl Reference Center . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1997 : Smith and Adkisson '' . The World Food Prize Foundation . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Integrated Pest Management ( IMP ) Principles '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Owens & Corrigan 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IPM Guidelines '' . UMassAmherst -- Integrated Pest Management , Agriculture and Landscape Program . 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Hilary A. ( 2010 ) . `` Integrated Pest Management '' . Cranberry Station Best Management Practices. 1 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Handbook of Pest Control , Mallis , Arnold , 10th edition , Hedges , Stoy , Editor . pp. 1499 - 1500 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Organic Materials Review Institute , `` The OMRI Product List , '' http://www.omri.org/OMRI_about_list.html approved product list . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pottorff LP . Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening . Colorado State University Cooperative Extension . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Consoli , Fernando L. ; Parra , José Roberto Postali ; Zucchi , Roberto Antônio ( 28 September 2010 ) . Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9110 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Robert Lee ; Luckmann , William Henry ( 1994 ) . Introduction to Insect Pest Management . New York : John Wiley and Sons , Inc. p. 266 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Purdue University Turf Pest Management Correspondence Course , Introduction , 2006 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : W. Klassen ; C.F. Curtis ( 2005 ) . `` 1.1 '' . In V.A. Dyck ; J. Hendrichs ; A.S. Robinson . Sterile Insect Technique : Principles and Practice in Area - Wide Integrated Pest Management . Netherlands : Springer . pp. 4 -- 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson , Linda ; Bennett , David ; Glenn , DeAnn ; Hoffman , Ary ( 2 September 2003 ) . Opender Koul ; G.S. Dhaliwal , eds . Developing Trichogramma as a Pest Management Tool . Predators and Parasitoids . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 30256 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mills NJ , Daane KM ( 2005 ) Biological and cultural controls ... Nonpesticide alternatives can suppress crop pests . California Agriculture 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajeev K. Upadhyay ; K.G. Mukerji ; B.P. Chamola ( 30 November 2001 ) . Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture : Volume 2 : Insect Pests . Springer . pp. 261 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 46587 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knutson A ( 2005 ) ' The Trichogramma Manual : A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Bilogical Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton . ' ( Texas Agricultural Extension Service ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seaman , Abby . `` Integrated Pest Management '' . University of Connecticut . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Understanding Integrated Insect Management Method '' . James Giner . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , R. James ; William L. Bruckart ; Jack R. Coulson ; Mark S. Goettel ; Richard A. Humber ; Robert D. Lumsden ; Joseph V. Maddox ; Michael L. McManus ; Larry Moore ; Susan F. Meyer ; Paul C. Quimby Jr ; James P. Stack ; James L. Vaughn ( 1996 ) . `` Safety of Microorganisms Intended for Pest and Plant Disease Control : A Framework for Scientific Evaluation '' . Biological Control . 7 : 333 -- 351 . doi : 10.1006 / bcon. 1996.0102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.C. van Lenteren ( 2003 ) . Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents : Theory and Testing Procedures . CABI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 836 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smith , S.M. ( 1 January 1996 ) . Thomas E. Mittler , ed . Biological control with Trichogramma : advances , successes , and potential of their use . Annual Review of Entomology : 1996 . Annual Reviews , Incorporated . pp. 375 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8243 - 0141 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Van Lenteren , J.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Implementation of biological control '' . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture . 3 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 102 . doi : 10.1017 / S0889189300002265 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Babendreier , Dirk ( 2007 ) . `` Biological Invasion : Pros and Cons of Biological Control '' . Ecological Studies . 193 ( 7 ) : 403 -- 414 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 36920 - 2_23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Owens & Corrigan 2010 , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Normile , D. ( 2013 ) . `` Vietnam Turns Back a ' Tsunami of Pesticides ' '' . Science . 341 ( 6147 ) : 737 -- 738 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 341.6147. 737 . PMID 23950527 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Steve H. Dreistadt ( 2004 ) . Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs : An Integrated Pest Management Guide . UCANR Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879906 - 61 - 7 . photos , reference tables , diagrams . </Li> <Li> Bennett , Gary W. ; Owens , John M. ; Corrigan , Robert M. ( 2010 ) . Truman 's Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations . Purdue University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9793986 - 1 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jahn , GC , PG Cox. , E Rubia - Sanchez , and M Cohen 2001 . The quest for connections : developing a research agenda for integrated pest and nutrient management . pp. 413 -- 430 , In S. Peng and B. Hardy ( eds . ) `` Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation . '' Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference , 31 March -- 3 April 2000 , Los Baños , Philippines . Los Baños ( Philippines ) : International Rice Research Institute . 692 p . </Li> <Li> Jahn , GC , B. Khiev , C Pol , N. Chhorn and V Preap 2001 . Sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia . In P. Cox and R Chhay ( eds . ) `` The Impact of Agricultural Research for Development in Southeast Asia '' Proceedings of an International Conference held at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute , Phnom Penh , Cambodia , 24 - 26 Oct. 2000 , Phnom Penh ( Cambodia ) : CARDI . </Li> <Li> Jahn , GC ; Litsinger , JA ; Chen , Y ; Barrion , A ( 8 January 2007 ) . Opender Koul ; Gerrit W. Cuperus , eds . Integrated Pest Management of Rice : Ecological Concepts . Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management . CABI . pp. 315 -- 366 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 163 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Kogan , M. ( 1998 ) . `` Integrated Pest Management : Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments '' . Annual Review of Entomology. 43 : 243 -- 270 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 43.1. 243 . PMID 9444752 . </Li> <Li> Nonveiller , Guido 1984 . Catalogue commenté et illustré des insectes du Cameroun d'intérêt agricole : ( apparitions , répartition , importance ) / University of Belgrade / Institut pour la protection des plantes </Li> <Li> US Environmental Protection Agency , `` Pesticides and Food : What Does Integrated Pest Management Mean ? '' </Li> <Li> Robert F. Norris ; Edward P. Caswell - Chen ; Marcos Kogan ( 2003 ) . Concepts in integrated pest management . Prentice Hall PTR . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 087016 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Hassanali , A. ; Herren , H. ; Khan , Z.R. ; Pickett , J.A. ; Woodcock , C.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Integrated pest management : the push - pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals , and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 363 ( 1491 ) : 611 -- 21 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2007.2173 . PMC 2610173 . PMID 17652071 . </Li> <Li> Victor Arnold Dyck ; Jorge Hendrichs ; A.S. Robinson ( 23 February 2006 ) . Sterile Insect Technique : Principles and Practice in Area - Wide Integrated Pest Management . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4051 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Regnault - Roger , Catherine ; Philogene , Bernard JR ( 2008 ) Past and Current Prospects for the use of Botanicals and Plant allelochemicals in Integrated Pest Management . Pharm . Bio. 46 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 52 </Li> <Li> Lowes , Frank ( 2001 ) CIPM History NSF Centre for Integrated Pest Management . Retrieved from </Li> <Li> Acosta , EW ( 2006 ) The History of Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) . Biocontrol Reference Center . </Li> <Li> The Time Saving Garden by David and Charles PLC / Reader 's Digest , ISBN 978 - 0 - 276 - 44245 - 2 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab ( IPM IL ) </Li> <Li> Entomopathogenic Fungi as Effective Insect Pest Management Tactic : A Review , By Hafiza Tahira Gul </Li> <Li> WhatIsIPM.org - Pest control trade - association web site on IPM . </Li> <Li> Dropdata - Rationalising pesticide use through improved application methods </Li> <Li> IPM for Lawn care </Li> <Li> UC IPM - University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program </Li> <Li> Harvard University IPM - Harvard University IPM Program </Li> <Li> IFAS IPM - University of Florida 's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IPM Program </Li> <Li> New York State IPM Program - New York State ( Cornell University ) IPM Program </Li> <Li> OSU IPM Program - Ohio State University IPM Program </Li> <Li> IPM Images - Thousands of Images related to IPM and Agriculture </Li> <Li> UGA IPM Program - University of Georgia IPM Program </Li> <Li> MSU IPM resources - IPM Resources at Michigan State University </Li> <Li> IPM Institute of North America - Non-profit organization promoting IPM practices </Li> <Li> SAFECROP Centre for research and development of crop protection with low environment and consumer health impact </Li> <Li> Southern IPM Center </Li> <Li> North Carolina 's Statewide IPM Program </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pesticides </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pesticide types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acaricide </Li> <Li> Bactericide </Li> <Li> Biocide </Li> <Li> Bioherbicide </Li> <Li> Biopesticide </Li> <Li> Fungicide </Li> <Li> Herbicide </Li> <Li> Insecticide </Li> <Li> Molluscicide </Li> <Li> Nematicide </Li> <Li> Piscicide </Li> <Li> Rodenticide </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Health effects </Li> <Li> Environmental effects </Li> <Li> Fumigation </Li> <Li> Agricultural spray adjuvant </Li> <Li> Biological pest control </Li> <Li> Gene silencing </Li> <Li> Green pest management </Li> <Li> Integrated pest management </Li> <Li> Maximum residue limit </Li> <Li> Non-pesticide management </Li> <Li> Persistent organic pollutant </Li> <Li> Pest control </Li> <Li> Application </Li> <Li> Drift </Li> <Li> Formulation </Li> <Li> Degradation </Li> <Li> Misuse </Li> <Li> Paradox of the pesticides </Li> <Li> Poisoning </Li> <Li> Research </Li> <Li> Residue </Li> <Li> Resistance </Li> <Li> Bee toxicity </Li> <Li> Restricted use </Li> <Li> Pesticide Action Network </Li> <Li> Silent Spring </Li> <Li> The Pesticide Question </Li> <Li> Toxicity Class </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> European Union </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Integrated Pest Management </Li> <Li> Index of pesticide articles </Li> <Li> Pesticide categories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&oldid=854643719 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Agronomy </Li> <Li> Biological pest control </Li> <Li> Pest control techniques </Li> <Li> Phytopathology </Li> <Li> Soil chemistry </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 13 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 44 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Intraocular lens - wikipedia <H1> Intraocular lens </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Intraocular lens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICD - 9 - CM </Th> <Td> 13.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D054120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OPS - 301 code </Th> <Td> 5 - 984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Intraocular lens ( IOL ) is a lens implanted in the eye as part of a treatment for cataracts or myopia . The most common type of IOL is the pseudophakic IOL . These are implanted during cataract surgery , after the cloudy eye 's natural lens ( colloquially called a cataract ) has been removed . The pseudophakic IOL provides the same light focusing function as the natural crystalline lens . The second type of IOL , more commonly known as a phakic intraocular lens ( PIOL ) , is a lens which is placed over the existing natural lens , and is used in refractive surgery to change the eye 's optical power as a treatment for myopia , or nearsightedness . IOLs usually consist of a small plastic lens with plastic side struts , called haptics , to hold the lens in place within the capsular bag inside the eye . IOLs were conventionally made of an inflexible material ( PMMA ) , although this has largely been superseded by the use of flexible materials . Most IOLs fitted today are fixed monofocal lenses matched to distance vision . However , other types are available , such as multifocal IOLs which provide the patient with multiple - focused vision at far and reading distance , and adaptive IOLs which provide the patient with limited visual accommodation . </P> <P> Insertion of an intraocular lens for the treatment of cataracts is the most commonly performed eye surgical procedure . Surgeons annually implant more than 6 million lenses . The procedure can be done under local anesthesia with the patient awake throughout the operation . The use of a flexible IOL enables the lens to be rolled for insertion into the capsule through a very small incision , thus avoiding the need for stitches , and this procedure usually takes less than 30 minutes in the hands of an experienced ophthalmologist . The recovery period is about 2 -- 3 weeks . After surgery , patients should avoid strenuous exercise or anything else that significantly increases blood pressure . They should also visit their ophthalmologists regularly for several months so as to monitor the implants . </P> <P> IOL implantation carries several risks associated with eye surgeries , such as infection , loosening of the lens , lens rotation , inflammation and night time halos , but a systematic review of studies has determined that the procedure is safer than conventional laser eye treatment . Though IOLs enable many patients to have reduced dependence on glasses , most patients still rely on glasses for certain activities , such as reading . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Medical uses </Li> <Li> 2 Accommodating IOLs </Li> <Li> 3 Materials </Li> <Li> 4 Types <Ul> <Li> 4.1 PIOLs </Li> <Li> 4.2 Toric IOLs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Pseudophakic IOLs that address presbyopia </Li> <Li> 6 History </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Medical Uses ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Intraocular lenses have been used since 1999 for correcting larger errors in near - sighted , far - sighted , and astigmatic eyes . This type of IOL is also called phakic intraocular lens ( PIOL ) , and the crystalline lens is not removed . </P> <P> Phakic IOL appear to be less dangerous than excimer laser surgery in those with significant nearsightedness . </P> <P> More commonly , aphakic IOLs ( that is , not PIOLs ) are implanted via Clear Lens Extraction and Replacement ( CLEAR ) surgery . During CLEAR , the crystalline lens is extracted and an IOL replaces it in a process that is very similar to cataract surgery : both involve lens replacement , local anesthesia , both last approximately 30 minutes , and both require making a small incision in the eye for lens insertion . People recover from CLEAR surgery 1 -- 7 days after the operation . During this time , they should avoid strenuous exercise or anything else that significantly raises blood pressure . They should also visit their ophthalmologists regularly for several months so as to monitor the IOL implants . CLEAR has a 90 % success rate ( risks include wound leakage , infection , inflammation , and astigmatism ) . CLEAR can be performed only on patients ages 40 and older . This is to ensure that eye growth , which disrupts IOL lenses , will not occur post-surgery . </P> <P> Once implanted , IOL lenses have three major benefits . First , they are an alternative to LASIK , a form of eye surgery that does not work for people with serious vision problems . Effective IOL implants also entirely eliminate the need for glasses or contact lenses post-surgery for most patients . The cataract will not return , as the lens has been removed . The disadvantage is that the eye 's ability to change focus ( accommodate ) has generally been reduced or eliminated , depending on the kind of lens implanted . </P> <P> Some of the risks that FDA have been found so far during a three - year study of the Artisan are : </P> <Ul> <Li> a yearly loss of 1.8 % of the endothelial cells , </Li> <Li> 0.6 % risk of retinal detachment , </Li> <Li> 0.6 % risk of cataract ( other studies have shown a risk of 0.5 -- 1.0 % ) , and </Li> <Li> 0.4 % risk of corneal swelling . </Li> </Ul> <P> Other risks include : </P> <Ul> <Li> 0.03 -- 0.05 % eye infection risk , which in worst case can lead to blindness . This risk exists in all eye surgery procedures , and is not unique for IOLs . </Li> <Li> glaucoma , </Li> <Li> astigmatism , </Li> <Li> remaining near or far sightedness , </Li> <Li> rotation of the lens inside the eye within one or two days after surgery . </Li> </Ul> <P> One of the causes of the risks above is that the lens can rotate inside the eye if the PIOL is too short , if the eye was incorrectly measured , or because the sulcus has a slightly oval shape ( the height is slightly smaller than the width ) . Toric IOLs must be powered and aligned inside the eye on a meridian that corrects the patient 's preexisting astigmatism . Again , these lenses can rotate inside the eye postoperatively , or be placed incorrectly by the operating surgeon . Either way , the patient 's preexisting astigmatism may not be corrected completely or may even increase . </P> <P> When IOLs are implanted in the aphakic patient -- either after clear lensectomy for the correction of refractive error or after cataract extraction to restore eyesight -- astigmatism in these patients is mainly attributable to the cornea . The surgeon can ascertains the astigmatic , or steepest , meridian in a number of ways , including manifest refraction or corneal topography . Manifest refraction is the familiar test where the eye doctor rotates various lenses in front of the eye , asking the patient , `` Which is better ( or clearer ) , this one or this one ? '' Corneal topography is considered a more quantitative test , and for purposes of aligning a toric IOL , most surgeons use a measurement called simulated keratometry ( SimK ) , which is calculated by the internal programming of the corneal topography machine , to determine the astigmatic meridian on the surface of the cornea . The astigmatic meridian can also be identified using corneal wavefront technology or paraxial curvature matching . </P> <H2> Accommodating IOLs ( edit ) </H2> <P> One of the major disadvantages of conventional IOLs is that they are primarily focused for distance vision . Though patients who undergo a standard IOL implantation no longer experience clouding from cataracts , they are unable to accommodate , or change focus from near to far , far to near , and to distances in between . Accommodating IOLs interact with ciliary muscles and zonules , using hinges at both ends to `` latch on '' and move forward and backward inside the eye using the same mechanism as normal accommodation . These IOLs have a 4.5 - mm square - edged optic and a long hinged plate design with polyimide loops at the end of the haptics . The hinges are made of an advanced silicone called BioSil that was thoroughly tested to make sure it was capable of unlimited flexing in the eye . </P> <H2> Materials ( edit ) </H2> Acrylic MICS - IOL in holder <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion with : reorganization , clarifications , better differentiation between the practices of different countries , and specific differences between PMMA , silicone , and silicone acrylate . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The various materials which have been used to manufacture intraocular lens implants include polymethylmethacrylate ( PMMA ) , silicone , hydrophobic acrylate , hydrophilic acrylate and collamer . Polymethylmethacrylate ( PMMA ) was the first material to be used successfully in intraocular lenses . British ophthalmologist Sir Harold Ridley observed that Royal Air Force pilots who sustained eye injuries during World War II involving PMMA windshield material did not show any rejection or foreign body reaction . Deducing that the transparent material was inert and useful for implantation in the eye , Ridley designed and implanted the first intraocular lens in a human eye . </P> <P> Advances in technology have brought about the use of silicone and acrylic , both of which are soft foldable inert materials . This allows the lens to be folded and inserted into the eye through a smaller incision . Specifically , acrylic lenses are a better choice in people who have a history of uveitis , or are likely to have to undergo retinal surgery requiring vitrectomy with replacement by silicone oil , such as persons with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or who are at high risk of retinal detachment , such as persons with high myopia . A study found that in participants with a history of uveitis , eyes treated with hydrophobic acrylic IOLs were over 2 times more likely to have a best corrected visual acuity of 20 / 40 or more , compared to eyes treated with silicone IOLs . </P> <P> The trademarked `` Natural Yellow '' material is available in three hydrophilic IOLs . Dr. Patrick H. Benz of Benz Research and Development created the first IOL material to incorporate the same UV - A blocking and violet light filtering chromophore that 's present in the human crystalline lens . This breakthrough material provides the exact chromophore the human retina naturally has for light protection . </P> <P> Other IOLs include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Blue Light Filtering IOLs filter the UV and high - energy blue light present in natural and artificial light , both of which can cause vision problems ; however too much filtering of blue light can increase depression , especially in the winter months ( SAD ) . </Li> <Li> Toric IOLs ( 1998 ) correct astigmatic vision . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> Slit lamp photo of Pseudophakia : Posterior chamber Intraocular lens -- note that Posterior capsular opacification is visible a few months after implantation of Intraocular lens in eye , as seen on retroillumination <Ul> <Li> Phakia is the presence of the natural crystalline lenses . </Li> <Li> Aphakia is the absence of the natural crystalline lens . The aphakic state is usually due to surgery to remove a cataractous lens , but post-surgical aphakia is rare nowadays because of the ubiquity of intraocular lenses . Rarely , aphakia can be post-traumatic or congenital in nature . </Li> <Li> Pseudophakia is the substitution of the natural crystalline lens with an IOL , as is often done after cataract extraction or to correct refractive error . </Li> </Ul> <P> The root of these words comes from the Greek word phakos ' lens ' . </P> <P> Phakic IOLs are implanted without removal of the patient 's original crystalline lens , and this is performed solely to correct refractive error in the presence of a clear crystalline lens . </P> <P> Aphakic IOLs generally refer to lenses implanted secondarily in an eye already aphakic from previous surgery or trauma some time ago . </P> <P> Pseudophakic IOLs refer to lenses implanted during cataract surgery , as a sequential step after removal of the cataractous lens of the person . </P> <P> Many aphakic and pseudophakic IOLs such as anterior chamber IOLs or 3 piece posterior chamber IOLs can be used interchangeably . The exception are one piece IOLs , which must be placed within the capsular bag at the time of cataract surgery and hence can not be used as secondary implants . </P> <H3> PIOLs ( edit ) </H3> <P> As with IOLs inserted after cataract extraction , phakic IOLs ( PIOLs ) can be either spheric or toric . The difference is that they are placed in an eye that retains the natural human crystalline lens . As with aphakic eyes , toric PIOLs have to be aligned with the meridian of astigmatism ; toric IOL misalignment or rotation can lead to residual or even greater astigmatism postoperatively . </P> <P> Depending on their placement site in the eye , PIOLs can be divided into : </P> <Ul> <Li> Angle - supported PIOLs : those IOLs are placed in the anterior chamber . They are notorious for their negative impact on the corneal endothelial lining , which is vital for maintaining a healthy clear cornea . </Li> <Li> Iris - supported PIOLs : The IOL is attached by claws to the mid-peripheral iris by a technique called enclavation . It is believed to have a lesser effect on corneal endothelium . The main complication with this type is their tendency to cause endothelial cell reduction . </Li> <Li> Sulcus - supported PIOLs : this type is gaining more and more popularity . These IOLs are placed in the posterior chamber in front of the natural crystalline lens . They have special vaulting so as not to be in contact with the normal lens . The main complication with older versions was a small possibility of cataract formation . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Toric IOLs ( edit ) </H3> <P> A toric IOL is a type of toric lens used to correct preexisting corneal astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery . This astigmatism can also be treated with limbal relaxing incisions or an excimer laser procedure . About 40 % of Americans have significant astigmatism and thus may be candidates for a toric IOL . </P> <P> Cataract surgery with implantation of a toric IOL is essentially the same as cataract surgery with a conventional IOL . Like toric contact lenses , toric IOLs have different powers in different meridians of the lens , and they must be positioned on the correct meridian to reverse the preexisting astigmatism . If the toric IOL is not on the correct meridian , it may need to be repositioned in a second procedure . </P> <H2> Pseudophakic IOLs that address presbyopia ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , a new category of intraocular lenses was opened with the approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 2003 of multifocal and accommodating lenses . These come at an additional cost to the recipient beyond what Medicare will pay and each has advantages and disadvantages . </P> <P> Multifocal IOLs provide for simultaneous viewing of both distance vision and near vision . Trifocal IOLs can also provide intermediate vision . The most common adverse visual effects from multifocal IOLs include glare , halos , and a loss of contrast sensitivity , in low light conditions . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> First permanent insertion of intraocular lens 8 February 1950 <P> Sir Harold Ridley was the first to successfully implant an intraocular lens on 29 November 1949 , at St Thomas ' Hospital at London . That first intraocular lens was manufactured by the Rayner company of Brighton , East Sussex , England from Perspex CQ Polymethylmethacrylate ( PMMA ) made by ICI ( Imperial Chemical Industries ) . It is said the idea of implanting an intraocular lens came to him after an intern asked him why he was not replacing the lens he had removed during cataract surgery . The acrylic plastic material was chosen because Ridley noticed it was inert after seeing RAF ( Royal Air Force ) pilots of World War II with pieces of shattered canopies in their eyes ( this acrylic resin is known by several trade names including Lucite and Plexiglas ) . The intraocular lens did not find widespread acceptance in cataract surgery until the 1970s , when further developments in lens design and surgical techniques had come about . As of the early 2000s , more than a million IOLs are implanted annually in the United States . That number was estimated by the World Health Organization to have increased to 20 million annually worldwide by 2010 ( for cataract surgery ) , and has projected increased IOL surgeries to reach 32 million worldwide by 2020 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Aphakia </Li> <Li> Capsulorhexis </Li> <Li> Contact lens </Li> <Li> Adjustable - focus eyeglasses </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Güell , Jose Luis ; Morral , Merce ; Kook , Daniel ; Kohnen , Thomas ( 2010 ) . `` Phakic intraocular lenses '' . Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery . 36 ( 11 ) : 1976 -- 1993 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jcrs. 2010.08. 014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders , Donald ; Vukich , John A ( 2006 ) . `` Comparison of Implantable Collamer Lens ( ICL ) and Laser - assisted in Situ Keratomileusis ( LASIK ) for Low Myopia '' . Cornea. 25 ( 10 ) : 1139 -- 46 . doi : 10.1097 / ICO. 0b013e31802cbf3c . PMID 17172886 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaudet , Jodie ed. 1001 Inventions That Changed the World , page 697 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7333 - 2536 - 6 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barsam , A ; Allan , BD ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` Excimer laser refractive surgery versus phakic intraocular lenses for the correction of moderate to high myopia '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 6 : CD007679 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD007679. pub4 . PMID 24937100 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zamora - De la Cruz D , Garzón M , Pulido - London D , Jimenez - Corona A , Zúñiga - Posselt M , Bartlett J , Gutierrez M , Chavez - Mondragón E ( 2017 ) . `` Trifocal intraocular lenses versus bifocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5 : CD012648 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD012648 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Slade , Stephen . `` Accommodating IOLs : Design , Technique , Results . '' Review of Ophthalmology. 2005 . 20 Mar 2009 . < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2006. > </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Belluci R. An Introduction to Intraocular Lenses : Material , Optics , Haptics , Design and Aberration . In : Güell JL ( ed ) : Cataract . ESASO Course Series . Basel , Karger , 2013 , vol 3 , pp 38 -- 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alio JL , Chipont E , BenEzra D , Fakhry MA , International ocular Inflammation Society , Study Group of Uveitic Cataract Surgery ( 2002 ) . `` Comparative performance of intraocular lenses in eyes with cataract and uveitis '' . Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery . 28 ( 12 ) : 2096 -- 2108 . PMID 12498843 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leung TG , Lindsley K , Kuo IC ( 2014 ) . `` Types of intraocular lenses for cataract surgery in eyes with uveitis '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev ( 2 ) : CD007284 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD007284. pub2 . PMID 24590672 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Myron Yanoff ; Jay S. Duker ( 2009 ) . Ophthalmology ( 3rd ed . ) . Mosby Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 04332 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , K. `` IOL Implants : Lens Replacement and Cataract Surgery '' . American Academy of Ophthalmology. 16 Nov 2016 . Retrieved 2 Jun 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heiting , G. `` Astigmatism and Cataract ? A Toric IOL Can Fix Both '' . AllAboutVision.com . Sep 2016 . Retrieved 2 Jun 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carson D , Hill WE , Hong X , Karakelle M ( 2014 ) . `` Optical bench performance of AcrySof ( ® ) IQ ReSTOR ( ® ) , AT LISA ( ® ) tri , and FineVision ( ® ) intraocular lenses '' . Clin Ophthalmol. 8 : 2105 -- 2113 . doi : 10.2147 / OPTH. S66760 . PMID 25342881 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ophthalmol , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Sir Harold Ridley 's vision '' ( PDF ) . Br J Ophthalmol. 85 : 1022 -- 3 . doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 85.9. 1022 . PMC 1724118 . PMID 11520745 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Global Intraocular Lens Market is Forecast to Reach $3.1 Billion b ASDReports '' . www.asdreports.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intraocular_lens&oldid=813035975 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Corrective lenses </Li> <Li> Eye </Li> <Li> Implants ( medicine ) </Li> <Li> Ophthalmology </Li> <Li> Vision </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from January 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 10 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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U2 - wikipedia <H1> U2 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Irish rock band . For other uses , see U2 ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> U2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U2 performing in August 2017 , from left to right : Larry Mullen Jr. , The Edge ; Bono ; Adam Clayton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feedback ( 1976 -- 77 ) </Li> <Li> The Hype ( 1977 -- 78 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Dublin , Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rock </Li> <Li> alternative rock </Li> <Li> post-punk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1976 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Island </Li> <Li> Interscope </Li> <Li> Mercury </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> Virgin Prunes , Passengers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> u2.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bono </Li> <Li> The Edge </Li> <Li> Adam Clayton </Li> <Li> Larry Mullen Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> See members section </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic sound built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects - based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . </P> <P> The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number - one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' and `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number - one singles in the US , `` With or Without You '' and `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . </P> <P> Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary / double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image . Beginning with their acclaimed seventh album , Achtung Baby ( 1991 ) , and the multimedia intensive Zoo TV Tour , the band integrated influences from alternative rock , electronic dance music , and industrial music into their sound , and embraced a more ironic , flippant image . This experimentation continued through their ninth album , Pop ( 1997 ) , and the PopMart Tour , which were mixed successes . U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Ca n't Leave Behind ( 2000 ) and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2004 ) , which established a more conventional , mainstream sound for the group . Their U2 360 ° Tour of 2009 -- 2011 is the highest - attended and highest - grossing concert tour in history . The group 's thirteenth album , Songs of Innocence ( 2014 ) , was released at no cost through the iTunes Store , but received criticism for its automatic placement in users ' music libraries . </P> <P> U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the world 's best - selling music artists in history , having sold more than 170 million records worldwide . They have won 22 Grammy Awards , more than any other band , and in 2005 , they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility . Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . Throughout their career , as a band and as individuals , they have campaigned for human rights and philanthropic causes , including Amnesty International , Jubilee 2000 , the ONE / DATA campaigns , Product Red , War Child , and Music Rising . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Formation and early years ( 1976 -- 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Boy and October ( 1980 -- 1982 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 War ( 1982 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 The Unforgettable Fire and Live Aid ( 1984 -- 1985 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 The Joshua Tree and Rattle and Hum ( 1986 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Achtung Baby , Zoo TV , and Zooropa ( 1990 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Passengers , Pop , and PopMart ( 1994 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 All That You Ca n't Leave Behind and Elevation Tour ( 1998 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and Vertigo Tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 1.10 No Line on the Horizon and U2 360 ° Tour ( 2006 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.11 Songs of Innocence and Innocence + Experience Tour ( 2011 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 1.12 The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 and Songs of Experience ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Musical style <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Instrumentation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Lyrics and themes </Li> <Li> 2.3 Influences </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Campaigning and activism </Li> <Li> 4 Other projects and collaborations </Li> <Li> 5 Legacy </Li> <Li> 6 Members </Li> <Li> 7 Discography </Li> <Li> 8 Tours </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> See also : Timeline of U2 <H3> Formation and early years ( 1976 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) </H3> The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in Dublin in 1976 when the members were teenagers . <P> The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976 . Larry Mullen Jr. , then a 14 - year - old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School , posted a note on the school 's notice board in search of musicians for a new band -- six people responded . Setting up in his kitchen , Mullen was on drums , with Paul Hewson ( `` Bono '' ) on lead vocals ; David Evans ( `` the Edge '' ) and his older brother Dik Evans on guitar ; Adam Clayton , a friend of the Evans brothers on bass guitar ; and initially Ivan McCormick and Peter Martin , two other friends of Mullen . Mullen later described it as `` ' The Larry Mullen Band ' for about ten minutes , then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge . '' Martin , who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play , did not remain with the group , and McCormick was dropped within a few weeks . The group settled on the name `` Feedback '' because it was one of the few technical terms they knew . Most of their initial material consisted of cover songs , which the band admitted was not their forte . Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts , such as the Jam , the Clash , Buzzcocks , and Sex Pistols . The popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to success . </P> `` We could n't believe it . I was completely shocked . We were n't of an age to go out partying as such but I do n't think anyone slept that night ... Really , it was just a great affirmation to win that competition , even though I 've no idea how good we were or what the competition was really like . But to win at that point was incredibly important for morale and everyone 's belief in the whole project . '' -- The Edge , on winning the talent contest in Limerick <P> In April 1977 , Feedback played their first gig for a paying audience at St. Fintan 's High School . Shortly after , the band changed their name to `` The Hype '' . Dik Evans , who was older and by this time at college , was becoming the odd man out . The rest of the band was leaning towards the idea of a four - piece ensemble . In March 1978 , the group changed their name to `` U2 '' . Steve Averill , a punk rock musician ( with the Radiators ) and family friend of Clayton 's , had suggested six potential names from which the band chose `` U2 '' for its ambiguity and open - ended interpretations , and because it was the name that they disliked the least . That same month , U2 , as a four - piece , won a talent contest in Limerick sponsored by Harp Lager and the Evening Press . The prize consisted of £ 500 and studio time to record a demo which would be heard by CBS Ireland , a record label . The win was an important milestone and affirmation for the fledgling band . Within a few days , Dik Evans was officially phased out of the band with a farewell concert at the Presbyterian Church Hall in Howth . During the show , which featured the group playing cover songs as the Hype , Dik ceremonially walked offstage . The remaining four band members returned later in the concert to play original material as U2 . As part of their contest prize , the group recorded their first demo tape at Keystone Studios in Dublin in April 1978 , but the results were largely unsuccessful due to their nervousness . </P> <P> Irish magazine Hot Press was influential in shaping U2 's future ; in addition to being one of their earliest allies , the publication 's journalist Bill Graham introduced the band to Paul McGuinness , who agreed to be their manager in mid-1978 . With the connections he was making within the music industry , McGuinness booked demo sessions for the group and sought to garner them a record deal . U2 continued to build their fanbase with performances across Ireland , the most famous of which were a series of Saturday afternoon shows at Dublin 's Dandelion Market in the summer of 1979 . In August , U2 recorded a three - song demo with producer Chas de Whalley at Windmill Lane Studios , marking the first of what would be many recordings there by the band during their career . The following month , the songs were released by CBS as the Ireland - only EP U2 - 3 . It was the group 's first chart success , selling all 1,000 copies of its limited edition 12 - inch vinyl almost immediately . In December 1979 , the band performed in London for their first shows outside Ireland , although they were unable to gain much attention from audiences or critics . On 26 February 1980 , their second single , `` Another Day '' , was released on the CBS label , but again only for the Irish market . The same day , at the end of an Irish tour , U2 played a show in the 2,000 - seat National Stadium in Dublin . Although they took a significant risk in booking a show at a venue of that size , it paid off ; Bill Stewart , an A&R representative for Island Records , was in attendance and subsequently signed the group to the label . </P> <H3> Boy and October ( 1980 -- 1982 ) ( edit ) </H3> Steve Lillywhite produced the band 's first three studio albums : Boy , October , and War . <P> In May 1980 , U2 released `` 11 O'Clock Tick Tock '' , their first international single and their debut on Island Records , but it failed to chart . Martin Hannett , who produced the single , was scheduled to produce the band 's debut album , Boy , but ultimately was replaced with Steve Lillywhite . From July to September 1980 , U2 recorded the album at Windmill Lane Studios , drawing from their nearly 40 - song repertoire at the time . Lillywhite employed unorthodox production techniques , such as recording Mullen 's drums in a stairwell , and recording smashed bottles and forks played against a spinning bicycle wheel . The band found Lillywhite to be very encouraging and creative ; Bono called him `` such a breath of fresh air '' , while the Edge said he `` had a great way of pulling the best out of everybody '' . The album 's lead single , `` A Day Without Me '' , was released in August . Although it did not chart , the song was the impetus for the Edge 's purchase of a delay effect unit , the Electro - Harmonix Memory Man , which came to define his guitar playing style and had a significant impact on the group 's creative output . </P> <P> Released in October 1980 , Boy received generally positive reviews . Paul Morley of NME called it `` touching , precocious , full of archaic and modernist conviction '' , while Declan Lynch of Hot Press said he found it `` almost impossible to react negatively to U-2's music '' . Bono 's lyrics reflected on adolescence , innocence , and the passage into adulthood , themes represented on the album cover through the photo of a young boy 's face . Boy peaked at number 52 in the UK and number 63 in the United States . The album included the band 's first song to receive airplay on US radio , the single `` I Will Follow '' , which reached number 20 on the Top Tracks rock chart . Boy 's release was followed by the Boy Tour , U2 's first tour of continental Europe and the US . Despite being unpolished , these early live performances demonstrated the band 's potential , as critics complimented the group 's ambition and Bono 's exuberance . </P> <P> The band faced several challenges in writing their second album , October . On an otherwise successful American leg of the Boy Tour , Bono 's briefcase containing in - progress lyrics and musical ideas was lost backstage during a March 1981 performance at a nightclub in Portland , Oregon . The band had limited time to write new music on tour and in July began a two - month recording session at Windmill Lane Studios largely unprepared , forcing Bono to quickly improvise lyrics . Lillywhite , reprising his role as producer , called the sessions `` completely chaotic and mad '' . October 's lead single , `` Fire '' , was released in July and was U2 's first song to chart in the UK . Despite garnering the band an appearance on UK television programme Top of the Pops , the single fell in the charts afterwards . On 16 August 1981 , the group opened for Thin Lizzy at the inaugural Slane Concert , but the Edge called it `` one of the worst shows ( U2 ) ever played in ( their ) lives '' . Adding to this period of self - doubt , Bono 's , the Edge 's , and Mullen 's involvement in a Charismatic Christian group in Dublin called the `` Shalom Fellowship '' led them to question the relationship between their religious faith and the lifestyle of a rock band . Bono and the Edge considered quitting the band due to their perceived spiritual conflicts before deciding to leave Shalom instead . </P> <P> October was released in October 1981 and contained overtly spiritual themes . The album received mixed reviews and limited radio play , and although it debuted at number 11 in the UK , it sold poorly elsewhere . The single `` Gloria '' was U2 's first song to have its music video played on MTV , generating excitement for the band during the October Tour of 1981 -- 1982 in markets where the television channel was available . During the tour , U2 met Dutch photographer Anton Corbijn , who became their principal photographer and has had a major influence on their vision and public image . In March 1982 , the band played 14 dates as the opening act for the J. Geils Band , increasing their exposure . Still , U2 were disappointed by their lack of progress by the end of the October Tour . Having run out of money and feeling unsupported by their record label , the group committed to improving ; Clayton recalled that `` there was a firm resolve to come out of the box fighting with the next record '' . </P> <H3> War ( 1982 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the October Tour , U2 decamped to a rented cottage in Howth , where they lived , wrote new songs , and rehearsed for their third album , War . Significant musical breakthroughs were achieved by the Edge in August 1982 during a two - week period of independent songwriting , while the other band members vacationed and Bono honeymooned with his wife Ali . From September to November , the group recorded War at Windmill Lane Studios . Lillywhite , who had a policy of not working with an artist more than twice , was convinced by the group to return as their producer for a third time . The recording sessions featured contributions from violinist Steve Wickham and the female singers of Kid Creole and the Coconuts . For the first time , Mullen agreed to play drums to a click track to keep time . After completing the album , U2 undertook a short tour of Western Europe in December . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' ( 1983 ) `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' features a martial drumbeat , raw guitar , and lyrically , a bleak emotionally charged response to violence . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> War 's lead single , `` New Year 's Day '' , was released on 1 January 1983 . It reached number 10 in the UK and became the group 's first hit outside of Europe ; in the US , it received extensive radio coverage and peaked at number 53 . Resolving their doubts of the October period , U2 released War in February . Critically , the album received favourable reviews , although a few UK reviewers were critical of it . Nonetheless , it was the band 's first commercial success , debuting at number one in the UK , while reaching number 12 in the US . War 's sincerity and `` rugged '' guitar were intentionally at odds with the trendier synthpop of the time . A record on which the band `` turned pacifism itself into a crusade '' , War was lyrically more political than their first two records , focusing on the physical and emotional effects of warfare . The album included the protest song `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' , in which Bono lyrically tried to contrast the events of the 1972 Bloody Sunday shooting with Easter Sunday . Other songs from the record addressed topics such as nuclear proliferation ( `` Seconds '' ) and the Polish Solidarity movement ( `` New Year 's Day '' ) . War was U2 's first record to feature Corbijn 's photography . The album cover depicted the same young child who had appeared on the cover of their debut album , albeit with his previously innocent expression replaced by a fearful one . </P> U2 performing at the US Festival in May 1983 <P> On the subsequent 1983 War Tour of Europe , the US , and Japan , the band began to play progressively larger venues , moving from clubs to halls to arenas . Bono attempted to engage the growing audiences with theatrical , often dangerous antics , climbing scaffoldings and lighting rigs and jumping into the audience . The sight of Bono waving a white flag during performances of `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' became the tour 's iconic image . The band played several dates at large European and American music festivals , including a performance at the US Festival on Memorial Day weekend for an audience of 125,000 people . The group 's 5 June 1983 concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre on a rain - soaked evening was singled out by Rolling Stone as one `` 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll '' . The show was recorded for the concert video Live at Red Rocks and was one of several concerts from the tour captured on their live album Under a Blood Red Sky . Both releases received extensive play on the radio and MTV , expanding the band 's audience and showcasing their prowess as a live act . During the tour , the group established a new tradition by closing concerts with the War track `` 40 '' , during which the Edge and Clayton would switch instruments and the band members would leave the stage one - by - one as the crowd continued to sing the refrain `` How long to sing this song ? '' . The War Tour was U2 's first profitable tour , grossing about US $2 million . </P> <H3> The Unforgettable Fire and live Aid ( 1984 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> With their record deal with Island Records coming to an end , the band signed a more lucrative extension in 1984 . They negotiated the return of the copyrights of their songs , an increase in their royalty rate , and a general improvement in terms , at the expense of a larger initial payment . </P> <P> The band feared that following the overt rock of the War album and tour , they were in danger of becoming another `` shrill '' , `` sloganeering arena - rock band '' . The group were confident that fans would embrace them as successors to the Who and Led Zeppelin , but according to Bono : `` something just did n't feel right . We felt we had more dimension than just the next big anything , we had something unique to offer . '' Thus , they sought experimentation for their fourth studio album , The Unforgettable Fire . Clayton said , `` We were looking for something that was a bit more serious , more arty . '' The Edge admired the ambient and `` weird works '' of Brian Eno , who , along with his engineer Daniel Lanois , eventually agreed to produce the record . Island Records founder Chris Blackwell initially tried to discourage them from their choice of producers , believing that just when the band were about to achieve the highest levels of success , Eno would `` bury them under a layer of avant - garde nonsense '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Unforgettable Fire '' ( 1984 ) `` The Unforgettable Fire '' has a rich , symphonic sound built from ambient instrumentation , a driving rhythm , and a lyrical `` sketch '' . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Partly recorded in Slane Castle , The Unforgettable Fire was released in October 1984 and was at the time the band 's most marked change in direction . It was ambient and abstract , and featured a rich , orchestrated sound . Under Lanois ' direction , Mullen 's drumming became looser , funkier , and more subtle , and Clayton 's bass became more subliminal . Complementing the album 's atmospheric sound , the lyrics are open to interpretation , providing what the band called a `` very visual feel '' . Due to a tight recording schedule , however , Bono felt songs like `` Bad '' and `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' were incomplete `` sketches '' . The album reached number one in Britain , and was successful in the US . The lead single `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' , written about Martin Luther King , Jr. , was the band 's biggest hit to that point and was their first song to chart in the US top 40 . </P> U2 performing in Sydney in September 1984 on the Unforgettable Fire Tour <P> Much of the Unforgettable Fire Tour moved into indoor arenas as U2 began to win their long battle to build their audience . The complex textures of the new studio - recorded tracks , such as `` The Unforgettable Fire '' and `` Bad '' , posed a challenge in translating to live performances . One solution was programming music sequencers , which the band had previously been reluctant to use but now incorporate into the majority of their performances . Songs on the album had been criticised as being `` unfinished '' , `` fuzzy '' , and `` unfocused '' , but were better received by critics when played on stage . Rolling Stone , which was critical of the album version of `` Bad '' , described its live performance as a `` show stopper '' . </P> <P> U2 participated in the Live Aid concert for Ethiopian famine relief at Wembley Stadium in July 1985 . Their performance in front of 72,000 fans and for a worldwide television audience of two billion people was a pivotal point in the band 's career . During a 12 - minute performance of the song `` Bad '' , Bono leapt down off the stage to embrace and dance with a fan , showing a television audience the personal connection that Bono could make with audiences . In 1985 , Rolling Stone called U2 the `` Band of the ' 80s '' , saying that `` for a growing number of rock - and - roll fans , U2 have become the band that matters most , maybe even the only band that matters '' . </P> <H3> The Joshua Tree and Rattle and Hum ( 1986 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) </H3> `` The wild beauty , cultural richness , spiritual vacancy and ferocious violence of America are explored to compelling effect in virtually every aspect of The Joshua Tree -- in the title and the cover art , the blues and country borrowings evident in the music ... Indeed , Bono says that ' dismantling the mythology of America ' is an important part of The Joshua Tree 's artistic objective . '' -- Anthony DeCurtis <P> For their fifth album , The Joshua Tree , the band wanted to build on The Unforgettable Fire 's textures , but instead of out - of - focus experimentation , they sought a harder - hitting sound within the limitation of conventional song structures . Realising that `` U2 had no tradition '' and that their knowledge of music from before their childhood was limited , the group delved into American and Irish roots music . Friendships with Bob Dylan , Van Morrison , and Keith Richards motivated Bono to explore blues , folk , and gospel music and focused him on his skills as a songwriter and lyricist . U2 halted the album sessions in June 1986 to serve as a headline act on the Conspiracy of Hope benefit concert tour for Amnesty International . Rather than distract the band , the tour invigourated their new material . The following month , Bono travelled to San Salvador and Nicaragua and saw first - hand the distress of peasants bullied in internal conflicts that were subject to US political intervention . The experience became a central influence on their new music . </P> The tree pictured on The Joshua Tree album sleeve . Adam Clayton said , `` The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record . '' <P> The Joshua Tree was released in March 1987 . The album juxtaposes antipathy towards US foreign policy against the group 's deep fascination with the country , its open spaces , freedom , and ideals . The band wanted music with a sense of location and a `` cinematic '' quality , and the record 's music and lyrics draw on imagery created by American writers whose works the band had been reading . The Joshua Tree was critically acclaimed ; Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times said the album `` confirms on record what this band has been slowly asserting for three years now on stage : U2 is what the Rolling Stones ceased being years ago -- the greatest rock and roll band in the world '' . The record went to number one in over 20 countries , including the UK where it received a platinum certification in 48 hours , making it the fastest seller in British chart history . In the US , it spent nine consecutive weeks at number one . The album included the hit singles `` With or Without You '' , `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' , and `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , the first two of which became the group 's only number - one hits in the US . U2 became the fourth rock band to be featured on the cover of Time magazine , which called them `` Rock 's Hottest Ticket '' . The album won U2 their first two Grammy Awards , and it brought them a new level of success . Many publications , including Rolling Stone , have cited it as one of rock 's greatest . The Joshua Tree Tour was the first tour on which the band played shows in stadiums alongside smaller arena shows . It grossed US $40 million and drew 3 million attendees . </P> <P> In October 1988 , the group released Rattle and Hum , a double album and theatrically released documentary film that captured the band 's experiences with American roots music on the Joshua Tree Tour . The record featured nine studio tracks and six live U2 performances , including recordings at Sun Studios in Memphis and performances with Dylan and B.B. King . Intended as a tribute to American music , the project received mixed reviews from both film and music critics ; one Rolling Stone editor spoke of the album 's `` excitement '' , another described it as `` misguided and bombastic '' . The film 's director , Phil Joanou , described it as `` an overly pretentious look at U2 '' . Despite the criticism , the album sold 14 million copies and reached number one worldwide . Lead single `` Desire '' became the band 's first UK number - one song while reaching number three in the US . Most of the album 's new material was played on 1989 -- 1990 's Lovetown Tour , which only visited Australasia , Japan , and Europe , so as to avoid the critical backlash the group faced in the US . In addition , they had grown dissatisfied with their live performances ; Mullen recalled , `` We were the biggest , but we were n't the best '' . With a sense of musical stagnation , Bono said to fans on one of the last dates of the tour that it was `` the end of something for U2 '' and that they had to `` go away and ... just dream it all up again '' . </P> <H3> Achtung Baby , Zoo TV , and Zooropa ( 1990 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) </H3> `` Buzzwords on this record were trashy , throwaway , dark , sexy , and industrial ( all good ) and earnest , polite , sweet , righteous , rockist and linear ( all bad ) . It was good if a song took you on a journey or made you think your hifi was broken , bad if it reminded you of recording studios or U2 ... '' -- Brian Eno , on the recording of Achtung Baby <P> Stung by the criticism of Rattle and Hum , the band sought to transform themselves musically . Seeking inspiration from German reunification , they began work on their seventh studio album , Achtung Baby , at Berlin 's Hansa Studios in October 1990 with producers Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno . The sessions were fraught with conflict , as the band argued over their musical direction and the quality of their material . While Clayton and Mullen preferred a sound similar to U2 's previous work , Bono and the Edge were inspired by European industrial music and electronic dance music and advocated a change . Weeks of tension and slow progress nearly prompted the group to break up until they made a breakthrough with the improvised writing of the song `` One '' . They returned to Dublin in 1991 , where morale improved and the majority of the album was completed . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Fly '' ( 1991 ) `` The Fly '' features hip - hop beats , distorted vocals , and a hard industrial edge that differed from U2 's typical sound . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Achtung Baby was released in November 1991 . The album represented a calculated change in musical and thematic direction for the group ; the shift was one of their most dramatic since The Unforgettable Fire . Sonically , the record incorporated influences from alternative rock , dance , and industrial music of the time , and the band referred to its musical departure as `` four men chopping down the Joshua Tree '' . Thematically , it was a more introspective and personal record ; it was darker , yet at times more flippant than the band 's previous work . Commercially and critically , it has been one of the band 's most successful albums . It produced five hit singles , including `` The Fly '' , `` Mysterious Ways '' , and `` One '' , and it was a crucial part of the band 's early 1990s reinvention . In 1993 , Achtung Baby won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Like The Joshua Tree , many publications have cited the record as one of rock 's greatest . </P> Bono in March 1992 on the Zoo TV Tour portraying his persona `` The Fly '' , a leather - clad egomaniac meant to parody rock stardom . <P> Like Achtung Baby , the 1992 -- 1993 Zoo TV Tour was an unequivocal break with the band 's past . In contrast to the austere stage setups of previous U2 tours , Zoo TV was an elaborate multimedia event . It satirised the pervasive nature of television and its blurring of news , entertainment , and home shopping by attempting to instill `` sensory overload '' in its audience . The stage featured large video screens that showed visual effects , random video clips from pop culture , and flashing text phrases , along with a lighting system partially made of Trabant automobiles . Whereas U2 were known for their earnest performances in the 1980s , the group 's Zoo TV performances were intentionally ironic and self - deprecating ; on stage , Bono performed as several over-the - top characters , including the leather - clad egomaniac `` The Fly '' , the greedy televangelist `` Mirror Ball Man '' , and the devilish `` MacPhisto '' . Prank phone calls were made to President Bush , the United Nations , and others . Live satellite link - ups to war - torn Sarajevo caused controversy . Zoo TV was the highest - grossing North American tour of 1992 , earning US $67 million . </P> <P> In June 1993 , U2 signed a long - term , six - album deal to remain with Island Records / PolyGram . The Los Angeles Times estimated that the deal was worth US $60 million to the band , making them the highest - paid rock group ever . The following month , the group released a new album , Zooropa . Quickly recorded during a break in the Zoo TV Tour in early 1993 , it expanded on many of the themes from Achtung Baby and the Zoo TV Tour . Initially intended as an EP , Zooropa ultimately evolved into a full - length LP album . It was an even greater departure from the style of their earlier recordings , incorporating further dance influences and other electronic effects . Johnny Cash sang the lead vocals on `` The Wanderer '' . Most of the songs were played at least once during the 1993 legs of the tour , which visited Europe , Australia , New Zealand and Japan ; half the album 's tracks became permanent fixtures in the setlist . Although the commercially successful Zooropa won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 1994 , the band regard it with mixed feelings , as they felt it was more of `` an interlude '' . </P> <P> On the final leg of the Zoo TV Tour , Clayton was unable to perform for the group 's 26 November 1993 show in Sydney due to a hangover , causing him to miss the dress rehearsal for filming Zoo TV : Live from Sydney . Bass guitar technician Stuart Morgan filled in for him , marking the first time any member of U2 had missed a show . After the incident , Clayton gave up drinking alcohol . The tour concluded the following month in Japan , having sold 5.3 million tickets overall . Q 's Tom Doyle called Zoo TV `` the most spectacular rock tour staged by any band '' . </P> <H3> Passengers , Pop , and PopMart ( 1994 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1995 , following a long break , U2 contributed `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me '' to the soundtrack album of the film Batman Forever . The song was a hit , reaching number one in Australia and Ireland , number two in the UK , and number 16 in the US . In November , the band released an experimental album called Original Soundtracks 1 , a collaboration with Brian Eno , who contributed as a full songwriting and performing partner . Due to his participation and the record 's highly experimental nature , the band chose to release it under the moniker `` Passengers '' to distinguish it from U2 's conventional albums . Mullen said of the release : `` There 's a thin line between interesting music and self - indulgence . We crossed it on the Passengers record . '' It was commercially unnoticed by U2 standards and it received generally mixed reviews . However , the single `` Miss Sarajevo '' featuring Luciano Pavarotti was among Bono 's favourite U2 songs . </P> <P> U2 began work on their next studio album , Pop , in mid-1995 , holding recording sessions with Nellee Hooper , Flood , and Howie B . The band mixed the contrasting influences of each producer into their music , in particular Howie B 's experiences with electronica and dance music . Mullen was sidelined due to back surgery in November , prompting the other band members to take different approaches to songwriting , such as programming drum loops and playing to samples provided by Howie B. Upon Mullen 's return in February 1996 , the group began re-working much of their material but struggled to complete songs , causing them to miss their mid-year deadline to complete the record . Further complicating matters , the band allowed manager Paul McGuinness to book their 1997 -- 1998 PopMart Tour with the album still in progress ; Bono called it `` the worst decision U2 ever made '' . Rushed to complete the album , the band delayed its release date a second time from the 1996 holiday season to March 1997 , cutting into tour rehearsal time . Even with the additional recording time , U2 worked up to the last minute to complete songs . </P> The PopMart Tour stage featured a golden arch , mirrorball lemon , and 150 - foot - long LED screen . The band emerged from the lemon during encores , although it occasionally malfunctioned . <P> In February 1997 , the group released Pop 's lead single , `` Discotheque '' , a dance - heavy song with a music video in which the band wore Village People costumes . The song reached number one in the UK , Japan , and Canada , but did not chart for long in the US despite debuting at number 10 . Within days of the single 's release , the group announced the PopMart Tour with a press conference in the lingerie section of a Kmart department store . Tickets went on sale shortly after , but Pop would not be released until March . The album represented U2 's further exploration of nightclub culture , featuring heavy , funky dance rhythms . The record drew favourable reviews . Rolling Stone stated that U2 had `` defied the odds and made some of the greatest music of their lives '' . Other critics , though , felt that the album was a major disappointment . Despite debuting at number one in over 30 countries , Pop dropped off the charts quickly . Bono admitted that the album `` did n't communicate the way it was intended to '' , while the Edge called it a `` compromise project by the end '' . </P> <P> PopMart commenced in April 1997 and was intended as a satire of consumerism . The stage included a 100 - foot - tall ( 30 m ) golden yellow arch reminiscent of the McDonald 's logo , a 40 - foot - tall ( 12 m ) mirrorball lemon , and a 150 - foot - long ( 46 m ) LED video screen , at the time the world 's largest . U2 's `` big shtick '' , however , failed to satisfy many who were seemingly confused by the band 's new kitsch image and the tour 's elaborate set . The reduced rehearsal time for the tour affected the quality of early shows , and in some US markets , the band played to half - empty stadiums . On several occasions , the mirrorball lemon from which the band emerged for the encores malfunctioned , trapping them inside . Despite the mixed reviews and difficulties of the tour , Bono considered PopMart to be `` better than Zoo TV aesthetically , and as an art project it is a clearer thought . '' He later explained , `` When that show worked , it was mindblowing . '' </P> <P> The European leg of the tour featured two highlights . The group 's 20 September 1997 show in Reggio Emilia was attended by over 150,000 people , setting a world record for the largest paying audience for a one - act show . U2 also performed in Sarajevo on 23 September , making them the first major group to stage a concert there following the Bosnian War . Mullen described the show as `` an experience I will never forget for the rest of my life , and if I had to spend 20 years in the band just to play that show , and have done that , I think it would have been worthwhile . '' Bono called the show `` one of the toughest and one of the sweetest nights of my life '' . The tour concluded in March 1998 with gross revenues of US $171.7 million and 3.9 million tickets sold . The following month , U2 appeared on the 200th episode of the animated sitcom The Simpsons , in which Homer Simpson disrupts the band on stage during a PopMart concert . In November 1998 , U2 released their first compilation album , The Best of 1980 -- 1990 , which featured a re-recording of a 1987 B - side , `` Sweetest Thing '' , as its single . The album attained the highest first - week sales in the US of any greatest hits record , while `` Sweetest Thing '' topped the singles charts in Ireland and Canada . </P> <H3> All that You Ca n't Leave Behind and Elevation tour ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the mixed success of their musical pursuits in the 1990s , U2 sought to simplify their sound ; the Edge said that with Pop , the group had `` taken the deconstruction of the rock ' n ' roll band format to its absolute ' nth degree '' . For their tenth album , All That You Ca n't Leave Behind , the group wanted to return to their old recording ethos of `` the band in a room playing together '' . Reuniting with Eno and Lanois , U2 began working on the album in late 1998 . After their experiences with being pressured to complete Pop , the band were content to work without deadlines . With Bono 's schedule limited by his commitments to debt relief for Jubilee 2000 and the other band members spending time with their families , the recording sessions stretched through August 2000 . </P> <P> Released in October of that year , All That You Ca n't Leave Behind was seen by critics as a `` back to basics '' album , on which the group returned to a more mainstream , conventional rock sound . For many of those not won over by the band 's forays into dance music , it was considered a return to grace ; Rolling Stone called it U2 's `` third masterpiece '' alongside The Joshua Tree and Achtung Baby . The album debuted at number one in 32 countries and sold 12 million copies . Its lead single , `` Beautiful Day '' , was a worldwide hit , reaching number one in Ireland , the UK , Australia , and Canada , while peaking at number 21 in the US . The song earned Grammy Awards for Song of the Year , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , and Record of the Year . At the awards ceremony , Bono declared that U2 were `` reapplying for the job ... ( of ) the best band in the world '' . The album 's other singles were worldwide hits as well ; `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' , `` Elevation '' , and `` Walk On '' reached number one in Canada , while charting in the top five in the UK and top ten in Australia . </P> Contrasting with the elaborate stadium productions of the band 's previous two tours , the Elevation Tour was a scaled - down affair , featuring a heart - shaped ramp around the stage . <P> The band 's 2001 Elevation Tour commenced in March , visiting North America and Europe across three legs . For the tour , U2 performed on a scaled - down stage , returning to arenas after nearly a decade of stadium productions . Mirroring the album 's themes of `` emotional contact , connection , and communication '' , the tour 's set was designed to afford the group greater proximity to their fans ; a heart - shaped ramp around the stage extended into the audience , encapsulating a number of concertgoers , and festival seating was offered in the US for the first time in the group 's history . During the tour , U2 headlined a pair of Slane Concerts in Ireland , playing to crowds of 80,000 . Following the September 11 attacks in the US , All That You Ca n't Leave Behind found added resonance with American audiences , as the album climbed in the charts and songs such as `` Walk On '' and `` Peace on Earth '' garnered radio airplay . In October , U2 performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City for the first time since the attacks . Bono and the Edge said these shows were among their most memorable and emotional performances . The Elevation Tour was the year 's top - earning North American tour , grossing US $109.7 million , the second - highest figure ever for a North American tour at the time ; in total , the tour grossed US $143.5 million globally from 2.18 million tickets sold . Spin named U2 the `` Band of the Year '' for 2001 , saying they had `` schooled bands half their age about what a rock show could really accomplish '' . </P> U2 perform during the Elevation Tour in Kansas City in 2001 <P> On 3 February 2002 , U2 performed during the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVI . In a tribute to those who died in the September 11 attacks , the victims ' names were displayed on a backdrop , and at the end , Bono opened his jacket to reveal an American flag in the lining . SI.com , Rolling Stone , and USA Today ranked the band 's performance as the best halftime show in Super Bowl history . Later that month , U2 received four additional Grammy Awards ; All That You Ca n't Leave Behind won Best Rock Album , while `` Walk On '' was named Record of the Year , marking the first time an artist had won the latter award in consecutive years for songs from the same album . In November 2002 , the band released its second compilation , The Best of 1990 -- 2000 , which featured several remixed 1990s songs and two new tracks , including the single `` Electrical Storm '' . </P> <H3> How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and Vertigo tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Looking for a harder - hitting rock sound than that of All That You Ca n't Leave Behind , U2 began recording their eleventh studio album , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb , in February 2003 with producer Chris Thomas . After nine months of work , the band had an album 's worth of material ready for release , but they were not satisfied with the results ; Mullen said that the songs `` had no magic '' . The group subsequently enlisted Steve Lillywhite to take over as producer in Dublin in January 2004 . Lillywhite , along with his assistant Jacknife Lee , spent six months with the band reworking songs and encouraging better performances . Several other producers received credits on the album , including Lanois , Eno , Flood , Carl Glanville , and Nellee Hooper ; Bono acknowledged that the involvement of multiple producers affected the record 's `` sonic cohesion '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Vertigo '' ( 2004 ) `` Vertigo '' , which the Edge described as `` visceral rock ' n ' roll '' , became a hit worldwide and was used in a cross-promotion with Apple . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Released in November 2004 , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb received favourable reviews from critics . The album featured lyrics touching on life , death , love , war , faith , and family . It reached number one in 30 countries , including the US , where first - week sales of 840,000 copies nearly doubled those of All That You Ca n't Leave Behind , setting a personal best for the band . Overall , it sold 9 million copies globally . For the album 's release , U2 partnered with Apple for several cross-promotions : the first single , `` Vertigo '' , was featured in a television advertisement for the company 's iPod music player , while a U2 - branded iPod and digital box set exclusive to the iTunes Store were released . `` Vertigo '' was an international hit , topping the charts in Ireland and the UK , while reaching number two in Canada , number five in Australia , and number 31 in the US . The song won three Grammy Awards , including one for Best Rock Song . Other singles from the album were also hits ; `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' , written as a tribute to Bono 's late father , went to number one in the UK and Canada , while `` City of Blinding Lights '' reached number two in both regions . In March 2005 , U2 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Bruce Springsteen in their first year of eligibility . During his speech , Springsteen said the band had `` beaten ( the odds ) by continuing to do their finest work and remaining at the top of their game and the charts for 25 years '' . </P> The outdoor stage of the Vertigo Tour , pictured in June 2005 , featured a massive LED screen . <P> U2 's 2005 -- 2006 Vertigo Tour was preceded by several complications . A sudden illness to the Edge 's daughter nearly resulted in the tour 's cancellation , before the group decided to adjust the tour schedule to accommodate her treatment . Additionally , ticket presales on the band 's website were plagued with issues , as subscribing members encountered technical glitches and limited ticket availability , partially due to scalpers exploiting the system . Commencing in March 2005 , the Vertigo Tour consisted of arena shows in North America and stadium shows internationally across five legs . The indoor stage replaced the heart - shaped ramp of the Elevation Tour with an elliptical one and featured retractable video curtains around the stage , while the stadium stage used a massive LED video screen . Setlists on tour varied more than in the group 's past and included songs they had not played in decades . Like its predecessor , the Vertigo Tour was a commercial success , ranking as the top - earning tour of 2005 with US $260 million grossed . </P> U2 performing at Madison Square Garden on 21 October 2005 <P> In February 2006 , U2 received five additional Grammy Awards , including Song of the Year for `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' , and Best Rock Album and Album of the Year for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ; the awards made the album and its singles winners in all eight categories in which U2 were nominated , spanning two separate Grammy ceremonies . The group resumed the Vertigo Tour that month with a Latin American leg , on which several shows were filmed for the concert film U2 3D . It would be released in theatres nearly two years later , and was the world 's first live - action digital 3 - D film . In March , the band postponed the tour 's remaining shows until the end of the year due to the health of the Edge 's daughter . On 25 September 2006 , U2 and Green Day performed at the Louisiana Superdome prior to an NFL football game , the New Orleans Saints ' first home game in the city since Hurricane Katrina . The two bands covered the Skids ' song `` The Saints Are Coming '' during the performance and for a benefit single , which reached number one in Australia and throughout Europe . U2 issued an official autobiography , U2 by U2 , that month , followed in November by their third compilation album , U218 Singles . The Vertigo Tour concluded in December , having sold 4.6 million tickets and having earned US $389 million , the second - highest gross ever at the time . </P> <P> In August 2006 , the band incorporated its publishing business in the Netherlands following the capping of Irish artists ' tax exemption at € 250,000 . The Edge stated that businesses often seek to minimise their tax burdens . The move was criticised in the Irish parliament . The band defended themselves , saying approximately 95 % of their business took place outside Ireland , that they were taxed globally because of this , and that they were all `` personal investors and employers in the country '' . Bono later said , `` I think U2 's tax business is our own business and I think it is not just to the letter of the law but to the spirit of the law . '' </P> <H3> No Line on the Horizon and U2 360 ° tour ( 2006 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> At 164 feet tall , the stage structure from the U2 360 ° Tour was the largest ever constructed . The tour is the highest - grossing in history , having earned US $736 million . <P> Recording for U2 's twelfth album , No Line on the Horizon , began with producer Rick Rubin in 2006 , but the sessions were short - lived and the material was shelved . In May 2007 , the group began new sessions with Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois in Fez , Morocco , involving the producers as full songwriting partners . Intending to write `` future hymns '' -- songs that would be played forever -- the group spent two weeks recording in a riad and exploring local music . The Edge called it `` a very freeing experience '' that `` reminded ( him ) in many ways of early on and why ( they ) got into a band in the first place . Just that joy of playing . '' However , as recording on the album continued in New York , London , and Dublin , the band scaled back their experimental pursuits , which Eno said `` sounded kind of synthetic '' and were not easily married with the group 's sound . No Line on the Horizon was released in February 2009 , more than four years after How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb , marking the longest gap between albums of the band 's career to that point . It received generally positive reviews , including their first five - star Rolling Stone review , but critics found it was not as experimental as originally billed . The album debuted at number one in over 30 countries , but its sales of 5 million were seen as a disappointment by U2 standards and it did not contain a hit single . </P> <P> The group embarked on the U2 360 ° Tour in June 2009 ; it was their first live venture for Live Nation under a 12 - year , US $100 million ( £ 50 million ) deal signed the year prior , through which the company assumed control over the band 's touring , merchandising , and official website. . The U2 360 ° Tour concerts featured the band playing stadiums `` in the round '' on a circular stage , allowing the audience to surround them on all sides . To accommodate the stage configuration , a large four - legged structure nicknamed `` The Claw '' was built above the stage , with the sound system and a cylindrical , expanding video screen on top of it . At 164 feet ( 50 m ) tall , it was the largest stage ever constructed . The tour visited Europe and North America in 2009 . On 25 October 2009 , U2 set a new US record for single concert attendance for one headline act , performing to 97,014 people at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena . At year 's end , Rolling Stone named U2 one of eight `` Artists of the Decade '' . The band continued the 360 ° Tour in 2010 with legs in Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . However , their scheduled headline appearance at the Glastonbury Festival 2010 and their North American leg that year were postponed following a serious injury to Bono 's back . These appearances were rescheduled for 2011 after the South African and South American legs of the tour . By its conclusion in July 2011 , U2 360 ° had set records for the highest - grossing concert tour ( US $736 million ) and highest - attended tour ( 7.3 million tickets sold ) . </P> <H3> Songs of Innocence and Innocence + Experience tour ( 2011 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> U2 performing at the Apple product launch at which Songs of Innocence was announced in September 2014 <P> Following the release of No Line on the Horizon , U2 announced tentative plans for a follow - up record of songs from the album 's sessions entitled Songs of Ascent . Bono described the project as `` a meditative , reflective piece of work '' with the theme of pilgrimage . However , the group could not complete it to their satisfaction , and ultimately it did not come to fruition . The band continued to work on other album projects , including a traditional rock album produced by Danger Mouse and a dance - centric album produced by RedOne and will.i.am . U2 suspended work on their next album late in 2013 to contribute a new song , `` Ordinary Love '' , to the film Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom . The track , written in honour of Nelson Mandela , won the 2014 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . In November 2013 , U2 's long - time manager Paul McGuinness stepped down from his post as part of a deal with Live Nation to acquire his management firm , Principle Management . McGuinness , who had managed U2 for over 30 years , was succeeded by Guy Oseary . In February 2014 , another new song , the single `` Invisible '' , was debuted in a Super Bowl television advertisement and was made available in the iTunes Store at no cost to launch a partnership with Product Red and Bank of America to fight AIDS . Bono called the track a `` sneak preview '' of its pending record . </P> <P> On 9 September 2014 , U2 announced their thirteenth studio album , Songs of Innocence , at an Apple product launch event , and released it digitally the same day to all iTunes Store customers at no cost . The release made the album available to over 500 million iTunes customers in what Apple CEO Tim Cook called `` the largest album release of all time . '' Apple reportedly paid Universal Music Group and U2 a lump sum for a five - week exclusivity period in which to distribute the album and spent US $100 million on a promotional campaign . Produced by Danger Mouse with Paul Epworth , Ryan Tedder , Declan Gaffney , and Flood , Songs of Innocence recalls the group members ' youth in Ireland , touching on childhood experiences , loves and losses , while paying tribute to their musical inspirations . Bono described it as `` the most personal album we 've written '' . The record received mixed reviews and drew criticism for its digital release strategy ; it was automatically added to users ' iTunes accounts , which for many , triggered an unprompted download to their electronic devices . Chris Richards of The Washington Post called the release `` rock - and - roll as dystopian junk mail '' . The group 's press tour for the album was interrupted after Bono was seriously injured in a bicycle accident in Central Park on 16 November 2014 . He suffered fractures of his shoulder blade , humerus , orbit , and pinky finger , leading to uncertainty that he would ever be able to play guitar again . </P> U2 takes a curtain call during a 7 November 2015 performance on the Innocence + Experience Tour ( from left to right ) : the Edge , Bono , Mullen , Clayton <P> Following Bono 's recuperation , U2 embarked on the Innocence + Experience Tour in May 2015 , visiting arenas in North America and Europe from May through December . The group structured their concerts around a loose autobiographical narrative of `` innocence '' passing into `` experience '' , with a fixed set of songs for the first half of each show and a varying second half , separated by an intermission -- a first for U2 concerts . The stage spanned the length of the venue floor and comprised three sections : a rectangular main stage , a smaller circular B - stage , and a connecting walkway . The centerpiece of the set was a 96 - foot - long ( 29 m ) double - sided video screen that featured an interior catwalk , allowing the band members to perform amidst the video projections . U2 's sound system was moved to the venue ceilings and arranged in an oval array , in hopes of improving acoustics by evenly distributing sound throughout the arena . In total , the tour grossed US $152.2 million from 1.29 million tickets sold . The final date of the tour , one of two Paris shows rescheduled due to the 13 November 2015 attacks in the city , was filmed for the video Innocence + Experience : Live in Paris and broadcast on the American television network HBO . </P> <H3> The Joshua Tree tour 2017 and songs of Experience ( 2016 -- Present ) ( edit ) </H3> The video screen from the Joshua Tree Tour 2017 is the largest and highest resolution screen of any concert tour . <P> In 2016 , U2 worked on their next studio album , Songs of Experience , which is intended as a companion piece to Songs of Innocence . The group had mostly completed the album by year 's end and planned to release it in the fourth quarter , but after the shift of global politics in a conservative direction , highlighted by the UK 's Brexit vote and the 2016 US presidential election , they chose to put the record on hold and reassess its tone . The group spent the extra time rewriting lyrics , rearranging and remixing songs , and pursuing different production techniques . In 2017 , the group is staging a tour marking the 30th anniversary of The Joshua Tree , on which they will perform the album in its entirety at each show . It is the first time U2 is touring in promotion of an album from their back catalogue , rather than a new release . The Edge cited the same world events that caused the group to delay Songs of Experience for what he judged to be renewed resonance of The Joshua Tree 's subject matter and a reason to revisit it . The tour 's stage features a 7.6 K video screen measuring 200 ft × 45 ft ( 61 m × 14 m ) that is , according to The Guardian , the largest and highest resolution screen used on a concert tour . The tour included a headlining appearance at the Bonnaroo Music Festival in June . </P> <P> On 6 September 2017 , the group released Songs of Experience 's first single , `` You 're the Best Thing About Me '' . The song is one of many from the album that are letters written by Bono to people and places closest to his heart . The personal nature of the lyrics reflects a `` brush with mortality '' that he had during the album 's recording . It will be released on 1 December 2017 . </P> <H2> Musical style ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Instrumentation ( edit ) </H3> U2 performing in 2009 . The Edge has described U2 as a fundamentally live band . <P> Since their inception , U2 have developed and maintained a distinctly recognisable sound , with emphasis on melodic instrumentals and expressive , larger - than - life vocals . This approach is rooted partly in the early influence of record producer Steve Lillywhite at a time when the band was not known for musical proficiency . The Edge has consistently used a rhythmic echo and a signature delay to craft his distinctive guitar work , coupled with an Irish - influenced drone played against his syncopated melodies that ultimately yields a well - defined ambient , chiming sound . Bono has nurtured his falsetto operatic voice and has exhibited a notable lyrical bent towards social , political , and personal subject matter while maintaining a grandiose scale in his songwriting . In addition , the Edge has described U2 as a fundamentally live band . </P> <P> Despite these broad consistencies , U2 have introduced brand new elements into their musical repertoire with each new album . U2 's early sound was influenced by bands such as Television and Joy Division , and has been described as containing a `` sense of exhilaration '' that resulted from the Edge 's `` radiant chords '' and Bono 's `` ardent vocals '' . U2 's sound began with post-punk roots and minimalistic and uncomplicated instrumentals heard on Boy and October , but evolved through War to include aspects of rock anthem , funk , and dance rhythms to become more versatile and aggressive . Boy and War were labelled `` muscular and assertive '' by Rolling Stone , influenced in large part by Lillywhite 's producing . The Unforgettable Fire , which began with the Edge playing more keyboards than guitars , as well as follow - up The Joshua Tree , had Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois at the production helm . With their influence , both albums achieved a `` diverse texture '' . The songs from The Joshua Tree and Rattle and Hum placed more emphasis on Lanois - inspired rhythm as they mixed distinct and varied styles of gospel and blues music , which stemmed from the band 's burgeoning fascination with America 's culture , people and places . In the 1990s , U2 reinvented themselves as they began using synthesisers , distortion , and electronic beats derived from alternative rock , industrial music , dance , and hip - hop on Achtung Baby , Zooropa , and Pop . In the 2000s , U2 returned to a more stripped - down sound , with more conventional rhythms and reduced usage of synthesisers and effects . </P> <H3> Lyrics and themes ( edit ) </H3> U2 perform `` Mothers of the Disappeared '' in Chile in 1998 with the families of Detenidos Desaparecidos . The song was written as a tribute to the women whose children were killed or forcibly disappeared at the hands of the El Salvadoran government . <P> U2 's lyrics are known for their social and political commentary , and are often embellished with Christian and spiritual imagery . Songs such as `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' , `` Silver and Gold '' , and `` Mothers of the Disappeared '' were motivated by current events of the time . The first was written about the Troubles in Northern Ireland , while the last concerns the struggle of a group of women whose children were killed or forcibly disappeared at the hands of the El Salvadoran government during the country 's civil war . The song `` Running to Stand Still '' from The Joshua Tree was inspired by the heroin addiction that was sweeping through Dublin -- the lyric `` I see seven towers , but I only see one way out '' references the Ballymun Towers of Northern Dublin and the imagery throughout the song personifies the struggles of addiction . </P> <P> Bono 's personal conflicts and turmoil inspired songs like `` Mofo '' , `` Tomorrow '' and `` Kite '' . An emotional yearning or pleading frequently appears as a lyrical theme , in tracks such as `` Yahweh '' , `` Peace on Earth '' , and `` Please '' . Much of U2 's songwriting and music is also motivated by contemplations of loss and anguish , coupled with hopefulness and resiliency , themes that are central to The Joshua Tree . Some of these lyrical ideas have been amplified by Bono and the band 's personal experiences during their youth in Ireland , as well as Bono 's campaigning and activism later in his life . U2 have used tours such as Zoo TV and PopMart to caricature social trends , such as media overload and consumerism , respectively . </P> <P> While the band and its fans often affirm the political nature of their music , U2 's lyrics and music have been criticised as apolitical because of their vagueness and `` fuzzy imagery '' , and a lack of any specific references to actual people or characters . </P> <H3> Influences ( edit ) </H3> <P> The band cites the Who , the Clash , Television , Ramones , the Beatles , Joy Division , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Elvis Presley , Patti Smith , and Kraftwerk as influences . In addition , Van Morrison has been cited by Bono as an influence and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame points out his influence on U2 . U2 have also worked with and / or had influential relationships with artists including Johnny Cash , Green Day , Leonard Cohen , Bruce Springsteen , B.B. King , Lou Reed and Luciano Pavarotti . </P> <H2> Campaigning and activism ( edit ) </H2> Bono with then - US President George W. Bush in 2006 <P> Since the early 1980s , the members of U2 -- as a band and individually -- have collaborated with other musicians , artists , celebrities , and politicians to address issues concerning poverty , disease , and social injustice . </P> <P> In 1984 , Bono and Adam Clayton participated in Band Aid to raise money for the 1983 -- 85 famine in Ethiopia . This initiative produced the hit charity single `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' , which would be the first among several collaborations between U2 and Bob Geldof . In July 1985 , U2 played Live Aid , a follow - up to Band Aid 's efforts . Bono and his wife Ali , invited by World Vision , later visited Ethiopia where they witnessed the famine first hand . Bono would later say this laid the groundwork for his Africa campaigning and some of his songwriting . In 1986 , U2 participated in the A Conspiracy of Hope tour in support of Amnesty International and in Self Aid for unemployment in Ireland . The same year , Bono and Ali Hewson also visited Nicaragua and El Salvador at the invitation of the Sanctuary movement , and saw the effects of the Salvadoran Civil War . These 1986 events greatly influenced The Joshua Tree album , which was being recorded at the time . </P> <P> During their Zoo TV Tour in 1992 , U2 participated in the `` Stop Sellafield '' concert with Greenpeace to protest a nuclear factory . Events in Sarajevo during the Bosnian War inspired the song `` Miss Sarajevo '' , which premiered at a September 1995 Pavarotti and Friends show , and which Bono and the Edge performed at War Child . U2 fulfilled a 1993 promise to play in Sarajevo during the PopMart Tour in 1997 . The following year , they performed in Belfast days prior to the vote on the Good Friday Agreement , bringing Northern Irish political leaders David Trimble and John Hume on stage to promote the agreement . Later that year , all proceeds from the release of the `` Sweetest Thing '' single went towards supporting the Chernobyl Children 's Project . </P> U2 with Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff in 2011 ( from left to right ) : Mullen , Bono , Rousseff , Clayton , and the Edge <P> The band dedicated their 2000 song `` Walk On '' to Burma 's pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi , who had been under house arrest since 1989 . In late 2003 , Bono and the Edge participated in the South Africa HIV / AIDS awareness 46664 series of concerts hosted by Nelson Mandela . In 2005 , the band played the Live 8 concert in London , which Geldof helped stage on the 20th anniversary of Live Aid to support the Make Poverty History campaign . The band and manager Paul McGuinness were awarded Amnesty International 's Ambassador of Conscience Award for their work in promoting human rights . </P> <P> Since 2000 , Bono 's campaigning has included Jubilee 2000 with Geldof , Muhammad Ali , and others to promote the cancellation of third - world debt during the Great Jubilee . In January 2002 , Bono co-founded the multinational NGO DATA , with the aim of improving the social , political , and financial state of Africa . He continued his campaigns for debt and HIV / AIDS relief into June 2002 by making high - profile visits to Africa . Product Red , a for - profit licensed brand seeking to raise money for the Global Fund , was co-founded by Bono in 2006 . The ONE Campaign , originally the US counterpart of Make Poverty History , was shaped by his efforts and vision . </P> <P> In late 2005 , following Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita , the Edge helped introduce Music Rising , an initiative to raise funds for musicians who lost their instruments in the storm - ravaged Gulf Coast . In 2006 , U2 collaborated with pop punk band Green Day to record a remake of the song `` The Saints Are Coming '' by the Skids to benefit Music Rising . A live version of the song recorded at the Louisiana Superdome was released on the single . </P> <P> At the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards in April 2016 , U2 were honored with the Innovator Award for `` their impact on popular culture and commitment to social causes . '' </P> <P> U2 's and Bono 's social activism have not been without its critics , however . Several authors and activists who publish in politically left journals such as CounterPunch have decried Bono for allowing his celebrity to be co-opted by an association with political figures such as Paul Wolfowitz , as well as his `` essential paternalism '' . Other news sources have more generally questioned the efficacy of Bono 's campaign to relieve debt and provide assistance to Africa . Tax and development campaigners have also criticised the band 's move from Ireland to the Netherlands to reduce its tax bill . </P> <H2> Other projects and collaborations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The members of U2 have undertaken a number of side projects , sometimes in collaboration with some of their bandmates . In 1985 , Bono recorded the song `` In a Lifetime '' with the Irish band Clannad . The Edge recorded a solo soundtrack album for the film Captive in 1986 , which included a vocal performance by Sinéad O'Connor that predates her own debut album by a year . Bono and the Edge wrote the song `` She 's a Mystery to Me '' for Roy Orbison , which was featured on his 1989 album Mystery Girl . In 1990 , Bono and the Edge provided the soundtrack to the Royal Shakespeare Company London stage adaptation of A Clockwork Orange ( one track , `` Alex Descends into Hell for a Bottle of Milk / Korova 1 '' , was on the b - side to `` The Fly '' single ) . That same year , Mullen co-wrote and produced a song for the Republic of Ireland national football team in time for the 1990 FIFA World Cup called `` Put ' Em Under Pressure '' , which topped the Irish charts for 13 weeks . </P> <P> Bono and the Edge wrote the song `` GoldenEye '' for the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye , which was performed by Tina Turner . Clayton and Mullen reworked the `` Theme from Mission : Impossible '' for the franchise 's 1996 film . Bono loaned his voice to `` Joy '' on Mick Jagger 's 2001 album Goddess in the Doorway . Bono also recorded a spare , nearly spoken - word version of Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah '' for the Tower of Song compilation in 1995 . Additionally , in 1998 , Bono collaborated with Kirk Franklin and Crystal Lewis along with R. Kelly and Mary J. Blige for a successful gospel song called `` Lean on Me '' . </P> <P> Aside from musical collaborations , U2 have worked with several authors . American author William S. Burroughs had a guest appearance in U2 's video for `` Last Night on Earth '' shortly before he died . His poem `` A Thanksgiving Prayer '' was used as video footage during the band 's Zoo TV Tour . Other collaborators include William Gibson and Allen Ginsberg . In early 2000 , the band contributed three songs to The Million Dollar Hotel movie soundtrack , including `` The Ground Beneath Her Feet '' , whose lyrics are taken from Salman Rushdie 's book of the same name . </P> <P> In 2007 , Bono appeared in the film Across the Universe and performed songs by the Beatles . Bono and the Edge also wrote the music and lyrics for the Broadway musical Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark . Additionally , the Edge created the theme song for seasons one and two of the animated television series The Batman . </P> <P> In April 2017 , U2 were featured on a Kendrick Lamar song , `` XXX '' , from his album DAMN . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by U2 Rolling Stone ranked the Edge and Bono among the greatest guitarists and singers , respectively . <P> U2 have sold more than 170 million records , placing them among the best - selling music artists in history . The group 's fifth studio album , The Joshua Tree , is one of the best - selling albums in the US ( 10 million copies shipped ) and worldwide ( 25 million copies sold ) . With 52 million certified units by the RIAA , U2 rank as the 21st - highest - selling music artist in the US . U2 have seven albums that have reached number one in the US , tied with Led Zeppelin for the third-most of any group . In the UK , the group has had seven number - one singles , tied for 14th-most of any artist , and ten number - one albums , tied for 7th-most of any artist . The band 's 1,452 weeks spent on the UK music charts ranks 11th all - time . </P> <P> According to Billboard Boxscore , the band grossed US $1.67 billion in ticket sales from 1990 to 2016 , second only to the Rolling Stones . U2 were the only band in the top 25 touring acts from 2000 to 2009 to sell out every show they played . Forbes estimates that U2 earned US $78 million between May 2011 and May 2012 , making them the fourth - highest - paid musical artist . The Sunday Times Rich List 2013 estimated the group 's collective wealth at € 632,535,925 . </P> <P> Rolling Stone placed U2 at number 22 on its list of `` The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , while ranking Bono the 32nd - greatest singer and the Edge the 38th - greatest guitarist . The magazine placed the two musicians at number 35 on its list of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time . In 2004 , Q ranked U2 as the fourth - biggest band in a list compiled based on album sales , time spent on the UK charts , and largest audience for a headlining show . VH1 placed U2 at number 19 on its 2010 list of `` The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . In 2010 , eight of U2 's songs appeared on Rolling Stone 's updated list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , with `` One '' ranking the highest at number 36 . Five of the group 's twelve studio albums were ranked on the magazine 's 2012 list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' -- The Joshua Tree placed the highest at number 27 . Reflecting on the band 's popularity and worldwide impact , Jeff Pollack for The Huffington Post said , `` like The Who before them , U2 wrote songs about things that were important and resonated with their audience '' . </P> <P> U2 received their first Grammy Award in 1988 for The Joshua Tree , and they have won 22 in total out of 34 nominations , more than any other group . These include Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group , Album of the Year , Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Rock Album . The British Phonographic Industry has awarded U2 seven BRIT Awards , five of these being for Best International Group . In Ireland , U2 have won 14 Meteor Awards since the awards began in 2001 . Other awards include one American Music Award , four MTV Video Music Awards , eleven Q Awards , two Juno Awards , three NME Awards , and two Golden Globe Awards . The band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2005 . In 2006 , all four members of the band received ASCAP awards for writing the songs `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' and `` Vertigo '' . </P> <H2> Members ( edit ) </H2> <P> Principal members </P> <Ul> <Li> Bono -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , harmonica ( 1976 -- present ) </Li> <Li> The Edge -- lead guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ( 1976 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Adam Clayton -- bass guitar ( 1976 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Larry Mullen Jr. -- drums , percussion ( 1976 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Early members </P> <Ul> <Li> Dik Evans -- guitar ( 1976 -- 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Ivan McCormick -- guitar ( 1976 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : U2 discography and List of songs recorded by U2 <P> Studio albums </P> <Ul> <Li> Boy ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> October ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> War ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Achtung Baby ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Zooropa ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Pop ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> All That You Ca n't Leave Behind ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> No Line on the Horizon ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Songs of Innocence ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Songs of Experience ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tours ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of U2 concert tours <Ul> <Li> U2 - 3 Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 11 O'Clock Tick Tock Tour ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Boy Tour ( 1980 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> October Tour ( 1981 -- 1982 ) </Li> <Li> War Tour ( 1982 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire Tour ( 1984 -- 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree Tour ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Lovetown Tour ( 1989 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Zoo TV Tour ( 1992 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> PopMart Tour ( 1997 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Elevation Tour ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Vertigo Tour ( 2005 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> U2 360 ° Tour ( 2009 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Innocence + Experience Tour ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Footnotes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' U2 '' Encyclopedia of Popular Music , 4th ed . Ed . Colin Larkin . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . 19 July 2015. `` . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mason , Anthony ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` U2 : What they 're still looking for '' . CBS News . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , Chris ( 15 April 2004 ) . `` The Immortals : The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time : U2 '' . Rolling Stone . No. 946 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chatterton ( 2001 ) , p. 130 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 3 December 1987 ) . `` The Unbelievable Book '' . Hot Press . Vol. 23 no . 11 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hare , Colm ( 25 September 2016 ) . `` # U240 U2 : It was 40 Years Ago Today '' . Hot Press . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick ( 2006 ) , pp. 35 , 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick ( 2008 ) , p. 37 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , pp. 46 -- 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 44 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 16 -- 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hayden , Jackie ( 20 June 1985 ) . `` Stories of Boys '' . Hot Press . Vol. 9 no . 13 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick ( 2006 ) , pp. 53 -- 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dalton , Stephen ( December 1999 ) . `` In the Name of Love '' . Uncut . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGee ( 2008 ) , pp. 21 -- 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , pp. 23 , 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de la Parra ( 2003 ) , p. 10 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 27 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` U2 '' . Legends . Season 1 . Episode 6 . 11 December 1998 . 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U2 : Revolution . New York : Race Point Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 937994 - 99 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Stokes , Niall ( 1996 ) . Into the Heart : The Stories Behind Every U2 Song . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 . </Li> <Li> U2 ( 2006 ) . McCormick , Neil , ed . U2 by U2 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Young , Clive ( 2004 ) . Crank It Up : Live Sound Secrets of the Top Tour Engineers . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 879 - 30778 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutU2at Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` U2 '' dated 2011 - 03 - 07 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> U2 at DMOZ </Li> <Li> `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> U2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bono </Li> <Li> The Edge </Li> <Li> Adam Clayton </Li> <Li> Larry Mullen Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boy </Li> <Li> October </Li> <Li> War </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree </Li> <Li> Rattle and Hum </Li> <Li> Achtung Baby </Li> <Li> Zooropa </Li> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> All That You Ca n't Leave Behind </Li> <Li> How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb </Li> <Li> No Line on the Horizon </Li> <Li> Songs of Innocence </Li> <Li> Songs of Experience </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations and EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Three </Li> <Li> Wide Awake in America </Li> <Li> Please : PopHeart Live EP </Li> <Li> The Best of 1980 -- 1990 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> The Best of 1990 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Exclusive </Li> <Li> The Complete U2 </Li> <Li> Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge </Li> <Li> U218 Singles </Li> <Li> Wide Awake in Europe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Under a Blood Red Sky </Li> <Li> Melon : Remixes for Propaganda </Li> <Li> Original Soundtracks 1 </Li> <Li> Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City </Li> <Li> Live from the Point Depot </Li> <Li> U2. Communication </Li> <Li> Zoo TV Live </Li> <Li> U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland </Li> <Li> Live from Paris </Li> <Li> Medium , Rare & Remastered </Li> <Li> Artificial Horizon </Li> <Li> Duals </Li> <Li> U22 </Li> <Li> From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360 ° </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videos and films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire Collection </Li> <Li> Rattle and Hum </Li> <Li> Achtung Baby : The Videos , the Cameos , and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV </Li> <Li> Zoo TV : Live from Sydney </Li> <Li> PopMart : Live from Mexico City </Li> <Li> Elevation 2001 : Live from Boston </Li> <Li> U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland </Li> <Li> Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago </Li> <Li> Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan </Li> <Li> U218 Videos </Li> <Li> Live from Paris </Li> <Li> U2 3D </Li> <Li> Linear </Li> <Li> U2360 ° at the Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> From the Sky Down </Li> <Li> Innocence + Experience : Live in Paris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours and concerts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U2 - 3 Tour </Li> <Li> Boy Tour </Li> <Li> October Tour </Li> <Li> War Tour </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire Tour </Li> <Li> Live Aid </Li> <Li> A Conspiracy of Hope </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree Tour <Ul> <Li> Vaillancourt Fountain concert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lovetown Tour </Li> <Li> Zoo TV Tour </Li> <Li> PopMart Tour <Ul> <Li> concert in Sarajevo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Elevation Tour </Li> <Li> Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show </Li> <Li> Vertigo Tour </Li> <Li> U2 360 ° Tour </Li> <Li> Innocence + Experience Tour </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Additional personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Averill </Li> <Li> Anton Corbijn </Li> <Li> Brian Eno </Li> <Li> Dik Evans </Li> <Li> Dave Fanning </Li> <Li> Flood </Li> <Li> Gavin Friday </Li> <Li> Howie B </Li> <Li> Jimmy Iovine </Li> <Li> Daniel Lanois </Li> <Li> Steve Lillywhite </Li> <Li> Paul McGuinness </Li> <Li> Morleigh Steinberg </Li> <Li> Willie Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Covers of U2 songs </Li> <Li> The Million Dollar Hotel ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> Mother Records </Li> <Li> AHK - toong BAY - bi Covered </Li> <Li> `` Trash of the Titans '' </Li> <Li> U2 by U2 </Li> <Li> U2 Tower </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Singles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> U2 singles discography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1980 </Dt> <Dd> `` Another Day '' </Dd> <Dd> `` 11 O'Clock Tick Tock '' </Dd> <Dd> `` A Day Without Me '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I Will Follow '' </Dd> <Dt> 1981 </Dt> <Dd> `` Fire '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Gloria '' </Dd> <Dt> 1982 </Dt> <Dd> `` A Celebration '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I Will Follow '' ( live recorded by Veronica 's Countdown ) </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` New Year 's Day '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Two Hearts Beat as One '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' </Dd> <Dt> 1984 </Dt> <Dd> `` I Will Follow '' ( live , from Under a Blood Red Sky ) </Dd> <Dd> `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' </Dd> <Dt> 1985 </Dt> <Dd> `` The Unforgettable Fire '' </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` With or Without You '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' </Dd> <Dd> `` In God 's Country '' </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` One Tree Hill '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Desire '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Angel of Harlem '' </Dd> <Dt> 1989 </Dt> <Dd> `` When Love Comes to Town '' ( feat . B.B. King ) </Dd> <Dd> `` All I Want Is You '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1991 </Dt> <Dd> `` The Fly '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Mysterious Ways '' </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` One '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Even Better Than the Real Thing '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Who 's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses '' </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Numb '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Lemon '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Stay ( Faraway , So Close ! ) '' </Dd> <Dt> 1995 </Dt> <Dd> `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Miss Sarajevo '' ( as Passengers ) </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Discothèque '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Staring at the Sun '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Last Night on Earth '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Please '' </Dd> <Dd> `` If God Will Send His Angels '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Mofo '' </Dd> <Dt> 1998 </Dt> <Dd> `` Sweetest Thing '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 2000 </Dt> <Dd> `` Beautiful Day '' </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Elevation '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Walk On '' </Dd> <Dt> 2002 </Dt> <Dd> `` Electrical Storm '' </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Vertigo '' </Dd> <Dt> 2005 </Dt> <Dd> `` All Because of You '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' </Dd> <Dd> `` City of Blinding Lights '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ( live , with Paul McCartney ) </Dd> <Dt> 2006 </Dt> <Dd> `` One '' ( with Mary J. Blige ) </Dd> <Dd> `` The Saints Are Coming '' ( feat . Green Day ) </Dd> <Dt> 2007 </Dt> <Dd> `` Window in the Skies '' </Dd> <Dt> 2008 </Dt> <Dd> `` The Ballad of Ronnie Drew '' ( with The Dubliners , Kíla , and A Band of Bowsies ) </Dd> <Dt> 2009 </Dt> <Dd> `` Get On Your Boots '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Magnificent '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I 'll Go Crazy If I Do n't Go Crazy Tonight '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 2011 </Dt> <Dd> `` I Will Follow '' ( live from Glastonbury ) </Dd> <Dt> 2013 </Dt> <Dd> `` Ordinary Love '' </Dd> <Dt> 2014 </Dt> <Dd> `` Invisible '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Miracle ( Of Joey Ramone ) '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Every Breaking Wave '' </Dd> <Dt> 2015 </Dt> <Dd> `` Song for Someone '' </Dd> <Dt> 2017 </Dt> <Dd> `` You 're the Best Thing About Me '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grammy Award for Album of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1959 -- 1979 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 2000s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Smooth '' * by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas engineered / mixed by David Thoener , produced by Matt Serletic ( 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` Beautiful Day '' * by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) engineered / mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite ; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois ( 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) engineered / mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite ; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois ( 2002 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Know Why '' * by Norah Jones engineered / mixed by Jay Newland ; produced by Arif Mardin , Jay Newland & Norah Jones ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) engineered / mixed by Coldplay , Ken Nelson & Mark Phythian ; produced by Coldplay & Ken Nelson ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones engineered / mixed by Al Schmitt , Mark Fleming , & Terry Howard ; produced by John R. Burk ( 2005 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) engineered / mixed by Chris Lord - Alge & Doug McKean , produced by Green Day & Rob Cavallo ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' * by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) engineered / mixed by Chris Testa , Jim Scott & Richard Dodd ; produced by Rick Rubin ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Rehab '' * by Amy Winehouse engineered / mixed by Tom Elmhirst , Vaughan Merrick , Dom Morley , Mark Ronson & Gabriel Roth ; produced by Mark Ronson ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant engineered / mixed by Mike Piersante ; produced by T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete list </Li> <Li> ( 1960s ) </Li> <Li> ( 1970s ) </Li> <Li> ( 1980s ) </Li> <Li> ( 1990s ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000s ) </Li> <Li> ( 2010s ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2005 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Performers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buddy Guy </Li> <Li> The O'Jays ( Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , Walter Williams ) </Li> <Li> The Pretenders ( Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , Chrissie Hynde ) </Li> <Li> Percy Sledge </Li> <Li> U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lifetime achievement </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frank Barsalona </Li> <Li> Seymour Stein </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 124268369 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n85208690 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 2150 5903 </Li> <Li> GND : 5122685 - 6 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 265478 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 02938530X </Li> <Li> BNF : cb13907265z ( data ) </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : a3cb23fc - acd3 - 4ce0 - 8f36 - 1e5aa6a18432 </Li> <Li> NLA : 35820260 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00308170 </Li> <Li> NKC : xx0009080 </Li> <Li> BNE : XX95935 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U2&oldid=803922985 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> U2 </Li> <Li> Brit Award winners </Li> <Li> Golden Globe Award - winning musicians </Li> <Li> Grammy Award winners </Li> <Li> Irish alternative rock groups </Li> <Li> Island Records artists </Li> <Li> Ivor Novello Award winners </Li> <Li> Juno Award for International Entertainer of the Year winners </Li> <Li> Mercury Records artists </Li> <Li> Musical groups established in 1976 </Li> <Li> Musical groups from Dublin ( city ) </Li> <Li> Musical quartets </Li> <Li> Post-punk music groups </Li> <Li> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </Li> <Li> World Music Awards winners </Li> <Li> 1976 establishments in Ireland </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - 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Car longevity - wikipedia <H1> Car longevity </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Car longevity is of interest to many car owners and concerns several things : maximum service life in either miles or time ( duration ) , relationship of components to this lifespan , identification of factors that might afford control in extending the lifespan . Barring an accidental end to the lifespan , a car would have a life constrained by the earliest part to fail . Some have argued that rust and other factors related to the body of a car are the prime limits to extended longevity . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Statistics </Li> <Li> 3 High mileage </Li> <Li> 4 Factors related to longevity of vehicle </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> An automobile is a highly engineered collection of complex components , each of which has its own lifespan and longevity characteristics . The MTBF of some components is expected to be small , as the easy replacement of these is considered part of maintenance . Other components , many of which have high replacement costs , are expected to have a longer life ; however , a large longevity may very well require replacement of several of these , raising issues of economics . </P> <P> The motivation for pursuing longevity can vary . The economic trade - off of purchase versus repair will be part of the equation . Of course , many factors , such as whether the car is classic , outweigh pure economics . The desire to extend the life of an auto that is paid off , by fighting `` planned obsolescence '' , is often important for drivers . </P> <P> The life of the auto , as the collection , follows , according to a very common model , a bathtub - like pattern . After an initial phase where failure may be likely ( hence the offering of the warranties by the dealer ) , there may be a long period of unlikely failure , as the probabilities will be low . Given that the auto has been around for over 100 years , what cars become , and remain , classic and the maximal lifespan for any car are open - ended questions . Interest in longevity beyond that related to purchasing used vehicles will improve the science of predicting car life , with such things as a life table for cars . </P> <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , the Environmental Protection Agency assumes the typical car is driven 15,000 miles per year . According to the New York Times , in the 1960s and 1970s , the typical car reached its end of life around 100,000 miles , but due to manufacturing improvements such as tighter tolerances and better anti-corrosion coatings , in the 2000s the typical car lasts closer to 200,000 miles . </P> <H2> High mileage ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some car manufacturers support a `` high mileage '' club . For example , Volvo and Mercedes - Benz have a `` High Mileage Award '' program in which owners who drive 250,000 , 500,000 , 750,000 , and 1 million kilometers are awarded with a certificate and a radiator grille badge . </P> <P> Many non-commercial vehicles ( both auto and truck ) have exceeded one million miles . For instance , in 2013 , Irv Gordon had accumulated 3 million miles in his 1966 Volvo P1800 . In 2006 , a 1995 Dodge Ram was reported to Chrysler as having gone 1 million miles . </P> <P> A 1976 Mercedes - Benz 240D in Greece of Gregorios Sachinidis has reached 2,858,307 miles before retiring to the Mercedes - Benz Museum in Germany . </P> <P> A 1989 Saab 900 SPG belonging to Peter Gilbert of Wisconsin had put in 1,001,385 miles before it was donated to the Wisconsin Automotive Museum . </P> <P> Another was the 1963 Volkswagen Beetle belonging to Albert Klein of Pasadena , California that had accumulated 1,442,044 miles on 25 Jan 1993 . </P> <P> AARP Magazine featured several long - running cars ( over 200K miles ) in its July 2009 Issue . </P> <P> A recent study on Consumer Reports by iSeeCars.com listed 10 Longest Lasting Cars over 200K miles . </P> <H2> Factors related to longevity of vehicle ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sikorsky , and others , have developed lists that itemize steps that a car owner can take , or identified operating and maintenance rules , to ensure maximal longevity . </P> <Dl> <Dd> 1 . Regular oil changes </Dd> <Dd> 2 . Monitor the key fluids </Dd> <Dd> 3 . Maintain the transmission </Dd> <Dd> 4 . Change the spark plugs as needed </Dd> <Dd> 5 . Replace the timing belt as recommended ( if applicable ) </Dd> <Dd> 6 . Replace air filter as required </Dd> <Dd> 7 . Know and use your maintenance manual </Dd> <Dd> 8 . No sudden starts and stops </Dd> <Dd> 9 . Plentiful low cost replacement parts being available </Dd> </Dl> <P> In a public economics sense , Kasmer argues that retrofitting autos with a newer transmission would extend the lifespan while at the same time increase fuel efficiency , reduce carbon emissions , and prevent the sudden influx of discarded vehicles into the waste bin as cars are junked to be replaced by a modern vehicle . However , with replacement parts for modern cars becoming ever more high tech , expensive and proprietary and therefore difficult to obtain ( due to OEM copyright ) , many critical components are no longer available at low cost from third party aftermarket suppliers . Due to this fact , most modern cars can no longer be maintained once repair cost of the car exceed resale value . This trend has led to the modern cars being labeled as the first ever `` disposable '' cars . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffman , Gary ( 2010 ) Is 200,000 Miles the New 100,000 Miles ? ( via Aol Auto ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report : Cars , trucks racking up more miles '' USA Today 28 January 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Sikorsky `` Family Car can last 1,500,000 Miles or a Lifetime The Auto Channel </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dexter Ford ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` As Cars Are Kept Longer , 200,000 Is New 100,000 '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ - The First Car to 3 Million Miles ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1 million mile , Dodge Ram </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2.8 million mile , Mercedes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.maggiolinoweb.it/curiosity.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A Keeper is Cheaper - several cars featured by AARP Magazine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10 cars most likely to go 200,000 miles '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved Mar 3 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Reliability engineering </Li> <Li> Economics of automobile ownership </Li> <Li> Scrappage program </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_longevity&oldid=797148566 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Car ownership </Li> <Li> Transport economics </Li> <Li> Conservation and restoration of vehicles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 06 : 50 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Vitamin D - wikipedia <H1> Vitamin D </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Vitamin D ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Vitamin D </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Drug class </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cholecalciferol ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Class identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Use </Th> <Td> Rickets , osteoporosis , vitamin D deficiency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ATC code </Th> <Td> A11CC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological target </Th> <Td> vitamin D receptor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Clinical data </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drugs.com </Th> <Td> MedFacts Natural Products </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D014807 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In Wikidata </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Vitamin D refers to a group of fat - soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium , magnesium , and phosphate , and multiple other biological effects . In humans , the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D ( also known as cholecalciferol ) and vitamin D ( ergocalciferol ) . Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements . Only a few foods contain vitamin D . The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the skin from cholesterol through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure ( specifically UVB radiation ) . Dietary recommendations typically assume that all of a person 's vitamin D is taken by mouth , as sun exposure in the population is variable and recommendations about the amount of sun exposure that is safe are uncertain in view of the skin cancer risk . </P> <P> Vitamin D from the diet or skin synthesis is biologically inactive ; enzymatic conversion ( hydroxylation ) in the liver and kidney is required for activation . As vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sufficient sunlight , it is not an essential dietary factor , and so not technically a vitamin . Instead it could be considered as a hormone , with activation of the vitamin D pro-hormone resulting in the active form , calcitriol , which then produces effects via a nuclear receptor in multiple different locations . Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to calcifediol ( 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol ) ; ergocalciferol is converted to 25 - hydroxyergocalciferol . These two vitamin D metabolites ( called 25 - hydroxyvitamin D or 25 ( OH ) D ) are measured in serum to determine a person 's vitamin D status . Calcifediol is further hydroxylated by the kidneys to form calcitriol ( also known as 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) , the biologically active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood , having a major role regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate , and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone . Calcitriol also has other effects , including some on cell growth , neuromuscular and immune functions , and reduction of inflammation . </P> <P> Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism . Its discovery was due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in children with rickets ( the childhood form of osteomalacia ) . Vitamin D supplements are given to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets , but the evidence for other health effects of vitamin D supplementation in the general population is inconsistent . The effect of vitamin D supplementation on mortality is not clear , with one meta - analysis finding a small decrease in mortality in elderly people , and another concluding no clear justification exists for recommending supplementation for preventing many diseases , and that further research in these areas is unneeded . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types </Li> <Li> 2 Deficiency <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Rickets </Li> <Li> 2.2 Osteomalacia </Li> <Li> 2.3 Skin pigmentation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Effects of supplementation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mortality </Li> <Li> 3.2 Bone health </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cancer </Li> <Li> 3.4 Cardiovascular disease </Li> <Li> 3.5 Immune system <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 Infectious diseases </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 Autoimmune disease </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Other conditions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recommended serum levels </Li> <Li> 5 Excess <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Effect of excess </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Biosynthesis <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Interactive pathway </Li> <Li> 6.2 Photochemistry </Li> <Li> 6.3 Synthesis in the skin </Li> <Li> 6.4 Evolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Mechanism of action <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Metabolic activation </Li> <Li> 7.2 Biological activity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 History </Li> <Li> 9 Guidelines <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Dietary recommendations <Ul> <Li> 9.1. 1 Australia and New Zealand </Li> <Li> 9.1. 2 Canada </Li> <Li> 9.1. 3 European Union </Li> <Li> 9.1. 4 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.2 Upper intake levels </Li> <Li> 9.3 Allowable health claims </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Dietary sources <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Vitamin D <Ul> <Li> 10.1. 1 Plant - based milks and yogurts </Li> <Li> 10.1. 2 Mushrooms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.2 Vitamin D </Li> <Li> 10.3 Industrial production </Li> <Li> 10.4 Effects of cooking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Research </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Chemical composition </Th> <Th> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vitamin D </Th> <Td> Mixture of molecular compounds of ergocalciferol with lumisterol , 1 : 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vitamin D </Th> <Td> ergocalciferol ( made from ergosterol ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vitamin D </Th> <Td> cholecalciferol ( made from 7 - dehydrocholesterol in the skin ) . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vitamin D </Th> <Td> 22 - dihydroergocalciferol </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vitamin D </Th> <Td> sitocalciferol ( made from 7 - dehydrositosterol ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Several forms ( vitamers ) of vitamin D exist . The two major forms are vitamin D or ergocalciferol , and vitamin D or cholecalciferol ; vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D or D or both . These are known collectively as calciferol . Vitamin D was chemically characterized in 1931 . In 1935 , the chemical structure of vitamin D was established and proven to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7 - dehydrocholesterol . </P> <P> Chemically , the various forms of vitamin D are secosteroids , i.e. , steroids in which one of the bonds in the steroid rings is broken . The structural difference between vitamin D and vitamin D is the side chain of D contains a double bond between carbons 22 and 23 , and a methyl group on carbon 24 . </P> <H2> Deficiency ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Vitamin D deficiency <P> A diet deficient in vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes osteomalacia ( or rickets when it occurs in children ) , which is a softening of the bones . In the developed world , this is a rare disease . However , vitamin D deficiency has become a worldwide problem in the elderly and remains common in children and adults . Low blood calcifediol ( 25 - hydroxy - vitamin D ) can result from avoiding the sun . Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage which leads to bone - softening diseases , including rickets and osteomalacia . </P> <H3> Rickets ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rickets <P> Rickets , a childhood disease , is characterized by impeded growth and soft , weak , deformed long bones that bend and bow under their weight as children start to walk . This condition is characterized by bow legs , which can be caused by calcium or phosphorus deficiency , as well as a lack of vitamin D ; today , it is largely found in low - income countries in Africa , Asia , or the Middle East and in those with genetic disorders such as pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets . </P> <P> Maternal vitamin D deficiency may cause overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth . Nutritional rickets exists in countries with intense year - round sunlight such as Nigeria and can occur without vitamin D deficiency . </P> <P> Although rickets and osteomalacia are now rare in Britain , outbreaks have happened in some immigrant communities in which osteomalacia sufferers included women with seemingly adequate daylight outdoor exposure wearing Western clothing . Having darker skin and reduced exposure to sunshine did not produce rickets unless the diet deviated from a Western omnivore pattern characterized by high intakes of meat , fish , and eggs , and low intakes of high - extraction cereals . The dietary risk factors for rickets include abstaining from animal foods . </P> <P> Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries , because breast milk is low in vitamin D and social customs and climatic conditions can prevent adequate sun exposure . In sunny countries such as Nigeria , South Africa , and Bangladesh , where rickets occurs among older toddlers and children , it has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes , which are characteristic of cereal - based diets with limited access to dairy products . </P> <P> Rickets was formerly a major public health problem among the US population ; in Denver , where ultraviolet rays are about 20 % stronger than at sea level on the same latitude , almost two - thirds of 500 children had mild rickets in the late 1920s . An increase in the proportion of animal protein in the 20th century American diet coupled with increased consumption of milk fortified with relatively small quantities of vitamin D coincided with a dramatic decline in the number of rickets cases . Also , in the United States and Canada , vitamin D - fortified milk , infant vitamin supplements , and vitamin supplements have helped to eradicate the majority of cases of rickets for children with fat malabsorption conditions . </P> <H3> Osteomalacia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Osteomalacia <P> Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency . Characteristics of this disease are softening of the bones , leading to bending of the spine , bowing of the legs , proximal muscle weakness , bone fragility , and increased risk for fractures . Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption and increases calcium loss from bone , which increases the risk for bone fractures . Osteomalacia is usually present when 25 - hydroxyvitamin D levels are less than about 10 ng / mL . Although the effects of osteomalacia are thought to contribute to chronic musculoskeletal pain , there is no persuasive evidence of lower vitamin D levels in chronic pain sufferers or that supplementation alleviates chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain . </P> <H3> Skin pigmentation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dark - skinned people living in temperate climates have been shown to have low vitamin D levels but the significance of this is not certain . Dark - skinned people may be less efficient at making vitamin D because melanin in the skin hinders vitamin D synthesis . </P> <H2> Effects of supplementation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The effects of vitamin D supplementation on health are uncertain . </P> <P> A 2013 review did not find any effect from supplementation on the rates of disease , other than a tentative decrease in mortality in the elderly . Low vitamin D levels may result from disease rather than cause disease . </P> <P> A United States Institute of Medicine report states : `` Outcomes related to cancer , cardiovascular disease and hypertension , and diabetes and metabolic syndrome , falls and physical performance , immune functioning and autoimmune disorders , infections , neuropsychological functioning , and preeclampsia could not be linked reliably with calcium or vitamin D intake and were often conflicting . '' Some researchers claim the IOM was too definitive in its recommendations and made a mathematical mistake when calculating the blood level of vitamin D associated with bone health . Members of the IOM panel maintain that they used a `` standard procedure for dietary recommendations '' and that the report is solidly based on the data . Research on vitamin D supplements , including large - scale clinical trials , is continuing . </P> <P> Vitamin D supplements do not alter the outcomes for myocardial infarction , stroke or cerebrovascular disease , cancer , bone fractures or knee osteoarthritis . </P> <H3> Mortality ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vitamin D supplementation has been tentatively found to lead to a reduced risk of death in the elderly , but the effect has not been deemed pronounced or certain enough to make taking supplements recommendable . </P> <P> Other forms ( Vitamin D , alfacalcidol , and calcitriol ) do not appear to have any beneficial effects with regard to the risk of death . High blood levels appear to be associated with a lower risk of death , but it is unclear if supplementation can result in this benefit . Both an excess and a deficiency in vitamin D appear to cause abnormal functioning and premature aging . The relationship between serum calcifediol level and all - cause mortality is parabolic . Harm from vitamin D appears to occur at a lower vitamin D level in the black population than in the white population . </P> <H3> Bone health ( edit ) </H3> <P> In general , no good evidence supports the commonly held belief that vitamin D supplements can help prevent osteoporosis . Its general use for prevention of this disease in those without vitamin D deficiency is thus likely not needed . </P> <P> For older people with osteoporosis , taking vitamin D with calcium may help prevent hip fractures , but it also slightly increases the risk of stomach and kidney problems . Supplementation with higher doses of vitamin D , in those older than 65 years , may decrease fracture risk . The effect may be smaller for people living independently than for people in institutions . </P> <P> Vitamin D deficiency causes osteomalacia ( called rickets when it occurs in children ) . Use of vitamin D in children with normal vitamin D levels does not appear to improve bone density . Beyond that , low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with falls , and low bone mineral density . Taking extra vitamin D , however , does not appear to change the risk . </P> <P> Because it found mounting evidence for a benefit to bone health , though it had not found good evidence of other benefits , the Food and Drug Administration of the United States has proposed requiring manufacturers to declare the amount of vitamin D on nutrition facts labels , as `` nutrients of public health significance '' . As of August 2015 , this is currently still open for public comment . </P> <P> Athletes who are vitamin D deficient are at an increased risk of stress fractures and / or major breaks , particularly those engaging in contact sports . The greatest benefit with supplementation is seen in athletes who are deficient ( 25 ( OH ) D serum levels < 30 ng / ml ) , or severely deficient ( 25 ( OH ) D serum levels < 25 ng / ml ) . Incremental decreases in risks are observed with rising serum 25 ( OH ) D concentrations plateauing at 50 ng / ml with no additional benefits seen in levels beyond this point . </P> <H3> Cancer ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vitamin D supplements have been widely marketed for their claimed anticancer properties . Associations have been shown in observational studies between low vitamin D levels and the risk of development of certain cancers including colon cancer . </P> <P> It is unclear , however , if taking additional vitamin D in the diet or as supplements affects the risk of cancer . Reviews have described the evidence as being `` inconsistent , inconclusive as to causality , and insufficient to inform nutritional requirements '' and `` not sufficiently robust to draw conclusions '' . </P> <P> One 2014 review found that supplements had no significant effect on cancer risk . Another 2014 review concluded that vitamin D may decrease the risk of death from cancer ( one fewer death in 150 people treated over 5 years ) , but concerns with the quality of the data were noted . </P> <P> Insufficient evidence exists to recommend vitamin D supplements for people with cancer , although some evidence suggests that low vitamin D may be associated with a worse outcome for some cancers , and that higher 25 - hydroxy vitamin D levels at the time of diagnosis are associated with better outcomes . </P> <H3> Cardiovascular disease ( edit ) </H3> <P> Taking vitamin D supplements does not meaningfully reduce the risk of stroke , cerebrovascular disease , cardial infarction , or ischaemic heart disease . Supplementation has no effect on blood pressure . </P> <H3> Immune system ( edit ) </H3> Infectious diseases ( edit ) <P> In general , vitamin D functions to activate the innate and dampen the adaptive immune systems . Deficiency has been linked to increased risk of viral infections , including HIV and influenza . Low levels of vitamin D appear to be a risk factor for tuberculosis , and historically it was used as a treatment . </P> <P> Supplementation slightly decreases the risk of respiratory tract infections . Evidence is lacking on whether it does so in children under five years of age . No clinical trials have been done to assess its effect on preventing other infections , such as malaria . </P> Autoimmune disease ( edit ) <P> Although tentative data link low levels of vitamin D to asthma , evidence to support a beneficial effect on asthmatics from supplementation is inconclusive . Accordingly , supplementation is not currently recommended for treatment or prevention of asthma . </P> <P> Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis incidence have been linked , but it is not clear what the nature of any causal relationship might be . There is no evidence that vitamin D supplementation is helpful for treating people with multiple sclerosis . </P> <P> Low levels of vitamin D are associated with Crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis . Further studies are required to determine its significance . </P> <H3> Other conditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Diabetes -- A systematic review of 2014 concluded that the available studies show no evidence of vitamin D3 supplementation having an effect on glucose homeostasis or diabetes prevention . A review article of 2016 reported that while there is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for diabetes , over-all evidence regarding vitamin D levels and diabetes mellitus is contradictory , requiring further studies . </P> <P> Depression -- Clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms have generally been of low quality and show no overall effect , although subgroup analysis showed supplementation for participants with clinically significant depressive symptoms or depressive disorder had a moderate effect . </P> <P> Cognition and dementia -- A systematic review of clinical studies shows an association between low vitamin D levels , cognitive impairment , and a higher risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease . However , lower vitamin D concentrations is also associated with poor nutrition and spending less time outdoors . Therefore , alternative explanations for the increase in cognitive impairment exist and hence a direct causal relationship between vitamin D levels and cognition could not be established . </P> <P> Pregnancy -- Low levels of vitamin D in pregnancy are associated with gestational diabetes , pre-eclampsia , and small infants . Although taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy raises blood levels of vitamin D in the mother at term , the extent of benefits for the mother or fetus is unclear . Pregnant women who take an adequate amount of vitamin D during gestation may experience a lower risk of pre-eclampsia and positive immune effects . Pregnant women often do not take the recommended amount of vitamin D . </P> <P> Weight loss -- Though hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation may be an effective treatment for obesity apart from calorie restriction , one systematic review found no association of supplementation with body weight or fat mass . A 2016 meta - analysis found that circulating vitamin D status was improved by weight loss , indicating that fat mass may be inversely associated with blood levels of vitamin D . </P> <H2> Recommended serum levels ( edit ) </H2> See also : Reference ranges for blood tests § Vitamins , and Hypervitaminosis D § Ethnic differences <P> Recommendations on recommended 25 ( OH ) D serum levels vary across authorities , and vary based on factors like age . US labs generally report 25 ( OH ) D levels in ng / ml . Other countries often use nmol / L. One ng / ml is approximately equal to 2.5 nmol / L . </P> <P> A 2014 review concluded that the most advantageous serum levels for 25 ( OH ) D for all outcomes appeared to be close to 30 ng / ml ( 75 nmol / L ) . The optimal vitamin D levels are still controversial and another review concluded that ranges from 30 to 40 ng / ml ( 75 to 100 nmol / L ) were to be recommended for athletes . Part of the controversy is because numerous studies have found differences in serum levels of 25 ( OH ) D between ethnic groups ; studies point to genetic as well as environmental reasons behind these variations . Supplementation to achieve these standard levels could cause harmful vascular calcification . </P> <P> In 2011 an IOM committee concluded a serum 25 ( OH ) D level of 20 ng / ml ( 50 nmol / L ) is needed for bone and overall health . The dietary reference intakes for vitamin D are chosen with a margin of safety and ' overshoot ' the targeted serum value to ensure the specified levels of intake achieve the desired serum 25 ( OH ) D levels in almost all persons . No contributions to serum 25 ( OH ) D level are assumed from sun exposure and the recommendations are fully applicable to people with dark skin or negligible exposure to sunlight . The Institute found serum 25 ( OH ) D concentrations above 30 ng / ml ( 75 nmol / L ) are `` not consistently associated with increased benefit '' . Serum 25 ( OH ) D levels above 50 ng / ml ( 125 nmol / L ) may be cause for concern . However , some people with serum 25 ( OH ) D between 30 and 50 ng / ml ( 75 nmol / L - 125 nmol / L ) will also have inadequate vitamin D . </P> <P> The risk of cardiovascular disease is lower when vitamin D ranged from 8 to 24 ng / ml ( 20 to 60 nmol / L ) . A `` threshold effect '' appears to occur once a level of 24 ng / ml ( 60 nmol / L ) has been reached i.e. , levels of vitamin D over 24 ng / ml ( 60 nmol / L ) did not show added benefit . </P> <H2> Excess ( edit ) </H2> For more details on this topic , see hypervitaminosis D . <P> Vitamin D toxicity is rare . It is caused by supplementing with high doses of vitamin D rather than sunlight . The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established ; however , according to some research , the tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) is 4,000 IU / day for ages 9 -- 71 ( 100 μg / day ) , while other research concludes that , in healthy adults , sustained intake of more than 1250 μg / day ( 50,000 IU ) can produce overt toxicity after several months and can increase serum 25 - hydroxyvitamin D levels to 150 ng / ml and greater . Those with certain medical conditions , such as primary hyperparathyroidism , are far more sensitive to vitamin D and develop hypercalcemia in response to any increase in vitamin D nutrition , while maternal hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase fetal sensitivity to effects of vitamin D and lead to a syndrome of mental retardation and facial deformities . </P> <P> A review published in 2015 noted that adverse effects have been reported only at 25 ( OH ) D serum concentrations above 200 nmol / L . </P> <P> Published cases of toxicity involving hypercalcemia in which the vitamin D dose and the 25 - hydroxy - vitamin D levels are known all involve an intake of ≥ 40,000 IU ( 1,000 μg ) per day . </P> <P> Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a doctor before taking a vitamin D supplement . The FDA advised manufacturers of liquid vitamin D supplements that droppers accompanying these products should be clearly and accurately marked for 400 international units ( 1 IU is the biological equivalent of 25 ng cholecalciferol / ergocalciferol ) . In addition , for products intended for infants , the FDA recommends the dropper hold no more than 400 IU . For infants ( birth to 12 months ) , the tolerable upper limit ( maximum amount that can be tolerated without harm ) is set at 25 μg / day ( 1,000 IU ) . One thousand micrograms per day in infants has produced toxicity within one month . After being commissioned by the Canadian and American governments , the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) as of 30 November 2010 , has increased the tolerable upper limit ( UL ) to 2,500 IU per day for ages 1 -- 3 years , 3,000 IU per day for ages 4 -- 8 years and 4,000 IU per day for ages 9 -- 71 + years ( including pregnant or lactating women ) . </P> <P> Calcitriol itself is auto - regulated in a negative feedback cycle , and is also affected by parathyroid hormone , fibroblast growth factor 23 , cytokines , calcium , and phosphate . </P> <H3> Effect of excess ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vitamin D overdose causes hypercalcemia , which is a strong indication of vitamin D toxicity -- this can be noted with an increase in urination and thirst . If hypercalcemia is not treated , it results in excess deposits of calcium in soft tissues and organs such as the kidneys , liver , and heart , resulting in pain and organ damage . </P> <P> The main symptoms of vitamin D overdose which are those of hypercalcemia including anorexia , nausea , and vomiting . These may be followed by polyuria , polydipsia , weakness , insomnia , nervousness , pruritus and ultimately renal failure . Furthermore , proteinuria , urinary casts , azotemia , and metastatic calcification ( especially in the kidneys ) may develop . Other symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include mental retardation in young children , abnormal bone growth and formation , diarrhea , irritability , weight loss , and severe depression . </P> <P> Vitamin D toxicity is treated by discontinuing vitamin D supplementation and restricting calcium intake . Kidney damage may be irreversible . Exposure to sunlight for extended periods of time does not normally cause vitamin D toxicity . The concentrations of vitamin D precursors produced in the skin reach an equilibrium , and any further vitamin D produced is degraded . </P> <H2> Biosynthesis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Synthesis of vitamin D in nature is dependent on the presence of UV radiation and subsequent activation in liver and in kidney . Many animals synthesize vitamin D from 7 - dehydrocholesterol , and many fungi synthesize vitamin D from ergosterol . </P> <H3> Interactive pathway ( edit ) </H3> <P> Click on icon in lower right corner to open . Click on genes , proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles . </P> ( ( File : ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ( bSize ) ) ) px alt = Vitamin D Synthesis Pathway ( view / edit ) ) ) File : VitaminDSynthesis WP1531. png Vitamin D Synthesis Pathway ( view / edit ) <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways : `` VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531 '' . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Photochemistry ( edit ) </H3> The photochemistry of vitamin D biosynthesis in animal and fungi Thermal isomerization of previtamin D to vitamin D <P> The transformation that converts 7 - dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D occurs in two steps . First , 7 - dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed by ultraviolet light in a 6 - electron conrotatory ring - opening electrocyclic reaction ; the product is previtamin D. Second , previtamin D spontaneously isomerizes to vitamin D ( cholecalciferol ) in an antarafacial sigmatropic ( 1 , 7 ) hydride shift . At room temperature , the transformation of previtamin D to vitamin D in an organic solvent takes about 12 days to complete . The conversion of previtamin D to vitamin D in the skin is about 10 times faster than in an organic solvent . </P> <H3> Synthesis in the skin ( edit ) </H3> In the epidermal strata of the skin , vitamin D production is greatest in the stratum basale ( colored red in the illustration ) and stratum spinosum ( colored light brown ) . <P> Vitamin D is produced photochemically from 7 - dehydrocholesterol in the skin of most vertebrate animals , including humans . The precursor of vitamin D , 7 - dehydrocholesterol is produced in relatively large quantities . 7 - Dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB light at wavelengths between 270 and 300 nm , with peak synthesis occurring between 295 and 297 nm . These wavelengths are present in sunlight , as well as in the light emitted by the UV lamps in tanning beds ( which produce ultraviolet primarily in the UVA spectrum , but typically produce 4 % to 10 % of the total UV emissions as UVB ) . Exposure to light through windows is insufficient because glass almost completely blocks UVB light . </P> <P> Adequate amounts of vitamin D can be produced with moderate sun exposure to the face , arms and legs , averaging 5 -- 30 minutes twice per week , or approximately 25 % of the time for minimal sunburn . The darker the skin , and the weaker the sunlight , the more minutes of exposure are needed . Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure ; the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created . </P> <P> Sunscreen absorbs or reflects ultraviolet light and prevents much of it from reaching the skin . Sunscreen with a sun protection factor ( SPF ) of 8 based on the UVB spectrum decreases vitamin D synthetic capacity by 95 % , and SPF 15 decreases it by 98 % . </P> <P> The skin consists of two primary layers : the inner layer called the dermis , composed largely of connective tissue , and the outer , thinner epidermis . Thick epidermis in the soles and palms consists of five strata ; from outer to inner , they are : the stratum corneum , stratum lucidum , stratum granulosum , stratum spinosum , and stratum basale . Vitamin D is produced in the keratinocytes of two innermost strata , the stratum basale and stratum spinosum . </P> <H3> Evolution ( edit ) </H3> <P> Photosynthesis of vitamin D in the ocean by phytoplankton ( such as coccolithophore and Emiliania huxleyi ) has existed for more than 500 million years and continues to the present . Although primitive vertebrates in the ocean could absorb calcium from the ocean into their skeletons and eat plankton rich in vitamin D , land animals required another way to satisfy their vitamin D requirement for a calcified skeleton without relying on plants . Land vertebrates have been making their own vitamin D for more than 350 million years . </P> <P> Vitamin D can be synthesized only by a photochemical process , so land vertebrates had to ingest foods that contained vitamin D or had to be exposed to sunlight to photosynthesize vitamin D in their skin to satisfy their vitamin D requirements . </P> <P> The naked mole - rat appears to be naturally cholecalciferol - deficient , as serum 25 - OH vitamin D levels are undetectable . In some animals , the presence of fur or feathers blocks the UV rays from reaching the skin . In birds and fur - bearing mammals , vitamin D is generated from the oily secretions of the skin deposited onto the feathers or fur and is obtained orally during grooming . </P> <H2> Mechanism of action ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Metabolic activation ( edit ) </H3> Liver hydroxylation of cholecalciferol to Calcifediol Kidney hydroxylation of calcifediol to calcitriol <P> Vitamin D is carried in the bloodstream to the liver , where it is converted into the prohormone calcifediol . Circulating calcifediol may then be converted into calcitriol , the biologically active form of vitamin D , in the kidneys . </P> <P> Whether it is made in the skin or ingested , cholecalciferol is hydroxylated in the liver at position 25 ( upper right of the molecule ) to form 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol ( calcifediol or 25 ( OH ) D ) . This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme vitamin D 25 - hydroxylase , the product of the CYP2R1 human gene , and expressed by hepatocytes . Once made , the product is released into the plasma , where it is bound to an α - globulin carrier protein named the vitamin D - binding protein . </P> <P> Calcifediol is transported to the proximal tubules of the kidneys , where it is hydroxylated at the 1 - α position ( lower right of the molecule ) to form calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol , 1 , 25 ( OH ) D ) . The conversion of calcifediol to calcitriol is catalyzed by the enzyme 25 - hydroxyvitamin D 1 - alpha - hydroxylase , which is the product of the CYP27B1 human gene . The activity of CYP27B1 is increased by parathyroid hormone , and also by low calcium or phosphate . </P> <P> Following the final converting step in the kidney , calcitriol is released into the circulation . By binding to vitamin D - binding protein , calcitriol is transported throughout the body , including to the classical target organs of intestine , kidney and bone . Calcitriol is the most potent natural ligand of the vitamin D receptor , which mediates most of the physiological actions of vitamin D . </P> <P> In addition to the kidneys , calcitriol is also synthesized by certain other cells including monocyte - macrophages in the immune system . When synthesized by monocyte - macrophages , calcitriol acts locally as a cytokine , modulating body defenses against microbial invaders by stimulating the innate immune system . </P> <H3> Biological activity ( edit ) </H3> Calcium regulation in the human body . The role of active vitamin D ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxyvitamin D , calcitriol ) is shown in orange . <P> The active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol mediates its biological effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) , which is principally located in the nuclei of target cells . The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins ( such as TRPV6 and calbindin ) , which are involved in calcium absorption in the intestine . The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of steroid / thyroid hormone receptors , and VDRs are expressed by cells in most organs , including the brain , heart , skin , gonads , prostate , and breast . </P> <P> VDR activation in the intestine , bone , kidney , and parathyroid gland cells leads to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood ( with the assistance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin ) and to the maintenance of bone content . </P> <P> One of the most important roles of vitamin D is to maintain skeletal calcium balance by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines , promoting bone resorption by increasing osteoclast number , maintaining calcium and phosphate levels for bone formation , and allowing proper functioning of parathyroid hormone to maintain serum calcium levels . Vitamin D deficiency can result in lower bone mineral density and an increased risk of reduced bone density ( osteoporosis ) or bone fracture because a lack of vitamin D alters mineral metabolism in the body . Thus , vitamin D is also critical for bone remodeling through its role as a potent stimulator of bone resorption . </P> <P> The VDR may be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation . Vitamin D also affects the immune system , and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells , including monocytes and activated T and B cells . In vitro , vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells , and affects the synthesis of neurotrophic factors , nitric oxide synthase , and glutathione . </P> <P> Apart from VDR activation , various alternative mechanisms of action are under study , such as inhibition of signal transduction by hedgehog , a hormone involved in morphogenesis . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> American researchers Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis in 1914 discovered a substance in cod liver oil which later was called `` vitamin A '' . British doctor Edward Mellanby noticed dogs that were fed cod liver oil did not develop rickets and concluded vitamin A , or a closely associated factor , could prevent the disease . In 1922 , Elmer McCollum tested modified cod liver oil in which the vitamin A had been destroyed . The modified oil cured the sick dogs , so McCollum concluded the factor in cod liver oil which cured rickets was distinct from vitamin A. He called it vitamin D because it was the fourth vitamin to be named . It was not initially realized that , unlike other vitamins , vitamin D can be synthesised by humans through exposure to UV light . </P> <P> In 1925 , it was established that when 7 - dehydrocholesterol is irradiated with light , a form of a fat - soluble vitamin is produced ( now known as D ) . Alfred Fabian Hess stated : `` Light equals vitamin D . '' Adolf Windaus , at the University of Göttingen in Germany , received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his work on the constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins . In 1929 , a group at NIMR in Hampstead , London , were working on the structure of vitamin D , which was still unknown , as well as the structure of steroids . A meeting took place with J.B.S. Haldane , J.D. Bernal , and Dorothy Crowfoot to discuss possible structures , which contributed to bringing a team together . X-ray crystallography demonstrated the sterol molecules were flat , not as proposed by the German team led by Windaus . In 1932 , Otto Rosenheim and Harold King published a paper putting forward structures for sterols and bile acids which found immediate acceptance . The informal academic collaboration between the team members Robert Benedict Bourdillon , Otto Rosenheim , Harold King , and Kenneth Callow was very productive and led to the isolation and characterization of vitamin D. At this time , the policy of the Medical Research Council was not to patent discoveries , believing the results of medical research should be open to everybody . In the 1930s , Windaus clarified further the chemical structure of vitamin D . </P> <P> In 1923 , American biochemist Harry Steenbock at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that irradiation by ultraviolet light increased the vitamin D content of foods and other organic materials . After irradiating rodent food , Steenbock discovered the rodents were cured of rickets . A vitamin D deficiency is a known cause of rickets . Using $300 of his own money , Steenbock patented his invention . His irradiation technique was used for foodstuffs , most memorably for milk . By the expiration of his patent in 1945 , rickets had been all but eliminated in the US . </P> <P> In 1969 , after studying nuclear fragments of intestinal cells , a specific binding protein for Vitamin D called the Vitamin D Receptor was identified by Mark Haussler and Tony Norman . In 1971 -- 72 , the further metabolism of vitamin D to active forms was discovered . In the liver , vitamin D was found to be converted to calcifediol . Calcifediol is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol , the biologically active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood , regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone . The vitamin D metabolites , calcifediol and calcitriol , were identified by competing teams led by Michael F. Holick in the laboratory of Hector DeLuca and by Tony Norman and colleagues . </P> <H2> Guidelines ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Dietary recommendations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Different institutions propose different recommendations concerning daily amounts of the vitamin . The recommended daily intake of vitamin D may not be sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited . </P> <P> ( Conversion : 1 μg = 40 IU and 0.025 μg = 1 IU ) </P> Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) <P> About a third of Australians have vitamin D deficiency . Australia and New Zealand have established guidelines for dietary vitamin D intake as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Age group </Th> <Th> Adequate Intake ( μg ) </Th> <Th> Upper Level of Intake ( μg ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infants 0 -- 12 months </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 25.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Children 1 -- 18 years </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 80.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adults 19 -- 50 years </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 80.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adults 51 -- 70 years </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 80.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adults > 70 years </Td> <Td> 15.0 </Td> <Td> 80.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Canada ( edit ) <P> According to Health Canada the recommended dietary allowances ( RDA ) for vitamin D are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Age group </Th> <Th> RDA ( IU ) </Th> <Th> Tolerable upper intake ( IU ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infants 0 -- 6 months </Td> <Td> 400 * </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infants 7 -- 12 months </Td> <Td> 400 * </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Children 1 -- 3 years </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 2,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Children 4 -- 8 years </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 3,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Children and Adults 9 -- 70 years </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adults > 70 years </Td> <Td> 800 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pregnancy & Lactation </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note * : Adequate intake rather than recommended dietary allowance </P> European union ( edit ) <P> The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of recommendations as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL defined the same as in United States . For all people over the age of 1 , including women who are pregnant or lactating , the Adequate Intake ( AI ) is set at 15 μg / day ( 600 IU ) . </P> <P> The UK National Health Service recommends babies and young children aged six months to five years , pregnant or breastfeeding women , and sun - deprived elderly people should take daily vitamin supplements to ensure sufficient vitamin D intake . In July 2016 , Public Health England recommended that everyone consider taking a daily supplement containing 10 μg of vitamin D during autumn and winter because of inadequate sunlight for vitamin D synthesis . </P> <P> Non-government organisations in Europe have made their own recommendations . The German Society for Nutrition recommends 20 μg . The European Menopause and Andropause Society recommends postmenopausal women consume15 μg ( 600 IU ) until age 70 , and 20 μg ( 800 IU ) from age 71 . This dose should be increased to 100 μg ( 4,000 IU ) in some patients with very low vitamin D status or in case of co-morbid conditions . </P> United States ( edit ) <P> According to the United States Institute of Medicine , the recommended dietary allowances ( RDA ) of vitamin D are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Age group </Th> <Th> RDA ( IU / day ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infants 0 -- 6 months </Td> <Td> 400 * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infants 6 -- 12 months </Td> <Td> 400 * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 -- 70 years </Td> <Td> 600 ( 15 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 + years </Td> <Td> 800 ( 20 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pregnant / Lactating </Td> <Td> 600 ( 15 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Asterisk for infants indicates adequate intake ( AI ) for infants , as an RDA has yet to be established for infants . </Li> </Ul> <P> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For vitamin D labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 400 IU ( 10 μg ) , but as of May 27 , 2016 it was revised to 800 IU ( 20 μg ) to bring it into agreement with the RDA . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28 , 2018 , but on September 29 , 2017 the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1 , 2020 for large companies and January 1 , 2021 for small companies . </P> <H3> Upper intake levels ( edit ) </H3> <P> The tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) is defined as `` the highest average daily intake of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for nearly all persons in the general population . '' Although tolerable upper intake levels are believed to be safe , information on the long - term effects is incomplete and these levels of intake are not recommended : ULs in the United States : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Age group </Th> <Th> Tolerable upper intake level </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infants 0 -- 6 months </Td> <Td> 1,000 IU / day ( 25 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infants 6 -- 12 months </Td> <Td> 1,500 IU / day ( 37.5 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 -- 3 years </Td> <Td> 2,500 IU / day ( 62.5 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 -- 8 years </Td> <Td> 3,000 IU / day ( 75 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 + years </Td> <Td> 4,000 IU / day ( 100 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pregnant / lactating </Td> <Td> 4,000 IU / day ( 100 μg / day ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and reached the same conclusion as in United States , setting the adult UL at 100 μg / day ( 4000 IU ) . </P> <P> The dietary reference intake for vitamin D issued by the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) in 2010 superseded a previous recommendation which had adequate intake status . The recommendations were formed assuming the individual has no skin synthesis of vitamin D because of inadequate sun exposure . The reference intake for vitamin D refers to total intake from food , beverages and supplements , is intended for the North American population , and assumes that calcium requirements are being met . </P> <P> One school of thought contends the human physiology is fine - tuned to an intake of 4,000 -- 12,000 IU / day from sun exposure with concomitant serum 25 - hydroxyvitamin D levels of 40 to 80 ng / ml and this is required for optimal health . Proponents of this view , who include some members of the panel that drafted a now - superseded 1997 report on vitamin D from the IOM , contend the IOM 's warning about serum concentrations above 50 ng / ml lacks biological plausibility . They suggest , for some people , reducing the risk of preventable disease requires a higher level of vitamin D than that recommended by the IOM . </P> <H3> Allowable health claims ( edit ) </H3> <P> Apart from the above discussion on health effects or scientific evidence for lowering disease risk , governmental regulatory agencies stipulate for the food industry health claims allowable as statements on packaging . </P> <P> European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) </P> <Ul> <Li> normal function of the immune system </Li> <Li> normal inflammatory response </Li> <Li> normal muscle function </Li> <Li> reduced risk of falling in people over age 60 </Li> </Ul> <P> US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Adequate calcium and vitamin D , as part of a well balanced diet , along with physical activity , may reduce the risk of osteoporosis . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Health Canada </P> <Ul> <Li> Adequate calcium and regular exercise may help to achieve strong bones in children and adolescents and may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in older adults . An adequate intake of vitamin D is also necessary </Li> </Ul> <P> Other possible agencies with claim guidance : Japan FOSHU and Australia - New Zealand . </P> <H2> Dietary sources ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although vitamin D is not present naturally in most foods , it is commonly added as a fortification in manufactured foods , including some fruit juices and fruit juice drinks , meal replacement energy bars , soy protein - based beverages , certain cheese and cheese products , flour products , infant formulas , many breakfast cereals , and milk . </P> <P> In 2016 in the United States , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) amended food additive regulations for milk fortification , stating that vitamin D levels not exceed 42 IU vitamin D per 100 g ( 400 IU per US quart ) of dairy milk , and not exceed 84 IU of vitamin D per 100 g ( 800 IU per quart ) of plant milks . </P> <P> While some studies have found that vitamin D raises 25 ( OH ) D blood levels faster and remains active in the body longer , others contend that vitamin D sources are equally bioavailable and effective as D for raising and sustaining 25 ( OH ) D . </P> <H3> Vitamin D ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ergocalciferol Plant - based milks and yogurts ( edit ) <P> Manufactured plant milks -- edible beverages made from soy , almond , rice , among other plant sources intended as alternatives to dairy milk -- were included in 2016 FDA regulations for fortification with vitamin D . The regulations stated that vitamin D levels were not to exceed 84 IU per 100 grams in plant milks and 89 IU per 100 g in plant - based yogurts . </P> Mushrooms ( edit ) <P> Mushrooms can be a good dietary source of vitamin D if exposed to ultraviolet light . Mushrooms contain high concentrations of ergosterol ( provitamin D ) . Sunlight or ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) triggers conversion to viosterol ( previtamin D ) , which then turns into vitamin D. Low values in mushrooms occur if there is little to no exposure to sunlight or UV light . When fresh mushrooms or dried powders are purposely exposed to artificial sunlight by use of an industrial ultraviolet lamp , vitamin D levels can be concentrated to much higher levels . </P> <P> Human bioavailability of vitamin D from vitamin D - enhanced button mushrooms via UV - B irradiation is effective in improving vitamin D status and not different from a vitamin D supplement . Vitamin D from UV - irradiated yeast baked into bread or mushrooms is bioavailable and increases blood levels of 25 ( OH ) D . </P> <P> By visual assessment or using a chromometer , no significant discoloration of irradiated mushrooms , as measured by the degree of `` whiteness '' , was observed . Claims have been made that a normal serving ( approx. 3 oz or 1 / 2 cup , or 60 grams ) of fresh mushrooms treated with ultraviolet light have increased vitamin D content to levels up to 80 micrograms or 2700 IU if exposed to just 5 minutes of UV light after being harvested . </P> <H3> Vitamin D ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cholecalciferol <P> In some countries , staple foods are artificially fortified with vitamin D. Natural sources include the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Vegan sources <Ul> <Li> Lichen <Ul> <Li> Cladina arbuscula specimens grown under different natural conditions : The contents of vitamin D range from 0.67 to 2.04 μg g − 1 dry matter in the thalli of C. arbuscula specimens grown under different natural conditions . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Animal sources <Ul> <Li> Fish liver oils , such as cod liver oil , 4.5 g ( 1 teaspoon ) provides 450 IU ( 100 IU / g ) </Li> <Li> Fatty fish species , such as : <Ul> <Li> Salmon , pink , cooked , dry heat , 100 grams ( 3.5 oz ) : 522 IU ( 5.2 IU / g ) </Li> <Li> Mackerel , Pacific and jack , mixed species , cooked , dry heat , 100 grams ( 3.5 oz ) : 457 IU ( 4.6 IU / g ) </Li> <Li> Tuna , canned in oil , 100 grams ( 3.5 oz ) : 269 IU ( 2.7 IU / g ) </Li> <Li> Sardines , canned in oil , drained , 100 grams ( 3.5 oz ) : 193 IU ( 1.9 IU / g ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cooked egg yolk : 44 IU for a 61 g egg ( 0.7 IU / g ) </Li> <Li> Beef liver , cooked , braised , 100 grams ( 3.5 oz ) : 49 IU ( 0.5 IU / g ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Industrial production ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vitamin D ( cholecalciferol ) is produced industrially by exposing 7 - dehydrocholesterol to UVB light , followed by purification . The 7 - dehydrocholesterol is a natural substance in fish organs , especially the liver , or in wool grease ( lanolin ) from sheep . Vitamin D ( ergocalciferol ) is produced in a similar way using ergosterol from yeast or mushrooms as a starting material . </P> <H3> Effects of cooking ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vitamin D content in typical foods is reduced variably by cooking . Boiled , fried and baked foods retained 69 -- 89 % of original vitamin D . </P> <H2> Research ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is considerable research activity looking at effects of vitamin D and its metabolites in animal models , cell systems , gene expression studies , epidemiology and clinical therapeutics . These different types of studies can produce conflicting evidence as to the benefits of interventions with vitamin D . </P> <P> The United States National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements established a Vitamin D Initiative in 2014 to track current research and provide education to consumers . In their 2016 review , they recognise that a growing body of research suggests that vitamin D might play some role in the prevention and treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes , glucose intolerance , hypertension , multiple sclerosis , and other medical conditions . They state further : `` however , most evidence for these roles comes from in vitro , animal , and epidemiological studies , not the randomized clinical trials considered to be more definitive . Until such trials are conducted , the implications of the available evidence for public health and patient care will be debated '' . </P> <P> Some preliminary studies link low vitamin D levels with disease later in life . Evidence as of 2013 is insufficient to determine whether vitamin D affects the risk of cancer . One meta - analysis found a decrease in mortality in elderly people . Another meta - analysis covering over 350,000 people concluded that vitamin D supplementation in unselected community - dwelling individuals does not reduce skeletal ( total fracture ) or non-skeletal outcomes ( myocardial infarction , ischaemic heart disease , stroke , cerebrovascular disease , cancer ) by more than 15 % , and that further research trials with similar design are unlikely to change these conclusions . </P> <P> Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the European population . European research is assessing vitamin D intake levels in association with disease rates and policies of dietary recommendations , food fortification , vitamin D supplementation , and small amounts of sun exposure . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Holick MF ( March 2006 ) . `` High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 81 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 73 . doi : 10.4065 / 81.3. 353 . 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Front Immunol. 7 : 697 . doi : 10.3389 / fimmu. 2016.00697 . PMC 5247472 . PMID 28163705 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ODS Vitamin D Initiative '' . Bethesda , MD : Office of Dietary Supplements , US National Institutes of Health . 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pyrżak B , Witkowska - Sędek E , Krajewska M , Demkow U , Kucharska AM ( 2015 ) . `` Metabolic and immunological consequences of vitamin D deficiency in obese children '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 840 : 13 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / 5584_2014_81 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 10249 - 8 . PMID 25315624 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How is vitamin D being studied now in clinical cancer research ? '' . Bethesda , MD : National Cancer Institute , US National Institutes of Health . 21 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cashman KD , Dowling KG , Škrabáková Z , Gonzalez - Gross M , Valtueña J , De Henauw S , et al. ( April 2016 ) . `` Vitamin D deficiency in Europe : pandemic ? '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 103 ( 4 ) : 1033 -- 44 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 115.120873 . PMID 26864360 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NIH Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals from the U.S. National Institutes of Health </Li> <Li> Disagreement among experts about the correct vitamin D dose . ( Nature News , July 6 , 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Vitamin D in children from the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Vitamins ( A11 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fat soluble </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> α - Carotene </Li> <Li> β - Carotene </Li> <Li> Retinol </Li> <Li> Tretinoin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Ergosterol </Li> <Li> Ergocalciferol </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 7 - Dehydrocholesterol </Li> <Li> Previtamin D </Li> <Li> Cholecalciferol </Li> <Li> 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol </Li> <Li> Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) </Li> <Li> Calcitroic acid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Dihydroergocalciferol </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> D analogues <Ul> <Li> Alfacalcidol </Li> <Li> Dihydrotachysterol </Li> <Li> Calcipotriol </Li> <Li> Tacalcitol </Li> <Li> Paricalcitol </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tocopherol <Ul> <Li> Alpha </Li> <Li> Beta </Li> <Li> Gamma </Li> <Li> Delta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tocotrienol <Ul> <Li> Alpha </Li> <Li> Beta </Li> <Li> Gamma </Li> <Li> Delta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tocofersolan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naphthoquinone </Li> <Li> Phylloquinone ( K ) </Li> <Li> Menaquinones ( K ) </Li> <Li> Menadione ( K ) ‡ </Li> <Li> Menadiol ( K ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water soluble </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Thiamine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> B analogues <Ul> <Li> Acefurtiamine </Li> <Li> Allithiamine </Li> <Li> Fursultiamine </Li> <Li> Octotiamine </Li> <Li> Prosultiamine </Li> <Li> Sulbutiamine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Riboflavin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Niacin </Li> <Li> Nicotinamide </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Pantothenic acid </Li> <Li> Dexpanthenol </Li> <Li> Pantethine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate </Li> <Li> Pyridoxamine </Li> <Li> Pyritinol </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Biotin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Folic acid </Li> <Li> Dihydrofolic acid </Li> <Li> Folinic acid </Li> <Li> Levomefolic acid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Adenosylcobalamin </Li> <Li> Cyanocobalamin </Li> <Li> Hydroxocobalamin </Li> <Li> Methylcobalamin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Choline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ascorbic acid </Li> <Li> Dehydroascorbic acid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Combinations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Multivitamins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> WHO - EM </Li> <Li> Withdrawn from market </Li> <Li> Clinical trials : <Ul> <Li> Phase III </Li> <Li> Never to phase III </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hormones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endocrine glands </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hypothalamic - pituitary </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hypothalamus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GnRH </Li> <Li> TRH </Li> <Li> Dopamine </Li> <Li> CRH </Li> <Li> GHRH </Li> <Li> Somatostatin ( GHIH ) </Li> <Li> MCH </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posterior pituitary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oxytocin </Li> <Li> Vasopressin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anterior pituitary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FSH </Li> <Li> LH </Li> <Li> TSH </Li> <Li> Prolactin </Li> <Li> POMC <Ul> <Li> CLIP </Li> <Li> ACTH </Li> <Li> MSH </Li> <Li> Endorphins </Li> <Li> Lipotropin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> GH </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adrenal axis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adrenal cortex <Ul> <Li> aldosterone </Li> <Li> cortisol </Li> <Li> cortisone </Li> <Li> DHEA </Li> <Li> DHEA - S </Li> <Li> androstenedione </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adrenal medulla <Ul> <Li> epinephrine </Li> <Li> norepinephrine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thyroid </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thyroid hormone <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Calcitonin </Li> <Li> Thyroid axis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parathyroid </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PTH </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gonadal axis </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Testis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> testosterone </Li> <Li> AMH </Li> <Li> inhibin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ovary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> estradiol </Li> <Li> progesterone </Li> <Li> activin and inhibin </Li> <Li> relaxin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Placenta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> hCG </Li> <Li> HPL </Li> <Li> estrogen </Li> <Li> progesterone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pancreas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> glucagon </Li> <Li> insulin </Li> <Li> amylin </Li> <Li> somatostatin </Li> <Li> pancreatic polypeptide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pineal gland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> melatonin </Li> <Li> N , N - 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House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 film ) - wikipedia <H1> House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1999 remake . For the original 1959 film , see House on Haunted Hill . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> House on Haunted Hill </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> William Malone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Robert Zemeckis Joel Silver Gilbert Adler Terry A. Castle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Dick Beebe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> Robb White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geoffrey Rush </Li> <Li> Famke Janssen </Li> <Li> Taye Diggs </Li> <Li> Ali Larter </Li> <Li> Bridgette Wilson </Li> <Li> Peter Gallagher </Li> <Li> Chris Kattan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Don Davis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Rick Bota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Anthony Adler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Dark Castle Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> October 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 29 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 93 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $19 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $40.8 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> House on Haunted Hill is a 1999 American horror film directed by William Malone and starring Geoffrey Rush , Famke Janssen , Taye Diggs , Ali Larter , and Jeffrey Combs . It also includes a cameo appearance by Peter Graves . The plot follows a group of strangers who are invited to a party at an abandoned asylum , where they are offered $1 million each by an amusement park mogul if they are able to survive the night . Produced by Robert Zemeckis and Joel Silver , it is a remake of the 1959 film of the same title directed by William Castle , and features special effects by famed make - up artists Gregory Nicotero and Dick Smith . </P> <P> House on Haunted Hill marked the producing debut of Dark Castle Entertainment , a production company that went on to produce Thirteen Ghosts and House of Wax , two films which were also remakes . House on Haunted Hill premiered on Halloween weekend in 1999 . In the tradition of William Castle 's theater gimmicks , Warner Bros. supplied promotional scratchcards to cinemas showing the film , offering ticket buyers a chance to win a money prize , similar to the movie 's characters . The film received middling reviews from major critics , but was a commercial success , opening number one at the box office and grossing over $40 million domestically . </P> <P> In 2007 , the film was followed by a direct - to - DVD sequel , Return to House on Haunted Hill , which was released in both rated and unrated editions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Visual effects </Li> <Li> 3.2 Deleted footage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Promotion </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1931 the mental patients at the Vannacutt Institute for the Criminally Insane revolt against the staff headed by the sadistic Dr. Richard Vannacutt . The patients start a fire which engulfs the building , killing all of the inmates and all but five of the staff . </P> <P> In 1999 , Evelyn Stockard - Price ( Famke Janssen ) , a spoiled trophy wife , is in a disintegrating marriage with Steven Price ( Geoffrey Rush ) , an amusement park mogul with a wicked sense of humor . At Evelyn 's insistence , Price leases the house from the owner , Watson Pritchett ( Chris Kattan ) , for her birthday party . She gives Price a lengthy guest list ; he shreds it to spite her and then creates one of his own . Five guests arrive for the party - Jennifer Jenzen ( Ali Larter ) , Eddie Baker ( Taye Diggs ) , Melissa Margaret Marr ( Bridgette Wilson ) , Dr. Donald Blackburn ( Peter Gallagher ) , and Pritchett himself . The guests are not the ones Price invited and neither Evelyn nor Price know who they are . Despite this , Price continues the party 's theme , offering $1 million to each guest who stays in the house and survives until morning . Those who die forfeit their $1 million to the survivors . </P> <P> The security gates are tripped , locking everyone inside . After finding some hand guns , Jennifer , Eddie and Pritchett decide to take one of the guns and search the basement for the machinery which controls the gates . Price believes the trap is a stunt organized by Evelyn . As Eddie and Jennifer explore the dungeon - like basement , Jennifer confesses to Eddie that her real name is Sara Wolfe , and that she 's an out - of - work assistant to the real Jennifer Jenzen . She attended the party in Jennifer 's place because she needed the prize money . However , the two are separated , and Sara is nearly drowned in a tank of blood by a ghost impersonating Eddie , though the real Eddie arrives in time to save her . </P> <P> Melissa disappears when she wanders off in the basement , leaving behind a massive trail of blood . Price visits his assistant Schechter , who is supposed to be managing the party stunts , but finds him horribly mutilated . On the surveillance monitor he sees the ghost of Dr. Vannacutt walking around with a bloody scalpel . Shortly after , Evelyn dies in front of the others , when they find she has been strapped to an electroshock therapy table . Furious , Price pulls a gun on the guests , demanding to know which one of them killed his wife . Sara nearly shoots him , but Eddie knocks him out before either one can kill the other . The remaining guests lock Price in the `` Saturation Chamber '' , an archaic device that Vannacut used to treat schizophrenics . Blackburn volunteers to stay behind to guard Price , but when the others leave he turns the chamber on , leaving Price to be tortured by the moving images and ghostly hallucinations until it drives him catatonic . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Sara and Eddie find Vannacut 's office . Inside , they find a portrait of all the head staff and realize that all the party guests are descendants of the five surviving staff from the 1931 fire . Pritchett explains that the spirits themselves created the guest list by hacking into Price 's computer . The only exception is Blackburn , whose name does not appear among the staff . </P> <P> Blackburn is revealed as Evelyn 's lover and Evelyn in fact faked her death by electrocution . Together the two are plotting to frame Price for the murders , hoping one of the party will kill him in self defense . Evelyn stabs Blackburn to add another victim to the mix and releases a delirious Price from the chamber . Sara discovers Price covered in blood and Blackburn 's head hanging from the door of the Saturation Chamber . Believing that he is Blackburn 's murderer , Sara shoots him . After the others return upstairs , Evelyn approaches Price to gloat , and Price , protected by a bullet - proof vest , attempts to kill Evelyn . The two scuffle before Price throws her through a decaying door . Inside the rotting room , the two realize they just stumbled upon the evil core of the house . The Darkness -- a dark , shape - shifting creature composed of the spirits in the house -- awakens and begins to take form . Evelyn is captured and killed by the Darkness . Trying to escape the monstrous apparition , Price stumbles upon the remains of Melissa , neatly dissected and arranged as an anatomical display . </P> <P> The Darkness emerges in front of Price , revealing that it is composed of `` everyone who died and is responsible '' . Pritchett is killed by The Darkness , allowing Price to evade it . Price tells Sara and Eddie not only that Pritchett was right , but that the house really is alive and deduces that the only way to get out is through the attic . The three flee as The Darkness begins to seep through the house , manipulating the walls and shattering the floors as it chases them . Price activates a pulley that reveals an opening in the window of the attic . When the Darkness seeps into the attic , Price sacrifices himself to give the others time to escape , but the Darkness closes the iron gate after Sara escapes , trapping Eddie inside . </P> <P> As the Darkness prepares to assimilate Eddie , Pritchett 's ghost appears and opens the iron gate . The Darkness is distracted by Pritchett long enough for Eddie to escape out of the window to Sara . Pritchett 's ghost and the Darkness then both fade away . As Sara and Eddie watch the sun rise , they notice an envelope on the ledge . It contains all five $1 million checks , made out to cash . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geoffrey Rush as Steven H. Price </Li> <Li> Famke Janssen as Evelyn Stockard - Price </Li> <Li> Taye Diggs as Eddie Baker </Li> <Li> Peter Gallagher as Donald W. Blackburn , M.D. </Li> <Li> Chris Kattan as Watson Pritchett </Li> <Li> Ali Larter as Sara Wolfe </Li> <Li> Bridgette Wilson - Sampras as Melissa Margaret Marr </Li> <Li> Max Perlich as Carl Schecter </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Combs as Dr. Richard Benjamin Vannacutt </Li> <Li> Lisa Loeb as Channel 3 reporter </Li> <Li> James Marsters as Channel 3 cameraman </Li> <Li> Janet Tracy Keijser as Girl on wires </Li> <Li> Peter Graves as Himself </Li> </Ul> <P> Rush 's name `` Price '' as well as Rush 's appearance is a nod to actor Vincent Price , who played the similar lead role , then named Frederick Loren in the original film . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> William Castle 's daughter Terry Castle served as co-producer on the film . The film was shot in late 1998 and early 1999 in Los Angeles , California , with exteriors of the house 's driveway being shot in Griffith Park near the Griffith Park Observatory . The `` Terror Incognita '' rollercoaster at Price 's amusement park featured in the beginning of the film is actually The Incredible Hulk rollercoaster at Universal Studios Florida . </P> <P> The unethical psychiatry methods and experimental procedures featured in the film were loosely based on medical experiments conducted by the Nazis . </P> <H3> Visual effects ( edit ) </H3> The surrealist CGI effects featured in the film 's climax were inspired by H.P. Lovecraft <P> Some reviewers noted that the surrealistic jerking , twitching effect of the ghosts featured in the film was similar to the effects in Adrian Lyne 's film Jacob 's Ladder ( 1990 ) . The special effects in the film were designed by Gregory Nicotero and Robert Kurtzman , with additional makeup design by Dick Smith in his last film credit . One of the monster figures featured in the film was a creation of Smith 's that was intended to be used in Ghost Story ( 1981 ) but was ultimately not featured . The tentacular morphing mass of ghosts featured at the film 's climax was designed by KNB Effects using CGI , and was inspired by the visuals of H.P. Lovecraft 's novels , as well as resembling the Rorschach inkblots used in psychiatry . </P> <H3> Deleted footage ( edit ) </H3> William Malone directed the film . <P> Several key scenes were taken out of the final cut of the film . This included an exposition scene in which Sara Wolfe ( Ali Larter ) is fired by her boss , Jennifer Jenzen ( played by Debi Mazar ) , the feisty vice president of a motion picture company . Two versions of the scene were shot , both taking place on a film set where Wolfe hands Jenzen a bag delivered for her ; inside is a music box with a jack - in - a-box - trigger which cuts the handler 's finger . Jenzen throws the box in the garbage , and Wolfe discovers the invitation to Price 's party inside of it . This is why in the final cut of the film , Wolfe hesitantly introduces herself to Price as Jennifer Jenzen ; in the final cut of the film , she later confesses to Eddie Baker about posing as Jenzen in order to receive her $1,000,000 , but details surrounding the circumstances in which she received the invitation are sparsely revealed . </P> <P> Another scene removed from the film last - minute , according to director Malone , was a scene in which Wolfe falls through a collapsing floor when she and Baker are being chased by the Darkness . After falling two stories below , Wolfe awakens in a subterranean crematorium filled with the ashes and corpses of the hospital 's dead patients . There , she is attacked by reanimated corpses who rise out of the ashes , terrorizing her and tearing off her overcoat . As a result of the scene 's removal , there remains a continuity error in the final cut of the film , in which Wolfe 's overcoat disappears from her body in - between scenes . </P> <P> A final epilogue scene completing the Jennifer Jenzen story arc was also filmed , featuring Jenzen arriving at the house , which she has now inherited . As she enters the front door , a bloodcurdling scream is heard , and the realtor is revealed to be Dr. Vannacutt . Director Malone said the scene ultimately was removed after the cutting of Jenzen 's exposition scene , as well as for having a comical tone that did not fit with the rest of the film . </P> <P> All three deleted scenes from the film were included on the 2000 Warner Bros. Home Video release of the film on DVD in the bonus features section . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> House on Haunted Hill premiered in Los Angeles on October 27 , 1999 at the Mann Village Theater . Stars Famke Janssen , Chris Kattan , Ali Larter and Bridgette Wilson were in attendance with director William Malone , as well as the film 's producers Joel Silver and Gilbert Adler . The film was released theatrically in the United States two days later , on October 29 , 1999 , opening # 1 at the box office and earning over $15 million in sales its opening weekend . </P> <H3> Promotion ( edit ) </H3> <P> In keeping with the spirit of William Castle 's tradition of releasing each of his films with a marketing gimmick , Warner Bros. and Dark Castle supplied movie theatres with scratch - off tickets that would be given to anyone who paid to see the film . The scratch - off ticket would give each movie patron a chance to win money much like the characters in the film . </P> <P> Dark Castle had originally intended to release each of their films with a gimmick much like William Castle had done . They had considered releasing the remake Thirteen Ghosts in 3 - D with special glasses similar to the ones used by the characters in the film . These plans were scrapped and House on Haunted Hill remains the only film released with a special marketing gimmick . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although they found the film entertaining and scary , House on Haunted Hill received mixed reviews from critics ; they criticized the special effects and the story lines . In comparison , of the original 's overwhelmingly positive score of 95 % on Rotten Tomatoes , the House on Haunted Hill remake did not fare as well . Based on 57 reviews , the film received a score of 28 % , with an average rating of 4.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Unsophisticated and unoriginal film fails to produce scares . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 28 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . </P> <P> Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a `` gutsy remake , '' saying , `` House on Haunted Hill is the kind of horror movie that 's not a bit scary and quite a bit gross . Yet it 's also mildly , even pleasantly , entertaining , at least by the diminished standard set by this summer 's The Haunting ... ( it ) sets up hostile relationships between the characters , which allows the audience to wonder who is doing what to whom . Finding out is not so interesting , but getting there is n't so bad . '' Maitland McDonough of Film Journal gave the film a similar review , saying `` The proceedings are all utterly conventional , but watching them unfold is mildly diverting if you 're in the right frame of mind , as many moviegoers apparently were over the Halloween weekend , '' also favorably comparing the film to Jan de Bont 's remake of The Haunting , which was released several months prior . </P> <P> Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - rating , calling the film `` trash , but creepier than you expect . '' Variety gave the film a positive review , noting the film 's `` cheap scares , '' but saying : `` Given the irredeemable cheesiness of the original 1958 `` House on Haunted Hill , '' the makers of the remake had nowhere to go but up . So it 's not exactly a stunning surprise to find the new horror opus is a slicker and scarier piece of work . '' </P> <P> In their review , The New York Times criticized the film , calling it a `` sorry reincarnation '' of the original , and said : `` This film wastes the talents of actors like Geoffrey Rush and Peter Gallagher in hollow roles and relies heavily on its sets and special effects to do the work that should have been accomplished by its director and writer . '' The Austin Chronicle echoed a similar sentiment , saying : `` The nicest thing I can say about this remake of William Castle 's 1958 shocker is that Geoffrey Rush , god bless him , sure can do a fine imitation of Vincent Price 's original mustache , even better than John Waters ' -- which is no mean feat . '' </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> House On Haunted Hill </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Don Davis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> November 2 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtracks Film scores </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 54 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Varèse Sarabande </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The soundtrack for the film was commercially released on the label Varèse Sarabande , containing selections from the original score by Don Davis . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Track listing </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Main Title </Li> <Li> Pencil Neck </Li> <Li> Hans Verbosemann </Li> <Li> House Humongous </Li> <Li> Funky Old House </Li> <Li> No Exit </Li> <Li> Gun Control </Li> <Li> Surprise </Li> <Li> Price Pestiferous </Li> <Li> Misty Misogamy </Li> <Li> Coagulatory Calamity </Li> <Li> Melissa in Wonderland </Li> <Li> Sorry , Tulip </Li> <Li> Struggling to Escape </Li> <Li> Soirée a Saturation </Li> <Li> On the House </Li> <Li> Dead But Nice </Li> <Li> Blackburn 's Surprise </Li> <Li> Encountering Mr. Blackburn </Li> <Li> The Price Petard </Li> <Li> Epiphanic Evelyn </Li> <Li> The Corpus Delecti Committee Meeting </Li> <Li> Price in Perpetuity </Li> <Li> The Beast with the Least </Li> </Ol> <P> The song Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) by Marilyn Manson is not on the movie soundtrack but is played during the scene lead up to the Asylum and end credits . Piano Quartet in G Minor Opus 25 by Johannes Brahms was definitely not composed for the movie but is the 5th track on the soundtrack album . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of ghost films </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/House-on-Haunted-Hill#tab=summary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) Credits . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke , F.S. ( 1999 ) . `` Cinefantastique '' . 31 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , David Christopher ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) . `` 6 Awesome Movie Amusement Park Rides And Their Real Life Locations '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Packer , Sharon , M.D. ( 2012 ) . Cinema 's Sinister Psychiatrists : From Caligari to Hannibal . McFarland . pp. 170 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0786463909 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Packer , Sharon ( 2007 ) . Movies and the Modern Psyche . Greenwood . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0275993597 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newman , Kim ( 2011 ) . Nightmare Movies : Horror on Screen Since the 1960s . Bloomsbury . p. 414 . ISBN 978 - 1408805039 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : House on Haunted Hill : Deleted Scenes ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Home Video . 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stars and Filmmakers Are Joined by Celebrity Guests for Special Industry ` ` Scream - ing of ` ` House On Haunted Hill , Oct. 27 '' . Company Press Release . 1999 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2002 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowan , Terry ( 2015 ) . Halloween : A Scary Film Guide . Rowan . p. 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House on Haunted Hill '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House on Haunted Hill Reviews '' . Metacritic. 1999 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( 1999 - 10 - 30 ) . `` A Gutsy Remake / ' House on Haunted Hill ' goes for the gross - out '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDonough , Maitland ( 2004 - 11 - 02 ) . `` House on Haunted Hill '' . Film Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 1999 - 11 - 19 ) . `` House on Haunted Hill '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( 1999 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Review : ' House on Haunted Hill ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( 1999 - 10 - 30 ) . `` ' House on Haunted Hill ' : Some Parties Are Worse Than Others '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savlov , Marc ( 1999 - 11 - 05 ) . `` House on Haunted Hill '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House on Haunted Hill Soundtrack ( complete album tracklisting ) '' . SoundtrackINFO. 1999 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> House on Haunted Hill on IMDb </Li> <Li> House on Haunted Hill at AllMovie </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by William Malone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Scared to Death ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Creature ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> FeardotCom ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Parasomnia ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dark Castle Entertainment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Thirteen Ghosts ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Ghost Ship ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Gothika ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> House of Wax ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Reaping ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Return to House on Haunted Hill ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> RocknRolla ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Hills Run Red ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Orphan ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Whiteout ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ninja Assassin ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Losers ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Splice ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Unknown ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Apparition ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Factory ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Bullet to the Head ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Getaway ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joel Silver </Li> <Li> Robert Zemeckis </Li> <Li> Gilbert Adler </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Castle </Li> <Li> Susan Downey </Li> <Li> Warner Bros . </Li> <Li> StudioCanal </Li> <Li> Silver Pictures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_on_Haunted_Hill_(1999_film)&oldid=797925142 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1999 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1999 horror films </Li> <Li> 1990s ghost films </Li> <Li> American film remakes </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American haunted house films </Li> <Li> American horror films </Li> <Li> Dark Castle Entertainment films </Li> <Li> Film scores by Don Davis ( composer ) </Li> <Li> Films directed by William Malone </Li> <Li> Films produced by Joel Silver </Li> <Li> Films shot in Florida </Li> <Li> Films shot in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Films set in the 1930s </Li> <Li> Films set in 1999 </Li> <Li> Horror film remakes </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. films </Li> <Li> Films based on works by Robb White </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 00 : 03 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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There 's a Kind of Hush - wikipedia <H1> There 's a Kind of Hush </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Herman 's Hermits album , see There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World . For the Carpenters album , see A Kind of Hush ( album ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Herman 's Hermits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Gaslight Street '' ( UK ) `` No Milk Today '' ( US ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> January 1967 ( US ) 3 February 1967 ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> De Lane Lea Studios , London , 7 December 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Baroque pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Geoff Stephens Les Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mickie Most </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Herman 's Hermits singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` East West '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Go Out into the Rain ( You 're Going to Melt ) '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` East West '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Go Out into the Rain ( You 're Going to Melt ) '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' is a popular song written by Les Reed and Geoff Stephens which was a hit in 1967 for Herman 's Hermits and again in 1976 for The Carpenters . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 First recordings </Li> <Li> 2 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 The Carpenters version </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 4.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 4.3 Personnel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Notable cover versions </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> First recordings ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was introduced on the 1966 album Winchester Cathedral by Geoff Stephens ' group the New Vaudeville Band ; like that group 's hit `` Winchester Cathedral '' , `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' was conceived as a neo-British music hall number although it is a less overt example of that style . The first single version of `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' was recorded in 1966 by Gary and the Hornets , a teen / pre-teen male band from Franklin , Ohio whose version -- entitled `` A Kind of Hush '' produced by Lou Reizner -- became a regional success and showed signs of breaking nationally in January 1967 ; the single would reach No. 4 in Cincinnati and No. 3 in Erie PA . However an expedient cover by Herman 's Hermits was released in the US in February 1967 to reach the Top 30 of the Billboard Hot 100 in three weeks and proceed to a peak of # 4 -- affording the group their final US Top Ten hit -- with Gold certification for US sales of one million units awarded that April . In the UK Herman 's Hermits ' `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' would reach No. 7 . The success of the Herman 's Hermits version led to the release of the original New Vaudeville Band track as a single in some territories with both of these versions charting in Australia with peaks of No. 5 ( Herman 's Hermits ) and No. 12 ( New Vaudeville Band ) and also in South Africa where the New Vaudeville Band bested the Herman 's Hermits ' No. 9 peak by reaching No. 4 . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1967 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Official New Zealand Music Chart ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1967 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Easy Listening </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The Carpenters version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All over the World ) '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover to the Carpenters ' single , `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All over the World ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Carpenters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album A Kind of Hush </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` ( I 'm Caught Between ) Goodbye and I Love You '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 12 , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> December 1975 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> A&M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Geoff Stephens Les Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Carpenter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Carpenters singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Solitaire '' ( 1975 ) </Td> <Td> `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All over the World ) '' ( 1976 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Need to Be in Love '' ( 1976 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Solitaire '' ( 1975 ) </Td> <Td> `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All over the World ) '' ( 1976 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Need to Be in Love '' ( 1976 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Carpenters remade `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' -- as `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' -- for their 1976 album release A Kind of Hush for which it served as lead single , reaching No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and affording the Carpenters ' their thirteenth No. 1 on the easy listening chart . </P> <P> The single 's lack of comparative success indicated a drop in the Carpenters ' popularity , it being the first lead single from a mainstream Carpenters ' album to fall short of the Top 5 since `` Ticket to Ride '' from the group 's 1969 debut album Offering , while the No. 33 chart peak of the A Kind of Hush album afforded the Carpenters ' their first Top 20 shortfall since Offering ( Horizon would prove to be their last album to reach the top 20 in the United States ) . `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' would remain the Carpenters ' final top twenty hit until 1981 's `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' . </P> <P> Richard Carpenter explained in the liner notes to the Carpenters ' 2004 best - of compilation , Gold , that although he and Karen Carpenter loved the song , he was not particularly pleased with how their remake turned out : </P> <P> `` ... one of Karen 's and my favorite songs from the ' 60s . In hindsight , however , even though our version was a hit , I wish we 'd never recorded it . Here are three reasons why : ( 1 ) The original was , and is , perfectly fine . ( 2 ) Our foray into the oldies should have ended with the medley featured on side 2 of Now & Then , 1973 . ( 3 ) The use of a synthesizer in some of our recordings has not worn well with me , on this track , or just about any other track on which I used it . '' </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1976 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Easy Listening </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1976 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Easy Listening </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Karen Carpenter -- lead and backing vocals </Li> <Li> Richard Carpenter -- backing vocals , Wurlitzer electric piano , Fender Rhodes electric piano , ARP Odyssey , orchestration </Li> <Li> Joe Osborn -- bass guitar </Li> <Li> Tony Peluso -- guitar </Li> <Li> Jim Gordon -- drums </Li> <Li> Bob Messenger -- tenor saxophone </Li> <Li> Lenny Castro - percussion </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notable cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the summer of 1968 Karel Gott reached No. 7 in Czechoslovakia with his rendition of `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' ( sung in English ) ; a Czech rendering of the song entitled `` Požehnej , Bože Můj '' would be featured on Gott 's 1970 album Poslouchejte ! Karel Gott Zpívá Lásku Bláznivou A Další Hity . </P> <P> As `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' the song made a C&W chart appearance with a No. 42 peak in 1972 via a recording by Brian Collins . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Lennon Sisters also recorded a cover version . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19670401.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.100151&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dtlhqtcdftn9t40n27r4hds2h0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1967 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/1967YESP.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Official NZ Music Charts , 24 May 1976 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Herman 's Hermits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Peter Noone </Li> <Li> Keith Hopwood </Li> <Li> Derek Leckenby </Li> <Li> Karl Green </Li> <Li> Barry Whitwam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Herman 's Hermits </Li> <Li> Both Sides of Herman 's Hermits </Li> <Li> There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World </Li> <Li> Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Introducing Herman 's Hermits </Li> <Li> Herman 's Hermits on Tour </Li> <Li> Hold On ! </Li> <Li> Both Sides of Herman 's Hermits </Li> <Li> There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World </Li> <Li> Blaze </Li> <Li> Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hermania </Li> <Li> Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter </Li> <Li> Herman 's Hermits Hits </Li> <Li> A Must to Avoid </Li> <Li> Hold On ! </Li> <Li> Dandy </Li> <Li> The London Look </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Most of Herman 's Hermits </Li> <Li> The Most of Herman 's Hermits Volume 2 </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Herman 's Hermits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'm into Something Good '' </Li> <Li> `` Show Me Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't You Hear My Heartbeat '' </Li> <Li> `` Silhouettes '' </Li> <Li> `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' </Li> <Li> `` Wonderful World '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' </Li> <Li> `` Just a Little Bit Better '' </Li> <Li> `` A Must to Avoid '' </Li> <Li> `` Listen People '' </Li> <Li> `` Leaning on the Lamp Post '' </Li> <Li> `` You Wo n't Be Leaving '' </Li> <Li> `` This Door Swings Both Ways '' </Li> <Li> `` Dandy '' </Li> <Li> `` No Milk Today '' </Li> <Li> `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Go Out into the Rain ( You 're Going to Melt ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Museum '' </Li> <Li> `` I Can Take or Leave Your Loving '' </Li> <Li> `` Sleepy Joe '' </Li> <Li> `` Sunshine Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Something 's Happening '' </Li> <Li> `` My Sentimental Friend '' </Li> <Li> `` Years May Come , Years May Go '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Hold On ! ( 1966 film ) </Li> <Li> Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter ( 1968 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Carpenters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Karen Carpenter </Li> <Li> Richard Carpenter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Offering ( Ticket to Ride ) </Li> <Li> Close to You </Li> <Li> Carpenters </Li> <Li> A Song for You </Li> <Li> Now & Then </Li> <Li> Horizon </Li> <Li> A Kind of Hush </Li> <Li> Passage </Li> <Li> Made in America </Li> <Li> Voice of the Heart </Li> <Li> Lovelines </Li> <Li> As Time Goes By </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live in Japan </Li> <Li> Live at the Palladium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 </Li> <Li> The Singles : 1974 -- 1978 </Li> <Li> The Very Best of the Carpenters </Li> <Li> Yesterday Once More </Li> <Li> Only Yesterday </Li> <Li> From the Top </Li> <Li> Interpretations : A 25th Anniversary Celebration </Li> <Li> Love Songs </Li> <Li> Reflections </Li> <Li> The Singles : 1969 -- 1981 </Li> <Li> The Essential Collection : 1965 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Carpenters Perform Carpenter </Li> <Li> Gold : 35th Anniversary Edition </Li> <Li> The Ultimate Collection </Li> <Li> 40 / 40 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christmas Portrait </Li> <Li> An Old - Fashioned Christmas </Li> <Li> Time ( Richard Carpenter ) </Li> <Li> Karen Carpenter ( album ) </Li> <Li> Pianist , Arranger , Composer , Conductor ( Richard Carpenter ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Looking for Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Ticket to Ride '' </Li> <Li> `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' </Li> <Li> `` We 've Only Just Begun '' </Li> <Li> `` Merry Christmas , Darling '' </Li> <Li> `` For All We Know '' </Li> <Li> `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' </Li> <Li> `` Superstar '' </Li> <Li> `` Bless the Beasts and Children '' </Li> <Li> `` Hurting Each Other '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Goodbye to Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Sing '' </Li> <Li> `` Yesterday Once More '' </Li> <Li> `` Top of the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' </Li> <Li> `` Please Mr. Postman '' </Li> <Li> `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Only Yesterday '' </Li> <Li> `` Solitaire '' </Li> <Li> `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I Need to Be in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Goofus '' </Li> <Li> `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' </Li> <Li> `` All You Get from Love Is a Love Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft '' </Li> <Li> `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet , Sweet Smile '' </Li> <Li> `` I Believe You '' </Li> <Li> `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' </Li> <Li> `` ( Want You ) Back in My Life Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Those Good Old Dreams '' </Li> <Li> `` Beechwood 4 - 5789 '' </Li> <Li> `` Make Believe It 's Your First Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Your Baby Does n't Love You Anymore '' </Li> <Li> `` Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Little Altar Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` Honolulu City Lights '' </Li> <Li> `` Something in Your Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Had You '' </Li> <Li> `` Let Me Be the One '' </Li> <Li> `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Ave Maria '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rainbow Connection '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV series / specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Make Your Own Kind of Music </Li> <Li> Live at the BBC </Li> <Li> Very First TV Special </Li> <Li> Space Encounters </Li> <Li> A Christmas Portrait </Li> <Li> Music , Music , Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DVDs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gold : Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Interpretations </Li> <Li> Close to You : Remembering The Carpenters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> John Bettis </Li> <Li> Joe Osborn </Li> <Li> Tony Peluso </Li> <Li> If I Were a Carpenter </Li> <Li> Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story </Li> <Li> The Karen Carpenter Story </Li> <Li> Only Yesterday : The Carpenters Story </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_a_Kind_of_Hush&oldid=828435734 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1966 songs </Li> <Li> 1967 singles </Li> <Li> 1976 singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Les Reed ( songwriter ) </Li> <Li> Songs written by Geoff Stephens </Li> <Li> Herman 's Hermits songs </Li> <Li> The Carpenters songs </Li> <Li> Four Jacks and a Jill songs </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Mickie Most </Li> <Li> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles </Li> <Li> A&M Records singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from May 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 14 : 54 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Shirdi Ke Sai Baba - Wikipedia <H1> Shirdi Ke Sai Baba </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Shirdi Ke Sai Baba </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Ashok V. Bhushan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Sarla Charities Trust </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Manoj Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <P> Sudhir Dalvi Manoj Kumar Rajendra Kumar </P> Hema Malini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> 1977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Hindi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Shirdi Ke Sai Baba is a 1977 Bollywood film directed by Ashok V. Bhushan . The plot revolves around a sick child who wishes to be taken to Shirdi , where the guru Sai Baba of Shirdi lived . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sudhir Dalvi ... Sai Baba </Li> <Li> Manoj Kumar ... Devotee & Scientist </Li> <Li> Rajendra Kumar ... Doctor ( Pooja 's husband ) </Li> <Li> Hema Malini ... Pooja </Li> <Li> Shatrughan Sinha ... Heera </Li> <Li> Raj Mehra ... Murthy </Li> <Li> Birbal ... Kulkarni </Li> <Li> Usha Chavan ... Laxmi </Li> <Li> C.S. Dubey ... Groom 's dad </Li> <Li> Manmohan Krishna ... Ganpat Rao </Li> <Li> Dheeraj Kumar ... Tatya ( Baijamma 's son ) </Li> <Li> Prem Nath ... Som Dev </Li> <Li> Kanwarjit Paintal ... Karim </Li> <Li> Madan Puri ... Ranbir Singh </Li> <Li> Ratnamala ... Baijamma </Li> <Li> Sachin ... Sarju </Li> <Li> Master Tito ... Beta ( ved khanna ) </Li> <Li> Sudhir Moghe ... Gokhle </Li> <Li> Namrata Shirodkar ... girl with Shatrughna sinha </Li> </Ul> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> `` Sai Baba Bolo , Sai Baba Bolo '' - Jani Babu , Anuradha Paudwal , Mohammed Rafi , Anup Jalota </Li> <Li> `` Bhola Bhandari Sai , Bhola Bhandari '' - Anup Jalota , Dilraj Kaur </Li> <Li> `` Sumer Manwa Sumer Re Panch '' - Anup Jalota </Li> <Li> `` Tuhi Faqir , Tuhi Hai Raja , Tuhi Hai Sai , Tuhi Hai Baba '' - Mohammed Rafi , Usha Mangeshkar </Li> <Li> `` Dam Dam Damroo Baaje , Are Sai Nath Shiv Shambhu Wale '' - Anup Jalota </Li> <Li> `` O Dukhiyo Ke Data '' - Asha Bhosle </Li> <Li> `` Dar Bhi Chhoda Tujhe Mann Me Basa Ke '' - Asha Bhosle </Li> <Li> `` Dipaawali Manaai Suhaani '' - Asha Bhosle </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Shirdi Ke Sai Baba on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about a Hindi film of the 1970s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirdi_Ke_Sai_Baba&oldid=818244954 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Hindi - language films </Li> <Li> 1977 films </Li> <Li> Indian films </Li> <Li> 1970s Hindi - language films </Li> <Li> Sai Baba of Shirdi </Li> <Li> 1970s Hindi - language film stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2015 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 12 : 48 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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United Fruit Company - wikipedia <H1> United Fruit Company </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Entrance façade of the old United Fruit Building at 321 St. Charles Avenue , New Orleans , Louisiana <P> The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit ( primarily bananas ) , grown on Central and South American plantations , and sold in the United States and Europe . The company was formed in 1899 , from the merger of Minor C. Keith 's banana - trading concerns with Andrew W. Preston 's Boston Fruit Company . It flourished in the early and mid-20th century , and it came to control vast territories and transportation networks in Central America , the Caribbean coast of Colombia , Ecuador , and the West Indies . Though it competed with the Standard Fruit Company ( later Dole Food Company ) for dominance in the international banana trade , it maintained a virtual monopoly in certain regions , some of which came to be called banana republics , such as Costa Rica , Honduras , and Guatemala . </P> <P> United Fruit had a deep and long - lasting impact on the economic and political development of several Latin American countries . Critics often accused it of exploitative neocolonialism , and described it as the archetypal example of the influence of a multinational corporation on the internal politics of the banana republics . After a period of financial decline , United Fruit was merged with Eli M. Black 's AMK in 1970 , to become the United Brands Company . In 1984 , Carl Lindner , Jr. transformed United Brands into the present - day Chiquita Brands International . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Corporate history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.2 United Fruit ( 1899 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 United Brands ( 1970 -- 1984 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Chiquita Brands International </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Reputation </Li> <Li> 3 History in Central America <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Environmental effects </Li> <Li> 3.2 Guatemala </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cuba </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Banana massacre </Li> <Li> 5 The United Fruit Company in Honduras <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Setting stage for economic development </Li> <Li> 5.2 Banana multinational establishment and expansion </Li> <Li> 5.3 Social welfare programs for employees of United Fruit Company <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 Agriculture research and training </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.4 United fruit and labor challenges <Ul> <Li> 5.4. 1 Invasive banana diseases </Li> <Li> 5.4. 2 Labor health risks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.5 Resistance and reformation <Ul> <Li> 5.5. 1 Labor unionization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.6 End of the Honduran banana republic era </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Aiding and abetting a terrorist organization </Li> <Li> 7 The Great White Fleet </Li> <Li> 8 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Sources </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Corporate History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early History ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1871 , U.S. railroad entrepreneur Henry Meiggs signed a contract with the government of Costa Rica to build a railroad connecting the capital city of San José to the port of Limón in the Caribbean . Meiggs was assisted in the project by his young nephew Minor C. Keith , who took over Meiggs 's business concerns in Costa Rica after his death in 1877 . Keith began experimenting with the planting of bananas as a cheap source of food for his workers . </P> <P> When the Costa Rican government defaulted on its payments in 1882 , Keith had to borrow £ 1.2 million from London banks and from private investors to continue the difficult engineering project . In exchange for this and for renegotiating Costa Rica 's own debt , in 1884 , the administration of President Próspero Fernández Oreamuno agreed to give Keith 800,000 acres ( 3,200 km ) of tax - free land along the railroad , plus a 99 - year lease on the operation of the train route . The railroad was completed in 1890 , but the flow of passengers proved insufficient to finance Keith 's debt . On the other hand , the sale of bananas grown in his lands and transported first by train to Limón , then by ship to the United States , proved very lucrative . Keith eventually came to dominate the banana trade in Central America and along the Caribbean coast of Colombia . </P> <H3> United Fruit ( 1899 -- 1970 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1899 , Keith lost $ 1.5 million when Hoadley and Co. , a New York City broker , went bankrupt . He then traveled to Boston , Massachusetts , to participate in the merger of his banana trading company , Tropical Trading and Transport Company , with the rival Boston Fruit Company . Boston Fruit had been established by Lorenzo Dow Baker , a sailor who , in 1870 , had bought his first bananas in Jamaica , and by Andrew W. Preston . Preston 's lawyer , Bradley Palmer , had devised a scheme for the solution of the participants ' cash flow problems and was in the process of implementing it . The merger formed the United Fruit Company , based in Boston , with Preston as president and Keith as vice-president . Palmer became a permanent member of the executive committee and for long periods of time the director . From a business point of view , Bradley Palmer was United Fruit . Preston brought to the partnership his plantations in the West Indies , a fleet of steamships , and his market in the U.S. Northeast . Keith brought his plantations and railroads in Central America and his market in the U.S. South and Southeast . At its founding , United Fruit was capitalized at $11,230,000 . The company at Palmer 's direction proceeded to buy , or buy a share in , 14 competitors , assuring them of 80 % of the banana import business in the United States , then their main source of income . The company catapulted into financial success . Bradley Palmer overnight became a much - sought - after expert in business law , as well as a wealthy man . He later became a consultant to presidents and an adviser to Congress . </P> An illustration from The Golden Caribbean <P> In 1900 , the United Fruit Company produced The Golden Caribbean : A Winter Visit to the Republics of Colombia , Costa Rica , Spanish Honduras , Belize and the Spanish Main - via Boston and New Orleans written and illustrated by Henry R. Blaney . The travel book featured landscapes and portraits of the inhabitants pertaining to the regions where the United Fruit Company possessed land . It also described the voyage of the United Fruit Company 's steamer , and Blaney 's descriptions and encounters of his travels . </P> <P> In 1901 , the government of Guatemala hired the United Fruit Company to manage the country 's postal service and in 1913 the United Fruit Company created the Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company . By 1930 it had absorbed more than 20 rival firms , acquiring a capital of $215,000,000 and becoming the largest employer in Central America . In 1930 , Sam Zemurray ( nicknamed `` Sam the Banana Man '' ) sold his Cuyamel Fruit Company to United Fruit and retired from the fruit business . By then , the company held a major role in the national economy and eventually became a symbol of the exploitative export economy . This led to serious labor disputes by the Costa Rican peasants , involving more than 30 separate unions and 100,000 workers , in The Great Banana Strike of 1934 , one of the most significant actions of the era by trade unions in Costa Rica . </P> <P> By the 1930s the company owned 3.5 million acres of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala . Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries . That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase `` banana republic '' . </P> <P> In 1933 , concerned that the company was mismanaged and that its market value had plunged , Zemurray staged a hostile takeover . Zemurray moved the company 's headquarters to New Orleans , Louisiana , where he was based . United Fruit went on to prosper under Zemurray 's management ; Zemurray resigned as president of the company in 1951 . </P> <P> In addition to many other labor actions , the company faced two major strikes of workers in Central America , in Colombia in 1928 and the Great Banana Strike of 1934 in Costa Rica . The latter was an important step that would eventually lead to the formation of effective Trade unions in Costa Rica since the company was required to sign a collective agreement with its workers in 1938 . Labor laws in most banana production countries began to be tightened in the 1930s . In 1954 , the company experienced a major strike in the Honduras . </P> <H3> United Brands ( 1970 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Corporate raider Eli M. Black bought 733,000 shares of United Fruit in 1968 , becoming the company 's largest shareholder . In June 1970 , Black merged United Fruit with his own public company , AMK ( owner of meat packer John Morrell ) , to create the United Brands Company . United Fruit had far less cash than Black had counted on and Black 's mismanagement led to United Brands becoming crippled with debt . The company 's losses were exacerbated by Hurricane Fifi in 1974 , which destroyed many banana plantations in Honduras . On February 3 , 1975 , Black committed suicide by jumping out of his office on the 44th floor of the Pan Am Building in New York City . Later that year , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission exposed a scheme by United Brands ( dubbed Bananagate ) to bribe Honduran President Oswaldo López Arellano with $1.25 million , plus the promise of another $1.25 million upon the reduction of certain export taxes . Trading in United Brands stock was halted and López was ousted in a military coup . </P> <H3> Chiquita Brands International ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Chiquita Brands International <P> After Black 's suicide , Cincinnati - based American Financial Group , one of billionaire Carl Lindner , Jr. 's companies , bought into United Brands . In August 1984 , Lindner took control of the company and renamed it Chiquita Brands International . The headquarters was moved to Cincinnati in 1985 . </P> <P> Throughout most of its history , United Fruit 's main competitor was the Standard Fruit Company , now the Dole Food Company . </P> <H2> Reputation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United Fruit Company was frequently accused of bribing government officials in exchange for preferential treatment , exploiting its workers , paying little by way of taxes to the governments of the countries where it operated , and working ruthlessly to consolidate monopolies . Latin American journalists sometimes referred to the company as el pulpo ( `` the octopus '' ) , and leftist parties in Central and South America encouraged the company 's workers to strike . Criticism of the United Fruit Company became a staple of the discourse of the communist parties in several Latin American countries , where its activities were often interpreted as illustrating Vladimir Lenin 's theory of capitalist imperialism . Major left - wing writers in Latin America , such as Carlos Luis Fallas of Costa Rica , Ramón Amaya Amador of Honduras , Miguel Ángel Asturias and Augusto Monterroso of Guatemala , Gabriel García Márquez of Colombia , Carmen Lyra of Costa Rica , and Pablo Neruda of Chile , denounced the company in their literature . </P> <P> The business practices of United Fruit were also frequently criticized by journalists , politicians , and artists in the United States . Little Steven released a song in 1987 called Bitter Fruit with lyrics that referred to a hard life for a company `` far away , '' and whose accompanying video depicted orange groves worked by peasants overseen by wealthy managers . The lyrics and scenery are generic , but United Fruit ( or its successor Chiquita ) was reputedly the target . </P> <P> The integrity of John Foster Dulles ' `` anti-Communist '' motives has been discredited , since Dulles and his law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell negotiated the land giveaways to the United Fruit Company in Guatemala and Honduras . John Foster Dulles ' brother , Allen Dulles , also did legal work for United Fruit and sat on its board of directors . Allen Dulles was the head of the CIA under Eisenhower . In a flagrant conflict of interest , the Dulles brothers and Sullivan & Cromwell were on the United Fruit payroll for thirty - eight years . Recent research has uncovered the names of multiple other government officials who received benefits from United Fruit : </P> <P> John Foster Dulles , who represented United Fruit while he was a law partner at Sullivan & Cromwell -- he negotiated that crucial United Fruit deal with Guatemalan officials in the 1930s -- was Secretary of State under Eisenhower ; his brother Allen , who did legal work for the company and sat on its board of directors , was head of the CIA under Eisenhower ; Henry Cabot Lodge , who was America 's ambassador to the UN , was a large owner of United Fruit stock ; Ed Whitman , the United Fruit PR man , was married to Ann Whitman , Dwight Eisenhower 's personal secretary . You could not see these connections until you could -- and then you could not stop seeing them . </P> <H2> History in Central America ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United Fruit Company ( UFCO ) owned huge tracts of land in the Caribbean lowlands . It also dominated regional transportation networks through its International Railways of Central America and its Great White Fleet of steamships . In addition , UFCO branched out in 1913 by creating the Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company . UFCO 's policies of acquiring tax breaks and other benefits from host governments led to it building enclave economies in the regions , in which a company 's investment is largely self - contained for its employees and overseas investors and the benefits of the export earnings are not shared with the host country . </P> <P> One of the company 's primary tactics for maintaining market dominance was to control the distribution of banana lands . UFCO claimed that hurricanes , blight and other natural threats required them to hold extra land or reserve land . In practice , what this meant was that UFCO was able to prevent the government from distributing banana lands to peasants who wanted a share of the banana trade . The fact that the UFCO relied so heavily on manipulating land use rights to maintain their market dominance had a number of long - term consequences for the region . For the company to maintain its unequal land holdings it often required government concessions . And this in turn meant that the company had to be politically involved in the region even though it was an American company . In fact , the heavy - handed involvement of the company in often - corrupt governments created the term `` banana republic '' , which represents a servile dictatorship . The term `` Banana Republic '' was coined by American writer O. Henry . </P> <H3> Environmental effects ( edit ) </H3> <P> The United Fruit Company 's entire process of creating a plantation to farming the banana and the effects of these practices created noticeable environmental degradation when it was a thriving company . Infrastructure built by the company was constructed by clearing out forests , filling in low , swampy areas , and installing sewage , drainage , and water systems . Ecosystems that existed on these lands were destroyed , devastating biodiversity . With a loss in biodiversity , other natural processes within nature necessary for plant and animal survival are shut down . </P> <P> Techniques used for farming were at fault for loss of biodiversity and harm to the land as well . To create farm land , the United Fruit Company would either clear forests ( as mentioned ) or would drain marshlands to reduce avian habitats and to create `` good '' soil for banana plant growth . The most common practice in farming was called the `` shifting plantation agriculture '' . This is done by using produced soil fertility and hydrological resources in the most intense manner , then relocating when yields fell and pathogens followed banana plants . Techniques like this destroy land and when the land is unusable for the company , then they move to other regions . </P> <H3> Guatemala ( edit ) </H3> When President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán attempted a modest redistribution of land , he was overthrown in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état <P> UFCO had a mixed record on promoting the development of the nations where it operated . In Central America , the Company built extensive railroads and ports and provided employment and transportation . UFCO also created numerous schools for the people who lived and worked on Company land . On the other hand , it allowed vast tracts of land under its ownership to remain uncultivated and , in Guatemala and elsewhere , it discouraged the government from building highways , which would lessen the profitable transportation monopoly of the railroads under its control . UFCO had also destroyed at least one of those railroads upon leaving its area of operation . </P> <P> In 1954 , the democratically elected Guatemalan government of Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán was toppled by U.S. - backed forces led by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas who invaded from Honduras . Assigned by the Eisenhower administration , this military opposition was armed , trained and organized by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency ( see Operation PBSUCCESS ) . The directors of United Fruit Company ( UFCO ) had lobbied to convince the Truman and Eisenhower administrations that Colonel Arbenz intended to align Guatemala with the Soviet Bloc . Besides the disputed issue of Arbenz 's allegiance to Communism , UFCO was being threatened by the Arbenz government 's agrarian reform legislation and new Labor Code . UFCO was the largest Guatemalan landowner and employer , and the Arbenz government 's land reform included the expropriation of 40 % of UFCO land . U.S. officials had little proof to back their claims of a growing communist threat in Guatemala ; however , the relationship between the Eisenhower administration and UFCO demonstrated the influence of corporate interest on U.S. foreign policy . United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was an avowed opponent of Communism , and his law firm , Sullivan and Cromwell , had represented United Fruit . His brother Allen Dulles was the director of the CIA and a board member of United Fruit . United Fruit Company is the only company known to have a CIA cryptonym . The brother of the Assistant Secretary of State for InterAmerican Affairs , John Moors Cabot , had once been president of United Fruit . Ed Whitman , who was United Fruit 's principal lobbyist , was married to President Eisenhower 's personal secretary , Ann C. Whitman . Many individuals who directly influenced U.S. policy towards Guatemala in the 1950s also had direct ties to UFCO . The overthrow of Arbenz , however , failed to benefit the Company . Its stock market value declined along with its profit margin . The Eisenhower administration proceeded with antitrust action against the company , which forced it to divest in 1958 . In 1972 , the company sold off the last of their Guatemalan holdings after over a decade of decline . </P> <P> Even as the Arbenz government was being overthrown , in 1954 a general strike against the company organized by workers in Honduras rapidly paralyzed the country and thanks to the United States ' concern about the events in Guatemala , was settled more favorably for the workers to gain leverage for the Guatemala operation . </P> <H3> Cuba ( edit ) </H3> <P> Company holdings in Cuba , which included sugar mills in the Oriente region of the island , were expropriated by the 1959 revolutionary government led by Fidel Castro . By April 1960 Castro was accusing the company of aiding Cuban exiles and supporters of former leader Fulgencio Batista in initiating a seaborne invasion of Cuba directed from the United States . Castro warned the U.S. that `` Cuba is not another Guatemala '' in one of many combative diplomatic exchanges before the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 . </P> <H2> Banana massacre ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Banana massacre <P> One of the most notorious strikes by United Fruit workers broke out on 12 November 1928 on the Caribbean coast of Colombia , near Santa Marta . On December 6 , Colombian Army troops allegedly under the command of General Cortés Vargas , opened fire on a crowd of strikers gathered in the central square of the town of Ciénaga . Estimates of the number of casualties vary from 47 to 3000 . The military justified this action by claiming that the strike was subversive and its organizers were Communist revolutionaries . Congressman Jorge Eliécer Gaitán claimed that the army had acted under instructions from the United Fruit Company . The ensuing scandal contributed to President Miguel Abadía Méndez 's Conservative Party being voted out of office in 1930 , putting an end to 44 years of Conservative rule in Colombia . The first novel of Álvaro Cepeda Samudio , La Casa Grande , focuses on this event , and the author himself grew up in close proximity to the incident . The climax of García Márquez 's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude is based on the events in Ciénaga . </P> <P> General Cortés Vargas , who issued the order to shoot , argued later that he had issued the order because he had information that US boats were poised to land troops on Colombian coasts to defend American personnel and the interests of the United Fruit Company . Vargas issued the order so the United States would not invade Colombia . This position was strongly criticized in the Senate , especially by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán , who argued that those same bullets should have been used to stop the foreign invader . </P> <P> The telegram from Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State , dated December 5 , 1928 , stated : `` I have been following Santa Marta fruit strike through United Fruit Company representative here ; also through Minister of Foreign Affairs who on Saturday told me government would send additional troops and would arrest all strike leaders and transport them to prison at Cartagena ; that government would give adequate protection to American interests involved . '' </P> <P> The telegram from Bogotá Embassy to Secretary of State , date December 7 , 1928 , stated : `` Situation outside Santa Marta City unquestionably very serious : outside zone is in revolt ; military who have orders ' not to spare ammunition ' have already killed and wounded about fifty strikers . Government now talks of general offensive against strikers as soon as all troopships now on the way arrive early next week . '' </P> <P> The Dispatch from U.S. Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State , dated December 29 , 1928 , stated : `` I have the honor to report that the legal advisor of the United Fruit Company here in Bogotá stated yesterday that the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military authorities during the recent disturbance reached between five and six hundred ; while the number of soldiers killed was one . '' </P> <P> The Dispatch from U.S. Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State , dated January 16 , 1929 , stated : `` I have the honor to report that the Bogotá representative of the United Fruit Company told me yesterday that the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military exceeded one thousand . '' </P> <P> The Banana massacre is said to be one of the main events that preceded the Bogotazo , the subsequent era of violence known as La Violencia , and the guerrillas who developed in the bipartisan National Front period , creating the ongoing armed conflict in Colombia . </P> <H2> The United Fruit Company in Honduras ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Setting stage for economic development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Decades following the Honduran declaration of independence in 1838 from the Central American Federation , Honduras was in a state of economic and political strife due to constant conflict with neighboring countries for territorial expansion and control . Liberal President Marco Aurelio Soto ( 1876 - 1883 ) saw instating the Agrarian Law of 1877 as a way to make Honduras more appealing to international companies looking to invest capital into a promising host export - driven economy . The Agrarian Law would grant international , multinational companies leniency in tax regulations along with other financial incentives . Acquiring the first railroad concession from liberal President Miguel R. Davila in 1910 , the Vaccaro brothers and Company , helped set the foundation on which the banana republic would struggle to balance and regulate the relationships between American capitalism and Honduran politics . </P> <P> Samuel Zemurray , a small - sized American entrepreneur , rose to be another contender looking to invest in the Honduran agricultural trade . In New Orleans , LA Zemurray found himself in cahoots with the newly exiled General Manuel Bonilla ( nationalist ex-president of Honduras 1903 - 1907 , 1912 - 1913 ) and strategized a coup d'tat against President Miguel R. Davilia . On Christmas Eve December 1910 , in clear opposition of the Davila administration , Samuel Zemurray , U.S. General Lee Christmas , and Honduran General Manuel Bonilla boarded the `` Hornet '' and sailed to Roatan to attack , then seize the northern Honduran ports of Trujillo and Le Ceiba . Thus forcing President Davila to step down and Francisco Bertrand to become interim president until General Bonilla won the Honduran November 1911 presidential elections . </P> <P> In 1912 , General Bonilla took no time in granting the second railroad concession to the newly incorporated Cuyamel Fruit Company owned by Zemurray . The time frame for some of these exclusive land , railroad concessions would last up to 99 years . The 1st railroad concession leased the National railroad of Honduras to the Vaccaro Bros. and Co. ( once Standard Fruit Company and currently Dole Food Company ) . Zemurray granted his concession to the Tela Railroad Company -- another division within his own company . Cuyamel Fruit Company 's ( bought by United Fruit Company in 1929 ) concession would also be awarded to the Tela Railroad Company . United Fruit Company ( currently Chiquita Brands International ) would partner with the President Bonilla in the exchange of access and control to Honduras ' natural resources plus tax and financial incentives . In return , President Bonilla would receive cooperation , protection , along with a substantial amount of U.S. capital to build a progressive infrastructure in Honduras . </P> <H3> Banana multinational establishment and expansion ( edit ) </H3> <P> The granting of land ownership in exchange for the railroad concession started the first official competitive market for bananas and giving birth to the banana republic . Cuyamel Fruit Company and the Vaccaro Bros. and Co. would become known as being multinational enterprises . Bringing western modernization and industrialization to the welcoming Honduran nation . All the while Honduran bureaucrats would continue to take away the indigenous communal lands to trade for capital investment contracts as well as neglect the fair rights of Honduran laborers . After the peak of the banana republic era , resistance eventually began to grown between small - scale producers and production laborers because the exponential rate in growth of the wealth gap and extreme collusion between the Honduran working and poor class versus the profiting Honduran government officials and the U.S. fruit companies ( United Fruit Co. , Standard Fruit Co. , Cuyamel Fruit Co . ) . </P> <P> Due to the exclusivity of the land concessions and lack of official ownership documentation , Honduran producers and experienced laborers were left with two options to regain these lands -- dominio util or dominio pleno . Dominio util -- meaning the land was intended to be developed for the greater good of the public with a possibility of being the granted `` full private ownership '' versus dominio pleno was the immediate granting of full private ownership with the right to sell . Based on the 1898 Honduran agrarian law , without being sanctioned the right their communal lands , Honduran villages and towns could only regain these lands if granted by the Honduran government or in some cases it was permitted by U.S. companies , such as United Fruit Co. , to create long - term contracts with independent producers on devastatingly diseased infested districts . Even once granted land concessions , many were so severely contaminated with either the Panaman , moko , or sigatoka , that it would have to reduce the acreage used and the amount produced or changed the crop being produced . Additionally , accusations were reported of the Tela Railroad Company placing intense requirements , demanding exclusivity in distribution , and unjustly denying crops produced by small - scale farmers because they were deemed `` inadequate '' . Compromise was attempted between small - scale fruit producers and the multinationals enterprises , but were never reached and resulted in local resistance . </P> <P> The U.S. fruit corporations were choosing rural agriculture lands in Northern Honduras , specifically using the new railroad system for their proximity to major port cities of Puerto Cortes , Tela , La Ceiba , and Trujillo as the main access points of transport for shipments designated back to the United States and Europe . To get an understanding of the dramatic increase in amount of bananas being exported , firstly `` in the Atlantida , the Vaccaro Brothers ( Standard Fruit ) oversaw the construction of 155 kilometers of railroad between 1910 and 1915 ... the expansion of the railroad led to a concomitant rise exports , from 2.7 million bunches in 1913 to 5.5 million in 1919 . '' Standard Fruit , Cuyamel , and the United Fruit Co. combined surpassed past profit performances , `` In 1929 a record 29 million bunches left Honduran shores , a volume that exceeded the combined exports of Colombia , Costa Rica , Guatemala , and Panama . '' </P> <H3> Social welfare programs for employees of United Fruit Company ( edit ) </H3> <P> U.S. food corporations , such as United Fruit established community services and facilitates for mass headquartered ( production ) divisions , settlements of banana plantations throughout their partnered host countries such in the Honduran cities of Puerto Cortes , El Progreso , La Ceiba , San Pedro Sula , Tela , and Trujillo . Because of the strong likelihood of these communities being in extremely isolated rural agricultural areas , both American and Honduran workers were offered on - site community services such as free , furnished housing ( similar to barracks ) for workers and their immediate family members , health care via hospitals / clinics / health units , education ( 2 - 6 years ) for children / younger dependents / other laborers , commissaries ( grocery / retail ) , religious ( United Fruit built on - site churches ) and social activities , agricultural training at the Zamorano Pan-American Agricultural School , and cultural contributions such as the restoration of the Mayan city Zaculeu in Guatemala. Establishing these communal services and amenities would attempt to better the living conditions of laborers as well as create windows of opportunity for employment ( i.e. teachers , doctors , nurses , etc . ) , and help lay down the foundation for the demand of national progress . </P> <P> Housing </P> <P> While these communal services and amenities were offered to both American and Latin American laborers along with their families , they were not equally created , distributed , nor monitored . Americans living in these host countries received much more modernized and above the sub-standardized living conditions that were offered to the Hondurans for housing . One way this could be observed would be how the Hondurans were given the communal , primitive , but functional means of sanitation for the disposal of human excrement in outhouses or the usage of a single outdoor faucet designated for a unit ( s ). ( 4 ) This is compared to the housing of Americans , which had indoor lavatories and running water. ( 4 ) However , newer housing was eventually built that did have significant improvements such as electricity , running water ( kitchens ) , `` toilet - bath '' houses with running water. ( 4 ) </P> <P> Healthcare </P> <P> United Fruit took the first step to control one major factor that could heavily influence the efficiency of each plantation -- preventative medicine . The first United Fruit healthcare facility was built in Bocas Del Toro , Panama in 1899. ( 4 ) Taking into consideration that without good health of their work force - production would suffer , United Fruit continued to fund and construct health facilities in every host country and their services . Healthcare , for some laborers and their families would be free of charge , while others would be deducted from their wages. ( 4 ) Healthcare services would include treatments for tropical diseases and illnesses ( i.e. tuberculosis , malaria , yellow fever , etc . ) , common viral infections ( colds , fever , etc . ) , plus pre-employment / periodical physical examinations . However laborers would be need of these services with the increased exposure to toxic , deadly exposure of chemicals via pesticides , insecticides , fungicide applications , and even the cleaning solutions ( removal of residue from fungicide applications ) . </P> <P> Education </P> <P> Education played another important role within each settlement because it helped create windows of opportunity for children and laborers to expound in subjects and training that majority of host countries could not afford or offer . While the education for adult laborers would be more vocational , there would be private efforts for education , especially in literacy . Each nation varied in the requirements for the elementary schools such as the length of education offered would range from a minimum of 2 years and a max of 6 years . Specifically United Fruit was faced with a large and imposing threat that was used as an opportunity to incorporate education , vocational training , and the horticulture of their banana enterprise . </P> Agriculture research and training ( edit ) <P> Samuel Zemurray employed agronomists , botanists , and horticulturists to aid in research studies for United Fruit in their time of crisis , as early as 1915 when the Panama disease first inhabited crops . Funding specialized studies to treat Panama disease and supporting the publishing of such findings throughout the 1920s - 1930s , Zemurray has consistently been an advocate for agricultural research and education . This was first observed when Zemurray funded the first research station of Lancetilla in Tela , Honduras in 1926 and led by Dr. Wilson Popenoe . </P> <P> Zemurray also founded the Zamorano Pan-American Agricultural School ( Escuela Agricola Panamericana ) in 1941 with Dr. Popenoe as the head agronomist . There were certain requirements before a student could be accepted into the fully paid for 3 - year program including additional expenses ( room and board , clothing , food , stc ) , a few being a male between the ages of 18 - 21 , 6 years of elementary education , plus an additional 2 years of secondary . Zemurray , established a policy where , `` The School is not for the training or improvement of the company 's own personnel , but represents an outright and disinterested contribution to the improvement of agriculture in Spanish America ... This was one way in which the United Fruit Company undertook to discharge its obligation of social responsibility in those countries in which it operates - and even to help others . '' Zemurray was so intensely adamant in his policy that students were not allowed to become employees at the United Fruit Company post graduation . </P> <H3> United Fruit and labor challenges. ( edit ) </H3> Invasive banana diseases ( edit ) <P> Epidemic diseases would cyclically strike the banana enterprise in the form of Panama disease , black sigatoka , and Moko ( Ralstonia solanacearum ) . Large investments of capital , resources , time , tactical practices , and extensive research would be necessary in search for a solution . The agriculture research facilities employed by United Fruit pioneered in the field of treatment with physical solutions such as Fusarium wilt ( `` flood fallowing '' ) and chemical creations such as the Bordeaux mixture spray . </P> <P> These forms of treatment and control would be rigorously applied by laborers on a daily basis and for long periods of time so that they would be as effective as possible . Potentially toxic chemicals were constantly exposed to workers such as copper ( II ) sulfate in Bordeaux spray , 1 , 2 - Dibromo - 3 - chloropropane in Nemagon the treatment for Moko , or the sigatoka control process that began a chemical spray followed by an acid wash of bananas post-harvesting . The fungicidal treatments would cause workers to inhale fungicidal dust and come into direct skin contact with the chemicals without means of decontamination until the end of their workday . These chemicals would be studied and proven to carry their own negative repercussions towards the laborers and land of these host nations . </P> <P> While the Panama disease was the first major challenging and aggressive epidemic , again United Fruit would be faced with an even more combative fungal disease , Black sigatoka , in 1935 . Within a year , sigatoka plagued 80 % of their Honduran crop and once again scientist would begin a search in a solution to this new epidemic . By the end of 1937 production resumed to its normal complicity for United Fruit after the application of Bordeaux spray , but not without creating devastating blows to the banana production . `` Between 1936 - 1937 , the Tela Railroad Company banana output fell from 5.8 to 3.7 million bunches '' and this did not include independent farmers who also suffered from the same epidemics , `` export figures confirm the devastating effect of the pathogen on non-company growers : between 1937 - 1939 their exports plummeted from 1.7 million bunches to a mere 122,000 bunches '' . Without any positive eradication of sigatoka from banana farms due to the tropical environment , the permanent fungicidal treatment was incorporated and expounded upon in every major banana enterprise , which would be reflective in the time , resources , labor , and allocation of expenses needed for rehabilitation . </P> Labor health risks ( edit ) <P> Both United Fruit Company production laborers and their fellow railroad workers from the Tela Railroad Company were not only at constant risk from long periods of chemical exposure in the intense tropical environment , but there was a possibility of contracting malaria / yellow fever from mosquito bites , or inhale the airborne bacteria of tuberculosis from infected victims . </P> <P> In 1950 , El Prision Verde ( `` The Green Prison '' ) , written by Ramon Amaya Amador , a leading member of the Honduran Communist Party , exposed the injustices of working and living conditions on banana plantations with the story of Martin Samayoa , a former Bordeaux spray applicator . This literary piece is the personal account of everyday life , as an applicator , and the experienced as well as witnessed injustices pre / post-exposure to the toxic chemicals within these fungicidal treatments and insecticides . The Bordeaux spray in particular is a blue - green color and many sources referring to its usage usually bring to light the apparent identification of those susceptible to copper toxicity based on their appearance after working . For example , Pericos ( `` parakeets '' ) was the nickname given to spray workers in Puerto Rico because of the blue - green coloring left on their clothing after a full day of spraying . In 1969 , there was only one documented case of vineyard workers being studied in Portugal as they worked with the Bordeaux spray whom all suffered similar health symptoms and biopsied to find blue - green residue within the victim 's lungs . </P> <P> Little evidence was collected in the 1930s - 1960s by neither the American nor Honduran officials to address these acute , chronic , and deadly effects and illnesses warranted from the chemical exposure such as tuberculosis , long - term respiratory problems , weight loss , infertility , cancer , and death . Many laborers were discouraged to voice the pain caused from physical injustices that occurred from the chemicals penetrating their skin or by inhalation from fungicide fumes in long labor - intensive hours spraying the applications . Without any specialized health care targeted to cure these unabating ailments and little to no compensation of workers who did become gravely ill . Bringing awareness to such matters especially against major powers such as United Fruit Co. amongst other multinational companies and the involved national governments would be feat for any single man / woman to prove and demand for change . That is until the legalization of labor unionization and organized resistance . </P> <H3> Resistance and reformation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Labor resistance , although was most progressive in the 1950s to the 1960s , there has been a consistent presence of abrasiveness towards multinational enterprises such as United Fruit . General Bonilla 's choice to approve the concessions without demanding the establishment of fair labor rights and market price , nor enforce a comprise between small - scale fruit producers and the conglomerate of U.S. fruit enterprises would create the foundation in which strife would ensue from political , economic , and natural challenges. The first push for resistance began from the labor movement , leading into the Honduran government 's turn towards nationalism , compliance with Honduran land and labor reformations ( 1954 - 1974 ) * , and the severance of U.S. multinational support in all host countries governmental affairs ( 1974 - 1976 ) * . As United Fruit battles with Honduran oppositions , they also fight similar battles with the other host Central American nations , let alone their own Great Depression and the rising threat of communism . </P> Labor unionization ( edit ) <P> From 1900 to 1945 , the power and economic hegemony allotted to the American multinational corporations by host countries was designed to bring nations such as Honduras out of foreign debt and economic turmoil all the while decreasing the expenses of production , increasing the levels of efficiency and profit , and thriving in a tariff - free economic system . However , the growing demand for bananas surpassed the supply because of challenges such as invasive fruit diseases ( Panama , sigtaoka , and moko ) plus human illnesses from extreme working conditions ( chemical toxicity and transferable diseases ) . </P> <P> Laborers began to organize , protest , and expose the conditions in what they were suffering from at the location of their division . Small - scale fruit producers would also join the opposition to regain equality in the market economy and push for the redistribution of the taken communal lands sold to American multinational corporations . Referencing to the Honduran administrations from 1945 - 1954 , Marcelo Bucheli interpreted their acts of collusion and stated `` The dictators helped United Fruit 's business by creating a system with little or no social reform , and in return United Fruit helped them remain in power ''. As the rise of dictatorship flourished under the Tiburcio Andino 's national administration ( 1933 - 1949 ) and prevailed for 16 years until it was passed onto nationalist President Juan Manuel Galvez ( a former lawyer for the United Fruit Company ) . </P> <P> The General Strike of 1954 in Tela , Honduras was largest organized labor opposition against the United Fruit company . However , it did involve the laborers from United Fruit , Standard Fruit , along with industrial workers from San Pedro Sula . Honduran laborers were demanding fair pay , economic rights , checked national authority , and eradication of imperialist capitalism . The total number of protesters was estimated at greater than 40,000 . On the 69th day , an agreement was made between United Fruit and the mass of protesters leading to the end of the General Strike . Under the administration of Galvez ( 1949 -- 1954 ) strides were taken to put into effect the negotiated improvements of workers rights . Honduran laborers gained the right for shorter work days , paid holidays , limited employee responsibility for injuries , the improvement of employment regulation over women and children , and the legalization of unionization . In the summer of 1954 the strike ended , yet the demand for economic nationalism and social reform was just beginning to gain even more momentum going into the 1960s -- 1970s . </P> <P> Nationalist movement </P> <P> By legalizing unionization , the large mass of laborers were able to organize and act on the influences of nationalist movement , communist ideology , and becomes allies of the communist party As like in the neighboring nation of Cuba and the rise communism led by Fidel Castro , the fight for nationalism spread to other Latin American nations and ultimately led to a regional revolution . Aid was given to these oppressed Latin American nations by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Americans struggled to maintain control and protect their capital investment while building tensions grew between America , the communist , and nationalist parties . </P> <P> The 1970s energy crisis was a period where petroleum production reached its peak , causing an inflation in price , leading to petroleum shortages , and a 10 - year economic battle . Ultimately the United Fruit Company , among other multinational fruit enterprises , would attempt to recover capital lost due to the oil crisis through the Latin American nations . The United Fruit 's plan for recovery would ensue by increasing taxation and reestablishing exclusivity contracts with small - scale farmers. `` The crisis forced local governments to realign themselves and follow protectionist policies '' ( Bulmer - Thomas , 1987 ) . The fight to not lose their control over Honduras and other sister host nations to communism failed , yet the nature of their relationship did change to where the national government had the higher authority and control . </P> <H3> End of the Honduran banana republic era ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the end of the 1970s energy crisis , Honduras was under the administration of Oswaldo Lopez Arellano after he seized control from President Ramon Villeda Morales . Trying to redistribute the taken lands of Honduras , President Arellano attempted to aid the Honduran people in regaining their economic independence but unfortunately stopped by President Ramon Ernesto Cruz in 1971 . In 1974 , the Organisation of Oil Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) was created and involved Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , Panama , and Colombia . Designed to safeguarded the same nations that experienced extreme economic turmoil due to the stronghold on dependent capitalism , the authority and control of foreign multinational companies , 1970s energy crisis , and the inflation of trade tariffs . Through nullification of the concession contracts originally granted to the U.S. multinational companies , Latin American countries were able to further there plan for progress but were met with hostility from the U.S. companies . Later in 1974 , President Arellano approved a new agrarian reform granting thousands acres of expropriated lands from the United Fruit Company back to Honduran people . The worsened relations between the U.S. and the newly affirmed powers of the Latin American countries would bring all parties into the 1974 ' Banana War ' . </P> <H2> Aiding and abetting a terrorist organization ( edit ) </H2> Further information : United Self - Defense Forces of Colombia <P> In March 2007 Chiquita Brands pleaded guilty in a United States Federal court to aiding and abetting a terrorist organization , when it admitted to the payment of more than $1.7 million to the United Self - Defense Forces of Colombia ( AUC ) , a group that the United States has labeled a terrorist organization since 2001 . Under a plea agreement , Chiquita Brands agreed to pay $25 million in restitution and damages to the families of victims of the AUC . The AUC had been paid to protect the company 's interest in the region . </P> <P> In addition to monetary payments , Chiquita has also been accused of smuggling weapons ( 3,000 AK 47 's ) to the AUC and in assisting the AUC in smuggling drugs to Europe . Chiquita Brands admitted that they paid AUC operatives to silence union organizers and intimidate farmers into selling only to Chiquita . In the plea agreement , the Colombian government let Chiquita Brands keep the names of U.S Citizens who brokered this agreement with the AUC secret , in exchange for relief to 390 families . </P> <P> Despite calls from Colombian authorities and human rights organizations to extradite the U.S. Citizens responsible for war crimes and aiding a terrorist organization , the U.S. Department of Justice has refused to grant the request citing ' conflicts of law ' . As with other high - profile cases involving wrongdoing by American companies abroad , the U.S. State Department and the U.S. Department of Justice are very careful to hand over any American citizen to be tried under another country 's legal system , so for the time being Chiquita Brands International avoided a catastrophic scandal , and instead walked away with a humiliating defeat in court and eight of its employees fired . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The Great White fleet ( edit ) </H2> 1916 advertisement for the United Fruit Company Steamship Service USS Taurus , which was built as San Benito in 1921 , may have been the World 's first turbo - electric merchant ship SS Abangarez , a United Fruit banana boat , circa 1945 <Ul> <Li> Admiral Dewey , Admiral Schley , Admiral Sampson and Admiral Farragut ( 1899 ) were United States Navy vessels declared surplus after the Spanish -- American War . Each carried 53 passengers and 35,000 bunches of bananas . </Li> <Li> Venus ( 1903 ) United Fruit Company 's first refrigerated banana ship </Li> <Li> San Jose , Limon and Esparta ( 1904 ) first banana reefers built to United Fruit design . San Jose and Esparta were sunk by U-boats in World War II . </Li> <Li> Atenas ( 1909 ) class of 13 5,000 - ton banana reefers built in Ireland </Li> <Li> Tivives ( 1911 ) 4,596 GRT fruit carrier built by Workman , Clark & Company of Belfast , changed from British to United States registry 1914 when war broke out in Europe , served briefly as commissioned transport for U.S. Navy in World War I , and was again in service for World War II under U.S. Army charter then as War Shipping Administration transport . Torpedoed and sunk October 21 , 1943 by German aircraft off Algeria in Convoy MKS - 28 . </Li> <Li> Pastores ( 1912 ) 7241 - ton cruise liner became USS Pastores ( AF - 16 ) </Li> <Li> Calamares ( 1913 ) 7,622 - ton banana reefer became USS Calamares ( AF - 18 ) </Li> <Li> Toloa ( 1917 ) 6,494 - ton banana reefer </Li> <Li> Ulua ( 1917 ) 6,494 - ton banana reefer became USS Octans ( AF - 26 ) </Li> <Li> San Benito ( 1921 ) 3,724 - ton turbo - electric banana reefer became USS Taurus ( AF - 25 ) </Li> <Li> Mayari and Choluteca ( 1921 ) 3,724 - ton banana reefers </Li> <Li> La Playa ( 1923 ) banana reefer </Li> <Li> La Marea ( 1924 ) 3,689 - ton diesel - electric banana reefer became Darien 4,281 - ton turbo - electric banana reefer in about 1929 -- 31 </Li> <Li> Telda , Iriona , Castilla and Tela ( 1927 ) banana reefers </Li> <Li> Aztec ( 1929 ) banana reefer </Li> <Li> Platano and Musa ( 1930 ) turbo - electric banana reefers </Li> <Li> Chiriqui ( 1932 ) 6,963 - ton turbo - electric passenger and cargo liner became USS Tarazed ( AF - 13 ) </Li> <Li> Jamaica ( 1932 ) 6,968 - ton turbo - electric passenger and cargo liner became USS Ariel ( AF - 22 ) </Li> <Li> Veraqua ( 1932 ) 6,982 - ton turbo - electric passenger and cargo liner became USS Merak ( AF - 21 ) </Li> <Li> Talamanca ( 1932 ) 6,963 - ton turbo - electric passenger and cargo liner became USS Talamanca ( AF - 15 ) </Li> <Li> Quiriqua ( 1932 ) 6,982 - ton turbo - electric passenger and cargo liner became USS Mizar ( AF - 12 ) </Li> <Li> SS Antigua ( 1932 ) Turbo - electric passenger and cargo liner providing two - week cruises of Cuba , Jamaica , Colombia , Honduras and the Panama Canal Zone . </Li> <Li> Oratava ( 1936 ) banana reefer </Li> <Li> Comayagua , Junior , Metapan , Yaque and Fra Berlanga ( 1946 ) banana reefers </Li> <Li> Manaqui ( 1946 ) bulk sugar ship </Li> </Ul> <H2> In Popular Culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Gabriel García Márquez 's master novel , One Hundred Years of Solitude depicts a fictional company involved in a Banana massacre , which deliberately recalls the United Fruit Company , now succeeded by Chiquita Brands International . </Li> <Li> The United Fruit Company is satirized in the Tropico series of videogames as Fruitas Ltd . The Tropico games focus on tropical economies and banana republics ; Fruitas plays a similar role in many campaign missions as United Fruit did in many Latin American countries . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Opie , Frederick Douglass ( July 2009 ) . Black Labor Migration in Caribbean Guatemala , 1882 -- 1923 . Florida Work in the Americas . University of Florida Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Minor Cooper Keith ( 1848 -- 1929 ) '' . United Fruit Historical Society . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blaney , Henry Robertson ( 1900 ) . The Golden Caribbean : A Winter Visit to the Republics of Colombia , Costa Rica , Spanish Honduras , Belize and the Spanish Main - via Boston and New Orleans . Norwood , Massachusetts : Lee and Shepard , Norwood Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rankin , Monica A. ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` The History of Costa Rica '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palmer , Steven ; Molina , Iván ( 1 January 2009 ) . `` The Costa Rica Reader : History , Culture , Politics '' . Duke University Press . Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Livingstone , Grace ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` America 's Backyard : The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror '' . Zed Books Ltd. -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Rich ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Birth of America 's Banana King : An excerpt from Rich Cohen 's The Fish That Ate the Whale '' . Slate.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samuel Zemurray ( 1877 -- 1961 ) '' . United Fruit Historical Society . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis , John Michael ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Iberia and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia '' . ABC - CLIO . Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bucheli , Marcelo ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` Bananas and Business : The United Fruit Company in Colombia , 1899 - 2000 '' . NYU Press -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shafer , D. Michael ( 11 May 1994 ) . `` Winners and Losers : How Sectors Shape the Developmental Prospects of States '' . Cornell University Press -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Striffler , Steve ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` In the Shadows of State and Capital : The United Fruit Company , Popular Struggle , and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador , 1900 -- 1995 '' . Duke University Press . Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerssen , Tanya M. ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Grabbing Power : The New Struggles for Land , Food and Democracy in Northern Honduras '' . Food First Books . Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rossi , Federico M. ; Bülow , Marisa von ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Social Movement Dynamics : New Perspectives on Theory and Research from Latin America '' . Routledge . Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Stephen -- Bitter Fruit '' . YouTube . Archived from the original ( video ) on October 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Rich ( 2012 ) . The Fish that Ate the Whale . New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux . p. 186 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ayala , Cesar J ( 1999 ) . American Sugar Kingdom . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frasinetti , Antonio M ( 1978 ) . Enclave y sociedad en Honduras ( in Spanish ) . Tegulcigalpa . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Independent ( 24 May 2008 ) . `` Big - business greed killing the banana '' . The New Zealand Herald . p . A19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacLean , Malcolm D ( 1968 ) . `` O. Henry in Honduras '' . American Literary Realism , 1870 -- 1910 . 1 / 3 . pp. 36 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Richard P. ( 2000 ) . Insatiable Appetite : The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World . University of California . pp. 43 -- 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Putnam , Lara ( 2002 ) . The Company They Kept : Migrants and the Politics of Gender in Caribbean Costa , 1870 - 1960 . pp. 35 -- 111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapman , Peter ( 2007 ) . Bananas : How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World . Canongate Books . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 881 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schoultz 1998 , p. 343 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schoultz 1998 , p. 340 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schoultz 1998 , p. 337 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schoultz 1998 , p. 342 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schoultz 1998 , p. 338 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver Stone , The Untold History of the USA , episode 6 after 6 minutes and 38 seconds : `` ( ... ) Ambassador Adlai Stevenson , in an embarrassing prequel to Colin Powell 's performance at the UN over Iraq in 2003 , showed a photograph of a plane supposedly flown by a Cuban defector , but quickly exposed as belonging to the CIA . The assault has begun on the dictatorship of Fidel Castro . Almost 1600 Cuban exiles arrived at the Bay of Pigs in 7 ships , 2 of them owned by United Fruit. ( ... ) '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Bogotá Embassy ( 5 December 1928 ) . `` Telegram from US Bogotá Embassy to the US Secretary of State , dated December 5 , 1928 '' . icdc.com . Colombia . Archived from the original on 9 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Bogotá Embassy ( 7 December 1928 ) . `` Telegram from US Bogotá Embassy to the US Secretary of State , dated December 7 , 1928 '' . icdc.com . Colombia . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Bogotá Embassy ( 29 December 1928 ) . `` Dispatch from US Bogotá Embassy to the US Secretary of State , dated December 29 , 1928 '' . icdc.com . Colombia . Archived from the original on 26 July 2002 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Bogotá Embassy ( 16 January 1929 ) . `` Dispatch from US Bogotá Embassy to the US Secretary of State , dated January 16 , 1929 '' . icdc.com . Colombia . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shields , Charles J. ( 2003 ) . Honduras Becomes the `` Banana Republic '' . Broomall , PA : Mason Crest Publishers . p. 18 . ISBN 9781590840962 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Soluri , John ( 2005 ) . Banana Cultures . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . pp. 19 , 40 -- 43 , 76 -- 85 , 104 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70957 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Kevin ( 2016 ) . A Camera in the Garden of Eden . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . pp. 39 -- 42 , 51 -- 52 , . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4773 - 0854 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : May , Stacy ; Plaza , , Galo ( 1958 ) . The United Fruit Company in Latin America . Austin , Texas : National Planning Association . pp. 84 -- 94,153 -- 154 , 183 -- 199 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ May , Stacy ; Plaza , , Galo ( 1958 ) . The United Fruit Company in Latin America . Austin , Texas : National Planning Association . pp. 84 -- 94,153 -- 154 , 183 -- 199 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bucheli , Marcelo ( July 2008 ) . `` Business History '' . Multinational corporations , totalitarian regimes and economic nationalism : United Fruit Company in Central America , 1899 - 1975 . 50 : 433 -- 454 -- via EBSCOhost . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brett , Edward T. ( 2009 ) . `` International Encyclopedia of Protest and Revolution '' . Honduran General Strike of 1954 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 16 -- via Blackwell Reference Online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Colombia seeks eight in Chiquita terrorist scandal '' . CSMonitor.com. 2007 - 03 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chiquita Brands Part III - C : Of Bananas , Money , Guns , and Drugs : What Did Chiquita Really Do ? '' . Colombia Law & Business Post . 2007 - 07 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Colombia May Seek Chiquita Extraditions '' . Washingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carl , Robert , Capt . USNR ( December 1976 ) . `` The Banana Navy '' . Proceedings . Annapolis , MD : United States Naval Institute : 50 -- 56 . ISSN 0041 - 798X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MARAD Vessel Status Card : Tivives . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SS Tivives ( + 1943 ) '' . Wrecksite.eu . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Silverstone , Paul H ( 1968 ) . US Warships of World War II . New York : Doubleday & Co. p. 329 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lloyd 's Register , Steamers & Motorships ( PDF ) . London : Lloyd 's Register . 1931 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Schoultz , Lars ( 1998 ) . Beneath the United States . Harvard University Press . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ; Kim , Min - Young ( July 2012 ) . `` Political Institutional Change , Obsolescing Legitimacy , and Multinational Corporations : The Case of the Central America Banana Industry '' . Management International Review . 52 ( 6 ) : 847 -- 877 . doi : 10.1007 / s11575 - 012 - 0141 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( July 2008 ) . `` Multinational Corporations , Totalitarian Regimes , and Economic Nationalism : United Fruit Company in Central America , 1899 -- 1975 '' . Business History . 50 ( 4 ) : 433 -- 454 . doi : 10.1080 / 00076790802106315 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( November 2005 ) . `` Banana War Maneuvers '' . Harvard Business Review . 83 ( 11 ) : 22 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( 2005 ) . Bananas and Business : The United Fruit Company in Colombia : 1899 -- 2000 . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9934 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ; Jones , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . `` The Octopus and the Generals : the United Fruit Company in Guatemala '' . Harvard Business School Case ( 9 - 805 - 146 ) . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( Summer 2004 ) . `` Enforcing Business Contracts in South America : the United Fruit Company and the Colombian Banana Planters in the Twentieth - Century '' . Business History Review . The President and Fellows of Harvard College . 78 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 212 . doi : 10.2307 / 25096865 . JSTOR 25096865 . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( 2006 ) . `` The United Fruit Company in Latin America : Business Strategies in a Changing Environment '' . In Jones , Geoffrey ; Wadhwani , R Daniel . Entrepreneurship and Global Capitalism. 2 . Cheltenham , England : Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 342 -- 383 . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ; Read , Ian ( 2006 ) . `` Banana Boats and Baby Food : The Banana in US History '' . In Topik , Steven ; Marichal , Carlos ; Frank , Zephyr . From Silver to Cocaine : Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy , 1500 -- 2000 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3766 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( 2003 ) . `` United Fruit Company in Latin America '' . In Moberg , Mark ; Striffler , Steve . Banana Wars : Power , Production , and History in the Americas . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3196 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . `` United Fruit Company '' . In Geisst , Charles . Encyclopedia of American Business History . London : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4350 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Bucheli , Marcelo ( 2004 ) . `` United Fruit Company '' . In McCusker , John . History of World Trade Since 1450 . New York : Macmillan Publishers . </Li> <Li> Cepeda Samudio , Álvaro ( 1962 ) . La Casa Grande . ISBN 0 - 292 - 74673 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Chapman , Peter ( 2007 ) . Jungle Capitalists . Canongate Books . ISBN 1 - 84767 - 098 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Chomsky , Aviva . West Indian Workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica , 1870 -- 1940 . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 585 - 32582 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Fallas , Carlos Luis ( 1940 ) . Mamita Yunai . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Maritime Administration . `` Tivives '' . Ship History Database Vessel Status Card . U.S. Department of Transportation , Maritime Administration . </Li> <Li> McCann , Thomas P ( 1987 ) . On the Inside . Beverly , MA : Quinlan Press . ISBN 1 - 58762 - 246 - 7 . Revised edition of An American Company ( 1976 ) . </Li> <Li> McWhirter , Cameron ; Gallagher , Michael ( May 3 , 1998 ) . `` How ' el pulpo ' became Chiquita Banana '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . </Li> <Li> Neruda , Pablo . Canto General . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05433 - 4 . `` La United Fruit Co . '' </Li> <Li> Schlesinger , Stephen ; Kinzer , Stephen ( 1982 ) . Bitter Fruit : The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14861 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Striffler , Steve ( 2002 ) . In the Shadows of State and Capital : The United Fruit Company , Popular Struggle , and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador , 1900 -- 1995 . Durham , NC ; London : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2863 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Vandermeer , John ; Perfecto , Ivette ( 2005 ) . Breakfast of Biodiversity . Oakland , CA : Institute of Food and Development Policy . ISBN 0 - 935028 - 96 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to United Fruit Company at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Ul> <Li> United Fruit Historical Society </Li> <Li> `` Our Complex History '' , from the Chiquita Brands International 2000 Corporate Responsibility Report ( via Archives.org ) </Li> <Li> United Fruit Company Photograph Collection , 1891 -- 1962 </Li> <Li> Chiquita Banana Protest Information on the company 's corruption </Li> <Li> From Arbenz to Zelaya : Chiquita in Latin America -- video report by Democracy Now ! </Li> <Li> United Fruit Company Photograph Collection at Baker Library Historical Collections , Harvard Business School </Li> <Li> United Fruit Company Photographs at the University of South Florida </Li> <Li> Banana - Express animadoc about interactions between United Fruit Company 's railroad in Costa Rica and the country development </Li> <Li> The Fleets -- United Fruit Company ( TheShipsList ) </Li> <Li> LIFE Magazine article , Feb. 19 , 1951 </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Fruit_Company&oldid=840639202 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Banana Wars </Li> <Li> Defunct agriculture companies of the United States </Li> <Li> Defunct shipping companies of the United States </Li> <Li> Guatemalan Revolution </Li> <Li> History of Colombia </Li> <Li> History of Costa Rica </Li> <Li> History of Guatemala </Li> <Li> History of Honduras </Li> <Li> History of Panama </Li> <Li> United Fruit Company </Li> <Li> American companies established in 1899 </Li> <Li> Companies disestablished in 1970 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> All articles with vague or ambiguous time </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous time from July 2014 </Li> <Li> All accuracy disputes </Li> <Li> Articles with disputed statements from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 </Li> <Li> NPOV disputes from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All NPOV disputes </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from March 2010 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ирон </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 17 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 04 : 49 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of leaders of North Korea - Wikipedia <H1> List of leaders of North Korea </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Parts of this article ( those related to the position of Chairman of the State Affairs Commission as reflected in the 2016 Constitution ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> North Korea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Democratic People 's Republic of Korea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Constitution ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Juche ( state ideology ) </Li> <Li> Songun ( `` military - first '' policy ) </Li> <Li> Eternal leaders of Juche Korea <Dl> <Dd> Kim Il - sung </Dd> <Dd> Kim Jong - il </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Workers ' Party ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman : Kim Jong - un </Li> <Li> Congress ( 7th ) <Ul> <Li> Charter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central Committee ( 7th ) </Li> <Li> Politburo <Ul> <Li> Standing Committee </Li> <Li> Executive Policy Bureau </Li> <Li> Central Military Commission </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Chairman : Kim Jong - un </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Organization and Guidance Department </Li> <Li> Kimilsungist - Kimjongilist Youth League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State Affairs Commission ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman <Dl> <Dd> Kim Jong - un </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Korean People 's Army <Dl> <Dd> Supreme Commander : Kim Jong - un </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Cabinet <Dl> <Dd> Premier : Pak Pong - ju </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Judiciary <Dl> <Dd> Supreme Court </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Legislature <Dl> <Dd> President : Kim Yong - nam </Dd> <Dd> Presidium </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Recent elections <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Parliamentary : 2003 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Local : 2007 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Administrative divisions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> First - level <Dl> <Dd> Provinces </Dd> <Dd> Special cities </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Second - level </Li> <Li> Third - level <Dl> <Dd> Eup ( city ) </Dd> <Dd> Dong ( neighborhood ) </Dd> <Dd> Ri ( village ) </Dd> <Dd> Rodonjagu ( workers ' district ) </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreign relations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Minister of Foreign Affairs </Li> <Li> Diplomatic missions <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> of North Korea </Li> <Li> to North Korea </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Passport <Dl> <Dd> Visa requirements </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Korean conflict </Li> <Li> Korean reunification </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Censorship </Li> <Li> Human rights </Li> <Li> Kim dynasty </Li> <Li> Propaganda </Li> <Li> Illicit activities </Li> </Ul> Law ( Enforcement Security Ministry ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of political leaders of North Korea , officially called the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) . </P> <P> At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union occupied the northern half of Korea and in 1946 established the Provisional People 's Committee for North Korea chaired by Kim Il - sung . On 9 September 1948 , the DPRK was proclaimed , also led by Kim Il - sung . </P> <P> The supreme leaders of the DPRK have been Kim Il - sung , his son Kim Jong - il , and his grandson Kim Jong - un . In this role they have not held consistent titles , though they were each leaders of the Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) -- titled as Chairman from 1948 to 1966 , General Secretary from 1966 to 2011 , First Secretary from 2011 to 2016 , and finally Chairman again since 2016 -- for almost all of their period in power . Even though they have the appearance of a dynasty , there is no formal succession . </P> <P> From 1948 to 1972 , the nominal head of state was the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People 's Assembly ( SPA ) . In 1972 , the constitution was amended to create an executive presidency . Kim Il - sung , who had served as Premier of North Korea since the DPRK 's inception , was unanimously elected President of North Korea by the Supreme People 's Assembly on December 28 . He held this office until his death on 8 July 1994 when he was proclaimed the `` Eternal President of the Republic '' . Since then , the practical functions of the head of state have been exercised by the President of the Presidium of the SPA . </P> <P> After the death of Kim Il - sung , his son Kim Jong - il was understood to have inherited his father 's near - absolute control over the country . Although he had been his father 's designated successor since at least 1991 , it took him three years to fully consolidate his power . He was elected general secretary of the party in 1997 , and was reelected Chairman of the National Defence Commission ( NDC ) in 1998 . During his rule he was given a range of titles . He ruled the country until his death on 17 December 2011 . He was succeeded by his son , Kim Jong - un , who was revealed to be in charge of the country since his father 's death by the Rodong Sinmun and finally publicly acknowledged as supreme leader at the military review ending Kim Jong - il 's funeral on 29 December 2011 . </P> <P> The government is headed by the Premier of the Cabinet , formerly called Premier of the Administration Council . </P> <P> Other important institutions include the SPA , whose sessions are chaired by the Chairman of the Supreme People 's Assembly , and , since 1993 , the Chairman of the NDC -- since 2016 , known as the State Affairs Commission -- which holds supreme command of the DPRK 's armed forces . </P> <P> While two other parties , the Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party , nominally exist , only the WPK holds any power at the national level . The other parties , and indeed all other mass organizations in the country , are completely subservient to the WPK . They exist solely to keep up the appearance that the country is a pluralist society . Almost nothing is mentioned about the minor parties except the names of their current leaders . </P> <P> Since 1997 , the SPA chairman , premier and NDC / SAC chairman have officially formed a triumvirate heading the executive branch , with powers equivalent to one - third of a president 's powers in other presidential systems . The SPA chairman conducts foreign affairs and receives the credentials of ambassadors , the premier handles domestic policy and the NDC / SAC chairman commands the armed forces . In practice , however , the real power is vested in the SAC chairman ( who has also been leader of the WPK ) , an office constitutionally defined as the `` highest post in the state . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Supreme Leader of the DPRK </Li> <Li> 2 Leaders of the Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) </Li> <Li> 3 Heads of state </Li> <Li> 4 Heads of government </Li> <Li> 5 Heads of parliament </Li> <Li> 6 Heads of the military </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Supreme leader of the DPRK ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Constitution of North Korea has recognized the title `` Supreme Leader '' since 2009 , when the Chairman of the National Defence Commission was formally designated as `` the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea . '' It was slightly amended in 2012 , with `` Chairman '' replaced by `` First Chairman . '' It was further amended in 2016 to reflect the replacement of the NDC with the State Affairs Commission . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Generations of leadership </Dt> </Dl> <P> First generation Second generation Third generation </P> <Ul> <Li> Bold offices refer to the highest position in the Workers ' Party of Korea </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Picture </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Offices held </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Period </Th> <Th> Ideology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il - sung 김일성 ( 1912 -- 1994 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supreme Commander of the KPA </Td> <Td> 8 February 1948 -- 24 December 1991 </Td> <Td> 9 September 1948 ↓ 8 July 1994 ( 7004167380000000000 ♠ 45 years , 302 days ) </Td> <Td> Juche ( Ten Principles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Premier of the Cabinet of the DPRK </Td> <Td> 9 September 1948 -- 28 December 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the Central Committee of the WPK </Td> <Td> 30 June 1949 -- 11 October 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK </Td> <Td> 26 June 1950 -- 8 July 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General Secretary of the Central Committee of the WPK </Td> <Td> 11 October 1966 -- 8 July 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President of the DPRK </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 -- 8 July 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 -- 9 April 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eternal President of the DPRK </Td> <Td> 5 September 1998 -- Incumbent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - il 김정일 ( 1942 -- 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supreme Commander of the KPA </Td> <Td> 24 December 1991 -- 17 December 2011 </Td> <Td> 8 July 1994 ↓ 17 December 2011 ( 7003637100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 162 days ) </Td> <Td> Juche Songun ( Ten Principles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK </Td> <Td> 9 April 1993 -- 17 December 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General Secretary of the WPK </Td> <Td> 8 October 1997 -- 17 December 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eternal General Secretary of the WPK </Td> <Td> 11 April 2012 -- Incumbent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK </Td> <Td> 13 April 2012 -- Incumbent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - un 김정은 ( born 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supreme Commander of the KPA </Td> <Td> 30 December 2011 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 17 December 2011 ↓ Incumbent ( 7003215300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 326 days ) </Td> <Td> Juche Songun ( Ten Principles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First Secretary of the WPK </Td> <Td> 11 April 2012 -- 9 May 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK </Td> <Td> 11 April 2012 -- Incumbent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK </Td> <Td> 13 April 2012 -- 29 June 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the WPK </Td> <Td> 9 May 2016 -- Incumbent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chairman of the State Affairs Commission </Td> <Td> 29 June 2016 -- Incumbent </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Leaders of the Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) ( edit ) </H2> Flag of the Workers ' Party of Korea <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Picture </Th> <Th> Name ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Political Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chairman of the Central Committee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Tu - bong ( 1889 -- 1958 ) </Td> <Td> 28 August 1946 </Td> <Td> 30 June 1949 </Td> <Td> WPNK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il - sung ( 1912 -- 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 30 June 1949 </Td> <Td> 11 October 1966 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> General Secretary of the Central Committee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il - sung ( 1912 -- 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 11 October 1966 </Td> <Td> 8 July 1994 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> General Secretary of the Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - il ( 1942 -- 2011 ) </Td> <Td> 8 October 1997 </Td> <Td> Incumbent ( deceased ; see explanation below ) </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> First Secretary of the Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - un ( born 1984 ) </Td> <Td> 11 April 2012 </Td> <Td> 9 May 2016 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Chairman of the Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( 4 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - un ( born 1984 ) </Td> <Td> 9 May 2016 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kim Jong - il died on 17 December 2011 , but has since been posthumously named the `` Eternal General Secretary '' . Thus his son and successor as leader , Kim Jong - un , was not given the title of General Secretary . </P> <H2> Heads of state ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Picture </Th> <Th> Name ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Political Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People 's Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Tu - bong ( 1889 -- 1958 ) </Td> <Td> 9 September 1948 </Td> <Td> 20 September 1957 </Td> <Td> WPNK / WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Choe Yong - gon ( 1900 -- 1976 ) </Td> <Td> 20 September 1957 </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> President of the Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il - sung ( 1912 -- 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> Incumbent ( deceased ; see explanation below ) </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> President of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yang Hyong - sop ( born 1925 ) </Td> <Td> 8 July 1994 </Td> <Td> 5 September 1998 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Yong - nam ( born 1928 ) </Td> <Td> 5 September 1998 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kim Il - sung died on 8 July 1994 , but has since been posthumously named the `` Eternal President of the Republic '' . Thus his son and successor as leader , the late Kim Jong - il , was not given the title of President and the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly became de jure head of state . </P> <H2> Heads of government ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Picture </Th> <Th> Name ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Political Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Premier of the Cabinet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il - sung ( 1912 -- 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 9 September 1948 </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> WPNK / WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Premier of the Administration Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il ( 1910 -- 1984 ) </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> 29 April 1976 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pak Song - chol ( 1913 -- 2008 ) </Td> <Td> 19 April 1976 </Td> <Td> 16 December 1977 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ri Jong - ok ( 1916 -- 1999 ) </Td> <Td> 16 December 1977 </Td> <Td> 27 January 1984 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kang Song - san ( 1931 -- 2007 ) </Td> <Td> 27 January 1984 </Td> <Td> 29 December 1986 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ri Kun - mo ( born 1926 ) </Td> <Td> 29 December 1986 </Td> <Td> 12 December 1988 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yon Hyong - muk ( 1931 -- 2005 ) </Td> <Td> 12 December 1988 </Td> <Td> 11 December 1992 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kang Song - san ( 1931 -- 2007 ) </Td> <Td> 11 December 1992 </Td> <Td> 21 February 1997 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hong Song - nam ( 1929 -- 2009 ) Acting Premier </Td> <Td> 21 February 1997 </Td> <Td> 5 September 1998 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Premier of the Cabinet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hong Song - nam ( 1929 -- 2009 ) </Td> <Td> 5 September 1998 </Td> <Td> 3 September 2003 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pak Pong - ju ( born 1939 ) </Td> <Td> 3 September 2003 </Td> <Td> 11 April 2007 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Yong - il ( born 1944 ) </Td> <Td> 11 April 2007 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2010 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Choe Yong - rim ( born 1930 ) </Td> <Td> 7 June 2010 </Td> <Td> 1 April 2013 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pak Pong - ju ( born 1939 ) </Td> <Td> 1 April 2013 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Heads of parliament ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Picture </Th> <Th> Name ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Political Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People 's Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Tu - bong ( 1889 -- 1958 ) </Td> <Td> 9 September 1948 </Td> <Td> 20 September 1957 </Td> <Td> WPNK / WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Choe Yong - gon ( 1900 -- 1976 ) </Td> <Td> 20 September 1957 </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hwang Jang - yop ( 1923 -- 2010 ) </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yang Hyong - sop ( born 1925 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 September 1998 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chairman of the Supreme People 's Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Choe Thae - bok ( born 1930 ) </Td> <Td> 5 September 1998 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Heads of the military ( edit ) </H2> Flag of the Korean People 's Army <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Picture </Th> <Th> Name ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Political Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers ' Party of Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il - sung ( 1912 -- 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 26 June 1950 </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chairman of the National Defence Commission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Il - sung ( 1912 -- 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 28 December 1972 </Td> <Td> 9 April 1993 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - il ( 1942 -- 2011 ) </Td> <Td> 9 April 1993 </Td> <Td> Incumbent ( deceased ; see explanation below ) </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> First Chairman of the National Defence Commission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - un ( born 1984 ) </Td> <Td> 13 April 2012 </Td> <Td> 29 June 2016 </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chairman of the State Affairs Commission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim Jong - un ( born 1984 ) </Td> <Td> 29 June 2016 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> WPK </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kim Jong - il died on 17 December 2011 , but has since been posthumously named the `` Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission '' . Thus his son and successor as leader , Kim Jong - un , was given the title of `` First Chairman '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> North Korea portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of heads of state of North Korea </Li> <Li> Premier of North Korea <Ul> <Li> List of Premiers of North Korea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Government of North Korea </Li> <Li> Politics of North Korea </Li> <Li> Residences of North Korean leaders </Li> <Li> Eternal leaders of Juche Korea </Li> <Li> North Korean cult of personality </Li> <Li> Kim dynasty </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Savada , Andrea Matles . `` Mass Organizations . '' North Korea : A country study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1993 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petrov , Leonid ( 12 October 2009 ) . `` DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution '' . Leonid Petrov 's KOREA VISION . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article 100 '' . Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( PDF ) . Amended and supplemented on April 1 , Juche 102 ( 2013 ) , at the Seventh Session of the Twelfth Supreme People 's Assembly . Pyongyang : Foreign Languages Publishing House . 2014 . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 9946 - 0 - 1099 - 1 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> World Statesmen -- North Korea </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Korea topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Monarchs </Li> <Li> Military </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chronology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gojoseon <Ul> <Li> Wiman Joseon / Jin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Proto -- Three Kingdoms <Ul> <Li> Buyeo / Okjeo / Dongye / Samhan / Chinese Commanderies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Three Kingdoms <Ul> <Li> Goguryeo / Baekje / Silla / Gaya </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North -- South States Period <Ul> <Li> Unified Silla / Balhae </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Later Three Kingdoms <Ul> <Li> Taebong / Later Baekje / Silla </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Goryeo </Li> <Li> Joseon </Li> <Li> Korean Empire </Li> <Li> Japanese rule <Ul> <Li> Provisional Government </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Division of Korea <Ul> <Li> USAMGIK / SCA / Korean War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South Korea / North Korea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Korean Peninsula </Li> <Li> Lakes </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Provinces </Li> <Li> Regions </Li> <Li> Special cities </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Environment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Politics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> North Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Government <Ul> <Li> President </Li> <Li> Premier </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human rights </Li> <Li> Juche </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> National Defence Commission </Li> <Li> Nuclear program </Li> <Li> Politics <Ul> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> <Li> Workers ' Party of Korea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Supreme People 's Assembly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Government <Ul> <Li> President </Li> <Li> Prime Minister </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human rights </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> National Assembly </Li> <Li> Politics <Ul> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Economy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> North Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Automotive industry </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Famine </Li> <Li> Informal economy </Li> <Li> Mining </Li> <Li> Special economic zone </Li> <Li> Telecommunications </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Won ( currency ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Car industry </Li> <Li> Chaebol </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Financial services </Li> <Li> Fishing </Li> <Li> `` Miracle on the Han River '' </Li> <Li> Real estate </Li> <Li> Telecommunications </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Trade unions </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Won ( currency ) </Li> <Li> 1997 financial crisis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Demographics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Koreans <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Koreatown </Li> <Li> Language <Ul> <Li> Hangul </Li> <Li> Hanja </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Names </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> South Korea <Ul> <Li> adoptees </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Culture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cinema </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Martial arts </Li> <Li> Mythology </Li> <Li> Philosophy </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Ssireum ( wrestling ) </Li> <Li> Swords </Li> <Li> Tea ceremony </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Calligraphy </Li> <Li> Drama </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Painting </Li> <Li> Pottery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arirang Festival </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Juche </Li> <Li> Propaganda </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Smoking </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> K - 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sung </Li> <Li> Kim Jong - il </Li> <Li> Kim Jong - un </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heads of state </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kim Tu - bong </Li> <Li> Choe Yong - gon </Li> <Li> Kim Il - sung </Li> <Li> Yang Hyong - sop </Li> <Li> Kim Yong - nam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heads of government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kim Il - sung </Li> <Li> Kim Il </Li> <Li> Pak Song - chol </Li> <Li> Ri Jong - ok </Li> <Li> Kang Song - san </Li> <Li> Ri Kun - mo </Li> <Li> Yon Hyong - muk </Li> <Li> Kang Song - san </Li> <Li> Hong Song - nam </Li> <Li> Hong Song - nam </Li> <Li> Pak Pong - ju </Li> <Li> Kim Yong - il </Li> <Li> Choe Yong - rim </Li> <Li> Pak Pong - ju </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republic of Korea </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Heads of state and government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syngman Rhee </Li> <Li> Heo Jeong </Li> <Li> Kwak Sang - hoon </Li> <Li> Baek Nak - jun </Li> <Li> Yun Bo - seon </Li> <Li> Park Chung - hee </Li> <Li> Park Chung - hee </Li> <Li> Choi Kyu - hah </Li> <Li> Choi Kyu - hah </Li> <Li> Pak Choong - hoon </Li> <Li> Chun Doo - hwan </Li> <Li> Roh Tae - woo </Li> <Li> Kim Young - sam </Li> <Li> Kim Dae - jung </Li> <Li> Roh Moo - hyun </Li> <Li> Goh Kun </Li> <Li> Roh Moo - hyun </Li> <Li> Lee Myung - bak </Li> <Li> Park Geun - hye </Li> <Li> Hwang Kyo - ahn </Li> <Li> Moon Jae - in </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_leaders_of_North_Korea&oldid=807721714 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of office - holders </Li> <Li> Positions of authority </Li> <Li> Government of North Korea </Li> <Li> Politics of North Korea </Li> <Li> North Korea - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles in need of updating </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 19 : 32 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Femina Miss India 2017 - Wikipedia <H1> Femina Miss India 2017 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Femina Miss India 2017 '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Femina Miss India 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> June 25 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presenters </Th> <Td> Karan Johar Ritesh Deshmukh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Yash Raj Film Studio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Entrants </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Placements </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winner </Th> <Td> Haryana - Manushi Chhillar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Congeniality </Th> <Td> Tripura - Rinky Chakma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Photogenic </Th> <Td> Haryana - Manushi Chhillar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2016 2018 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Femina Miss India 2017 was the 54th edition of the Femina Miss India beauty pageant held on 25 June 2017 at Yash Raj Film Studio , Mumbai . Contestants from all 30 states competed for the crowns . Outgoing title holder Priyadarshini Chatterjee crowned her successor Manushi Chhillar of Haryana at the end of the event . Sushruthi Krishna crowned Sana Dua of Jammu and Kashmir as 1st Runner Up . Priyanka Kumari of Bihar was crowned as 2nd Runner Up by Pankhuri Gidwani . </P> <P> As Femina Miss India World 2017 , Manushi Chhillar will now represent India at Miss World 2017 . After Femina Miss India 2017 pageant , it was announced that Sana Dua , Femina Miss India 1st Runner Up 2017 , will be India 's representative at Miss United Continents 2017 to be held in Ecuador . In addition , it was announced that Anukriti Gusain , Femina Miss India Uttrakhand 2017 , will be India 's representative at Miss Grand International 2017 to be held in Vietnam . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Final results </Li> <Li> 2 Sub Title Awards <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Best National Costume </Li> <Li> 2.2 Body Beautiful </Li> <Li> 2.3 Miss Active </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Contestants </Li> <Li> 4 Crossovers </Li> <Li> 5 Hosts </Li> <Li> 6 Judges </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Final results ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> fbb Femina Miss India World 2017 </Td> <Td> Haryana - Manushi Chhillar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> fbb Femina Miss United Continents India 2017 </Td> <Td> Jammu & Kashmir - Sana Dua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> fbb Femina Miss Intercontinental India 2017 </Td> <Td> Bihar - Priyanka Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> fbb Femina Miss Grand India 2017 </Td> <Td> Uttrakhand - Anukriti Gusain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 6 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maharashtra - Aishwarya Devan </Li> <Li> Uttar Pradesh - Shefali Sood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 15 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rajasthan - Aditi Hundia </Li> <Li> Arunachal Pradesh - Licha Thosum </Li> <Li> Mizoram - Rody H Vanlalhriatpuii </Li> <Li> Assam - Triveni Burman </Li> <Li> Kerala - Mannat Singh </Li> <Li> Karnataka - Swati Muppala </Li> <Li> Punjab - Navpreet Kaur </Li> <Li> Delhi - Maira Choudhary </Li> <Li> Goa - Audrey D'Silva </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sub Title Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Multimedia </Td> <Td> Uttrakhand - Anukriti Gusain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beauty with a Purpose </Td> <Td> Tripura - Rinky Chakma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best National Costume </Td> <Td> Arunachal Pradesh - Licha Thosum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Fashion Icon </Td> <Td> Rajasthan - Aditi Hundia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Vivacious </Td> <Td> Goa - Audrey D'Silva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Goodness Ambassador </Td> <Td> Bihar - Priyanka Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Popular </Td> <Td> Mizoram - Rody H Vanlalhriatpuii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Rampwalk </Td> <Td> Bihar - Priyanka Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Body Beautiful </Td> <Td> Jharkhand - Vamika Nidhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Refreshing Beauty </Td> <Td> Uttarakhand - Anukriti Gusain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Makeover </Td> <Td> Jammu and Kashmir - Sana Dua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Glowing Skin </Td> <Td> Assam - Triveni Barman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Tech Diva </Td> <Td> Uttar Pradesh - Shefali Sood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Spectacular Eyes </Td> <Td> Maharashtra - Aishwarya Devan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Lifestyle </Td> <Td> Maharashtra - Aishwarya Devan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Active </Td> <Td> Chhattisgarh - Vinali Bhatnagar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Getaway Goddess </Td> <Td> Rajasthan - Aditi Hundia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Congeniality </Td> <Td> Tripura - Rinky Chakma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Beautiful Smile </Td> <Td> Maharashtra - Aishwarya Devan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Photogenic </Td> <Td> Haryana - Manushi Chhillar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Rising Star </Td> <Td> Maharashtra - Aishwarya Devan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Talented </Td> <Td> Telangana - Simran Choudhary ( Tie ) <P> Mizoram - Rody H Vanlalhriatpuii ( Tie ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Best National Costume ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Arunachal Pradesh - Licha Thosum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 9 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Uttarakhand - Anukriti Gusain </Li> <Li> Nagaland - Kaheli Chophy </Li> <Li> Manipur - Kanchan Soibam </Li> <Li> Tripura - Rinky Chakma </Li> <Li> Mizoram - Rody H Vanlalhriatpuii </Li> <Li> Assam - Triveni Barman </Li> <Li> Chhattisgarh - Vinali Bhatnagar </Li> <Li> Bihar - Priyanka Kumari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Body Beautiful ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Jharkhand - Vamika Nidhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 9 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Goa - Audrey D'Silva </Li> <Li> Haryana - Manushi Chhillar </Li> <Li> Delhi - Maira Chowdhury </Li> <Li> Karnataka - Swathi Muppala </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu - Sherlin Seth </Li> <Li> Tripura - Rinky Chakma </Li> <Li> Mizoram - Rody H Vanlalhriatpuii </Li> <Li> Gujarat - Amardeep Kaur Syan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Miss Active ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Chhattisgarh - Vinali Bhatnagar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka - Swathi Muppala </Li> <Li> Telangana - Simran Choudhary </Li> <Li> Goa - Audrey D'Silva </Li> <Li> Mizoram - Rody H Vanlalhriatpuii </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Contestants ( edit ) </H2> <P> Femina introduced a new format in 2017 for the selection of the contestants to compete in the finale of Femina Miss India 2017 . Auditions were held in 4 zones , where one representative from each of the 29 states and the national capital Delhi were selected for the finale . The 30 representatives were officially designated as Femina Miss India state winners ( e.g. , Femina Miss India Andhra Pradesh 2017 , Femina Miss India Assam 2017 , Femina Miss India Goa 2017 , Femina Miss India Haryana 2017 , etc . ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Zone </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Height </Th> <Th> Placement and Awards </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Madhya Pradesh </Td> <Td> Adya Shrivastava </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Uttarakhand </Td> <Td> Anukriti Gusain </Td> <Td> 5'6 '' </Td> <Td> Top 6 <P> Miss Multimedia </P> <P> Miss Refreshing Beauty </P> </Td> <Td> Previously 4th Runner Up , Miss Asia Pacific World 2014 <P> Finalist , Femina Miss India 2013 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> Maira Chowdhury </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Top 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Haryana </Td> <Td> Manushi Chhillar </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> Femina Miss India 2017 <P> Miss Photogenic </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Punjab </Td> <Td> Navpreet Kaur </Td> <Td> 5'7 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 </Td> <Td> Finalist , Femina Miss India 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Jammu and Kashmir </Td> <Td> Sana Dua </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> 1st Runner Up <P> Best Makeover </P> </Td> <Td> Previously 1st Runner Up , Senorita India 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Himachal Pradesh </Td> <Td> Santoshi Ranaut </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Uttar Pradesh </Td> <Td> Shefali Sood </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> Top 6 <P> Miss Tech Diva </P> </Td> <Td> Previously Miss Indian Diva 2016 <P> Previously Miss India Elite 2013 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Odisha </Td> <Td> Christeena Biju </Td> <Td> 5'9.5 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Nagaland </Td> <Td> Kaheli Chophy </Td> <Td> 5'6 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Previously 1st Runner Up , Eclectic Model Hunt 2015 <P> Previously 1st Runner Up , Miss Nagaland 2014 ( not affiliated to Femina ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Manipur </Td> <Td> Kanchan Soibam </Td> <Td> 5'6 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Previously 2nd Runner Up , Mega Miss North East 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Meghalaya </Td> <Td> Kiran Laishram </Td> <Td> 5'5 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Arunachal Pradesh </Td> <Td> Licha Thosum </Td> <Td> 5'5.5 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 <P> Best National Costume </P> </Td> <Td> Previously 1st Runner Up , Mega Miss North East 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Bihar </Td> <Td> Priyanka Kumari </Td> <Td> 5'7.5 '' </Td> <Td> 2nd Runner Up <P> Miss Goodness Ambassador </P> <P> Miss Rampwalk </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Tripura </Td> <Td> Rinky Chakma </Td> <Td> 5'9 '' </Td> <Td> Beauty with a Purpose <P> Miss Congeniality </P> </Td> <Td> Previously 1st Runner Up , Mega Miss North East 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Mizoram </Td> <Td> Rody H Vanlalhriatpuii </Td> <Td> 5'7.5 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 <P> Miss Popular </P> <P> Miss Talented ( Tie ) </P> </Td> <Td> Reigning Miss Mizoram 2017 ( not affiliated to Femina ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Sikkim </Td> <Td> Roshni Ghimirey </Td> <Td> 5'7 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> West Bengal </Td> <Td> Shivankita Dixit </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Assam </Td> <Td> Triveni Barman </Td> <Td> 5'6 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 <P> Miss Glowing Skin </P> </Td> <Td> Previously Winner , Eclectic Model Hunt 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Jharkhand </Td> <Td> Vamika Nidhi </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> Miss Body Beautiful </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Chhattisgarh </Td> <Td> Vinali Bhatnagar </Td> <Td> 5'6.7 '' </Td> <Td> Miss Active </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> West </Td> <Td> Rajasthan </Td> <Td> Aditi Hundia </Td> <Td> 5'5 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 <P> Miss Fashion Icon </P> <P> Miss Getaway Goddess </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> West </Td> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Devan </Td> <Td> 5'6 '' </Td> <Td> Top 6 <P> Miss Spectacular Eyes </P> <P> Miss Lifestyle </P> <P> Miss Beautiful Smile </P> <P> Miss Rising Star </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> West </Td> <Td> Gujarat </Td> <Td> Amardeep Kaur Syan </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> West </Td> <Td> Goa </Td> <Td> Audrey D'Silva </Td> <Td> 5'5 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 <P> Miss Vivacious </P> </Td> <Td> Previously 2nd Runner Up , Miss India Worldwide India 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> South </Td> <Td> Kerala </Td> <Td> Mannat Singh </Td> <Td> 5'11.5 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> South </Td> <Td> Tamil Nadu </Td> <Td> Sherlin Seth </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> South </Td> <Td> Telengana </Td> <Td> Simran Choudhary </Td> <Td> 5'8 '' </Td> <Td> Miss Talented ( Tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> South </Td> <Td> Andhra Pradesh </Td> <Td> Srishti Vyakaranam </Td> <Td> 5'9 '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> South </Td> <Td> Karnataka </Td> <Td> Swathi Muppala </Td> <Td> 5'6 '' </Td> <Td> Top 15 </Td> <Td> Replaced Ruhika Dass as Femina Miss India Karnataka 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Crossovers ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Miss Asia Pacific World </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 2014 : Anukriti Gusain ( 4th Runner up ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Miss Asia Pacific International </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 2016 : Srishti Vyakaranam ( Top 10 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Femina Miss India </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 2016 : Navpreet Kaur ( Top 5 ) </Li> <Li> 2013 : Anukriti Gusain ( Top 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Miss India Worldwide India </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 2014 : Audrey D'Silva ( 2nd Runner up ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Hosts ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Karan Johar </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ritesh Deshmukh </Li> </Ul> <H2> Judges ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stephanie Del Valle - Miss World 2016 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bipasha Basu - Bollywood Actress </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Arjun Rampal - Bollywood Actor </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ileana D'Cruz - Bollywood Actress </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Abhishek Kapoor - Director and Producer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Vidyut Jammwal - Bollywood Actor </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Manish Malhotra - Fashion Designer </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/haryana-girl-manushi-is-femina-miss-india-world-2017/story-ueVRc7ma4aNRnzDMOvodzJ.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-2017/liveblog/59287994.cms?from=mdr </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sana-dua-to-represent-india-at-miss-united-continents-2017/articleshow/59610954.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/anukriti-gusain-to-represent-india-at-miss-grand-international-2017/articleshow/59635627.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/the-winners-of-fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-south-2017-announced/articleshow/57488244.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/the-winners-of-fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-east-2017-announced/articleshow/57882265.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/the-winners-of-fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-north-2017-announced/articleshow/58213014.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/the-winners-of-fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-west-2017-announced/articleshow/58814161.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/contestants/Miss-India-2017/contestantslist/57484803.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/Rewati-Chetri-to-represent-India-at-Miss-International-2016/articleshow/54292063.cms </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://indianandworldpageant.com/2017/04/16/shefali-sood-crowned-femina-miss-india-uttar-pradesh-2017/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/binita-chhetry-wins-ponds-eclectic-model-hunt-2015/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/State/StateNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA3MDE0NQ== </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://morungexpress.com/kaheli-chophy-selected-femina-miss-india-nagaland-2017/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://thenortheasttoday.com/meriya-subba-from-sikkim-becomes-14th-sunsilk-miss-north-east-2016/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://thenortheasttoday.com/shillong-girl-wins-sunsilk-mega-miss-north-east-2015/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://eclecticnortheast.in/rody-h-vanlalhriatpuii-wins-miss-mizoram-2017/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/10937-triveni-barman-crowned-eclectic-model-hunt-2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/ruhika-dass-withdraws-from-miss-india-2017-due-to-illness/articleshow/58947460.cms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2017/06/01/swathi-muppala-replaces-ruhika-dass-as-femina-miss-india-karnataka-2017/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ( 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Femina Miss India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ... 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Femina_Miss_India_2017&oldid=801527254 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Femina Miss India </Li> <Li> 2017 beauty pageants </Li> <Li> 2017 in India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with topics of unclear notability from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with topics of unclear notability </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 05 : 57 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia <H1> America 's Got Talent </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Got Talent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality Talent contest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simon Cowell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Russell Norman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creative director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Brian Friedman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regis Philbin </Li> <Li> Jerry Springer </Li> <Li> Nick Cannon </Li> <Li> Tyra Banks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Piers Morgan </Li> <Li> David Hasselhoff </Li> <Li> Brandy Norwood </Li> <Li> Sharon Osbourne </Li> <Li> Howard Stern </Li> <Li> Howie Mandel </Li> <Li> Mel B </Li> <Li> Heidi Klum </Li> <Li> Simon Cowell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 302 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simon Cowell </Li> <Li> Sam Donnelly </Li> <Li> Jason Raff </Li> <Li> Rob Wade </Li> <Li> Trish Kinane </Li> <Li> Richard Wallace </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 44 -- 104 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> FremantleMedia Enterprises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom . </P> <P> This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . </P> <P> The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . </P> <P> On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . The series has been renewed through its thirteenth season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Guest judges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Selection process <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Producers ' auditions </Li> <Li> 2.2 Judges ' Auditions <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Judge cuts </Li> <Li> 2.4 YouTube auditions </Li> <Li> 2.5 Live shows </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Season synopses <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Post-show <Ul> <Li> 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live </Li> <Li> 4.2 Holiday Spectacular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 U.S. television ratings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants </Li> <Li> 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 International broadcasts </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Duration </Th> <Th> Winner 's prize </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Finalists </Th> <Th> Presenter </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Judges </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premiere </Th> <Th> Finale </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Th> Third place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 21 , 2006 </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2006 </Td> <Td> $ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> Bianca Ryan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> All That & The Millers </Td> <Td> Regis Philbin </Td> <Td> David Hasselhoff </Td> <Td> Piers Morgan </Td> <Td> Brandy Norwood </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 5 , 2007 </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Terry Fator </Td> <Td> Cas Haley </Td> <Td> Butterscotch </Td> <Td> Jerry Springer </Td> <Td> Sharon Osbourne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 17 , 2008 </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Neal E. Boyd </Td> <Td> Eli Mattson </Td> <Td> Nuttin ' But Stringz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Kevin Skinner </Td> <Td> Bárbara Padilla </Td> <Td> Recycled Percussion </Td> <Td> Nick Cannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> June 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Michael Grimm </Td> <Td> Jackie Evancho </Td> <Td> Fighting Gravity </Td> <Td> Howie Mandel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> May 31 , 2011 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . </Td> <Td> Silhouettes </Td> <Td> Team iLuminate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> May 14 , 2012 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Olate Dogs </Td> <Td> Tom Cotter </Td> <Td> William Close </Td> <Td> Howard Stern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> June 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Kenichi Ebina </Td> <Td> Taylor Williamson </Td> <Td> Jimmy Rose </Td> <Td> Mel B </Td> <Td> Heidi Klum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> May 27 , 2014 </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Mat Franco </Td> <Td> Emily West </Td> <Td> AcroArmy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> May 26 , 2015 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Paul Zerdin </Td> <Td> Drew Lynch </Td> <Td> Oz Pearlman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> May 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Grace VanderWaal </Td> <Td> The Clairvoyants </Td> <Td> Jon Dorenbos </Td> <Td> Simon Cowell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> May 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Darci Lynne Farmer </Td> <Td> Angelica Hale </Td> <Td> Light Balance </Td> <Td> Tyra Banks </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . </Li> <Li> ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . </Li> <Li> A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . </Li> </Ol> Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks <H3> Guest judges ( edit ) </H3> <P> Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Neil Patrick Harris </Td> <Td> Michael Bublé </Td> <Td> Marlon Wayans </Td> <Td> Piers Morgan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Ne - Yo </Td> <Td> Reba McEntire </Td> <Td> George Lopez </Td> <Td> Louis Tomlinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Chris Hardwick </Td> <Td> DJ Khaled </Td> <Td> Laverne Cox </Td> <Td> Seal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Selection process ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Producers ' auditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . </P> <H3> Judges ' auditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 in seasons 1 to 7 , or 4 from season 8 onwards ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . </P> Golden buzzer ( edit ) <P> Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts </Dd> <Dd> Quarterfinalist </Dd> <Dd> Reached Semifinals </Dd> <Dd> Reached Finals </Dd> <Dd> Fifth Place </Dd> <Dd> Fourth Place </Dd> <Dd> Third Place </Dd> <Dd> Runner - up </Dd> <Dd> Won season </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Nick Cannon </Th> <Th> Howie Mandel </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Heidi Klum </Th> <Th> Howard Stern </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> Dustin 's Dojo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Drew Lynch </Td> <Td> Sharon Irving </Td> <Td> Arielle Baril </Td> <Td> Freckled Sky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Nick Cannon </Th> <Th> Howie Mandel </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Heidi Klum </Th> <Th> Simon Cowell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Dorothy Williams </Td> <Td> Grace VanderWaal </Td> <Td> Laura Bretan </Td> <Td> Sal Valentinetti </Td> <Td> Calysta Bevier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Tyra Banks </Th> <Th> Howie Mandel </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Heidi Klum </Th> <Th> Simon Cowell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Light Balance </Td> <Td> Christian Guardino </Td> <Td> Darci Lynne Farmer </Td> <Td> Angelina Green </Td> <Td> Mandy Harvey </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Judge Cuts ( edit ) </H3> <P> From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . </P> <P> Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . </P> <P> In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . </P> <H3> YouTube auditions ( edit ) </H3> Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) <P> From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five and after the season ended , became the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. </P> <P> Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . </P> <H3> Live shows ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . </P> <P> During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . </P> <P> For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) </P> <H2> Season synopses ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner <P> In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . </P> <P> On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . </P> <P> In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . </P> <P> The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . </P> <H3> Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner <P> After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . </P> <P> In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . </P> <P> The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . </P> <H3> Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner <P> Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . </P> <P> Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . </P> <P> Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . </P> <H3> Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner <P> Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . </P> <P> The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . </P> <P> On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . </P> <H3> Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner <P> For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . </P> <P> Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . </P> <P> David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . </P> <P> On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . </P> <H3> Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner <P> Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . </P> <P> The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . </P> <P> On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . </P> <H3> Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners <P> Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . </P> <P> Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . </P> <P> On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . </P> <P> On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . </P> <H3> Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) <P> Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . </P> <P> On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . </P> <P> An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . </P> <P> On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . </P> <H3> Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner <P> Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . </P> <P> The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . </P> <P> For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . </P> <P> On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . </P> <H3> Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) <P> Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . </P> <P> Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . </P> <P> It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . </P> <P> Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . </P> <P> During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . </P> <P> On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . </P> <P> On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . </P> <H3> Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) <P> America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . </P> <P> On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Stern 's departure , at the Dolby Theatre . </P> <P> Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . </P> <P> On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal , was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent ( Bianca Ryan , age 11 , was first ) . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was placed third . </P> <H3> Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) <P> On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . </P> <P> On February 13 , 2017 , Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12 , which premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . </P> <P> On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place . Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five . </P> <H2> Post-show ( edit ) </H2> <H3> America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . </P> <P> In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . </P> <P> In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show . </P> <P> In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . </P> <P> In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . </P> <P> In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . </P> <P> In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . </P> <P> In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . </P> <P> In 2017 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . </P> <H3> Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) </H3> <P> NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . </P> <P> Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . </P> <P> The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Premiered </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Ended </Th> <Th> TV season </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( ET ) </Th> <Th> Season viewers </Th> <Th> Season ranking </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 21 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 12.41 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 12.05 </Td> <Td> Thursday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 5 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 12.93 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 13.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 17 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 12.80 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 10.23 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 12.55 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 11.30 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 13.84 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 15.53 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> June 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 12.35 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 14.60 </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 16.41 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> May 31 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 15.28 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 13.67 </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) </Td> <Td> 12.65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 14.37 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) </Td> <Td> 11.49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> May 14 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 10.48 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 11.05 </Td> <Td> 2011 - 12 </Td> <Td> Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) </Td> <Td> 10.48 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 10.59 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) </Td> <Td> 10.58 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> June 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 12.41 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 11.19 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 11.22 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 11.49 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) </Td> <Td> 10.34 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> May 27 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 12.00 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 11.46 </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) </Td> <Td> 10.31 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 12.21 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) </Td> <Td> 10.37 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> May 26 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 11.09 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 11.33 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 10.70 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 9.54 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) </Td> <Td> 9.07 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> May 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 11.67 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 13.97 </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 11.71 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 14.41 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) </Td> <Td> 10.97 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> May 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 12.37 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 14.70 </Td> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 15.64 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Association </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Competition Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Reality Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Primetime Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Reality Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Choice Summer TV Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Reality Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite TV Competition Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Reality Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite TV Competition Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Talent Competition Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite TV Competition Show </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Talent Competition Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Critics ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Best Reality Series - Competition </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite TV Competition Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Reality Show </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Critics ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Best Reality Series - Competition </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . </P> See also : RIAA certification <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Former contestant </Th> <Th> Total US sales </Th> <Th> Albums </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) </Td> <Td> 3,000,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 </Li> <Li> O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) </Li> <Li> Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) </Li> <Li> Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 </Li> <Li> Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 </Li> <Li> Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 </Li> <Li> Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 </Li> <Li> Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) </Td> <Td> 856,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 </Li> <Li> Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 </Li> <Li> Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) </Td> <Td> 500,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart </Li> <Li> The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart </Li> <Li> O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 22 Classical Albums chart </Li> <Li> You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart </Li> <Li> First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 11 Classical Albums chart </Li> <Li> Rise ( 2017 ) No. 111 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) </Td> <Td> 200,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 </Li> <Li> Just the Beginning ( 2017 ) No. 22 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) </Td> <Td> 156,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 </Li> <Li> Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) </Td> <Td> 150,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 </Li> <Li> Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart </Li> <Li> The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) </Td> <Td> 40,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 </Li> <Li> Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart </Li> <Li> La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) </Td> <Td> 22,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart </Li> <Li> I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart </Li> <Li> Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 </Li> <Li> Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) </Td> <Td> 6,000 + </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . </P> American Idol ( show ) <P> The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> AGT Season </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> AI Season </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Jessica Sanchez </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Holli Harden </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Thia Megia </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Finished in the Top 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 , 9 </Th> <Td> 2009 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Kelli Glover </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Shevonne Phillidor </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Jenna Renae </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Top 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Sal Valentinetti </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> </Table> America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) <P> The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> AGT Season </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> ABDC Season </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Jabbawockeez </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Champions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Extreme Dance FX </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Competed as Blended Projekt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3 , 4 </Th> <Td> 2008 , 2009 </Td> <Td> SQ Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> BreakSk8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Finished in fourth place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> FootworKINGz </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Competed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Finished in Top Four </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Strikers All - Stars </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Finished in Top Four </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 787 Crew </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Competed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Flight Crew Jump Rope </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare </Td> </Tr> </Table> Other shows ( show ) <P> The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> AGT Season </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> Show </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Network </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World </Td> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> SyFy </Td> <Td> 5th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Tammie Brown </Td> <Td> RuPaul 's Drag Race </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> 8th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn </Td> <Td> Flavor of Love </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> VH1 </Td> <Td> 8th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Derrick Barry </Td> <Td> RuPaul 's Drag Race </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> 5th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Justin Hopkins </Td> <Td> The Voice </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Advanced to Battle Rounds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Murray SawChuck </Td> <Td> Celebracadabra </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> VH1 </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alice Tan Ridley </Td> <Td> 30 Seconds to Fame </Td> <Td> Pilot </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Fox </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Dani Shay </Td> <Td> The Glee Project </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Trisha Paytas </Td> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> SyFy </Td> <Td> 7th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> American Ninja Warrior </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> G4 and NBC </Td> <Td> Competed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Bria Kelly </Td> <Td> The Voice </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Academy of Villains </Td> <Td> Fake Off </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> TruTV </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Lightwire Theatre </Td> <Td> Fake Off </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> TruTV </Td> <Td> Winners </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 , 8 </Th> <Td> 2012 , 2013 </Td> <Td> D'Angelo and Amanda </Td> <Td> Live to Dance </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> Winners </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Ben Blaque </Td> <Td> Britain 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ITV </Td> <Td> Advanced to the semi-finals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Alexandr Magala </Td> <Td> Britain 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ITV </Td> <Td> 9th place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Kennedy Davenport </Td> <Td> RuPaul 's Drag Race </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> 4th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Tummy Talk </Td> <Td> The Gong Show </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Angela Hoover </Td> <Td> First Impressions </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> USA Network </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> KriStef Brothers </Td> <Td> Fake Off </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> TruTV </Td> <Td> 7th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Taylor Williamson </Td> <Td> Last Comic Standing </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Semifinalist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Adrian Romoff </Td> <Td> Child Genius </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Lifetime </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Leroy Patterson </Td> <Td> Solitary </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Fox Reality </Td> <Td> 7th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Myq Kaplan </Td> <Td> Last Comic Standing </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Freelusion Dance Company </Td> <Td> Fake Off </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> TruTV </Td> <Td> Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Piff the Magic Dragon </Td> <Td> Penn & Teller : Fool Us </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 2014 </Td> <Td> ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) </Td> <Td> Appeared </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Stevie Starr </Td> <Td> Britain 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ITV </Td> <Td> Advanced to the semi-finals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Cory Kahaney </Td> <Td> Last Comic Standing </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Laura Bretan </Td> <Td> Romania 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Pro TV </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International broadcasts ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , TruTV , along with simulcasts on the Made Television network , show America 's Got Talent , with TruTV showing it from the tenth season . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Got Talent </Li> <Li> The X Factor </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie . `` Juliet and Jackie Evancho , Bonding as Targets in a Trump Media Frenzy '' , The New York Times , January 11 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Tiffany . `` Watch 11 - Year - Old Jackie Evancho 's Still - Platinum Pipes Sing ' Nessun Dorma ' '' , Yahoo Music : Maximum Performance , April 27 , 2011 ; and Richardson , Chris . `` Jackie Evancho , Greyson Chance following in Justin Bieber 's footsteps ? '' The Christian Science Monitor , May 24 , 2011 , accessed March 4 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . 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Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> America 's Got Talent on IMDb </Li> <Li> America 's Got Talent at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> America 's Got Talent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bianca Ryan </Li> <Li> Terry Fator </Li> <Li> Neal E. Boyd </Li> <Li> Kevin Skinner </Li> <Li> Michael Grimm </Li> <Li> Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . </Li> <Li> Olate Dogs </Li> <Li> Kenichi Ebina </Li> <Li> Mat Franco </Li> <Li> Paul Zerdin </Li> <Li> Grace VanderWaal </Li> <Li> Darci Lynne Farmer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Millers </Li> <Li> Cas Haley </Li> <Li> Eli Mattson </Li> <Li> Bárbara Padilla </Li> <Li> Jackie Evancho </Li> <Li> Silhouettes </Li> <Li> Tom Cotter </Li> <Li> Taylor Williamson </Li> <Li> Emily West </Li> <Li> Drew Lynch </Li> <Li> Angelica Hale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third place </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Butterscotch </Li> <Li> Nuttin ' But Stringz </Li> <Li> Recycled Percussion </Li> <Li> Team iLuminate </Li> <Li> Oz Pearlman </Li> <Li> Jon Dorenbos </Li> <Li> Light Balance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other notable contestants </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Taylor Ware </Li> <Li> Alexis Jordan </Li> <Li> Celtic Spring </Li> <Li> The Passing Zone </Li> <Li> Rappin ' Granny </Li> <Li> Leonid the Magnificent </Li> <Li> Jessica Sanchez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jabbawockeez </Li> <Li> Julienne Irwin </Li> <Li> Kevin James </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaitlyn Maher </Li> <Li> ZOOperstars ! </Li> <Li> Derrick Barry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grandma Lee </Li> <Li> The Texas Tenors </Li> <Li> Thia Megia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ArcAttack </Li> <Li> Haspop </Li> <Li> Alice Tan Ridley </Li> <Li> Prince Poppycock </Li> <Li> Connor Doran </Li> <Li> The Strange Familiar </Li> <Li> Lindsey Stirling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geechy Guy </Li> <Li> Anna Graceman </Li> <Li> POPLYFE </Li> <Li> Professor Splash </Li> <Li> Melissa Villaseñor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's </Li> <Li> Rudy Coby </Li> <Li> Trish Paytas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cami Bradley </Li> <Li> Marty Brown </Li> <Li> Brad Byers </Li> <Li> Forte </Li> <Li> Branden James </Li> <Li> Jim Meskimen </Li> <Li> John Wing Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 9 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dan Naturman </Li> <Li> Wendy Liebman </Li> <Li> Miguel Dakota </Li> <Li> Quintavious Johnson </Li> <Li> The Willis Clan </Li> <Li> Mike Super </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 10 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stevie Starr </Li> <Li> Piff the Magic Dragon </Li> <Li> Myq Kaplan </Li> <Li> Freelusion Dance Company </Li> <Li> Metal Mulisha Fitz Army </Li> <Li> Kacey Jones </Li> <Li> Kayvon Zand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 11 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ryan Stock & AmberLynn </Li> <Li> Tape Face </Li> <Li> Brian Justin Crum </Li> <Li> Cory Kahaney </Li> <Li> The Passing Zone </Li> <Li> Laura Bretan </Li> <Li> Zach Sherwin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 12 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bello Nock </Li> <Li> Colin Cloud </Li> <Li> Mandy Harvey </Li> <Li> Merrick Hanna </Li> <Li> Preacher Lawson </Li> <Li> Puddles Pity Party </Li> <Li> The Singing Trump </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Got Talent franchises </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National franchises </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belgium <Ul> <Li> VIER </Li> <Li> vtm </Li> <Li> RTL - TVI </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic & Slovakia </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal <Ul> <Li> RTP </Li> <Li> SIC </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional franchises </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab World </Li> <Li> Asia </Li> <Li> World 's Got Talent ( cancelled ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primetime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Blindspot ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Brave ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) </Li> <Li> First Dates ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Good Place ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Great News ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Marlon ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Superstore ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Taken ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> This Is Us ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Timeless ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Voice ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Wall ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> World of Dance ( since 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daytime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Late night </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st Look ( since 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Open House ( since 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> News </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Early Today ( since 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) </Li> <Li> NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Today ( since 1952 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NBC Golf </Li> <Li> NASCAR on NBC </Li> <Li> NFL on NBC <Ul> <Li> Football Night in America </Li> <Li> NBC Sunday Night Football </Li> <Li> Thursday Night Football </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> NHL on NBC </Li> <Li> Notre Dame Football on NBC </Li> <Li> Olympics on NBC </Li> <Li> Premier Boxing Champions </Li> <Li> Tennis on NBC </Li> <Li> Thoroughbred Racing on NBC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saturday morning </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Voyager with Josh Garcia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A.P. 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List of Test cricket records - wikipedia <H1> List of Test cricket records </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Donald Bradman , holder of several Test batting records including highest batting average Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run - scorer and century maker in Test cricket Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket - taker in Test cricket <P> Test cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Unlike One Day Internationals , Test matches consist of two innings per team , having no limit in their number of overs . Test cricket is first - class cricket , so statistics and records set in Test matches are also counted toward first - class records . The duration of Tests , currently limited to five days , has varied through Test history , ranging from three days to timeless matches . The earliest match now recognised as a Test was played between England and Australia in March 1877 ; since then there have been over 2,000 Tests played by 11 teams . The frequency of Tests has steadily increased partly because of the increase in the number of Test - playing countries , and partly as cricket boards seek to maximise their revenue . </P> <P> Cricket is , by its nature , capable of generating large numbers of records and statistics . This list details the most significant team and individual records in Test cricket . </P> <P> The most successful team in Test cricket , in terms of both wins and win percentage , is Australia , having won 362 of their 773 Tests ( 46.83 % ) . Barring the ICC World XI , a rest of world team which played a single Test against Australia in 2005 , the least successful team are Bangladesh who have struggled since their introduction to Test cricket in 2000 , leading to questioning of their Test status . </P> <P> Australian Donald Bradman , widely considered the greatest batsman of all time , holds several personal and partnership records . He scored the most runs in a series , has the most double centuries and was a part of the record 5th wicket partnership . His most significant record is his batting average of 99.94 . One of cricket 's most famous statistics , it stands almost 40 runs higher than any other batsman 's average . Don Bradman is the only player in the world to have scored 5000 runs against a single opposition : 5028 runs against England . </P> <P> In the Manchester Test of 1956 , England spin bowler Jim Laker took 19 wickets for 90 runs ( 19 -- 90 ) which set not only the Test record for best match figures but also the first - class one . In taking 10 -- 53 in the second innings he became the first bowler to capture all ten wickets in a Test match innings , and his analysis remains the best innings figures . Indian Leg - spinner Anil Kumble is the only other bowler to have taken 10 wickets in an innings , claiming 10 -- 74 against Pakistan in 1999 . West Indies batsman Brian Lara has the highest individual score in Test cricket : he scored 400 not out against England in 2004 to surpass the innings of 380 by Matthew Hayden six months earlier . Lara had held the record before Hayden , with a score of 375 against England 10 years earlier . Pakistan 's Misbah - ul - Haq holds the record of the fastest test half century scoring 50 runs from 21 balls . The record for the fastest test century is held by New Zealand 's Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls in his final test match . </P> <P> The trend of countries to increase the number of Test matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players . Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the highest Test wicket - taker in December 2007 , when he passed Shane Warne 's total of 708 wickets . Within a year , the equivalent batting record of highest run - scorer had also changed hands : Sachin Tendulkar surpassed the tally of 11,953 runs by Brian Lara . The record for most dismissals by a wicket - keeper is held by Mark Boucher of South Africa while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Rahul Dravid . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Listing criteria </Li> <Li> 2 Listing notation </Li> <Li> 3 Team records <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Team wins , losses and draws </Li> <Li> 3.2 Result records <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Greatest win margins ( by innings ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Matches that finished with scores level </Li> <Li> 3.2. 4 Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 5 Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 6 Victory after following - on </Li> <Li> 3.2. 7 Most consecutive wins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Team scoring records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Individual records <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Individual records ( batting ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Career runs </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Most runs in each batting position </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Highest career batting average </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Innings or series </Li> <Li> 4.1. 5 Highest scores at each batting position </Li> <Li> 4.1. 6 Innings as captain </Li> <Li> 4.1. 7 Most runs in an over </Li> <Li> 4.1. 8 Centuries </Li> <Li> 4.1. 9 Half Centuries </Li> <Li> 4.1. 10 Most fours in career </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Individual records ( bowling ) <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Career </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Series </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Innings </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Match records </Li> <Li> 4.2. 5 Innings as captain </Li> <Li> 4.2. 6 Match records as captain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Individual records ( fielding ) <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Most catches in Test career </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) </Li> <Li> 4.5 Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) </Li> <Li> 4.6 Individual records ( other ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Partnership records <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Highest partnership for each wicket </Li> <Li> 5.2 Highest partnerships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Listing criteria </H2> <P> In general the top five are listed in each category ( except when there is a tie for the last place among the five , when all the tied record holders are noted ) . </P> <H2> Listing notation </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Team notation </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> ( 300 -- 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained </Li> <Li> ( 300 -- 3 d ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets , and declared its innings closed </Li> <Li> ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Batting notation </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> ( 100 ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out </Li> <Li> ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Bowling notation </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> ( 5 -- 100 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Currently playing </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> indicates a current Test cricketer </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Seasons </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries . Domestic cricket seasons in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years , and are by convention said to be played in ( e.g. ) `` 2008 -- 09 '' . A cricket season in England is described as a single year . e.g. `` 2009 '' . An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration , and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating `` any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season '' . In the record tables , a two - year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Team records </H2> <H3> Team wins , losses and draws </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> First Test match </Th> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Won </Th> <Th> Lost </Th> <Th> Tied </Th> <Th> Drawn </Th> <Th> % Won </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 000000001877 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1877 </Td> <Td> 803 </Td> <Td> 378 </Td> <Td> 216 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 207 </Td> <Td> 47.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2000 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 14.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 000000001877 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1877 </Td> <Td> 990 </Td> <Td> 356 </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 343 </Td> <Td> 35.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 000000001932 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1932 </Td> <Td> 515 </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 214 </Td> <Td> 27.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 1930 </Td> <Td> 422 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 21.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 000000001952 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 1952 </Td> <Td> 411 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> 32.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 000000001889 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 1889 </Td> <Td> 416 </Td> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 36.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 000000001982 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1982 </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 31.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> 000000001928 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1928 </Td> <Td> 526 </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> 31.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 1992 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 10.78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ICC World XI </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> <P> Last updated : 2 October 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Result records </H3> Greatest win margins ( by innings ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Margin </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Innings and 579 runs </Th> <Td> England ( 903 - 7 d ) beat Australia ( 201 & 123 ) </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Innings and 360 runs </Th> <Td> Australia ( 652 -- 7 d ) beat South Africa ( 159 & 133 ) </Td> <Td> New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Innings and 336 runs </Th> <Td> West Indies ( 614 -- 5 d ) beat India ( 124 & 154 ) </Td> <Td> Eden Gardens , Kolkata </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Innings and 332 runs </Th> <Td> Australia ( 645 ) beat England ( 141 & 172 ) </Td> <Td> Brisbane Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Innings and 324 runs </Th> <Td> Pakistan ( 643 ) beat New Zealand ( 73 & 246 ) </Td> <Td> Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 12 December 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Greatest win margin ( by runs ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Margin </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 675 runs </Th> <Td> England ( 521 & 342 -- 8 d ) beat Australia ( 122 & 66 ) </Td> <Td> Brisbane Exhibition Ground </Td> <Td> 1928 -- 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 562 runs </Th> <Td> Australia ( 701 & 327 ) beat England ( 321 & 145 ) </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1934 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 530 runs </Th> <Td> Australia ( 328 & 578 ) beat South Africa ( 205 & 171 ) </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1910 -- 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 491 runs </Th> <Td> Australia ( 381 & 361 -- 5 d ) beat Pakistan ( 179 & 72 ) </Td> <Td> WACA Ground , Perth </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 465 runs </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka ( 384 & 447 -- 6 d ) beat Bangladesh ( 208 & 158 ) </Td> <Td> Chittagong Divisional Stadium </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 12 December 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Matches that finished with scores level See also : Tied Test <Table> <Tr> <Td> Result </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tie </Th> <Td> Australia ( 505 & 232 ) vs West Indies ( 453 & 284 ) </Td> <Td> The Gabba </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tie </Th> <Td> India ( 397 & 347 ) vs Australia ( 574 -- 7 d & 170 -- 5 d ) </Td> <Td> MA Chidambaram Stadium , Madras </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Draw </Th> <Td> Zimbabwe ( 376 & 234 ) vs England ( 406 & 204 -- 5 ) </Td> <Td> Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Draw </Th> <Td> India ( 482 & 242 -- 9 ) vs West Indies ( 590 & 134 ) </Td> <Td> Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Margin </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> England ( 183 & 263 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 324 & 121 ) </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1902 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> South Africa ( 91 & 287 -- 9 ) beat England ( 184 & 190 ) </Td> <Td> Old Wanderers , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 1905 -- 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> England ( 382 & 282 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 266 & 397 ) </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1907 -- 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> England ( 183 & 173 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 113 & 242 ) </Td> <Td> Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town </Td> <Td> 1922 -- 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> Australia ( 216 & 260 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 272 & 203 ) </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> New Zealand ( 249 & 104 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 140 & 212 ) </Td> <Td> Carisbrook , Dunedin </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> Pakistan ( 256 & 315 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 337 & 232 ) </Td> <Td> National Stadium , Karachi </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> West Indies ( 329 & 311 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 490 & 146 ) </Td> <Td> Kensington Oval , Bridgetown </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> West Indies ( 273 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Pakistan ( 269 & 219 ) </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> Pakistan ( 175 & 262 -- 9 ) beat Bangladesh ( 281 & 154 ) </Td> <Td> Ibn - e-Qasim Bagh Stadium , Multan </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka ( 321 & 352 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 361 & 311 ) </Td> <Td> Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium , Colombo </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 wicket </Th> <Td> India ( 405 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 428 & 192 ) </Td> <Td> Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Margin </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 run </Th> <Td> West Indies ( 252 & 146 ) beat Australia ( 213 & 184 ) </Td> <Td> Adelaide Oval </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 runs </Th> <Td> England ( 407 & 182 ) beat Australia ( 308 & 279 ) </Td> <Td> Edgbaston , Birmingham </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3 runs </Th> <Td> Australia ( 299 & 86 ) beat England ( 262 & 120 ) </Td> <Td> Old Trafford , Manchester </Td> <Td> 1902 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England ( 284 & 294 ) beat Australia ( 287 & 288 ) </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 runs </Th> <Td> South Africa ( 169 & 239 ) beat Australia ( 292 & 111 ) </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Victory after following - on See also : Follow - on <Table> <Tr> <Td> Margin </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 runs </Th> <Td> England ( 325 & 437 ) beat Australia ( 586 & 166 ) </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1894 -- 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 runs </Th> <Td> England ( 174 & 356 ) beat Australia ( 401 -- 9 d & 111 ) </Td> <Td> Headingley , Leeds </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 171 runs </Th> <Td> India ( 171 & 657 -- 7 d ) beat Australia ( 445 & 212 ) </Td> <Td> Eden Gardens , Kolkata </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Most consecutive wins <Table> <Tr> <Td> Wins </Td> <Td> Team </Td> <Td> First win </Td> <Td> Last win </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe at Harare , 14 October 1999 </Td> <Td> India at Mumbai , 27 February 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> South Africa at Melbourne , 26 December 2005 </Td> <Td> India at Sydney , 2 January 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Australia at Bridgetown , 30 March 1984 </Td> <Td> Australia at Adelaide , 7 December 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> India at Colombo , 29 August 2001 </Td> <Td> Pakistan at Lahore , 6 March 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Australia at Durban , 15 March 2002 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh at Dhaka , 1 May 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Team scoring records </H3> <Table> Most runs in an innings <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 952 - 6 d </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka ( v India ) </Td> <Td> Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 903 - 7 d </Th> <Td> England ( v Australia ) </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 849 </Th> <Td> England ( v West Indies ) </Td> <Td> Sabina Park , Kingston </Td> <Td> 1929 -- 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 790 -- 3 d </Th> <Td> West Indies ( v Pakistan ) </Td> <Td> Sabina Park , Kingston </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 765 -- 6 d </Th> <Td> Pakistan ( v Sri Lanka ) </Td> <Td> National Stadium , Karachi </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 14 September 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Fewest runs in a completed innings <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Date </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> New Zealand ( v England ) </Td> <Td> Eden Park , Auckland </Td> <Td> 25 March 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> South Africa ( v England ) </Td> <Td> St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 13 February 1896 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( v England ) </Td> <Td> Edgbaston , Birmingham </Td> <Td> 14 June 1924 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> South Africa ( v England ) </Td> <Td> Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town </Td> <Td> 1 April 1899 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> Australia ( v England ) </Td> <Td> Edgbaston , Birmingham </Td> <Td> 29 May 1902 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( v Australia ) </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 12 February 1932 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 14 September 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Highest fourth - innings totals to win <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 418 -- 7 </Th> <Td> West Indies ( v Australia ) </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 414 -- 4 </Th> <Td> South Africa ( v Australia ) </Td> <Td> WACA Ground , Perth </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 406 -- 4 </Th> <Td> India ( v West Indies ) </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 404 -- 3 </Th> <Td> Australia ( v England ) </Td> <Td> Headingley , Leeds </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 391 -- 6 </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka ( v Zimbabwe ) </Td> <Td> Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 14 September 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Individual records </H2> <H3> Individual records ( Batting ) </H3> Career runs For more details on this topic , see List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket . <Table> Most career runs <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Period </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15,921 ( 329 innings ) </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13,378 ( 287 innings ) </Th> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13,289 ( 280 innings ) </Th> <Td> Jacques Kallis </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13,288 ( 286 innings ) </Th> <Td> Rahul Dravid </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12,400 ( 233 innings ) </Th> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most career runs -- progression of record <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Record held until </Td> <Td> Duration of record </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 239 </Th> <Td> Charles Bannerman </Td> <Td> 4 January 1882 </Td> <Td> 4 years , 295 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 676 </Th> <Td> George Ulyett </Td> <Td> 13 August 1884 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 222 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 860 </Th> <Td> Billy Murdoch </Td> <Td> 14 August 1886 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 1 day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1,277 </Th> <Td> Arthur Shrewsbury </Td> <Td> 23 January 1902 </Td> <Td> 15 years , 162 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1,293 </Th> <Td> Joe Darling </Td> <Td> 18 February 1902 </Td> <Td> 26 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1,366 </Th> <Td> Syd Gregory </Td> <Td> 14 June 1902 </Td> <Td> 116 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1,531 </Th> <Td> Archie MacLaren </Td> <Td> 13 August 1902 </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3,412 </Th> <Td> Clem Hill </Td> <Td> 27 December 1924 </Td> <Td> 22 years , 136 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5,410 </Th> <Td> Jack Hobbs </Td> <Td> 29 June 1937 </Td> <Td> 12 years , 184 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7,249 </Th> <Td> Wally Hammond </Td> <Td> 27 November 1970 </Td> <Td> 33 years , 151 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7,459 </Th> <Td> Colin Cowdrey </Td> <Td> 23 March 1972 </Td> <Td> 1 year , 117 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8,032 </Th> <Td> Garfield Sobers </Td> <Td> 23 December 1981 </Td> <Td> 9 years , 275 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8,114 </Th> <Td> Geoff Boycott </Td> <Td> 12 November 1983 </Td> <Td> 1 year , 324 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10,122 </Th> <Td> Sunil Gavaskar </Td> <Td> 25 February 1993 </Td> <Td> 9 years , 105 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11,174 </Th> <Td> Allan Border </Td> <Td> 25 November 2005 </Td> <Td> 12 years , 273 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11,953 </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> 17 October 2008 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 327 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15,921 </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7003328900000000000 ♠ 9 years , 2 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> <P> Notes : </P> <Ul> <Li> ^ ( a ) Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs </Li> <Li> ^ ( b ) Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs </Li> <Li> ^ ( c ) Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs </Li> <Li> ^ ( d ) Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs </Li> <Li> ^ ( e ) MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs </Li> <Li> ^ ( f ) Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Most runs in each batting position <Table> <Tr> <Th> Batting position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Runs </Th> <Th> Average </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opener </Td> <Td> Alastair Cook </Td> <Td> 10430 </Td> <Td> 45.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 3 </Td> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara </Td> <Td> 11679 </Td> <Td> 60.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 4 </Td> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 13492 </Td> <Td> 54.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 5 </Td> <Td> Shivnarine Chanderpaul </Td> <Td> 6883 </Td> <Td> 56.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 6 </Td> <Td> Steve Waugh </Td> <Td> 3165 </Td> <Td> 51.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 7 </Td> <Td> Adam Gilchrist </Td> <Td> 3948 </Td> <Td> 46.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 8 </Td> <Td> Daniel Vettori </Td> <Td> 2227 </Td> <Td> 39.77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 9 </Td> <Td> Stuart Broad </Td> <Td> 1173 </Td> <Td> 20.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 10 </Td> <Td> Dale Steyn </Td> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 12.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 11 </Td> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> 623 </Td> <Td> 11.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 17 March 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Highest career batting average <Table> <Tr> <Td> Average </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Period </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99.94 ( 80 innings ) </Th> <Td> Donald Bradman </Td> <Td> 1928 -- 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61.87 ( 31 innings ) </Th> <Td> Adam Voges </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60.97 ( 41 innings ) </Th> <Td> Graeme Pollock </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60.83 ( 40 innings ) </Th> <Td> George Headley </Td> <Td> 1930 -- 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60.73 ( 84 innings ) </Th> <Td> Herbert Sutcliffe </Td> <Td> 1924 -- 1935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Qualification : 20 innings . Last updated : 30 August 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Innings or series <Table> Highest individual score ( see also List of Test cricket triple centuries ) <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 400 * </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 380 </Th> <Td> Matthew Hayden </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> WACA Ground , Perth </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 375 </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 374 </Th> <Td> Mahela Jayawardene </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 365 * </Th> <Td> Garfield Sobers </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Sabina Park , Kingston </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Highest individual score -- progression of record <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> <Td> Test match Number </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 165 * </Th> <Td> Charles Bannerman </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1876 -- 77 </Td> <Td> Test No. 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 211 </Th> <Td> Billy Murdoch </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1884 </Td> <Td> Test No. 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 287 </Th> <Td> Tip Foster </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1903 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Test No. 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 325 </Th> <Td> Andy Sandham </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Sabina Park , Kingston </Td> <Td> 1929 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Test No. 193 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 334 </Th> <Td> Don Bradman </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Headingley , Leeds </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Test No. 196 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 336 * </Th> <Td> Wally Hammond </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Eden Park , Auckland </Td> <Td> 1932 -- 33 </Td> <Td> Test No. 226 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 364 </Th> <Td> Len Hutton </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> Test No. 266 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 365 * </Th> <Td> Garfield Sobers </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Sabina Park , Kingston </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 58 </Td> <Td> Test No. 452 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 375 </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> Test No. 1259 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 380 </Th> <Td> Matthew Hayden </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> WACA Ground , Perth </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Test No. 1661 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 400 * </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Test No. 1696 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most runs in a match <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Scores </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Match </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 456 </Th> <Td> 333 and 123 </Td> <Td> Graham Gooch </Td> <Td> v India at Lord 's , 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 426 </Th> <Td> 334 * and 92 </Td> <Td> Mark Taylor </Td> <Td> v Pakistan at Peshawar , 1998 -- 99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 424 </Th> <Td> 319 and 105 </Td> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara </Td> <Td> v Bangladesh at Chittagong , 2013 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 400 </Th> <Td> 400 * </Td> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> v England at St John 's , Antigua , 2003 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 380 </Th> <Td> 247 * and 133 </Td> <Td> Greg Chappell </Td> <Td> v New Zealand at Wellington , 1973 -- 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> Matthew Hayden </Td> <Td> v Zimbabwe at Perth , 2003 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most runs in a series <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 974 ( 7 innings ) </Th> <Td> Donald Bradman </Td> <Td> v England , 1930 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 905 ( 9 innings ) </Th> <Td> Wally Hammond </Td> <Td> v Australia , 1928 -- 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 839 ( 11 innings ) </Th> <Td> Mark Taylor </Td> <Td> v England , 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 834 ( 9 innings ) </Th> <Td> Neil Harvey </Td> <Td> v South Africa , 1952 -- 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 829 ( 7 innings ) </Th> <Td> Viv Richards </Td> <Td> v England , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 827 ( 10 innings ) </Th> <Td> Clyde Walcott </Td> <Td> v Australia , 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 824 ( 8 innings ) </Th> <Td> Gary Sobers </Td> <Td> v Pakistan , 1957 -- 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 810 ( 9 innings ) </Th> <Td> Donald Bradman </Td> <Td> v England , 1936 -- 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 806 ( 5 innings ) </Th> <Td> Donald Bradman </Td> <Td> v South Africa , 1931 -- 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 798 ( 8 innings ) </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> v England , 1993 -- 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most runs in a calendar year <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Average </Td> <Td> Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1788 </Th> <Td> Mohammad Yousuf </Td> <Td> 99.33 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1710 </Th> <Td> Vivian Richards </Td> <Td> 90.00 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1656 </Th> <Td> Graeme Smith </Td> <Td> 72.00 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1595 </Th> <Td> Michael Clarke </Td> <Td> 106.33 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1562 </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 78.10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Highest scores at each batting position <Table> <Tr> <Th> Batting position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opener </Td> <Td> Matthew Hayden </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> WACA Ground </Td> <Td> 9 October 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 3 </Td> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> 400 * </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground </Td> <Td> 10 April 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 4 </Td> <Td> Mahela Jayawardene </Td> <Td> 374 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Sinhalese Sports Club Ground </Td> <Td> 27 July 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 5 </Td> <Td> Michael Clarke </Td> <Td> 329 * </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 3 January 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 6 </Td> <Td> Ben Stokes </Td> <Td> 258 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Newlands Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 2 January 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 7 </Td> <Td> Donald Bradman </Td> <Td> 270 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1 January 1937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 8 </Td> <Td> Wasim Akram </Td> <Td> 257 * </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Sheikhupura Stadium </Td> <Td> 17 October 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 9 </Td> <Td> Ian Smith </Td> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Eden Park </Td> <Td> 22 February 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 10 </Td> <Td> Walter Read </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Kennington Oval </Td> <Td> 11 August 1884 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 11 </Td> <Td> Ashton Agar </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Trent Bridge </Td> <Td> 10 July 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 17 March January 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Innings as captain <Table> Highest individual score as captain <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 400 * </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 374 </Th> <Td> Mahela Jayawardene </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 334 * </Th> <Td> Mark Taylor </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 333 </Th> <Td> Graham Gooch </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Lord 's , London </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 329 * </Th> <Td> Michael Clarke </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Most runs in an over <Table> <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Sequence </Td> <Td> Batsman </Td> <Td> Bowler </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> Robin Peterson </Td> <Td> Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 -- 6 -- 2 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 </Td> <Td> George Bailey </Td> <Td> James Anderson </Td> <Td> WACA , Perth </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Shahid Afridi </Td> <Td> Harbhajan Singh </Td> <Td> Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Mitchell Johnson </Td> <Td> Paul Harris </Td> <Td> Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> Danish Kaneria </Td> <Td> Multan Cricket Stadium </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Craig McMillan </Td> <Td> Younis Khan </Td> <Td> Seddon Park , Hamilton </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 -- 4 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Brendon McCullum </Td> <Td> Suranga Lakmal </Td> <Td> Hagley Oval , Christchurch , New Zealand </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hardik Pandya </Td> <Td> Malinda Pushpakumara </Td> <Td> Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 14 August 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Centuries <P> Most Test centuries </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Centuries </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Innings </Th> <Th> Inns / Century </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> Jacques Kallis </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> Rahul Dravid </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> 286 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> Maximum Centuries -- progression of record <Tr> <Td> Centuries </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> <Td> Test match Number </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Charles Bannerman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1876 -- 77 </Td> <Td> Test No. 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Allan Steel </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Lord 's , London </Td> <Td> 21 - Jul - 1884 </Td> <Td> Test No. -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Percy McDonnell </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Archie MacLaren </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Clem Hill </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Victor Trumper </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Jack Hobbs </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Herbert Sutcliffe </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Don Bradman </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Walter Hammond </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> Don Bradman </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> Sunil Gavaskar </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> Test No . -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 9 September 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> Fastest Test centuries <Tr> <Td> No. of balls </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> Brendon McCullum </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Hagley Oval , Christchurch </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> Viv Richards </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Misbah - ul - Haq </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium , Abu Dhabi </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> Adam Gilchrist </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> WACA Ground , Perth </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> Jack Gregory </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Old Wanderers , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 1921 -- 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most Test double centuries <Tr> <Td> Double centuries </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Donald Bradman </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Wally Hammond </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mahela Jayawardene </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most Test triple centuries <Tr> <Td> Triple centuries </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Donald Bradman </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virender Sehwag </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Gayle </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 11 December 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Note : <P> 21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test : see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most Test quadruple centuries <Tr> <Td> Quadruple centuries </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Half Centuries <P> Most Test 50 + </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 50 + </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Innings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> Jacques Kallis </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> Rahul Dravid </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> 286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> Shivnarine Chanderpaul </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Fastest Test half - centuries <Tr> <Td> No. of balls </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Misbah - ul - Haq </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi </Td> <Td> 2014 / 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Jacques Kallis </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town </Td> <Td> 2004 / 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> Shane Shillingford </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Sabina Park , Kingston </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> Shahid Afridi </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore </Td> <Td> 2004 / 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mohammad Ashraful </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Sher - e-Bangla Cricket Stadium , Mirpur </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dale Steyn </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 2014 / 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Most fours in career <Table> <Tr> <Th> Fours </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Innings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2058 + </Td> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1654 </Td> <Td> Rahul Dravid </Td> <Td> 286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1559 </Td> <Td> Brian Lara </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1509 </Td> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1491 </Td> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara </Td> <Td> 233 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Notes : </P> <Ul> <Li> ^ ( a ) `` + '' means the completed career records are n't known </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Individual records ( Bowling ) </H3> Career <Table> Most wickets in a career <Tr> <Td> Wickets </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> <Td> Average </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 800 </Th> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 22.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 708 </Th> <Td> Shane Warne </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 25.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 619 </Th> <Td> Anil Kumble </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 29.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 563 </Th> <Td> Glenn McGrath </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 21.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 519 </Th> <Td> Courtney Walsh </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 24.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most wickets in a career -- Progression of record <Tr> <Td> Wickets </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> <Td> Average </Td> <Td> Record held until </Td> <Td> Duration of record </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Alfred Shaw </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10.75 </Td> <Td> 31 March 1877 </Td> <Td> 16 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Tom Kendall </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.35 </Td> <Td> 4 January 1879 </Td> <Td> 1 year , 279 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> Fred Spofforth </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18.41 </Td> <Td> 12 January 1895 </Td> <Td> 16 years , 8 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> Johnny Briggs </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 17.75 </Td> <Td> 2 January 1904 </Td> <Td> 8 years , 355 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 141 </Th> <Td> Hugh Trumble </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 21.78 </Td> <Td> 13 December 1913 </Td> <Td> 9 years , 345 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 189 </Th> <Td> Sydney Barnes </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 16.43 </Td> <Td> 4 January 1936 </Td> <Td> 22 years , 22 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 216 </Th> <Td> Clarrie Grimmett </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 24.21 </Td> <Td> 24 July 1953 </Td> <Td> 17 years , 201 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 236 </Th> <Td> Alec Bedser </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 24.89 </Td> <Td> 26 January 1963 </Td> <Td> 9 years , 186 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 242 </Th> <Td> Brian Statham </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 24.27 </Td> <Td> 15 March 1963 </Td> <Td> 48 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 307 </Th> <Td> Fred Trueman </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 21.57 </Td> <Td> 1 February 1976 </Td> <Td> 12 years , 323 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 309 </Th> <Td> Lance Gibbs </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 29.09 </Td> <Td> 27 December 1981 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 329 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 355 </Th> <Td> Dennis Lillee </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 23.92 </Td> <Td> 21 August 1986 </Td> <Td> 4 years , 237 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 373 </Th> <Td> Ian Botham </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 27.86 </Td> <Td> 12 November 1988 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 83 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 431 </Th> <Td> Richard Hadlee </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 22.29 </Td> <Td> 8 February 1994 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 88 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 434 </Th> <Td> Kapil Dev </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> 29.64 </Td> <Td> 27 March 2000 </Td> <Td> 6 years , 48 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 519 </Th> <Td> Courtney Walsh </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 24.44 </Td> <Td> 8 May 2004 </Td> <Td> 4 years , 42 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 532 </Th> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 22.87 </Td> <Td> 15 October 2004 </Td> <Td> 160 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 708 </Th> <Td> Shane Warne </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 25.41 </Td> <Td> 3 December 2007 </Td> <Td> 3 years , 49 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 800 </Th> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 22.72 </Td> <Td> Current </Td> <Td> 7003360800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 320 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Notes ^ ( a ) Allen Hill took the first Test wicket , but only two in the First Test match . Alfred Shaw ( 3 / 51 & 5 / 35 ) and Tom Kendall ( 1 / 54 & 7 / 55 ) both took eight wickets , but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets . Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets ( 15.35 ) in seven Tests ^ ( b ) Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth 's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne , as did Charles Turner two days later . Briggs overook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide , which Turner missed , and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney . Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets ( 16.53 ) in 17 Tests ^ ( c ) Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham 's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets ( 24.84 ) in 70 Tests ^ ( d ) Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham 's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets ( 28.40 ) in 102 Tests ^ ( e ) Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan 's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets ( 22.72 ) in 133 Tests </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Best career average <Tr> <Td> Average </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Balls </Td> <Td> Wickets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10.75 </Th> <Td> George Lohmann </Td> <Td> 3,830 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12.70 </Th> <Td> / John Ferris </Td> <Td> 2,302 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15.54 </Th> <Td> Billy Barnes </Td> <Td> 2,289 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16.42 </Th> <Td> Billy Bates </Td> <Td> 2,364 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16.43 </Th> <Td> Sydney Barnes </Td> <Td> 7,873 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> <P> Note : If the qualification is removed , the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket ( i.e. no runs were conceded ) . This record is shared by Englishmen AN Hornby , Wilf Barber and New Zealander , Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run </P> <Ul> <Li> ^ ( a ) John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country . He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886 -- 87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891 -- 92 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Best career strike rate <Tr> <Td> Strike rate </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Balls </Td> <Td> Wickets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34.1 </Th> <Td> George Lohmann </Td> <Td> 3,830 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37.7 </Th> <Td> / J.J. Ferris </Td> <Td> 2,302 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38.7 </Th> <Td> Shane Bond </Td> <Td> 3,372 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41.4 </Th> <Td> Dale Steyn </Td> <Td> 17,286 </Td> <Td> 417 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41.6 </Th> <Td> Sydney Barnes </Td> <Td> 7,873 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 2 September 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most 5 wickets in an innings <Tr> <Td> 5 wickets in an innings </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> Shane Warne </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> Richard Hadlee </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> Anil Kumble </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> Glenn McGrath </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most 10 wickets in a match <Tr> <Td> 10 wickets in a match </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Shane Warne </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Richard Hadlee </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Rangana Herath </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anil Kumble </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 2 September 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Series <Table> Most wickets in a series <Tr> <Td> Wickets </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 ( 4 Tests ) </Th> <Td> Sydney Barnes </Td> <Td> v South Africa 1913 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 ( 5 Tests ) </Th> <Td> Jim Laker </Td> <Td> v Australia , 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 ( 5 Tests ) </Th> <Td> Clarrie Grimmett </Td> <Td> v South Africa 1935 -- 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 ( 6 Tests ) </Th> <Td> Terry Alderman </Td> <Td> v England , 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 ( 6 Tests ) </Th> <Td> Terry Alderman </Td> <Td> v England , 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rodney Hogg </Td> <Td> v England , 1978 -- 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Innings <Table> Best figures in an innings <Tr> <Td> Bowling </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 -- 53 </Th> <Td> Jim Laker </Td> <Td> Australia ( 2nd innings ) </Td> <Td> Old Trafford , Manchester </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 -- 74 </Th> <Td> Anil Kumble </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 -- 28 </Th> <Td> George Lohmann </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Old Wanderers , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 1895 -- 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 -- 37 </Th> <Td> Jim Laker </Td> <Td> Australia ( 1st innings ) </Td> <Td> Old Trafford , Manchester </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 -- 51 </Th> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Asgiriya Stadium , Kandy </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Best figures in an innings -- progression of record <Tr> <Td> Bowling </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 -- 55 </Th> <Td> Tom Kendall ( in the inaugural Test match ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1876 -- 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 -- 44 </Th> <Td> Fred Spofforth </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1882 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 -- 28 </Th> <Td> Billy Bates </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1882 -- 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 -- 35 </Th> <Td> George Lohmann </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1886 -- 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 -- 11 </Th> <Td> Johnny Briggs </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town </Td> <Td> 1888 -- 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 -- 7 </Th> <Td> George Lohmann </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 1895 -- 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 -- 28 </Th> <Td> George Lohmann </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Old Wanderers , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 1895 -- 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 -- 53 </Th> <Td> Jim Laker </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Old Trafford , Manchester </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Calculated at the conclusion of each Test Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Match records <Table> Best figures in a match <Tr> <Td> Bowling </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 -- 90 </Th> <Td> Jim Laker </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Manchester , England , </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 -- 159 </Th> <Td> Sydney Barnes </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Old Wanderers , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 1913 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 -- 136 </Th> <Td> Narendra Hirwani </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 -- 137 </Th> <Td> Bob Massie </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Lord 's , London </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 -- 220 </Th> <Td> Muttiah Muralitharan </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Innings as captain <Table> Best figures in an innings as captain <Tr> <Td> Bowling </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 -- 83 </Th> <Td> Kapil Dev </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 -- 60 </Th> <Td> Imran Khan </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> National Stadium , Karachi , Karachi </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 -- 63 </Th> <Td> Rangana Herath </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Harare Sports Club , Harare </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 -- 106 </Th> <Td> Kapil Dev </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Adelaide Oval , Adelaide </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 -- 37 </Th> <Td> Courtney Walsh </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Basin Reserve , Wellington </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 16 March 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Match records as captain <Table> Best figures in a match <Tr> <Td> Bowling </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 -- 55 </Th> <Td> Courtney Walsh </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Basin Reserve , Wellington , New Zealand </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 -- 135 </Th> <Td> Waqar Younis </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Southend Club Cricket Stadium , Karachi , Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 -- 152 </Th> <Td> Rangana Herath </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Harare Sports Club , Harare , Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 -- 100 </Th> <Td> Fazal Mahmood </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka , Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 -- 79 </Th> <Td> Imran Khan </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> National Stadium , Karachi , Pakistan </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Individual records ( fielding ) </H3> Most catches in Test career <Table> <Tr> <Td> Catches </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 210 </Th> <Td> Rahul Dravid </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 205 </Th> <Td> Mahela Jayawardene </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 200 </Th> <Td> Jacques Kallis </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 196 </Th> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 181 </Th> <Td> Mark Waugh </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Note : The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper Last updated : 15 June 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) </H3> <Table> Most dismissals <Tr> <Td> Dismissals </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 555 ( 532 catches + 23 stumpings ) </Td> <Td> Mark Boucher </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 416 ( 379 catches + 37 stumpings ) </Td> <Td> Adam Gilchrist </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 395 ( 366 catches + 29 stumpings ) </Td> <Td> Ian Healy </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 355 ( 343 catches + 12 stumpings ) </Td> <Td> Rod Marsh </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 294 ( 256 catches + 38 stumpings ) </Td> <Td> MS Dhoni </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most catches <Tr> <Td> Catches </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 532 </Th> <Td> Mark Boucher </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 379 </Th> <Td> Adam Gilchrist </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 366 </Th> <Td> Ian Healy </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 343 </Th> <Td> Rod Marsh </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 265 </Th> <Td> Jeff Dujon </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most stumpings <Tr> <Td> Stumpings </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> Bert Oldfield </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> Godfrey Evans </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> Syed Kirmani </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MS Dhoni </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> Adam Gilchrist </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) </H3> <Table> 10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match <Tr> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Wickets </Td> <Td> Date </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ian Botham </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 13 / 109 </Td> <Td> 15 February 1980 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Mumbai , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imran Khan </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 11 / 180 </Td> <Td> 3 January 1983 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Faisalabad , Pakistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shakib Al Hasan </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 10 / 124 </Td> <Td> 3 November 2014 </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Khulna , Bangladesh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Individual records ( other ) </H3> <Table> Most matches played <Tr> <Td> Matches </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Period </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 200 </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 168 </Th> <Td> Steve Waugh </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 166 </Th> <Td> Jacques Kallis </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 164 </Th> <Td> Rahul Dravid </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shivnarine Chanderpaul </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most matches played as captain <Tr> <Td> Matches </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Lost </Td> <Td> Drawn </Td> <Td> Tied </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> Graeme Smith </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> Allan Border </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> Stephen Fleming </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> Clive Lloyd </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most matches won as captain <Tr> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Lost </Td> <Td> Drawn </Td> <Td> Ties </Td> <Td> Matches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> Graeme Smith </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> Ricky Ponting </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> Steve Waugh </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> Clive Lloyd </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> Allan Border </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Partnership records </H2> <H3> Highest partnership for each wicket </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Partnership </Td> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Team </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Players </Td> <Td> Opposition </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st wicket </Th> <Td> 415 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Graeme Smith ( 232 ) </Td> <Td> Neil McKenzie ( 226 ) </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Chittagong Divisional Stadium </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd wicket </Th> <Td> 576 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) </Td> <Td> Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd wicket </Th> <Td> 624 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) </Td> <Td> Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th wicket </Th> <Td> 449 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Adam Voges ( 269 * ) </Td> <Td> Shaun Marsh ( 182 ) </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Bellerive Oval , Hobart </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th wicket </Th> <Td> 405 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Sid Barnes ( 234 ) </Td> <Td> Donald Bradman ( 234 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6th wicket </Th> <Td> 399 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Ben Stokes ( 258 ) </Td> <Td> Jonny Bairstow ( 150 * ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7th wicket </Th> <Td> 347 </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Denis Atkinson ( 219 ) </Td> <Td> Clairmonte Depeiaza ( 122 ) </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Kensington Oval , Bridgetown </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8th wicket </Th> <Td> 332 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Jonathan Trott ( 184 ) </Td> <Td> Stuart Broad ( 169 ) </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Lord 's , London </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9th wicket </Th> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Mark Boucher ( 78 ) </Td> <Td> Pat Symcox ( 108 ) </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10th wicket </Th> <Td> 198 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Joe Root ( 154 * ) </Td> <Td> James Anderson ( 81 ) </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Trent Bridge , Nottingham </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> <P> Last updated : 15 June 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Highest partnerships </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Runs </Td> <Td> Team </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Players </Td> <Td> Opposition </Td> <Td> Venue </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 624 ( 3rd wicket ) </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) </Td> <Td> Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 576 ( 2nd wicket ) </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) </Td> <Td> Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 467 ( 3rd wicket ) </Th> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Andrew Jones ( 186 ) </Td> <Td> Martin Crowe ( 299 ) </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Basin Reserve , Wellington </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 451 ( 2nd wicket ) </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Bill Ponsford ( 266 ) </Td> <Td> Donald Bradman ( 244 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 1934 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 451 ( 3rd wicket ) </Th> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Mudassar Nazar ( 231 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Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Fielding records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most dismissals in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most stumpings in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/shakib-al-hasan-becomes-third-all-rounder-to-score-hundred-and-take-10-wickets-in-same-test-207619 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cricketers Who Have Taken 10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches won as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 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Lincoln ( film ) - Wikipedia <H1> Lincoln ( film ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lincoln </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Steven Spielberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Spielberg </Li> <Li> Kathleen Kennedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Tony Kushner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln by Doris Kearns Goodwin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Day - Lewis </Li> <Li> Sally Field </Li> <Li> David Strathairn </Li> <Li> Joseph Gordon - Levitt </Li> <Li> James Spader </Li> <Li> Hal Holbrook </Li> <Li> Tommy Lee Jones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Janusz Kamiński </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Michael Kahn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DreamWorks Pictures </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox </Li> <Li> Reliance Entertainment </Li> <Li> Participant Media </Li> <Li> Amblin Entertainment </Li> <Li> The Kennedy / Marshall Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( North America ) </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox ( International ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) ( New York Film Festival ) </Li> <Li> November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 150 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $65 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $275.3 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , starring Daniel Day - Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln . The film also features Sally Field , David Strathairn , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , James Spader , Hal Holbrook and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances . The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's biography Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , and covers the final four months of Lincoln 's life , focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives . </P> <P> The film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator Kathleen Kennedy , through their respective production companies , Amblin Entertainment and the Kennedy / Marshall Company . Filming began October 17 , 2011 , and ended on December 19 , 2011 . Lincoln premiered on October 8 , 2012 at the New York Film Festival . The film was co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures , 20th Century Fox , and Participant Media , and released theatrically by Touchstone Pictures in North America on November 9 , 2012 . The film was distributed by Fox in international territories . </P> <P> Lincoln received significant praise for the acting , especially Day - Lewis 's performance , as well as Spielberg 's direction , and production values . In December 2012 , the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director for Spielberg and winning Best Actor ( Motion Picture -- Drama ) for Day - Lewis . At the 85th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director ; it won for Best Production Design and Best Actor for Day - Lewis . The film was also a commercial success , grossing over $275 million at the box office . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Historian response </Li> <Li> 5.4 Accolades <Ul> <Li> 5.4. 1 Top ten lists </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In January 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln expects the Civil War to end soon , with the defeat of the Confederate States . He is concerned that his 1863 Emancipation Proclamation may be discarded by the courts after the war , and the proposed Thirteenth Amendment will be defeated by the returning slave states . He feels it imperative to pass the amendment beforehand , to remove any possibility that freed slaves might be re-enslaved . </P> <P> The Radical Republicans fear the amendment will be defeated by some who wish to delay its passage ; support from Republicans in the border states is not yet assured . The amendment also requires the support of several Democratic congressmen to pass . With dozens of Democrats being lame ducks after losing their re-election campaigns in the fall of 1864 , some of Lincoln 's advisors believe he should wait for a new Republican - heavy Congress . Lincoln remains adamant about having the amendment in place before the war is concluded and the southern states readmitted . </P> <P> Lincoln 's hopes rely upon the support of Francis Preston Blair , a founder of the Republican Party whose influence could win over members of the western and border state conservative faction . With Union victory in the Civil War highly likely , but not yet secured , and with two sons serving in the Union Army , Blair is keen to end hostilities . Therefore , in return for his support , Blair insists that Lincoln allow him immediately to engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations . Yet Lincoln knows that significant support for the amendment comes from Radical Republicans , for whom negotiated peace is unacceptable . Unable to proceed without Blair 's support , Lincoln reluctantly authorizes Blair 's mission . </P> <P> In the meantime , Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward work to secure Democratic votes for the amendment . Lincoln suggests they concentrate on the lame duck Democrats , as they will feel freer to vote as they choose , and will also soon need employment ; Lincoln will have many federal jobs to fill as he begins his second term . Though Lincoln and Seward are unwilling to offer monetary bribes to the Democrats , they authorize agents to contact Democratic congressmen with offers of federal jobs in exchange for their support . </P> <P> At a key moment in the debate , racial - equality advocate Thaddeus Stevens agrees to moderate his position and argue that the amendment represents only legal equality , not a declaration of actual equality . Meanwhile , Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace , but he instructs they be kept out of Washington , as the amendment approaches a vote on the House floor . Rumor of their mission circulates , prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote . But in a carefully worded statement , Lincoln denies there are envoys in Washington , and the vote proceeds , passing by a margin of just two votes . Black visitors to the gallery celebrate , and Stevens returns home to his `` housekeeper '' and lover , a black woman . </P> <P> When Lincoln meets with the Confederates , he tells them slavery can not be restored , as the North is united for ratification of the amendment , and several of the southern states ' reconstructed legislatures would also vote to ratify . On April 3 , Lincoln visits the battlefield at Petersburg , Virginia , where he exchanges a few words with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant . Six days later , Grant receives General Robert E. Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse . </P> <P> On April 14 , Lincoln is meeting members of his cabinet to discuss future measures to enfranchise blacks , when he is reminded that First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln is waiting to take them to their evening at Ford 's Theatre . That night , while Lincoln 's son Tad is watching Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp at Grover 's Theatre , the manager suddenly stops the play to announce that the President has been shot . The next morning Lincoln dies ; Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declares , `` Now he belongs to the ages '' . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Lincoln household </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Day - Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln <Dl> <Dd> His performance earned Day - Lewis his third Academy Award for Best Actor , making him the only actor who has won three Oscars in the leading actor category . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln <Dl> <Dd> Her performance earned Field a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Gloria Reuben as Elizabeth Keckley , a former slave who was dressmaker and confidante to Mary Todd Lincoln . </Li> <Li> Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Robert Todd Lincoln </Li> <Li> Gulliver McGrath as Tad Lincoln </Li> <Li> Stephen Henderson as Lincoln 's valet William Slade </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Marvel as Mrs. Jolly </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Union Army </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Adam Driver as Lincoln 's telegraph operator , historically Grant 's operator , Samuel Beckwith </Li> <Li> Jared Harris as Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant </Li> <Li> Asa - Luke Twocrow as Lieutenant Colonel Ely S. Parker , a Native American Military Secretary to Grant and drafter of the terms of the Confederate Army 's surrender at Appomattox Court House </Li> <Li> Colman Domingo as Private Harold Green </Li> <Li> David Oyelowo as Corporal Ira Clark </Li> <Li> Lukas Haas as First White Soldier </Li> <Li> Dane DeHaan as Second White Soldier </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> White House </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> David Strathairn as Secretary of State William H. Seward </Li> <Li> Bruce McGill as Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton </Li> <Li> Joseph Cross as Major John Hay , Lincoln 's military secretary </Li> <Li> Jeremy Strong as John George Nicolay , Lincoln 's private secretary </Li> <Li> Grainger Hines as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles </Li> <Li> Richard Topol as Attorney General James Speed </Li> <Li> Dakin Matthews as Secretary of the Interior John Palmer Usher </Li> <Li> Walt Smith as Secretary of the Treasury William P. Fessenden </Li> <Li> James Ike Eichling as Postmaster General William Dennison </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> House of Representatives </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tommy Lee Jones as Republican Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania . <Dl> <Dd> A leader of the Radical Republicans and a fervent abolitionist , Stevens feared that Lincoln would `` turn his back on emancipation . '' Jones ' performance as Stevens earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Lee Pace as Democratic Congressman Fernando Wood of New York </Li> <Li> Peter McRobbie as Democratic Congressman George H. Pendleton of Ohio , leader of the Democratic opposition </Li> <Li> Bill Raymond as Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana , a Republican </Li> <Li> David Costabile as Republican Congressman James Ashley of Ohio </Li> <Li> Stephen Spinella as radical Republican Congressman Asa Vintner Litton </Li> <Li> Michael Stuhlbarg as Democratic Congressman George Yeaman of Kentucky </Li> <Li> Boris McGiver as Democratic Congressman Alexander Coffroth of Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Walton Goggins as Democratic Congressman Clay Hawkins of Ohio . </Li> <Li> David Warshofsky as Congressman William Hutton , whose brother died in the war </Li> <Li> Michael Stanton Kennedy as Republican Congressman Hiram Price of Iowa </Li> <Li> Raynor Scheine as Republican Congressman Josiah S. ' Beanpole ' Burton of Missouri . </Li> <Li> Christopher Evan Welch as Clerk of the House Edward McPherson </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Republican Party </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Hal Holbrook as Francis Preston Blair <Dl> <Dd> Blair was an influential Republican politician who tried to arrange a peace agreement between the Union and the Confederacy . Holbrook had previously portrayed Lincoln in the 1976 mini-series Carl Sandburg 's Lincoln and in the 1980s North and South mini-series . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> James Spader as Republican Party operative William N. Bilbo <Dl> <Dd> Bilbo had been imprisoned but was freed by Lincoln , and then lobbied for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Tim Blake Nelson as lobbyist Richard Schell . ( Schell was a Democratic lobbyist who worked with Republicans to obtain votes in the House for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . ) </Li> <Li> John Hawkes as Republican operative Colonel Robert Latham </Li> <Li> Byron Jennings as Conservative Republican Montgomery Blair , son of Francis Preston Blair </Li> <Li> Julie White as Elizabeth Blair Lee : Lee was the daughter of Francis Preston Blair , and wrote hundreds of letters documenting events during the Civil War </Li> <Li> S. Epatha Merkerson as Lydia Smith : Smith was Thaddeus Stevens ' biracial housekeeper . </Li> <Li> Wayne Duvall as Radical Republican Senator Benjamin `` Bluff Ben '' Wade </Li> <Li> John Hutton as Senator Charles Sumner </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Confederate States </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jackie Earle Haley as Confederate States Vice President Alexander H. Stephens <Dl> <Dd> Stephens had served with Lincoln in Congress from 1847 to 1849 . He met with Abraham Lincoln on the steamboat River Queen at the unsuccessful Hampton Roads Conference on February 3 , 1865 </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Gregory Itzin as John Archibald Campbell <Dl> <Dd> Campbell was a former Supreme Court Justice who had resigned at the start of war and then served as Assistant Secretary of War in the Confederate government . He was also a member of the Confederate delegation that met with Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Conference . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Michael Shiflett as the third Confederate delegate to Hampton Roads , Senate President Robert M.T. Hunter </Li> <Li> Christopher Boyer ( non-speaking role ) as Robert E. Lee </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> While consulting on a Steven Spielberg project in 1999 , Goodwin told Spielberg she was planning to write Team of Rivals , and Spielberg immediately told her he wanted the film rights . DreamWorks finalized the deal in 2001 , and by the end of the year , John Logan signed on to write the script . His draft focused on Lincoln 's friendship with Frederick Douglass . Playwright Paul Webb was hired to rewrite and filming was set to begin in January 2006 , but Spielberg delayed it out of dissatisfaction with the script . Liam Neeson said Webb 's draft covered the entirety of Lincoln 's term as President . </P> <P> Tony Kushner replaced Webb . Kushner considered Lincoln `` the greatest democratic leader in the world '' and found the writing assignment daunting because `` I have no idea ( what made him great ) ; I do n't understand what he did any more than I understand how William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet or Mozart wrote Così fan tutte . '' Kushner said Lincoln 's abolitionist ideals made him appealing to a Jewish writer , and although he felt Lincoln was Christian , he noted the president rarely quoted the New Testament and that his `` thinking and his ethical deliberation seem very talmudic '' . By late 2008 , Kushner joked he was on his `` 967,000 th book about Abraham Lincoln '' . Kushner 's initial 500 - page draft focused on four months in the life of Lincoln , and by February 2009 he had rewritten it to focus on two months in Lincoln 's life when he was preoccupied with adopting the Thirteenth Amendment . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spielberg first approached Daniel Day - Lewis about the project in 2003 , but Day - Lewis turned down the part at the time , believing the idea of himself playing Lincoln to be `` preposterous '' . Liam Neeson was then cast as Lincoln in January 2005 , having previously worked with Spielberg in Schindler 's List . In preparation for the role , Neeson studied Lincoln extensively . However , in July 2010 , Neeson left the project , saying that he had grown too old for the part . Neeson was 58 at the time , and Lincoln , during the time period depicted , was 55 and 56 . In an interview with GQ Neeson stated that he realized during a table read that the part was not right for him in `` a thunderbolt moment '' and after the read requested that Spielberg recast his role . Co-star Sally Field , in a 2012 PBS interview , intimated that Neeson 's decision was influenced by the death of his wife Natasha Richardson less than a year earlier . In November 2010 , it was announced that Day - Lewis would replace Neeson in the role . </P> <P> While promoting Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in May 2008 , Spielberg announced his intention to start filming in early 2009 , for release in November , ten months after the 200th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . In January 2009 , Taunton and Dighton , Massachusetts were being scouted as potential locations . Spielberg arranged a $50 million budget for the film , to please Paramount Pictures CEO Brad Grey , who had previously delayed the project over concerns it was too similar to Spielberg 's commercially unsuccessful Amistad ( 1997 ) . Spielberg had wanted Touchstone Pictures -- which agreed to distribute all his films from 2010 -- to distribute the film , but he was unable to afford paying off Paramount , which had collaborated with DreamWorks on the film 's development . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Filming took place in Richmond , Fredericksburg , and Petersburg , Virginia . In reference to Petersburg , according to location manager Colleen Gibbons , `` one thing that attracted the filmmakers to the city was the 180 - degree vista of historic structures '' which is `` very rare '' . </P> <P> The Virginia State Capitol served as the exteriors and interiors of the U.S Capitol , and the exteriors of the White House . The House of Delegates inside the building was remodeled to fit for The House of Representatives Chamber set . Scenes representing Grovers Theatre were filmed in Fredericksburg , Virginia , at Virginia Repertory Theatre 's November Theatre . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> John Williams composed and conducted the score . The score was recorded by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Chorus . The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical on November 6 , 2012 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lincoln : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by John Williams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> November 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Symphony Center , Chicago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 58 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sony Classical </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> John Williams </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All music was composed by Williams , except `` Battle Cry of Freedom , '' which was written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root ( 1820 -- 1895 ) during the American Civil War . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` The People 's House '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` The Purpose of the Amendment '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Getting Out the Vote '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` The American Process '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` The Blue and Grey '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` '' With Malice Toward None `` '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Call to Muster , and Battle Cry of Freedom '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` The Southern Delegation , and the Dream '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Father and Son '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` The Race to the House '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Equality under the Law '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Freedom 's Call '' </Td> <Td> 6 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Elegy '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Remembering Willie '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Appomattox , April 9 , 1865 '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` The Peterson House , and Finale '' </Td> <Td> 11 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` '' With Malice Toward None '' ( Piano Solo ) '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 58 : 46 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lincoln held its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 8 , 2012 . The film was also screened at the 2012 AFI Film Festival on November 8 , 2012 . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed the film in North America through the Touchstone Pictures banner , while 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories . Disney Publishing Worldwide released several companion books and ancillary literature in anticipation of the film , including Lincoln : A Cinematic and Historical Companion and Lincoln : A Spielberg Film -- Discover the Story . DreamWorks and Google Play released the film 's trailer during a Google+ hangout with Spielberg and Joseph Gordon - Levitt on September 13 , 2012 . Then , on September 10 , 2012 , a teaser for the trailer was released . </P> <P> Lincoln was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download in North America on March 26 , 2013 . The film debuted at No. 1 in Blu - ray and DVD sales in its first week of release . Disney Educational Productions donated DVD copies of the film and a teaching guide titled Stand Tall : Live Like Lincoln to more than 37,100 secondary schools in the United States , after Spielberg received letters from educators requesting to incorporate the film into their curriculum . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lincoln earned $182,207,973 in North America from 2,293 theaters and $93,085,477 overseas for a total of $275,293,450 , well exceeding its $65 million budget . The film had a limited opening in 11 theaters with $944,308 and an average of $85,846 per theater . It opened at the # 15 rank , becoming the highest opening of a film with such a limited release . The film opened in 1,175 theaters with $21,049,406 and an average of $11,859 per theater . Due to the widespread success of Lincoln , Disney produced additional prints of the film to accommodate theater demand . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lincoln received worldwide critical acclaim . The cast was notably lauded , especially Day - Lewis , Field , and Jones . The film currently holds a 90 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 263 reviews with an average rating of 8 / 10 , with the critical consensus `` Daniel Day - Lewis characteristically delivers in this witty , dignified portrait that immerses the audience in its world and entertains even as it informs . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 86 ( out of 100 ) based on 44 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , thus making it Spielberg 's highest rated film on the site since Saving Private Ryan . </P> <P> Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars and said , `` The hallmark of the man , performed so powerfully by Daniel Day - Lewis in Lincoln , is calm self - confidence , patience and a willingness to play politics in a realistic way . '' Glenn Kenny of MSN Movies gave it 5 out of 5 stars stating , `` It 's the most remarkable movie Steven Spielberg has made in quite a spell , and one of the things that makes it remarkable is how it fulfills those expectations by simultaneously ignoring and transcending them . '' </P> <P> Colin Covert of the Star Tribune wrote , `` Lincoln is one of those rare projects where a great director , a great actor and a great writer amplify one another 's gifts . The team of Steven Spielberg , Daniel Day - Lewis and Tony Kushner has brought forth a triumphant piece of historical journalism , a profound work of popular art and a rich examination of one of our darkest epochs . '' It was praised by Charlie McCollum of the San Jose Mercury News as `` one of the finest historical dramas ever committed to film . '' Despite mostly positive reviews , Rex Reed of The New York Observer stated , `` In all , there 's too much material , too little revelation and almost nothing of Spielberg 's reliable cinematic flair . '' However , the reviews have been unanimous in their praise of Day - Lewis 's performance as Abraham Lincoln . A.O. Scott from The New York Times stated the film `` is finally a movie about how difficult and costly it has been for the United States to recognize the full and equal humanity of black people '' and concluded that the movie was `` a rough and noble democratic masterpiece '' . </P> <P> Scott also stated that Lincoln 's concern about his wife 's emotional instability and `` the strains of a wartime presidency ... produce a portrait that is intimate but also decorous , drawn with extraordinary sensitivity and insight and focused , above all , on Lincoln 's character as a politician . This is , in other words , less a biopic than a political thriller , a civics lesson that is energetically staged and alive with moral energy . '' </P> <P> Lebanese film critic Anis Tabet gave the film a positive review , giving it a 3.5 / 4 rating . </P> <P> As reported in the Maariv newspaper , on February 3 , 2013 , Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and his ministers discussed Spielberg 's film , which several of them saw in Israeli cinemas . They debated whether the end of abolishing slavery justified the means used by Lincoln , and also compared Lincoln 's predicament with their own complicated situation in the confused aftermath of the 2013 Israeli elections . </P> <P> The review by The Daily Mail suggested : `` The sad truth is that Spielberg and his writer Tony Kushner are offering a phoney , sanitised version of Lincoln . '' </P> <H3> Historian response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eric Foner ( Columbia University ) , a Pulitzer Prize -- winning historian of the period , claimed in a letter to The New York Times that `` The film grossly exaggerates the possibility that by January 1865 the war might have ended with slavery still intact . '' He also noted , `` The 13th Amendment originated not with Lincoln but with a petition campaign early in 1864 organized by the Women 's National Loyal League , an organization of abolitionist feminists headed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . '' Kate Masur ( Northwestern University ) accuses the film of oversimplifying the role of blacks in abolition and dismissed the effort as `` an opportunity squandered '' in an op - ed for The New York Times . Harold Holzer , co-chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation and author of more than 40 books , served as a consultant to the film and praised it , but also observed that there is `` no shortage of small historical bloopers in the movie '' in a piece for The Daily Beast . Holzer states , `` As for the Spielberg movie 's opening scene , ... it is almost inconceivable that any uniformed soldier of the day ( or civilians , for that matter ) would have memorized a speech that , however ingrained in modern memory , did not achieve any semblance of a national reputation until the 20th century . '' </P> <P> Barry Bradford , a member of the Organization of American Historians , offers an analysis of some of the finer historical points of the film 's representation of clothing , relationships and appearance . Allen Guelzo ( Gettysburg College ) , also writing for The Daily Beast , had some plot criticism , but disagreed with Holzer , arguing that , `` The pains that have been taken in the name of historical authenticity in this movie are worth hailing just on their own terms '' . In a later interview with the World Socialist Web Site Guelzo claimed that `` the film was 90 percent on the mark , which given the way Hollywood usually does history is saying something '' . David Stewart , independent historical author , writing for History News Network , described Spielberg 's work as `` reasonably solid history '' , and told readers of HNN to `` go see it with a clear conscience '' . Lincoln biographer Ronald White also admired the film , though he noted a few mistakes and pointed out in an interview with NPR , `` Is every word true ? No . '' </P> <P> Historian Joshua M. Zeitz , writing in The Atlantic , noted some minor mistakes , but concluded `` Lincoln is not a perfect film , but it is an important film '' . Following a screening during the film 's opening weekend , the Minnesota Civil War Commemoration Task Force held a panel discussion in which Dr. David Woodard of Concordia University remarked , `` I always look at these films to see if a regular person who was n't a ' Lincoln nut ' would want to read a book about it after they watched the movie . I get the impression that most people who are not history buffs will now want to read something about Lincoln . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of accolades received by Lincoln ( film ) Top ten lists ( edit ) <P> Lincoln was listed on many critics ' top ten lists . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1st -- David Denby , The New Yorker ( tied with Zero Dark Thirty ) </Li> <Li> 1st -- Owen Gleiberman , Entertainment Weekly </Li> <Li> 1st -- Stephen Holden , The New York Times </Li> <Li> 1st -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle </Li> <Li> 2nd -- Lisa Schwarzbaum , Entertainment Weekly </Li> <Li> 2nd -- David Edelstein , New York </Li> <Li> 2nd -- Betsy Sharkey , Los Angeles Times ( tied with Django Unchained ) </Li> <Li> 2nd -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic </Li> <Li> 2nd -- Michael Phillips , Chicago Tribune </Li> <Li> 2nd -- Ann Hornaday , The Washington Post </Li> <Li> 2nd -- Huffington Post </Li> <Li> 2nd -- A.O. Scott , The New York Times </Li> <Li> 3rd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times </Li> <Li> 3rd -- Mike Scott , The Times - Picayune </Li> <Li> 3rd -- James Berardinelli , Reelviews </Li> <Li> 3rd -- Mary Pols , Time </Li> <Li> 3rd -- Dana Stevens , Slate </Li> <Li> 4th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone </Li> <Li> 4th -- Rene Rodriguez , Miami Herald </Li> <Li> 4th -- Bill Goodykoontz , Arizona Republic </Li> <Li> 4th -- Joshua Rothkopf , Time Out New York </Li> <Li> 4th -- Alison Willmore , The A.V. Club </Li> <Li> 4th -- Steven Rea , Philadelphia Inquirer </Li> <Li> 5th -- Anne Thompson , Indiewire </Li> <Li> 5th -- Joe Neumaier , New York Daily News </Li> <Li> 6th -- Ty Burr , Boston Globe </Li> <Li> 6th -- David Fear , Time Out New York </Li> <Li> 6th -- Kristopher Tapley , HitFix </Li> <Li> 6th -- Jake Coyle , Associated Press </Li> <Li> 6th -- Andrew O'Hehir , Salon.com </Li> <Li> 7th -- Glenn Kenny , MSN Movies </Li> <Li> 8th -- David Germain , Associated Press </Li> <Li> 8th -- Lisa Kennedy , Denver Post </Li> <Li> 10th -- Melissa Anderson , Village Voice </Li> <Li> 10th -- Richard Roeper , Chicago Sun - Times </Li> <Li> Best of 2014 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times </Li> <Li> Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Bob Mondello , NPR </Li> <Li> Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Claudia Puig , USA Today </Li> <Li> Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> White savior narrative in film </Li> <Li> List of films featuring slavery </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> American Civil War portal </Li> <Li> Film portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Dates Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Into Awards - Season Fray '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LINCOLN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks ' Stacey Snider Reveals How Studio Slimmed Down to Stay Alive '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' gets its Mary Todd : Sally Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Participant Media Boarding Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Filmmakers really liked Petersburg '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . December 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Partnering with DreamWorks on Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Sally Field Set to Play Mary Todd Lincoln in Steven Spielberg 's LINCOLN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Casts Every Other Good Actor Under The Sun '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goetz , Barrett ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tommy Lee Jones & Joseph Gordon - Levitt Join Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . TheMovieMash.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' : Meet the Cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Brian Scott ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Announces Additional Casting '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) : Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David Oyelowo Joins Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` David Strathairn Joins DreamWorks ' ' Lincoln ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeanne Jakle ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Jeanne Jakle : McGill 's profile going higher and higher '' . mysanantonio.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) - Full cast and crew '' . Imdb.com , Inc . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2006 ) . Team of Rivals . Simon & Schuster . pp. 686 -- 754 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7075 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walton Goggins Joins Cast Of Lincoln '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tim Blake Nelson tapped for Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' film in 2012 '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' takes Richmond '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Virginia . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ruben V. Nepales ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Spielberg may co-direct next with Peter Jackson '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( January 11 , 2005 ) . `` Lincoln logs in at DreamWorks : Spielberg , Neeson eye Abe pic '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Logan Scripting Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . IGN . December 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Update '' . IGN . January 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ron Grover ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Director 's Cut '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Wells ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln in December ? '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naomi Pffefferman ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Kushner 's ( old ) testament to Lincoln '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karen Bovard ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Lincoln Logs '' . Hartford Advocate . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln As You 've Never Heard Him Before '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Max Evry ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Liam Neeson Talks Lincoln '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Neeson quits Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic '' . Digital Spy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hainey , Michael . `` The GQ Cover Story : Liam Neeson '' . GQ . p. 3 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Actress Sally Field , Part 1 '' . Tavis Smiley . Season 9 . November 15 , 2012 . 08 : 00 minutes in . PBS . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Chiarella ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Hard Luck and Beautiful Life of Liam Neeson '' . Esquire . Hearst Communications . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis set for Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln film '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheigh Crabtree ( May 10 , 2008 ) . `` Steven Spielberg : He wants to shoot ' Abraham Lincoln ' in 2009 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Winokoor ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Film crews may be back in Silver City '' . Taunton Daily Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kim Masters ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Troubles '' . Slate . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiggins , F.M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lincoln film to come to Petersburg next month '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IMDb > Lincoln ( 2012 ) > Filming locations '' . imdb.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Tracklist For Score To Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Is Suitably Important & Historical '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Lincoln Score Gently Spoils A Few Key Scenes '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Surprise : Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' To Premiere Monday At New York Film Festival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Receives Standing Ovation at ' Lincoln ' L.A. Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henderson , Jane ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` A few books tied to Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Google Hangout and Trailer Premiere Announced for September 13th '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Take a Sneak Peek at Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Trailer '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Oscar nominated Lincoln comes to Blu - ray in March '' . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln ' top DVD and Blu - ray seller ; ' Argo ' top rental '' . The Los Angeles Times . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' DVDs to Go to All U.S. Middle and High Schools '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney will give `` Lincoln '' DVD to every middle , high school in U.S. '' The Denver Post . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solis , Liana ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Disney announces it will donate Lincoln movie to schools '' . The Daily Toreador . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Derrick ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' Box Office So Strong , Disney Having Hard Time Keeping Up With Demand '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review by Glenn Kenny ( MSN Movies ) '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Making history with ' Lincoln ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCollum , Charlie ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Review : An epic ' Lincoln ' '' . San Jose Mercury News . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` A President Engaged in a Great Civil War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ anistabet ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) Let 's tlk abt movies '' . Tlkabtmovies.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shalom Yerushalmi , `` Throne Games '' ( Hebrew : משחקי הכס ) , a commentary on the week 's political events , Maariv , Feb. 8 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tookey , Chris ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Abe needs a few amendments : Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic is heavy on heroic speeches but light on the historical truth '' . MailOnline </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lincoln 's Use of Politics for Noble Ends '' . NYTimes.com. 2012 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate Masur ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) . `` In Spielberg 's Lincoln , Passive Black Characters '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold Holzer ( 2012 - 11 - 22 ) . `` What 's True and False in Lincoln Movie '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barry Bradford . `` Is the Lincoln Movie Historically Accurate ? '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) . `` A Civil War Professor Reviews ' Lincoln ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Understanding Lincoln : An interview with historian Allen Guelzo '' . World Socialist Web Site . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David O. Stewart ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` How True is `` Lincoln '' ? History News Network `` . Hnn.us . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Updated : Nov 23 , 2012 04 : 49 PM EST ( 2012 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Fact - Checking Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Movie with Biographer Ronald C. White : Books : Books & Review '' . Booksnreview.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fact - Checking ' Lincoln ' : Lincoln 's Mostly Realistic ; His Advisers Are n't -- Joshua Zeitz '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Panel Discussion for the film LINCOLN '' . This Week in the Civil War . 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Film Critic Top 10 Lists - Best of 2012 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mitchell , Mary Niall . `` Seeing Lincoln : Spielberg 's Film and the Visual Culture of the Nineteenth Century , '' Rethinking History 19 ( Sept. 2015 ) , 493 - 505 . </Li> <Li> Dimock , Wai Chee ( Winter 2013 ) . `` Crowdsourcing History : Ishmael Reed , Tony Kushner , and Steven Spielberg Update the Civil War '' . American Literary History . 25 ( 4 ) : 896 -- 914 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajt044 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lincoln ( 2012 film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Lincoln on IMDb </Li> <Li> Lincoln at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Lincoln at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Lincoln at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Lincoln at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Lincoln at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Lincoln Learning Hub at Disney.com </Li> <Li> Official production notes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Steven Spielberg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Firelight ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Slipstream ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Amblin ' ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) </Li> <Li> L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Duel ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Something Evil ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Savage ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> Jaws ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> 1941 ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Color Purple ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Always ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Hook ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Amistad ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> Minority Report ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Terminal ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Munich ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> War Horse ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The BFG ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Post ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ready Player One ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films written </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) </Li> <Li> The Goonies ( 1985 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Super 8 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) </Li> <Li> High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Invasion America ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Spielberg bibliography </Li> <Li> Amblin Partners <Ul> <Li> Amblin Entertainment </Li> <Li> Amblin Television <Ul> <Li> DreamWorks Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Amblimation </Li> <Li> DreamWorks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Abraham Lincoln </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) </Li> <Li> U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First inauguration <Ul> <Li> Perpetual Union </Li> <Li> Lincoln Bible </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Second inauguration </Li> <Li> Civil War <Ul> <Li> Confiscation Acts </Li> <Li> President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers </Li> <Li> War based income tax </Li> <Li> Seaports blockade </Li> <Li> RMS Trent Affair </Li> <Li> Habeas Corpus suspended </Li> <Li> Emancipation Proclamation </Li> <Li> West Virginia statehood </Li> <Li> Overland Campaign strategy </Li> <Li> Hampton Roads Conference </Li> <Li> Tour of Richmond </Li> <Li> Ten percent plan </Li> <Li> Reconstruction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13th Amendment abolishing slavery </Li> <Li> Dakota War of 1862 <Ul> <Li> Department of the Northwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Homestead Act of 1862 </Li> <Li> National Banking Acts </Li> <Li> Thanksgiving Day </Li> <Li> Birchard Letter </Li> <Li> Bixby letter </Li> <Li> National Academy of Sciences </Li> <Li> Department of Agriculture </Li> <Li> Pardons </Li> <Li> State of the Union Address , 1863 </Li> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments </Li> <Li> Assassination </Li> <Li> Funeral and burial <Ul> <Li> Lincoln Catafalque </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speeches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lyceum address ( 1838 ) </Li> <Li> Peoria speech ( 1854 ) </Li> <Li> `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) </Li> <Li> House Divided speech ( 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) </Li> <Li> Farewell Address ( 1861 ) </Li> <Li> First inaugural address ( 1861 ) </Li> <Li> Gettysburg Address ( 1863 </Li> <Li> event ) </Li> <Li> Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life and views </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Early life and career </Li> <Li> Black Hawk War </Li> <Li> Matson Trial </Li> <Li> Spot Resolutions </Li> <Li> Boat lifting patent </Li> <Li> Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co . </Li> <Li> Baltimore Plot </Li> <Li> Lincoln 's beard </Li> <Li> Medical and mental health </Li> <Li> Poetry </Li> <Li> Religious views </Li> <Li> Sexuality </Li> <Li> Slavery </Li> <Li> Fanny McCullough letter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Homes and places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lincoln Birthplace <Ul> <Li> Knob Creek Farm </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lincoln Boyhood Memorial <Ul> <Li> Lincoln State Park </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial </Li> <Li> Lincoln 's New Salem </Li> <Li> Lincoln Home </Li> <Li> Lincoln Pioneer Village </Li> <Li> Little Pigeon Creek Community </Li> <Li> Cottage at the Soldier 's Home </Li> <Li> Lincoln Bedroom </Li> <Li> Lincoln Sitting Room </Li> <Li> Ford 's Theatre </Li> <Li> Petersen House </Li> <Li> Lincoln Tomb </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Republican National Convention , 1856 </Li> <Li> 1860 </Li> <Li> 1864 <Ul> <Li> National Union Party </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> United States presidential election , 1860 </Li> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1860 campaign song </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legacy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Presidential Library and Museum </Li> <Li> Papers <Ul> <Li> Lincoln / Net </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Artifacts and relics </Li> <Li> Lincoln Memorial <Ul> <Li> sculpture </Li> <Li> reflecting pool </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mount Rushmore </Li> <Li> Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> Lincoln , Nebraska <Ul> <Li> statue </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln ( Healy painting ) </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln sculpture , Washington D.C. </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue <Ul> <Li> Lincoln Park </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue </Li> <Li> Lincoln Trail State Memorial </Li> <Li> Lincoln the Lawyer statue </Li> <Li> Kentucky statue </Li> <Li> The Peacemakers painting </Li> <Li> Lincoln Highway </Li> <Li> Other memorials </Li> <Li> Photographs </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions <Ul> <Li> films </Li> <Li> postage stamps </Li> <Li> Lincoln penny </Li> <Li> Illinois Centennial half dollar </Li> <Li> currency </Li> <Li> five - dollar bill </Li> <Li> art </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lincoln Prize </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln Association </Li> <Li> White House ghost </Li> <Li> Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln </Li> <Li> Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences </Li> <Li> Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Family tree </Li> <Li> Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) </Li> <Li> Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) </Li> <Li> William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) </Li> <Li> Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) </Li> <Li> Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Lincoln ( father ) </Li> <Li> Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) </Li> <Li> Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) </Li> <Li> Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) </Li> <Li> John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) </Li> <Li> Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) </Li> <Li> Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) </Li> <Li> Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) </Li> <Li> Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) </Li> <Li> Old Bob ( horse ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← James Buchanan </Li> <Li> Andrew Johnson → </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Outline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_(film)&oldid=850579692 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2012 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2010s biographical films </Li> <Li> 2010s drama films </Li> <Li> 2010s war films </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox films </Li> <Li> Amblin Entertainment films </Li> <Li> American biographical films </Li> <Li> American Civil War films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American political drama films </Li> <Li> American war films </Li> <Li> Biographical films about Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of Ulysses S. Grant </Li> <Li> Courtroom films </Li> <Li> Drama films based on actual events </Li> <Li> DreamWorks Pictures films </Li> <Li> Dune Entertainment films </Li> <Li> Films scored by John Williams </Li> <Li> Films about American slavery </Li> <Li> Films about politicians </Li> <Li> Films about Presidents of the United States </Li> <Li> Films based on non-fiction books </Li> <Li> Films directed by Steven Spielberg </Li> <Li> Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance </Li> <Li> Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance </Li> <Li> Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy </Li> <Li> Films produced by Steven Spielberg </Li> <Li> Films set in 1864 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1865 </Li> <Li> Films set in Virginia </Li> <Li> Films set in Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Films shot in Virginia </Li> <Li> Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award </Li> <Li> Participant Media films </Li> <Li> Political films based on actual events </Li> <Li> Reliance Entertainment films </Li> <Li> The Kennedy / Marshall Company films </Li> <Li> Touchstone Pictures films </Li> <Li> War films based on actual events </Li> <Li> Films set in the White House </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2018 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 34 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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United States presidential line of succession - wikipedia <H1> United States presidential line of succession </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is missing information about What happens if all successors are exhausted ? . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( May 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The order of succession to the presidency is referred to three times in the U.S. Constitution -- in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 ; the 20th Amendment ; and the 25th Amendment . Since the federal government was established in 1789 , Congress has adopted three presidential succession acts . The current presidential line of succession was adopted in 1947 ( and last revised in 2006 ) . </P> <P> The succession follows the order of vice president , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . </P> <P> Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current order </Li> <Li> 2 Eligibility <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Eligibility requirements </Li> <Li> 2.2 Acting officers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 </Li> <Li> 4 Constitutional provisions </Li> <Li> 5 Acting President of the United States </Li> <Li> 6 History of succession law set by Congress <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 </Li> <Li> 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 </Li> <Li> 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 </Li> <Li> 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 </Li> <Li> 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Successions beyond Vice President of the United States </Li> <Li> 8 Constitutional concerns </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current order ( edit ) </H2> <P> The current presidential order of succession is as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> Eligible Democrat ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eligible Republican ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eligible Independent ( I ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eligible unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Not eligible </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Office </Th> <Th> Current officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Vice President </Td> <Td> Mike Pence ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Speaker of the House of Representatives </Td> <Td> Paul Ryan ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> President pro tempore of the Senate </Td> <Td> Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Secretary of State </Td> <Td> Mike Pompeo ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Treasury </Td> <Td> Steven Mnuchin ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Defense </Td> <Td> Jim Mattis ( I ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Attorney General </Td> <Td> Jeff Sessions ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Interior </Td> <Td> Ryan Zinke ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Agriculture </Td> <Td> Sonny Perdue ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Commerce </Td> <Td> Wilbur Ross ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Labor </Td> <Td> Alex Acosta ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Health and Human Services </Td> <Td> Alex Azar ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Housing and Urban Development </Td> <Td> Ben Carson ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> Secretary of Transportation </Td> <Td> Elaine Chao ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Energy </Td> <Td> Rick Perry ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Education </Td> <Td> Betsy DeVos ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Veterans Affairs </Td> <Td> Robert Wilkie ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Homeland Security </Td> <Td> Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( Chao acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and consequently is ineligible for the presidency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . </P> <H2> Eligibility ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Eligibility requirements ( edit ) </H3> <P> To be eligible to serve as president , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . </P> <H3> Acting officers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , </P> <P> The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) </P> <H2> Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency . </P> <P> The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . </P> <P> In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , the changes to the succession , when signed into law , placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president . </P> <P> Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . </P> <H2> Constitutional provisions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : </P> <Ul> <Li> Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . </Li> <Li> Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect is eligible or available to serve . </Li> <Li> The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the vice president is the direct successor of the president . He or she becomes president if the president dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for vice presidential succession , by requiring vice presidential vacancies to be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Acting president of the United States ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Acting President of the United States New president Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . <P> Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : </P> <P> In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . </P> <P> This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : </P> <P> The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . </P> <P> This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the presidency devolved upon the vice president on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . </P> In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . <P> Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely Acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contemporaries -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . </P> <P> Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The amendment does not specify whether officers other than the vice president can become president rather than acting president in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as president rather than becoming president . </P> <H2> History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Presidential Succession Act <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the vice president , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . </P> <P> In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . </P> <H3> Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the president 's Cabinet , with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected president , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . </P> <H3> Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . </P> <H3> Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . </P> <H3> Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . </P> <H2> Successions beyond vice president of the United States ( edit ) </H2> David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' <P> While nine vice presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the president , and two vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as president . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the vice president was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the vice president , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . </P> <P> In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of vice president became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become Acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . </P> <P> In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become president immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . </P> New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . <P> Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses vice presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . </P> <P> During the 1973 vice presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become acting president and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the vice presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . </P> <P> In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : </P> <P> Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . </P> <P> A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . </P> <H2> Constitutional concerns ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : </P> <Ul> <Li> The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . </Li> <Li> Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become acting president , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes president `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . </Li> </Ul> <P> In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : </P> <Ol> <Li> The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . </Li> <Li> Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . </Li> <Li> A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . </Li> <Li> A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . </Li> <Li> A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . </Li> <Li> The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . </Li> <Li> The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Central Locator System </Li> <Li> Designated survivor </Li> <Li> List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots </Li> <Li> United States presidential line of succession in fiction </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ 61 Stat. 380 , codified at 3 U.S.C. § 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' Archived January 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University </Li> <Li> `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel </Li> <Li> `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website </Li> <Li> Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website </Li> <Li> The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Presidential line of succession in the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Vice President ( Mike Pence ) </Li> <Li> Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) </Li> <Li> President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) </Li> <Li> Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Presidents </Li> <Li> List of Vice Presidents </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Autobiographies </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Death </Li> <Li> Historical rankings </Li> <Li> Lifespan timeline </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> <Li> Portraits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional careers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Approval rating </Li> <Li> Assassination attempts and plots </Li> <Li> Campaign slogans </Li> <Li> Control of Congress </Li> <Li> Doctrines </Li> <Li> Inaugurations </Li> <Li> International trips </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments </Li> <Li> Libraries </Li> <Li> Military rank </Li> <Li> Military service </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Pardons </Li> <Li> Previous experience </Li> <Li> Vetoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personal life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Deaths in office </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Facial hair </Li> <Li> Firsts </Li> <Li> Freemasons </Li> <Li> Multilingualism </Li> <Li> Net worth </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Pets </Li> <Li> Home state </Li> <Li> Previous occupation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Residences </Li> <Li> Slave owners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Place of primary affiliation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Tie - 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Congo </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=842569858 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States presidential succession </Li> <Li> Continuity of government in the United States </Li> <Li> Vice Presidency of the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from May 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 15 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 08 : 36 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Kitch - iti - kipi - wikipedia <H1> Kitch - iti - kipi </H1> Michigan description plaque at site about Kitch - iti - kipi spring <P> Kitch - iti - kipi ( `` KITCH - i - tee - KI - pee '' with short `` i '' s ) is Michigan 's largest natural freshwater spring . The name means big cold water and is sometimes referred to as The Big Spring . Its original name was the `` Mirror of Heaven '' given to it by the early Native Americans . </P> <P> Kitch - iti - kipi spring is one of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula 's major tourist attractions . It is northwest of Manistique about six miles ( 9.7 km ) west on US Highway 2 and 12 miles ( 19 km ) north on M - 149 in Thompson Township , Schoolcraft County at the northern terminus . It is located within the Palms Book State Park . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Features </Li> <Li> 2 Raft </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Old Native American legends </Li> <Li> 5 Gallery </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> <P> Kitch - iti - kipi is an oval pool measuring 300 by 175 feet ( 91 m × 53 m ) and is about 40 feet ( 12 m ) deep with an emerald green bottom . From the fissures in underlying limestone flows 10,000 US gallons per minute ( 630 l / s ) of spring water throughout the year at a constant temperature of 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) . </P> <P> Hydraulic pressure forces the groundwater to the surface . It is not known exactly where this enormous volume of water comes from . The spring 's pool bowl is similar to other sinkholes except it is connected with an aquifer ( underground stream ) to Indian Lake . The small spring pool was created when the top layer of limestone dissolved away and collapsed into the cave already created by the underground water . </P> <P> Ancient tree trunks with mineral encrusted branches can be seen , as well as fish that appear to be suspended in the crystal clear waters of the spring . The fish are lake trout , brown trout and brook trout . On occasion one may spot yellow perch and other species that move between Big Spring and Indian Lake . </P> <P> A kaleidoscope effect of ever - changing shapes and forms are caused by the clouds of sand kept in constant motion by the gushing waters that are created by the fast moving waters of Big Spring . </P> <H2> Raft ( edit ) </H2> <P> A self - operated observation raft guides park visitors to vantage points overlooking the underwater features . This raft is on a cable that is pulled across the spring pool by park visitors or by a park employee . There are viewing windows where visitors can see the fast flowing spring . Visitors can look over the side of the raft for viewing as well . The Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the raft , dock , concession stand and ranger 's quarters with other groups that participated . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The state of Michigan acquired Kitch - iti - kipi in 1926 . History records that John I. Bellaire , owner of a Manistique Five and Dime store , fell in love with the black hole spring when he discovered it in the thick wilderness of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula in the 1920s . It was hidden in a tangle of fallen trees and loggers were using the nearby area as a dump . </P> <P> Bellaire saw its potential as a public recreational spot . He could have purchased the spring and adjoining property himself ; however , he persuaded Frank Palms of the Palms Book Land Company to sell the spring and 90 acres ( 36 ha ) to the state of Michigan for $10 . The property deed requires the property to be forever used as a public park , bearing the name Palms Book State Park . The State of Michigan has since acquired adjacent land so the park now encompasses over 300 acres ( 120 ha ) . </P> <H2> Old Native American legends ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following are Native American legends that some say were made up by Bellaire himself to publicize the park . </P> <P> One legend goes that Kitch - iti - kipi was a young chieftain of the area . He told his girlfriend that he loved her far more than the other dark - haired maidens dancing near his birchbark wigwam . She claimed she wanted to put him through a test of love and demanded , `` Prove it ! '' The test of his devotion was that he must set sail in his canoe on this spring lake deep in the conifer swamp . She would then leap from an overhanging branch in an act of faith . He was to catch her from his canoe proving his love . He then took his fragile canoe onto the icy waters of the lake looking for her . Eventually his canoe tipped over in the endeavor . He drowned in the attempt to satisfy the vanity of his love for this Native American maid . It turned out she was back at her village meanwhile with other Native American maidens laughing about his frivolous quest . The spring was then named in his memory . </P> <P> Another legend was that they took a drop of honey on a piece of birch bark and dipped it into the spring . This was then presented to a loved one to make them true forever . </P> <P> Another legend talks about the tamarack trees growing on the banks of the spring . A small piece of the bark was ground in a mortar and pestle . The remnants were then placed in an individual 's empty pockets and magically would be replaced by glittering gold at exactly midnight that night . </P> <P> Other Native American legends tell of some Chippewa parents who came to the pool seeking names for their newborn sons or daughters . They supposedly found names like Satu ( darling ) , Kakushika ( big eye ) , Natukoro ( lovely flower ) and We - shi ( little fish ) in the sounds of the rippling water . Still other legends say the Chippewa Native Americans had even attributed special healing powers to the spring waters . </P> <P> The name Kitch - iti - kipi is said to have many meanings in the Chippewa 's language . Some were `` The Great Water '' , '' The Blue Sky I See '' , and `` Bubbling Spring '' . Other Chippewa Native Americans called it `` The Roaring `` , `` Drum Water '' , and the `` Sound of Thunder '' - even though there is total silence coming from the spring ! </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Underwater branches </P> </Li> <Li> Kitch - iti - kipi viewing raft </Li> <Li> <P> Many fish at Kitch - iti - kipi </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Bubbling up sand at Kitch - iti - kipi spring </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Logs at Kitch - iti - kipi </P> </Li> <Li> <P> View at Kitch - iti - kipi Spring </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Mary ; Hunt , Don ( 2007 ) . `` Thompson : Big Spring ( Kitch - iti - kipi ) '' . Hunt 's Guide to Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Albion , MI : Midwestern Guides . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Big Spring ( Kitch - iti - kipi ) '' . Exploring the North . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kitchitikipi : Big Spring '' . Upper Michigan Waterfalls . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Madison , George ; Lockwood , Roger N. ( October 2004 ) . `` Manistique River Assessment '' ( PDF ) . Fisheries Special Report 31 . Ann Arbor , MI : Michigan Department of Natural Resources : 65 -- 72 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Palms Book State Park Detail '' . Michigan Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DuFresne , Jim ; Clifton - Thornton , Christine ( 1998 ) . Michigan State Parks : A Complete Recreation Guide . Seattle ) : The Mountaineers Books . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 544 - 1 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Coordinates : 46 ° 00 ′ 15 '' N 86 ° 22 ′ 55 '' W / 46.00412 ° N 86.38201 ° W / 46.00412 ; - 86.38201 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitch-iti-kipi&oldid=850823722 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Protected areas of Schoolcraft County , Michigan </Li> <Li> State parks of Michigan </Li> <Li> Geology of Michigan </Li> <Li> Civilian Conservation Corps in Michigan </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 05 : 17 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Capital punishment in Ireland - wikipedia <H1> Capital punishment in Ireland </H1> For capital punishment in Northern Ireland , see Capital punishment in the United Kingdom . <P> Capital punishment in the Republic of Ireland was abolished in statute law in 1990 , having been abolished in 1964 for most offences including ordinary murder . The last to be executed was Michael Manning , hanged for murder in 1954 . Subsequent death sentences , the last handed down in 1985 , were commuted by the President , on the advice of the Government , to terms of imprisonment of up to 40 years . A constitutional amendment passed by referendum in 2001 prohibits reintroduction of the death penalty , even during a state of emergency or war . Capital punishment is also forbidden by several human rights treaties to which the state is a party . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early history </Li> <Li> 2 Revolutionary period </Li> <Li> 3 Later executions </Li> <Li> 4 Legal developments </Li> <Li> 5 Commuted death sentences </Li> <Li> 6 Abolition </Li> <Li> 7 Debate </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Sources </Li> <Li> 9.2 Citations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Early Irish law discouraged capital punishment . Murder was usually punished with two types of fine : a fixed éraic and a variable Log nEnech ; a murderer was only killed if he and his relatives could not pay the fine . The Senchas Már 's description of the execution of the murderer of Saint Patrick 's charioteer Odran has been interpreted as a failed attempt to replace pagan restorative justice with Christian retributive justice . </P> See also : Capital punishment in the United Kingdom <P> After the Norman conquest of Ireland , English law provided the model for Irish law . This originally mandated a death sentence for any felony , a class of crimes established by common law but extended by various Acts of Parliament ; a situation later dubbed the `` Bloody Code '' . The gallows speech was a popular genre of broadside from the Williamite revolution through the eighteenth century , feeding into popular ballads of the nineteenth century . </P> <P> The Criminal Law Act 1827 allowed judges to sentence to transportation for many hitherto capital crimes . For more , Peel 's Acts in 1828 replaced the death penalty with penal servitude . The Capital Punishment ( Ireland ) Act 1842 brought the law in Ireland closer to that of England by reducing the penalties for numerous offences , and abolishing the capital crime of serving in the army or navy of France . The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 reduced the number of capital crimes from over two hundred to just three : murder , treason and piracy with violence . Death was a mandatory sentence for murder , though it was often commuted . The last public hanging in Ireland was in 1868 ; after the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 executions were carried out behind prison walls . Irish doctor Samuel Haughton developed the humane `` Standard Drop '' method of hanging that came into use in 1866 . The last peacetime execution while Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was of William Scanlan in 1911 for murdering his sister - in - law . </P> <P> Execution of Irish republicans created political martyrs , such as the `` Manchester Martyrs '' of 1867 . The Prevention of Crime ( Ireland ) Act , 1882 , was enacted during the Land War and introduced on the day of the funeral of Lord Frederick Cavendish , one of the Phoenix Park murder victims . This encouraged non-jury trials to impose death sentences , prompting Francis Alexander FitzGerald to resign in protest as baron of the exchequer . In fact no death sentence was passed under the provisions of that Act . </P> <H2> Revolutionary period ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1916 , the execution of the leaders of the Easter Rising turned public sympathy in favour of the rebels . 24 rebels were executed during the 1919 -- 21 War of Independence , starting with Kevin Barry . In Munster , which was under martial law , 13 were shot in Cork and one in Limerick . `` The Forgotten Ten '' were hanged in Mountjoy Prison , which helped turn opinion in Dublin against the Dublin Castle administration . The last United Kingdom execution was of William Mitchell , an RIC constable who had murdered a justice of the peace . </P> <P> Although the self - proclaimed Irish Republic , which fought the 1919 -- 21 War against the British authorities , established its own Republican Courts , these were not empowered to impose death sentences . However , the Irish Republican Army was empowered by the Republic 's Dáil to court - martial and execute pro-Unionist civilians for such crimes as ' spying ' and collaboration . The procedures at such trials depended on the local IRA leadership ; many were kangaroo courts imposing summary justice . Besides executions , IRA members also carried out combat operations , assassinations , extra-judicial killings , and personally motivated murders , with varying levels of sanction from the Republican leadership ; the dividing lines between these categories can be blurred and contentious ; a case in point being the 1922 Dunmanway killings . </P> <P> The draft version of the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State included a ban on capital punishment , but the Dáil did not adopt this , so the relevant British laws continued in force . The death penalty was retained because of the outbreak of the 1922 -- 3 Civil War . As well as the existing British laws , the `` Special Powers Act '' ( actually a resolution rather than an act ) was passed by the Third Dáil on 26 September 1922 authorising military tribunals to impose death sentences on the anti-Treaty forces . During the Civil War the Free State government executed 81 captured anti-Treaty fighters by firing squad , as well as ordering extra-judicial killings . </P> <H2> Later executions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Between November 1923 and April 1954 , there were a total of 35 executions in the state . In the 1920s , execution was relatively common for murderers . In the absence of a local executioner , the Irish government retained the pre-independence custom of having a British hangman come to Mountjoy Prison to perform executions . There was local opposition to this , and in the 1940s an Irishman sent to Britain as apprentice to Albert Pierrepoint was deemed to lack `` the character to be an executioner '' . 55 men and women were also sentenced to death in that time period but ultimately received a reprieve . Thirteen were sentenced for murdering their newborns , and 42 for other types of murder . </P> <P> The only woman executed after independence was Annie Walsh in 1925 . She and her nephew blamed each other for the murder of her elderly husband . The press expected only the nephew to be found guilty , but both were . She was hanged aged 31 in spite of the jury recommending clemency . </P> <P> During the state of emergency in World War II , increased IRA activity led to six executions . Five were shot by firing squad after sentence by military tribunals under the Emergency Powers Act 1939 . Of these , Maurice O'Neill and Richard Goss had shot but not killed Gardaí : the only people executed by the state for a non-murder crime . Charlie Kerins , the IRA Chief of Staff , executed for murdering a Garda , was hanged rather than shot , making the point of treating him as a common criminal rather than a political crime . </P> <P> Harry Gleeson , hanged in 1941 for the 1940 murder of Moll McCarthy , was granted a posthumous pardon in 2015 . Seán MacBride was Gleeson 's defence counsel and attributed his later opposition to the death penalty to his belief in Gleeson 's innocence . Michael Manning was the last person executed in the state . He was hanged for murder by Albert Pierrepoint on 20 April 1954 . The same year , Brendan Behan 's play The Quare Fellow premiered , in which the title character was modelled on Bernard Kirwan , awaiting execution in Mountjoy while Behan was imprisoned there . </P> <H2> Legal developments ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 1922 `` Special Powers Act '' was replaced after the Civil War by a series of Public Safety Acts promoted by Cumann na nGaedheal governments to counter residual republican paramilitary activity . The 1923 act , valid for six months , allowed the death penalty for `` armed revolt against the Government of Saorstát Eireann '' , whereas the 1924 act , valid for one year , reduced this to life imprisonment . The Treasonable Offences Act , 1925 defined such offences as treason punishable by death . The Public Safety Act 1927 , passed in response to the assassination of Kevin O'Higgins , provided for a special military tribunal during a state of emergency , required the tribunal to pass death sentences for treason and murder , and permitted it to do so for unlawful possession of firearms ; no appeal would be permitted . The Act was originally to last five years , but was expired at the end of 1928 . In 1931 , Eoin O'Duffy used the threat posed by Saor Éire to press for a new Public Safety Act , the Constitution ( Amendment No. 17 ) Act 1931 . This empowered the tribunal to try a variety of crimes and impose a greater sentence than usual , including death , if `` in the opinion of the Tribunal such greater punishment is necessary or expedient '' . This provision was condemned by the Fianna Fáil opposition ( which came to power in 1932 ) and was never invoked . </P> <P> Fianna Fáil introduced a new Constitution in 1937 , which contained several references to execution : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Article 13 section 6 </Dt> <Dd> The right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment imposed by any court exercising criminal jurisdiction are hereby vested in the President , but such power of commutation or remission may , except in capital cases , also be conferred by law on other authorities . </Dd> <Dt> Article 40 section 4 </Dt> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Subsection 5 </Dt> <Dd> Where an order is made under this section by the High Court or a judge thereof for the production of the body of a person who is under sentence of death , the High Court or such judge thereof shall further order that the execution of the said sentence of death shall be deferred until after the body of such person has been produced before the High Court and the lawfulness of his detention has been determined and if , after such deferment , the detention of such person is determined to be lawful , the High Court shall appoint a day for the execution of the said sentence of death and that sentence shall have effect with the substitution of the day so appointed for the day originally fixed for the execution thereof . </Dd> <Dt> Subsection 6 </Dt> <Dd> Nothing in this section , however , shall be invoked to prohibit , control , or interfere with any act of the Defence Forces during the existence of a state of war or armed rebellion . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Infanticide was made a separate crime from murder in 1949 . Since independence , all 13 death sentences for murder in such cases had been commuted ; the new act was intended `` to eliminate all the terrible ritual of the black cap and the solemn words of the judge pronouncing sentence of death in those cases ... where it is clear to the Court and to everybody , except perhaps the unfortunate accused , that the sentence will never be carried out . '' Most cases were not prosecuted as murder before 1949 , and a murder charge was still possible after then . </P> <P> The Criminal Justice Act 1951 , in conformance with Article 13.6 of the Constitution , explicitly excluded capital cases from those to which the Government was granted the power to commute sentences . </P> <P> Successive Ministers for Justice were asked in the Dáil about abolishing the death penalty : in 1936 by Frank MacDermot ; in 1939 by Jeremiah Hurley ; in 1948 by James Larkin Jnr and Peadar Cowan ; in 1956 by Thomas Finlay ; in 1960 by Frank Sherwin ; in 1962 by Stephen Coughlan . In each case the relevant minister dismissed the suggestion . Seán MacBride expressed personal support for abolition even while a minister in a government that oversaw the 1948 execution of William M. Gambon . In 1951 -- 52 , MacBride 's Dáil motion that a Select Committee consider whether to abolish the death penalty was defeated by 63 votes to 23 . In 1956 , the Seanad passed a motion `` That in the opinion of Seanad Eireann the Government should consider the question of introducing legislation to abolish capital punishment or to suspend it for an experimental period '' . </P> <P> When Seán Brady asked in February 1963 , minister Charles Haughey announced `` that the death penalty for murder generally will be abolished but it will be retained for certain specific types of murder . '' In 1984 Haughey said , `` Very shortly after becoming minister for justice , I went up to Mountjoy to see the condemned cell and I was so revolted by the whole atmosphere that I resolved to do away with the death penalty . '' The Criminal Justice Act 1964 abolished the death penalty for piracy , some military crimes , and most murders . It continued to be available for : </P> <Ul> <Li> treason -- under Article 39 of the Constitution , `` treason shall consist only in levying war against the State , or assisting any State or person or inciting or conspiring with any person to levy war against the State , or attempting by force of arms or other violent means to overthrow the organs of government established by the Constitution , or taking part or being concerned in or inciting or conspiring with any person to make or to take part or be concerned in any such attempt . '' </Li> <Li> offences under military law , relating to <Ul> <Li> neglect of command </Li> <Li> assisting the enemy </Li> <Li> passivity as a prisoner of war </Li> <Li> mutiny </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` capital murder '' , i.e. <Ul> <Li> of an Garda or prison officer `` acting in the course of his duty '' ; or </Li> <Li> for a political motive , of a foreign head of state , diplomat , or government member ; or </Li> <Li> in the course or furtherance of certain offences under the Offences against the State Act 1939 : <Ul> <Li> Usurpation of functions of government </Li> <Li> Obstruction of government </Li> <Li> Obstruction of the President </Li> <Li> Interference with military or other employees of the State </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Extradition Act , 1965 prevented extradition where the prisoner could be sentenced to death for a crime not punishable by death in Ireland . </P> <P> The meaning of `` capital murder '' under the 1964 act was elucidated by the Supreme Court in the 1977 case of Noel and Marie Murray , convicted of capital murder after the 1975 shooting of a Garda , who was off duty and not in uniform , giving chase after they had robbed a bank . The court held that `` capital murder '' was a new offence , not merely a subtype of the existing common - law offence of murder ; and that the Garda was acting `` in the course of his duty '' , despite not being on duty ; but that , as he was in plain clothes , the Murrays did not know he was a Garda ; and so , while there was intent ( mens rea ) to commit murder , there was no intent to commit capital murder . </P> <H2> Commuted death sentences ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1923 to 1964 , 40 death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment ; three condemned were found insane , and three died awaiting execution . Criminology professor Ian O'Donnell wrote in 2016 that murderers with commuted death sentences `` were released after periods of time that would be considered absurdly short today '' . In the years 1946 -- 62 , 82 murders produced 73 arrests ; of these 34 were unfit to plead because of insanity , 7 found guilty but insane , and 18 found guilty and thus mandatorily sentenced to death . The sentences were executed on 3 and commuted on the other 15 , including all three women . Mamie Cadden was sentenced to be hanged in 1957 for felony murder after performing an illegal abortion on a woman who died . </P> <P> Death sentences were passed on 11 people after the 1964 Act , for 5 different incidents involving the capital murder of a total of 6 Gardaí ( police ) . All were imposed by the Special Criminal Court . The murders of several other gardaí , and of British ambassador Christopher Ewart - Biggs in 1976 , might also have constituted capital crimes had any prosecution been brought . Of the 11 sentenced to death , 2 had the conviction for capital murder quashed on appeal , and were convicted instead of ordinary murder . The death sentences of the other 9 were commuted by the President on the advice of the government , to 40 years ' imprisonment without parole . One conviction was overturned in 1995 . The 40 - year sentences were controversial , both because they had no statutory basis , and because they were not handed down by a judge . The Court of Criminal Appeal has upheld the sentences as the extra-judicial procedure is in step with the Irish Constitution 's provision for commuting sentences . </P> <P> Four convicts were released in 1998 under the amnesty of political prisoners under the Good Friday Agreement . The remaining four protested that they were also eligible for the amnesty , but were not released under its provisions . The state refused to grant the standard remission of sentences due for good behaviour , which would make them eligible for parole after 30 years . One of the four , Noel Callan , took a court case that he was entitled to emission , which was rejected by the High Court in 2011 , but upheld by the Supreme Court in 2013 . Two of the four , who had already served over thirty years , were released straight away , while Callan and the fourth were released in December 2015 upon reaching 30 years . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date of crime </Th> <Th> Convicted </Th> <Th> Victims </Th> <Th> Context </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Date sentence passed </Th> <Th> Date scheduled for execution </Th> <Th> Date sentence commuted </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 - 09 - 11 </Td> <Td> Marie and Noel Murray </Td> <Td> Michael J. Reynolds </Td> <Td> Shot after a robbery of the Bank of Ireland in Killester </Td> <Td> Saint Anne 's Park , Dublin </Td> <Td> 1976 - 06 - 09 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 - 12 - 09 </Td> <Td> Black Cross anarchists . The capital murder conviction was quashed as the Garda was off duty and not in uniform ; instead a life sentence was imposed for ordinary murder . Released after serving 15 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 - 07 - 07 </Td> <Td> Paddy McCann , Colm O'Shea ( , Peter Pringle ) </Td> <Td> Henry Byrne , John Morley </Td> <Td> Shot after a robbery of the Bank of Ireland in Ballaghaderreen </Td> <Td> Near Ballaghaderreen , County Roscommon </Td> <Td> 1980 - 11 - 27 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 12 - 19 </Td> <Td> 1981 - 05 - 27 </Td> <Td> Pringle 's conviction was overturned in 1995 . McCann claimed in a 2009 interview that he was a member of Saor Éire eligible for the Good Friday amnesty . O'Shea was denied release in 2012 . Both were released in 2013 after Noel Callan 's court case . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 - 10 - 13 </Td> <Td> Peter Rogers </Td> <Td> Seamus Quaid </Td> <Td> Shot while inspecting a van containing explosives , after a robbery in Callan </Td> <Td> Ballyconnick , near Cleariestown , County Wexford </Td> <Td> 1981 - 03 - 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 - 07 - 01 </Td> <Td> Provisional IRA member . Released in 1998 under the Good Friday Agreement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 - 08 - 10 </Td> <Td> Thomas Eccles , Patrick McPhillips and Brian McShane </Td> <Td> Frank Hand </Td> <Td> Shot at a post office raid </Td> <Td> Drumree , Co Meath </Td> <Td> 1985 - 03 - 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1986 - 02 - 22 </Td> <Td> Provisional IRA members . Released in 1998 under the Good Friday Agreement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 - 06 - 27 </Td> <Td> Noel Callan and Michael McHugh </Td> <Td> Patrick Morrissey </Td> <Td> Robbery of Ardee labour exchange </Td> <Td> Collon , County Louth </Td> <Td> 1985 - 12 - 03 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1985 - 12 - 20 ( McHugh ) <P> 1986 - 05 - 29 ( Callan ) </P> </Td> <Td> INLA members . Callan 's sentence was not commuted till after the failure of an appeal against his conviction . Both released in December 2015 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Abolition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Noel Browne introduced a private member 's bill to abolish the death penalty in March 1981 . The Fianna Fáil government voted it down on its first reading . Fine Gael had supported the first reading and would have allowed a free vote at the second reading ; the Labour Party supported abolition . Minister for Justice Gerry Collins , in opposing the bill , referred to the four death sentences which were then pending appeal , and said `` were we to abolish ( the death penalty ) , and because of the violence of recent years , the pressure for arming the Garda would become extremely strong '' . After the general election in June 1981 , the Fine Gael -- Labour coalition introduced a bill in the Seanad to abolish the death penalty for treason and capital murder , which passed there but had not reached the Dáil when the government fell in January 1982 . Another private member 's bill , introduced by Shane Ross in 1984 , began its second reading in 1985 , but was still on the order paper in 1990 . A 1986 Department of Foreign Affairs briefing made public in 2017 said : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The death penalty in this country is largely a quaint throwback to the days when everyone else had one . As we no longer have a hangman , and almost the only country in the world in a position to train one is South Africa , there is no immediate prospect of execution in this jurisdiction . That being said , the abolition of the death penalty would represent a strong political minus in the eyes of certain right - wing groupings , including the gardaí , the RUC and the DUP . While the step would be practically meaningless , it could be used in a politically damaging way . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In 1988 , the Progressive Democrats ( PDs ) produced an aspirational `` Constitution for a New Republic '' , which included a prohibition on capital punishment . </P> <P> Ireland 's 1989 ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) , effective 8 March 1990 , made a reservation to Article 6 ( 5 ) . The Article reads `` Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age and shall not be carried out on pregnant women . '' The declaration read `` Pending the introduction of further legislation to give full effect to the provisions of paragraph 5 of Article 6 , should a case arise which is not covered by the provisions of existing law , the Government of Ireland will have regard to its obligations under the Covenant in the exercise of its power to advise commutation of the sentence of death . '' The legislation referred to was the Child Care Bill 1988 , which became law in 1991 ; a section was to have been included to raise from 17 to 18 the minimum age for the death penalty . In May 1989 , Fianna Fáil minister Michael Woods stated : </P> <Dl> <Dd> I appreciate that there is support for the abolition of the death penalty and , in more normal times , I accept that there would be merit in a full and open debate on the pros and cons of such a move . However , times are not normal and there are armed subversive groups inimical to the institutions of the State . In such circumstances my primary concern -- and that of the Minister for Justice -- is to provide the maximum protection possible for those who defend our democratic institutions . I am concerned that a move to abolish the death penalty at present could give the wrong signal . It would remove the additional protection which the death penalty provides for members of the Garda Síochána and the Prison Service , who are especially at risk from violent criminals , some of whom have been murdered in the execution of their duty . </Dd> </Dl> <P> After the June 1989 general election , Fianna Fáil formed a coalition with the PDs ; the agreed programme for government included abolishing the death penalty . It was abolished for all offences by the Criminal Justice Act 1990 , which made life imprisonment the penalty for what had been capital crimes , and all except the military crimes had a minimum term of not less than forty years ; remission rules are stricter than for other crimes . The Child Care Bill 1988 was still pending , so the section relating to the death penalty was removed as superfluous . In 1993 , Tánaiste Dick Spring said in Vienna that the 1990 abolition should be made irreversible , which Taoiseach Albert Reynolds later confirmed was government policy and would involve a Constitutional change . However , the government fell six months later . </P> <P> One recommendation of the 1996 Constitutional Review Group was : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Prohibit the re-introduction of the death penalty . If this is not deemed desirable , Article 40.4. 5 ° should be retained . If it is prohibited , Article 28.3. 3 ° will require amendment so that the death penalty can not be imposed in any circumstances . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Article 40.4. 5 ° prescribed the treatment of those under sentence of death ; Article 28.3. 3 ° deals with the suspension of rights during a state of emergency . On 7 June 2001 , the Twenty - first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was one of three proposed amendments put to referendums . It added Article 15.5. 2 ° , which prohibits the death penalty ; deleted as redundant Article 40.4. 5 ° and several other references to `` capital crimes '' ; and amended Article 28.3. 3 ° to prevent the death penalty being imposed during an emergency . The Referendum Commission produced an information booklet , with arguments for and against the amendment derived from submissions it had solicited from the public . The amendment was passed on a turnout of 34.79 % , with 610,455 in favour and 372,950 against . The 38 % no - vote was higher than the 28 % predicted by polls ; there were suggestions that the wording of the ballot question was confusing and that some voters were expressing dissatisfaction with the government . </P> <P> Ireland adopted the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR in 1993 , and the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) in 1994 , both of which prohibit the death penalty in peacetime . The reservation to ICCPR Article 6 ( 5 ) was withdrawn in 1994 . Ireland ratified the Thirteenth Protocol to the ECHR , which prohibits the death penalty in wartime , at its opening in 2002 . </P> <H2> Debate ( edit ) </H2> <P> The media occasionally reports calls to reconsider the ban on capital punishment . In November 2009 , Richard Johnson , recently retired as President of the High Court , said that he favoured reintroduction of the death penalty in limited circumstances , such as murder committed during armed robberies . The Irish Council for Civil Liberties described his remarks as `` deeply misguided and frivolous '' . At the January 2010 meeting of the Mid-West Regional Authority , two members of Clare County Council called for `` a public debate '' on the death penalty . In June 2010 , Kevin Kiely , then outgoing mayor of Limerick , advocated the death penalty for `` anyone involved in the planning and premeditation of a murder '' in the aftermath of several gang - related murders . </P> <P> The National Party , a right - wing group established in 2016 , supports reintroduction of the death penalty for `` particularly heinous crimes '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Prisoners sentenced to death by Ireland , includes those executed </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Carey , Tim ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) . Hanged for Murder : Irish State Executions . Collins Press . ISBN 9781848891869 . </Li> <Li> Doyle , David M. ; O'Donnell , Ian ( 2012 ) . `` The Death Penalty in Post-Independence Ireland '' . The Journal of Legal History . 33 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 91 . doi : 10.1080 / 01440365.2012. 661141 . ISSN 0144 - 0365 . </Li> <Li> O'Donnell , Ian ; Doyle , David M. ( 2014 ) . `` A Family Affair ? : English Hangmen and a Dublin Jail , 1923 -- 54 '' . New Hibernia Review . 18 ( 4 ) : 101 -- 118 . doi : 10.1353 / nhr. 2014.0058 . ISSN 1534 - 5815 . </Li> <Li> Regan , John M. ( 1999 ) . The Irish Counter-revolution , 1921 -- 1936 : Treatyite Politics and Settlement in Independent Ireland . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9780312227272 . </Li> <Li> Wallace , Colm ( 2016 ) . Sentenced to Death : Saved from the Gallows . Somerville Press . ISBN 9780992736491 . </Li> <Li> `` 2. B. ( 2 ) ( a ) -- Abolition of the Death Penalty '' . Mandatory Sentences . LRC Reports . 108 . Dublin : Law Reform Commission . June 2013 . ISSN 1393 - 3132 . 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Oireachtas. 27 September 1922 . cols. 801 -- 884 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Regan 1999 , pp. 108 -- 109 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Military Courts - General Regulations As To Trial Of Civilians '' . Irish Statute Book . 2 October 1922 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Written Answers . - Capital Punishment Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Dáil Éireann - Volume 552 - 23 April 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corless , Damian ( 21 November 2009 ) . `` You shall hang by the neck ... '' Irish Independent . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kearney , Joe ; O'Brien , Liam ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` Documentary on One - Ireland 's Secret Hangman '' . RTÉ Radio 1 . RTÉ . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Colm ( 2016 ) . Sentenced to Death : Saved from the Gallows . Banty : Somerville Press . p. 4 . ISBN 9780992736491 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thursday , 27.08. 2009 : 22 : 00 Ceart ' s Coir '' . TV listings . TG4 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Remembering the Past : Executed IRA men reinterred An Phoblacht </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minister Fitzgerald announces Government decision to grant a Posthumous Pardon to Harry Gleeson '' ( Press release ) . Department of Justice and Equality. 1 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O Cathaoir , Brendan ( 27 December 2001 ) . `` Gleeson case led to campaign for abolition of capital punishment '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The referendum on capital punishment Archived 3 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Tony Connelly , RTÉ , 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LRC Report 108 § 2.61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Safety ( Emergency Powers ) Act , 1923 , Section 5 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Safety ( Punishment of Offences ) Temporary Act , 1924 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Regan 1999 , pp. 273 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Safety Act , 1927 Irish Statute Book </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Act , 1928 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Regan 1999 , pp. 287 -- 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Constitution ( Amendment No. 17 ) Act , 1931 Irish Statute Book </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connell , Rory ( 1999 ) . `` Guardians of the Constitution : Unconstitutional Constitutional Norms '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Civil Liberties : 57 -- 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Infanticide Act , No. 16 / 1949 Irish Statute Book </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rattigan , Clíona ( 2008 ) . `` ' Done to death by father or relatives ' : Irish families and infanticide cases , 1922 -- 1950 '' . The History of the Family . 13 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 383 . doi : 10.1016 / j. hisfam. 2008.09. 003 . 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Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sutton Index of Deaths : Q '' . CAIN . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rogers sentenced to death for murder of detective garda '' . The Irish Times . 12 March 1981 . p. 13 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rogers not to hang '' . The Irish Times . 2 July 1981 . p. 1 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sutton Index of Deaths : H '' . CAIN . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Death sentence for 3 in garda murder '' . The Irish Times . 29 March 1985 . p. 1 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Death sentences on three commuted '' . The Irish Times . 22 February 1986 . p. 1 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sutton Index of Deaths : M '' . CAIN . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Garda Ar Lár Programme 1 : Sergeant Patrick Morrissey '' . RTÉ.ie . 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Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LRC Report 108 , § 2.64 ; Seanad Éireann - Volume 96 cols 218 -- 252 cols 460 -- 512 Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . cols 528 -- 560 Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . cols 644 -- 706 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LRC Report 108 , § 2.64 ; Seanad Éireann Vol. 103 No. 12 p. 5 cc. 1117 -- 8 , Vol. 107 No. 3 p. 7 cc. 277 -- 87 , p. 9 cc. 287 -- 304 , No. 5 p. 8 cc. 431 -- 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seanad Éireann Vol. 122 No. 19 p. 4 cc. 1998 -- 2008 Vol. 123 No. 15 p. 4 cc. 1671 -- 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duffy , Rónán ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` Ireland 's death penalty was a ' quaint throwback ' but not everyone wanted to get rid of it '' . TheJournal.ie . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution for a New Republic '' ( PDF ) . Irish Election Manifesto Archive . Michael Pidgeon . January 1988 . p. 4 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . The State shall not make lawful the taking of life as punishment for any offence </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Art 6 ( 5 ) , International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 14668 . International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Treaty Series . New York : United Nations . 1551 : 352 . 1997 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dáil debates , Vol. 403 c. 2635 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Child Care Act , 1991 '' . Irish Statute Book . Government of Ireland . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oral Answers . - Death Penalty '' . Dáil debates . Oireachtas. 24 May 1989 . pp. Vol. 390 cc. 1045 -- 7 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Progressive Democrats ( July 1989 ) . `` Agreed programme for Government 1989 -- 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Irish Election Manifesto Archive . Michael Pidgeon . p. 32 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . new laws , removing the death penalty ; changing the libel laws ; and governing telephone tapping will be introduced . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1990 Irish Statute Book , Acts of the Oireachtas </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LRC 108 , § § 2.66 -- 2.67 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ col. 608 -- 9 , Ceisteanna -- Questions . Oral Answers . - Constitutional Reform . Dáil Éireann - Volume 432 - 15 June 1993 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Constitution Review Group ( 1996 ) . `` Articles 40 - 44 ; 6 : appeals relating to death sentences '' . Report of the Constitution Review Group ( PDF ) . Dublin : Stationery Office . p. 262 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 21 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prohibition of Death Penalty ( 2001 ) : The Twenty - first Amendment of the Constitution ( No. 2 ) Bill , 2001 7 - June - 2001 Archived 28 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Returning Officer for referendums in Ireland </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Past referendums : Abolition of the Death Penalty Referendum Commission ( Ireland ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Abolition of the Death Penalty : Arguments For and Against '' . Past Referendums . Referendum Commission . 2001 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Referendum Results 1937 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Dublin : Department of the Environment , Heritage and Local Government . 2011 . p. 60 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulter , Carol ( 9 June 2001 ) . `` Confusion prompts rise in support for death penalty '' . The Irish Times . p. 8 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 14668 . International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Treaty Series . New York : United Nations . 1725 : 374 . 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Written Answers . - International Agreements . Dáil Éireann - Volume 437 - 26 January 1994 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ireland : Human Rights ( Convention and Protocols only ) : Treaties signed and ratified or having been the subject of an accession 18 November 2009 Council of Europe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adjournment Debate . - Death Penalty . Dáil Éireann - Volume 482 - 23 October 1997 , col. 322 -- 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ fn. 25 , International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : Signatories Archived 1 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . United Nations Treaty Series , Chapter IV , No. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulter , Carol ( 16 November 2009 ) . `` Death penalty should be revisited , says ex-judge '' . The Irish Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judge 's Death Penalty Remarks `` Deeply Misguided and Frivolous '' , says ICCL 16 November 2009 , Irish Council for Civil Liberties </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Councillors call for debate on death penalty '' . The Irish Times . 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duggan , Barry ( 6 June 2010 ) . `` Limerick mayor wants death penalty restored '' . Sunday Independent . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larkin , Laura ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Far - right party 's launch is cancelled '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ; MacNamee , Garreth ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Who is National Party leader Justin Barrett ? '' . TheJournal.ie . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Principles '' . National Party . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lists of all those executed , from `` Capital Punishment U.K. '' site : <Ul> <Li> Irish executions 1835 - 1899 </Li> <Li> 20th century executions in the Irish Republic ( Eire ) </Li> <Li> Executions in Northern Ireland in the 20th century </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capital punishment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retentionist countries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> 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</Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Vatican City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other entities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Åland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Guernsey </Li> <Li> Isle of Man </Li> <Li> Jersey </Li> <Li> Svalbard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other entities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> European Union </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Ireland&oldid=851371418 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Penal system in the Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Capital punishment by country </Li> <Li> Irish criminal law </Li> <Li> Death in the Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Human rights in Ireland </Li> <Li> 1990 disestablishments in Ireland </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> 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</Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 20 : 47 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Bucky Barnes - wikipedia <H1> Bucky Barnes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bucky Barnes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bucky Barnes as Winter Soldier . Promotional art for Captain America vol. 5 , # 11 ( Nov. 2005 ) , by Steve Epting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Marvel Comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> As Bucky : Captain America Comics # 1 ( March 1941 ) As Winter Soldier : Captain America # 1 ( January 2005 ) As Captain America : Captain America # 34 ( January 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Bucky : Joe Simon Jack Kirby Winter Soldier : Ed Brubaker Steve Epting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alter ego </Th> <Td> James Buchanan Barnes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team affiliations </Th> <Td> Invaders Young Allies Kid Commandos Avengers Thunderbolts Department X Legion of the Unliving </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partnerships </Th> <Td> Captain America Black Widow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable aliases </Th> <Td> Bucky , Winter Soldier , Captain America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abilities </Th> <Td> Skilled hand to hand combatant , martial artist and marksman Advance scout Use of military weapons and throwing knives As Winter Soldier : Skilled assassin and spy Via cybernetic left arm : Superhuman strength Enhanced reaction time Energy projection EMP discharger Holographic projector As Captain America : Carries a Vibranium alloy shield Wears a shock absorbing costume Use of conventional weapons </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> James Buchanan `` Bucky '' Barnes is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Originally introduced as a sidekick to Captain America , the character was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby and first appeared in Captain America Comics # 1 ( cover - dated March 1941 ) ( which was published by Marvel 's predecessor ) as the original and most well - known incarnation of `` Bucky '' . The character is brought back from supposed death as the brainwashed assassin Winter Soldier ( Russian : Зимний Солдат , translit . Zimniy Soldát ; Belarusian : Зімовы Салдат translit . Zimovy Saldat ) , and later assumed the role of Captain America when Steve Rogers was presumed to be dead . </P> <P> IGN listed Bucky Barnes as the 53rd greatest comic book hero of all time stating that after Robin , Bucky is easily the most iconic superhero sidekick of the Golden Age and describing him as one of the central players in the Marvel Universe since his role of being Captain America . IGN also lists Bucky as # 8 in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' in 2012 . Sebastian Stan portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America : The First Avenger , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Ant - Man , Captain America : Civil War , Black Panther , Avengers : Infinity War , and will reprise the role in the untitled fourth Avengers film . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Publication history </Li> <Li> 2 Fictional character biography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origin and World War II </Li> <Li> 2.2 Winter Soldier </Li> <Li> 2.3 The new Captain America </Li> <Li> 2.4 Fear Itself and return as Winter Soldier </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Powers and abilities </Li> <Li> 4 Other versions </Li> <Li> 5 In other media <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Television </Li> <Li> 5.2 Film </Li> <Li> 5.3 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Collected editions </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Publication history ( edit ) </H2> <P> When Joe Simon created his initial sketch of Captain America for Marvel Comics precursor Timely Comics in 1940 , he included a young sidekick . `` The boy companion was simply named Bucky , after my friend Bucky Pierson , a star on our high school basketball team , '' Simon said in his autobiography . Following the character 's debut in Captain America Comics # 1 ( March 1941 ) , Bucky Barnes appeared alongside the title star in virtually every story in that publication and other Timely series , and was additionally part of the all - kid team the Young Allies . In the post-war era , with the popularity of superheroes fading , Bucky appeared alongside team - leader Captain America in the two published adventures of Timely / Marvel 's first superhero group , the All - Winners Squad , in All Winners Comics # 19 and 21 ( Fall - Winter 1946 ; there was no issue # 20 ) . After Bucky was shot and seriously wounded in a 1948 Captain America story , he was succeeded by Captain America 's girlfriend Betsy Ross , who became the superhero Golden Girl . Captain America Comics ended with # 75 ( Feb. 1950 ) , by which time the series had been titled Captain America 's Weird Tales for two issues , with the finale a horror / suspense anthology issue with no superheroes . </P> <P> Captain America and Bucky were both briefly revived , along with fellow Timely stars the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner , in the omnibus Young Men # 24 ( Dec. 1953 ) , published by Marvel 's 1950s iteration Atlas Comics . Bucky appeared alongside `` Captain America , Commie Smasher ! '' , as the hero was cover - billed , in stories published during the next year in Young Men and Men 's Adventures , as well as in three issues of Captain America that continued the old numbering . Sales were poor , however , and the series was discontinued with Captain America # 78 ( Sept. 1954 ) . </P> <P> Retroactive continuity , beginning with The Avengers # 4 ( March 1964 ) , established that the original Captain America and Bucky went missing near the end of World War II and were secretly replaced by then - U.S. President Harry S. Truman with successor heroes using those identities . </P> <P> Bucky appeared in very occasional flashbacks from the 1960s on , and co-starred with Captain America in flashback World War II adventures in Tales of Suspense # 63 - 71 ( March - Nov. 1965 ) . His apparent death was depicted in flashback in The Avengers # 56 ( Sept. 1968 ) . </P> <P> In 2005 , series writer Ed Brubaker returned Bucky from his seeming death near the end of World War II . He additionally revealed that Barnes 's official status as Captain America 's sidekick was a cover - up , and that Barnes began as a 16 - year - old operative trained to do things regular soldiers and the twenty - something Captain America normally would not do , such as conduct covert assassinations . </P> <P> Bucky 's death had been notable as one of the few comic book deaths that remained unreversed . An aphorism among comic book fans , known as the Bucky Clause , was that in comics , `` No one stays dead except Bucky , Jason Todd and Uncle Ben '' . However , all three were brought back to life in their respective universes in 2006 , although Uncle Ben turned out to be an alternate Ben from another reality . </P> <P> Bucky 's death has also been used to explain why the Marvel Universe has virtually no young sidekicks , as no responsible hero wants to endanger a minor in similar fashion . Stan Lee also disliked the plot device of kid sidekicks , saying in the 1970s that `` One of my many pet peeves has always been the young teenage sidekick of the average superhero '' . Roger Stern and John Byrne had also considered bringing Bucky back , before deciding against it . However , in 1990 , co-creator Jack Kirby , when asked if he had ever heard talk of resurrecting Bucky , answered : `` Speaking completely for myself , I would n't mind bringing Bucky in ; he represents teenagers , and there are always teenagers ; he 's a universal character '' . </P> <P> A climactic scene of Bucky 's return involves Captain America using the reality - altering Cosmic Cube to restore the Winter Soldier 's memories . Writer Ed Brubaker , in an interview , said he intended no loophole , and that Captain America did not `` will '' the Winter Soldier to have Bucky 's memories . </P> <P> As Captain America , he appeared as a regular character in the 2010 - 2013 Avengers series , from issue # 1 ( July 2010 ) through issue # 7 ( January 2011 ) , and in issue # 12.1 ( June 2011 ) . After the events of the 2011 `` Fear Itself '' storyline , Bucky returned to the role of Winter Soldier , this time as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in an eponymous series that lasted 19 issues . The first 14 issues were written by Brubaker , with the last story arc written by Jason Latour . Since January 2014 , Bucky has been part of the cast of James Robinson 's All - New Invaders . In July 2014 , it was announced that Bucky would again have his own series , titled Bucky Barnes : The Winter Soldier . The series is written by Ales Kot with art by Marco Rudy , and began in October 2014 . </P> <H2> Fictional character biography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origin and World War II ( edit ) </H3> Bucky in World War II . Cover detail for Captain America 65th Anniversary Special ( May 2006 ) . Art by Eric Wight . <P> James Buchanan Barnes was born in Shelbyville , Indiana in 1925 . Barnes grew up as an Army brat . He was orphaned when his father was killed in training at U.S. Army Camp Lehigh in Virginia just before the United States ' entry into World War II . As a result , he is unofficially adopted by the camp as a mascot . Nicknamed `` Bucky '' , he takes to wearing a uniform and becoming savvy with the ins and outs of military life , even though he is a teenager . It was at Lehigh that he meets and befriends Private Steven Rogers , who by all appearances is the clumsiest soldier in the camp . This was at the same time that reports of the then - mysterious Captain America begin to appear in news magazines , and Barnes eagerly devours the accounts of this new hero . </P> <P> In 1940 , Bucky accidentally walked in on Steve Rogers changing into his uniform , thus discovering his friend was Captain America and insisted that he join him . He underwent extensive training and was assigned to be Captain America 's partner . The military justified putting a 15 - year - old in harm 's way by using him as a symbol to rally the youth of America ( as revealed in Captain America vol. 5 , # 12 , Dec 2005 ) . They fight the Red Skull together , and Captain America accepts Bucky as his partner . Together , Captain America and Bucky fight Nazis both at home and abroad , as a duo and as part of the superhero team known as the Invaders , fighting Master Man in their first mission . Barnes also teams up with the sidekicks of other heroes in a group called the Young Allies . Additionally , Bucky was retconned in 1976 as the organizer of the flashback World War II super-team the Liberty Legion , set between the formations of the Invaders and the post-war All - Winners Squad . He was also briefly one of the Kid Commandos at this time . Bucky served as an advance scout for Captain America and the Invaders , often being assigned tasks that none of the heroes could be seen doing . </P> <P> In the closing days of World War II in 1945 , Captain America and Bucky tried to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane . Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive device on it , with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit . They reach the plane just before it takes off . Bucky unsuccessfully tries to defuse the bomb , and it explodes in mid-air before reaching its intended target . He will be believed to have been killed in action , as Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic . Rogers ' body , preserved in suspended animation in a block of ice , is found decades later by The Avengers while searching the Arctic for the Sub-Mariner . </P> <P> It was only in modern times that Captain America would learn that Bucky had a sister , Rebecca , whom he met at a veterans Christmas celebration . Bucky also had one notable post-mortem appearance when the Grandmaster challenged the West and East Coast Avengers for the destruction of the universe , apparently resurrecting long - dead friends and foes for them to fight . Captain America battled Bucky , whom he defeated , and the apparitions disappeared . </P> <H3> Winter Soldier ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2005 , Marvel launched a new Captain America series ( Volume 5 ) with writer Ed Brubaker , who revealed that Bucky did not die in World War II . It was revealed that after the plane exploded , General Vasily Karpov and the crew of a Russian patrol submarine found Bucky 's cold - preserved body , albeit with his left arm severed . Bucky was revived in Moscow , but suffered brain damage with amnesia as a result of the explosion . Scientists attached a bionic arm , periodically upgrading it as technology improved . </P> <P> Programmed to be a Soviet assassin for Department X -- under the code name the Winter Soldier , he is sent on covert wetwork missions and becomes increasingly ruthless and efficient as he kills in the name of the state . While a Soviet agent , he also has a brief relationship with the Black Widow . The Winter Soldier is kept in a cryogenic stasis when not on missions , and as a result has aged only a few years to a young adult since the closing days of World War II . In 1968 , the Winter Soldier was sent to kill Professor Zhang Chin , whom he had met over 20 years earlier . He was thwarted by an intangible being called the Man with No Face , though he was able to escape . On assignment in the United States in the 1970s , he suffers a breakdown and goes missing for days after assassinating his target . The Winter Soldier also aided in Wolverine 's escape from the Weapon X laboratory and later murdered Itsu , Wolverine 's wife , seemingly killing their unborn son Daken , who survived the attack after being cut from his mother 's womb . </P> <P> In the present day , the Winter Soldier seemingly kills the Red Skull and Jack Monroe ( Nomad ) under orders from former Soviet general Aleksander Lukin ( Karpov 's former protégé ) . The Winter Soldier launches a terrorist attack on Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , killing hundreds , and charges the Cosmic Cube which Lukin sent him to retrieve . He kidnaps Sharon Carter , an agent of the international espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. and a former lover of Steve Rogers ( Captain America ) . Upon her rescue , Carter tells Captain America that Winter Soldier looked like Bucky . S.H.I.E.L.D. chief Nick Fury confirms the Winter Soldier 's existence , but can not ascertain his identity . </P> <P> Captain America tracks down and confronts the Winter Soldier . Regaining his memories , Bucky becomes overwhelmed by guilt over his past actions , crushing the Cosmic Cube and teleporting away . </P> <P> He reappears shortly afterward in London , England , where he helps Captain America fend off a terrorist attack . He asks Nick Fury for employment and new equipment following the loss of his bionic arm . Following the events of the superhuman Civil War , Winter Soldier helps Fury plan the escape of an arrested Steve Rogers . Before the plan can be implemented , however , Rogers is assassinated . Considering registration architect Tony Stark ( Iron Man ) as ultimately responsible , Winter Soldier plans to kill Stark in revenge . Deducing that Stark will oversee the appointment of a new Captain America , Winter Soldier steals Captain America 's shield from S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Black Widow so that it can not be handed down . Ultimately , he heads to Kronas 's headquarters , where Lukin reveals he is the Red Skull and has the evil psychiatrist Dr. Faustus attempt unsuccessfully to brainwash the Winter Soldier . </P> <H3> The new Captain America ( edit ) </H3> Bucky Barnes as Captain America . Art by Alex Ross See also : The Death of Captain America <P> After escaping from Faustus and being captured by S.H.I.E.L.D. , Barnes learns from Executive Director Tony Stark that Steve Rogers had left Stark a letter asking Stark to watch over Barnes and that the Captain America mantle should continue . Stark suggests that Barnes become the new Captain America . Barnes agrees to become the new Captain America only if Stark has telepaths eliminate any potential subliminal commands and guarantees him complete autonomy . As the autonomy arrangement is illegal under the Superhuman Registration Act , Stark keeps his support of the new Captain America secret . Barnes 's new Captain America costume is laced with adamantium , and he carries a pistol and a combat knife . Barnes ' first major adventure as the new Captain America has him , Falcon , Carter and S.H.I.E.L.D. fighting against the original Red Skull and Dr. Faustus who have revived the 1950s Captain America in a plot to secure one of their pawns attaining the U.S. presidency . Barnes and his allies succeed in aborting the Skull 's plans , and Barnes saves the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates from assassination , winning public applause . The adventure ends with Barnes accepting himself and addressing himself now as Captain America . He also begins a friendship with Black Widow . </P> <P> A still - teenaged Barnes is transported from 1941 and appears in the 2008 Avengers / Invaders miniseries alongside his fellow Invaders when a time travel incident takes them from a World War II battlefield to the present - day Marvel Universe , where they encounter both the Mighty Avengers and New Avengers . At the conclusion of Avengers / Invaders # 4 , while attempting to break out of the S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier , which he believes to be a German base , Barnes encounters his future self dressed as Captain America . During this meeting , the future Barnes attempts to change his history by telling his past self to abandon the plane that he was seemingly killed trying to disarm , without ever telling his younger self his true identity . Barnes decides to let his life turn out the way it should after witnessing the devastating risks involved in changing history . </P> <P> During the Secret Invasion storyline , after most of the other heroes have fallen as the Skrull invasion of Earth continues , Captain America is seen watching Thor defend a group of civilians in Central Park . Later , after a brief confrontation with Thor , he joins the other group of heroes ( the Mighty Avengers , the New Avengers , the Initiative , the Thunderbolts , Nick Fury and his Secret Warriors , Young Avengers , and the Hood 's group ) in battle against an army of Super-Skrulls led by Queen Veranke herself . </P> <P> Following the Secret Invasion storyline , Captain America discovers that the remains of Jim Hammond , the original Human Torch , have been recovered and studied by the United Nations . The body was stolen by Professor Zhang Chin who used the Torch to create a virus to exterminate half the Earth 's population . Teaming up with Namor , they stop Chin and make sure that Hammond receives a proper burial . </P> <P> In the aftermath of Secret Invasion , Captain America joins the New Avengers and offers his home as a base of operations . He later participates in the search for Luke Cage and Jessica Jones ' child , Danielle . He was considered a possible team leader but turned it down because he did not have the proper team experience . </P> <P> In the Captain America : Reborn storyline , Barnes finds out from Sharon that she did not really kill Steve Rogers . As explained by Doctor Zola to Norman Osborn , Rogers was trapped in a fixed position of time and space . But since Sharon ruined the machine that was supposed to bring him back , Steve was reliving his own past . Barnes and Black Widow attempt to steal the device from H.A.M.M.E.R. but are captured . Osborn sends the Black Widow back to Sharon with an ultimatum : either she turns herself in , as Osborn had implicated her as Rogers ' second shooter , or he 'll kill Barnes . Barnes is then sent into the custody of the Thunderbolts who tell him that he 'll be inducted into their group once Rogers is brought back . However , Barnes is secretly freed by Ant - Man and then rescued by the Falcon . Barnes then teams up with Clint Barton , Natasha Romanoff , the Falcon , Hank Pym , and the Vision to save Sharon . The group intercepts the Red Skull 's ship beside the Lincoln Memorial and attacks . The Red Skull has already taken over Steve 's body , and Barnes attacks him . The two battle while Hank saves Sharon and the others battle Crossbones and a squad of M.O.D.O.K.S. . Sin shoots Barnes in the shoulders , giving the Skull the opportunity to take Captain America 's shield . He pins Barnes to the ground and cuts off his cybernetic hand with the shield . However , inside Steve 's mind , Steve prepares to kill the Red Skull to keep him from doing any more evil in his name . Realizing its peril , the Red Skull 's consciousness returns to its own robotic body . As the robotic Skull attempts to flee , Sharon shoots him , causing the Skull 's body to become giant - sized . Steve , back in control of himself , leads an attack . The Vision uses the Skull 's ship 's weapons to destroy the Skull . </P> <P> Leading up to the Siege storyline , Bucky Barnes is shown still as Captain America talking with Steve Rogers in a dark body suit and standing next to him . But Rogers is back in costume and seen alongside Barnes still in his own Captain America costume . The two are helping restore Tony Stark 's mind by using the shield as a conduit for Thor 's lightning . In the second issue , Barnes is alongside Steve 's team of heroes . Barnes ( still in his Captain America suit ) pulls Rogers aside just before they are about to leave for Asgard . Barnes tells Rogers that they should `` skip the argument '' and insists that Rogers use Captain America 's shield . Rogers takes the shield , and Barnes is shown with a large gun in his hands , ready for the fight ahead . In the following issue , Barnes is shown fighting alongside Rogers with both wearing their respective Captain America uniforms in Asgard . After the events of Siege , Rogers returns the shield to Barnes and retires his uniform , leaving Barnes as the only Captain America . </P> <P> Barnes is a member of the main Avengers team formed in the aftermath of the Siege storyline . Barnes is then put on trial for the crimes he committed as the Winter Soldier . He is found not guilty in an American court , but Russian officials take him away , having convicted him of crimes against the state and claiming that he had gone rogue and killed two civilians . But as Sharon Carter and Black Widow discover , Barnes ' victims were connected to Russia 's Department X 's Red Room division . Barnes escapes imprisonment with the help of Black Widow and returns to the USA , however it is decided he is too tainted by events to be allowed to continue as Captain America . </P> <H3> Fear Itself and return as Winter Soldier ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Fear Itself storyline , Barnes takes up the Captain America identity again , but is apparently killed in battle with Sin ( in her Skadi form ) . He survives after being injected with a dose of the Infinity Formula . With the world believing him dead he returned to his former identity of Winter Soldier to perform special jobs behind the scenes relating to his earlier days as the Winter Soldier . Only Rogers , Nick Fury , and Black Widow know the truth of his `` death '' . Bucky and Natasha then pursue sleeper agents trained by Bucky during his Winter Soldier days , awakened recently by an unknown ex-KGB agent , who turns out to be Ivan Kragoff , the Red Ghost and former prime minister of Latveria Lucia von Bardas . </P> <P> During the Original Sin storyline , Bucky initially participates in the investigation into the death of Uatu the Watcher , travelling into deep space with Moon Knight and Gamora to follow up a lead . After the Orb uses one of the Watcher 's eyes to force the heroes in its vicinity to witness their deepest secrets , he returns to Earth after destroying the shuttle to strand his teammates , brutally attacking Nick Fury ( actually a Life Model Decoy ) as he proclaims that there will be `` No more secrets '' . Following the revelation that Nick Fury has been secretly protecting Earth from various alien threats for years using more brutal methods than the heroes would have condoned , as well as the revelation that he killed the Watcher in self - defense and used the Watcher 's eye to find the identity of his attacker when Uatu refused to break his oath and reveal that information himself , Fury now acts as the Watcher 's replacement while Bucky takes over Fury 's role as Earth 's more ruthless guardian . </P> <P> During the Avengers : Standoff ! storyline , Bucky , upon being alerted of a catastrophic event , returns to Earth and traces the source of the event to a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility where he fights off the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents there . He leaves a trail for Steve Rogers , who finds a message on a napkin he used . At Bev 's Diner , Steve Rogers meets with Winter Soldier where they learn that S.H.I.E.L.D. never discarded the Kobik project as they believed , which Whisperer ( an alias of Rick Jones ) made it public . He then meets Sam Wilson , the current Captain America , who received a tip from the Whisperer about Pleasant Hill and Kobik . After rescuing S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Avril Kancaid from the Blood Brothers at the Day Care Center , they are informed of a super weapon hidden in town that Baron Zemo and the other villains are looking for . They later find Steve Rogers at the bowling alley restored to his prime , after Kobik used her powers to restore his youth when he was about to be killed by Crossbones . They begin to search for Kobik again only to discover that Baron Zemo had Fixer invent a device that would help find Kobik as Kraven the Hunter rallies the villains to help with their goals . Upon not being able to successfully locate Kobik , Steve decides to rally the heroes so they can take the fight to Baron Zemo . In the aftermath of the incident , Winter Soldier is approached by Kobik , who offers to help him do good . Winter Soldier agrees to the terms as Kobik suggests that she brings some `` friends '' she made in Pleasant Hill with them . </P> <P> During the `` Opening Salvo '' part of the Secret Empire storyline , Baron Helmut Zemo uses Kobik to send Winter Soldier back in time to World War II . However , Zemo has other plans on Winter Soldier , deciding to tie him onto the rocket to be killed in its explosion . Before being launched , Winter Soldier is shocked to see the Steve he saw besides Zemo is not the man he once knew . However , Winter Soldier manages to escape and fall into the ocean , where he is found by the Atlantean army led by Namor , and is offered to disguise himself as the king 's bodyguard to cover his tracks . Once Sam Wilson returns as Captain America and gives hope to his fellow heroes to find the Cosmic Cube fragments before Hydra does , Namor told Winter Soldier that the time has come to remove his disguise and help their fellow allies . During the resistances ' preparation for the final battle against Hydra and returning the real Steve Rogers back , Winter Soldier reveals that he knew whom Kobik was aside being a manifested sentient of Cosmic Cube , a misguided child whom Hydra manipulated into replacing the real Steve with a Hydra counterpart . Thus , Winter Soldier devices a distraction plan by needing Ant - Man / Scott Lang and Sam 's help to get Kobik and their Steve back , while Hawkeye leads the rest of resistance on their final raids on the Hydra army at their main base , located in Washington , DC . During the heroes ' final raid against Hydra , Winter Soldier rescues Black Panther , who was captured by Hydra and they apprehend Zemo together . When Zola equips Hydra Supreme Steve Rogers with a modified stolen Iron Man armor , infused with the 90 % fragments of Cosmic Cube , and both altering the reality into Hydra 's image and erasing the heroes from their existence , Winter Soldier , Ant - Man and Sam Wilson uses the last fragment to defend themselves , and initiate their plans , by pretending to surrender the last fragment to Hydra Steve , for Ant - Man and Winter Soldier to enter the cube inside . Once entering the cube thanks to Ant - Man , and Sam 's distraction , Winter Soldier manages to save both Kobik and Steve Rogers , restoring the reality and restoring both Steve 's physical appearance on the surface , as well as wearing his iconic Captain America costume , and his Super Soldier serum powers . Winter Soldier wanted to help his friend defeating his evil Hydra counterpart , but Sam told him to stand down and let Captain America do this alone . After Captain America defeated his counterpart , and eventually Hydra , Winter Soldier went to Madripoor while still mourning over Black Widow 's death , who was killed by Hydra Supreme Rogers , watching her funeral on TV as he is currently on the lead of an infamous general , who is the target of assassination . Someone snipes the general and Winter Soldier suspects that it might be Black Widow . However , Bucky has doubt that the last Black Widow he saw is not Natasha , but an impostor . He is soon joined by Hawkeye in the search for Natasha 's impostor who they discover to be Yelena Belova , who temporarily replaced Natasha as the Black Widow ten years prior . </P> <H2> Powers and abilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Having trained under Steve Rogers ( the original Captain America in World War II ) and others in the time leading up to World War II , `` Bucky '' Barnes is a master of hand - to - hand combat and martial arts , as well as being skilled in the use of military weapons such as firearms and grenades . He also used throwing knives on occasion and was a gifted advance scout . His time as the covert Soviet agent known as the Winter Soldier helped to further hone his skills , making him the equal to his predecessor in combat skills and an expert assassin and spy . He is also fluent in many languages , including English , Spanish , Portuguese , German , Russian , Latin , and Japanese . He can understand French . </P> <P> Winter Soldier 's left arm is a cybernetic prosthetic with superhuman strength and enhanced reaction time . The arm can function when not in contact with Barnes and can discharge an EMP causing electronics to either shut down or become useless . The use of Barnes ' EMP is shown when Barnes uses it to shut down a Nick Fury LMD and when he attempts to use it on Iron Man . The arm has a holographic function to disguise it as a flesh and blood arm . </P> <P> As Captain America , he possesses the original , indestructible , vibranium alloy shield used by his predecessor , as well as a Kevlar / Nomex blend shock - absorbing costume . He often carries several conventional weapons such as knives , guns -- mostly a Colt 1911A1 . 45 and a P08 Luger -- and grenades . </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the DC Comics / Marvel Comics one - shot intercompany crossover Batman / Captain America ( Dec. 1996 ) , written and drawn by John Byrne and set during World War II , Bucky briefly takes Robin 's place as Batman 's sidekick , while Robin becomes Captain America 's sidekick . In this alternate reality ( set in one of DC Comics ' numerous `` Elseworlds '' continuities ) , Bucky dies ( off - page ) as he had done in numerous Avengers and Captain America recollections . </P> <P> In the alternate reality of the five - issue Bullet Points miniseries ( Jan. - May 2005 ) , James Barnes never teams up with Steve Rogers as the Super-Soldier program was never activated . However , Rogers volunteers for the ' Iron Man ' program and as such , saves Barnes and several fellow soldiers from an advancing tank during the battle of Guadalcanal . Unfortunately he is not swift enough to save Barnes from severe damage to his legs . </P> <P> In the House of M reality , James Buchanan Barnes is one of the United States government agents ( alongside Mimic and Nuke ) sent to Genosha to kill Magneto and as many of his followers as possible . Nuke and Mimic served as a distraction while Agent Barnes sneaked into Magneto 's headquarters ; and though he fatally stabs Professor Xavier , Bucky was killed by Magneto . </P> <P> In the second issue of the crossover miniseries Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness , a zombified Winter Soldier appears and attempts to devour Dazzler . This version of the Winter Soldier is ultimately killed by Ash Williams , who shoots his head off with his `` boomstick '' , even having shot off his bionic arm . </P> <P> The alternate reality Ultimate Marvel version of Bucky Barnes is an adult sidekick of Captain America ( Steve Rogers ) . This version is Steve 's childhood friend who accompanies on missions as an Army press photographer . Surviving the war and believing Captain America 's death , Bucky eventually marries Gail Richards and has a large extended family . During which , Bucky is diagnosed as having lung cancer from chain smoking back in the War . Barnes and Gail both live to see Steve 's revival in the 21st century and renews their friendship . After America was taken by the Liberators , Bucky is captured at a cemetery with Steve and remains unseen . However , both he and Gail are seen being taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. protective custody after it is discovered that the Red Skull is Steve 's and Gail 's illegitimate son . </P> <P> In the alternate reality Marvel MAX series U.S. War Machine , Bucky was serving in the present as Captain America , as the Captain had died in his stead in World War II . Bucky was accompanied here by two assistants that are both addressed by their real names . </P> <P> In the 2005 What If ? event , the Captain America story , set during the American Civil War , featured Steve Rogers ' commanding officer , Colonel Buck Barnes , whom the men called `` Bucky '' . His mercenary tendencies led to Rogers ' desertion , and when he later intervened in Rogers ' transformation into Captain America , his face was destroyed , turning him into an undead being known as the White Skull . </P> <P> In Ruins , which is set in a dystopian alternate future , Bucky is taken into custody alongside Victor Creed and others for several heinous crimes , including cannibalism . </P> <P> An alternate - universe Bucky appears in the 2011 miniseries Captain America Corps . </P> <P> In a world where all the Marvel characters are small children depicted in A-Babies vs. X-Babies , Bucky is Steve 's teddy bear , named Bucky Bear . He is stolen by Scott Summers , igniting an enormous battle between the baby Avengers and the baby X-Men . </P> <P> Bucky ( as a teenager ) will appear as a member of the Battleworld Runaways during `` Secret Wars '' . </P> <H2> In other media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bucky Barnes appears in Captain America 's portion of The Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Carl Banas . </Li> <Li> Bucky Barnes appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Scott Menville ( Bucky ) and by Jon Curry ( Winter Soldier 's animated debut ) . In the show , Bucky assisted Captain America during World War II . He and Captain America snuck in to a HYDRA base , where they battled creatures from other realms . When Bucky and Captain America later go after the Red Skull onto the villain 's rocket ship , Bucky 's leg got caught in a bar . When Captain America tried to help him , Bucky kicked his friend off , stating that `` The World needs Cap more than it needs Bucky Barnes '' . Although presumed dead for decades , he returns ( possibly due to Captain America 's contact with the Cosmic Cube ) as the mysterious Winter Soldier , one of Dell Rusk 's government operatives along Doc Samson , Falcon and the Red Hulk . </Li> <Li> Bucky Barnes appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , voiced by Rod Keller . He appears in the episode `` World War Witch '' . </Li> <Li> The character appears in the Avengers Assemble animated series , with the Winter Soldier voiced by Bob Bergen ( in `` Ghost from the Past '' ) , and by Roger Craig Smith ( in `` Spectrums '' ) , and Bucky Barnes voiced by Robbie Daymond . In the episode `` Ghost from the Past '' , Winter Soldier infiltrates Avengers Tower in order to abduct the Red Skull and take his own revenge which conflicts with the Avengers needing information on Thanos . During a fight on a rocket , Winter Soldier fights Captain America before retreating . In the episode `` Spectrums '' , a spectral version of Winter Soldier is made from Captain America 's fears thanks to Doctor Spectrum , however , Captain America eventually overcomes the nightmare . In the episode `` Saving Captain Rogers '' , Captain America gets trapped in a hypnosis where Bucky helps fight Heinrich Zemo 's HYDRA army . It was Bucky that enabled Captain America to snap out of the hypnosis to assist Iron Man and Black Widow against Helmut Zemo . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes in the 2011 film Captain America : The First Avenger . Sebastian Stan as the Winter Soldier in the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier . <Ul> <Li> The Ultimate version of Bucky Barnes appears in the animated direct - to - video film Ultimate Avengers , voiced by James Arnold Taylor . </Li> <Li> Sebastian Stan portrays Bucky Barnes in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in a nine - picture deal with Marvel Studios to play the character . <Ul> <Li> In Captain America : The First Avenger , Bucky is a year older than Rogers , rather than a teenager . He often protects Rogers from neighborhood bullies and tries to discourage him from joining the war effort due to his poor health . He serves in World War II along with his best friend who becomes Captain America and falls to his apparent death . This version is thus a combination of the mainstream and Ultimate version of the character . </Li> <Li> In Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Bucky is commanded by Hydra as the Winter Soldier , Hydra 's biggest weapon . He ambushes and attempts to assassinate Nick Fury , and later attacks Rogers , Natasha Romanoff and Sam Wilson . During the fight , Rogers discovers the Winter Soldier 's identity . In the climax , Bucky intercepts Rogers and Falcon when they attempt to disarm Hydra 's Helicarriers , but Bucky begins to remember his friendship with Rogers ; after the Helicarriers crash , Bucky rescues Rogers from the Potomac River . In a post-credits scene , Bucky visits the Captain America exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution , determined to remember and regain the memory of his old life . </Li> <Li> In the post-credits scene of Ant - Man , Bucky is shown to have his metal arm caught in a vise , and speaks to Rogers and Wilson . This scene also appears in Captain America : Civil War . </Li> <Li> In Captain America : Civil War , Rogers tries to protect Bucky from the authorities as he is framed by Helmut Zemo for a terrorist bombing . It is revealed at one point that though Bucky is in the process of regaining his memory , his Winter Soldier mindset is still inside him , which can be activated with a code word , causing him to revert into the Winter Soldier mindset . Throughout the film , Bucky slowly regains his memories and resumes his friendship with Steve , as well as getting to know several allies of Steve and fighting alongside them in several moments . Zemo eventually reveals that Bucky had assassinated Tony Stark 's parents while brainwashed by Hydra , a fact which Rogers had kept from Stark . Blinded by vengeance , Stark fights Bucky and Rogers , destroying the former 's metal arm . Bucky is granted sanctuary in Wakanda , where he chooses to return to suspended animation until a way is found to undo Hydra 's brainwashing . </Li> <Li> Bucky appears during the post-credits scene of the film Black Panther , where he is resting in a village after Shuri helped to remove the Hydra trigger words from his mind . He is given the nickname `` White Wolf '' by a group of children . </Li> <Li> Bucky appears in Avengers : Infinity War . He is given a new metal arm by T'Challa and rejoins with Captain America once again in the Battle of Wakanda to protect Vision from Thanos ' forces . When Thanos wipes out half of the universe with the Infinity Gauntlet , Bucky is the first hero to be disintegrated . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears as a mini-boss in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance , voiced by Crispin Freeman . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears in the Wii , PS2 and PSP versions of Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 . </Li> <Li> Bucky Barnes and Winter Soldier appear in Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet , again voiced by Rod Keller . </Li> <Li> Bucky Barnes appears in Captain America : Super Soldier , voiced by Sebastian Stan . </Li> <Li> Bucky Barnes appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online , voiced by Mikey Kelley ( Captain America ) and by Yuri Lowenthal ( Winter Soldier ) . Both iterations are separate characters : Captain America ( listed as `` Bucky Cap '' ) is a playable character and the Winter Soldier is a boss and a playable villain character . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears as a card in the Heroes vs. Heralds Mode of Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . Additionally , one of Captain America 's alternate costumes is based on Bucky 's Captain America suit . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears in Marvel Heroes , voiced by David Hayter . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears as a DLC in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by James Arnold Taylor . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . The Spec Ops 17 `` Ghosts of the Past '' is loosely based on Captain America : The Winter Soldier . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears as a playable character in the iOS / Android game Marvel : Contest of Champions . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears as a sidekick character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes . </Li> <Li> Bucky Barnes 's various aliases appear as different playable characters in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Scott Porter . The various incarnations consist of his original version , Bucky Barnes 's Captain America : The First Avenger design , Winter Soldier 's original design and subsequent MCU designs , and his Captain America iteration . Barnes is first playable in the Story Mode 's third chapter ( which is based on his role in The First Avenger ) . Then , Winter Soldier serves as the main boss of the `` Out of Insight '' Bonus level ( which is based on his role in The Winter Soldier ) . His Classic form is unlocked when player finds Winter Soldier in a side - quest of Washington DC hub , where he requests player to help him remember his past . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier is a playable character in Marvel : Future Fight . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldlier is a DLC character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite . </Li> <Li> The Winter Soldier appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Collected editions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> as Captain America </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Material collected </Th> <Th> ISBN </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Death of Captain America , Vol. 1 : The Death of the Dream </Td> <Td> Captain America vol. 5 , # 25 - 30 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 2423 - 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Death of Captain America , Vol. 2 : The Burden of Dreams </Td> <Td> Captain America vol. 5 , # 31 - 36 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 2424 - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Death of Captain America , Vol. 3 : The Man Who Bought America </Td> <Td> Captain America vol. 5 , # 37 - 42 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 2971 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : The Man with No Face </Td> <Td> Captain America vol. 5 , # 43 - 48 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 3163 - 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : Road to Reborn ( HC ) </Td> <Td> Captain America # 600 - 601 ; vol. 5 , # 49 - 50 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 4174 - X </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : Reborn ( HC ) </Td> <Td> Captain America : Reborn # 1 - 6 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 3998 - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : Two Americas </Td> <Td> Captain America # 602 - 605 ; Who Will Wield the Shield ? </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 4510 - 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : No Escape </Td> <Td> Captain America # 606 - 610 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 4512 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : The Trial of Captain America </Td> <Td> Captain America # 611 - 615 and # 615.1 , and material from Captain America 70TH ANNIVERSARY MAGAZINE </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 5119 - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : Prisoner of War </Td> <Td> Captain America # 616 - 619 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 5121 - 4 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> As Winter Soldier </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Material collected </Th> <Th> ISBN </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winter Soldier Vol. 1 : The Longest Winter </Td> <Td> Fear Itself # 7.1 : Captain America , & Winter Soldier # 1 - 5 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 4440 - 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winter Soldier Vol. 2 : Broken Arrow </Td> <Td> Winter Soldier # 6 - 9 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 4405 - 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winter Soldier Vol. 3 : Black Widow Hunt </Td> <Td> Winter Soldier # 10 - 14 </Td> <Td> 0 - 7851 - 6728 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winter Soldier Vol. 4 : The Electric Ghost </Td> <Td> Winter Soldier # 15 - 19 </Td> <Td> 978 - 0 - 7851 - 8398 - 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of fictional military brats </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1995 Marvel Milestone Edition : Captain America archival reprint has no cover date or number , and its postal indicia says , `` Originally published ... as Captain America # 000 '' . Timely 's first comic , Marvel Comics # 1 , likewise had no number on its cover , and was released with two different cover dates . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bucky Barnes is number 53 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simon , Joe , with Jim Simon . The Comic Book Makers ( Crestwood / II , 1990 ) , p. 50 . ISBN 1 - 887591 - 35 - 4 . Reissued ( Vanguard Productions , 2003 ) ISBN 1 - 887591 - 35 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Archive of Jonathan V . Last ( 2007 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Captain America , RIP '' , The Wall Street Journal , March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Original page </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Stan , Origins of Marvel Comics ( Simon & Schuster , 1974 ; Marvel Entertainment Group , 1997 reissue , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0551 - 4 ) , p. 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byrne Robotics : `` Frequently Asked Questions : Questions about Comic Book Projects : `` Captain America : Did JB ever consider bringing Bucky back ? '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marvel Age # 95 ( Dec. 1990 ) : `` Birth of a Legend : Jack Kirby Talks about Captain America '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newsarama ( Feb. 2 , 2006 ) : `` Spoiler Sport : Ed Brubaker on the Winter Soldier '' , by Matt Brady <P> Newsarama : But playing devil 's advocate -- asking the Cosmic Cube to help you is very `` monkey 's paw '' at best ... the Winter Soldier could have been , in reality , someone named Comrade Pitor Nikoli , created just to demoralize Cap , but with him wishing it to be so with the Cube , could n't Cap just have willed the Winter Soldier to be Bucky , and so he was ? </P> <P> Brubaker : That was n't how I looked at it . Look at what he said -- `` Remember who you are '' . He did n't say , `` Become who I think you are '' . Or , `` Be Bucky '' . It was very straightforward . Which is more the tragedy , since Bucky immediately has this immense guilt for everything he did as the Winter Soldier . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bucky Barnes : The Winter Soldier # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America v. 5 # 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Original Sin # 1 ( 2014 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adventures of Captain America # 3 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giant - Size Invaders # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ depicted in Avengers # 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Avengers # 4 ( March 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marvel Holiday Special Vol. 1 1991 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers West Coast # 2 ; Avengers Annual # 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( v. 5 ) # 45 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( v. 5 ) # 11 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolverine ( v. 3 ) # 40 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( v. 5 ) # 1 - 6 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( v. 5 ) # 14 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( v. 5 ) # 18 - 21 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America # 25 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( v. 5 ) # 27 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( v. 5 ) # 31 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America # 30 ( Sept. 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America # 33 ( Dec. 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 34 ( March 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( Vol 5 ) # 35 - 42 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America ( Vol 5 ) # 42 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers / Invaders # 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers / Invaders # 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers / Invaders # 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret Invasion # 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret Invasion # 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America # 43 - 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Avengers # 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Avengers # 51 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America : Reborn # 1 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dark Avengers Annual # . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man # 21 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siege # 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` STORMING HEAVEN : `` Siege '' # 2 `` . Comic Book Resources News . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siege # 3 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America : Who Will Wield The Shield # 1 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Avengers Creative Team Announced '' . Comic Book Resources , February 1 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America Vol. 1 # 611 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America Vol 1 # 615 - 617 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America # 619 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Fraction ( w ) , Stuart Immonen ( p ) , Wade von Grawbadger ( i ) . `` The Hammer that Fell on Yancy Street '' Fear Itself 3 ( August 2011 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fear Itself # 7.1 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winter Soldier # 1 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winter Soldier # 1 - 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winter Soldier # 14 -- 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Original Sin # 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Original Sin # 3 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Original Sin # 5 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Original Sin # 8 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers Standoff : Assault on Pleasant Hill Alpha ! # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 7 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers Standoff : Assault on Pleasant Hill Omega # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thunderbolts Vol. 3 # 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America Vol. 8 # 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 9 -- 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret Empire Omega </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tales of Suspense # 100 -- 101 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 43 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Civil War : House of M # 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Civil War : House of M # 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ultimates # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ultimates 2 # 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Avengers # 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Captain America Corps # 1 Exclusive Preview '' . IGN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A-Babies vs. X-Babies # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Marvel Announces Runaways - A New Secret Wars Series '' . ComicBook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Black order , Winter Soldier , Ant - Man and more to feature in the second season of Avengers Assemble '' . The Fandom Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Marvel 's Avengers Assemble '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ghost of the Past '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 2 . Episode 4 . October 26 , 2014 . Disney XD . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spectrums '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 2 . Episode 21 . July 12 , 2015 . Disney XD . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saving Captain Rogers '' . Avengers : Ultron Revolution . Season 3 . Episode 3 . March 27 , 2016 . Disney XD . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLauchlin , Jim . `` CAPTAIN AMERICA : THE WINTER SOLDIER 's SEBASTIAN STAN & His 9 Picture Deal '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Stan is Captain America 's Bucky ! '' . ComingSoon . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( 2012 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man post credit scenes revealed - spoilers in here ! '' . Irish Examiner . July 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sebastian Stan Joins ' The Martian ' And ' Ricki And The Flash ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Pits Captain America & Iron Man in a Cinematic Civil War '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ fleming , Jr , Mike ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Avengers Infinity War : Bucky & White Wolf Explained '' . Screen Rant. 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Sebastian Stan to Star in Thriller ' We Have Always Lived in the Castle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winter Soldier Has Arrived '' . MarvelHeroes.com . Gazillion Entertainment . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Marvel 's ' Avengers Alliance ' Gets ' Winter Soldier ' And ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Upgrades '' . MTV News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marvel Contest of Champions - Marvel.com '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes revealed with `` Avengers '' characters , play set in Disney Interactive game sequel `` . Inside the Magic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/marvel-vs-capcom-infinites-dlc-characters-announce/1100-6453396/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Characters '' . IGN Database . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Captain America ( James Barnes ) at Marvel.com </Li> <Li> Newsarama : `` Bucky Barnes , Badass '' </Li> <Li> Newsarama : `` Did He , or Did n't He ? Ed Brubaker on Captain America # 6 '' </Li> <Li> Newsarama : `` SPOILER SPORT : Ed Brubaker on the Winter Soldier '' and Captain America # 14 </Li> <Li> Newsarama : Ed Brubaker interview </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Captain America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Joe Simon </Li> <Li> Jack Kirby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alter egos </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Rogers </Li> <Li> Isaiah Bradley </Li> <Li> William Nasland </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Mace </Li> <Li> William Burnside </Li> <Li> John Walker </Li> <Li> James Buchanan Barnes </Li> <Li> Sam Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supporting characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rikki Barnes </Li> <Li> Battlestar </Li> <Li> Black Widow </Li> <Li> Bucky </Li> <Li> Peggy Carter </Li> <Li> Sharon Carter </Li> <Li> Demolition Man ( D - Man ) </Li> <Li> Diamondback </Li> <Li> Falcon </Li> <Li> Jack Flag </Li> <Li> Free Spirit </Li> <Li> Golden Girl </Li> <Li> Howling Commandos </Li> <Li> Invaders </Li> <Li> Nick Fury </Li> <Li> Redwing </Li> <Li> Rick Jones </Li> <Li> Nomad </Li> <Li> Jack Monroe </Li> <Li> S.H.I.E.L.D. </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enemies </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Core antagonists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baron Zemo <Ul> <Li> Heinrich Zemo </Li> <Li> Helmut Zemo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Batroc the Leaper </Li> <Li> Crossbones </Li> <Li> Doctor Faustus </Li> <Li> Madame Hydra </Li> <Li> Red Skull </Li> <Li> Serpent Society </Li> <Li> Sin </Li> <Li> Taskmaster </Li> <Li> Arnim Zola </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Group enemies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A.I.M. </Li> <Li> Death - Throws </Li> <Li> Femme Fatales </Li> <Li> Hydra </Li> <Li> Secret Empire </Li> <Li> Serpent Squad </Li> <Li> Sleeper </Li> <Li> Watchdogs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Snake - themed adversaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anaconda </Li> <Li> Asp </Li> <Li> Black Mamba </Li> <Li> Black Racer </Li> <Li> Boomslang </Li> <Li> Bushmaster </Li> <Li> Coachwhip </Li> <Li> Cobra </Li> <Li> Constrictor </Li> <Li> Copperhead </Li> <Li> Cottonmouth </Li> <Li> Death Adder </Li> <Li> Diamondback </Li> <Li> Eel </Li> <Li> Fer - de-Lance </Li> <Li> Princess Python </Li> <Li> Puff Adder </Li> <Li> Rattler </Li> <Li> Rock Python </Li> <Li> Sidewinder </Li> <Li> Slither </Li> <Li> Viper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Supervillains </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armadillo </Li> <Li> Baron Blood </Li> <Li> Baron Strucker </Li> <Li> Blackwing </Li> <Li> Cutthroat </Li> <Li> Doughboy </Li> <Li> Dredmund the Druid </Li> <Li> Everyman </Li> <Li> Flag - Smasher </Li> <Li> Hate - Monger </Li> <Li> Jack O'Lantern </Li> <Li> Aleksander Lukin </Li> <Li> Machinesmith </Li> <Li> Mister Hyde </Li> <Li> MODAM </Li> <Li> MODOK </Li> <Li> Mother Night </Li> <Li> Nefarius </Li> <Li> Nightshade </Li> <Li> Nuke </Li> <Li> Porcupine </Li> <Li> Protocide </Li> <Li> Scarecrow </Li> <Li> Slug </Li> <Li> Superia </Li> <Li> Tumbler </Li> <Li> Vermin </Li> <Li> Whirlwind </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anti-hero rivals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grand Director </Li> <Li> Scourge of the Underworld </Li> <Li> Winter Soldier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Captain America </Li> <Li> Captain America ( vol. 5 ) </Li> <Li> Captain America : Reborn </Li> <Li> Captain America and the Falcon </Li> <Li> Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America </Li> <Li> Truth : Red , White & Black </Li> <Li> Tales of Suspense </Li> <Li> Adventures of Captain America </Li> <Li> Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce </Li> <Li> Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storylines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Captain America : The Captain '' </Li> <Li> `` Civil War '' </Li> <Li> `` The Death of Captain America '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In other media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Captain America ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Captain America ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Captain America : The First Avenger <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Captain America : The Winter Soldier <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Captain America : Civil War <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Marvel Super Heroes </Li> <Li> Captain America ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Captain America II : Death Too Soon </Li> <Li> `` The Capture of Captain America '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Captain America in : The Doom Tube of Dr. Megalomann </Li> <Li> The Amazing Spider - Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom 's Revenge ! </Li> <Li> Captain America and The Avengers </Li> <Li> Captain America : Super Soldier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellanea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternative versions </Li> <Li> Ultimate Captain America </Li> <Li> Captain America 's shield </Li> <Li> Avengers </Li> <Li> S.H.I.E.L.D. </Li> <Li> Iron Patriot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Black Widow </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Claire Voyant </Li> <Li> Natasha Romanoff </Li> <Li> Yelena Belova </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supporting characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iron Man </Li> <Li> Captain America </Li> <Li> Crimson Dynamo </Li> <Li> Daredevil </Li> <Li> Nick Fury </Li> <Li> Hawkeye </Li> <Li> Maria Hill </Li> <Li> Mockingbird </Li> <Li> Winter Soldier </Li> <Li> Falcon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Avengers <Ul> <Li> Mighty </Li> <Li> Secret </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Champions </Li> <Li> Heroes for Hire </Li> <Li> Lady Liberators </Li> <Li> Red Room </Li> <Li> S.H.I.E.L.D. </Li> <Li> Thunderbolts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enemies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A.I.M. </Li> <Li> Black Spectre </Li> <Li> Damon Dran </Li> <Li> HYDRA </Li> <Li> Femizons </Li> <Li> Red Guardian </Li> <Li> Madame Hydra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazing Adventures </Li> <Li> Marvel Fanfare </Li> <Li> Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty </Li> <Li> The Twelve </Li> <Li> Widowmaker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternative versions of Black Widow </Li> <Li> Red Room </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nick Fury </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Stan Lee </Li> <Li> Jack Kirby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Supporting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Valentina Allegra de Fontaine </Li> <Li> Dum Dum Dugan </Li> <Li> Gabe Jones </Li> <Li> Rebel Ralston </Li> <Li> Junior Juniper </Li> <Li> Pinky Pinkerton </Li> <Li> Eric Koenig </Li> <Li> Nick Fury Jr . </Li> <Li> Punisher </Li> <Li> Happy Sam Sawyer </Li> <Li> Sharon Carter </Li> <Li> Jasper Sitwell </Li> <Li> Iron Man </Li> <Li> Captain America </Li> <Li> Bucky Barnes </Li> <Li> Black Widow </Li> <Li> Hawkeye </Li> <Li> Wolverine </Li> <Li> Clay Quartermain </Li> <Li> Falcon </Li> <Li> Mockingbird </Li> <Li> Avengers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enemies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A.I.M. </Li> <Li> Baron Strucker </Li> <Li> Baron Zemo </Li> <Li> Centurius </Li> <Li> Hate - Monger </Li> <Li> Hydra </Li> <Li> Madame Hydra <Ul> <Li> Viper </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mitchell Carson </Li> <Li> Red Skull </Li> <Li> Scorpio </Li> <Li> Super-Patriot </Li> <Li> Werner von Strucker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Howling Commandos </Li> <Li> S.H.I.E.L.D. </Li> <Li> Team White </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ongoing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sgt . 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Fury & his Howling Commandos : Shotgun Opera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. </Li> <Li> Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre </Li> <Li> `` For Your Eye Only '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Life Model Decoy </Li> <Li> Dirk Anger </Li> <Li> Jim Steranko </Li> <Li> Strange Tales </Li> <Li> Alternative versions <Ul> <Li> Ultimate Nick Fury </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Invaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Roy Thomas </Li> <Li> Sal Buscema </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WWII members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bucky ( Bucky Barnes ) </Li> <Li> Captain America ( Steve Rogers ) </Li> <Li> Captain America ( Jeff Mace ) </Li> <Li> Captain America ( William Naslund ) </Li> <Li> Human Torch </Li> <Li> Miss America </Li> <Li> Namor </Li> <Li> Spitfire </Li> <Li> Toro </Li> <Li> Union Jack </Li> <Li> Vision </Li> <Li> Whizzer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern day members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blazing Skull </Li> <Li> Tara </Li> <Li> Thin Man </Li> <Li> Union Jack </Li> <Li> U.S. Agent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Allies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Avengers </Li> <Li> Blonde Phantom </Li> <Li> Blue Diamond </Li> <Li> Crusaders </Li> <Li> Destroyer </Li> <Li> Fin </Li> <Li> Nick Fury </Li> <Li> Golden Woman </Li> <Li> Howling Commandos </Li> <Li> Kid Commandos </Li> <Li> Liberty Legion </Li> <Li> Major Mapleleaf ( Louis Sadler ) </Li> <Li> Nia Noble </Li> <Li> Silver Scorpion </Li> <Li> V - Battalion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enemies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adolf Hitler </Li> <Li> Agent Axis </Li> <Li> Baron Blood </Li> <Li> Brain Drain </Li> <Li> Iron Cross </Li> <Li> Lady Lotus </Li> <Li> Master Man </Li> <Li> Red Skull </Li> <Li> Super-Axis </Li> <Li> U-Man </Li> <Li> Warrior Woman </Li> <Li> Yellow Claw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - New Invaders </Li> <Li> All - Winners Squad </Li> <Li> Golden Age of Comic Books </Li> <Li> Timely Comics </Li> <Li> The Twelve </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> <Li> Young Allies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Thunderbolts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kurt Busiek </Li> <Li> Mark Bagley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Initial members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlas </Li> <Li> Citizen V </Li> <Li> Fixer </Li> <Li> MACH - I </Li> <Li> Moonstone </Li> <Li> Songbird </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable leaders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Green Goblin </Li> <Li> Luke Cage </Li> <Li> Red Hulk </Li> <Li> Winter Soldier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agent Venom </Li> <Li> Amazon </Li> <Li> Ant - 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Man </Li> <Li> Jury </Li> <Li> Living Laser </Li> <Li> Mad Thinker </Li> <Li> Maggia </Li> <Li> Masters of Evil </Li> <Li> Mentallo </Li> <Li> Mighty Avengers </Li> <Li> Mister Fear </Li> <Li> Plantman </Li> <Li> Purple Man </Li> <Li> Quicksand </Li> <Li> Rhino </Li> <Li> S.H.I.E.L.D. </Li> <Li> Sandman </Li> <Li> Scourge of the Underworld </Li> <Li> Skrull </Li> <Li> Speed Demon </Li> <Li> Squadron Sinister </Li> <Li> Squadron Supreme </Li> <Li> Supreme Intelligence </Li> <Li> Swordsman </Li> <Li> Taskmaster </Li> <Li> U.S. Agent </Li> <Li> Venom </Li> <Li> Whiplash </Li> <Li> Whirlwind </Li> <Li> Wrecking Crew </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storylines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Secret Invasion </Li> <Li> Dark Reign </Li> <Li> Siege </Li> <Li> Heroic Age </Li> <Li> Shadowland </Li> <Li> Fear Itself </Li> <Li> Infinity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Golden Age of Comic Books </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - 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Outer core - wikipedia <H1> Outer core </H1> A fluid layer composed of mostly iron and nickel between Earth 's solid inner core and its mantle For the cores of other planetary bodies , see Planetary core . For a broader coverage of this topic , see Earth core . The internal structure of Earth <P> The outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer about 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth 's solid inner core and below its mantle . Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km ( 1,800 mi ) beneath Earth 's surface . The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km ( 3,200 mi ) beneath the Earth 's surface . Unlike the inner core , the outer core is liquid . The inner core is also referred to as the solid core . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Properties </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Properties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Seismic inversions of body waves and normal modes constrain the radius of the outer core to be 3483 km with an uncertainty of 5 km , while that of the inner core is 1220 ± 10 km . </P> <P> Estimates for the temperature of the outer core are about 3,000 -- 4,500 K ( 2,730 -- 4,230 ° C ; 4,940 -- 7,640 ° F ) in its outer regions and 4,000 -- 8,000 K ( 3,730 -- 7,730 ° C ; 6,740 -- 13,940 ° F ) near the inner core . Evidence for a fluid outer core includes from seismology which shows that seismic shear - waves are not transmitted through the outer core Because of its high temperature , modeling work has shown that the outer core is a low viscosity fluid that convects turbulently . Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth 's magnetic field . The average magnetic field strength in the Earth 's outer core was measured to be 2.5 millitesla , 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface . The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid , so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core . Sulfur and oxygen could be present in the outer core . </P> <P> As heat is transferred outward toward the mantle , the net trend is for the inner boundary of the liquid region to freeze , causing the solid inner core to grow . This growth rate is estimated to be 1 mm per year . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Structure of the Earth </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/earths-interior/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beno Gutenberg ( 4 June 2016 ) . Physics of the Earth 's Interior . Elsevier . pp. 115 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 8212 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ahrens , Thomas J. , ed. ( 1995 ) . Global earth physics a handbook of physical constants ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Geophysical Union . ISBN 9780875908519 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : De Wijs , Gilles A. ; Kresse , Georg ; Vočadlo , Lidunka ; Dobson , David ; Alfè , Dario ; Gillan , Michael J. ; Price , Geoffrey D. ( 1998 ) . `` The viscosity of liquid iron at the physical conditions of the Earth 's core '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 392 ( 6678 ) : 805 . Bibcode : 1998Natur. 392 ... 805D . doi : 10.1038 / 33905 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffreys , Harold ( 1926 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Rigidity of the Earth 's Central Core '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 1 : 371 -- 383 . Bibcode : 1926GeoJ ... 1 ... 371J . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1926. tb05385. x . ISSN 1365 - 246X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth 's Core . Science20.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gubbins , David ; Sreenivasan , Binod ; Mound , Jon ; Rost , Sebastian ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Melting of the Earth 's inner core '' . Nature . 473 ( 7347 ) : 361 -- 363 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 473 ... 361G . doi : 10.1038 / nature10068 . PMID 21593868 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waszek , Lauren ; Irving , Jessica ; Deuss , Arwen ( 2011 ) . `` Reconciling the hemispherical structure of Earth 's inner core with its super-rotation '' . Nature Geoscience. 4 : 264 -- 267 . Bibcode : 2011NatGe ... 4 ... 264W . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1083 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Planet Earth from universetoday.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Earth - related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age of the Earth </Li> <Li> Evolutionary history of life </Li> <Li> Faint young Sun paradox </Li> <Li> Formation and evolution of the Solar System </Li> <Li> Future of Earth </Li> <Li> Geologic time scale </Li> <Li> Geological history of Earth </Li> <Li> History of Earth </Li> <Li> Timeline of evolution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clairaut 's theorem </Li> <Li> Continents </Li> <Li> Earthquake </Li> <Li> Equatorial bulge </Li> <Li> Extremes on Earth </Li> <Li> Geology of solar terrestrial planets </Li> <Li> Geophysics </Li> <Li> Plate tectonics </Li> <Li> Structure of the Earth </Li> <Li> Time zones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ecology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Earth Day </Li> <Li> Global warming </Li> <Li> Human impact on the environment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imaging </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apple Maps </Li> <Li> Baidu Maps </Li> <Li> Bhuvan </Li> <Li> Bing Maps </Li> <Li> Global Map </Li> <Li> Google Earth </Li> <Li> Google Maps </Li> <Li> MapmyIndia </Li> <Li> NASA World Wind </Li> <Li> Here </Li> <Li> OpenStreetMap </Li> <Li> Wikimapia </Li> <Li> Remote sensing </Li> <Li> Yahoo ! 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Matt Ryan ( American Football ) - wikipedia <H1> Matt Ryan ( American Football ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Matt Ryan <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan in 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> No. 2 -- Atlanta Falcons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position : </Th> <Td> Quarterback </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Born : </Th> <Td> ( 1985 - 05 - 17 ) May 17 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Exton , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height : </Th> <Td> 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight : </Th> <Td> 217 lb ( 98 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Career information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High school : </Th> <Td> Philadelphia ( PA ) Penn Charter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College : </Th> <Td> Boston College </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFL Draft : </Th> <Td> 2008 / Round : 1 / Pick : 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Career history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Falcons ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roster status : </Th> <Td> Active </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 4 × Pro Bowl ( 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - Pro ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Bert Bell Award ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> NFL passer rating leader ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - American ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - ACC ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> ACC Player of the Year ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Manning Award ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics as of 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Passing attempts : </Th> <Td> 5,593 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passing completions : </Th> <Td> 3,630 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percentage : </Th> <Td> 64.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TD -- INT : </Th> <Td> 260 -- 126 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passing yards : </Th> <Td> 41,796 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passer rating : </Th> <Td> 93.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Matthew Thomas Ryan ( born May 17 , 1985 ) , nicknamed `` Matty Ice '' , is an American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League ( NFL ) . After playing college football for Boston College , Ryan was drafted by the Falcons with the third overall pick in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft . </P> <P> Ryan was Boston College 's starting quarterback from 2005 to 2007 , leading them to three bowl victories and a 25 -- 7 record in 32 starts . He threw for 200 or more yards 15 times and is third all time in school history in passing yards and in pass completions . He earned MVP of the game honors at the 2005 MPC Computers Bowl . </P> <P> In 2007 , Ryan led his team to an ACC Atlantic Division championship and was named ACC Player of the Year . During his rookie year , Ryan started all 16 games for the Falcons and led them to the playoffs with an 11 -- 5 season record . He earned honors as the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year . In 2016 , Ryan was the NFL 's Most Valuable Player and led the Falcons to Super Bowl LI , where they were defeated by the New England Patriots . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 High school career </Li> <Li> 2 College career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2003 - 2004 seasons </Li> <Li> 2.2 2005 season </Li> <Li> 2.3 2006 season </Li> <Li> 2.4 2007 season </Li> <Li> 2.5 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 2.6 Statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Professional career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 2008 season </Li> <Li> 3.2 2009 season </Li> <Li> 3.3 2010 season </Li> <Li> 3.4 2011 season </Li> <Li> 3.5 2012 season </Li> <Li> 3.6 2013 season </Li> <Li> 3.7 2014 season </Li> <Li> 3.8 2015 season </Li> <Li> 3.9 2016 season : MVP season </Li> <Li> 3.10 2017 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 NFL career statistics and accolades <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Regular season </Li> <Li> 4.2 Playoffs </Li> <Li> 4.3 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 4.4 Falcons franchise records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Personal life </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> High school career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ryan attended the William Penn Charter School , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where he was a three - year starter and earned All - East honors from Larunt Lemming Prep Football Report . He captured All - Southeastern Pennsylvania accolades as a senior quarterback in addition to receiving All - City first - team honors in 2002 and second - team recognition in 2001 . A three - time All - League selection , he threw for more than 1,300 yards with 9 touchdowns as a senior , finishing his career by completing more than 52 percent of his pass attempts during all three seasons at the helm . Ryan played football , basketball and baseball while in high school and was named captain of all three teams his senior year . He was quarterback of the football team in 2002 , played small forward on the basketball team , and was a pitcher and a shortstop on the baseball team . </P> <P> Ryan says he was `` mildly '' recruited and began receiving scholarship offers as a sophomore . Some of the schools that offered him an athletic scholarship were Purdue , Georgia Tech , Temple , and Connecticut . After attending his recruiting visit with Boston College during his junior year , it was announced he gave them his verbal commitment on August 14 , 2002 . His choices had come down to Iowa or Boston College . Ryan was looking for a university close to home and had a strong and competitive football program with a major emphasis on academics . </P> <H2> College career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 2003 - 2004 seasons ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ryan began attending Boston College in 2003 and redshirted his first year with the team . Before the 2004 season , he was named the starting quarterback for Boston College due to an injury to Quinton Porter . He made his collegiate debut on October 2 , 2004 against the UMass Minutemen and completed two of three passes for 16 yards . He would not complete his first touchdown until November 20 , 2004 against Temple , after throwing a 32 - yard touchdown pass to Larry Lester . Replacing the injured Paul Peterson , he completed 9 - of - 15 passes for 121 yards . He made his first collegiate start on November 27 , 2004 in the final game of that season , completing 24 of 51 passes for 200 yards against Syracuse . He also played against North Carolina in the Continental Tire Bowl . He completed one of his two passes for 13 yards . Ryan was also quite proficient in the classroom , and was awarded the 2004 Freshman Male Scholar - Athlete award that same year . Ryan launched a website during his senior year at Boston College called Mattyice.com , where fans and media have 24 - hour access to video highlights , updated biographical information , statistics and other information about him . In 2016 , Boston College retired his jersey . </P> <H3> 2005 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the beginning of the 2005 season , Ryan was named the second - string quarterback behind Quinton Porter . Porter had some success at the beginning of the year , including winning Atlantic Coast Conference player of the week for his performance in Boston College 's 28 -- 17 win over Virginia . After a 30 -- 10 loss to third - ranked Virginia Tech , coach Tom O'Brien finally went to Ryan for good in the fourth quarter of the next game against North Carolina . In ten games ( five starts ) , he completed 121 of 195 passes for 1,514 yards . He had eight touchdowns and five interceptions . He also rushed for five touchdowns and 94 yards . He started his first bowl game in the MPC Computers Bowl versus Boise State . He completed 19 of 36 passes for 256 yards and a career - best three touchdowns . </P> <H3> 2006 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ryan started 11 of the 12 games . He completed 254 - of - 398 passes for 2,700 yards , 17 touchdowns , and eight interceptions . In addition , he rushed for four touchdowns . He was All - ACC first - team and led the ACC in total offense ( 242.2 yards per game ) and in passing yards ( 245.5 yards per game ) . He was named ACC Offensive Back of the week three times . He set career highs in completions ( 32 vs. Central Michigan ) and passing yards ( 356 vs. Brigham Young ) . He led the team to a 9 -- 3 record including double overtime wins versus Clemson and Brigham Young . He led the Eagles to a close 25 -- 24 victory on December 26 , 2006 in the Meineke Car Care Bowl against Navy in Charlotte , North Carolina . In the season opener against Central Michigan , Ryan sprained his ankle . Against Virginia Tech , Ryan broke his foot on the same leg . Despite these injuries , Ryan only missed one game ( against Buffalo ) . His 57 pass attempts in the 2006 Wake Forest game tied Shawn Halloran 's performance against Syracuse Orange in 1985 and Frank Harris 's performance against Army in 1968 for the BC record his 40 pass completions in the 2006 Wake Forest game broke the old school record of 37 by Frank Harris in the 1968 Army clash . </P> <H3> 2007 season ( edit ) </H3> Ryan and the Boston College Eagles line up on offense in the 2007 ACC Championship game <Table> External image <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan on the cover of NCAA Football 09 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Before the season started , Ryan was named to the preseason All - ACC team . Against Wake Forest , he completed 32 of 52 passes for 408 yards and 5 touchdowns . Boston College also hired a new coach : Jeff Jagodzinski , a longtime NFL assistant . He continued his hot streak versus Georgia Tech , going 30 -- 44 with one touchdown and passing for a career - high 435 yards against the staunch Tech defense en route to a convincing 24 -- 10 road victory . After this game , Ryan was suggested as a potential Heisman Trophy contender . Battling Virginia Tech through bad weather in Blacksburg , Virginia , Ryan led an amazing comeback for the Boston College Eagles , passing for two touchdowns with less than 3 minutes to play on October 25 , 2007 , including the game - winner with 11 seconds left to Andre Callender . However , Ryan 's chances to win the Heisman fell sharply after he threw three interceptions in a 27 -- 17 loss to Florida State , an unranked team that had six wins and three losses . However , with a strong performance against Clemson his chances were raised substantially . Despite 2 consecutive ACC losses , Ryan and the Eagles found themselves with a trip to the conference championship on the line . Down 10 -- 3 in the third quarter , he led the offense on a game - tying drive , hitting on key passes to Rich Gunnell , Andre Callender and Ryan Purvis , landing the Eagles at the Clemson 2 early in the fourth . James McCluskey finished the job from there , running it in to even the score at 10 - apiece . Shortly thereafter , a Clemson turnover resulted in a Boston College field goal and a 13 -- 10 lead for the maroon and gold . On November 24 , against ACC rival Miami , Ryan surpassed Doug Flutie for the most passing touchdowns in a single season by an Eagle QB with 28 TDs , ultimately ending the season with 31 . Despite these records , he struggled with throwing interceptions throughout the year , and finished with 19 ( 2nd most among college quarterbacks ) . His five touchdown passes in the 2007 Wake Forest game are one shy of the school record of six , held by Doug Flutie in 1984 vs North Carolina . For the maroon and gold , it was their first 10 - win regular season since 1940 and the first time they had achieved back - to - back 10 - overall - win seasons in program history . He led the Eagles to extend the nation 's longest bowl winning streak to eight with a 24 -- 21 victory over Michigan State Spartans in the Champs Sports Bowl on December 28 , Ryan threw three touchdown passes , two to Rich Gunnell and one to Jon Loyte . </P> <P> Ryan was awarded the 2007 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award , given annually in the United States to the nation 's most outstanding college football senior quarterback , the other finalists for the 2007 award were Hawaii 's Colt Brennan , Louisville 's Brian Brohm , Oregon 's Dennis Dixon , and Kentucky 's Andre Woodson ( all of whom were drafted at the 2008 NFL Draft ) He was selected to play in the 2008 Senior Bowl . He also won the 2007 Manning Award awarded to the nation 's top quarterback , beating out eventual Heisman winner Tim Tebow and eight other finalists for this year 's award : Erik Ainge ( Tennessee ) , Sam Bradford ( Oklahoma ) , Colt Brennan ( Hawai'i ) , Chase Daniel ( Missouri ) , Dennis Dixon ( Oregon ) , Graham Harrell ( Texas Tech ) , Pat White ( West Virginia ) , and Andre ' Woodson ( Kentucky ) . He was named `` Eagle of the Year '' alongside BC 's first ever individual champion Kasey Hill . </P> <P> In November , he was asked to speak at the Boston College Multi-Cultural Thanksgiving celebration , where he spoke of family , integrity and devotion . </P> <P> He was featured as the cover athlete for the PS3 version of NCAA Football 09 . </P> <H3> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> MPC Computers Bowl MVP ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - ACC selection ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Manning Award ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - America by AFCA ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> ACC Player of the Year ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - ACC selection ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 6 × ACC Player of the Week ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Statistics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th_colspan="8"> Passing </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Rushing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cmp </Th> <Th> Att </Th> <Th> Pct </Th> <Th> Yds </Th> <Th> Y / A </Th> <Th> TD </Th> <Th> Int </Th> <Th> Rtg </Th> <Th> Att </Th> <Th> Yds </Th> <Th> Avg </Th> <Th> TD </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 49.3 % </Td> <Td> 350 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91.5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> - 3 </Td> <Td> - 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> 62.1 % </Td> <Td> 1,514 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 135.7 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> <Td> 427 </Td> <Td> 61.6 % </Td> <Td> 2,942 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 126.4 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> - 35 </Td> <Td> - 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> 388 </Td> <Td> 654 </Td> <Td> 59.3 % </Td> <Td> 4,507 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 127.0 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Career </Td> <Td> 807 </Td> <Td> 1,347 </Td> <Td> 59.9 % </Td> <Td> 9,313 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 126.2 </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : </P> <H2> Professional career ( edit ) </H2> <Table> External images <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Ryan at the 2008 Boston College Pro Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan introduced as the 3rd overall pick of the 2008 NFL Draft </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="20"> Pre-draft measureables </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wt </Th> <Th> 40 yd </Th> <Th> Vert </Th> <Th> BP </Th> <Th> Wonderlic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> * 224 lb </Td> <Td> * 4.86 s </Td> <Td> * 24 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> * 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="20"> ( * represents NFL Combine ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ryan scored a 32 on the Wonderlic exam , tying Louisville 's Brian Brohm for the highest score by a quarterback in the 2008 Draft class . </P> <P> He was drafted third overall by the Atlanta Falcons in the 2008 NFL Draft He was the second first - round pick of the draft to sign when he agreed to a six - year , $72 million contract on May 20 , 2008 ; the contract contained $34.75 million in guaranteed money . The contract made Ryan the fourth highest paid quarterback in the NFL behind Peyton Manning , Ben Roethlisberger , and Carson Palmer , despite never having played a professional game . This helped fuel the discussion regarding whether salaries for first - round draftees in the NFL were too high . In addition , Ryan had signed endorsement deals with Nike and AirTran . </P> <H3> 2008 season ( edit ) </H3> Ryan in 2008 <P> On August 24 , 2008 , Ryan was named the starting quarterback for the September 7 regular season opener against the Detroit Lions . Ryan became the first rookie quarterback to start a season for the Falcons since Michael Vick in 2001 . In the game , Ryan completed his first NFL pass for a 62 - yard touchdown to Michael Jenkins , becoming the first quarterback to throw a touchdown on his first career NFL pass since Michael Bishop of the New England Patriots in 2000 . Ryan was sacked for the first time by Lions defensive player Dewayne White in his first win . The second game of the season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers marked Ryan 's first interception by rookie cornerback Aqib Talib and also by Sabby Piscitelli . </P> <P> In Week 3 against the Kansas City Chiefs , he completed the then - longest touchdown pass in his career for 70 yards to Roddy White . The 70 - yard touchdown pass to White was the longest pass completion for the Falcons since December 23 , 2007 , when Chris Redman threw a 74 - yard touchdown pass . In the same game , Ryan completed passes to 6 different players . The following week , he threw for 194 yards and two touchdowns against the Green Bay Packers . His touchdown passes went to Roddy White and tight end Justin Peelle . The following week against the Chicago Bears Ryan led the Falcons to a comeback win . With 6 seconds left he completed a 26 - yard strike to Michael Jenkins that set Jason Elam up for the game - winning field goal as time expired . Ryan finished the game 22 - of - 30 for a then career - high 301 passing yards . He also had a key fourth - quarter touchdown pass to Roddy White . On Atlanta 's first offensive drive , Ryan completed all five of his pass attempts for 57 yards en route to a Falcons field goal and a 3 -- 0 lead . Ryan was named Diet Pepsi Rookie of the Week for his performance . </P> <P> Ryan created an activity named `` Folleyball '' for NFL Play 60 at NFL Rush.com , published in October of that year . </P> <Table> External video <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Ryan 's 1st NFL pass , and touchdown </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ryan takes a snap against the Raiders on November 2 . <P> On October 30 , Ryan was honored as the NFC Rookie of the Month for October following an impressive string of games in which he led the Falcons to a 2 -- 1 record . Ryan became the first player in Falcons franchise history to be awarded this honor In Week 8 against the Oakland Raiders , Ryan finished with the highest completion percentage of his career ( 77.3 ) . He threw for 220 yards and posted a quarterback rating of 138.4 . He also completed passes to eight different receivers and the game was his third multiple touchdown game ( Green Bay , Philadelphia ) . His first half passing yardage , completion percentage ( 81.3 ) and passer rating ( 154.2 ) are all career highs for a half and his two touchdowns tie a first half high , Ryan 's final completion percentage of 77.3 is a career - high along with his passer rating of 138.4 . He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week following his performance against the Raiders . He scored his first rushing career touchdown against the New Orleans Saints on December 7 with a 12 - yard touchdown scramble , Ryan also achieved 3,000 + passing yards in the 2008 season being only the 2nd rookie to do so . Peyton Manning was the first . </P> <P> Ryan became the first Falcons rookie quarterback in franchise history to throw for over 3,000 yards in a season after finishing with 206 yards against Tampa Bay . Ryan 's passing total also makes him only the 10th quarterback in club annals to hit the 3,000 - yard mark and the first since 1998 when Chris Chandler threw 3,154 . It was also his first overtime win as a starter . He was named the Diet Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week for games played after his performance by the second time in his career . Ryan finished second amongst rookies in fan Pro Bowl voting ( 416,468 votes ) , behind only Titans running back Chris Johnson . Ryan threw for a season - low 134 yards in Week 16 against the Minnesota Vikings , ending a streak of nine straight games with at least 200 yards passing , he finished 13 - of - 24 passing , throwing an 8 - yard touchdown passes to Jerious Norwood in the second quarter ; however , with this win Ryan led the Falcons to their first playoff berth since 2004 . </P> <P> He finished the season with 3,440 passing yards , 17 touchdowns ( one rushing ) , and 11 interceptions . He and fellow rookie Joe Flacco were the first rookie quarterbacks to lead their teams to the playoffs after starting all 16 games of the season . He is one of twelve rookie quarterbacks to throw for over 3,000 yards in their rookie season . On December 31 , Ryan was named the AP NFL Rookie of the Year . </P> <P> Ryan made his first playoff start against the Arizona Cardinals on January 3 , 2009 . He was 15 years younger than opposing quarterback Kurt Warner , the third largest age discrepancy between playoff quarterbacks . His first attempted playoff pass was an interception . Ryan completed 26 of 40 passing attempts for 199 yards and 2 touchdowns but was intercepted twice . He threw his first TD in a playoff contest to Justin Peelle . Atlanta lost , 30 -- 24 . Falcons Head Coach Mike Smith and Ryan became the first rookie head coach and rookie quarterback to coach and compete in a playoff game since the Cleveland Rams accomplished the feat in 1945 ( the feat was repeated the next day when Ravens Joe Flacco and John Harbaugh did so . ) During the game , Ryan set an NFL playoff rookie record with 26 completions in a single postseason game . </P> <H3> 2009 season ( edit ) </H3> Ryan being introduced before the Falcons ' 2009 regular season opener on September 13 <P> Ryan was voted by his teammates as Offensive Captain alongside Todd McClure at the end of the 2008 Season . He was first on the depth chart and was the Falcons starting quarterback for the second consecutive season . </P> <P> In 2009 , Ryan started off the season fast as he threw for 229 yards and 2 touchdowns with no interceptions as he led the Falcons to a 19 -- 7 win against the Miami Dolphins in the 2009 NFL season opener . In Week 2 , Ryan led the Falcons past the Carolina Panthers . Ryan had a career - high in touchdown passes ( 3 ) , completion percentage ( 78 % ) and touchdown passes in a half ( 3 ) . He finished the game 21 -- 28 with 220 yards , 3 touchdowns and a pick . In Week 3 , Ryan and the Falcons lost to the New England Patriots . Ryan completed 17 - 28 for 199 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions . </P> <P> In the Week 5 game against the San Francisco 49ers , he completed 15 of 21 passes for 258 yards in the first half , setting a new career - high for the first half of play . Ryan finished the game having completed 22 of 32 passes for 329 yards and two touchdowns for a 110.0 passer rating . Ryan tossed a 31 - yard strike to Roddy White and he connected to White again in the second quarter with a 90 - yard touchdown . The pass and reception for Ryan and White set new career highs . The pass and reception also mark the third longest in franchise history and the longest pass play since 2001 . The game was his third - career 300 - yard passing outing as the second - year quarterback set a new career - high in total passing yards in a single game . </P> <P> In Weeks 6 through 9 , Ryan generally struggled , throwing more interceptions ( 8 ) than touchdowns ( 6 ) , was sacked 10 times , and had an average passing rating of 65.5 . Still , he led the Falcons to two victories in the four games , in part thanks to Michael Turner returning to the form of 2008 . </P> <P> In Week 12 , Ryan suffered a turf toe injury during the game against Tampa Bay . Chris Redman stepped in and managed to win the game by connecting to Roddy White for a touchdown in the 4th quarter . Following this victory , however , the effect of Ryan 's absence was compounded by injury to starting running back Michael Turner , and the Falcons suffered losses to both Philadelphia and New Orleans in Weeks 13 and 14 . In Week 15 , Ryan returned , despite not yet having fully recovered from his injury , and led Atlanta to a 10 -- 7 upset win against the New York Jets . </P> <P> In Week 16 , the Falcons defeated the Buffalo Bills in a 31 -- 3 win . Ryan threw for 250 yards with three touchdowns , two of them to Roddy White . In the last game of the season , the Falcons defeated the Buccaneers by a score of 20 -- 10 . In the win , Ryan had 223 passing yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions . </P> <P> With a record of 9 -- 7 , the Falcons attained back to back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history . </P> <P> Ryan finished the season throwing for 2,916 yards with 22 touchdowns , 14 interceptions , and a quarterback rating of 80.9 . Ryan also rushed for 49 yards and one touchdown . </P> <H3> 2010 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 2010 season , Ryan led the Falcons to an NFC best 13 -- 3 record , second in the NFL behind the 14 -- 2 New England Patriots . </P> <P> Ryan 's 2010 season started off slow in a 15 -- 9 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers . He was 27 - of - 44 for 252 yards and an interception . He bounced back in the next game against the Arizona Cardinals . In the 41 -- 7 victory , he was 21 - of - 32 for 225 yards and three touchdowns . In Week 7 , he had his most efficient game of the season in the 39 -- 32 win over the Cincinnati Bengals . He was 24 - of - 33 for 299 yards , three touchdowns , and one interception for a season - high 118.1 passer rating . The victory over the Bengals was the start of an eight - game winning streak for Ryan and the Falcons . In Week 10 , against the Baltimore Ravens , he passed for 316 yards and three touchdowns in the 26 -- 21 win . After falling to the New Orleans Saints in Week 16 , Ryan closed out the regular season with a 31 -- 10 victory over the Carolina Panthers . </P> <P> On the season , Ryan set career highs in touchdowns ( 28 ) , completion percentage ( 62.5 ) , and yards ( 3,705 ) while tossing 9 interceptions . Ryan set the single season franchise records , as well as career highs , in attempts ( 571 ) , completions ( 357 ) , and wins in a season ( 13 ) . Ryan led the NFL in fourth quarter comebacks for a quarterback in the 2010 season , with six . </P> <P> In the Divisional round of the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs , the Falcons were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champions , Green Bay Packers , with the score 48 -- 21 . </P> <P> Ryan was invited to the 2011 Pro Bowl , for the first time of his career . He threw two touchdowns in the Pro Bowl , one to Tony Gonzalez and the other to Larry Fitzgerald . </P> <H3> 2011 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 2011 season , Ryan led the Falcons to a 10 -- 6 record , passing for 4,177 yards , 29 touchdowns , and 12 interceptions . </P> <P> In the season opener against the Chicago Bears , the Falcons started off slow with a 30 -- 12 loss . Ryan was 31 - of - 47 for 319 yards and an interception . However , in the next game , the Falcons bounced back with a 35 -- 31 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles . Ryan was 17 - of - 28 for 195 yards with four touchdowns and two interceptions . In Weeks 10 and 11 , he recorded consecutive games with at least 300 passing yards in games against the New Orleans Saints and the Tennessee Titans . In Week 14 , against the Carolina Panthers , he was 22 - of - 38 for 320 yards and four touchdowns in the 31 -- 23 victory . </P> <P> The Falcons ' regular season qualified them for the playoffs . However , they were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLVI champion New York Giants in the Wild Card Round by a score of 24 -- 2 . </P> <H3> 2012 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2012 , Ryan led the Falcons to their franchise best start of the season , starting 8 -- 0 . Ryan set personal records in completions ( 422 ) , completion percentage ( 68.6 ) , yards ( 4,719 ) , and touchdowns ( 32 ) . </P> <P> In the 8 -- 0 start , Ryan posted four games with three touchdown passes and three games going over the 300 - yard passing mark . The first blemish of the season for the Falcons came in Week 10 against the New Orleans Saints . Ryan was 34 - of - 52 for a then career - high 411 yards and three touchdowns and one interception as the Falcons fell by a score of 31 -- 27 . In the next game against the Arizona Cardinals , Ryan threw for 301 yards but had five interceptions . Despite the turnovers , the Falcons were able to win by a score of 23 -- 19 . In the penultimate game of the regular season , he was 25 - of - 32 for 279 yards and four touchdowns in a 31 -- 18 victory over the Detroit Lions . </P> <P> The Falcons finished the regular season 13 -- 3 , with the first seed in the NFC . Ryan , who was 0 -- 3 in the postseason coming into the playoffs , won his first postseason game in the NFC Divisional Round against the Seattle Seahawks , with Ryan orchestrating the final scoring drive that led to Matt Bryant 's game - winning field goal . Ryan finished with 250 passing yards , 68.6 % completion percentage , 3 touchdowns , and two interceptions . In the NFC Championship against the San Francisco 49ers , Ryan threw for 396 yards and three touchdowns , but also committed two turnovers in crucial portions of the game , and later sprained the AC joint to his non-throwing shoulder as the Falcons lost 28 -- 24 . He did not require surgical procedure to repair his shoulder and would have been able to play in the Super Bowl if the Falcons had advanced . </P> <H3> 2013 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> On July 25 , 2013 , Ryan agreed to a five - year contract extension worth $103.75 million with the Falcons . On December 30 , Ryan surpassed Steve Bartkowski for the all - time franchise leader in passing yards . </P> <P> The Falcons had a down year , where they limped to a 4 -- 12 record , due to multiple injuries and losing key players on both sides of the ball . Some of Ryan 's highlights in the down season were games against the New England Patriots and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Against the Patriots in Week 4 , he was 34 - of - 54 for a then career - high 421 yards with two touchdowns and one interception in the 30 -- 23 loss . Against the Buccaneers in Week 7 , he was 20 - of - 26 for 273 yards and three touchdowns for a 148.4 passer rating in the 31 -- 23 victory . After the victory , the Falcons were 2 -- 4 with all the losses being by a combined 19 points . However , the rest of the season collapsed starting with five consecutive losses , which the team never recovered from . </P> <P> Overall , on the season , Ryan passed for 4,515 yards with 26 touchdowns and 17 interceptions . </P> <H3> 2014 season ( edit ) </H3> Ryan against the Ravens in 2014 <P> Ryan led the Falcons to a 6 -- 10 record in 2014 . He threw for 4,694 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions , and had a quarterback rating of 93.9 ; the second highest of his career . </P> <P> The season did start off promising . In a 37 -- 34 overtime victory over the New Orleans Saints , Ryan was 31 - of - 43 for a then career - high 448 yards and three touchdowns . After a 24 -- 10 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals , the Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers by a score of 56 -- 14 on Thursday Night Football . In the victory , Ryan was 21 - of - 24 ( a career - high single - game completion percentage of 87.50 % ) for 286 yards and three touchdowns for a career - high 155.9 passer rating . The Falcons went on to lose six of their next eight games . After a much - needed 29 -- 18 win over the Arizona Cardinals , the Falcons had to play the Green Bay Packers . The Falcons lost 43 -- 37 as Ryan had 375 passing yards , four touchdowns , and one interception . After a loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers and a victory over the New Orleans Saints , the Falcons had a 6 -- 9 record . Despite the struggles of the 2014 season , the Falcons still had a chance to make the playoffs with a Week 17 victory due to the weakness of the entire NFC South division . However , the Falcons missed the playoffs a second year in a row after losing 34 -- 3 to their divisional rivals , Carolina Panthers , in Week 17 . </P> <H3> 2015 season ( edit ) </H3> Ryan in 2015 <P> Ryan led the Falcons to a 8 -- 8 record in 2015 , good for second in the NFC South , but not enough for the playoffs . </P> <P> The 2015 season was a roller - coaster one for Ryan and the Falcons . In the season opener against the Philadelphia Eagles on Monday Night Football , he was 23 - of - 34 for 298 yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions in the 26 -- 24 victory . In the next game against the New York Giants , he was 30 - of - 46 for 363 yards and a touchdown in the 24 -- 20 victory . The Falcons won the next three games for a 5 -- 0 start . Their first loss came in the sixth game against the New Orleans Saints , where Ryan was 30 - of - 44 for 295 yards and two touchdowns . After a victory over the Tennessee Titans , the Falcons dropped their next six games to send their season plummeting . In the losing streak , Ryan had a season - high 397 passing yards for two touchdowns and an interception against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 1 . </P> <P> Ryan finished the 2015 season with 21 touchdown passes , the second lowest of his career , as well as 16 interceptions , the second highest of his career . Additionally Ryan fumbled a career - high 12 times , losing five of them , which was also a career - high . </P> <H3> 2016 season : MVP season ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Week 4 of the 2016 season , Ryan threw for a team - record 503 yards and four touchdowns while teammate Julio Jones caught 12 passes for a team - record 300 yards and a touchdown in a win over the Carolina Panthers . Ryan and Jones were the first quarterback - receiver duo in NFL history to combine for at least 500 passing yards and 300 receiving yards in the same game . In October 2016 , he set an NFL record for most consecutive games with at least 200 passing yards with 46 straight games . Ryan improved greatly from the previous season . He threw for a career - high 4,944 yards on just 373 completions and 534 attempts , second in the league , and a career - high 38 touchdowns and a career - low seven interceptions , also second in the league . Ryan 's 9.3 yards per attempt and 5.0 air yards per attempt ranked No. 1 among NFL quarterbacks in 2016 . He threw touchdown passes to 13 different receivers , an NFL record . He threw a touchdown pass in all 16 games for the first time in his career and was the only quarterback to do so for the 2016 season . Ryan was selected to his fourth Pro Bowl and was named First - team All Pro . Following the regular season , he was recognized as the NFL Most Valuable Player by the Pro Football Writers Association . Ryan was named the NFL Offensive Player of the Year and the NFL Most Valuable Player for the 2016 season . He was also ranked tenth by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . </P> <P> As the number 2 seed in the NFC Playoffs , Ryan led the 11 -- 5 Falcons to a 36 -- 20 victory over the number 3 seeded Seattle Seahawks in the Divisional Round . Ryan passed for over 300 yards and had three touchdowns . In the NFC Championship game , Ryan led the Falcons to a 44 -- 21 victory over the Green Bay Packers . Ryan threw for 392 yards for 4 touchdowns and no interceptions . He also ran for a fifth touchdown , just the fourth player to do so in a post-season game , as the Falcons earned a trip to Super Bowl LI . During the Super Bowl against the New England Patriots , Ryan finished with 284 passing yards , two touchdowns , and a lost fumble in a 28 -- 34 overtime loss . </P> <H3> 2017 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> On September 10 , 2017 , in the season opening 23 -- 17 victory over the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field , Ryan connected with tight end Austin Hooper for an 88 - yard touchdown , which was the second - longest touchdown pass of Ryan 's career . In the game , Ryan was 21 - of - 30 for 321 yards and the one touchdown . </P> <P> In Week 2 , Ryan and the Falcons had their first home game at the new Mercedes - Benz Stadium . Against the Green Bay Packers on NBC Sunday Night Football , Ryan was 19 - of - 28 for 252 yards and a touchdown , which was to running back Tevin Coleman and the first touchdown ever thrown in the new stadium . </P> <P> In Week 10 , during a 27 - 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Ryan became the fastest quarterback to throw for over 40,000 passing yards . This was done in 151 games breaking Brees ' record which was done in 152 games . </P> <P> In Week 17 , after clinching a spot in the playoffs after beating the Carolina Panthers 22 - 10 , Ryan set the record for most passing yards through 10 seasons with 41,796 , breaking the record held by Peyton Manning , who had 41,626 . Ryan led the Falcons to a victory against the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card 26 - 13 , A week later the Falcons were beaten by the Philadelphia Eagles 15 - 10 in the NFC Divisional Round . </P> <H2> NFL career Statistics and accolades ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Legend </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Led the league </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> AP NFL MVP & OPOTY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bold </Td> <Td> Career high </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Regular season ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> General </Th> <Th_colspan="10"> Passing </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Rushing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th> GS </Th> <Th> W -- L </Th> <Th> Cmp </Th> <Th> Att </Th> <Th> Cmp % </Th> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> Y / A </Th> <Th> Y / G </Th> <Th> TDs </Th> <Th> Ints </Th> <Th> Rtg </Th> <Th> Sk </Th> <Th> Att </Th> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> Y / A </Th> <Th> Y / G </Th> <Th> TDs </Th> <Th> Fumbs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> 434 </Td> <Td> 61.1 </Td> <Td> 3,440 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 215.0 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 87.7 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> <Td> 451 </Td> <Td> 58.3 </Td> <Td> 2,916 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 208.3 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 80.9 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 357 </Td> <Td> 571 </Td> <Td> 62.5 </Td> <Td> 3,705 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 231.6 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 91.0 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 347 </Td> <Td> 566 </Td> <Td> 61.3 </Td> <Td> 4,177 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 261.1 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 92.2 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 422 </Td> <Td> 615 </Td> <Td> 68.6 </Td> <Td> 4,719 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 294.9 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 99.1 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 439 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> <Td> 67.4 </Td> <Td> 4,515 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 282.2 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 89.6 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 3.4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 415 </Td> <Td> 628 </Td> <Td> 66.1 </Td> <Td> 4,694 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 293.4 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 93.9 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 407 </Td> <Td> 614 </Td> <Td> 66.3 </Td> <Td> 4,591 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 286.9 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 89.0 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 3.9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 373 </Td> <Td> 534 </Td> <Td> 69.9 </Td> <Td> 4,944 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 309.0 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 117.1 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 342 </Td> <Td> 529 </Td> <Td> 64.7 </Td> <Td> 4,095 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 255.9 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 91.4 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Career </Td> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> 95 -- 63 </Td> <Td> 3,630 </Td> <Td> 5,593 </Td> <Td> 64.9 </Td> <Td> 41,796 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 264.5 </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 93.4 </Td> <Td> 279 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 1,023 </Td> <Td> 2.9 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Playoffs ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> General </Th> <Th_colspan="10"> Passing </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Rushing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th> GS </Th> <Th> W -- L </Th> <Th> Cmp </Th> <Th> Att </Th> <Th> Cmp % </Th> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> Y / A </Th> <Th> Y / G </Th> <Th> TDs </Th> <Th> Ints </Th> <Th> Rtg </Th> <Th> Sk </Th> <Th> Att </Th> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> Y / A </Th> <Th> Y / G </Th> <Th> TDs </Th> <Th> Fumbs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 65.0 </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 199.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 6.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 69.0 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> <Td> 186.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69.0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 58.9 </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 199.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 71.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 70.1 </Td> <Td> 646 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 323.0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 105.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 71.4 </Td> <Td> 1,014 </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> 338.0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 135.3 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 - 1 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 65.2 </Td> <Td> 428 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 214.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 93.5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0.83 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Career </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 237 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 67.5 </Td> <Td> 2,672 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 267.2 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 100.8 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 4 × Pro Bowl selection ( 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - Pro ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> NFL passer rating leader ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Bert Bell Award ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> AP NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> PFWA Offensive Player of the Year ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> PFWA Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> NFL completion percentage co-leader ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 3 × Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week winner </Li> <Li> Most consecutive NFL games with 200 plus passing yards </Li> <Li> Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week winner ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> NFC Rookie of the Month ( October 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Sporting News All - Rookie Team ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> NFC Offensive Player of the Month ( November 2010 , September 2012 , September 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Rookie of the Year by Sporting News ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> ESPY Award : Best Breakthrough Athlete ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> NEXT Athlete Award ( ESPN the Magazine ) ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> NFC Player of the Month ( November 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Most regular season wins by a quarterback in his first five seasons : 56 ( tied with Russell Wilson ) </Li> <Li> Fastest player to pass for 40,000 yards ( 151 games ) </Li> <Li> Most passing yards in first 10 years in NFL history ( 41,796 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Falcons franchise records ( edit ) </H3> Ryan with the Falcons in 2009 <Ul> <Li> Only Falcons quarterback to lead the team to an 8 - 0 start </Li> <Li> Most wins in a regular season by a starting quarterback : 13 ( 2010 and 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest interceptions in a regular season by starting quarterback -- 7 ( 2016 ) ( 16 starts ) </Li> <Li> Most 4th quarter comeback wins in a single season : 5 ( 2010 ) ( tied with Steve Bartkowski ) </Li> <Li> Most career wins : 85 </Li> <Li> Completions : career ( 3,352 ) , season ( 439 in 2013 ) , game ( 37 on 2015 - 11 - 01 TAM ) , playoffs ( 194 ) , playoff season ( 70 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 30 on 2013 - 01 - 20 SFO ) , rookie season ( 265 in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Pass Attempts : career ( 5,157 ) , season ( 651 in 2013 ) , playoffs ( 285 ) , playoff season ( 98 in 2016 ) , rookie season ( 434 in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Passing Yards : career ( 38,568 ) , season ( 4,944 in 2016 ) , game ( 503 on 2016 - 10 - 02 CAR ) , playoffs ( 2,244 ) , playoff season ( 1,014 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 396 on 2013 - 01 - 20 SFO ) , rookie season ( 3,440 in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Passing TDs : career ( 244 ) , season ( 38 in 2016 ) , playoffs ( 18 ) , playoff season ( 9 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 4 on 2017 - 01 - 22 GNB ) , rookie season ( 16 in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Passer Rating : career ( 93.7 ) , season ( 117.1 in 2016 ) , playoffs ( 102.4 ) , playoff season ( 135.3 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 144.1 on 2017 - 02 - 05 NNWE ) , rookie season ( 87.7 in 2008 ) , rookie game ( 138.4 on 2008 - 11 - 02 @ OAK ) </Li> <Li> Sacked : playoffs ( 19 ) , playoff game ( 5 on 2017 - 02 - 05 NNWE ) </Li> <Li> Yds / Pass Att : playoffs ( 7.87 ) , playoff season ( 10.35 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 12.35 on 2017 - 02 - 05 NNWE ) , rookie season ( 7.93 in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Pass Yds / Game : career ( 266 ) , , season ( 309 in 2016 ) , rookie season ( 215 in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 300 + yard passing games : career ( 45 ) , season ( 8 in 2012 & 2016 ) , playoffs ( 3 ) , rookie season ( 2 in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 4,000 + passing yard seasons : career ( 7 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ryan , the third of four siblings , was born to Bernice and Michael Ryan , both Roman Catholics of Irish descent . One of Ryan 's uncles , John Loughery , played quarterback at Boston College from 1979 - 82 . Ryan is an avid golfer and has participated in such tournaments as the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic . His cousin , Mike McGlinchey , played college football at Notre Dame . </P> <P> He is part of the Falcons ' online reading program , `` Read with a Falcon '' and grew up a fan of the Philadelphia Eagles . </P> <P> On November 21 , 2017 , Ryan announced on social media that he and his wife Sarah are expecting twins . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( August 30 , 2007 ) . `` Grittiness at the helm '' . The Boston Globe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College 's Matt Ryan Named ACC Player of the Year '' . acc.com. 2007 - 11 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sielski , Mike ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sielski : Matt Ryan 's never been better , nine years in '' . philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Matt Ryan has been good for a long time , but it took him a long time to be this good . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Player Bio : Matt Ryan '' . Boston College Official Athletic Site . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Narducci . `` Penn Charter star chooses BC Matt Ryan 's finalists were Boston College and Iowa '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts at Boston College Box Score , October 2 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Temple Box Score , November 20 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syracuse at Boston College Box Score , November 27 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Continental Tire Bowl - North Carolina vs Boston College Box Score , December 30 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player Bio : Matt Ryan '' . Boston Eagles Athletics Website . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Iceman Cometh - Matty Ice Website Launches Saturday Archived 2008 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , bceagles.cstv.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College football : Matt Ryan , Luke Kuechly 's jerseys to be retired '' . ncaa.com . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2005 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2006 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Central Michigan Box Score , August 31 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brigham Young at Boston College Box Score , September 16 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clemson at Boston College Box Score , September 9 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meineke Car Care Bowl - Navy vs Boston College Box Score , December 30 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston.com Local Search - Boston Globe Archives '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest at Boston College Box Score , September 1 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan undaunted by prospect of being drafted by Falcons '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Georgia Tech Box Score , September 15 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Virginia Tech Box Score , October 25 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Ryan Archived 2012 - 07 - 07 at Archive.is </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blaudschun , Mark ( 2007 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Ryan , BC prove to be buzz saw against Georgia Tech '' . The Boston Globe . boston.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florida State at Boston College Box Score , November 3 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Ryan for Heisman : BC vs Clemson. 19 November 2007 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Clemson Box Score , November 17 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Ryan for Heisman : Boston College vs Miami . 26 November 2007 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Champs Sports Bowl - Michigan State vs Boston College Box Score , December 28 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston College Athletics '' . Boston College . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Manning Award Winner -- Matt Ryan '' . All State Sugar Bowl . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EA Brings the Electricity of Big Play Saturday in NCAA Football 09 '' . Electronic Arts ( Press release ) . GameSpot.com. 2008 - 04 - 23 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Scouting Combine - NFL.com '' . NFL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft Profile '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL teams weigh Wonderlic tests - ChicagoSports.com '' . Chicago Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who is ... Matt Ryan ? , nfl.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons select Quarterback Matt Ryan Archived 2008 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyche , Steve . `` Falcons ink QB Ryan to 6 - year deal '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bengals QB Palmer signs extension through 2014 '' . ESPN . 2005 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cole , Jason ( 2010 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Falcons pay steep price for face - lift '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Signs with Nike Despite Michael Vick Connection - The Football Wire '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Tim . `` Falcons rookie Ryan signs endorsement deal with AirTran '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rookie Ryan to start at QB for Falcons '' . ESPN . 2008 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan named starting quarterback for Falcons '' Archived 2008 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - September 14th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at Atlanta Falcons - September 21st , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Green Bay Packers - October 5th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Atlanta Falcons - October 12th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan named Diet Pepsi Rookie of the Week Archived 2008 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , nfl.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NFL Play60 Game Ideas : Matt Ryan , nflrush.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan named NFC Rookie of the Month Archived 2009 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons benefit from giving helping hand to Ryan by Charley Casserly Archived 2008 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Oakland Raiders - November 2nd , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan : Things You Should Know About Being A Rookie '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan named NFC Offensive Player of the Week Archived 2008 - 11 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` QBs in contention for Offensive Rookie of the Year - NFL.com '' . NFL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan helps Falcons rebuild in wake of Vick , Petrino '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - December 7th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falcons were right on Ryan , I was wrong '' by Terence Moore , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rookie Ryan is a rock for the Falcons ' offense '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Sportingnews.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan shows his competitive drive '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL.com - Official Site of the National Football League '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons rookie Ryan picks up Pro Bowl votes By D. ORLANDO LEDBETTER The Atlanta Journal - Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons clinch postseason spot with win Archived 2009 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . by J. Michael Moore , AtlantaFalcons.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2008 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan named NFL 's Offensive Rookie of Year '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What 's Being Said About Matt Ryan ? '' Archived 2009 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , posted by J. Michael Moore , FalconsLIFE ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived January 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at Arizona Cardinals - January 3rd , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at Atlanta Falcons - September 13th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers at Atlanta Falcons - September 20th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New England Patriots - September 27th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at San Francisco 49ers - October 11th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Falcons - 49ers Game Notes Archived 2009 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WK 5 Ca n't - Miss Play : White 's 90 - yd TD '' . NFL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Atlanta Falcons - October 18th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Dallas Cowboys - October 25th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - November 2nd , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins at Atlanta Falcons - November 8th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - November 29th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New York Jets - December 20th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at Atlanta Falcons - December 27th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - January 3rd , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 - Present ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2009 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 NFL Standings & Team Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 12th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Atlanta Falcons - September 19th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals at Atlanta Falcons - October 24th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens at Atlanta Falcons - November 11th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Atlanta Falcons - December 27th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers at Atlanta Falcons - January 2nd , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2010 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Green Bay Packers at Atlanta Falcons - January 15th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFC Americans vs. NFC Nationals - Box Score - January 30 , 2011 '' . www.foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2011 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Chicago Bears - September 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Atlanta Falcons - September 18th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Atlanta Falcons - November 13th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans at Atlanta Falcons - November 20th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Carolina Panthers - December 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at New York Giants - January 8th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2012 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - November 11th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Atlanta Falcons - November 18th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Detroit Lions - December 22nd , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Seattle Seahawks at Atlanta Falcons - January 13th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFC Championship - San Francisco 49ers at Atlanta Falcons - January 20th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Falcons QB Matt Ryan signs NFL 's second-most lucrative contract '' . USA Today . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 37,701 : Career Passing Yards '' . Herald-Review.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falcons lose Sean Weatherspoon , Steven Jackson for foreseeable future '' . USA TODAY. 17 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Atlanta Falcons - September 29th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - October 20th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2013 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2014 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Atlanta Falcons - September 7th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Cincinnati Bengals - September 14th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - September 18th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Atlanta Falcons - November 30th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Green Bay Packers - December 8th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers at Atlanta Falcons - December 28th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Standings & Team Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Atlanta Falcons - September 14th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New York Giants - September 20th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - October 15th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - November 1st , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2015 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prisco , Pete ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Musings : The reason behind Matt Ryan 's turnaround and why Falcons are 3 - 1 '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Ryan , Julio Jones set records in win over Panthers '' . nfl.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Set Record for Most Consecutive Games with At Least 200 Passing Yards '' . bleacherreport.com . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Advanced Stats and Metrics Profile '' . PlayerProfiler.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Three rookies , Matt Ryan among players named to All - Pro team '' . NFL.com . January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pro Football Writers vote Falcons ' Matt Ryan MVP '' . NJ.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan named NFL Offensive Player of the Year '' . NFL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan named NFL 's Most Valuable Player for 2016 '' . NFL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 10 Matt Ryan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan , Atlanta Falcons ' offense too much for Seattle Seahawks '' . usatoday.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Players with 4 + passing TDs and 1 + rushing TD in a postseason game . Tobin Rote ( 1957 ) is the only other player to do so without an interception ; Peyton Manning and Aaron Rodgers both had one INT in their games . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL LIVE SCORE UPDATES : Packers vs. Falcons : RECAP , final score , stats for NFC Championship '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri . `` Falcons ' historic collapse leads to Patriots ' fifth Super Bowl win '' . NFL . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Career Passing Touchdown Log '' . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Chicago Bears - September 10th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers at Atlanta Falcons - September 17th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/21395052/matt-ryan-atlanta-falcons-fastest-player-throw-40000-yards </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.thefalcoholic.com/2018/1/1/16837138/matt-ryan-has-more-passing-yards-through-10-seasons-than-any-quarterback-in-nfl-history </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at Los Angeles Rams - January 6th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Atlanta Falcons at Philadelphia Eagles - January 13th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Kendall ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Matt Ryan sets NFL record for consecutive games with 200 passing yards '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons receive honors from national publication Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We Have an ESPY Winner Archived 2009 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Orlando Ledbetter ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Matt Ryan named NFC player of the month '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most regular season wins by QB in first 5 seasons '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weaver , Tim ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan becomes fastest player to reach 40,000 passing yards '' . thefalconswire.usatoday.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.thefalcoholic.com/2018/1/1/16837138/matt-ryan-has-more-passing-yards-through-10-seasons-than-any-quarterback-in-nfl-history </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.thefalcoholic.com/2018/1/4/16837844/why-matt-ryans-10-year-yardage-record-is-still-significant-dont-undersell-this-great-qb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atlanta Falcons improve to 5 - 0 for first time in team history Atlanta Falcons Archived 2012 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Falcons season passing records , PFR </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Falcons single game passing records , PFR </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Falcons playoff career passing records </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Falcons playoff season records </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Falcons playoff game records </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Falcons rookie season passing records </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons rookie single - game records </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons career 300 + yard passing games </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons 300 + yard passing games in a season </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons with 300 + yards passing in postseason games </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons rookies with 300 + yards passing </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falcons with 4000 + yards passing in a season </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan leads Falcons to joint best record in the NFL '' , irishcentral.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player Bio : Matt Ryan '' . Bceagles.cstv.com. 1985 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falcons QB Matt Ryan checks in from the American Century Celebrity Golf Championship '' , nfl.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Ryan 's family still roots for the Eagles -- just not on Monday night </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan reads Jake 's 100th Day of School '' Archived 2008 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . by Lester L. Laminack , atlantafalcons.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://m.espn.com/general/chat/chat?eventId=19950&src=desktop . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falcons Quarterback Matt Ryan and Wife Expecting Twins '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matt Ryan ( American football ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Falcons bio </Li> <Li> Boston College Eagles bio </Li> <Li> ESPN Profile </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta Falcons current roster </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Active roster </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 Matt Ryan </Li> <Li> 5 Matt Bosher </Li> <Li> 8 Matt Schaub </Li> <Li> 11 Julio Jones </Li> <Li> 12 Mohamed Sanu </Li> <Li> 13 Devin Fuller </Li> <Li> 14 Justin Hardy </Li> <Li> 17 Marvin Hall </Li> <Li> 21 Desmond Trufant </Li> <Li> 22 Keanu Neal </Li> <Li> 23 Robert Alford </Li> <Li> 24 Devonta Freeman </Li> <Li> 26 Tevin Coleman </Li> <Li> 27 Damontae Kazee </Li> <Li> 34 Brian Poole </Li> <Li> 41 Quincy Mauger </Li> <Li> 42 Duke Riley </Li> <Li> 44 Vic Beasley </Li> <Li> 45 Deion Jones </Li> <Li> 47 Josh Harris </Li> <Li> 50 Brooks Reed </Li> <Li> 51 Alex Mack </Li> <Li> 59 De'Vondre Campbell </Li> <Li> 64 Sean Harlow </Li> <Li> 67 Andy Levitre </Li> <Li> 70 Jake Matthews </Li> <Li> 71 Wes Schweitzer </Li> <Li> 73 Ryan Schraeder </Li> <Li> 74 Ty Sambrailo </Li> <Li> 80 Levine Toilolo </Li> <Li> 81 Austin Hooper </Li> <Li> 85 Eric Saubert </Li> <Li> 90 Derrick Shelby </Li> <Li> 95 Jack Crawford </Li> <Li> 96 Martin Ifedi </Li> <Li> 97 Grady Jarrett </Li> <Li> 98 Takkarist McKinley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reserve lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 9 Garrett Grayson ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 16 Reggie Davis ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 38 Marcelis Branch ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 39 Deante Burton ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 55 J'terius Jones ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 76 Daniel Brunskill ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 77 Joey Ivie ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 89 Alex Gray ( Future ) </Li> <Li> 93 Tani Tupou ( Future ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Free agents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 Matt Bryant ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 15 Nick Williams ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 18 Taylor Gabriel ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 19 Andre Roberts ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 20 Sharrod Neasman ( ERFA ) </Li> <Li> 25 Terrence Magee ( RFA ) </Li> <Li> 28 Terron Ward ( RFA ) </Li> <Li> 33 Blidi Wreh - Wilson ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 35 Leon McFadden ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 36 Kemal Ishmael ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 37 Ricardo Allen ( RFA ) </Li> <Li> 40 Derrick Coleman ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 52 Jordan Tripp ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 53 LaRoy Reynolds ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 56 Sean Weatherspoon ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 63 Ben Garland ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 68 Austin Pasztor ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 75 Jamil Douglas ( ERFA ) </Li> <Li> 79 Ahtyba Rubin ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 91 Courtney Upshaw ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 92 Dontari Poe ( UFA ) </Li> <Li> 99 Adrian Clayborn ( UFA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> AFC East </Dt> <Dd> BUF </Dd> <Dd> MIA </Dd> <Dd> NE </Dd> <Dd> NYJ </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> BAL </Dd> <Dd> CIN </Dd> <Dd> CLE </Dd> <Dd> PIT </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> HOU </Dd> <Dd> IND </Dd> <Dd> JAX </Dd> <Dd> TEN </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> DEN </Dd> <Dd> KC </Dd> <Dd> LAC </Dd> <Dd> OAK </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> NFC East </Dt> <Dd> DAL </Dd> <Dd> NYG </Dd> <Dd> PHI </Dd> <Dd> WAS </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> CHI </Dd> <Dd> DET </Dd> <Dd> GB </Dd> <Dd> MIN </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> ATL </Dd> <Dd> CAR </Dd> <Dd> NO </Dd> <Dd> TB </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> ARI </Dd> <Dd> LAR </Dd> <Dd> SF </Dd> <Dd> SEA </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> List of most recent starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 17 of the 2017 NFL season ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> American Football Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) </Li> <Li> Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) </Li> <Li> Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) </Li> <Li> Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) </Li> <Li> Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) </Li> <Li> DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) </Li> <Li> Landry Jones ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T.J. Yates ( Houston Texans ) </Li> <Li> Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) </Li> <Li> Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) </Li> <Li> Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paxton Lynch ( Denver Broncos ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Mahomes II ( Kansas City Chiefs ) </Li> <Li> Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) </Li> <Li> Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) </Li> <Li> Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) </Li> <Li> Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) </Li> <Li> Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) </Li> <Li> Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) </Li> <Li> Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) </Li> <Li> Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) </Li> <Li> Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) </Li> <Li> Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) </Li> <Li> Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) </Li> <Li> Sean Mannion ( Los Angeles Rams ) </Li> <Li> Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) </Li> <Li> Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Matt Ryan -- awards and honors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Adrian Peterson </Td> <Td> Best Breakthrough Athlete ESPY Award 2009 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Chris Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Josh Beekman </Td> <Td> Scanlan Award 2007 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Brandon Robinson </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Boston College Eagles starting quarterbacks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Darling </Li> <Li> McKenney </Li> <Li> Weston </Li> <Li> Creedon </Li> <Li> Boehner </Li> <Li> Freitas </Li> <Li> Moynahan </Li> <Li> DiNatale </Li> <Li> O'Rourke </Li> <Li> Toczylowski </Li> <Li> Doherty </Li> <Li> Cronin </Li> <Li> Englert </Li> <Li> Panciera </Li> <Li> Songin </Li> <Li> McBride </Li> <Li> Kane </Li> <Li> Donlan </Li> <Li> Allard </Li> <Li> Amabile </Li> <Li> VanCott </Li> <Li> Concannon </Li> <Li> L. Marzetti </Li> <Li> E. Foley </Li> <Li> J. Marzetti </Li> <Li> DiVito </Li> <Li> Fallon </Li> <Li> Harris </Li> <Li> Rippman </Li> <Li> Marangi </Li> <Li> Kruczek </Li> <Li> K. Smith </Li> <Li> Palazola </Li> <Li> Loughery </Li> <Li> D. Flutie </Li> <Li> Halloran </Li> <Li> Power </Li> <Li> Kamphaus </Li> <Li> Power </Li> <Li> Hicks </Li> <Li> Kamphaus </Li> <Li> Hicks </Li> <Li> G. Foley </Li> <Li> Hartsell </Li> <Li> Mutryn </Li> <Li> M. Hasselbeck </Li> <Li> Mutryn </Li> <Li> T. Hasselbeck </Li> <Li> St. Pierre </Li> <Li> Porter </Li> <Li> Peterson </Li> <Li> Porter </Li> <Li> Ryan </Li> <Li> Crane </Li> <Li> Davis </Li> <Li> Tuggle </Li> <Li> Shinskie </Li> <Li> Rettig </Li> <Li> Murphy </Li> <Li> Wade </Li> <Li> T. Flutie </Li> <Li> J. Smith </Li> <Li> Fadule </Li> <Li> Towles </Li> <Li> Brown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1987 : McPherson </Li> <Li> 1988 : Peete </Li> <Li> 1989 : Rice </Li> <Li> 1990 : Erickson </Li> <Li> 1991 : Weldon </Li> <Li> 1992 : Torretta </Li> <Li> 1993 : Ward </Li> <Li> 1994 : Barker </Li> <Li> 1995 : Frazier </Li> <Li> 1996 : Wuerffel </Li> <Li> 1997 : P. Manning </Li> <Li> 1998 : McNown </Li> <Li> 1999 : Redman </Li> <Li> 2000 : Weinke </Li> <Li> 2001 : Carr </Li> <Li> 2002 : Palmer </Li> <Li> 2003 : E. Manning </Li> <Li> 2004 : White </Li> <Li> 2005 : Leinart </Li> <Li> 2006 : Quinn </Li> <Li> 2007 : Ryan </Li> <Li> 2008 : Harrell </Li> <Li> 2009 : McCoy </Li> <Li> 2010 : Tolzien </Li> <Li> 2011 : Luck </Li> <Li> 2012 : Klein </Li> <Li> 2013 : McCarron </Li> <Li> 2014 : Mariota </Li> <Li> 2015 : Cook </Li> <Li> 2016 : Watson </Li> <Li> 2017 : Rudolph </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Manning Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2004 : Leinart </Li> <Li> 2005 : Young </Li> <Li> 2006 : Russell </Li> <Li> 2007 : Ryan </Li> <Li> 2008 : Tebow </Li> <Li> 2009 : McCoy </Li> <Li> 2010 : Newton </Li> <Li> 2011 : Griffin III </Li> <Li> 2012 : Manziel </Li> <Li> 2013 : Winston </Li> <Li> 2014 : Mariota </Li> <Li> 2015 : Watson </Li> <Li> 2016 : Watson </Li> <Li> 2017 : Mayfield </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2008 NFL draft first - round selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jake Long </Li> <Li> Chris Long </Li> <Li> Matt Ryan </Li> <Li> Darren McFadden </Li> <Li> Glenn Dorsey </Li> <Li> Vernon Gholston </Li> <Li> Sedrick Ellis </Li> <Li> Derrick Harvey </Li> <Li> Keith Rivers </Li> <Li> Jerod Mayo </Li> <Li> Leodis McKelvin </Li> <Li> Ryan Clady </Li> <Li> Jonathan Stewart </Li> <Li> Chris Williams </Li> <Li> Branden Albert </Li> <Li> Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie </Li> <Li> Gosder Cherilus </Li> <Li> Joe Flacco </Li> <Li> Jeff Otah </Li> <Li> Aqib Talib </Li> <Li> Sam Baker </Li> <Li> Felix Jones </Li> <Li> Rashard Mendenhall </Li> <Li> Chris Johnson </Li> <Li> Mike Jenkins </Li> <Li> Duane Brown </Li> <Li> Antoine Cason </Li> <Li> Lawrence Jackson </Li> <Li> Kentwan Balmer </Li> <Li> Dustin Keller </Li> <Li> Kenny Phillips </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Nobis </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Humphrey </Li> <Li> Kunz </Li> <Li> Small </Li> <Li> Profit </Li> <Li> Ellis </Li> <Li> Bartkowski </Li> <Li> Bean </Li> <Li> Bryant </Li> <Li> Faumuina </Li> <Li> Kenn </Li> <Li> D. Smith </Li> <Li> J. Miller </Li> <Li> Butler </Li> <Li> Riggs </Li> <Li> Pitts </Li> <Li> Bryan </Li> <Li> Fralic </Li> <Li> Casillas </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> C. Miller </Li> <Li> Bruce </Li> <Li> Sanders </Li> <Li> Collins </Li> <Li> Broussard </Li> <Li> Pickens </Li> <Li> Pritchard </Li> <Li> Whitfield </Li> <Li> T. Smith </Li> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Bush </Li> <Li> Booker </Li> <Li> Brooking </Li> <Li> Kerney </Li> <Li> Vick </Li> <Li> Duckett </Li> <Li> Hall </Li> <Li> Jenkins </Li> <Li> White </Li> <Li> Anderson </Li> <Li> Ryan </Li> <Li> Baker </Li> <Li> Jerry </Li> <Li> Weatherspoon </Li> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Trufant </Li> <Li> Matthews </Li> <Li> Beasley </Li> <Li> Neal </Li> <Li> McKinley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta Falcons 2008 NFL draft selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Matt Ryan </Li> <Li> Sam Baker </Li> <Li> Curtis Lofton </Li> <Li> Chevis Jackson </Li> <Li> Harry Douglas </Li> <Li> Thomas DeCoud </Li> <Li> Robert James </Li> <Li> Kroy Biermann </Li> <Li> Thomas Brown </Li> <Li> Wilrey Fontenot </Li> <Li> Keith Zinger </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Randy Johnson ( 1966 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Dennis Claridge ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Terry Nofsinger ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Sloan ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Berry ( 1968 -- 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Bruce Lemmerman ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Dick Shiner ( 1971 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Lee ( 1973 -- 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Pat Sullivan ( 1974 -- 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Kim McQuilken ( 1974 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Bartkowski ( 1975 -- 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Hunter ( 1976 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> June Jones ( 1978 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Mike Moroski ( 1983 -- 1984 ) </Li> <Li> David Archer ( 1985 -- 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Turk Schonert ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Campbell ( 1987 , 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Erik Kramer ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Jeff Van Raaphorst ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Miller ( 1987 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Dils ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Hugh Millen ( 1989 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Wade Wilson ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Bobby Hebert ( 1993 , 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jeff George ( 1994 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Chandler ( 1997 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Graziani ( 1997 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Steve DeBerg ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Danny Kanell ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Doug Johnson ( 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Vick ( 2001 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Kurt Kittner ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Matt Schaub ( 2004 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Joey Harrington ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Byron Leftwich ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Redman ( 2007 , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Associated Press NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1967 : Farr </Li> <Li> 1968 : McCullouch </Li> <Li> 1969 : Hill </Li> <Li> 1970 : Shaw </Li> <Li> 1971 : Brockington </Li> <Li> 1972 : Harris </Li> <Li> 1973 : Foreman </Li> <Li> 1974 : Woods </Li> <Li> 1975 : M. Thomas </Li> <Li> 1976 : White </Li> <Li> 1977 : Dorsett </Li> <Li> 1978 : Campbell </Li> <Li> 1979 : O. Anderson </Li> <Li> 1980 : Sims </Li> <Li> 1981 : Rogers </Li> <Li> 1982 : Allen </Li> <Li> 1983 : Dickerson </Li> <Li> 1984 : Lipps </Li> <Li> 1985 : Brown </Li> <Li> 1986 : Mayes </Li> <Li> 1987 : Stradford </Li> <Li> 1988 : Stephens </Li> <Li> 1989 : Sanders </Li> <Li> 1990 : Smith </Li> <Li> 1991 : Russell </Li> <Li> 1992 : Pickens </Li> <Li> 1993 : Bettis </Li> <Li> 1994 : Faulk </Li> <Li> 1995 : Martin </Li> <Li> 1996 : George </Li> <Li> 1997 : Dunn </Li> <Li> 1998 : Moss </Li> <Li> 1999 : James </Li> <Li> 2000 : M. Anderson </Li> <Li> 2001 : A. Thomas </Li> <Li> 2002 : Portis </Li> <Li> 2003 : Boldin </Li> <Li> 2004 : Roethlisberger </Li> <Li> 2005 : Williams </Li> <Li> 2006 : Young </Li> <Li> 2007 : Peterson </Li> <Li> 2008 : Ryan </Li> <Li> 2009 : Harvin </Li> <Li> 2010 : Bradford </Li> <Li> 2011 : Newton </Li> <Li> 2012 : Griffin III </Li> <Li> 2013 : Lacy </Li> <Li> 2014 : Beckham , Jr . </Li> <Li> 2015 : Gurley </Li> <Li> 2016 : Prescott </Li> <Li> 2017 : Kamara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1972 : Brown </Li> <Li> 1973 : Simpson </Li> <Li> 1974 : Stabler </Li> <Li> 1975 : Tarkenton </Li> <Li> 1976 : Jones </Li> <Li> 1977 : Payton </Li> <Li> 1978 : Campbell </Li> <Li> 1979 : Campbell </Li> <Li> 1980 : Campbell </Li> <Li> 1981 : Anderson </Li> <Li> 1982 : Fouts </Li> <Li> 1983 : Theismann </Li> <Li> 1984 : Marino </Li> <Li> 1985 : Allen </Li> <Li> 1986 : Dickerson </Li> <Li> 1987 : Rice </Li> <Li> 1988 : Craig </Li> <Li> 1989 : Montana </Li> <Li> 1990 : Moon </Li> <Li> 1991 : Thomas </Li> <Li> 1992 : Young </Li> <Li> 1993 : Rice </Li> <Li> 1994 : Sanders </Li> <Li> 1995 : Favre </Li> <Li> 1996 : Davis </Li> <Li> 1997 : Sanders </Li> <Li> 1998 : Davis </Li> <Li> 1999 : Faulk </Li> <Li> 2000 : Faulk </Li> <Li> 2001 : Faulk </Li> <Li> 2002 : Holmes </Li> <Li> 2003 : Lewis </Li> <Li> 2004 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2005 : Alexander </Li> <Li> 2006 : Tomlinson </Li> <Li> 2007 : Brady </Li> <Li> 2008 : Brees </Li> <Li> 2009 : Johnson </Li> <Li> 2010 : Brady </Li> <Li> 2011 : Brees </Li> <Li> 2012 : Peterson </Li> <Li> 2013 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2014 : Murray </Li> <Li> 2015 : Newton </Li> <Li> 2016 : Ryan </Li> <Li> 2017 : Gurley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1957 : J. Brown </Li> <Li> 1958 : J. Brown </Li> <Li> 1959 : Unitas </Li> <Li> 1960 : Van Brocklin </Li> <Li> 1961 : Hornung </Li> <Li> 1962 : J. Taylor </Li> <Li> 1963 : Tittle </Li> <Li> 1964 : Unitas </Li> <Li> 1965 : J. Brown </Li> <Li> 1966 : Starr </Li> <Li> 1967 : Unitas </Li> <Li> 1968 : Morrall </Li> <Li> 1969 : Gabriel </Li> <Li> 1970 : Brodie </Li> <Li> 1971 : Page </Li> <Li> 1972 : L. Brown </Li> <Li> 1973 : Simpson </Li> <Li> 1974 : Stabler </Li> <Li> 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones </Li> <Li> 1977 : Payton </Li> <Li> 1978 : Bradshaw </Li> <Li> 1979 : Campbell </Li> <Li> 1980 : Sipe </Li> <Li> 1981 : Anderson </Li> <Li> 1982 : Moseley </Li> <Li> 1983 : Theismann </Li> <Li> 1984 : Marino </Li> <Li> 1985 : Allen </Li> <Li> 1986 : L. Taylor </Li> <Li> 1987 : Elway </Li> <Li> 1988 : Esiason </Li> <Li> 1989 : Montana </Li> <Li> 1990 : Montana </Li> <Li> 1991 : Thomas </Li> <Li> 1992 : Young </Li> <Li> 1993 : Smith </Li> <Li> 1994 : Young </Li> <Li> 1995 : Favre </Li> <Li> 1996 : Favre </Li> <Li> 1997 : Favre & Sanders </Li> <Li> 1998 : Davis </Li> <Li> 1999 : Warner </Li> <Li> 2000 : Faulk </Li> <Li> 2001 : Warner </Li> <Li> 2002 : Gannon </Li> <Li> 2003 : Manning & McNair </Li> <Li> 2004 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2005 : Alexander </Li> <Li> 2006 : Tomlinson </Li> <Li> 2007 : Brady </Li> <Li> 2008 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2009 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2010 : Brady </Li> <Li> 2011 : Rodgers </Li> <Li> 2012 : Peterson </Li> <Li> 2013 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2014 : Rodgers </Li> <Li> 2015 : Newton </Li> <Li> 2016 : Ryan </Li> <Li> 2017 : Brady </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bert Bell Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1959 : Unitas </Li> <Li> 1960 : Van Brocklin </Li> <Li> 1961 : Hornung </Li> <Li> 1962 : Robustelli </Li> <Li> 1963 : J. Brown </Li> <Li> 1964 : Unitas </Li> <Li> 1965 : Retzlaff </Li> <Li> 1966 : Meredith </Li> <Li> 1967 : Unitas </Li> <Li> 1968 : Kelly </Li> <Li> 1969 : Gabriel </Li> <Li> 1970 : Blanda </Li> <Li> 1971 : Staubach </Li> <Li> 1972 : L. Brown </Li> <Li> 1973 : Simpson </Li> <Li> 1974 : Olsen </Li> <Li> 1975 : Tarkenton </Li> <Li> 1976 : Stabler </Li> <Li> 1977 : Griese </Li> <Li> 1978 : Bradshaw </Li> <Li> 1979 : Campbell </Li> <Li> 1980 : Jaworski </Li> <Li> 1981 : Anderson </Li> <Li> 1982 : Theismann </Li> <Li> 1983 : Riggins </Li> <Li> 1984 : Marino </Li> <Li> 1985 : Payton </Li> <Li> 1986 : Taylor </Li> <Li> 1987 : Rice </Li> <Li> 1988 : Cunningham </Li> <Li> 1989 : Montana </Li> <Li> 1990 : Cunningham </Li> <Li> 1991 : Sanders </Li> <Li> 1992 : Young </Li> <Li> 1993 : Smith </Li> <Li> 1994 : Young </Li> <Li> 1995 : Favre </Li> <Li> 1996 : Favre </Li> <Li> 1997 : Sanders </Li> <Li> 1998 : Cunningham </Li> <Li> 1999 : Warner </Li> <Li> 2000 : Gannon </Li> <Li> 2001 : Faulk </Li> <Li> 2002 : Gannon </Li> <Li> 2003 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2004 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2005 : Alexander </Li> <Li> 2006 : Tomlinson </Li> <Li> 2007 : Brady </Li> <Li> 2008 : Peterson </Li> <Li> 2009 : Brees </Li> <Li> 2010 : Vick </Li> <Li> 2011 : Rodgers </Li> <Li> 2012 : Peterson </Li> <Li> 2013 : Manning </Li> <Li> 2014 : Watt </Li> <Li> 2015 : Newton </Li> <Li> 2016 : Ryan </Li> <Li> 2017 : Wentz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> `` The template below ( 2016 All - Pro Team ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . 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Mary Badham - wikipedia <H1> Mary Badham </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mary Badham </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mary Badham speaking at Birmingham - Southern College in 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1952 - 10 - 07 ) October 7 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Birmingham , Alabama , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1962 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Wilt ( 1975 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mary Badham ( born October 7 , 1952 ) is an American actress , known for her portrayal of Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . At the time , Badham ( aged 10 ) was the youngest actress ever nominated in this category . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Career </Li> <Li> 2 Current life </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mary Badham had no film acting experience before being cast in To Kill a Mockingbird . The Oscar in her category went to another child actress , Patty Duke for The Miracle Worker . During filming , Badham became particularly close to actor Gregory Peck , who played Scout 's father , Atticus Finch ; she kept in touch with him , always calling him ' Atticus ' , until his death in 2003 . </P> <P> Badham also played Sport Sharewood in `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' , the final episode of the original Twilight Zone series . Due to technical issues , her voice in outdoor scenes was dubbed in post production by adult voice actress June Foray . She also appeared in the films This Property Is Condemned and Let 's Kill Uncle before retiring from the acting profession . </P> <P> In 2005 , at the urging of actor / writer / director Cameron Watson , Badham came out of retirement to play an offbeat cameo opposite Keith Carradine for his film Our Very Own . Watson stated he would not accept any other actress for the part . He had managed to contact her in Monroeville , Alabama , where she had been invited to attend a stage version of To Kill a Mockingbird . </P> <H2> Current life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Badham is the younger sister of director John Badham . </P> <P> As of 2014 , Badham was an art restorer and a college testing coordinator . She is married to Richard W. Wilt , dean of Library and Educational Support Services at Lehigh Carbon Community College , and the mother of two children . She has traveled around the world recalling her experiences making To Kill a Mockingbird , while expounding the book 's messages of tolerance and compassion . </P> <P> In 2012 , she attended a screening with President Barack Obama at the White House to mark the 50th anniversary of To Kill a Mockingbird . </P> <P> In 2015 , Badham defended Harper Lee 's new novel , Go Set a Watchman , and its portrayal of an older , more bigoted , Atticus Finch . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Director </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> To Kill a Mockingbird </Td> <Td> Robert Mulligan </Td> <Td> Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Dr. Kildare </Td> <Td> Elliot Silverstein </Td> <Td> Cora Sue Henty </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> The Twilight Zone </Td> <Td> Joseph M. Newman </Td> <Td> Sport Sharewood </Td> <Td> The Bewitchin ' Pool ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> This Property Is Condemned </Td> <Td> Sydney Pollack </Td> <Td> Willie Starr </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Let 's Kill Uncle </Td> <Td> William Castle </Td> <Td> Chrissie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Fearful Symmetry </Td> <Td> Charles Kiselyak </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Documentary on To Kill a Mockingbird </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Our Very Own </Td> <Td> Cameron Watson </Td> <Td> Mrs. Nutbush </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Earl Hamner Storyteller </Td> <Td> Ray Castro Jr </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Documentary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees - Best Supporting Actress , Youngest Nominees </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Badham , Mary . `` How playing Scout in To Kill A Mockingbird changed my life '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin . `` Robert Duvall hails return of Harper Lee '' . telegraph.co.uk . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mary Badham Official Website - `` 50th Anniversary '' Accessed 2015 - 07 - 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mary Badham Q&A '' , Female First , Febr. 17 , 2012 . Accessed 2015 - 07 - 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IMDb - Mary Badham Biography Accessed 2015 - 07 - 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruinius , Harry . `` With ' Go Set a Watchman , ' Atticus Finch shows complexities of racism in America ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/19/opinion/sunday/our-racial-moment-of-truth.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galo , Sarah . `` An Evening with the Real Scout Finch '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay . `` Mary Badham , ' Scout ' in 1962 's To Kill a Mockingbird , Reads Excerpts from Harper Lee 's New Novel in N.Y.C. '' . people.com . Time Inc . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BWW news desk . `` TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD 's ' Scout ' Mary Badham Visits the White Theatre This Weekend '' . broadwayworld.com . Wisdom Digital Media . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Teussell , Robert . `` Spend New Year 's Eve in ' The Twilight Zone ' '' . kansascity.com . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kazek , Kelly . `` Former Alabama child actors : Where are they now ? '' . al.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kazek , Kelly . `` Former Alabama child actors : Where are they now ? '' . al.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Goldrup , Tom and Jim ( 2002 ) . Growing Up on the Set : Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television . McFarland & Co. p. 30 - 37 . ISBN 1476613702 . </Li> <Li> Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914 - 1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , p. 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mary Badham on IMDb </Li> <Li> Mary Badham at AllMovie </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 32206554 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n86138324 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 2663 7078 </Li> <Li> GND : 132322641 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 166820172 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb141519924 ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Badham&oldid=803066067 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1952 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Actresses from Birmingham , Alabama </Li> <Li> American child actresses </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 07 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Angie Tribeca - wikipedia <H1> Angie Tribeca </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Angie Tribeca </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Comedy Parody Crime Mystery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Carell </Li> <Li> Nancy Carell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rashida Jones </Li> <Li> Hayes MacArthur </Li> <Li> Jere Burns </Li> <Li> Deon Cole </Li> <Li> Andree Vermeulen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nathan Matthew David Ludwig Göransson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 30 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Carell </Li> <Li> Nancy Carell </Li> <Li> Thom Hinkle </Li> <Li> Campbell Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ronald D. Chong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Matt Sohn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single - camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 21 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carousel Television </Li> <Li> 301 Productions </Li> <Li> TBS Productions ( Season 1 - 2 ) </Li> <Li> Studio T ( Season 3 - present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> TBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 16 : 9 HDTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.tbs.com/shows/angie-tribeca.html </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Angie Tribeca is an American comedy television series , created by Steve and Nancy Carell . The series , a satire of police procedural shows , stars Rashida Jones as the titular police detective Angie Tribeca . It also stars Hayes MacArthur , Jere Burns , Deon Cole , and Andree Vermeulen in supporting roles . </P> <P> Angie Tribeca premiered on January 17 -- 18 , 2016 , and the third season premiered on April 10 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Development and production </Li> <Li> 3 Cast <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring cast </Li> <Li> 3.3 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 International broadcasts </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Angie Tribeca is a 10 - year veteran of the Los Angeles Police Department 's elite RHCU ( Really Heinous Crimes Unit ) , who is assigned a new partner . </P> <H2> Development and production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series was announced by TBS in mid-2014 with a ten - episode order . The series was announced as `` ... a hilarious spoof of police procedurals in the spirit of Police Squad ! '' . A few gags presented in the preview reel were cited as similar to the classic TV cop show satire Sledge Hammer ! . </P> <P> Originally intended to premiere in late 2015 , in November 2015 , it was announced that the first season of ten episodes would run uninterrupted on the network and be released through video on demand starting on January 17 , 2016 . </P> <P> Angie Tribeca premiered on a 25 - hour ten - episode marathon on January 17 -- 18 , 2016 . </P> <P> A second season of an additional ten episodes was announced , which premiered on June 6 , 2016 . </P> <P> On July 6 , 2016 , TBS renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on April 10 , 2017 . A fourth season is scheduled for 2018 , adding Bobby Cannavale to the cast . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rashida Jones as Det . Angela `` Angie '' Tribeca </Li> <Li> Hayes MacArthur as Det. / Lt. Jason `` Jay '' Geils </Li> <Li> Jere Burns as Lt. / Capt . Pritikin `` Chet '' Atkins , Angie 's boss <Ul> <Li> Burns also plays Eric Atkins , Lt. Atkins ' identical twin brother ; Capt . Gumbo Atkins , Atkins ' Cajun cousin in New Orleans ; Lt. Paddy Atkins , Atkins ' Irish cousin in New York </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deon Cole as Det . Daniel `` DJ '' Tanner </Li> <Li> Andrée Vermeulen as Dr. Monica Scholls , the medical examiner </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jagger as Det . David Hoffman , Tanner 's canine partner </Li> <Li> Alfred Molina as Dr. Edelweiss , the expert scientist ( Uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Andreas Wigand as Screaming Cop Dave ( Season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Dillon Paigen as Vomiting Cop ( Season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Caitlin Kimball as Rookie Cop ( Season 2 ) </Li> <Li> James Franco as Sgt . 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'' ) </Li> <Li> David Koechner as Police Commissioner Niles J. Bigfish ( `` Commissioner Bigfish '' ) </Li> <Li> Kerri Kenney - Silver as Special Agent Laurie Partridge , Fish and Game Division , Rodent Task Force ( `` Ferret Royale '' ) </Li> <Li> Keegan - Michael Key as Helmut Fröntbüt ( `` Ferret Royale '' ) </Li> <Li> Bill Murray as Vic Deakins ( `` Tribeca 's Day Off '' ) </Li> <Li> Cecily Strong as Samantha Stevens ( `` Tribeca 's Day Off '' ) </Li> <Li> Laura Bell Bundy as Vivian Tribeca ( `` Murder in the First Class '' ) </Li> <Li> Gene Simmons as Himself ( `` Inside Man '' ) </Li> <Li> Danny Trejo as Himself ( `` Inside Man '' ) </Li> <Li> John Gemberling as Barista ( `` The One With the Bomb '' ) </Li> <Li> Ryan Hansen as Wilson Phillips ( `` The One With the Bomb '' ) </Li> <Li> Graham Rogers as Eric ( `` Murder Gras '' ) </Li> <Li> Lizzy Caplan as Deirdre ( `` If You See Something , Solve Something '' ) </Li> <Li> Ed Helms as Dr. Clive Mister ( `` Germs of Endearment '' ) </Li> <Li> Kelly Rohrbach as Laura Ashley ( `` License to Drill '' ) </Li> <Li> Jon Hamm as McCormick , Geils partner who was `` the best man on the force '' but was transferred just as Tribeca awoke from her coma ( `` Fleas Do n't Kill Me '' ) . </Li> <Li> Vicki Lewis as Anne Muffet , the dog trainer and murder suspect ( `` Fleas Do n't Kill Me '' ) . </Li> <Li> Tzi Ma as Joseph Takagi ( `` Miso Dead '' ) . </Li> <Li> Busy Philipps as Courtney Woodpatch - Newton , anti-whaling activist and murder suspect ( `` Miso Dead '' ) </Li> <Li> Rhys Darby as Dr. Helm , a forensic scientist and dentist ( `` Miso Dead '' ) . </Li> <Li> Joey McIntyre as Skylar , member of boyband , Boypocalypse Wow ( `` Boyz II Dead '' ) </Li> <Li> Saul Rubinek as Pfoopa , manager of boyband , Boypocalypse Wow ( `` Boyz II Dead '' ) </Li> <Li> Chris Kirkpatrick as Chad , member of boyband , Boypocalypse Wow ( `` Boyz II Dead '' ) </Li> <Li> Aaron Carter as P.T. Cruiser , member of boyband , Boypocalypse Wow who was murdered ( `` Boyz II Dead '' ) </Li> <Li> Colton Dunn as Denarius , member of boyband , Boypocalypse Wow ( `` Boyz II Dead '' ) </Li> <Li> Joe Jonas as Detective Green , officer of the LAPD who brings the other detectives coffee and alluded to be the one that should infiltrate boyband , Boypocalypse Wow ( `` Boyz II Dead '' ) </Li> <Li> Maya Rudolph as romance novelist Ms Jackie Wilder ( `` Organ Trail '' ) </Li> <Li> Michelle Dockery as Victoria ( `` Turn Me On , Geils '' ) </Li> <Li> Natalie Portman as Christina Craft ( `` This Sounds Unbelievable , but CSI : Miami Did It '' ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Angie Tribeca episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> June 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Angie Tribeca has been met with positive reviews from critics . Metacritic gives it a rating of 78 / 100 based on 13 reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 92 % , based on 25 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Angie Tribeca 's unique blend of sharp wit and broad humor -- and the obvious fun being had by a talented cast -- make for a consistent , charmingly absurd spoof of police procedurals . '' </P> <H2> International broadcasts ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series was added to Australian streaming service Stan in May 2016 . </P> <P> The first season was shown from April 28 , 2016 , on E4 in the United Kingdom . The second season premiered on July 7 , 2016 . </P> <P> In Canada , the show airs on The Comedy Network . </P> <P> In India , the show airs on Comedy Central India . </P> <P> In Russia , the show airs on TNT4 . </P> <P> In Spain , the show airs on TNT . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Police Squad ! , a comedy television show with the same style of humor </Li> <Li> Sledge Hammer ! , a sustained satire of Dirty Harry and other action heroes </Li> <Li> A Touch of Cloth , a similar British comedy </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Rashida Jones to Headline Tribeca , TBS Comedy Pilot from Steve Carell '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Webb , Matt ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Rashida Jones ' ' Angie Tribeca ' Gets TBS Premiere Date , Renewed for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Animal Kingdom ' , ' Wrecked ' & ' Angie Tribeca ' Renewed By TNT & TBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` TBS Orders Rashida Jones Comedy ' Angie Tribeca , ' ' Buzzy 's , ' ' Your Family Or Mine ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` TV Guide Ask Matt '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Angie Tribeca ' : Steve & Nancy Carell 's TBS Rashida Jones Comedy Premieres At SXSW '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` TBS Orders ' Buzzy 's , ' ' Your Family or Mine , ' Rashida Jones Comedies to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCown , Alex ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` TBS wants you to spend 25 hours with Angie Tribeca '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TBS to Launch `` Angie Tribeca '' with 25 - Hour Marathon of the Entire First Season Commercial - Free Starting Jan. 17 `` . November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Katy ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Entire First Season of Angie Tribeca to Debut Via Marathon ; Season 2 Ordered '' . IGN . J2 Global . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Angie Tribeca : Season Two Coming to TBS in June '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Angie Tribeca : Season Four Renewal ; Bobby Cannavale Joins the Cast ( Video ) - canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale '' . canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale. 2017 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Rashida Jones To Topline Steve Carell 's TBS Comedy Pilot ' Tribeca ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Hayes MacArthur Made Series Regular on TBS ' Angie Tribeca '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TBS Greenlights Steve & Nancy Carell 's Police Procedural Satire `` Angie Tribeca '' ( working title ) , Starring Rashida Jones `` . The Futon Critic . May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Jere Burns & Andrée Vermeulen Join Pilot ' Tribeca ' ; Edwin Hodge In ' Clementine ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cutshall , Cameron ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Carell 's new series premieres at SXSW Film '' . Archive.star.txstate.edu . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wayt , Matt ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Scott to guest star on Rashida Jones ' new cop show '' . AVClub.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burns , Ashley ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Rashida Jones And Nancy Carell Explain How ' Angie Tribeca ' Pays Tribute To Spoof Comedy 's Greatest Hits '' . Uproxx . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Bill Murray to guest on TBS comedy ' Angie Tribeca ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Keegan - Michael Key , Cecily Strong to guest on TBS comedy ' Angie Tribeca ' '' . EntertainmentWeekly.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angie Tribeca - Season 1 Reviews at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angie Tribeca : Season 1 at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker - Arnott , Ellie ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Silly , star - studded cop spoof Angie Tribeca will divide comedy fans '' . Radio Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Angie Tribeca ' Season 2 '' . TVWise . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Angie Tribeca on IMDb </Li> <Li> Angie Tribeca at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> TBS original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1970s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of the Planets </Li> <Li> Best of World Championship Wrestling </Li> <Li> Braves TBS Baseball </Li> <Li> Georgia Championship Wrestling </Li> <Li> WCW Saturday Night </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Baseball Bunch </Li> <Li> The Catlins </Li> <Li> College Football on TBS </Li> <Li> Clash of the Champions </Li> <Li> Down to Earth </Li> <Li> G - Force : Guardians of Space </Li> <Li> Kid 's Beat </Li> <Li> NASCAR on TBS </Li> <Li> National Geographic Explorer </Li> <Li> The New Leave It to Beaver </Li> <Li> Night Tracks </Li> <Li> Rocky Road </Li> <Li> Safe at Home </Li> <Li> Starcade </Li> <Li> Tush </Li> <Li> NBA on TBS </Li> <Li> WCW Main Event </Li> <Li> WCW Power Hour </Li> <Li> WCW Pro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 Stupid Dogs ( 1993 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Between the Lines </Li> <Li> Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1990 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Cartoon Planet ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Chimp Channel ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinner and a Movie ( 1995 - 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Live from the House of Blues ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ( 1996 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> WCW Thunder ( 1998 -- 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10 Items or Less ( 2006 - 09 ) </Li> <Li> The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Daisy Does America ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Frank TV ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> He 's a Lady ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> House Rules ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Lopez Tonight ( 2009 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Browns ( 2009 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Midnight Money Madness ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Minding the Store ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> My Boys ( 2006 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Outback Jack ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Gilligan 's Island ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! 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FDA food Safety Modernization Act - wikipedia <H1> FDA food Safety Modernization Act </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> FDA Food Safety Modernization Act <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Long title </Th> <Td> To amend the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act with respect to the safety of the food supply . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acronyms ( colloquial ) </Th> <Td> FSMA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enacted by </Th> <Td> the 111th United States Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Effective </Th> <Td> January 4 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Citations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public law </Th> <Td> 111 - 353 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Codification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acts amended </Th> <Td> Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Titles amended </Th> <Td> 21 U.S.C. : Food and Drugs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S.C. sections created </Th> <Td> 301 et seq . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2751 by Betty Sutton ( D -- OH ) on June 8 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Committee consideration by House Energy and Commerce and House Ways and Means </Li> <Li> Passed the House on June 9 , 2009 ( ( 1 ) ) </Li> <Li> Passed the Senate on December 19 , 2010 ( Passed by Voice Vote ) </Li> <Li> Reported by the joint conference committee on December 21 , 2010 ; agreed to by the House on December 21 , 2010 ( ( 2 ) ) and by the Senate on December 19 , 2010 ( Passed by Voice Vote ) </Li> <Li> Signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Food Safety Modernization Act ( FSMA ) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4 , 2011 . The FSMA has given the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) new authorities to regulate the way foods are grown , harvested and processed . The law grants the FDA a number of new powers , including mandatory recall authority , which the agency has sought for many years . The FSMA requires the FDA to undertake more than a dozen rulemakings and issue at least 10 guidance documents , as well as a host of reports , plans , strategies , standards , notices , and other tasks . </P> <P> The law was prompted after many reported incidents of foodborne illnesses during the first decade of the 2000s and was largely crafted by members of the Grocery Manufacturers Association . Tainted food has cost the food industry billions of dollars in recalls , lost sales and legal expenses . </P> <P> This bill is similar to the Food Safety Enhancement Act which passed the House in 2009 . It is considered the first major piece of federal legislation addressing food safety since 1938 . It is also the first piece of legislation to address intentional adulteration and Food Defense . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Legislative history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Tester - Hagan Amendment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Provisions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Impact and fees </Li> <Li> 3.2 Prevention </Li> <Li> 3.3 Inspection and compliance </Li> <Li> 3.4 Response to contaminants / violations </Li> <Li> 3.5 Additional information on imported goods </Li> <Li> 3.6 Enhanced partnerships </Li> <Li> 3.7 Employee protections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Implementation <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Rules </Li> <Li> 4.2 FSMA progress report </Li> <Li> 4.3 Funding </Li> <Li> 4.4 Food facility registration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reaction and controversy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Alcoholic beverage facilities exemption </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) estimated in 2011 that each year 48 million people ( 1 in 6 Americans ) get sick , 128,000 are hospitalized , and 3,000 die of foodborne diseases . The CDC estimates that there are two major groups of foodborne illnesses : Known foodborne pathogens and Unspecified agents . 31 pathogens are notorious for causing foodborne illness . Unspecified agents have insufficient data to estimate with certainty the agent - specific burden . Known agents that have not been identified as causing foodborne illness include microbes , chemicals , or other substance known to be in food . The ability for these known agents to cause illness has not been proven so they remain unidentified . Considering the fact that , about 30 % of the population is at risk for food borne sicknesses , over 14 % of food supply to the United States is imported from other countries , and also new and more food items are becoming more complex or intricate , the FSMA was indeed needed . The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act ( FSMA ) , enables FDA to better protect public health by strengthening the food safety system . It enables the FDA to focus more on preventing food safety problems rather than relying primarily on reacting to problems after they occur . </P> <Table> Estimated annual number of domestically acquired , food borne illnesses , hospitalizations , and deaths due to 31 pathogens and unspecified agents transmitted through food , United States . <Tr> <Th> Food borne Agents </Th> <Th> Estimated annual number of illnesses <P> ( 90 % credible interval ) </P> </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> Estimated annual number of hospitalizations <P> ( 90 % credible interval ) </P> </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> Estimated annual number of deaths <P> ( 90 % credible interval ) </P> </Th> <Th> % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 known pathogens </Td> <Td> 9.4 million <P> ( 6.6 -- 12.7 million ) </P> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 55,961 <P> ( 39,534 -- 75,741 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 1,351 <P> ( 712 -- 2,268 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unspecified agents </Td> <Td> 38.4 million <P> ( 19.8 -- 61.2 million ) </P> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 71,878 <P> ( 9,924 -- 157,340 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 1,686 <P> ( 369 -- 3,338 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 47.8 million <P> ( 28.7 -- 71.1 million ) </P> </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 127,839 <P> ( 62,529 -- 215,562 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 3,037 <P> ( 1,492 -- 4,983 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1998 , the FDA announced a publication entitled `` Guidance for Industry : Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables '' in response to President Clinton 's 1997 `` Initiative to Ensure the Safety of Imported and Domestic Fruits and Vegetables '' . They resulted in Good Agricultural Practices ( GAP ) and Good Handling Practices ( GHP ) certifications that became de facto industry requirements , but were not enforceable . </P> <P> Over the past few years , high - profile outbreaks related to various foods , from spinach and peanut products to eggs , have underscored the need to make continuous improvements in food safety . Under this law the FDA will be allowed to mandate a system that is based on science and addresses the hazards from farm to table . This means that the FDA has the power to oversee how foods are produced and how they are maintained in food markets . This puts greater emphasis on preventing food - borne illness . The reasoning is simple : The better the system handles producing , processing , transporting , and preparing foods , the safer our food supply will be . </P> <P> Under the new law , the FDA will now have new prevention - focused tools and a clear regulatory framework to help make substantial improvements in their approach to food safety . For example , for the first time , the FDA has a legislative mandate to require comprehensive , preventive - based controls across the food supply chain . Preventive controls include steps that a food facility would take to prevent or significantly minimize the likelihood of problems occurring . The new law also significantly enhances the FDA 's ability to achieve greater oversight of the millions of food products coming into the United States from other countries each year . </P> <H2> Legislative history ( edit ) </H2> <P> The events of Sep 11 , 2001 reinforced the need to enhance the security of the United States . Congress responded by passing the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act , ' the Bioterrorism Act ' , which President Bush signed into law June 12 , 2002 . The Bioterrorism Act of 2002 granted the FDA administrative detention authority over food items if there is credible evidence or information that indicates the food presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals . The new ( FSMA ) law broadens that authority , allowing for administrative detention based on ' reason to believe ' that the food item has been misbranded or adulterated ' and thus violates a legal standard for the product . </P> President Obama signs FSMA into law . <P> The first version of the law , the Food Safety Enhancement Act , passed the House on June 9 , 2009 . However , negotiations with the Senate led to the final product , the ' Food Safety and Modernization Act . ' The bill was passed by the Senate in November 2010 by a vote of 73 -- 25 . However , because of a tax provision added to the bill , ( which is constitutionally required to begin in the House ) , the vote did not count . There was concern that with the short time left in the lame - duck session , the bill would not get the time needed to be voted on and passed . Attempts to add the bill to the continuing resolution for government funding were scrapped over the objection of Senator Tom Coburn . Eventually , however , the Senate moved on December 19 , 2010 to pass the fixed bill by unanimous consent by a voice vote . The House went on to approve the bill by a vote of 215 to 144 on December 21 , 2010 . President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on Tuesday , January 4 , 2011 . </P> <P> Although this bill is meant to address food safety , there are , according to food safety advocate Bill Marler , some issues with its effectiveness . Many facilities , such as farms , restaurants , and nonprofit food establishments in which food is prepared for or served directly to the consumer are exempt from the requirements of the bill . Also exempt are facilities that produce food solely for non-human animals . </P> <H3> Tester - Hagan amendment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Senators Jon Tester and Kay Hagan sponsored two amendments that removed vital local food growers and processors from federal oversight , leaving them -- as they currently are -- within the existing regulatory framework of state and local health and sanitation laws and rules . </P> <P> The amendment will offer protections for operations ( a.k.a. `` qualified facilities '' ) that make less than $500,000 a year and sell most ( greater than 50 % ) of their products directly to consumers in the same state and within a 400 - mile radius . The amendment also applies to all operations that the FDA classified as a `` very small business . '' Small , local farmers would not necessarily need to comply with some of the requirements and produce safety regulations implemented under S. 510 . Instead , these small - scale producers ( like those who sell their goods at farmers ' markets or roadside stands ) would continue to be regulated by local and state entities . In addition , consumers would know whom they are buying from either by direct sales or clear labeling . </P> <P> Farmers who qualify must provide documentation that the farm is in compliance with state regulations . Documentation may include licenses , inspection reports , or other evidence that the farm is in compliance with State , local , county , or other applicable non-Federal food safety law . The farm must also prominently and conspicuously display the name and address of farm / facility on its label . For foods without a label then by poster , sign , or placard , at the point of purchase or , in the case of Internet sales , in an electronic notice , or in the case of sales to stores and restaurants , on the invoice . </P> <H2> Provisions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Impact and fees ( edit ) </H3> <P> The legislation affects every aspect of the U.S. food system , from farmers to manufacturers to importers . It places significant responsibilities on farmers and food processors to prevent contamination -- a departure from the country 's reactive tradition , which has relied on government inspectors to catch tainted food after the fact The legislation requires food producers and importers to pay an annual $500 registration fee , which would help fund stepped - up FDA inspections , enforcement and related activities such as food - safety research About 360,000 facilities in the United States and abroad would be subject to the fees . The Congressional Budget Office reported that the fees would not cover the cost of the new system , leaving the FDA to incur a net cost of $2.2 billion over five years . </P> <H3> Prevention ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hazard analysis and risk - based preventive controls <P> For the first time , the FDA will have a legislative mandate to require comprehensive , science - based preventive controls across the food supply , including pet food and animal feed . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mandatory preventive controls for food facilities </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Food facilities are required to implement a written Hazard Analysis and Risk - based Preventive Controls ( HARPC ) plan . This involves : ( 1 ) evaluating the hazards that could affect food safety , ( 2 ) specifying what preventive steps , or controls , will be put in place to significantly minimize or prevent the hazards , ( 3 ) specifying how the facility will monitor these controls to ensure they are working , ( 4 ) maintaining routine records of the monitoring , and ( 5 ) specifying what actions the facility will take to correct problems that arise . Animal food manufacturers must implement current Good Manufacturing Practices and Preventive Controls. ( Final rule published September 17 , 2015 ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Mandatory produce safety standards </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA must establish science - based , minimum standards for the safe production and harvesting of fruits and vegetables . Those standards must consider naturally occurring hazards , as well as those that may be introduced either unintentionally or intentionally , and must address soil amendments ( materials added to the soil such as compost ) , hygiene , packaging , temperature controls , animals in the growing area and water . ( Final regulation due about 2 years following enactment ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Radiological hazards </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> For the first time , firms must explicitly consider radioactive contamination as part of their hazard analysis , under chemical safety . The FDA does not anticipate that this will be a hazard that requires continuous monitoring with a Geiger counter . Rather , as an example , a firm that uses spring water in its products should consider having the water tested regularly for the presence of dissolved radon , tritium and heavy metal contaminants . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Authority to prevent intentional contamination </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA must issue regulations to protect against the intentional adulteration of food , including the establishment of science - based mitigation strategies to prepare and protect the food supply chain at specific vulnerable points . ( Final rule due 18 months following enactment ) This is the first time language involving Food Defense has been incorporated into law . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Inspection and compliance ( edit ) </H3> <P> The FSMA recognizes that preventive control standards improve food safety only to the extent that producers and processors comply with them . FSMA provides the FDA with new authority to conduct inspections and ensure compliance . </P> The 2011 fiscal year report on foreign food inspections by the FDA . <Ul> <Li> Mandated inspection frequency </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FSMA establishes a mandated inspection frequency , based on risk , for food facilities and requires the frequency of inspection to increase immediately . All high - risk domestic facilities must be inspected within five years of enactment and no less than every three years thereafter . Within one year of enactment , the law directs the FDA to inspect at least 600 foreign facilities and double those inspections every year for the next five years . To accomplish this projected goal , the USFDA and other agencies in the United States will work in partnership or collaborate with foreign governing bodies for help , due to lack of resources to meet the demand . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Records access </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> FDA will have access to records , including industry food safety plans and the records firms will be required to keep documenting implementation of their plans . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Testing by accredited laboratories </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FSMA requires certain food testing to be carried out by accredited laboratories and directs the FDA to establish a program for laboratory accreditation to ensure that U.S. food testing laboratories meet high - quality standards . ( Establishment of accreditation program due 2 years after enactment ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Visual inspection </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> During an unannounced inspection by the FDA , a visual inspection will be conducted . During the inspection they will look at the building and equipment to see if there is any possibility of food contamination . The will probe into poor welds , condensation leaks especially over open product lines . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Swabbing of environment </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> During their cursory walk , the agent will also look for any areas and niches that they feel may be a harborage point for bacteria . The agents can and will take anywhere form 150 - 200 swabs depending on how big the facility is . The agent will also take raw material samples as well as finished product . It is advised that the company does not take companion samples because this can double the chances of a lab error , and does not look good if the FDA 's samples come up negative and the facilities positive and vice versa . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Response to contaminants / violations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The bill gives the FDA the authority to recall food in the case of contamination or illness . In addition , it requires farms to track their food and implement plans to deal with recalls or outbreaks of disease . FDA officials will also be given access to food growers records in the case of an outbreak . The bill also requires food importers to verify that they meet US food safety standards . Small farms that sell locally or sell less than $500,000 a year are exempt from these new rules . New authorities include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Mandatory recall </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FSMA provides the FDA with authority to issue a mandatory recall when a company fails to voluntarily recall unsafe food after being asked to by the FDA . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Expanded administrative detention </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FSMA provides the FDA with a more flexible standard for administratively detaining products that are potentially in violation of the law ( administrative detention is the procedure the FDA uses to keep suspect food from being moved ) . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Suspension of registration </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA can suspend registration of a facility if it determines that the food poses a reasonable probability of serious adverse health consequences or death . A facility that is under suspension is prohibited from distributing food . ( Effective 6 months after enactment ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Enhanced product tracing abilities </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA is directed to establish a system that will enhance its ability to track and trace both domestic and imported foods . In addition , FDA is directed to establish pilot projects to explore and evaluate methods to rapidly and effectively identify recipients of food to prevent or control a food borne illness outbreak . ( Implementation of pilots due 9 months after enactment ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Additional Record keeping for High Risk Foods </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA is directed to issue proposed rule making to establish record keeping requirements for facilities that manufacture , process , pack , or hold foods that the Secretary designates as high - risk foods . ( Implementation due 2 years after enactment ) . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Additional information on imported goods ( edit ) </H3> <P> The FSMA gives the FDA authority to better ensure that imported products meet U.S. standards and are safe for U.S. consumers , with the vision that imported foods should be held to the same standards as domestic foods . These standards will be met by implementing the following components : </P> <Ul> <Li> Importer accountability </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> For the first time , importers have an explicit responsibility to verify that their foreign suppliers have adequate preventive controls in place to ensure that the food they produce is safe . ( Final regulation and guidance due 1 year following enactment ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Third Party Certification </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FSMA establishes a program through which qualified third parties can certify that foreign food facilities comply with U.S. food safety standards . This certification may be used to facilitate the entry of imports . ( Establishment of a system for the FDA to recognize accreditation bodies is due 2 years after enactment ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Certification for high risk foods </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA has the authority to require that high - risk imported foods be accompanied by a credible third party certification or other assurance of compliance as a condition of entry into the U.S. </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Voluntary qualified importer program </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA must establish a voluntary program for importers that provides for expedited review and entry of foods from participating importers . Eligibility is limited to , among other things , importers offering food from certified facilities . ( Implementation due 18 months after enactment ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Authority to deny entry </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA can refuse entry into the U.S. of food from a foreign facility if the FDA is denied access by the facility or the country in which the facility is located . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Enhanced Partnerships ( edit ) </H3> <P> The FSMA builds a formal system of collaboration with other government agencies , both domestic and foreign . In doing so , the statute explicitly recognizes that all food safety agencies need to work together in an integrated way to achieve our public health goals . The following are examples of enhanced collaboration : </P> <Ul> <Li> State and local capacity building </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA must develop and implement strategies to leverage and enhance the food safety and defense capacities of State and local agencies . The FSMA provides the FDA with a new multi-year grant mechanism to facilitate investment in State capacity to more efficiently achieve national food safety goals . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Foreign capacity building </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The law directs the FDA to develop a comprehensive plan to expand the capacity of foreign governments and their industries . One component of the plan is to address training of foreign governments and food producers on U.S. food safety requirements . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Reliance on inspections by other agencies </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The FDA is explicitly authorized to rely on inspections of other Federal , State and local agencies to meet its increased inspection mandate for domestic facilities . The FSMA also allows the FDA to enter into inter-agency agreements to leverage resources with respect to the inspection of seafood facilities , both domestic and foreign , as well as seafood imports . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Employee protections ( edit ) </H3> <P> The FSMA also includes provisions that protect employees who try to prevent food safety problems . Section 402 of the FSMA prohibits employers engaged in the manufacture , processing , packing , transporting , distribution , reception , holding or importation of food from retaliating against employees who disclose violations of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act . This particular portion of the FSMA is administered by the U.S. Department of Labor . </P> <H2> Implementation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Now that the Act is in place , the FDA must begin the rulemaking process to codify how they intend to enforce the new laws . </P> <P> Effective June 12 , 2011 , many food companies will be required to develop food safety plans based on an evaluation of hazards related to food manufactured , processed , packed or held in all registered facilities . Following a hazard analysis , firms must identify and implement preventive controls to significantly minimize or prevent the occurrence of such hazards . Examples of preventive controls include sanitation procedures for food contact surfaces ; employee hygiene training ; environmental monitoring to verify pathogen controls ; a recall plan ; supplier verification activities ; and a food allergen control program . </P> <P> Even after the rulemaking process is complete , it will likely be some time before the FDA is fully equipped to enforce the new laws . The agency estimates that it will need at least 1,000 more inspectors and $1.4 billion over the next five years , and it is certainly not a sure thing that Congress will appropriate such funds given the current economic climate and calls for spending cuts and smaller government . </P> <H3> Rules ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first public comment period occurred in 2013 , and the agency received tens of thousands of comments in that period . The FDA previously submitted their proposed regulations to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) for review , and in that process the OMB weakened the regulations in a variety of ways . </P> <P> In 2012 , the FDA was sued by consumer groups the Center for Food Safety ( CFS ) and the Center for Environmental Health for its failure to meet deadlines . In settling the litigation , the agency agreed to deadlines in 2015 and 2016 for certain rules . </P> <H3> FSMA progress report ( edit ) </H3> <P> Now , the FDA has planned to make available to the general public and to Congress significant progress they have made towards implementing the FSMA . In March 2012 , the FDA 's Senior Advisor , Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network , Sherri McGarry , on a blog reported the types of foods to be used in the pilot project on tracing products to prevent illnesses . The list includes Tomatoes , Frozen Kung Pao - style dishes , and Jarred peanut butter and dry , packaged peanut / spice . Tomatoes both sliced and whole was chosen because of the significant number of outbreaks recorded ; it mirrors a multifaceted food supply chain and it was recognized by majority of the food industry associations as the number one food product to be used in the pilot program . </P> <P> The Frozen Kung Pao - style dishes have ingredients such as chicken , red pepper spice and peanut products which are foods that are involved in outbreaks , for this reason they are in the pilot project . In addition , it is supplied to diverse food chain distribution channels which could be involved in imported and domestic products . To increase the intricacy of the pilot project , the jarred peanut butter and dry , packaged spice peanut were included . This summer , the pilot projects results will be accomplished with hopes of developing a complete product tracing system with the information received . </P> <H3> Funding ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Safety Act was signed into law along with the Government Performance and Results Modernization Act of 2010 . The cost for the first five years is projected to be $1.4 billion and is not yet fully funded . </P> <H3> Food facility registration ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since October 22 , 2012 , the updated food facility registration system by the US FDA is available . This update requires all facilities previously registered prior to October 1 , 2012 to renew registration . Failure to do so is a prohibited act and will lead to refusal of entry for foreign products and illegal trade for domestic facilities . Every 2 years in even numbered years , every registered facility needs to renew its registration between October 1 and December 31 . Registration is accepted by fax , mail and electronics means on the FDA food facility registration website . </P> <P> As of January 22 , 2014 there were 195,518 food facilities registered with the FDA . </P> <H2> Reaction and controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to maplight.org , large trade organizations have joined public health advocates in supporting the bill , while groups aligned with individuals and small farms have generally opposed it . However , after Senate adoption of Jon Tester 's amendment , which allows for the possible exemption of producers that sell less than $500,000 a year , many large food companies objected , arguing that the exemption puts consumers at risk . </P> <P> A year after enactment the agency has fallen behind on expected progress . It has yet to implement `` a specific timetable for issuing '' a process to create rule for science - based produce standards , has not completed rules for foreign supplier verification , and must still create a guidance that will help schools and childcare programs lessen allergy risks for school - age children . </P> <P> A similar set of New Zealand rules , the Food Bill 160 - 2 , is moving towards passage since 2010 . The primary effects expected are to tie New Zealand to Codex Alimentarius and the World Trade Organization permanently , although those international agreements will be constantly adjusted . Despite its 366 pages , Food Bill 160 - 2 can not directly resolve many threats to food safety , as there is no added Produce traceability nor methods to control Antibiotic resistance . Controversy has been intense in NZ regarding introduction of genetic engineered plants and animals ( GE ) ; concern is that WTO and Codex will require opening up NZ to GE . The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand would not be able to complete their campaign towards making New Zealand organic by 2020 . </P> <H3> Alcoholic beverage facilities exemption ( edit ) </H3> <P> There has been criticism that the FDA 's proposed rule would be prohibitively expensive on the practice of alcoholic beverage facilities selling spent grain to farmers for animal food . Under current law , alcoholic beverages , such as beer , wine , cider and spirits , are exempt from the FDA 's normal oversight of food products . The FDA will open up the rule to comments again this summer and then revise the proposal , which is due to be finalized by August 2015 . </P> <P> The proposed rules regulate the `` good manufacturing practice in manufacturing , processing , packing or holding of animal food '' and `` require that certain facilities establish and implement hazard analysis and risk - based preventive controls for food for animals '' , but animal food at alcoholic beverage facilities would not be exempt pursuant to section 116 of FSMA since `` those spent grains are not alcoholic beverages themselves , and they are not in a prepackaged form that prevents any direct human contact with the food '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Codex Alimentarius </Li> <Li> Food Bill 160 - 2 of New Zealand </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House Approves Food - Safety Bill ; Law Would Expand FDA 's Power '' . The Washington Post . July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FSMA Proposed Rule for Focused Mitigation Strategies to Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration '' . FDA . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Background on the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Overview '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Industry : Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables '' , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , October 26 , 1998 . 63 FR 58055 ( October 29 , 1998 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Courtney I.P. ( 2014 ) . In Food We Trust : The Politics of Purity in American Food Regulation . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 131 -- 134 . ISBN 9780803276420 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Food Bill Aims to Improve '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bioterrorism Act of 2002 '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act . What do the new laws mean for small farms and producers ? '' ( PDF ) . New England Farmers Union . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roll Call Votes 111th Congress - 2nd Session '' . United States Senate . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Senate OKs food safety measure -- Meredith Shiner '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falkenstein , Drew . `` In Lame Duck Flux , Food Safety Bill All But Dead '' . Foodsafetynews.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for Roll Call 661 '' . Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House Vote 661 -- Passes Food Safety Bill '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside United Fresh '' . United Fresh . 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Friday and Saturday night read - H.R. 2749 - Food Safety Enhancement Act 2009 - So , what 's really in it ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S. 510 Food Safety Modernization Act Healthy Local Foods Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Western Organization of Resource Councils . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Tester -- Hagen Amendment to S. 510 protects food safety and small farmers '' . Marler Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Food Safety Actction Alert '' . National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Layton , Lyndsey ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` House Approves Food - Safety Bill ; Law Would Expand FDA 's Power '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Food Safety Legislation Key Facts '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About FDA '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Food Safety Modernization Act : A New Paradigm for Importers and Global Partnerships '' . Quality Assurance & Food Safety Magazine . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mushrush , Laura . `` Three things to expect during unannounced FDA inspections . '' Food Safety News . N.p. , 23 Mar. 2017 . Web . 19 Apr. 2017 . http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2017/03/three-things-to-expect-during-unannounced-fda-inspections/#.WPexjfnythE </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Food - safety measure passes Senate in Sunday surprise '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 2751 § 103 , quoted paragraph ( l ) , to be enacted as 21 U.S.C. § 418 ( l ) External link in title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2751 - Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act Amendment With Respect To The Safety Of The Food Supply '' . Library of Congress THOMAS . January 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FDA Food Safety Modernization Act : Marking a New Era in U.S. Food Safety '' . Food Safety Magazine . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Food Safety Rules : Food Safety Modernization Act ( FSMA ) Small Farms Programs '' . smallfarms.oregonstate.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Documents Show OMB Weakened FDA 's Food Safety Rules Food Safety News '' . 2013 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FSMA Gets New Deadlines for Final Rules Food Safety News '' . 2014 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FDA Progress Report on Implementing the Food Safety Modernization Act : January -- March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FDA FSMA . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid Tracing of Food Products Prevents illness '' . FDA Transparency Blog . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President Obama Signs Landmark Food Safety Bill '' . Center for Effective Government . January 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 21 Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) 1.241 Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 U.S. FDA Food Facility Registration Data '' . Registrar Corp . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FDA Food Safety Modernization Act - Senate Vote : On Passage Total Campaign Contributions '' . MapLight . December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senate passes Food Safety Act with Tester 's amendment Indy Blog '' . Missoulanews.bigskypress.com . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salahi , Lara ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Senate Votes for Food Safety Overhaul '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bottemiller , Helena ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Food Safety Modernization Act - One Year Later '' . Food Safety News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 78 FR 64735 ( October 29 , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Terry , Lynne ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Beer prices could go up under FDA rule that angers farmers , brewers '' . The Oregonian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scully , Sean . `` After outcry , FDA to revise proposed rules on brewery grain as feed '' . The Press Democrat . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 21 U.S.C. § 2206 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , Jeffrey ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` FDA 's Proposed Rules May Affect Breweries and Distilleries '' . LaszloLaw . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ensuring Food Safety , GE Intelligent Platforms </Li> <Li> FSMA and Food Safety Systems : Understanding and Implementing the Rules , by Jeffrey T. Barach </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> FDA FSMA Website </Li> <Li> FSMA News Portal </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Food and Drug Administration of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research </Li> <Li> Center for Devices and Radiological Health </Li> <Li> Center for Drug Evaluation and Research </Li> <Li> Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition </Li> <Li> Center for Tobacco Products </Li> <Li> Center for Veterinary Medicine </Li> <Li> National Center for Toxicological Research </Li> <Li> Office of Criminal Investigations </Li> <Li> Office of Regulatory Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major Acts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act </Li> <Li> FDA Modernization Act of 1997 </Li> <Li> Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act </Li> <Li> Food Safety Modernization Act </Li> <Li> PDUFA , 1992 </Li> <Li> Pure Food and Drug Act </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title 21 Regulations & Rules </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Administrative Law </Th> <Td> Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal Journal </Th> <Td> Federal Register ( FR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal Law </Th> <Td> Title 21 of the United States Code ( U.S.C. ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commissioners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harvey W. Wiley </Li> <Li> Carl L. Alsberg </Li> <Li> Charles A. Browne </Li> <Li> Walter G. Campbell </Li> <Li> Paul P. Dunbar </Li> <Li> Charles W. Crawford </Li> <Li> George P. Larrick </Li> <Li> James L. Goddard </Li> <Li> Herbert L. Ley </Li> <Li> Charles C. Edwards </Li> <Li> Alexander M. Schmidt </Li> <Li> Donald Kennedy </Li> <Li> Jere E. Goyan </Li> <Li> Arthur H. Hayes Jr . </Li> <Li> Frank Edward Young </Li> <Li> David Aaron Kessler </Li> <Li> Jane E. Henney </Li> <Li> Mark McClellan </Li> <Li> Lester Crawford </Li> <Li> Andrew von Eschenbach </Li> <Li> Margaret Hamburg </Li> <Li> Robert Califf </Li> <Li> Scott Gottlieb </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society and Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of the Food and Drug Administration </Li> <Li> Criticism of the Food and Drug Administration </Li> <Li> Regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act&oldid=804916301 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States federal health legislation </Li> <Li> Pharmaceuticals policy </Li> <Li> Food law </Li> <Li> Food and Drug Administration </Li> <Li> Food safety in the United States </Li> <Li> 2011 in American law </Li> <Li> 111th United States Congress </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 errors : external links </Li> <Li> All articles with vague or ambiguous time </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous time from June 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 22 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Guam - wikipedia <H1> Guam </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Territory of Guam . For the international organization , see GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Territory of Guam Guåhån ( Chamorro ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : `` Tano I ' Man Chamorro '' `` Land of the Chamorros '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : `` Fanohge Chamoru '' `` Stand Ye Guamanians '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Unincorporated and organized territory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capital </Th> <Td> Hagåtña </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest city </Th> <Td> Dededo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> Chamorro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethnic groups ( 2015 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 37.3 % Chamorro </Li> <Li> 26.3 % Filipino </Li> <Li> 9.4 % Multiracial </Li> <Li> 7.1 % White </Li> <Li> 7.0 % Chuukese </Li> <Li> 4.6 % Other </Li> <Li> 2.2 % Korean </Li> <Li> 1.6 % Chinese </Li> <Li> 1.6 % Palauan </Li> <Li> 1.5 % Japanese </Li> <Li> 1.4 % Pohnpeian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion ( 2010 ) </Th> <Td> 75 % Roman Catholic 17.7 % Protestant 1.7 % Unaffiliated 5.6 % Other religions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> Guamanian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign state </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> Territorial presidential constitutional republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Donald Trump ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> Eddie Baza Calvo ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lieutenant Governor </Th> <Td> Ray Tenorio ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Delegate </Th> <Td> Madeleine Bordallo ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature </Th> <Td> Legislature of Guam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Unincorporated and Organized Territory of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Part of Spanish East Indies </Th> <Td> 1565 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capture of Guam </Th> <Td> 1898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First Battle of Guam </Th> <Td> 1941 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Part of Empire of Japan </Th> <Td> 1941 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Second Battle of Guam </Th> <Td> 1944 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 210 sq mi ( 540 km ) ( n / a ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water ( % ) </Th> <Td> negligible </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 estimate </Th> <Td> 162,742 ( n / a ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010 census </Th> <Td> 159,358 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 775 / sq mi ( 299.2 / km ) ( n / a ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) </Th> <Td> 2013 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> $4.88 billion ( n / a ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Per capita </Th> <Td> $30,500 ( n / a ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HDI ( 2008 ) </Th> <Td> 0.901 very high </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Td> United States dollar ( USD ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Chamorro Standard Time ( UTC + 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date format </Th> <Td> MM / DD / YYYY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drives on the </Th> <Td> right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calling code </Th> <Td> + 1 - 671 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 3166 code </Th> <Td> GU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet TLD </Th> <Td> . gu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website guam.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Guam ( / ˈɡwɑːm / ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån ( ˈɡwɑhɑn ) ) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . Indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives to the west in the Philippines and Taiwan . </P> <P> In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299 / km ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong - Toto - Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425 / km ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46 / km ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces . </P> <P> The indigenous Chamorros settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago . Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan , while in the service of Spain , was the first European to visit the island on March 6 , 1521 . Guam was colonized by Spain in 1668 with settlers , including Diego Luis de San Vitores , a Catholic Jesuit missionary . Between the 16th century and the 18th century , Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons . During the Spanish -- American War , the United States captured Guam on June 21 , 1898 . Under the Treaty of Paris , Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10 , 1898 . Guam is among the seventeen non-self - governing territories listed by the United Nations . </P> <P> Before World War II , there were five American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean : Guam and Wake Island in Micronesia , American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia , and the Philippines in the Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia . </P> <P> On December 7 , 1941 , hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Guam was captured by the Japanese , who occupied the island for two and a half years . During the occupation , Guamanians were subjected to beheadings , forced labor , rape , and torture . American forces recaptured the island on July 21 , 1944 ; Liberation Day commemorates the victory . </P> <P> An unofficial but frequently used territorial motto is `` Where America 's Day Begins '' , which refers to the island 's close proximity to the international date line . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Magellan 's travel to Guam </Li> <Li> 1.2 Spanish colonization and the Manila galleons </Li> <Li> 1.3 Internal conflicts </Li> <Li> 1.4 Expulsion of the Jesuits </Li> <Li> 1.5 Post-Napoleonic era </Li> <Li> 1.6 Spanish -- American War and World War II </Li> <Li> 1.7 Post-war </Li> <Li> 1.8 Vietnam War and later </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Geography </Li> <Li> 3 Climate </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> 4.2 Language </Li> <Li> 4.3 Religion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Sports <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Pacific Games </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Soccer </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Basketball </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Swimming </Li> <Li> 5.1. 5 Rugby union </Li> <Li> 5.1. 6 Mixed martial arts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Economy </Li> <Li> 7 Government and politics <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Political status </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Villages </Li> <Li> 9 Military bases </Li> <Li> 10 Transportation and communications </Li> <Li> 11 Ecology <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Brown tree snake </Li> <Li> 11.2 Coconut rhinoceros beetle </Li> <Li> 11.3 Other invasive animal species </Li> <Li> 11.4 Threats to indigenous plants </Li> <Li> 11.5 Wildfires </Li> <Li> 11.6 Aquatic preserves </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Education <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Colleges and universities </Li> <Li> 12.2 Primary and secondary schools </Li> <Li> 12.3 Public libraries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Health care </Li> <Li> 14 Film - making </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of Guam Ferdinand Magellan , Portuguese navigator who discovered Guam ( March 6 , 1521 ) while commanding the fleet that circumnavigated the globe . <P> The original inhabitants of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands were the Chamorro people , who are believed to be descendants of Austronesian people originating from Southeast Asia as early as 2000 BC . </P> <P> The ancient Chamorro society had four classes : chamorri ( chiefs ) , matua ( upper class ) , achaot ( middle class ) , and mana'chang ( lower class ) . The matua were located in the coastal villages , which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds , whereas the mana'chang were located in the interior of the island . Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other , and matua often used achaot as intermediaries . There were also `` makåhna '' ( similar to shamans ) , skilled in healing and medicine . Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called `` Taotao mo'na '' still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture . Their society was organized along matrilineal clans . </P> <P> Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands ; they are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro society . The latte - stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built . Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the haligi and with a capstone , or tåsa , made either from a large brain coral or limestone , placed on top . A possible source for these stones , the Rota Latte Stone Quarry , was discovered in 1925 on Rota . </P> <H3> Magellan 's travel to Guam ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first European to travel to Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan , sailing for the King of Spain , when he sighted the island on March 6 , 1521 , during his fleet 's circumnavigation of the globe . When Magellan arrived on Guam , he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water , due to their considerable speed . These outrigger canoes were called Proas , and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas ( `` Islands of the Lateen sails '' ) . Antonio Pigafetta ( one of Magellan 's original 18 ) said that the name was `` Island of Sails '' , but he also writes that the inhabitants `` entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on '' , including `` the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship . '' `` Those people are poor , but ingenious and very thievish , on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones ( '' Islands of thieves `` ) . '' </P> <H3> Spanish colonization and the Manila galleons ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite Magellan 's visit , Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26 , 1565 , by General Miguel López de Legazpi . From 1565 to 1815 , Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands , the only Spanish outposts in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines , were an important resting stop for the Manila galleons , a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila . To protect these Pacific fleets , Spain built several defensive structures that still stand today , such as Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Umatac . Guam is the biggest single segment of Micronesia , the largest islands between the island of Kyushu ( Japan ) , New Guinea , the Philippines , and the Hawaiian Islands . </P> <P> Spanish colonization commenced on June 15 , 1668 , with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod , who established the first Catholic church . The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines , which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City . Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor 's Palace in Plaza de España and the Spanish Bridge , both in Hagatña . Guam 's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2 , 1669 , as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran . Guam , along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands , were treated as part of Spain 's colony in the Philippines . While the island 's Chamorro culture has indigenous roots , the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas have many similarities with Spanish culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule . </P> <H3> Internal conflicts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23 , 1670 , until July 1695 , plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693 , and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688 , reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 , finally to less than 5,000 . Precipitated by the death of Quipuha , and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang , tensions led to a number of conflicts . Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to conquer the island , which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces . </P> <P> After his arrival in 1674 , Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns . Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo , Pepura , Tumon , Sidia - Aty , Sagua , Nagan and Ninca . Starting in June 1676 , the first Spanish Governor of Guam , Capt . Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar , controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions . He also ordered the construction of schools , roads and other infrastructure . Later , Capt . Jose de Quiroga arrived in 1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors . He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores , resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands , eventually leading to the death of Matapang , Hurao and Aguarin . Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam , ordering the population to live in a few large villages . These included Jinapsan , Umatac , Pago , Agat and Inarajan , where he built a number of churches . By July 1695 , Quiroga had completed the conquest of Guam , Rota , Tinian and Aguigan . </P> <H3> Expulsion of the Jesuits ( edit ) </H3> <P> On February 26 , 1767 , Charles III of Spain issued a decree confiscating the property of the Jesuits and banishing them from Spain and her possessions . As a consequence , the Jesuit fathers on Guam departed on November 2 , 1769 , on the schooner Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe , abandoning their churches , rectories and ranches . </P> <P> The arrival of Governor Don Mariano Tobias , on September 15 , 1771 , brought agricultural reforms , including making land available to the islanders for cultivation , encouraged the development of cattle raising , imported deer and water buffalo from Manila , donkeys and mules from Acapulco , established cotton mills and salt pans , free public schools , and the first Guam militia . Later , he was transferred to Manila in June 1774 . </P> <H3> Post-napoleonic era ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the Napoleonic Wars , many Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere had become independent , shifting the economic dependence of Guam from Mexico to the Philippines . Don Francisco Ramon de Villalobos , who became governor in 1831 , improved economic conditions including the promotion of rice cultivation and the establishment of a leper hospital . </P> <P> Otto von Kotzebue visited the island in November 1817 , and Louis de Freycinet in March 1819 . Jules Dumont d'Urville made two visits , the first in May 1828 . The island became a rest stop for whalers starting in 1823 . </P> <P> A devastating typhoon struck the island on August 10 , 1848 , followed by a severe earthquake on January 25 , 1849 , which resulted in many refugees from the Caroline Islands , victims of the resultant tsunami . After a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in 1856 , Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the Marianas . Guam received nineteen Filipino prisoners after their failed 1872 Cavite mutiny . </P> <H3> Spanish -- American War and World War II ( edit ) </H3> U.S. Marines laying machine gun fire on a Japanese sniper nest during the liberation battle on Guam , ( July 28 , 1944 ) <P> After almost four centuries as part of the Kingdom of Spain , the United States occupied the island following Spain 's defeat in the 1898 Spanish -- American War , as part of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . Guam was transferred to the United States Navy control on December 23 , 1898 , by Executive Order 108 - A from 25th President William McKinley . Guam came to serve as a station for American merchant and warships traveling to and from the Philippines ( another American acquisition from Spain ) while the Northern Mariana Islands were sold by Spain to Germany for part of its rapidly expanding German Empire , then following the German defeat in World War I ( 1914 - 1918 ) became a League of Nations Mandate in 1919 with the nearby Empire of Japan as the mandatory ( `` trustee '' ) as a member nation of the victorious Allies in the `` Great War '' . A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899 , and a United States Marine Corps barracks at Sumay in 1901 . Following the Philippine -- American War ( also known as the Philippine Insurrection , 1899 - 1902 ) , rebel nationalist leaders Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901 after their capture . </P> <P> A marine seaplane unit was stationed in Guam from 1921 to 1930 , the first in the Pacific . Pan American World Airways established a seaplane base on the island for its trans - Pacific San Francisco - Manila - Hong Kong route , and the Commercial Pacific Cable Company had earlier built a telegraph / telephone station in 1903 for its trans - oceanic communication line . During World War II ( 1939 - 1945 ) , Guam was attacked and invaded by Japan on Monday , December 8 , 1941 , shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor 's American Pacific fleet and naval / air bases in Hawaii , hours before . In addition , Japan made major military moves into Southeast Asia and the East Indies islands of the South Pacific Ocean against the British and Dutch colonies , opening a new wider Pacific phase in the Second World War . </P> Battle of Guam , July 1944 . <P> The Northern Mariana Islands had become a League of Nations mandate assigned to Japan in 1919 , pursuant to the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 . Chamorros indigenous island people from the Northern Marianas were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force . The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military . After the war , this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas . Guam 's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them , whereas having been administered by Japan for over 30 years , the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to the Japanese government . </P> <P> The Japanese occupation of Guam lasted for approximately thirty - one months . During this period , the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to forced labor , family separation , incarceration , execution , concentration camps and forced prostitution . Approximately one thousand people died during the occupation , according to later Congressional committee testimony in 2004 . Some historians estimate that war violence killed 10 % of Guam 's then 20,000 population . </P> <P> The United States returned and fought the Battle of Guam from July 21 to August 10 , 1944 , to recapture the island from Japanese military occupation . More than 18,000 Japanese were killed as only 485 surrendered . Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi , who surrendered in January 1972 , appears to have been the last confirmed Japanese holdout for 28 years in the forested back country on Guam . The United States also captured and occupied the nearby Northern Marianas Islands . </P> <P> North Field was established in 1944 , and was renamed for Brigadier General James Roy Andersen ( 1904 -- 1945 ) of the old U.S. Army Air Forces as Andersen Air Force Base . </P> <H3> Post-war ( edit ) </H3> B - 52 at Andersen Air Force Base , during Operation Linebacker II in Vietnam War , 1972 <P> After World War II , the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States , provided for the structure of the island 's civilian government , and granted the people U.S. citizenship . The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 , when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office 's popular election . Since Guam is not a U.S. state , U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member . They do , however , get to vote for party delegates in presidential primaries . </P> <H3> Vietnam War and later ( edit ) </H3> See also : Operation Arc Light and Operation Rolling Thunder <P> Andersen Air Force Base played a major role in the Vietnam War . The host unit was later designated the 36th Wing ( 36 WG ) , assigned to the Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ) Thirteenth Air Force ( 13AF ) . In September 2012 , 13 AF was inactivated and its functions merged into PACAF . The multinational Cope North military exercise is an annual event . </P> <P> On August 6 , 1997 , Guam was the site of the Korean Air Flight 801 aircraft accident . The Boeing 747 -- 300 jetliner was preparing to land when it crashed into a hill , killing 228 of the 254 people on board . Since 1974 , about 124 historic sites in Guam have been recognized under the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Guam temporarily hosted 100,000 Vietnamese refugees in 1975 , and 6,600 Kurdish refugees in 1996 . </P> <P> In August 2017 , North Korea warned that it might launch mid-range ballistic missiles into waters within 18 to 24 miles ( 29 to 39 km ) of Guam , following an exchange of threats between the governments of North Korea and the United States . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Guam from satellite Aerial view of Apra Harbor Sunset on Guam Main article : Geography of Guam <P> Guam lies between 13.2 ° N and 13.7 ° N and between 144.6 ° E and 145.0 ° E , and has an area of 212 square miles ( 549 km ) , making it the 32nd largest island of the United States . It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is also the largest island in Micronesia . This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates . Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench , a deep subduction zone , that lies beside the island chain to the east . Challenger Deep , the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans , is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet ( 10,911 meters ) deep . The highest point in Guam is Mount Lamlam at an elevation of 1,334 feet ( 407 meters ) . </P> <P> The island of Guam is 30 miles ( 50 km ) long and 4 to 12 miles ( 6 to 19 km ) wide , three - fourths the size of Singapore . The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate . In recent years , earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7 . Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam is not volcanically active . However , due to its proximity to Anatahan , vog ( i.e. volcanic smog ) does occasionally affect Guam . </P> <P> A coral table reef surrounds most of Guam , and the limestone plateau provides the source for most of the island 's fresh water . Steep coastal cliffs dominate the north , while the southern end of the island is mountainous , with lower hills in between . </P> <H2> Climate ( edit ) </H2> <P> Guam experiences a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af ) -- though its driest month of March almost averages dry enough to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate -- moderated by seasonal easterly trade winds . However , due to its proximity to the equator , high sea surface temperature and warm ocean current that transports heat from the southeast , the weather is generally very warm and humid throughout the year with little seasonal temperature variation . The mean high temperature is 86 ° F or 30 ° C and mean low is 76 ° F ( 24.4 ° C ) . Temperatures rarely exceed 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) or fall below 70 ° F ( 21.1 ° C ) . The relative humidity commonly exceeds 84 percent at night throughout the year , but the average monthly humidity hovers near 66 percent . The dry season runs from December to June . The remaining months ( July to November ) constitute the wet season with an average annual rainfall between 1981 and 2010 of around 98 inches or 2,490 millimeters . The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70 to 75 ° F ( 21.1 to 23.9 ° C ) and generally less oppressive humidity levels . The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 ° F ( 35.6 ° C ) on April 18 , 1971 , and April 1 , 1990 , and the lowest temperature ever recorded was 65 ° F ( 18.3 ° C ) on February 8 , 1973 . </P> <P> Guam is located in Typhoon Alley and it is common for the island to be threatened by tropical storms and possible typhoons during the wet season . The highest risk of typhoons is during August through October . They can , however , occur year - round . The most intense typhoon to pass over Guam recently was Super Typhoon Pongsona , with sustained winds of 144 miles per hour ( 232 km / h ) , gusts to 173 miles per hour ( 278 km / h ) , which slammed Guam on December 8 , 2002 , leaving massive destruction . The wettest month on record at Guam Airport has been August 1997 with 38.49 inches ( 977.6 mm ) and the driest February 2015 with 0.15 inches ( 3.8 mm ) . The wettest calendar year has been 1976 with 131.70 inches ( 3,345.2 mm ) and the driest 1998 with 57.88 inches ( 1,470.2 mm ) . The most rainfall in a single day occurred on 15 October 1953 when 15.48 inches or 393.2 millimeters fell . </P> <P> Since Super Typhoon Pamela in 1976 , wooden structures have been largely replaced by concrete structures . During the 1980s wooden utility poles began to be replaced by typhoon - resistant concrete and steel poles . After the local Government enforced stricter construction codes , many home and business owners built their structures out of reinforced concrete with installed typhoon shutters . </P> <Table> Climate data for Guam ( Guam International Airport ) ( 1981 -- 2010 ) <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 94 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 93 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 93 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 96 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 94 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 95 ( 35 ) </Td> <Td> 95 ( 35 ) </Td> <Td> 94 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 93 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 93 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 91 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 96 ( 36 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 84.9 ( 29.4 ) </Td> <Td> 84.9 ( 29.4 ) </Td> <Td> 85.8 ( 29.9 ) </Td> <Td> 87.3 ( 30.7 ) </Td> <Td> 87.9 ( 31.1 ) </Td> <Td> 87.9 ( 31.1 ) </Td> <Td> 87.1 ( 30.6 ) </Td> <Td> 86.5 ( 30.3 ) </Td> <Td> 86.7 ( 30.4 ) </Td> <Td> 86.8 ( 30.4 ) </Td> <Td> 86.5 ( 30.3 ) </Td> <Td> 85.6 ( 29.8 ) </Td> <Td> 86.5 ( 30.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 80.2 ( 26.8 ) </Td> <Td> 79.9 ( 26.6 ) </Td> <Td> 80.7 ( 27.1 ) </Td> <Td> 81.9 ( 27.7 ) </Td> <Td> 82.6 ( 28.1 ) </Td> <Td> 82.6 ( 28.1 ) </Td> <Td> 81.9 ( 27.7 ) </Td> <Td> 81.4 ( 27.4 ) </Td> <Td> 81.4 ( 27.4 ) </Td> <Td> 81.7 ( 27.6 ) </Td> <Td> 81.8 ( 27.7 ) </Td> <Td> 81.2 ( 27.3 ) </Td> <Td> 81.4 ( 27.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 75.5 ( 24.2 ) </Td> <Td> 75.0 ( 23.9 ) </Td> <Td> 75.6 ( 24.2 ) </Td> <Td> 76.5 ( 24.7 ) </Td> <Td> 77.2 ( 25.1 ) </Td> <Td> 77.4 ( 25.2 ) </Td> <Td> 76.6 ( 24.8 ) </Td> <Td> 76.3 ( 24.6 ) </Td> <Td> 76.2 ( 24.6 ) </Td> <Td> 76.5 ( 24.7 ) </Td> <Td> 77.2 ( 25.1 ) </Td> <Td> 76.8 ( 24.9 ) </Td> <Td> 76.4 ( 24.7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 66 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 65 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 66 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 68 ( 20 ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 67 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 68 ( 20 ) </Td> <Td> 68 ( 20 ) </Td> <Td> 65 ( 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average rainfall inches ( mm ) </Th> <Td> 4.96 ( 126 ) </Td> <Td> 4.53 ( 115.1 ) </Td> <Td> 2.77 ( 70.4 ) </Td> <Td> 3.58 ( 90.9 ) </Td> <Td> 4.30 ( 109.2 ) </Td> <Td> 7.09 ( 180.1 ) </Td> <Td> 12.14 ( 308.4 ) </Td> <Td> 17.15 ( 435.6 ) </Td> <Td> 14.17 ( 359.9 ) </Td> <Td> 11.80 ( 299.7 ) </Td> <Td> 9.17 ( 232.9 ) </Td> <Td> 5.98 ( 151.9 ) </Td> <Td> 97.64 ( 2,480.1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) </Th> <Td> 18.8 </Td> <Td> 15.7 </Td> <Td> 16.8 </Td> <Td> 17.0 </Td> <Td> 19.3 </Td> <Td> 22.6 </Td> <Td> 24.7 </Td> <Td> 25.3 </Td> <Td> 24.3 </Td> <Td> 25.1 </Td> <Td> 23.4 </Td> <Td> 22.1 </Td> <Td> 255.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 176.7 </Td> <Td> 186.0 </Td> <Td> 217.0 </Td> <Td> 213.0 </Td> <Td> 220.1 </Td> <Td> 195.0 </Td> <Td> 155.0 </Td> <Td> 142.6 </Td> <Td> 132.0 </Td> <Td> 133.3 </Td> <Td> 135.0 </Td> <Td> 142.6 </Td> <Td> 2,048.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Hong Kong Observatory ( sun only 1961 -- 1990 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> ± % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1910 </Th> <Td> 11,806 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920 </Th> <Td> 13,275 </Td> <Td> + 12.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930 </Th> <Td> 18,509 </Td> <Td> + 39.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Td> 22,290 </Td> <Td> + 20.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Td> 59,498 </Td> <Td> + 166.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> 67,044 </Td> <Td> + 12.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> 84,996 </Td> <Td> + 26.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Td> 105,979 </Td> <Td> + 24.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 133,152 </Td> <Td> + 25.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> 154,805 </Td> <Td> + 16.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 159,358 </Td> <Td> + 2.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Td> 162,742 </Td> <Td> + 2.1 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : Demographics of Guam See also : List of U.S. states and territories by population Chamorro people <H3> Ethnic groups ( edit ) </H3> <P> Based on a 2010 estimate , the largest ethnic group are the native Chamorros , accounting for 37.3 % of the total population . Other significant ethnic groups include those of Filipino ( 26.3 % ) , White ( 7.1 % ) , and Chuukese ( 7 % ) ethnicities . The rest are from other Pacific Islands or of Asian ancestry . </P> <H3> Language ( edit ) </H3> <P> The official languages of the island are English and Chamorro . </P> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to the Pew Research Center , 2010 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Roman Catholic 75 % </Li> <Li> Protestants 17.7 % </Li> <Li> Unaffiliated 1.7 % </Li> <Li> Other religions 1.6 % </Li> <Li> Folk religions 1.5 % </Li> <Li> Other Christians 1.4 % </Li> <Li> Buddhists 1.1 % </Li> <Li> Eastern Orthodox < 1 % </Li> <Li> Hindu < 1 % </Li> <Li> Muslim < 1 % </Li> <Li> Jews < 1 % </Li> </Ul> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Music of Guam See also : Culture of Guam <P> Post-European - contact Chamorro Guamanian culture is a combination of American , Spanish , Filipino , other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions . Few indigenous pre-Hispanic customs remained following Spanish contact . Hispanic influences are manifested in the local language , music , dance , sea navigation , cuisine , fishing , games ( such as batu , chonka , estuleks , and bayogu ) , songs and fashion . </P> <P> During Spanish colonial rule ( 1668 -- 1898 ) the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread . Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn , and includes tortillas , tamales , atole and chilaquiles , which are a clear influence from Mesoamerica , principally Mexico , from Spanish trade with Asia . </P> <P> The modern Chamorro language has many historical parallels to modern Philippine languages in that it is an Austronesian language which has absorbed much Spanish vocabulary . It is a Malayo - Polynesian language , along with such languages as Tagalog , Indonesian , Hawaiian , and even Maori . Despite being spoken in the mid Pacific Ocean , which is geographically closer to speakers of the Polynesian Islands , Chamorro is actually an outlier of the Sunda -- Sulawesi languages subgroup . Chamorro is thus more closely related to , and a part of , the languages of the Malay Archipelago , rather than its neighbours in Polynesia . Among the languages of Malay Archipelago , Chamorro is most closely related to the languages in the south of the chain of islands , within Indonesia , rather than the languages of the north , in the Philippines , with which it shares linguistic Spanish colonial influence . </P> <P> Also like Filipinos , many Chamorros possess Spanish surnames despite few of the inhabitants actually descending from the Spanish colonisers . Spanish names and surnames were adopted after their conversion to Roman Catholic Christianity in a phenomenon prompted by the imposition of the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos in Guam and other territories of the Spanish East Indies , most notably the Philippines . </P> <P> Due to foreign cultural influence from Spain , most aspects of the early indigenous culture have been lost , though there has been a resurgence in preserving any remaining pre-Hispanic culture in the last few decades . Some scholars have traveled throughout the Pacific Islands conducting research to study what the original Chamorro cultural practices such as dance , language , and canoe building may have been like . </P> Puntan Dos Amantes ( `` Two Lovers Point '' ) , a National Natural Landmark , well known for its romantic associations <P> Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are chenchule ' and inafa'maolek . Chenchule ' is the intricate system of reciprocity at the heart of Chamorro society . It is rooted in the core value of inafa'maolek . Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote , `` In a Chamorro sense , the land and its produce belong to everyone . Inafa'maolek , or interdependence , is the key , or central value , in Chamorro culture ... Inafa'maolek depends on a spirit of cooperation and sharing . This is the armature , or core , that everything in Chamorro culture revolves around . It is a powerful concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property rights . '' </P> <P> The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect : from sniffing over the hands of the elders ( called mangnginge in Chamorro ) , the passing down of legends , chants , and courtship rituals , to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds . Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide ' canoe - making , making of the belembaotuyan ( a string musical instrument made from a gourd ) , fashioning of åcho ' atupat slings and slingstones , tool manufacture , Måtan Guma ' burial rituals , and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu . </P> <P> Master craftsmen and women specialize in weavings , including plaited work ( niyok - and åkgak - leaf baskets , mats , bags , hats , and food containments ) , loom - woven material ( kalachucha - hibiscus and banana fiber skirts , belts and burial shrouds ) , and body ornamentation ( bead and shell necklaces , bracelets , earrings , belts and combs made from tortoise shells and Spondylus ) . </P> <P> The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation . The increasing numbers of Chamorros , especially Chamorro youth , relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity . While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms , the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people . </P> <H3> Sports ( edit ) </H3> Pacific Games ( edit ) <P> Guam hosted the Pacific Games in 1975 and 1999 . At the 2007 Games , Guam finished 7th of 22 countries and 14th at the 2011 Games . </P> Soccer ( edit ) <P> The Guam national football team was founded in 1975 and joined FIFA in 1996 . Guam was once considered one of FIFA 's weakest teams , and experienced their first victory over a FIFA - registered side in 2009 , when they defeated Mongolia in the East Asian Cup . </P> <P> Guam entered the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Group D. Guam hosted qualifying games on the island for the first time in 2015 . During the qualifying round , Guam clinched their first FIFA World Cup Qualifying win by defeating Turkmenistan . Since then , the team has experienced moderate success in the Qualifying Round with a record of 2 -- 1 -- 1 . </P> <P> The national team plays at the Guam National Football Stadium , which has a capacity of 1,000 . The men 's national football team are known as the `` matao '' team . Matao is the definition of highest level or `` noble '' class ; the matao team have done exceptionally well under the head coach Gary White . As of 2016 , the Matao is led by Darren Sawatzky , the current head coach . </P> <P> The top football division in Guam is the Guam Men 's Soccer League . Rovers FC and Guam Shipyard are the league 's most competitive and successful clubs , both have won nine championships in the past years . </P> Basketball ( edit ) <P> The Guam national basketball team is traditionally one of the top teams in the Oceania region behind Australia and New Zealand . </P> <P> As of 2015 , it is the reigning champion of the Pacific Games Basketball Tournament . </P> <P> Guam is home to various basketball organizations , including the GBA . </P> Swimming ( edit ) <P> In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Pilar Shimizu competed for Guam and placed 42nd in the breaststroke competition . </P> Rugby union ( edit ) <P> Guam is represented in rugby union by the Guam national rugby union team . The team has never qualified for a Rugby World Cup . Guam played their first match in 2005 , an 8 -- 8 draw with India . Guam 's biggest win was a 74 -- 0 defeat of Brunei in June 2008 . </P> Mixed martial arts ( edit ) <P> UFC fighter Jon Tuck , who boasts a professional record of 10 wins and 4 losses , three of those wins while with the UFC , fights out of Guam . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> 2009 Guam quarter See also : Energy in Guam <P> Guam 's economy depends primarily on tourism , Department of Defense installations and locally owned businesses . Despite paying no income or excise tax , it receives large transfer payments from the general revenues of the U.S. federal treasury . Under the provisions of a special law by Congress , it is Guam 's treasury rather than the U.S. treasury that receives the federal income taxes paid by local taxpayers ( including military and civilian federal employees assigned to Guam ) . </P> <P> Lying in the western Pacific , Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists . Its tourist hub , Tumon , features over 20 large hotels , a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria , Pleasure Island district , indoor aquarium , Sandcastle Las Vegas -- styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues . It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii , with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year . Although 75 % of the tourists are Japanese , Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea , the U.S. , the Philippines , and Taiwan . Significant sources of revenue include duty - free designer shopping outlets , and the American - style malls : Micronesia Mall , Guam Premier Outlets , the Agana Shopping Center , and the world 's largest Kmart . </P> Terminal at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport . The airport hosts a hub of United Airlines , Guam 's largest private - sector employer . <P> The economy had been stable since 2000 due to increased tourism . It is expected to stabilize with the transfer of U.S. Marine Corps ' 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force , currently in Okinawa , Japan , ( approximately 8,000 Marines , along with their 10,000 dependents ) , to Guam between 2010 and 2015 . In 2003 , Guam had a 14 % unemployment rate , and the government suffered a $314 million shortfall . </P> <P> The Compacts of Free Association between the United States , the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of `` free association '' with the United States . The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States ( also its territories ) , and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity , environmental , and cultural familiarity . Over the years , it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved , and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration . Over the years , Congress had appropriated `` Compact Impact '' aids to Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii , and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact . Some , however , continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate . </P> <P> As of 2008 Guam 's largest single private sector employer , with about 1,400 jobs , was Continental Micronesia , a subsidiary of Continental Airlines ; it is now a part of United Airlines , a subsidiary of Chicago - based United Continental Holdings , Inc . As of 2008 the Continental Micronesia annual payroll in Guam was $90 million . </P> <H2> Government and Politics ( edit ) </H2> See also : Politics of Guam , Voting in Guam , and Political party strength in Guam The War in the Pacific National Historical Park at Asan <P> Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15 - member legislature , whose members are known as senators . Its judiciary is overseen by the Supreme Court of Guam . </P> <P> The District Court of Guam is the court of United States federal jurisdiction in the territory . Guam elects one delegate to the United States House of Representatives , currently Democrat Madeleine Z . Bordallo . The delegate does not have a vote on the final passage of legislation , but is accorded a vote in committee , and the privilege to speak to the House . U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election , but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College , the poll has no real effect . However , in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions , Guam does have influence in the national presidential race . These delegates are elected by local party conventions . </P> <H3> Political status ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1980s and early 1990s , there was a significant movement in favor of this U.S. territory becoming a commonwealth , which would give it a level of self - government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands . However , the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed , because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause ( Art . IV , Sec. 3 , cl. 2 ) of the U.S. Constitution . Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam , union with the state of Hawaii , or union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory , or independence . </P> <P> In a 1982 plebiscite , voters indicated interest in seeking commonwealth status . The island has been considering another non-binding plebiscite on decolonization since 1998 . Governor Eddie Baza Calvo intended to include one during the island 's November 2016 elections but it was delayed again . </P> Eddie Baza Calvo , Governor of Guam <P> A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the people of Guam about the various political status options in its relationship with the U.S. : statehood , free association and independence . The group was dormant for some years . In 2013 , the Commission began seeking funding to start a public education campaign . There were few subsequent developments until late 2016 . In early December 2016 , the Commission scheduled a series of education sessions in various villages about the current status of Guam 's relationship with the U.S. and the self - determination options that might be considered . The Commission 's current Executive Director is Edward Alvarez and there are ten members . The group is also expected to release position papers on independence and statehood but the contents have not yet been completed . </P> <P> The United Nations is in favor of greater self - determination for Guam and other such territories . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has agreed to endorse the Governor 's education plan . The commission 's May 2016 report states : `` With academics from the University of Guam , ( the Commission ) was working to create and approve educational materials . The Office of the Governor was collaborating closely with the Commission '' in developing educational materials for the public . </P> <P> The United States Department of the Interior had approved a $300,000 grant for decolonization education , Edward Alvarez told the United Nations Pacific Regional Seminar in May 2016 . `` We are hopeful that this might indicate a shift in ( United States ) policy to its Non-Self - Governing Territories such as Guam , where they will be more willing to engage in discussions about our future and offer true support to help push us towards true self - governances and self - determination . '' </P> <H2> Villages ( edit ) </H2> Hagåtña as seen from Fort Santa Agueda Main article : Villages of Guam <P> Guam is divided into nineteen municipalities called villages : </P> <Ul> <Li> Agana Heights </Li> <Li> Agat </Li> <Li> Asan ‐ Maina </Li> <Li> Barrigada </Li> <Li> Chalan ‐ Pago ‐ Ordot </Li> <Li> Dededo </Li> <Li> Hagåtña ( capital ) </Li> <Li> Inarajan </Li> <Li> Mangilao </Li> <Li> Merizo </Li> <Li> Mongmong ‐ Toto ‐ Maite </Li> <Li> Piti </Li> <Li> Santa Rita </Li> <Li> Sinajana </Li> <Li> Talofofo </Li> <Li> Tamuning </Li> <Li> Umatac </Li> <Li> Yigo </Li> <Li> Yona </Li> </Ul> <H2> Military bases ( edit ) </H2> The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan ( CVN 76 ) enters Apra Harbor for a scheduled port visit . <Dl> <Dd> Note : Naval Air Station Agana has been deactivated . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The U.S. military maintains jurisdiction over its bases , which cover approximately 39,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) , or 29 % of the island 's total land area : </P> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Naval Base Guam , U.S. Navy -- Sumay </Li> <Li> U.S. Coast Guard Sector Guam , -- Sumay </Li> <Li> Andersen Air Force Base , U.S. Air Force -- Yigo </Li> <Li> Apra Harbor -- Orote peninsula </Li> <Li> Ordnance Annex , U.S. Navy -- South Central Highlands ( formerly known as Naval Magazine ) </Li> <Li> Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station , U.S. Navy -- Barrigada and Finegayan </Li> <Li> Joint Force Headquarters - Guam , Guam National Guard -- Radio Barrigada and Fort Juan Muna </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition to on - shore military installations , Guam , along with the rest of the Mariana Islands , is being prepared to be the westernmost military training range for the U.S. Guam is currently viewed as a key military hub that will further allow U.S. military power to be projected via sea and sky . </P> <P> The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines , and 9,000 of their dependents , to Guam from Okinawa , Japan . Including the required construction workers , this buildup would increase Guam 's population by 45 % . In a February 2010 letter , the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall , sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs . By 2012 , these plans had been cut to have only a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island , two thirds of whom would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents . </P> <P> With the proposed increased military presence stemming from the upcoming preparation efforts and relocation efforts of U.S. Marines from Okinawa , Japan to Guam slated to begin in 2010 and last for the next several years thereafter , the amount of total land that the military will control or tenant may grow to or surpass 40 % of the entire landmass of Guam . </P> <P> In January 2011 , the Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for FY2011 indicated that recent significant events will delay the deadline for realigning U.S. Marine Corps service members and their families from Okinawa to Guam . The transfer may be as late as 2020 . In addition , the Defense Authorization Act cut approximately $320 million from the 2011 budget request . </P> <P> Villagers and the military community are interconnected in many ways . Many villagers serve in the military or are retired . Many active duty personnel and Defense Department civilians also live in the villages outside of the military installation areas . The military and village communities have `` adoption '' programs where Guam 's population and military personnel stationed on Guam perform community service projects . </P> <H2> Transportation and communications ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Communications in Guam and Transportation in Guam Guam Highway 8 route marker <P> Most of the island has state - of - the - art mobile phone services and high - speed internet widely available through either cable or DSL . Guam was added to the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) in 1997 ( country code 671 became NANP area code 671 ) , removing the barrier of high - cost international long - distance calls to the U.S. mainland . </P> <P> Guam is also a major hub for submarine cables between the Western U.S. , Hawaii , Australia and Asia . Guam currently serves twelve submarine cables , with most continuing to China . </P> Cover carried both directions on the first commercial flights between Guam and the United States , October 5 -- 24 , 1935 . <P> In 1899 , the local postage stamps were overprinted `` Guam '' as was done for the other former Spanish colonies , but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since . Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System ( postal abbreviation : GU , ZIP code range : 96910 -- 96932 ) , mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required . Private shipping companies , such as FedEx , UPS , and DHL , however , have no obligation to do so , and do not regard Guam as domestic . </P> <P> The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year . Light , first - class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland , but larger first - class or Priority items can take a week or two . Fourth - class mail , such as magazines , are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii . Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes , although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available . Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to `` Guam '' instead of `` USA '' to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate ( especially from Asia ) . </P> <P> The Commercial Port of Guam is the island 's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers . It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii - based shipping line Matson , Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu , Hawaii , Los Angeles , California , Oakland , California and Seattle , Washington . The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region . The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island 's U.S. Department of Defense installations , Andersen Air Force Base and Commander , Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force . </P> <P> Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport , which is a hub for United Airlines . The island is outside the United States customs zone so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction . Therefore , the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries immigration ( but not customs ) functions . Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction , passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine . </P> <P> However , due to the Guam and CNMI visa waiver program for certain countries , an eligibility pre-clearance check is carried on Guam for flights to the States . For travel from the Northern Mariana Islands to Guam , a pre-flight passport and visa check is performed before boarding the flight to Guam . On flights from Guam to the Northern Mariana Islands , no immigration check is performed . Traveling between Guam and the States through a foreign point , however , does require a passport . </P> <P> Most residents travel within Guam using personally owned vehicles . The local government currently outsources the only public bus system ( Guam Regional Transit Authority ) , and some commercial companies operate buses between tourist - frequented locations . </P> <H2> Ecology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Brown tree snake ( edit ) </H3> Brown tree snake <P> Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II , the brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ) was accidentally introduced to Guam , which previously had no native species of snake . It nearly eliminated the native bird population . The problem was exacerbated because the snake has no natural predators on the island . The brown tree snake , known locally as the kulebla , is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia , Papua New Guinea , and the Solomon Islands . It is slightly venomous , but relatively harmless to human beings ; it is nocturnal . Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam , residents rarely see them . The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island 's cargo flow . The United States Geological Survey also has dogs that can detect snakes in forested environments around the region 's islands . </P> <P> Before the introduction of the brown tree snake , Guam was home to several endemic bird species . Among them were the Guam rail ( or ko'ko ' bird in Chamorro ) and the Guam flycatcher , both common throughout the island . Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct and the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources . The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades . As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction . According to many elders , ko'ko ' birds were common in Guam before World War II . </P> <P> Other bird species threatened by the brown tree snake include the Mariana crow , the Mariana swiftlet , and the Micronesian starling , though populations are present on other islands , including Rota . </P> <P> Guam is said to have many more insects and 40 times more spiders than neighboring islands , because their natural predators birds are severely diminished , and the forests are almost completely silent due to lack of birdsong . </P> <Ul> <Li> ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Forest on Guam swathed in spider webs . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Coconut rhinoceros beetle ( edit ) </H3> Coconut rhinoceros beetle <P> An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle ( CRB ) , Oryctes rhinoceros , was detected on Guam on September 12 , 2007 . CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa . Delimiting surveys performed September 13 -- 25 , 2007 , indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach , an area of approximately 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) . Guam Department of Agriculture ( GDA ) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres ( 10 km ) on October 25 ; approximately 0.5 miles ( 800 m ) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation . CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka , Upolu , Samoa , American Samoa , Palau , New Britain , West Irian , New Ireland , Pak Island and Manus Island ( New Guinea ) , Fiji , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , Mauritius , and Reunion . </P> <H3> Other invasive animal species ( edit ) </H3> Adult female carabao and calf <P> From the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries , the Spanish introduced pigs , dogs , chickens , the Philippine deer ( Rusa mariannus ) , black francolins , and carabao ( a subspecies of water buffalo ) , which have cultural significance . Herds of carabao obstruct military base operations and harm native ecosystems . After birth control and adoption efforts were ineffective , the U.S. military began culling the herds in 2002 leading to organized protests from island residents . </P> <P> Other introduced species include cane toads imported in 1937 , the giant African snail ( an agricultural pest introduced during World War II by Japanese occupation troops ) and more recently frog species which could threaten crops in addition to providing additional food for the brown tree snake population . Reports of loud chirping frogs native to Puerto Rico and known as coquí , that may have arrived from Hawaii , have led to fears that the noise could threaten Guam 's tourism . </P> <P> Guam has no native amphibian species , but now a total of eight amphibian species has been established in Guam . Litoria fallax ( native to the eastern coast of Australia ) has been present in Guam since 1968 , and Rhinella marina ( the cane toad ) was brought to the island in 1937 . The other 6 amphibian species , namely Hylarana guentheri ( native to mainland Asia ) , Microhyla pulchra ( native to mainland Asia ) , Polypedates braueri ( endemic to Taiwan ) , Eleutherodactylus planirostris ( native to the Caribbean ) , Fejervarya cancrivora ( the Guam variety being most closely related to F. cancrivora found in Taiwan ) , and Fejervarya limnocharis ( native to Southeast Asia ) , have been in Guam since 2003 . Many species were likely inadvertently introduced via shipping cargo , especially from Taiwan , mainland China , and Southeast Asia . </P> <P> Introduced feral pigs and deer , over-hunting , and habitat loss from human development are also major factors in the decline and loss of Guam 's native plants and animals . </P> <H3> Threats to indigenous plants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Invading animal species are not the only threat to Guam 's native flora . Tinangaja , a virus affecting coconut palms , was first observed on the island in 1917 when copra production was still a major part of Guam 's economy . Though coconut plantations no longer exist on the island , the dead and infected trees that have resulted from the epidemic are seen throughout the forests of Guam . </P> <P> During the past century , the dense forests of northern Guam have been largely replaced by thick tangan - tangan brush ( Leucaena leucocephala ) . Much of Guam 's foliage was lost during World War II . In 1947 , the U.S. military is thought to have planted tangan - tangan by seeding the island from the air to prevent erosion . Tangan - tangan was present on the island before 1905 . </P> <P> In southern Guam , non-native grass species dominate much of the landscape . Although the colorful and impressive flame tree ( Delonix regia ) is found throughout the Marianas , the tree on Guam has been largely decimated . </P> <H3> Wildfires ( edit ) </H3> Guam 's grassland <P> Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island 's humid climate . Most fires are caused by humans with 80 % resulting from arson . Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth . Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas . Grasslands and `` barrens '' have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion . During the rainy season , sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River , leading to water quality problems for southern Guam . Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island . Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers ( planting trees ) have had little success in preserving natural habitats . </P> <H3> Aquatic preserves ( edit ) </H3> Having previously experienced extensive dredging , Tumon Bay is now a marine wildlife preserve . <P> Efforts have been made to protect Guam 's coral reef habitats from pollution , eroded silt and overfishing , problems that have led to decreased fish populations . ( Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers , this is important . ) In recent years , the Department of Agriculture , Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists . Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards , portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests . Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve . A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats . </P> <P> Harvest of sea turtle eggs was a common occurrence on Guam before World War II . The green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) was harvested legally on Guam before August 1978 , when it was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act . The hawksbill sea turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) has been on the endangered list since 1970 . In an effort to ensure protection of sea turtles on Guam , routine sightings are counted during aerial surveys and nest sites are recorded and monitored for hatchlings . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <P> Whitespotted boxfish ( Ostracion meleagris ) </P> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reef fish of Guam </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Colleges and universities ( edit ) </H3> The central campus at the University of Guam <P> The University of Guam ( UOG ) and Guam Community College , both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , offer courses in higher education . UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 land - grant institutions in the entire United States . Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools . They offer courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels . </P> <H3> Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of schools in Guam <P> The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam . In 2000 , 32,000 students attended Guam 's public schools . Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores . Guam 's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles ( 9,700 km ) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education . An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools . </P> <P> Before September 1997 , the U.S. Department of Defense partnered with Guam Board of Education . In September 1997 , the DoDEA opened its own schools for children of military personnel . DoDEA schools , which also serve children of some federal civilian employees , had an attendance of 2,500 in 2000 . DoDEA Guam operates three elementary / middle schools and one high school . </P> <H3> Public libraries ( edit ) </H3> Guam Public Library System Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library , Hagåtña <P> Guam Public Library System operates the Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library in Hagåtña and five branch libraries . </P> <H2> Health care ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Government of Guam maintains the island 's main health care facility , Guam Memorial Hospital , in Tamuning . U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties . In addition , the U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active - duty members and dependents of the military community . There is one subscriber - based air ambulance located on the island , CareJet , which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands . A private hospital , the Guam Regional Medical City opened its doors in early 2016 . </P> <H2> Film - making ( edit ) </H2> <P> Over the years , a number of films have been shot on Guam , including Shiro 's Head ( directed by the Muna brothers ) and the government - funded Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon ( 2004 ) . Although set on Guam , No Man Is an Island ( 1962 ) was not shot there , but in the Republic of the Philippines . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History portal </Li> <Li> New Spain portal </Li> <Li> Islands portal </Li> <Li> Oceania portal </Li> <Li> Micronesia portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Index of Guam - related articles </Li> <Li> List of National Register of Historic Places in Guam </Li> <Li> List of people from Guam </Li> <Li> Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Mariana Trench </Li> <Li> Micronesia </Li> <Li> Outline of Guam </Li> <Li> Voting in Guam </Li> <Li> 51st State </Li> <Li> Special Committee on Decolonization </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Australia - Oceania : : Guam ( Territory of the US ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . 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Website Archived February 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co ... National Library of Australia Archived April 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Catalogue.nla.gov.au ( September 20 , 1994 ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission July 21 , 2004 Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higuchi , Wakako ( 2001 ) . `` The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam , 1941 -- 1944 '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Pacific History . 36 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 35 . doi : 10.1080 / 00223340120049424 . 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Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 Guam Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerrigan , Kevin . `` Guam Will Be The Pacific Hub for Merged Airlines '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 ... Pacific News Center ( May 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . `` Continental Micronesia is Guam 's single largest employer . About 1400 jobs here on dependent on the airline . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Company Information . '' ( Archive ) United Continental Holdings . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blair , Chad ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Air Mike ' a rare bright spot in local aviation '' . Pacific Business News . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commission on Decolonization 2014 '' . Guampedia . Guampedia . December 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . 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Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . `` Let us seize this opportunity to identify concrete actions to advance the decolonization agenda , '' Mr. Ban said ... according to the United Nations Charter and relevant General Assembly resolutions , a full measure of self - government could be achieved through independence , integration or free association with another State . The choice should be the result of the freely expressed will and desire of the peoples of the Non-Self - Governing Territories . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Secretary - General Urges Concrete Action to Advance Decolonization Agenda as Pacific Regional Seminar Convenes '' . United Nations . United Nations . May 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Military : Naval Air Station , Agana ( Tiyan ) Archived June 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . 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( 2000 ) . `` Brown Tree Snake Discoveries During Detector Dog Inspections Following Supertyphoon Paka '' . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John M. Marzluff ; Tony Angell ( 2007 ) . In the Company of Crows and Ravens . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 12255 - 1 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodda , Gordon H. ; Fritts , Thomas H. ( 1992 ) . `` The Impact of the Introduction of the Colubrid Snake Boiga irregularis on Guam 's Lizards '' . Journal of Herpetology. 26 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 174 . doi : 10.2307 / 1564858 . JSTOR 1564858 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogers , H. ; Hille Ris Lambers , J. ; Miller , R. ; Tewksbury , J.J. ( 2012 ) . Siepielski , Adam , ed . `` ' Natural experiment ' Demonstrates Top - Down Control of Spiders by Birds on a Landscape Level '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 9 ) : e43446 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 743446R . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043446 . PMC 3436874 . 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Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grace , Ted ; Teresita Salos ( 1966 ) . `` Guam 's Education Marches On '' . Peabody Journal of Education . 44 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 39 . doi : 10.1080 / 01619566609537383 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An act to establish a guam parental school choice program '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rats , other problems face Guam schools . '' Pacific Stars and Stripes . October 3 , 1993 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guam School to Be Renamed in Honor of NASA Astronaut William McCool SpaceRef -- Your Space Reference . SpaceRef ( August 21 , 2003 ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` District and School Contact Information '' . pac.dodea.edu . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved May 10 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 ... gpls.guam.gov </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welcome to the official Guam Memorial Hospital Authority Website ! -- Tonyt Archived November 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Gmha.org . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S Naval Hospital Guam Archived June 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Navy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guam 's CareJet Program Resumes Service '' . Air Medical Net . September 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sablan , Jerick ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` No. 5 : Guam Regional Medical City opens '' . Pacific Daily News . 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</Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 13 ° 30 ′ N 144 ° 48 ′ E / 13.500 ° N 144.800 ° E / 13.500 ; 144.800 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guam&oldid=821787368 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> World War II sites </Li> <Li> Islands of Oceania </Li> <Li> Former Spanish colonies </Li> <Li> Geography of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Small Island Developing States </Li> <Li> 1898 establishments in Oceania </Li> <Li> Insular areas of the United States </Li> <Li> English - speaking countries and territories </Li> <Li> States and territories established in 1898 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles containing Chamorro - language 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The Walking Dead ( TV series ) - Wikipedia <H1> The Walking Dead ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Horror </Li> <Li> Serial drama </Li> <Li> Zombie apocalypse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Walking Dead by <Ul> <Li> Robert Kirkman </Li> <Li> Tony Moore </Li> <Li> Charlie Adlard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Frank Darabont </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Lincoln </Li> <Li> Jon Bernthal </Li> <Li> Sarah Wayne Callies </Li> <Li> Laurie Holden </Li> <Li> Jeffrey DeMunn </Li> <Li> Steven Yeun </Li> <Li> Chandler Riggs </Li> <Li> Norman Reedus </Li> <Li> Lauren Cohan </Li> <Li> Danai Gurira </Li> <Li> Michael Rooker </Li> <Li> David Morrissey </Li> <Li> Melissa McBride </Li> <Li> Scott Wilson </Li> <Li> Michael Cudlitz </Li> <Li> Emily Kinney </Li> <Li> Chad L. Coleman </Li> <Li> Lennie James </Li> <Li> Sonequa Martin - Green </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Dean Morgan </Li> <Li> Alanna Masterson </Li> <Li> Josh McDermitt </Li> <Li> Christian Serratos </Li> <Li> Seth Gilliam </Li> <Li> Ross Marquand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Bear McCreary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 115 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frank Darabont </Li> <Li> Gale Anne Hurd </Li> <Li> David Alpert </Li> <Li> Robert Kirkman </Li> <Li> Charles H. Eglee </Li> <Li> Glen Mazzara </Li> <Li> Scott M. Gimple </Li> <Li> Greg Nicotero </Li> <Li> Tom Luse </Li> <Li> Denise Huth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jolly Dale </Li> <Li> Caleb Womble </Li> <Li> Paul Gadd </Li> <Li> Heather Bellson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Georgia , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rohn Schmidt </Li> <Li> David Boyd </Li> <Li> Michael E. Satrazemis </Li> <Li> Stephen Campbell </Li> <Li> David Tattersall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Julius Ramsay </Li> <Li> Hunter M. Via </Li> <Li> Avi Youabian </Li> <Li> Dan Liu </Li> <Li> Nathan Gunn </Li> <Li> Rachel Goodlett Katz </Li> <Li> Kelley Dixon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 42 -- 67 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Idiot Box Productions </Li> <Li> Circle of Confusion </Li> <Li> Skybound Entertainment </Li> <Li> Valhalla Entertainment </Li> <Li> AMC Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Fox Networks Group , Entertainment One ( International ) AMC Network ( U.S. ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> AMC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD ) </Li> <Li> Dolby TrueHD 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) </Li> <Li> Dolby TrueHD 7.1 ( Blu - ray ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Talking Dead </Li> <Li> Fear the Walking Dead </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror television series developed by Frank Darabont for AMC that is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . Andrew Lincoln plays the show 's lead character , sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes , who awakens from a coma discovering a world overrun by zombies , commonly referred to as `` walkers '' . Grimes reunites with his family and becomes the leader of a group he forms with other survivors . Together they struggle to survive and adapt in a post-apocalyptic world filled with walkers and opposing groups of survivors , who are often more dangerous than the walkers themselves . Much of the series takes place in and around Atlanta , Georgia , and later Alexandria , Virginia . </P> <P> The Walking Dead premiered in the United States on October 31 , 2010 , exclusively shown on cable television channel AMC and internationally on Fox International Channels . As a result of very favorable Nielsen ratings that rank the show unprecedentedly high for a cable series , AMC has renewed the series each year . Beginning with its third season , The Walking Dead has attracted the most 18 to 49 - year - old viewers of any cable or broadcast television series . Its eighth season debuted on October 22 , 2017 , and it has been renewed for a ninth season to debut in late 2018 . The series has been well received by critics and nominated for several awards , including the Writers Guild of America Award for New Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . An AMC spin - off series , Fear the Walking Dead , debuted on August 23 , 2015 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Season 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Season 3 ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 Season 9 </Li> <Li> 1.10 Future seasons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Darabont connections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Crew </Li> <Li> 3.3 Writing </Li> <Li> 3.4 Music <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 Soundtracks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.5 Makeup </Li> <Li> 3.6 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.7 Marketing </Li> <Li> 3.8 Green initiatives </Li> <Li> 3.9 Franchise and spin - offs <Ul> <Li> 3.9. 1 Webisodes </Li> <Li> 3.9. 2 Motion comic </Li> <Li> 3.9. 3 Talking Dead </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.10 Fear the Walking Dead </Li> <Li> 3.11 Parodies and spoofs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Home media </Li> <Li> 4.2 Syndication </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 5.2 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5.3 Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Lawsuits </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview </H2> Main article : List of The Walking Dead episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Walking Dead takes place after the onset of a worldwide zombie apocalypse . The zombies , colloquially referred to as `` walkers '' , shamble towards living humans and other creatures to eat them ; they are attracted to noise , such as gunshots , and to different scents , e.g. humans . Humans that they bite or scratch become infected and slowly turn into walkers as well . It is revealed early in the series that all living humans carry this pathogen , so that if they die from any other cause , they will also turn into walkers . The only way to permanently kill a walker is to damage its brain or otherwise fully destroy the body , such as by cremating it . </P> <P> The series centers on sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes , who wakes up from a coma to discover this apocalypse . He becomes the leader of a group of survivors from the Atlanta , Georgia region as they attempt to sustain themselves and protect themselves not only against attacks by walkers but by other groups of survivors willing to assure their longevity by any means necessary . </P> <H3> Season 1 ( 2010 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) <P> Sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes wakes from a coma discovering a world overrun by zombies . After befriending Morgan Jones , Rick travels alone to Atlanta to find his wife Lori , his son , Carl , and his police partner , Shane Walsh , encountering other survivors . The group travels to the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) , but find from the sole remaining CDC member that no cure exists for the epidemic . </P> <H3> Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) <P> Traveling from Atlanta , Rick 's group takes shelter at Hershel Greene 's farm while they search for Carol 's missing daughter , Sophia . Tensions between Rick 's group and Hershel 's family worsen after it is discovered that Hershel has kept friends and family turned into zombies , including Sophia , in his barn . Shane and Rick 's friendship becomes increasingly unhinged when Lori reveals that she is pregnant , and Rick is forced to kill Shane in self - defense . Carl then shoots Shane in the head after he reanimates . The noise draws zombies , forcing Rick 's group and Hershel 's surviving family to evacuate the farm . </P> <H3> Season 3 ( 2012 -- 13 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 3 ) <P> Eight months after fleeing Hershel 's farm , Rick 's group finds a prison , which they clear of zombies to make their new home . Lori dies in childbirth , and Rick becomes withdrawn . Meanwhile , Andrea is rescued by Michonne and the two discover Woodbury , a fortified town led by a man known as the Governor . He learns of Rick 's group at the prison , leading to conflict between them . Rick 's group eventually raids and destroys Woodbury , but the Governor has Andrea ultimately killed and escapes . Woodbury 's citizens live with Rick 's group at the prison . </P> <H3> Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 4 ) <P> Several months after the Governor 's attack , a deadly flu kills many of the population at the prison . The Governor finds his former right - hand men and kills them , taking over their group and destroys the prison . Rick 's group are forced to separate and flee , but not before Hershel and the Governor are killed . The survivors divide , face their own trials and meet new faces before finding signs pointing to a safe haven called Terminus . One by one , they reunite at Terminus , but all the group are captured for some unknown purpose . </P> <H3> Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 5 ) <P> Rick discovers the residents of Terminus engage in cannibalism , but the group manage to destroy Terminus and reunite . Some are injured and kidnapped to Grady , a hospital run by corrupt cops and doctors . When the remaining survivors regroup , they are approached by Aaron , inviting them to join a fortified community called Alexandria . They are initially welcomed , but Rick 's group realize the residents have not faced the zombie threat directly . Morgan , who has been searching for Rick , arrives and is shocked to see Rick killing an Alexandrian , who has been abusing his wife , in anger . </P> <H3> Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 6 ) <P> The residents of Alexandria put more trust in Rick 's group to protect the town better . A group known as the Wolves use a zombie horde to attack Alexandria , and many lives are lost before the living regain control . While recovering , they learn of a community called the Hilltop , who offer to help trade supplies if they can end the threat of the extortionist Saviors led by a man named Negan . Although Rick 's group decimate one Savior outpost , they are later caught by Negan , and forced to swear loyalty to him . </P> <H3> Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) <P> Negan murders Glenn and Abraham to coerce Rick 's loyalty . Rick initially submits , but Michonne persuades him to fight back , and recruits a community called the Scavengers for help . Meanwhile , Rosita and Eugene make a bullet to kill Negan . When this fails , Negan forcibly recruits Eugene as a Savior . Separately , Carol and Morgan befriend Ezekiel of the Kingdom , another community , while Maggie and Rosita rally the Hilltop . Negan , the Saviors and the turncoat Scavengers attack Alexandria , but it is repelled by Sasha 's sacrifice and the aid of Kingdom and Hilltop soldiers . </P> <H3> Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </H3> Main article : The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) <P> Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities into war against Negan and the Saviors . Losses are heavy on both sides : many of the Kingdom soldiers are killed , Alexandria falls to a Savior attack , and Carl is bitten by a walker . Before euthanizing himself , Carl convinces Rick to end the war and restart society anew . Negan attempts to wipe out Rick and his allies , but Eugene disrupts his plan and his neck is slit by Rick . Against Maggie 's wishes , Negan is spared and imprisoned in Alexandria , ending the war . </P> <H3> Season 9 </H3> <P> In January 2018 , the series was renewed for a ninth season , which is planned to premiere in late 2018 . It was announced that showrunner Scott Gimple would be promoted to Chief Content Officer for both The Walking Dead and Fear the Walking Dead , while current writer and co-executive producer Angela Kang would take Gimple 's role for The Walking Dead . Most of the cast 's contracts had to be renewed for the ninth season and beyond , and most of the cast did re-sign ; the notable exception is Lauren Cohan who plays Maggie Greene . Cohan had sought a pay increase from AMC given her high demand from other networks ; while she had signed onto star in a new series for the ABC network , this contract would still enable her to participate on The Walking Dead in a limited role . </P> <P> Work on the ninth season 's production started around March 2018 , following the conclusion of editing of the eighth season finale . </P> <H3> Future seasons </H3> <P> Executive producer David Alpert said in 2014 that the original comics have given them enough ideas for Rick Grimes and company over the next seven years . `` I happen to love working from source material , specifically because we have a pretty good idea of what Season 10 is gon na be '' , Alpert said . `` We know where seasons 11 and 12 ( will be ) ... we have benchmarks and milestones for those seasons if we 're lucky enough to get there . '' </P> <H2> Cast and characters </H2> From left to right : Andrew Lincoln ( Rick ) , Greg Nicotero ( producer ) , Norman Reedus ( Daryl ) , Melissa McBride ( Carol ) , Lennie James ( Morgan ) , Chandler Riggs ( Carl ) , Danai Gurira ( Michonne ) , Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( Negan ) , Lauren Cohan ( Maggie ) , Alanna Masterson ( Tara ) , and Seth Gilliam ( Gabriel ) on a panel for the series at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2017 Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters <P> The list below contains those that have been credited within the show 's title sequence and those who are credited as `` also starring '' . Recurring and guest stars are listed on the individual season pages . </P> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes : The series ' protagonist and a former sheriff 's deputy , who is the leader of the main group of survivors . He becomes a more cold and calculating leader over the course of the series . </Li> <Li> Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh : Rick 's former police partner and close friend . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; special guest star season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes : Rick 's wife , who has an affair with Shane when she believes Rick is dead . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Laurie Holden as Andrea : A former civil rights attorney and member of the original Atlanta group of survivors . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath : An older member of the group , who owns the RV with which the group travels . He is often the voice of reason within the group . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee : A former pizza delivery boy , who saves Rick 's life . He begins a relationship with Maggie Greene , and over the course of the series , becomes an integral member of the group . ( seasons 1 -- 7 ) </Li> <Li> Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes : Rick and Lori 's young son , who is forced to mature and learn to survive in the deadly new world . ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon : The group 's primary hunter , who becomes a key member of the group . ( season 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier : Originally a meek housewife , she overcomes domestic abuse to become a strong and empowered woman capable of making difficult decisions . ( season 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene : The eldest daughter of the Greene family and who begins a relationship with Glenn . ( season 3 -- present ; recurring season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Danai Gurira as Michonne : A katana - wielding , quiet , but fierce woman who joins Rick 's group . ( season 3 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon : Daryl 's racist and volatile older brother . In season three , he is the right - hand man to the Governor . ( season 3 ; guest seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> David Morrissey as The Governor : The antagonistic leader of the town of Woodbury . He is ruthless , paranoid , and dangerous . ( seasons 3 -- 4 ; special guest star season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene : A veterinarian and farmer , who maintains his faith and acts as the group 's primary moral compass . ( seasons 3 -- 4 ; recurring season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Emily Kinney as Beth Greene : A soft - spoken teenage girl , Hershel 's younger daughter , and Maggie 's younger half - sister . ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Chad L. Coleman as Tyreese Williams : Tough and compassionate , he places an emphasis on moral reasoning . He struggles to cope with the immoral nature of some of the group 's survival tactics and finds it difficult to kill in defense of the group . ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; recurring season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams : Tyreese 's fiery younger sister and a former firefighter , who is the group 's sharpshooter . After several personal losses , she suffers from PTSD . ( seasons 4 -- 7 ; recurring season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence Gilliard Jr. as Bob Stookey : A former army medic and recovering alcoholic , who develops a close relationship with Sasha . ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Cudlitz as Abraham Ford : A former military sergeant , who is on a mission to bring a survivor to Washington , D.C. , to find a cure for the walker virus . ( seasons 5 -- 7 ; recurring season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler : A former police academy student and ally of the Governor 's before joining Rick 's group . She serves as a primary supply runner . ( season 5 -- present ; recurring season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter : A man who claims to know a cure for the walker virus . He is weak and inefficient when dealing with walkers , but is very smart . ( season 5 -- present ; recurring season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa : A tough , focused , and a very capable survivor and also Abraham 's girlfriend . ( season 5 -- present ; recurring season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew J. West as Gareth : The cannibalistic leader of Terminus , who captures and coerces Rick 's group into submission . ( season 5 ; guest season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes : A priest , who joins Rick 's group . He lacks experience of walkers and struggles with his faith in the new world . ( season 5 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Lennie James as Morgan Jones : The first survivor Rick encounters in season one . After suffering a psychological break , he comes to peace with the world around him . ( seasons 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 5 ; special guest star season 3 ; guest season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Ross Marquand as Aaron : An Alexandrian recruiter , who brings Rick 's group to Alexandria . ( season 6 -- present ; recurring season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Tovah Feldshuh as Deanna Monroe : A former Congresswoman and leader of Alexandria . ( season 6 ; recurring season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson : An Alexandria resident , who develops a relationship with Rick . ( season 6 ; recurring season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Austin Nichols as Spencer Monroe : Deanna 's son and a guard of Alexandria . ( seasons 6 -- 7 ; recurring season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan : The psychopathic leader of the Saviors that he rules in tyranny . ( season 7 -- present ; special guest star season 6 ) </Li> <Li> Austin Amelio as Dwight : A ruthless and reluctant member of the Saviors . ( season 7 -- present ; recurring season 6 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia : A member and scout for the Hilltop Colony . ( season 7 -- present ; recurring season 6 ) </Li> <Li> Xander Berkeley as Gregory : The selfish and arrogant leader of the Hilltop Colony . ( season 7 -- present ; guest season 6 ) </Li> <Li> Katelyn Nacon as Enid : An isolated teenager in Alexandria , who forms a bond with Carl . ( season 8 -- present ; recurring seasons 6 -- 7 ; guest season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Khary Payton as Ezekiel : The `` king '' of a community known as the Kingdom . ( season 8 -- present ; recurring season 7 ) </Li> <Li> Steven Ogg as Simon : A high - ranking member of the Saviors , serving as Negan 's right - hand man . ( season 8 ; recurring season 7 ; guest season 6 ) </Li> <Li> Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis ( `` Anne '' ) : The impassive leader of the Scavengers . ( season 8 -- present ; recurring season 7 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Darabont connections </H3> <P> The series features several actors whom Walking Dead developer Frank Darabont has worked with previously , including Laurie Holden ( Andrea ) , Jeffrey DeMunn ( Dale Horvath ) , Melissa McBride ( Carol Peletier ) , Sam Witwer ( the dead soldier in the tank where Rick hides in `` Days Gone Bye '' ) , and Juan Gabriel Pareja ( Morales ) . All five appeared in his 2007 film The Mist , along with Thomas Jane , who originally was set to star in the series when it was pitched to HBO . Jane was later in talks with Darabont to possibly guest star on the series as of fall 2010 , but with Darabont 's departure , it is unknown whether the guest spot will happen or not . Laurie Holden also appeared in the 2001 film The Majestic ( as Adele Stanton , Jim Carrey 's character 's love interest ) , which Darabont directed . DeMunn has also appeared in several of Darabont 's films ; in addition to The Mist and The Majestic , he appeared in The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) and The Green Mile ( 1999 ) . It was planned that Witwer ( Private Jessup in Darabont 's The Mist ) would reprise his `` Days Gone Bye '' role in the original conception of The Walking Dead 's season two premiere and in a webisode , but both plans were discarded . </P> <H2> Production </H2> <H3> Development </H3> The Walking Dead creator Robert Kirkman is also an executive producer and writer of the TV series <P> On January 20 , 2010 , AMC officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series adapted from The Walking Dead comic book series , with Frank Darabont and Gale Anne Hurd acting as executive producers and Darabont writing and directing . The entire series was pre-ordered based just on the strength of the source material , the television scripts , and Darabont 's involvement . In January 2010 a review of the pilot episode 's script attracted further attention . The pilot began filming in Atlanta , Georgia on May 15 , 2010 after AMC had officially ordered a six episode first season . The series ' remaining episodes began filming on June 2 , 2010 with Darabont serving as showrunner . On August 31 , 2010 , Darabont reported that The Walking Dead had been picked up for a second season , with production to begin in February 2011 . On November 8 , 2010 , AMC confirmed that there would be a second season consisting of 13 episodes . He would also like to include some of the `` environmental elements '' that take place during Volume 2 of Kirkman 's book . </P> <H3> Crew </H3> <P> The first season writing staff consisted of series developer and executive producer Frank Darabont ( who wrote / co-wrote four of the six episodes ) , executive producer Charles H. Eglee , executive producer and creator of the comic book Robert Kirkman , co-executive producer Jack LoGiudice , consulting producer Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara , all of whom contributed to one episode each . Along with Darabont , who directed the pilot episode , the remaining five were directed by Michelle MacLaren , Gwyneth Horder - Payton , Johan Renck , Ernest Dickerson and Guy Ferland . </P> After the departure of Frank Darabont , the role of showrunner was assumed by Glen Mazzara ( left ) for seasons two and three , and Scott M. Gimple ( right ) for seasons four -- eight . <P> On December 1 , 2010 , Deadline.com reported that Darabont had fired his writing staff , including executive producer Charles `` Chic '' Eglee , and planned to use freelance writers for the second season . Kirkman called the announcement `` premature '' and clarified that Eglee left to pursue other projects when Darabont decided to stay on as showrunner , and no definitive plans had been made regarding the writing staff for season two . </P> <P> ( Chic Eglee ) was brought onto The Walking Dead with the idea that Frank was going to work on the first season and then go off and do movies ( ... ) Chic did n't want to be second - in - command on a show when he 's used to being a top dog , and so he decided to go off and do something else , which is something that happens and is not a big deal . </P> -- Robert Kirkman , TV Guide <P> On December 3 , 2010 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , executive producer Gale Anne Hurd commented : `` It 's completely inaccurate . ( In ) the writers ' room , there are people that have set up other projects that will be their first priority if their own series is picked up as a pilot or if it 's a series . I think ( Eglee ) just decided that he wants to run his own show . '' She revealed that it would be likely for the show to return in October 2011 , as Darabont and Kirkman planned on mapping out the next season early in 2011 . She also confirmed that , `` every one of the principal cast is signed up for multiple seasons . '' In July 2011 , series developer and showrunner Frank Darabont stepped down from his position as showrunner for the series , over unclear circumstances ( see Lawsuit below ) . </P> <P> Executive producer Glen Mazzara was appointed the new showrunner in Darabont 's place . New writers joined the writing staff in the second season , including co-executive producer Evan Reilly , producer Scott M. Gimple , story editor Angela Kang , and David Leslie Johnson . New writers in the third season included producers Nichole Beattie and Sang Kyu Kim , with Frank Renzulli contributing a freelance script . </P> <P> After the conclusion of the third season , Glen Mazzara stepped down from his position as showrunner and executive producer for the series , per a mutual agreement between Mazzara and AMC . The press release read , `` Both parties acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion about where the show should go moving forward , and conclude that it is best to part ways . '' Scott M. Gimple succeeded Mazzara as showrunner for season four , with new writers joining the writing staff , such as Curtis Gwinn , Channing Powell , and Matt Negrete . In January 2018 , it was announced that , upon Gimple 's promotion to the newly created position of Chief Content Officer of the entire Walking Dead franchise , that Angela Kang would replace him as showrunner beginning with the forthcoming ninth season . </P> <H3> Writing </H3> <P> The television series generally tends to follow Kirkman 's comic series across major characters and plots ; for instance , events of the premiere episode of the seventh season correlate to events in issue # 100 of the comics . The show does not attempt to go step - by - step with the comics , and has leeway in the narrative . In particular , the show 's writers , along with Kirkman , often `` transfer '' how a character has died in the comics to a different character in the show . For example , in the fourth season , where Hershel Greene is beheaded by The Governor in the standoff with Rick 's group at the prison ; in the comic , Tyreese is the one who receives this fate . Some of the television characters , like Carol , have far outlived their comic counterpart , while others that have already been killed off , like Sophia and Andrea , remained alive for some time in the ongoing comic series . In addition , the writers have included characters wholly novel to the series such as Daryl Dixon , which producer Gale Anne Hurd says helps to create a new dynamic for the show , and keeps the audience guessing from what had already been established in the comic series . </P> <H3> Music </H3> Bear McCreary composes The Walking Dead score <P> Bear McCreary was hired to compose the score for the series . McCreary stated that the main theme was based on his viewing of production designs for the opening title sequence . Instead of doing a full theme song as with his earlier works , McCreary chose to use a simple , repeating motif from the strings section . </P> <P> It repeats over and over , and in fact in the pilot episode , you start hearing it before the main title begins , and this is something that continues episode to episode . You hear the main title music before the main title begins , so you know it 's coming . That , to me , was the little hook -- that little thing that , whenever you hear it , it takes you to the series . </P> -- Bear McCreary Soundtracks <P> Four soundtracks for The Walking Dead have been released to date . The Walking Dead : AMC Original Soundtrack , Vol. 1 was released on March 17 , 2013 . The second volume was released on March 25 , 2014 . Songs of Survival is a soundtrack for the third season and it was released on August 27 , 2013 , by Republic Records as a Walmart exclusive for the special edition release of the third season . Songs of Survival , Vol. 2 is a soundtrack for the fourth season and it was released on August 26 , 2014 , by Republic Records as a Walmart exclusive of the fourth season release . </P> <H3> Makeup </H3> <P> Greg Nicotero is an executive producer and the key special effects makeup artist on the series . Each walker is put through `` zombie school '' and is taught how to move like zombies . There are three levels of zombie makeup : Hero , Midground , and Deep Background . Hero zombies are featured walkers and are completely made over from head to toe . Midground zombies get highlights and shadows on the face , but do not get close enough to the camera to require full makeup . Deep background zombies often wear masks and are only meant to be used as a backdrop . </P> <H3> Filming </H3> Downtown Senoia , Georgia was used as the setting for Woodbury during the third season <P> The Walking Dead is mostly filmed in Georgia . Since 2002 , the state has offered a tax incentive for large film productions to drive producers to the state and bolster its economy . </P> <P> The first season was filmed primary in Atlanta , though required a great deal of coordination with the city to shut down streets and parks for film . Production for subsequent seasons moved mainly to Riverwood Studios ( doing business as Raleigh Studios Atlanta ) , a plot of land approximately 120 acres ( 0.49 km ) outside of Senoia , Georgia . Some existing buildings were used here , such as a subdivision that is used by several families that serves as the Alexandria Safe - Zone , while other buildings are constructed as sets , such as the exterior shots of the main Hilltop mansion , the trash heaps used by the Scavengers , or Father Gabriel 's church . Sets are torn down when no longer needed ; the church , after its use in the fifth season , was removed and its spot used for the iconic setting for the first meeting between Rick 's group and Negan in the seventh season . The property includes sound stages constructed for interior shots , which then may be reused ; the interior sets for the prison during the third season were reused to serve as the buildings and sets for the Savior 's Sanctuary in the seventh season . In July 2017 , AMC purchased the studio lot from Riverwood for $8.25 million . </P> <P> Some scenes are shot outside of the studio . Woodbury , during the third season , was filmed in downtown Senoia . Other exceptions include the Kingdom , which is filmed at the former military base Fort McPherson , now converted to studios for Tyler Perry . </P> <P> The series is completely shot on 16 mm film . David Tattersall was the director of photography for the pilot episode with David Boyd as the director of photography on the remainder of the episodes . Production design is done by Greg Melton and Alex Hajdu . The effects team includes veteran special effects makeup designers Greg Nicotero and Toby Sells , special effects coordinator Darrell Pritchett , and visual effects supervisors Sam Nicholson and Jason Sperling . </P> <H3> Marketing </H3> A booth at the San Diego Comic - Con with a scene from the pilot for the promotion of the series in 2010 <P> The Walking Dead debuted during the same week in 120 countries . As part of an expansive campaign to advertise and heighten anticipation for the premiere , AMC and Fox International Channels coordinated a worldwide zombie invasion event on October 26 , 2010 . The stunt involved invading 26 major cities within a 24 - hour period , starting with Taipei and Hong Kong , and ending in Los Angeles for the U.S. premiere . </P> <P> The show 's official website released , just prior to the San Diego Comic - Con in 2010 , a motion comic based on Issue No. 1 of the original comic and voiced by Phil LaMarr . The site also posted a making - of documentary primarily about the first episode , as well as a number of other behind - the - scenes videos and interviews . In the documentary , comic series creator and show executive producer Robert Kirkman as well as artist Charlie Adlard say they are pleased with how faithful the show is to the comic and remark on the similarities between the actors and the comic 's original character drawings . </P> <P> Action figures of characters from the series were created for release in November 2011 and have continued throughout the years with eight line - ups . The figures , which are manufactured by McFarlane Toys , are designed to resemble the actors on the series . Figures created to resemble the characters as drawn in the comic book were released in September 2011 . </P> <H3> Green initiatives </H3> <P> With a primary objective of reducing the environmental impacts of film and television productions , including The Walking Dead , producer Gale Anne Hurd has directed the cast , crew , production team , suppliers , and bloggers about her shows to adopt the Doddle app to make the production almost paper - free ; this works by digitally transmitting interactive call sheets and other intra-team and team - supplier communications ( such as directions , images , menus , and updates ) to people 's cell phones and tablets . Hurd said of using Doddle : in addition to conserving paper , `` It 's also easier , and it 's better for security . People are less likely to leave their smartphone or tablet lying around for someone else to pick up . '' </P> <P> Hurd describes additional steps taken to increase efficiency and cut production costs : `` If you use vehicles that get better gas mileage , that are electric or hybrids , you 're going to pay a lot less in fuel . If you use compact fluorescent bulbs , you 're going to save a lot of money in utilities . If you recycle even your own sets , and use them again , that 's going to save money . You do n't have to buy new lumber . So there are cost savings , absolutely . '' Additionally , the production team aims to reduce vehicle idling , which decreases carbon dioxide emissions . </P> <P> Hurd also cuts down on plastic waste by personally using a refillable , stainless steel EcoUsable water bottle and promoting its use among her colleagues . She shared : `` on a lot of my projects I give them as crew gifts before we start production , and have water stations available , but you ca n't force people to use them . '' </P> <H3> Franchise and spin - offs </H3> Webisodes <P> To date , four web series based on The Walking Dead have been released via AMC 's website -- Torn Apart ( 2011 ) , Cold Storage ( 2012 ) , The Oath ( 2013 ) and Red Machete ( 2017 ) . </P> Motion comic <P> In 2011 , AMC debuted an animated comic book version of The Walking Dead novel 's beginning , featuring the voice of actor Phil LaMarr . </P> Talking Dead Main article : Talking Dead <P> A live after - show titled Talking Dead premiered on AMC on October 16 , 2011 , following the encore presentation of The Walking Dead 's season two premiere . Talking Dead features host Chris Hardwick discussing the latest episode with fans , actors , and producers of The Walking Dead . </P> <H3> Fear the Walking Dead </H3> Main article : Fear the Walking Dead <P> Fear the Walking Dead is a companion series to The Walking Dead , developed by AMC . AMC started development of the show around September 2013 and committed to a two - season broadcast by March 2015 . Fear the Walking Dead was first broadcast on August 23 , 2015 , and is renewed for a fourth season . </P> <P> Fear the Walking Dead features a different set of characters , developed by Kirkman . The series starts at the onset of the zombie apocalypse , and follows several people that escape Los Angeles as the military attempts to quarantine the city , and seek refuge along the west coast of the United States and Mexico . The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead will feature a crossover with The Walking Dead , specifically through the character Morgan Jones ( played by Lennie James ) during events between the first and second season of The Walking Dead . </P> <H3> Parodies and spoofs </H3> <P> Due to its popularity , The Walking Dead has inspired dozens of parodies and spoofs featured on YouTube channels like Bad Lip Reading and TV shows such as Saturday Night Live and Mad TV . Bad Lip Reading made a widely viewed parody involving Rick and the Governor , entitled `` La - Bibbida - Bibba - Dum '' . The series ' cast was shown the parody at the San Diego Comic - Con in 2013 , and David Morrissey -- who portrays the Governor -- reacted by saying he now understood why so many people would walk up to him on the street and blurt , `` Hey , La - Bibbida - Bibba - Dum ! '' . Until seeing the video , he had wondered , `` what 's wrong with these people ? '' The Walking Dead has also been represented as a live comedy performance by English comedian Dan Willis at the Edinburgh Festival . </P> <H2> Release </H2> Sarah Wayne Callies and Andrew Lincoln in 2010 ; Robert Kirkman is in the background on the left <P> Scenes from the pilot were screened July 23 , 2010 , as part of the San Diego Comic - Con in 2010 . It premiered on AMC on October 31 , 2010 , and premiered internationally on Fox International Channels during the first week of November . Almost two weeks before the official premiere on AMC , the pilot episode leaked online . </P> <P> International broadcast rights for the show were sold and announced on June 14 , 2010 . The show airs on Fox International Channels in 126 countries in 33 languages . The fifth season debuted its first part on October 13 , 2014 . The second part premiered on February 9 , 2015 . </P> <H3> Home media </H3> <P> The first season DVD and Blu - ray was released on March 8 , 2011 . A three - disc special edition of the first season -- featuring new featurettes and audio commentaries -- was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 4 , 2011 . The European versions of the first season DVD and Blu - ray are edited for gore , with cuts to episode two ( `` Guts '' ) , episode three ( `` Tell It to the Frogs '' ) , episode four ( `` Vatos '' ) and episode five ( `` Wildfire '' ) . Until eOne / WVG re-released the first season in D-A - CH in a Special Uncut Version on DVD and Blu - ray on May 31 , 2013 . </P> <P> The second season DVD and Blu - ray was released on August 28 , 2012 . It was also released as a limited edition Blu - ray , packaged as a miniature zombie head designed by McFarlane Toys . Special features include audio commentaries , deleted scenes , webisodes , and several featurettes . </P> <P> The third season DVD and Blu - ray was released on August 27 , 2013 . It was also released as a limited edition Blu - ray , packaged as a miniature version of the Governor 's zombie head aquarium tank designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys . Special features include audio commentaries , deleted scenes , and several featurettes . </P> <P> The fourth season DVD and Blu - ray was released on August 26 , 2014 . It was also released as a limited edition Blu - ray , packaged with a tree - walker designed by McFarlane Toys . Special features include audio commentaries , deleted scenes , and several featurettes , as well as extended episodes which are exclusive to the Blu - ray . </P> <P> The fifth season DVD and Blu - ray was released on August 25 , 2015 . </P> <H3> Syndication </H3> <P> MyNetworkTV acquired the broadcast syndication rights to the series , premiering on October 1 , 2014 . The version that airs on MyNetworkTV is edited to meet broadcast television standards . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Critical reception </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rotten Tomatoes </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 % ( 24 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 82 ( 25 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 % ( 22 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 80 ( 22 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 % ( 32 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 82 ( 19 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 86 % ( 30 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 75 ( 16 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 90 % ( 31 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 80 ( 11 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 78 % ( 23 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 79 ( 10 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 60 % ( 11 reviews ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 71 % ( 13 reviews ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All seasons of The Walking Dead have been well reviewed by recognized critics , with an 89 % approval rating for the series to date on Rotten Tomatoes . For the first season , 24 Rotten Tomatoes critics gave it a positive review , with an average score of 7.49 / 10 . That site 's consensus states , `` Blood - spattered , emotionally resonant , and white - knuckle intense , The Walking Dead puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre . '' Metacritic scored the first season 82 / 100 based on 25 critic reviews , 23 of which were positive , two mixed , and none negative . Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com included the show on their list of 9 new TV shows not to miss , giving it a grade of `` A '' , with the author saying , `` A film - quality drama series about zombies ? Somebody pinch me ! '' </P> <P> For the second season , 83 % of 22 critic reviews on Rotten Tomatoes were positive , with an average score of 8.09 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` The second season of The Walking Dead fleshes out the characters while maintaining the grueling tension and gore that made the show a hit . '' Of 22 Metacritic critic reviews , 18 were positive , four were mixed , and none were negative ; their average score was 80 / 100 . Early criticism of the show focused on the slow pace of the second season , particularly the first half . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly , described the series as `` a nighttime soap '' , comparing it to `` a parody of a Samuel Beckett play '' that had very little sense of direction and few appearances of walkers . Nate Rawlings of Time 's online entertainment section noted that `` the pace during the first half of this season has been brutally slow . ( ... ) They 've tried to develop individual characters , but each subplot meant to add a layer to a character has been quickly resolved . '' Later reviews from other critics , such as Scott Wampler of Collider.com , recognized the increased quality of the second half , stating it `` seemed far more intense , more interesting , better written '' . Recognizing the overall season , Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant offered praise saying `` the writers succeeded in unshackling themselves from the intermittent monotony brought about by the serial nature of the show '' . </P> <P> The third season had 89 % of Rotten Tomatoes ' 32 critics giving it a positive review , with an average score of 8.12 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` The palpable terror and visceral thrills continue in the third season of The Walking Dead , along with a deeper sense of the people who inhabit its apocalyptic landscape . '' Metacritic 's 19 critics rated the season 82 / 100 , all of whom gave a positive review . Verne Gay of Newsday claimed that the third season premiere `` does n't disappoint '' going on to say that there are `` spots where you will yell out at the screen , ' Oh , my God , that just did n't happen . ' Yes , the new season is that good '' , concluding his review by giving the season an A+ rating . </P> <P> For season four , 86 % of Rotten Tomatoes ' 30 critic reviews were positive , with an average score of 7.66 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Consistently thrilling , with solid character development and enough gore to please grindhouse fans , this season of The Walking Dead continues to demonstrate why it 's one of the best horror shows on television '' . Metacritic scored the season 75 / 100 based on 16 critic reviews , 13 of which were positive , three mixed , and none negative . </P> <P> The fifth season had 90 % of Rotten Tomatoes ' 31 critic reviews rating it positively , with an average score of 7.88 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Thanks to a liberal dose of propulsive , bloody action and enough compelling character moments to reward longtime fans , The Walking Dead 's fifth season continues to deliver top - notch entertainment . '' Metacritic scored the fifth season 80 / 100 based on 11 critic reviews , all of which were positive . </P> <P> For season six , 78 % of Rotten Tomatoes ' 23 critic reviews were positive , with an average score of 7.35 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Six seasons in , The Walking Dead is still finding ways to top itself , despite slow patches that do little to advance the plot . '' Metacritic scored the sixth season 79 / 100 based on 10 critic reviews , nine of which were positive , one mixed , and none negative . </P> <P> For the seventh season , 60 % of Rotten Tomatoes ' 11 critic reviews rated it positively , with an average score of 6.97 / 10 . The site 's consensus is , `` Increased character depth and effective world - building helps The Walking Dead overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive , gratuitous violence . '' </P> <P> For the eighth season , 71 % of Rotten Tomatoes ' 13 critic reviews rated it positively , with an average score of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus states `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' </P> <H3> Ratings </H3> <P> The Walking Dead has the highest total viewership of any series in cable television history , including its third through sixth seasons , during which it averaged the most 18 - to 49 - year - old viewers of all cable or broadcast television shows . Total viewership for its season five premiere was 17.3 million , the most - watched series episode in cable history . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that like most other zombie shows , The Walking Dead `` is most popular in rural areas , particularly southern Texas and eastern Kentucky '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( ET ) </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> First aired </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired </Th> <Th> Avg . viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sunday 10 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 5.35 </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 5.97 </Td> <Td> 5.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sunday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 7.26 </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 8.99 </Td> <Td> 6.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 10.87 </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 12.40 </Td> <Td> 10.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 16.11 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 15.68 </Td> <Td> 13.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 17.30 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 15.78 </Td> <Td> 14.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 14.63 </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 14.19 </Td> <Td> 13.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 17.03 </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 11.31 </Td> <Td> 11.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 11.44 </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 7.92 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Walking Dead : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Ep. 1 </Th> <Th> Ep. 2 </Th> <Th> Ep. 3 </Th> <Th> Ep. 4 </Th> <Th> Ep. 5 </Th> <Th> Ep. 6 </Th> <Th> Ep. 7 </Th> <Th> Ep. 8 </Th> <Th> Ep. 9 </Th> <Th> Ep. 10 </Th> <Th> Ep. 11 </Th> <Th> Ep. 12 </Th> <Th> Ep. 13 </Th> <Th> Ep. 14 </Th> <Th> Ep. 15 </Th> <Th> Ep. 16 </Th> <Th> Average </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> 5.35 </Td> <Td> 4.71 </Td> <Td> 5.07 </Td> <Td> 4.75 </Td> <Td> 5.56 </Td> <Td> 5.97 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> N / A </Td> <Td> 5.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> 7.26 </Td> <Td> 6.70 </Td> <Td> 6.10 </Td> <Td> 6.29 </Td> <Td> 6.12 </Td> <Td> 6.08 </Td> <Td> 6.62 </Td> <Td> 8.10 </Td> <Td> 6.89 </Td> <Td> 7.04 </Td> <Td> 6.77 </Td> <Td> 6.89 </Td> <Td> 8.99 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> <Td> 6.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> 10.87 </Td> <Td> 9.55 </Td> <Td> 10.51 </Td> <Td> 9.27 </Td> <Td> 10.37 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> 10.43 </Td> <Td> 10.48 </Td> <Td> 12.26 </Td> <Td> 11.05 </Td> <Td> 11.01 </Td> <Td> 11.30 </Td> <Td> 11.46 </Td> <Td> 10.84 </Td> <Td> 10.99 </Td> <Td> 12.42 </Td> <Td> 10.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> 16.11 </Td> <Td> 13.95 </Td> <Td> 12.92 </Td> <Td> 13.31 </Td> <Td> 12.20 </Td> <Td> 12.00 </Td> <Td> 11.29 </Td> <Td> 12.05 </Td> <Td> 15.76 </Td> <Td> 13.34 </Td> <Td> 13.12 </Td> <Td> 12.61 </Td> <Td> 12.65 </Td> <Td> 12.87 </Td> <Td> 13.47 </Td> <Td> 15.68 </Td> <Td> 13.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 17.29 </Td> <Td> 15.14 </Td> <Td> 13.80 </Td> <Td> 14.52 </Td> <Td> 13.53 </Td> <Td> 14.07 </Td> <Td> 13.33 </Td> <Td> 14.81 </Td> <Td> 15.64 </Td> <Td> 12.27 </Td> <Td> 13.44 </Td> <Td> 14.43 </Td> <Td> 14.53 </Td> <Td> 13.78 </Td> <Td> 13.76 </Td> <Td> 15.78 </Td> <Td> 14.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 14.63 </Td> <Td> 12.18 </Td> <Td> 13.14 </Td> <Td> 13.34 </Td> <Td> 12.44 </Td> <Td> 12.87 </Td> <Td> 13.22 </Td> <Td> 13.98 </Td> <Td> 13.74 </Td> <Td> 13.48 </Td> <Td> 12.79 </Td> <Td> 12.82 </Td> <Td> 12.53 </Td> <Td> 12.69 </Td> <Td> 12.38 </Td> <Td> 14.19 </Td> <Td> 13.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 17.03 </Td> <Td> 12.46 </Td> <Td> 11.72 </Td> <Td> 11.40 </Td> <Td> 11.00 </Td> <Td> 10.40 </Td> <Td> 10.48 </Td> <Td> 10.58 </Td> <Td> 12.00 </Td> <Td> 11.08 </Td> <Td> 10.42 </Td> <Td> 10.16 </Td> <Td> 10.68 </Td> <Td> 10.32 </Td> <Td> 10.54 </Td> <Td> 11.31 </Td> <Td> 11.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 11.44 </Td> <Td> 8.92 </Td> <Td> 8.52 </Td> <Td> 8.69 </Td> <Td> 7.85 </Td> <Td> 8.28 </Td> <Td> 7.47 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 8.28 </Td> <Td> 6.82 </Td> <Td> 6.60 </Td> <Td> 6.66 </Td> <Td> 6.77 </Td> <Td> 6.30 </Td> <Td> 6.67 </Td> <Td> 7.92 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Source : Nielsen Media Research <H3> Awards and nominations </H3> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead <P> The Walking Dead was nominated for Best New Series by the Writers Guild of America Awards 2011 and Best Television Series Drama by the 68th Golden Globe Awards . The show was named one of the top 10 television programs of 2010 by the American Film Institute Awards 2010 . For the 37th Saturn Awards , the series received six nominations -- for Best Television Presentation , Andrew Lincoln for Best Actor in Television , Sarah Wayne Callies for Best Actress on Television , Steven Yeun for Best Supporting Actor in Television , Laurie Holden for Best Supporting Actress in Television , and Noah Emmerich for Best Guest Starring Role in Television . The series was nominated for Best Drama Series by the inaugural 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards . The pilot episode `` Days Gone Bye '' received three nominations from the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards -- for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series and won for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special . For the 41st Saturn Awards , the series received its highest number of nominations , with a total of seven , including for the show itself , Andrew Lincoln for Best Actor on Television , Norman Reedus for Best Supporting Actor on Television , Emily Kinney and Melissa McBride for Best Supporting Actress on Television , Andrew J. West for Best Guest Star on Television , and Chandler Riggs for Best Young Performer on Television . </P> <H2> Lawsuits </H2> <P> Darabont 's departure as showrunner in July 2011 during the second season came as surprise to many , as it came shortly after the season 's premiere and a few days after that year 's Comic - Con , where Darabont helped to promote the show . It was speculated that he was unable to adjust to the schedule of running a television series . However , The Hollywood Reporter reported that AMC had fired him . There had been reported difficulties in the production of the second season , including disputes over planned budget cuts and executive meddling , and it was known that Darabont and AMC had several discussions relating to these factors . However , neither Darabont , AMC , nor the cast nor crew of The Walking Dead spoke about the reasons for his firing . </P> <P> In December 2013 , Darabont and his agents from Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) filed a lawsuit against AMC in a New York court , citing breach of contract . A central part of Darabont 's lawsuit accuses AMC of denying him and the CAA the promised profits from the success of the series , based on how AMC had used vertical integration in producing and distributing The Walking Dead . As stated in Darabont 's filing , he had initially entered into a contract with AMC to have a third - party studio produce the show , from which he would have obtained 12.5 % of that entity 's profits , after standard deductions . AMC wanted to produce the show in - house , and for the first season , Darabont 's lawyers had been assured that Darabont would be protected from self - dealing fees by having AMC commit to imputed license fees equivalent to those of other independent studios , with Darabont earning profit from that . Darabont 's suit contends that when the show 's popularity took off , AMC presented a license fee deal to Darabont around February 2011 that used `` an unconscionably low license fee formula '' such that AMC could report the show running at a loss and ensuring that Darabont would never see any profit from the show ; as an example , the suit references statements in 2012 , following the second season , that AMC claimed the show was running at a $49 million deficit , despite being one of the most popular shows in broadcast . Darabont 's suit contends he was fired just at the start of the second season so that AMC would avoid having to pay him . </P> <P> Initial discovery phase hearings were held in 2014 . Darabont 's lawyers sought to gain information from AMC on their other shows , specifically Breaking Bad and Mad Men , to obtain a `` fair market value '' for The Walking Dead . AMC asserted it had done no wrongdoing , had already paid Darabont $3 million upfront for two seasons , and was able to properly set the imputed license fee that worked into the profit formula for Darabont . The network resisted the request to provide otherwise confidential information on the other shows . The court granted Darabont 's lawyers access to the requested information as part of the discovery phase . Darabont described `` crisis - level problems '' during the show 's production while under deposition , claiming that AMC had cut the per - episode budget from $3.4 million to $3 million while keeping the tax credit offered by the state of Georgia for filming there , effectively reducing the production budget by 25 % . </P> <P> In August 2015 , Darabont requested to amend his original complaint that AMC further reduced his profits from the second season as his firing mid-season meant he was not fully vested in the season , allowing AMC to reduce the profits paid him . Darabont 's amended request points out that he had written and produced all the episodes in that season already and was entitled to the proper profit share . The judge granted this amendment in February 2016 , partially influenced by concerns raised in Darabont 's deposition . </P> <P> At the end of the discovery phase in September 2016 , Darabont 's lawyers stated they are seeking damages of over $280 million ; AMC stated they will `` vigorously '' defend against the lawsuit . If the case does go to trial , it is expected to occur during 2018 . Summary judgement statements were completed in July 2017 . While waiting for summary judgement , Darabont and the CAA filed a second lawsuit against AMC , based on further evaluation of material from the discovery phase . The second suit contended that AMC purposely manipulated some of its licensing fees that should go to Darabont , such as revenue from digital sales and from overseas markets . </P> <P> In August 2017 , Robert Kirkman , Gale Anne Hurd , Charles Eglee , Glen Mazzara and David Alpert filed similar lawsuits against AMC , citing breach of contract over profits owed to them as a result of AMC 's vertical integration . As with Darabont , each had been given a certain percentage of the show 's profits based on if the show was produced by a third - party , but when it was transitioned to AMC Studios , their share was dramatically reduced . The Hollywood Reporter estimated that if the four seek similar damages as Darabont , the lawsuit could be as high as $1 billion . The suits , filed separately in Los Angeles and New York City , will be consolidated into a single case to be heard in a California court . 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Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Frank Darabont Given Green Light to Pursue Larger Cut of ' Walking Dead ' Profits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Frank Darabont to Seek More Than $280 Million From AMC at ' Walking Dead ' Profits Trial '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Lawsuit Spills Obscene Emails and Tales of Greed Over TV 's Billion - Dollar Hit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Frank Darabont , CAA Launch Second ' Walking Dead ' Lawsuit Against AMC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Producers Claim Massive AMC Profits Scam in New Lawsuit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' EPs Get Big - Bucks Profits Suit Against AMC Set In California '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' EPs Promise To Be `` Partners '' With AMC As They Sue Cabler In NY Over Profits -- Update `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Walking Dead . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Walking Dead </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Robert Kirkman </Li> <Li> Tony Moore </Li> <Li> Charlie Adlard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comic books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Walking Dead </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> The Walking Dead </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Accolades </Li> <Li> Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> Vol. 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Talking Dead </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fear the Walking Dead </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 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Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Chupacabra '' </Li> <Li> `` Secrets '' </Li> <Li> `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' </Li> <Li> `` Nebraska '' </Li> <Li> `` Triggerfinger '' </Li> <Li> `` 18 Miles Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' </Li> <Li> `` Better Angels '' </Li> <Li> `` Beside the Dying Fire '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Seed '' </Li> <Li> `` Sick '' </Li> <Li> `` Walk with Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Killer Within '' </Li> <Li> `` Say the Word '' </Li> <Li> `` Hounded '' </Li> <Li> `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' </Li> <Li> `` Made to Suffer '' </Li> <Li> `` The Suicide King '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> <Li> `` I Ai n't a Judas '' </Li> <Li> `` Clear '' </Li> <Li> `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' </Li> <Li> `` Prey '' </Li> <Li> `` This Sorrowful Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome to the Tombs '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' </Li> <Li> `` Infected '' </Li> <Li> `` Isolation '' </Li> <Li> `` Indifference '' </Li> <Li> `` Internment '' </Li> <Li> `` Live Bait '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead Weight '' </Li> <Li> `` Too Far Gone '' </Li> <Li> `` After '' </Li> <Li> `` Inmates '' </Li> <Li> `` Claimed '' </Li> <Li> `` Still '' </Li> <Li> `` Alone '' </Li> <Li> `` The Grove '' </Li> <Li> `` Us '' </Li> <Li> `` A '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` No Sanctuary '' </Li> <Li> `` Strangers '' </Li> <Li> `` Four Walls and a Roof '' </Li> <Li> `` Slabtown '' </Li> <Li> `` Self Help '' </Li> <Li> `` Consumed '' </Li> <Li> `` Crossed '' </Li> <Li> `` Coda '' </Li> <Li> `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' </Li> <Li> `` Them '' </Li> <Li> `` The Distance '' </Li> <Li> `` Remember '' </Li> <Li> `` Forget '' </Li> <Li> `` Spend '' </Li> <Li> `` Try '' </Li> <Li> `` Conquer '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` First Time Again '' </Li> <Li> `` JSS '' </Li> <Li> `` Thank You '' </Li> <Li> `` Here 's Not Here '' </Li> <Li> `` Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Always Accountable '' </Li> <Li> `` Heads Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Start to Finish '' </Li> <Li> `` No Way Out '' </Li> <Li> `` The Next World '' </Li> <Li> `` Knots Untie '' </Li> <Li> `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' </Li> <Li> `` The Same Boat '' </Li> <Li> `` Twice as Far '' </Li> <Li> `` East '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Day on Earth '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' </Li> <Li> `` The Well '' </Li> <Li> `` The Cell '' </Li> <Li> `` Service '' </Li> <Li> `` Go Getters '' </Li> <Li> `` Swear '' </Li> <Li> `` Sing Me a Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Hearts Still Beating '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock in the Road '' </Li> <Li> `` New Best Friends '' </Li> <Li> `` Hostiles and Calamities '' </Li> <Li> `` Say Yes '' </Li> <Li> `` Bury Me Here '' </Li> <Li> `` The Other Side '' </Li> <Li> `` Something They Need '' </Li> <Li> `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mercy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Damned '' </Li> <Li> `` Monsters '' </Li> <Li> `` Some Guy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Big Scary U '' </Li> <Li> `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' </Li> <Li> `` Time for After '' </Li> <Li> `` How It 's Gotta Be '' </Li> <Li> `` Honor '' </Li> <Li> `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead or Alive Or '' </Li> <Li> `` The Key '' </Li> <Li> `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' </Li> <Li> `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' </Li> <Li> `` Worth '' </Li> <Li> `` Wrath '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Webisodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Torn Apart </Li> <Li> Cold Storage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> AMC original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1980s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Broken Trail ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Prisoner ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The American West ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Game of Arms ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> The Night Manager ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Rubicon ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Bad ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Humans ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> McMafia ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Preacher ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Son ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Terror ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Lodge 49 ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Frank Darabont </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buried Alive ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Green Mile ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Majestic ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Mist ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV series developed or created </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Walking Dead ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Mob City ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for The Walking Dead </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> People 's Choice Award for Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outlander ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Outlander ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> People 's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Drama </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pretty Little Liars ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Leverage ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Pretty Little Liars ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Bates Motel ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> American Horror Story ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Outlander ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> The West Wing </Dt> <Dd> Alan Alda </Dd> <Dd> Stockard Channing </Dd> <Dd> Kristin Chenoweth </Dd> <Dd> Dulé Hill </Dd> <Dd> Allison Janney </Dd> <Dd> Moira Kelly </Dd> <Dd> Rob Lowe </Dd> <Dd> Joshua Malina </Dd> <Dd> Mary McCormack </Dd> <Dd> Janel Moloney </Dd> <Dd> Richard Schiff </Dd> <Dd> Martin Sheen </Dd> <Dd> Jimmy Smits </Dd> <Dd> John Spencer </Dd> <Dd> Bradley Whitford </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Buffy the Vampire Slayer </Dt> <Dd> Amber Benson </Dd> <Dd> Marc Blucas </Dd> <Dd> David Boreanaz </Dd> <Dd> Nicholas Brendon </Dd> <Dd> Charisma Carpenter </Dd> <Dd> Emma Caulfield </Dd> <Dd> Sarah Michelle Gellar </Dd> <Dd> Seth Green </Dd> <Dd> Alyson Hannigan </Dd> <Dd> Anthony Stewart Head </Dd> <Dd> James Marsters </Dd> <Dd> Michelle Trachtenberg </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Rescue Me </Dt> <Dd> Denis Leary </Dd> <Dd> John Scurti </Dd> <Dd> Daniel Sunjata </Dd> <Dd> Mike Lombardi </Dd> <Dd> Steven Pasquale </Dd> <Dd> Andrea Roth </Dd> <Dd> Callie Thorne </Dd> <Dd> Adam Ferrara </Dd> <Dd> Larenz Tate </Dd> <Dd> James McCaffrey </Dd> <Dd> Dean Winters </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Grey 's Anatomy </Dt> <Dd> Justin Chambers </Dd> <Dd> Eric Dane </Dd> <Dd> Patrick Dempsey </Dd> <Dd> Katherine Heigl </Dd> <Dd> T.R. Knight </Dd> <Dd> Sandra Oh </Dd> <Dd> James Pickens Jr . </Dd> <Dd> Ellen Pompeo </Dd> <Dd> Sara Ramirez </Dd> <Dd> Kate Walsh </Dd> <Dd> Isaiah Washington </Dd> <Dd> Chandra Wilson </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Mad Men </Dt> <Dd> Bryan Batt </Dd> <Dd> Anne Dudek </Dd> <Dd> Michael Gladis </Dd> <Dd> Jon Hamm </Dd> <Dd> Christina Hendricks </Dd> <Dd> January Jones </Dd> <Dd> Vincent Kartheiser </Dd> <Dd> Robert Morse </Dd> <Dd> Elisabeth Moss </Dd> <Dd> Kiernan Shipka </Dd> <Dd> Maggie Siff </Dd> <Dd> John Slattery </Dd> <Dd> Rich Sommer </Dd> <Dd> Aaron Staton </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> True Blood </Dt> <Dd> Chris Bauer </Dd> <Dd> Mehcad Brooks </Dd> <Dd> Anna Camp </Dd> <Dd> Nelsan Ellis </Dd> <Dd> Michelle Forbes </Dd> <Dd> Mariana Klaveno </Dd> <Dd> Ryan Kwanten </Dd> <Dd> Todd Lowe </Dd> <Dd> Michael McMillian </Dd> <Dd> Stephen Moyer </Dd> <Dd> Anna Paquin </Dd> <Dd> Jim Parrack </Dd> <Dd> Carrie Preston </Dd> <Dd> William Sanderson </Dd> <Dd> Alexander Skarsgård </Dd> <Dd> Sam Trammell </Dd> <Dd> Rutina Wesley </Dd> <Dd> Deborah Ann Woll </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> The Walking Dead </Dt> <Dd> Andrew Lincoln </Dd> <Dd> Sarah Wayne Callies </Dd> <Dd> Laurie Holden </Dd> <Dd> Norman Reedus </Dd> <Dd> Steven Yeun </Dd> <Dd> Lauren Cohan </Dd> <Dd> Chandler Riggs </Dd> <Dd> Melissa McBride </Dd> <Dd> Scott Wilson </Dd> <Dd> Danai Gurira </Dd> <Dd> Michael Rooker </Dd> <Dd> David Morrissey </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Orange Is the New Black </Dt> <Dd> Taylor Schilling </Dd> <Dd> Laura Prepon </Dd> <Dd> Michael J. Harney </Dd> <Dd> Michelle Hurst </Dd> <Dd> Kate Mulgrew </Dd> <Dd> Jason Biggs </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> The Knick </Dt> <Dd> Clive Owen </Dd> <Dd> André Holland </Dd> <Dd> Jeremy Bobb </Dd> <Dd> Juliet Rylance </Dd> <Dd> Eve Hewson </Dd> <Dd> Michael Angarano </Dd> <Dd> Chris Sullivan </Dd> <Dd> Cara Seymour </Dd> <Dd> Eric Johnson </Dd> <Dd> David Fierro </Dd> <Dd> Maya Kazan </Dd> <Dd> Leon Addison Brown </Dd> <Dd> Grainger Hines </Dd> <Dd> Matt Frewer </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> American Crime </Dt> <Dd> Felicity Huffman </Dd> <Dd> Timothy Hutton </Dd> <Dd> W. Earl Brown </Dd> <Dd> Richard Cabral </Dd> <Dd> Regina King </Dd> <Dd> Caitlin Gerard </Dd> <Dd> Benito Martinez </Dd> <Dd> Penelope Ann Miller </Dd> <Dd> Elvis Nolasco </Dd> <Dd> Johnny Ortiz </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Outlander </Dt> <Dd> Caitriona Balfe </Dd> <Dd> Sam Heughan </Dd> <Dd> Tobias Menzies </Dd> <Dd> Lotte Verbeek </Dd> <Dd> Laura Donnelly </Dd> <Dd> Steven Cree </Dd> <Dd> Duncan Lacroix </Dd> <Dd> Grant O'Rourke </Dd> <Dd> Gary Lewis </Dd> <Dd> Graham McTavish </Dd> <Dd> Stephen Walters </Dd> <Dd> Simon Callow </Dd> <Dd> Nell Hudson </Dd> <Dd> Dominique Pinon </Dd> <Dd> Stanley Weber </Dd> <Dd> Richard Rankin </Dd> <Dd> Sophie Skelton </Dd> <Dd> Andrew Gower </Dd> <Dd> Rosie Day </Dd> <Dd> Clive Russell </Dd> <Dd> Frances de la Tour </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alien Nation : Millennium ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Alien Nation : Dark Horizon ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Who ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fail Safe ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Steven Spielberg Presents Taken ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Masters of Horror / The Triangle ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Family Guy ( `` Blue Harvest '' ) ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Torchwood : Children of Earth ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Breaking Bad ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Who : `` The Husbands of River Song ' '' ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Saturn Award for Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Outer Limits ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Outer Limits ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Babylon 5 ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Stargate SG - 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Half dollar ( United States coin ) - wikipedia <H1> Half dollar ( United States coin ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 2600 : 1 : b153 : 745c : 54fc : a786 : 3022 : 3cd ( talk ) at 22 : 38 , 15 August 2017 ( → Circulation : Removed a sentence that needed a citation for 3 years . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Revision as of 22 : 38 , 15 August 2017 by 2600 : 1 : b153 : 745c : 54fc : a786 : 3022 : 3cd ( talk ) ( → Circulation : Removed a sentence that needed a citation for 3 years . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search <Table> 50 - Cent Piece <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Value </Th> <Td> 0.50 U.S. dollar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mass </Th> <Td> 11.340 g ( 0.365 troy oz ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diameter </Th> <Td> 30.61 mm ( 1.205 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thickness </Th> <Td> 2.15 mm ( 0.085 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edge </Th> <Td> 150 reeds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composition </Th> <Td> 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years of minting </Th> <Td> 1794 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catalog number </Th> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Obverse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> John F. Kennedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Gilroy Roberts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design date </Th> <Td> 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Reverse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> Presidential Seal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Frank Gasparro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design date </Th> <Td> 1964 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States half dollar coin , sometimes referred to as the fifty - cent piece , is a United States coin worth 50 cents , one - half of a dollar , and is the second largest U.S. coin currently minted ( the Silver Eagle dollar coin is the largest ) , in both size and weight , being 1.205 inches ( 30.61 mm ) in diameter and . 085 inches ( 2.15 mm ) in thickness , and is twice the weight of the quarter . The current coin , the Kennedy half dollar , depicts the profile of President John F. Kennedy on the obverse and the Seal of the President of the United States on the reverse , but the design has undergone a number of changes throughout its history . It has been produced every year since the conception of the United States Mint in 1794 . The only other U.S. coin that has been minted as consistently is the cent . </P> <P> Though not commonly used today , half dollar coins have a long history of heavy use alongside other denominations of coinage , but have faded out of general circulation for many reasons . They were produced in fairly large quantities until the year 2002 , when the U.S. Mint ceased production of the coin for general circulation . As a result of its decreasing usage , a large amount of pre-2002 half dollars remain in Federal Reserve vaults , prompting the change in production . Presently , collector half dollars can be ordered straight from the U.S. Mint , and pre-2002 circulation half dollars may be ordered through most U.S. banks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Circulation </Li> <Li> 2 Aspects of early history </Li> <Li> 3 List of designs </Li> <Li> 4 List of early commemorative issues </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Circulation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Half dollar coins saw heavy use , particularly in the first half of the twentieth century . For many years , they were commonly used in casinos . Rolls of half dollars may still be kept on hand in cardrooms for games requiring 50 - cent antes or bring - in bets , for dealers to pay winning naturals in blackjack , or where the house collects a rake in increments . Additionally , some concession vendors at sporting events distribute half dollar coins as change for convenience . </P> <P> By the early 1960s , the rising price of silver was nearing the point where the bullion value of U.S. silver coins would exceed face value . In 1965 , the U.S. introduced layered composition coins made of a copper core laminated between two cupronickel outer faces . The silver content of dimes and quarters was eliminated , but the Kennedy half dollar composition still contained silver ( reduced from 90 to 40 percent ) from 1965 to 1970 . </P> <P> Half dollars issued through the end of the 1960s were hoarded as the only precious metal U.S. coins remaining in production , and as the price of silver continued to rise , pre-1964 halves disappeared from circulation as well . By the time that the coin 's composition was changed to match that of the clad dimes and quarters in 1971 , both businesses and the public had adapted to a country in which the half dollar did not generally circulate . The quarter took over the half 's role as the highest - value component of change . </P> <P> Most coins enter circulation through the change drawers of businesses . Few businesses stock their change drawers with half dollars , and many banks do not stock them or hand them out as normal business practice , so the coins do not see much circulation . Most U.S. vending machines do not accept half dollars , nor do payphones , which further curtails their circulation ; however , most sleight of hand magicians specializing in coin magic around the world prefer the half dollar for its size and weight , and it is the most common denomination used for U.S. commemorative coins . </P> <P> Since 2002 , half dollars have been minted only for collectors , due to large Federal Reserve and government inventories on hand of pre-2001 pieces ; this is mostly due to lack of demand and large quantity returns from casino slot machines that now operate `` coinless '' . If and when the reserve supply runs low , the mint will again fill orders for circulation half dollars . It took about 18 years ( 1981 -- 1999 ) for the large inventory stockpile of a similar low - demand circulation coin , the $1 coin , to reach reserve levels low enough to again produce circulation pieces . Modern - date half dollars can be purchased in proof sets , mint sets , rolls , and bags from the U.S. Mint , and existing inventory circulation pieces can be ordered through most U.S. banks . All collector issues since 2001 have had much lower mintages than in previous years . Although intended only for collectors , these post-2001 half dollars sometimes find their way into circulation . </P> <H2> Aspects of early history ( edit ) </H2> <P> On December 1 , 1794 , the first half dollars , approximately 5,300 pieces , were delivered . Another 18,000 were produced in January 1795 using dies of 1794 , to save the expense of making new ones . Another 30,000 pieces were struck by the end of 1801 . The coin had the Heraldic Eagle , based on the Great Seal of the United States on the reverse . 150,000 were minted in 1804 but struck with dies from 1803 , so no 1804 specimens exist . </P> <P> In 1838 , half dollar dies were produced in the Philadelphia Mint for the newly established New Orleans Mint , and ten test samples of the 1838 half dollars were made at the main Philadelphia mint . These samples were put into the mint safe along with other rarities like the 1804 silver dollar . The dies were then shipped to New Orleans for the regular production of 1838 half dollars . However , New Orleans production of the half dollars was delayed due to the priority of producing half dimes and dimes . The large press for half dollar production was not used in New Orleans until January 1839 to produce 1838 half dollars , but the reverse die could not be properly secured , and only ten samples were produced before the dies failed . Rufus Tyler , chief coiner of the New Orleans mint , wrote to Mint Director Patterson of the problem on February 25 , 1839 . The Orleans mint samples all had a double stamped reverse as a result of this production problem and they also showed dramatic signs of die rust , neither of which are present on the Philadelphia produced test samples . While eight Philadelphia minted samples survive to this day , there is only one known New Orleans minted specimen with the tell - tale double stamped reverse and die rust . This is the famous coin that Rufus Tyler presented to Alexander Dallas Bache ( great grandson of Benjamin Franklin ) in the summer of 1839 and was later purchased in June 1894 by A.G. Heaton , the father of mint mark coin collecting . The 1838 Philadelphia - produced half dollars are extremely rare , with two separate specimens having sold for $632,500 in Heritage auctions in 2005 and 2008 respectively . The sole surviving Orleans minted 1838 is one of the rarest of all American coins . In 1840 this mint produced nearly 180,000 half dollars . </P> <P> In 1861 , the New Orleans mint produced coins for three different governments . A total of 330,000 were struck under the United States government , 1,240,000 for the State of Louisiana after it seceded from the Union , and 962,633 after it joined the Confederacy . Since the same die was used for all strikings , the output looks identical . However the Confederate States of America actually minted four half dollars with a CSA ( rather than USA ) reverse and the obverse die they used had a small die crack . Thus `` regular '' 1861 half dollars with this crack probably were used by the Confederates for some of the mass striking . </P> <P> There are two varieties of Kennedy half dollars in the proof set issues of 1964 . Initially , the die was used with accented hair , showing deeper lines than the president 's widow , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , liked . New dyes were prepared to smooth out some of the details . It is estimated that about 1 to 3 % ( 40,000 to 100,000 ) of the proof halves are of the earlier type , making them somewhat more expensive for collectors . </P> <H2> List of designs ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Silver half dollars </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Flowing Hair 1794 -- 1795 </Li> <Li> Draped Bust 1796 -- 1807 <Ul> <Li> Draped Bust , Small Eagle 1796 -- 1797 </Li> <Li> Draped Bust , Heraldic Eagle 1801 -- 1807 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Capped Bust 1807 -- 1839 <Ul> <Li> Capped Bust ( Large Size ) , With Motto 1807 -- 1836 </Li> <Li> Capped Bust ( Small Size ) , No Motto 1836 -- 1839 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Seated Liberty 1839 -- 1891 <Ul> <Li> Seated Liberty , No Motto 1839 -- 1866 </Li> <Li> Seated Liberty , With Motto 1866 -- 1891 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Barber 1892 -- 1915 </Li> <Li> Walking Liberty 1916 -- 1947 </Li> <Li> Franklin 1948 -- 1963 </Li> <Li> Kennedy 1964 ( General circulation issue ) ( the last 90 % silver half dollar for circulation , contains 0.36169 oz . net silver per coin , or 7.234 oz . silver per roll ) </Li> <Li> Kennedy 1992 -- present ( silver proof sets available ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 40 % silver half dollars </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy 1965 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> Kennedy 1970 ( collectors sets only ) </Li> <Li> Kennedy 1976 ( only collectors sets produced with 40 % silver ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Copper - nickel clad half dollars </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy 1971 -- 1974 , 1977 -- 1986 , 1988 -- 2001 ( general circulation issues ) </Li> <Li> Kennedy 1987 , 2002 -- present ( collectors only ) </Li> <Li> Kennedy Bicentennial 1975 -- 1976 ( all dated 1776 -- 1976 . ) </Li> </Ul> Various half dollar designs </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> List of early commemorative issues ( edit ) </H2> See also : Early United States commemorative coins § 50 Cents Silver <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 1893 ) </Li> <Li> Panama -- Pacific half dollar ( 1915 ) </Li> <Li> Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Grant Memorial half dollar ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> United States Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Maryland Tercentenary half dollar ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Daniel Boone Bicentennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Arkansas Centennial half dollar ( 1935 -- 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Arkansas - Robinson half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> San Diego , California Pacific Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Old Spanish Trail half dollar ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Wisconsin Territorial Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Long Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> York County , Maine Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Bridgeport , Connecticut Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Albany Charter half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Columbia , South Carolina Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Delaware Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of Gettysburg half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Norfolk , Virginia Bicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Roanoke Island half dollar ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of Antietam half dollar ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> New Rochelle , New York half dollar ( 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Iowa Centennial half dollar ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Booker T. Washington Memorial half dollar ( 1946 -- 1954 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States Mint coin production </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. MINT Catalog </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` kennedy - half - dollars '' . United States Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HALF DOLLAR COIN TRICKS - COIN MAGIC MADE EASY COIN TRYX '' . www.cointryx.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USA Commemorative Half Dollars '' . www.commem.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Half Dollars Denver Coin Store . Web . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Julian , R.W. ( December 2006 ) . `` All About the Half Dollar '' . Numismatist Magazine . 119 ( 12 ) : 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Archives , general correspondence of the Philadelphia Mint box 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Treatise on coinage of The United States Branch Mints '' published 1893 / author Augustus Heaton </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Proof - 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Surprising History Of The 1838 - O Half Dollar '' published Jan 2012 by Ivy Press / David Stone and Mark Van Winkle authors Heritage </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Proof - 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The SS Republic Shipwreck Project : the Coin Collection , p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What exactly is an Accented Hair Kennedy ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1794 -- 95 Half Dollar Flowing Hair '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1796 -- 97 Half Dollar Draped Bust Small Eagle '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1801 -- 07 Half Dollar Draped Bust Heraldic Eagle '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1807 -- 36 Half Dollar Capped Bust Lettered Edge '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1836 -- 39 Half Dollar Capped Bust Reeded Edge '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1839 -- 66 Half Dollar Seated Liberty No Motto '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1866 -- 91 Half Dollar Seated Liberty With Motto '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1892 -- 1915 Half Dollar Barber '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1916 -- 47 Half Dollar Walking Liberty '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1948 -- 63 Half Dollar Franklin '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1964 -- Half Dollar Kennedy '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States currency and coinage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Federal Reserve System </Li> <Li> Federal Reserve Note </Li> <Li> U.S. dollar </Li> <Li> U.S. Mint <Ul> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> <Li> Denver </Li> <Li> West Point </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bureau of Engraving and Printing </Li> <Li> Mutilated currency </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current coinage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> penny ( 1 ¢ ) </Li> <Li> nickel ( 5 ¢ ) </Li> <Li> dime ( 10 ¢ ) </Li> <Li> quarter ( 25 ¢ ) </Li> <Li> half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) </Li> <Li> dollar ( $1 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bullion coinage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins </Li> <Li> American Buffalo </Li> <Li> American Gold Eagle </Li> <Li> American Platinum Eagle </Li> <Li> American Silver Eagle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current paper money </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> $1 </Li> <Li> $2 </Li> <Li> $5 </Li> <Li> $10 </Li> <Li> $20 </Li> <Li> $50 </Li> <Li> $100 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bicentennial coinage </Li> <Li> Commemoratives </Li> <Li> Early Commemoratives </Li> <Li> Modern Commemoratives </Li> <Li> Confederate dollar </Li> <Li> Large denominations </Li> <Li> Obsolete denominations </Li> <Li> Promotional fake denominations </Li> <Li> Counterfeit United States currency </Li> <Li> Mill </Li> <Li> Coin production </Li> <Li> In God We Trust </Li> <Li> E pluribus unum </Li> <Li> Annuit cœptis </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Replacement banknote </Li> <Li> Sales tax token </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Coinage of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cent ( 1 ¢ ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) </Li> <Li> Chain ( 1793 ) </Li> <Li> Wreath ( 1793 ) </Li> <Li> Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) </Li> <Li> Classic Head ( 1808 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Matron Head ( 1816 -- 39 ) </Li> <Li> Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ) </Li> <Li> Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 58 ) </Li> <Li> Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 1943 steel cent </Li> <Li> 1955 doubled die cent </Li> <Li> 1974 aluminum cent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 37 ) </Li> <Li> Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 73 ) </Li> <Li> Shield ( 1866 -- 83 ) </Li> <Li> Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Buffalo ( 1913 -- 38 ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dime ( 10 ¢ ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disme ( 1792 ) </Li> <Li> Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) </Li> <Li> Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 37 ) </Li> <Li> Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 91 ) </Li> <Li> Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Mercury ( 1916 -- 45 ) </Li> <Li> Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) </Li> <Li> Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 39 ) </Li> <Li> Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) </Li> <Li> Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 30 ) </Li> <Li> Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) </Li> <Li> Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 39 ) </Li> <Li> Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) </Li> <Li> Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) </Li> <Li> Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 47 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin ( 1948 -- 63 ) </Li> <Li> Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dollar ( $1 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) </Li> <Li> 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 60 ) </Li> <Li> Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 39 ) </Li> <Li> Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 73 ) </Li> <Li> Gold ( 1849 -- 89 ) </Li> <Li> Trade ( 1873 -- 85 ) </Li> <Li> Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Peace ( 1921 -- 35 ) </Li> <Li> Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 78 ) </Li> <Li> Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 81 ; 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Presidential ( 2007 -- 16 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gold </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) </Li> <Li> Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) </Li> <Li> Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) </Li> <Li> Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) </Li> <Li> Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) </Li> <Li> Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) </Li> <Li> Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 29 ) </Li> <Li> Gold eagle ( 1986 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) </Li> <Li> First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 16 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commemorative </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) </Li> <Li> McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) </Li> <Li> Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 39 ) </Li> <Li> Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 38 ) </Li> <Li> Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern ( 1982 -- present ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Patterns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) </Li> <Li> Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Half - union ( 1877 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) </Li> <Li> Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 73 ) </Li> <Li> Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) </Li> <Li> Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) </Li> <Li> Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) </Li> <Li> United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) </Li> <Li> Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) </Li> <Li> America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)&oldid=795698193 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Coins of the United States </Li> <Li> Fifty - cent coins </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 22 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Sallie Mae - wikipedia <H1> Sallie Mae </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> SLM Corporation <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trading name </Th> <Td> Sallie Mae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formerly called </Th> <Td> Student Loan Marketing Association </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Public , originally government - sponsored enterprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traded as </Th> <Td> NASDAQ : SLM S&P 400 Component </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Financial services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Newark , Delaware , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Raymond J. Quinlan ( CEO ) </Li> <Li> Steven J. McGarry ( CFO ) </Li> <Li> Laurent Lutz ( General Counsel ) </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Dale ( Chief Risk Officer ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Rocha ( Chief Marketing Officer ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Private student loans </Li> <Li> K - 12 education loans </Li> <Li> College savings plans Insurance Plans </Li> <Li> College Planning Tools </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating income </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US $334 million ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> US $417 million ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Net income </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US $578 million ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> US $462 million ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total assets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US $12.97 billion ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> US $10.71 billion ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total equity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US $1.8 billion ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> US $1.2 billion ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> salliemae.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> SLM Corporation ( commonly known as Sallie Mae ; originally the Student Loan Marketing Association ) is a publicly traded U.S. corporation that provides consumer banking . Its nature has changed dramatically since it was set up in 1973 . At first , it was a government entity that serviced federal education loans . It then became private and started offering private student loans , although at one point it had a contract to service federal loans . </P> <P> The company 's primary business is originating , servicing , and collecting private education loans . The company also provides college savings tools such as its Upromise Rewards business and online planning for college tools and resources . Sallie Mae previously originated federally guaranteed student loans originated under the Federal Family Education Loan Program ( FFELP ) . and worked as a servicer and collector of federal student loans on behalf of the Department of Education . The company now offers private education loans and manages more than $12.97 billion in assets . Sallie Mae employs 1,400 individuals at offices across the U.S. </P> <P> On April 30 , 2014 , Sallie Mae spun off its loan servicing operation and most of its loan portfolio into a separate , publicly traded entity called Navient Corporation . Navient is the largest servicer of federal student loans and acts as a collector on behalf of the Department of Education . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Corporate information </Li> <Li> 3 Corporate board </Li> <Li> 4 Social responsibility </Li> <Li> 5 Controversies </Li> <Li> 6 Subsidiaries </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Student Loan Marketing Association was originally created in 1972 as a government - sponsored enterprise ( GSE ) and began privatizing its operations in 1997 , a process it completed at the end of 2004 when Congress terminated its federal charter , ending its ties to the government . The company remains the country 's largest originator of federally insured student loans . Through its specialized subsidiaries and divisions , Sallie Mae also provides debt management services as well as business and technical products to a range of business clients , including colleges , universities and loan guarantors . </P> <P> In 2005 , Sallie Mae was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush . </P> <P> In August 2006 , Sallie Mae acquired Upromise , a company that provides rebates to buyers of certain brands , which can be applied to college savings accounts . Sallie Mae and Upromise plan to market comprehensive financial packages to parents and students , including investment plans , financial aid information , and student loans . </P> <P> On April 16 , 2007 , Sallie Mae announced that an investor group led by J.C. Flowers & Co. signed an agreement to purchase Sallie Mae for approximately $25 billion . Had the transaction completed , J.C. Flowers along with private - equity firm Friedman Fleischer & Lowe would have owned 50.2 % of Sallie Mae , and Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase would each have owned 24.9 % . Sallie Mae would have ceased to be a publicly traded company . The deal fell through in September 2007 , with the buyers blaming adverse changes to the business 's outlook as a result of the College Cost Reduction and Access Act of 2007 and the tightening of global credit markets following the 2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis . Sallie Mae subsequently began legal action , only to drop it in January 2008 upon completion of a $31 billion funding round , including funding from Bank of America . </P> <P> On April 6 , 2009 , Sallie Mae announced that it will move 2,000 jobs back to the U.S. within the next 18 months as it shifts call center and other operations from overseas . </P> <P> On March 31 , 2010 , Sallie Mae announced the impending layoff of 2,500 employees in response to the signing of new legislation calling for the federal government to lend directly to students , bypassing institutions like Sallie Mae . </P> <P> On July 1 , 2010 , Sallie Mae announced that it will be moving its headquarters from Reston , Virginia , to its existing facility in Newark , Delaware , in 2011 . </P> <P> On September 17 , 2010 , it was announced that Sallie Mae will acquire federally insured loans from Citigroup - owned Student Loan Corporation worth $28 billion . </P> <P> On Feb 25 , 2014 , Sallie Mae announced the new name for the student loan side which will be called `` Navient '' . </P> <H2> Corporate information ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Sallie Mae corporate headquarters is in Newark , Delaware . Sallie Mae has offices in Newton , Massachusetts ; Indianapolis , Indiana ; Salt Lake City , Utah ; and Reston , Virginia . </P> <H2> Corporate board ( edit ) </H2> <P> Raymond J. Quinlan is chairman of the Board of Directors . He joined the board in 2014 replacing previous chairman Anthony P. Terracciano -- formerly president of First Union Corporation ( now Wells Fargo ) . Quinlan is also the chief executive office of Sallie Mae . He took over as CEO when the company announced its strategic separation in May 2014 . Albert Lord held the positions of vice chairman and CEO until his retirement 2013 . Lord joined Sallie Mae in 1981 , took over as CEO in 1995 , and led the company 's privatization . On May 29 , 2013 , the board announced Jack Remondi as Lord 's successor . </P> <H2> Social Responsibility ( edit ) </H2> <P> Corporate Responsibility Officer has named Sallie Mae one of America 's `` 100 Best Corporate Citizens '' five times . Corporations ( over 1,100 are evaluated ) are selected according to community , governance , diversity , and environmental best business practices . </P> <P> Sallie Mae sponsors The Sallie Mae Fund , a charitable organization with a mission to increase access to higher education for America 's students by supporting and starting programs and initiatives that help open doors to higher education . The Sallie Mae Fund prepares families and students for college and provides scholarship funding that focuses on minority , low - income , and `` first in the family '' students . Since 2001 , The Sallie Mae Fund has awarded $10 million in scholarships to help 4,000 students enroll in college . </P> <P> Through The Fund 's work , Sallie Mae was named among BusinessWeek 's Top 15 Corporate Philanthropists in 2004 . The Washington Business Journal identified the company as the top local corporate philanthropist in 2005 . </P> <P> Sallie Mae won the Ron Brown Award for Corporate Leadership in 2006 . It was honored for three college - access programs developed by The Sallie Mae Fund : Latino College Access Campaign , Project Access : DC , and The Sallie Mae Fund Scholarship Programs . </P> <P> The Sallie Mae Fund earned the 2007 Insight Award for Customer Advocacy in Financial Services ( from Insight Forums , LLC ) . The award recognizes financial communications initiatives that proactively enable customers to make fully informed choices . </P> <P> In December 2010 , Kiplinger 's Personal Finance recognized Sallie Mae Bank as the Best Online Savings Account . </P> <P> In December 2011 , Kiplinger 's Personal Finance recognized Sallie Mae Bank as the Best Money Market Account . </P> <P> In December 2012 , Kiplinger 's Personal Finance recognized Sallie Mae Bank as `` the best place to stash cash . '' </P> <P> In December 2013 , Kiplinger 's Personal Finance recognized Sallie Mae Bank as the Best Savings Account . </P> <P> In 2014 , Sallie Mae was recognized as one of America 's healthiest banks by DepositAccounts.com . </P> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <P> A 60 Minutes segment ( originally aired May 7 , 2006 ) examined Sallie Mae , including its business practices . US Senator Elizabeth Warren , then a professor of law at Harvard Law School , an expert on bankruptcy and an outspoken critic of consumer lenders , questioned Sallie Mae 's dual role as lender and collector . </P> <P> In February 2007 , New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo launched an investigation into alleged deceptive lending practices by student loan providers , including The College Board , EduCap , Nelnet , Citibank , and Sallie Mae . On April 11 , 2007 , Cuomo ended his investigation of Sallie Mae and announced that Sallie Mae had voluntarily agreed to change its lending standards to satisfy a new code of conduct for student loan practices established by Cuomo , and to donate $2 million ( USD ) to a fund devoted to educating college - bound students about their loan options . </P> <P> On October 10 , 2007 , documents surfaced showing that Sallie Mae was attempting to use the Freedom of Information Act to force colleges to turn over students ' personal information . The university involved , the State University of New York system , is expected to decline the request and be forced to defend its position in court . </P> <P> In December 2007 , a class action lawsuit was brought against Sallie Mae in a Connecticut federal court alleging that the company discriminated against African American and Hispanic private student loan applicants by charging them high interest rates and fees . The lawsuit also alleged that Sallie Mae failed to properly disclose private student loan terms to unsuspecting students . New York Attorney General , Andrew Cuomo , raised similar concerns about possible student loan redlining in June 2007 . The lawsuit was settled and dismissed in 2011 . Under the terms of the settlement , Sallie Mae agreed to make a $500,000 donation to the United Negro College Fund and the attorneys for the plaintiffs received $1.8 million in attorneys ' fees . </P> <P> On January 31 , 2008 , SLM Corporation had a lawsuit for failing to adequately reserve for losses in Sallie Mae 's non-traditional portfolio and paid $35,000,000 for settlement . </P> <P> A False Claims suit was filed against Sallie Mae by former U.S. Department of Education researcher , Dr. Oberg . The suit alleges that Sallie Mae and other lenders deliberately overcharged the U.S. government . The findings by Oberg were labeled among higher education policy analysts as the 9.5 scandal . </P> <P> On February 20 , 2014 Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan 's office announced that an investigation into Sallie Mae 's debt collection practices and loan servicing practices had been opened . </P> <P> On November 9 , 2005 , former Sallie Mae employee Michael Zahara filed a federal lawsuit against the company , alleging that it had a pattern and practice of granting forbearance in a purposeful effort to increase total student loan debt . On October 29 , 2008 , permission was granted to his legal counsel to withdraw from the case , citing `` From counsel 's perspective , a breakdown in trust has resulted from the discovery that Relator has been arrested for extortion , the circumstances surrounding that arrest , and Relator 's failure to disclose the arrest to counsel . '' On March 12 , 2009 the court ruled `` dismissal without prejudice '' because `` the plaintiff has failed to obtain substitute counsel by the deadline . '' Zahara was seeking new counsel . </P> <H2> Subsidiaries ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sallie Mae Bank </Li> <Li> SLM Financial Corporation </Li> <Li> Upromise ( Acquired August 23 , 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Erudio Student Loans </Li> <Li> Navient </Li> <Li> USA Funds </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Year End Earnings ( 2014 ) Sallie Mae '' ( web ) . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Certificate of incorporation of SLM Corporation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reuters SLM Corp . Profile '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Finance SLM Corp . Profile '' . Yahoo Finance . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae Completes Strategic Separation . '' , March 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drinkard , Jim ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Donors get good seats , great access this week '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Financing the inauguration '' . USA Today . January 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Some question inaugural 's multi-million price tag '' . USA Today . 2005 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Investor group to buy Sallie Mae for $25 billion '' . Sallie Mae , Inc . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` College Cost Reduction and Access Act '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wighton , David ; Politi , James ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` JC Flowers team drops Sallie Mae bid '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae drops takeover lawsuit '' . BBC News . London : BBC . January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spalding , Tom ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Sallie Mae to add 2,000 jobs in U.S. '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chernenkoff , Kelly ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Sallie Mae Blames 2,500 Layoffs on Obama 's Student Loan Overhaul '' . FOX News . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilzenrath , David S. ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` Sallie Mae to move headquarters from Reston to Delaware , taking hundred of jobs '' . The Washington Post . Washington DC : WPC . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Citigroup quits student loan business '' . United Press International . September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae Selects Navient as Name For New Loan Management , Servicing , and Asset Recovery Company '' . Sallie Mae Online Newsroom . February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae Appoints Vice Chairman . '' , 2 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae Who We Are . '' , 2 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulholland , Sarah ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sallie Mae to Split Into Two Companies as Remondi Named CEO '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adler , Neil ( May 5 , 2005 ) . `` Sallie Mae tops philanthropy list '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae Simplifies Saving and Banking . '' , 13 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kiplinger Names Sallie Mae Best Money Market Account . '' , 13 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae Money Market Account Recognized Top Savings Option . '' , 13 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Best of Everything , 2013 . '' , 13 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schorn , Daniel ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Sallie Mae 's Success Too Costly ? '' . CBS News . New York : CBS . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boston Globe '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farrington , Robert ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` NelNet Student Loan Servicing Problems '' . The College Investor . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burd , Stephen ( October 9 , 2007 ) . `` Sallie Mae Demands SUNY Colleges Turn Over Students ' Personal Data '' . New America Foundation . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sasha Rodriguez & Cathelyn Gregoire on Behalf of All Persons Similarly Situated vs. Sallie Mae ( SLM ) Corporation '' ( PDF ) . New America Foundation . December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guess , Andy ( 2007 - 07 - 05 ) . `` ' Redlining ' or Reasonable Criterion ? '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SDSD District Version 1.3 '' . United States District Court for the District of Connecticut . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SDSD District Version 1.3 '' . United States District Court for the District of Connecticut . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SLM Corporation ( a / k / a Sallie Mae ) '' . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Field , Kelly ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Nelnet to Pay $55 - Million to Resolve Whistle - Blower Lawsuit '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 9.5 Scandal NewAmerica.net The 9.5 Scandal Archived June 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sallie Mae 's Student Lending , Collections Under Multistate Probe '' . Collections & Credit Risk . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States Of America ex-rel . Michael Zahara , vs. SLM Corporation et al . '' ( PDF ) . Student Loan Stories . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man jailed in extortion bid against candidate '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lawsuits Against Salle Mae '' . PBS . June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Schemo , Diana Jean ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` Private Loans Deepen a Crisis in Student Debt '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> `` College , Inc . '' . PBS FRONTLINE . May 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Bigda , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` What You Need To Know About Private Student Loan '' . Chicago Tribune . </Li> <Li> Mulholland , Sarah ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sallie Mae Names Education Unit Navient as Lender Splits in Two '' . Bloomberg . </Li> <Li> Seder , Andrew M. ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sallie Mae will split , become two companies '' . Associated Press . </Li> <Li> Carrns , Ann ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Sallie Mae Lowers Top Loan Rates for Graduate Students '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Simon , Ruth ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` New Options for Student - Loan Borrowers '' . Wall Street Journal . </Li> <Li> Gobel , Reyna ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Smart Ways to Mix Student Loans , College Savings '' . U.S. News & World Report . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> SallieMae Careers </Li> <Li> SallieMae.com </Li> <Li> The Sallie Mae Fund </Li> <Li> CollegeAnswer.com </Li> <Li> Be Debt Savvy </Li> <Li> Upromise </Li> <Li> 2Futuro </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Selected Companies of the NASDAQ Financial - 100 index </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> American National Insurance </Li> <Li> Arch Capital Group </Li> <Li> Argo Group </Li> <Li> Bank of the Ozarks </Li> <Li> Banner Corp . </Li> <Li> BGC Partners </Li> <Li> Blackhawk Network Holdings </Li> <Li> BofI Holding </Li> <Li> BOK Financial Corporation </Li> <Li> Capitol Federal Savings Bank </Li> <Li> Cathay General Bancorp </Li> <Li> CBOE Holdings </Li> <Li> Chemical Financial </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Financial </Li> <Li> CME Group </Li> <Li> Colliers International </Li> <Li> Commerce Bancshares </Li> <Li> CyrusOne </Li> <Li> E * Trade </Li> <Li> East West Bank </Li> <Li> Equinix </Li> <Li> Erie Insurance </Li> <Li> Fifth Third </Li> <Li> First Citizens BancShares </Li> <Li> First Financial Bancorp </Li> <Li> First Hawaiian Bank </Li> <Li> First Midwest Bancorp </Li> <Li> Fulton Financial Corporation </Li> <Li> Gaming & Leisure </Li> <Li> Glacier Bancorp </Li> <Li> Hancock Bank </Li> <Li> HealthEquity </Li> <Li> Huntington Bancshares </Li> <Li> IberiaBank </Li> <Li> IHS Markit </Li> <Li> Independent Bank </Li> <Li> Interactive Brokers </Li> <Li> International Bancshares </Li> <Li> Investors Bank </Li> <Li> Lamar Advertising </Li> <Li> Liberty Broadband </Li> <Li> Liberty TripAdvisor </Li> <Li> LPL Financial </Li> <Li> Nasdaq , Inc . </Li> <Li> National General </Li> <Li> Navient </Li> <Li> NBT Bank </Li> <Li> Northern Trust </Li> <Li> Northwest Bancorp </Li> <Li> Old National Bank </Li> <Li> PacWest Bancorp </Li> <Li> People 's United Financial </Li> <Li> Pinnacle Financial Partners </Li> <Li> Popular , Inc . </Li> <Li> Potlatch Corp . </Li> <Li> PRA Group </Li> <Li> Renasant Bank </Li> <Li> SEI Investments </Li> <Li> Selective Insurance </Li> <Li> Signature Bank </Li> <Li> Simmons Bank </Li> <Li> SLM Corporation </Li> <Li> SVB Financial </Li> <Li> T. Rowe Price </Li> <Li> TD Ameritrade </Li> <Li> UMB Financial </Li> <Li> Umpqua Holdings </Li> <Li> United Bankshares </Li> <Li> United Community Banks </Li> <Li> Washington Federal </Li> <Li> Westamerica Bank </Li> <Li> Willis Towers Watson </Li> <Li> Wintrust Financial </Li> <Li> WisdomTree Investments </Li> <Li> Zillow </Li> <Li> Zions Bancorporation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sallie_Mae&oldid=800055420 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Companies in the NASDAQ Financial - 100 Index </Li> <Li> Companies based in Reston , Virginia </Li> <Li> Companies established in 1972 </Li> <Li> Student financial aid </Li> <Li> Financial services companies of the United States </Li> <Li> Education finance in the United States </Li> <Li> Companies listed on NASDAQ </Li> <Li> 1972 establishments in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 08 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Knit cap - wikipedia <H1> Knit cap </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the knit cap also known as a `` beanie '' or `` tuque '' , among other names . For the head - hugging cap made of cloth panels , also known as a `` skully '' , see Beanie ( seamed cap ) . For other uses , see Beanie . `` Tuque '' redirects here . For the traditional chef 's headgear , see Toque . For the Canadian city , see La Tuque , Quebec . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Woman wearing a modern red knit cap <P> A knit cap , originally of wool ( though now often of synthetic fibers ) is designed to provide warmth in cold weather . Typically , the knit cap is of simple , tapering constructions , though many variants exist . Historically , the wool knit cap was an extremely common form of headgear for seamen , fishers , hunters and others spending their working day outdoors from the 18th century and forward , and is still commonly used for this purpose in Canada , Scandinavia and other cold regions of the world . Being found all over the world where climate demands a warm hat , the knit cap can be found under a multitude of local names . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Construction </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Balaclava </Li> <Li> 2.2 Scandinavian tophue </Li> <Li> 2.3 Canadian tuque or toque </Li> <Li> 2.4 British bobble hat </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 4 Other names </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Construction ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most knit caps are tapered at the top . The stretch of the knitting itself hugs the head , keeping the cap secure . They are sometimes topped with a pom - pom or loose tassels . Knit caps may have a folded brim , or none , and may be worn tightly fitting the head or loose on top . A South American tradition from the Andes Mountains is for the cap to have ear flaps , with strings for tying under the chin . A special type of cap called a balaclava folds down over the head with openings for just the face or for the eyes or mouth only . </P> <P> Some modern variants are constructed as a parallel sided tube , with a draw - string closure at one end . This version can be worn as a neck - warmer with the draw - string loose and open , or as a hat with the draw - string pulled tight and closed . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Balaclava ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Balaclava ( clothing ) <P> The pull - down knit cap was known in the army of the British Empire as an Uhlan cap or a Templar cap . During the Crimean War , handmade pull - down caps were sent over to the British troops to help protect them from the bitter cold weather before or after the battle of Balaclava . The cap became popularly known a Balaclava helmet or just balaclava among the soldiers . </P> <H3> Scandinavian tophue ( edit ) </H3> Danish farmer wearing traditional clothing , including red tophue <P> In Scandinavia , caps resembling a typical knit cap with a pom - pom has been in use since the Viking period and possibly earlier . The term ( Danish tophue , Norwegian topplue , Swedish toppluva ) means `` top cap '' , and refers to the pom - pom . The Rällinge statuette , depicting Viking fertility god Freyr shows him wearing a pointed cap with pom - pom . </P> <P> Early caps were probably sewn or made with nålebinding , but were knitted from the 17th century onwards , when knitting became known in Scandinavia . Inspired by the phrygian cap of the French revolution , it became largely ubiquitous during the 18th and 19th century . It is still found in many of the Scandinavian folk costumes for men . </P> <H3> Canadian tuque or toque ( edit ) </H3> <P> The precursor to the modern tuque was a small , round , close - fitting hat , brimless or with a small brim known as a Monmouth cap . In the 12th and 13th centuries , women wore embroidered `` toques '' , made of velvet , satin , or taffeta , on top of their head - veils . In the late 16th century , brimless , black velvet toques were popular with men and women . Throughout the 19th century , women wore toques , often small , trimmed with fur , lace , bows , flowers , or leaves . </P> <P> The term tuque is French Canadian . Some etymologists think it probably comes from an Old Spanish word ( toca ) for a type of headdress -- specifically , a soft , close - fitting cap worn about 500 years ago . </P> <P> The word tuque is similarly related to the name of the chef 's toque , an alternate spelling from Middle Breton , the language spoken by Breton immigrants at the founding of New France . In Modern Breton , it is spelled tok , and it just means `` hat '' . In Old Breton , it was spelled toc . </P> <P> The tuque is similar to the Phrygian cap , and , as such , during the 1837 Patriotes Rebellion , a red tuque became a symbol of French - Canadian nationalism . The symbol was revived briefly by the Front de libération du Québec in the 1960s . It is considered outerwear and is not commonly worn indoors . </P> <P> In Canadian English , knit caps are also known as a tuque ( pronounced / tuːk / ; also spelled touque or toque ) , a word closely related to the French word toque , originally referring to a traditional headwear and now used for a type of chef 's hat ( short for toque blanche , meaning `` white hat '' ) . Toque is also commonly used across northern New England as well , especially among the working class . </P> <P> The word is also occasionally spelled touque . Although this is not considered a standard spelling by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary , some informal media polls have suggested that it is the preferred spelling by many Canadians . </P> <P> In some sections of Canada , a tuque with a brim on it , commonly worn by snowboarders , is nicknamed a bruque ( a brimmed tuque ) . </P> <H3> British bobble hat ( edit ) </H3> A bobble hat <P> A bobble hat or bobble cap is a knit cap that has a yarn `` bobble '' or pom - pom upon its top . It is similar to a watch cap ; however , such a tuque does not have a bobble on its top . </P> <P> Bobble hats were traditionally considered utilitarian cold - weather wear . In the early 21st century they were considered popular only with geeks and nerds . A surprise rise in popularity , driven initially by the Geek - Chic trend saw them become a fashionable and , with a real fur bobble , luxury designer item . </P> <P> In the late 20th century , in the United Kingdom they ( like the anorak ) were associated with utilitarian unfashionability or with older football supporters , as they had been popular in club colours during the 1960s and 1970s . Along with the pin - on rosette and the football scarf , the bobble hat was seen as traditional or old - fashioned British working - class football regalia . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> U2 guitarist The Edge wearing a knit cap Scandinavian tomte with typical knit cap , Hans Gude 1896 <P> Knit caps are common in cold climates , and are worn worldwide in various forms . They have become the common headgear for stereotypical dockworkers and sailors in movies and television . Bill Murray wore this type of hat in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou , possibly as a parody of the red tuque ( or Phrygian cap ) worn by Jacques Cousteau . </P> <P> Famous media characters to sport a knit cap are the SCTV characters Bob and Doug McKenzie . Michael Nesmith of The Monkees also wore this hat in his television series , as did Jay in the films of the View Askewniverse , Robert Clothier 's character `` Relic '' in the long - running Canadian TV series The Beachcombers , and Hanna - Barbera 's character Loopy de Loop wore a knit cap as well . Michael Parks wore one as James `` Jim '' Bronson in the popular series `` Then Came Bronson '' . Robert Conrad also had worn one in his role of coureur des bois in the epic TV series Centennial . Bruce Weitz 's character Mick Belker wore this hat throughout almost every episode of Hill Street Blues . </P> <P> Characters in the animated series South Park , including Eric Cartman and Stan Marsh , usually wear knit caps . Jayne Cobb from the TV series Firefly wore an orange sherpa knitted and sent him by his mother in the episode `` The Message '' . The character Compo on the British TV show Last of the Summer Wine is almost always seen wearing a knit cap . </P> <P> The guitarist for the Irish band U2 , The Edge , is also known for wearing a knit cap while performing , or during interviews . Tom Delonge , former guitarist and vocalist of the pop punk band Blink - 182 is also known to wear a knit cap during live performances . Rob Caggiano , music producer and former guitarist for thrash metal band Anthrax , is often seen wearing a black one . Lee Hartney from The Smith Street Band is regularly seen in a black knit cap , even during an Australian summer . Canadian Daniel Powter also wore a blue knit cap during the music video for `` Bad Day '' . Knit caps are also worn commonly by hip hop artists . Masao Inaba from Revelations : Persona wears one . </P> <P> Toronto Maple Leafs goalie Jonathan Bernier wore a toque over his helmet during the sixth annual National Hockey League Winter Classic on January 1 , 2014 . </P> <P> One of the more notable wearers of the tuque was Jacques Plante , the Hall of Fame goaltender for the Montreal Canadiens ice hockey team throughout the 1950s . During the 2003 Heritage Classic game ( which was played at temperatures below − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) ) , another Canadiens goaltender , José Théodore , wore a tuque on top of his goalie mask . </P> <P> A 1984 Québécois film about an enormous snowball fight has the French title La guerre des tuques ( The War of the Tuques ) . A town in Quebec is known as La Tuque , named after a nearby hill that resembles a tuque . </P> <P> During the 2000s and 2010s , the bobble hat remains popular among many celebrities , including American rapper Eminem and Dappy from British - Cypriot group N - Dubz . </P> <P> Santa Claus is often shown with a knitted cap or a sewn cap following the typical Scandinavian style knitted cap with a pom - pom , a trait he has inherited from the Germanic / Scandinavian tradition . The Scandinavian tomte is likewise usually depicted with a red knitted cap , such a cap is also used as a national symbol ( sometimes negatively ) in Norway . </P> <H2> Other names ( edit ) </H2> German fisherman in 1963 wearing a knit cap Knit hats with animal themes <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Other names for knit caps include : sock hat , knit hat , poof ball hat , bonnet , sock cap , stocking cap , tossel cap , `` skull cap '' , ski hat , toboggan ( Southern American English ) , burglar beanie , watch cap ( American English ) , woolly hat , snookie , sugan , or chook . </P> <P> In parts of the English - speaking world , this type of knitted hat is traditionally called a `` beanie '' , but in parts of Canada and the US , the word `` beanie '' is used to denote a completely different , less floppy , cap that is not knitted , but rather made up of joined panels of felt , twill , or other tightly woven cloth ( see Beanie ( seamed cap ) ) . </P> <P> A knit cap is commonly referred to as a `` watch cap '' by members of the United States military , as it is the head gear worn while `` standing watch '' on a ship or guard post . The term `` snookie cap '' is also frequently used in the US military . </P> <P> A knit cap with ear flaps is often called a bobble hat , toboggan , or sherpa . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuques . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up knit cap in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up watch cap in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Animal hat </Li> <Li> Balaclava ( clothing ) </Li> <Li> Barretina </Li> <Li> Beanie ( seamed cap ) </Li> <Li> Bonnet ( headgear ) </Li> <Li> Chullo </Li> <Li> Do - rag </Li> <Li> Monmouth cap </Li> <Li> Phrygian cap </Li> <Li> Cap </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Shepherd , John ( 1991 ) . The Crimean Doctors : A History of the British Medical Services in the Crimean War . 1 . Liverpool University Press . pp. 296 -- 306 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Figes , Orlando ( 2012 ) . The Crimean War : a history ( 1st Picador ed . ) . New York : Picador . p. 304 . ISBN 1250002524 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swedish Museum of National Antiquities inventory number 14232 . Viewable online : ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flaten , Lillill Thuve ; foto : Morten ( 1998 ) . Norske luer . Oslo : Orion . ISBN 8245803243 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of the Tuque ( archived ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An image of an 1837 Patriote in a Phrygian cap can be seen in images of the published FLQ manifesto , for instance at youtube.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barber , Katherine , ed. ( 2004 ) . Canadian Oxford Dictionary , second edition . Toronto , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 541816 - 6 . -- `` Toque '' is a main headword , `` tuque '' considered a variant spelling , `` touque '' does not appear . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thousands vote on correct spelling of Canadian knit cap '' . CBC News . CBC News . December 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toque , tuque , bruque : What 's the difference ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/so-big-and-bold-you-cant-miss-it-the-bobble-hat-is-back-on-top-sq77gqg8ps9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Showing a lot of bobble . Danny Kelly , The Times . January 2 , 2006 A recent columnist reminisced about attending a football match in 1969 : `` My Mum had knitted My New Hat . It was a navy blue and white striped bobble hat , quite like a million others worn by football fans everywhere . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Murphy , John Williams , Eric Dunning . Football on Trial : Spectator Violence and Development in the Football World . Routledge , 1990 ISBN 0 - 415 - 05023 - 5 p. 154 . Football casuals are described as avoiding older fans , who are described as the `` bobble hat and scarf brigade '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Guerre des Tuques ( 1984 ) at IMDB </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 2014 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Would you wear these trends ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dappy wearing beanie </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thaule , J. ( 2014 ) . `` Hvem eier symbolene , Norge under Solkorsbanneret '' . Bibliotheca Nova . 1 : 86 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hats </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albanian </Li> <Li> Animal </Li> <Li> Anthony Eden </Li> <Li> Apex </Li> <Li> Arakhchin </Li> <Li> Ascot </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> Aso Oke </Li> <Li> Assamese </Li> <Li> Attifet </Li> <Li> Aviator </Li> <Li> Ayam </Li> <Li> Baggy green </Li> <Li> Barretina </Li> <Li> Baseball </Li> <Li> Beanie </Li> <Li> Bearskin </Li> <Li> Beaver </Li> <Li> Bell - boy </Li> <Li> Beonggeoji </Li> <Li> Beret </Li> <Li> Bergère </Li> <Li> Bhaad - gaaule topi </Li> <Li> Bicorne </Li> <Li> Bicycle </Li> <Li> Black </Li> <Li> Blangkon </Li> <Li> Boater </Li> <Li> Bobble </Li> <Li> Bokgeon </Li> <Li> Boonie </Li> <Li> Boss of the Plains </Li> <Li> Bowler </Li> <Li> Boyar </Li> <Li> Breton </Li> <Li> Bucket </Li> <Li> Budenovka </Li> <Li> Busby </Li> <Li> Bycocket </Li> <Li> Cabbage - tree </Li> <Li> Camauro </Li> <Li> Campaign </Li> <Li> Canadian military fur wedge </Li> <Li> Canterbury </Li> <Li> Cap </Li> <Li> Cap of Maintenance </Li> <Li> Capirote </Li> <Li> Capotain </Li> <Li> Cappello Alpino </Li> <Li> Cappello romano </Li> <Li> Capuchon </Li> <Li> Cartwheel </Li> <Li> Casquette </Li> <Li> Casquette d'Afrique </Li> <Li> Caubeen </Li> <Li> Cavalier </Li> <Li> Cavalry Stetson </Li> <Li> Chapeau </Li> <Li> Chengziguan </Li> <Li> Chilote </Li> <Li> Chullo </Li> <Li> Chupalla </Li> <Li> Cloche </Li> <Li> Coal scuttle bonnet </Li> <Li> Cockade </Li> <Li> Cocktail </Li> <Li> Coif </Li> <Li> Coloured </Li> <Li> Coonskin </Li> <Li> Coppola </Li> <Li> Cork </Li> <Li> Cowboy </Li> <Li> Cricket </Li> <Li> Czapka </Li> <Li> Deerstalker </Li> <Li> Dhaka topi </Li> <Li> Doctoral </Li> <Li> Doll </Li> <Li> Dolly Varden </Li> <Li> Doppa </Li> <Li> Draped turban </Li> <Li> Dunce </Li> <Li> Easter bonnet </Li> <Li> Energy dome </Li> <Li> Epanokalimavkion </Li> <Li> Eugénie </Li> <Li> Faluche </Li> <Li> Fascinator </Li> <Li> Fedora </Li> <Li> Fez </Li> <Li> Flat </Li> <Li> Fontange </Li> <Li> Forage </Li> <Li> Four Winds </Li> <Li> French hood </Li> <Li> Fruit </Li> <Li> Fulani </Li> <Li> Gandhi </Li> <Li> Gat </Li> <Li> Glengarry </Li> <Li> Greek fisherman 's </Li> <Li> Green eyeshade </Li> <Li> Half </Li> <Li> Halo </Li> <Li> Hard </Li> <Li> Hardee </Li> <Li> Hennin </Li> <Li> Homburg </Li> <Li> Jaapi </Li> <Li> Jewish </Li> <Li> Jobawi </Li> <Li> Juliet </Li> <Li> Kalimavkion </Li> <Li> Kalpak </Li> <Li> Karakul </Li> <Li> Karvalakki </Li> <Li> Kasa </Li> <Li> Kashket </Li> <Li> Kasket </Li> <Li> Kausia </Li> <Li> Kepi </Li> <Li> Klobuk </Li> <Li> Knit cap </Li> <Li> Kofia </Li> <Li> Kokoshnik </Li> <Li> Kolpik </Li> <Li> Koukoulion </Li> <Li> Kufi </Li> <Li> Lampshade </Li> <Li> Lika </Li> <Li> Mantilla </Li> <Li> Miner 's </Li> <Li> Ming </Li> <Li> Mob </Li> <Li> Modius </Li> <Li> Monmouth </Li> <Li> Montenegrin </Li> <Li> Montera picona </Li> <Li> Mooskappe </Li> <Li> Mounteere </Li> <Li> Mushroom </Li> <Li> Nambawi </Li> <Li> Newsboy </Li> <Li> Nón quai thao </Li> <Li> Nurse 's </Li> <Li> Paag </Li> <Li> Pahlavi </Li> <Li> Pakol </Li> <Li> Pamela </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Papakha </Li> <Li> Party </Li> <Li> Patrol </Li> <Li> Peach basket </Li> <Li> Peaked </Li> <Li> Petasos </Li> <Li> Phrygian </Li> <Li> Picture </Li> <Li> Pileus </Li> <Li> Pilgrim 's </Li> <Li> Pillbox </Li> <Li> Pith helmet </Li> <Li> Poke bonnet </Li> <Li> Pork pie </Li> <Li> Printer 's </Li> <Li> Pudding </Li> <Li> Pungcha </Li> <Li> Qeleshe </Li> <Li> Qing </Li> <Li> Rally </Li> <Li> Rastacap </Li> <Li> Red beret </Li> <Li> Rice </Li> <Li> Rogatywka </Li> <Li> Sailor </Li> <Li> Šajkača </Li> <Li> Salako </Li> <Li> Salakot </Li> <Li> Salvation Army bonnet </Li> <Li> Scrum </Li> <Li> Senufo Bird </Li> <Li> Shako </Li> <Li> Shower </Li> <Li> Shtreimel </Li> <Li> Šibenik </Li> <Li> Side </Li> <Li> Sindhi </Li> <Li> Ski </Li> <Li> Skufia </Li> <Li> Slouch </Li> <Li> Smoking 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<Li> Plume </Li> <Li> Sarpech </Li> <Li> Visor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hat accessories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hat box </Li> <Li> Hatpin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knit_cap&oldid=837206435 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Canadian culture </Li> <Li> Caps </Li> <Li> Canadian fashion </Li> <Li> American fashion </Li> <Li> Winter clothes </Li> <Li> 19th - century fashion </Li> <Li> 20th - century fashion </Li> <Li> 21st - century fashion </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2015 </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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A Nightmare on Elm Street ( franchise ) - wikipedia <H1> A Nightmare on Elm Street ( franchise ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> A Nightmare on Elm Street </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover art for 1999 DVD box set </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Wes Craven </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original work </Th> <Td> A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Print publications </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novel ( s ) </Th> <Td> List of novels </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> List of comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Films and television </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film ( s ) </Th> <Td> List of films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> Freddy 's Nightmares ( 1988 -- 90 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video game ( s ) </Th> <Td> List of video games </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Nightmare on Elm Street is an American horror franchise that consists of nine slasher films , a television series , novels , and comic books . The franchise began with the film A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) created by Wes Craven . The franchise revolves around the fictional character Freddy Krueger , a former child killer who after being burned alive by the vengeful parents of his victims , returns from the grave to terrorize and kill the teenage residents of Springwood , Ohio in their dreams . The original film was written and directed by Craven , who returned to co-script the second sequel , A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) , and to write and direct New Nightmare ( 1994 ) . The films collectively grossed over $457 million at the box - office worldwide . </P> <P> The original film was released in 1984 . A series of sequels produced by the independent film company New Line Cinema followed . New Line often attributes the growth of their company to the success of the Nightmare franchise . The film series as a whole has received mixed reviews by critics , but has been a financial success at the box office . When comparing the United States box office grosses of other American horror film series , A Nightmare on Elm Street is the second highest grossing franchise in adjusted US dollars . In 1988 , a television series was produced with Freddy as the host . The pilot episode focused on the night Freddy was burned alive by the angry parents of the children he had killed , though the rest of the series featured episodes with independent plots . Twelve novels , separate from the adaptations of the films , and multiple comic book series were published featuring Freddy Krueger , as well as a crossover film featuring fellow horror icon Jason Voorhees from the Friday the 13th franchise . A Remake of the 1984 film was released in 2010 , and a second remake is currently being planned . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Films <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Overview </Li> <Li> 1.2 Development </Li> <Li> 1.3 Box office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Documentary </Li> <Li> 3 Television </Li> <Li> 4 Literature <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Novels </Li> <Li> 4.2 Comic books </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Merchandise <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Films ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> Director </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> Producer ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Wes Craven </Td> <Td> Robert Shaye </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Revenge ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> Jack Sholder </Td> <Td> David Chaskin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) </Td> <Td> Chuck Russell </Td> <Td> Screenplay by : Wes Craven & Bruce Wagner and Chuck Russell & Frank Darabont Story by : Wes Craven & Bruce Wagner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> Renny Harlin </Td> <Td> Screenplay by : Brian Helgeland and Jim Wheat & Ken Wheat Story by : William Kotzwinkle and Brian Helgeland </Td> <Td> Robert Shaye and Rachel Talalay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> Stephen Hopkins </Td> <Td> Screenplay by : Leslie Bohem Story by : John Skipp & Craig Spector and Leslie Bohem </Td> <Td> Robert Shaye and Rupert Harvey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> Rachel Talalay </Td> <Td> Screenplay by : Michael De Luca Story by : Rachel Talalay </Td> <Td> Robert Shaye and Aron Warner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wes Craven 's New Nightmare ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Wes Craven </Td> <Td> Marianne Maddalena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) </Td> <Td> Ronny Yu </Td> <Td> Damian Shannon & Mark Swift </Td> <Td> Sean S. Cunningham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> Samuel Bayer </Td> <Td> Screenplay by : Wesley Strick and Eric Heisserer Story by : Wesley Strick </Td> <Td> Michael Bay , Andrew Form and Brad Fuller </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Overview ( edit ) </H3> <P> The original film , written and directed by Wes Craven and titled A Nightmare on Elm Street , was released in 1984 . The story focuses on Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) attacking Nancy Thompson ( Heather Langenkamp ) and her friends in their dreams , successfully killing all but Nancy , in fictional Springwood , Ohio . Krueger 's back - story is revealed by Nancy 's mother , Marge , who explains he was a child murderer . The parents of Springwood killed Krueger after he was acquitted on a technicality . Nancy defeats Freddy by pulling him from the dream world and stripping him of his powers when she stops being afraid of him . Freddy returns to attack the new family , the Walshes , living in Nancy Thompson 's house in 1985 's A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Revenge . Freddy possesses the body of Jesse Walsh ( Mark Patton ) , using him to kill . Jesse is temporarily saved by his girlfriend Lisa ( Kim Myers ) , who helps him exorcise Krueger 's spirit . </P> <P> Wes Craven returned to write A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors , released in 1987 . In the second sequel , Freddy is systematically killing the last of the Elm Street children . The few remaining children have been placed in Westin Hills Mental Institution , for allegedly attempting suicide . Nancy Thompson arrives at Westin Hills as a new intern , and realizes the children are being killed by Freddy . With the help of Dr. Neil Gordon ( Craig Wasson ) , Nancy helps Kristen ( Patricia Arquette ) , Joey ( Rodney Eastman ) , Taryn ( Jennifer Rubin ) , Kincaid ( Ken Sagoes ) , and Will ( Ira Heiden ) find their dream powers , so they can kill Freddy once and for all . Neil , unknowingly until the end , meets the spirit of Freddy 's mother , Amanda Krueger ( Nan Martin ) , who instructs him to bury Freddy 's remains in hallowed ground in order to stop him for good . Neil completes his task , but not before Freddy kills Nancy . </P> <P> The story of Kristen Parker would continue with 1988 's A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master . This time , Kristen ( Tuesday Knight ) unwittingly releases Freddy , who immediately kills Kincaid and Joey . Before Freddy can kill Kristen , she transfers her dream powers to Alice ( Lisa Wilcox ) , a friend from school . Alice begins inadvertently providing victims for Freddy when she begins pulling people into her dreams while she sleeps . Alice , who begins taking on traits of the friends who were murdered , confronts Freddy . She uses the power of the Dream Master to release all the souls Freddy has taken ; they subsequently rip themselves from Freddy 's body , killing him in the process . </P> <P> Picking up shortly after the events of The Dream Master , A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child involves Freddy using Alice 's unborn child , Jacob ( Whitby Hertford ) , to resurrect himself and find new victims . The spirit of Amanda Krueger ( Beatrice Boepple ) returns , revealing that Freddy was conceived when she , a nun working in a mental asylum , was accidentally locked in a room with `` 100 maniacs '' and raped `` hundreds of times '' . Amanda Krueger convinces Jacob to use the powers he was given by Freddy against him , which gives her the chance to subdue Freddy long enough for Alice and Jacob to escape the dream world . </P> <P> 1991 's Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare followed the exploits of `` John Doe '' ( Shon Greenblatt ) , an amnesiac teenager from Springwood , who was sent out to find Freddy 's daughter Maggie ( Lisa Zane ) , whom he needs to leave Springwood . Freddy 's goal is to create new `` Elm Streets '' , and begin a new killing spree after having killed all of the children in Springwood . Maggie , utilizing new dream techniques , uncovers Krueger 's past , which include : being taunted by schoolmates for being the `` son of 100 maniacs '' , being cruel to animals , beaten by his stepfather , the murder of his own wife when she discovers he has been killing children , and the moment when the Dream Demons arrive in his boiler room to make him the offer of eternal life . Eventually , Maggie pulls Freddy out of the dream world , and uses a pipe bomb to blow him up . </P> <P> Wes Craven returned to the Nightmare series a third time with New Nightmare in 1994 . This film focuses on a fictional `` reality '' , where Craven , Langenkamp , and Englund all play themselves , and where the character of Freddy Krueger is really an evil entity that has been trapped in the realm of fiction by all the movies that have been made . Since the movies have stopped , the entity , which likes being Freddy Krueger , is trying to escape into the real world . The only person in its way is Heather Langenkamp , whom the entity sees as `` Nancy '' -- the first person who defeated him . Craven explains to Langenkamp the only way to keep the entity contained is for her to `` play Nancy one last time '' . Langenkamp pursues `` Krueger '' , who has kidnapped her son , into the dream world as `` Nancy '' . There , she and her son trap Krueger in a furnace until he is finally destroyed . In 2003 , New Line pitted Friday the 13th 's Jason Voorhees against Freddy Krueger . The film , Freddy vs. Jason , explains that Freddy Krueger has grown weak as people in Springwood , his home , have suppressed their fear of him . Freddy , who is impersonating Pamela Voorhees , the mother of Jason Voorhees , sends Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) to Springwood to cause panic and fear . Jason accomplishes this , but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues in both the dream world and Crystal Lake between the two villains . The winner is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . </P> <P> In 2010 , a remake of the original Nightmare on Elm Street was released . Here , Freddy ( Jackie Earle Haley ) stalks the dreams of Nancy Holbrook ( Rooney Mara ) and her friends as they discover that they all share a common link from their childhood ; they were all physically and sexually abused by Freddy before he was murdered by their vengeful parents . Now a supernatural force in their dreams , Freddy kills off the children that alerted the parents about his transgressions . Freddy slowly works his way to Nancy , his favorite of the children , and manipulates her into going without sleep long enough that her body falls into a coma , resulting in permanent sleep and life with Freddy forever . Nancy is awakened when her friend Quentin ( Kyle Gallner ) injects adrenaline into her and pulls Freddy out of the dreamworld , where she and Quentin kill him and burn the remains of his body . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> The basis for the original Nightmare on Elm Street has been said to have been inspired by several newspaper articles printed in the LA Times in the 1970s on a group of Khmer refugees , who , after fleeing to America from the Khmer Rouge Genocide in Cambodia , were suffering disturbing nightmares after which they refused to sleep . Some of the men died in their sleep soon after . Medical authorities called the phenomenon `` Asian Death Syndrome '' . The condition itself afflicted only men between the ages of 19 - 57 and is believed to be sudden unexplained death syndrome and / or Brugada syndrome . The 1970s pop song `` Dream Weaver '' by Gary Wright sealed the story for Craven , giving him not only an artistic setting to `` jump off '' from , but a synthesizer riff from the Elm Street soundtrack as well . It has also been stated that he drew some inspiration after studying eastern religions . </P> <P> Initially , Fred Krueger was intended to be a child molester , but Craven eventually decided to characterize him as a child murderer to avoid being accused of exploiting a spate of highly publicized child molestation cases that occurred in California around the time of production of the film . By Craven 's account , his own adolescent experiences led to the naming of Fred Krueger . He had been bullied at school by a child named Fred Krueger , and named his villain accordingly . The colored sweater he chose for his villain was based on the DC Comics character Plastic Man , and Craven chose to make Krueger 's sweater colors that of red and green , after reading an article in Scientific American in 1982 that said the two most clashing colors to the human retina were this particular combination . </P> <P> On January 29 , 2008 , Variety reported that Michael Bay and his Platinum Dunes production company would be rebooting the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise with a remake of the original 1984 film . To provide a freshness to the character , producer Brad Fuller explained that they were abandoning the things that made the character less scary -- Freddy would not be `` cracking jokes '' as had become a staple of his character in later sequels -- and focus more on trying to craft a `` horrifying movie '' . There was not agreement among the original crew as to whether it would be a good idea to remake the film . Craven expressed his displeasure , primarily because the filmmakers chose not to have him as a consultant to the film , unlike with the 2009 remake The Last House on the Left where he `` shepherd ( ed ) it towards production '' . In contrast , Robert Englund felt it was time for A Nightmare on Elm Street to be remade . Englund liked the idea of being able to `` exploit the dreamscape '' with CGI and other technologies that did not exist when Craven was making the original Nightmare on Elm Street in 1984 . </P> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> When comparing A Nightmare on Elm Street with the other top - grossing horror franchises -- Child 's Play , Friday the 13th , Halloween , the Hannibal Lecter series , Psycho , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre -- and adjusting for the 2010 inflation , A Nightmare on Elm Street is the second highest grossing horror franchise , in the United States , at approximately $583.4 million . The series is topped by Friday the 13th at $671.5 million . Closely following A Nightmare on Elm Street is the Hannibal Lecter series with $579.4 million , then Halloween with $547.8 million , Saw with $404.5 million , Scream with $398.3 million , Psycho with $370.3 million , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $314.6 million , and the Child 's Play film series rounding out the list with approximately $199.7 million . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Release date ( US ) </Th> <Th> Budget </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Box office revenue </Th> <Th> Reference </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Th> Foreign </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> November 9 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> $1,800,000 </Td> <Td> $25,504,513 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $25,504,513 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Revenge </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> $3,000,000 </Td> <Td> $29,999,213 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $29,999,213 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors </Td> <Td> February 27 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> $5,000,000 </Td> <Td> $44,793,222 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $44,793,222 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master </Td> <Td> August 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 08 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> $13,000,000 </Td> <Td> $49,369,899 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $49,369,899 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child </Td> <Td> August 11 , 1989 ( 1989 - 08 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> $6,000,000 </Td> <Td> $22,168,359 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $22,168,359 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> $5,000,000 </Td> <Td> $34,872,033 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $34,872,033 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . Wes Craven 's New Nightmare </Td> <Td> October 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> $8,000,000 </Td> <Td> $18,090,181 </Td> <Td> $1,631,560 </Td> <Td> $19,721,741 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . Freddy vs. Jason </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> $25,000,000 </Td> <Td> $82,622,655 </Td> <Td> $32,286,175 </Td> <Td> $114,908,830 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> $35,000,000 </Td> <Td> $63,075,011 </Td> <Td> $52,589,026 </Td> <Td> $115,664,037 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> $101,800,000 </Th> <Th> $370,495,086 </Th> <Th> $86,506,761 </Th> <Th> $457,001,847 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Documentary ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy <P> On May 4 , 2010 , a 4 - hour documentary chronicling the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise was released . The documentary includes interviews with the cast and crew for all of the Nightmare films . In a wish to utilize individuals who contributed to the franchise , the makers of the documentary procured poster artist Matthew Joseph Peak to create the artwork for the release poster and DVD cover , and composer Charles Bernstein for the film 's main title music . As part of a special offering , the filmmakers gave away a limited edition poster to anyone that ordered the documentary from the official website . Those same individuals would also be entered into a drawing to win one of three 27 '' × 40 '' teaser posters signed by dozens of people who worked on the films and were interviewed in the documentary . Michael Gingold of Fangoria felt the filmmakers did an amazing job bringing together all of the behind - the - scenes footage , picture , never - before - seen deleted scenes , FX scenes , and other `` treasures '' . Gingold noted that even die - hard fans would find something new . Bloody Disgusting 's Ryan Daley praised the film for being educational , and looking at the legacy of both A Nightmare on Elm Street and New Line Cinema . Daley believed that there was no better horror documentary . Nick Hyman of Under the Radar noted that Never Sleep Again , unlike the earlier His Name Was Jason documentary , provided a more candid interview process with the people involved . Hyman pointed out that the best part of the documentary is the look at New Line 's success through the Elm Street franchise , and the financial struggles and deadlines that plagued the film series . </P> <P> Other documentary ones published are `` I Am Nancy '' in 2011 , and `` Scream , Queen : My Nightmare on Elm Street '' sent in 2018 </P> <H2> Television ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Freddy 's Nightmares <P> Beginning on October 9 , 1988 , Freddy 's Nightmares was an anthology series , in the vein of The Twilight Zone , which featured different horror stories each week . The show was hosted by Freddy Krueger , with Robert Englund reprising his role from the films . Freddy played more of a background character , but occasionally showed up to influence the plot of particular episodes . The series ran for two seasons and a total of 44 episodes , ending March 10 , 1990 . Although most of the episodes did not feature Freddy taking a major role in the plot , the pilot episode `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' depicts the events of Krueger 's trial , and his subsequent death at the hands of the parents of Elm Street after his acquittal . Directed by Tobe Hooper , creator of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , Freddy 's acquittal is based on the arresting officer , Lt. Tim Blocker , not reading him his Miranda rights , which is different from the original Nightmare that stated he was acquitted because someone forgot to sign a search warrant . After the town 's parents burn Freddy to death he returns to haunt Blocker in his dreams . Freddy gets his revenge when Blocker is put to sleep at the dentist 's office , and Freddy shows up and kills him . </P> <H2> Literature ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since his inception in 1984 , Freddy Krueger has appeared in multiple works of literature , including countless behind - the - scenes compilations , short stories , novels ( including novelizations ) and comics . </P> <H3> Novels ( edit ) </H3> <P> Between 1987 and 2003 , Freddy Krueger appeared in the novelization of each of the films . The first five films were adapted by St. Martin 's Press . Those adaptations follow the films closely , with minor changes to specific details that occurred in the film . A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 does not follow the respective film , instead utilizing the same plot elements to tell a different story altogether . This novel also provides a different backstory for Freddy . In 1992 , Abdo & Daughters Publishing Company released adaptations of their own for the first six films . Written by Bob Italia , each was under one hundred pages and followed the films ' plot . The final two books , Wes Craven 's New Nightmare and Freddy vs. Jason , were published by Tor Books and Black Flame . These novels also followed the films closely , with the adaptation of Freddy vs. Jason containing a different ending than the movie . </P> <H3> Comic books ( edit ) </H3> Main article : A Nightmare on Elm Street ( comics ) <P> The popularity of the film series also led to the creation of several comic book series published by companies such as Marvel Comics , Innovation Comics , Trident Comics , Avatar Press and , most recently , WildStorm Comics . Writers such as Steve Gerber , Andy Mangels , Chuck Dixon and Brian Pulido have all contributed stories to the various series . There have been crossovers with other franchises , such as Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : The Nightmare Warriors . </P> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <P> In February 2010 , Funko released a Freddy Bobblehead . Also in 2010 , NECA released a 10 '' puppet of Freddy Krueger from Phillip 's death scene in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors , a metal replica of his glove , and two action figures : Freddy before he was burned and the other being him after the burning , including two interchangeable heads . </P> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Nightmare on Elm Street is the shared name of two unrelated video games released in 1989 , both loosely based on the series . From among those films , Dream Warriors and The Dream Master were particular influences on the gameplay of each . </P> <P> LJN ( programmed by Rare ) released one title for the NES , and Monarch Software the other for the Commodore 64 and IBM PC compatibles . </P> <Dl> <Dt> NES release </Dt> </Dl> Main article : A Nightmare on Elm Street ( video game ) <P> Up to four players control characters who jump and punch their way through Elm Street locations as they collect the bones of Freddy Krueger to place them in a furnace and end his reign of terror . Each character can withstand only four hits from opponents before losing a life . </P> <P> An on - screen meter slowly diminishes ( more quickly when sustaining damage ) , representing how close a particular character is to falling asleep . Obtaining cups of coffee within the game restores characters ' sleep bar . When any character 's sleep bar empties , all the players are transported to the dream world , where enemies take on new appearances and are more difficult to defeat . In the dream world , coffee cups are replaced with radios , which return the characters to the normal world and difficulty . </P> <P> Also , Dream Warrior icons appear that , once collected by any player , permit transformation into one of three `` Dream Warriors '' . Each warrior has a projectile attack and improved movement : ninja ( throwing stars , jump kick ) , acrobat ( javelins , somersault ) , and magician ( fireballs , hovering ) . These icons appear only in the normal world , and can be used only in the dream . If a character remains asleep too long , the film 's theme song plays and a combative encounter with Freddy ensues . </P> <P> Upon collecting all the bones in a level , the player is automatically put in the dream world and battles Freddy , who takes on a special form similar to those presented in the films . The final level is set at Elm Street High School as players navigate to the boiler room to burn Freddy 's bones . Here one final battle with Freddy Krueger occurs . </P> <P> The game can utilize the NES Four Score or NES Satellite accessories to enable four - player gameplay . </P> <Dl> <Dt> C64 / IBM - PC release </Dt> </Dl> <P> The game produced by Monarch Software differs greatly from that for the NES . Developed by Westwood Associates , its role - playing elements and overhead viewpoint bear some similarity to Gauntlet . The player chooses to play as either Kincaid , Kristen , Will , Nancy , or Taryn on a quest to save Joey and defeat Freddy . </P> <P> The player must locate keys to open doors . Weapons and items are scattered about the levels or can be purchased from vending machines . Enemies are varied , from skeletons to wheelchairs . Freddy assumes the role of `` boss monster '' and transforms into a snake , much like his appearance in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors . </P> <P> In October 2017 , Freddy Krueger and Quentin Smith were released as downloadable characters for the Nightmare On Elm Street chapter of the asymmetric survival horror game Dead by Daylight . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Guido Henkel ( August 11 , 1999 ) . `` A Nightmare on Elm Street DVD Box set '' . DVD Review . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roffman , Michael . `` Yep , A Nightmare on Elm Street is getting remade again '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan . `` ' Nightmare on Elm Street ' Is Getting Remade Again '' . Movieweb . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , Clark . `` ( TB EXCLUSIVE ) New Line Cinema Plots New `` Nightmare On Elm Street '' Reboot `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . A Nightmare on Elm Street ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack Sholder ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Revenge ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chuck Russell ( Director ) ( 1987 ) . A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renny Harlin ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Hopkins ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rachel Talalay ( Director ) ( 1991 ) . Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) ( 1994 ) . Wes Craven 's New Nightmare ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuel Bayer ( Director ) ( 2010 ) . A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 film ) . United States : New Line Cinema . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CDCR Alert at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ; accessed September 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wes Craven . A Nightmare on Elm Street DVD audio commentary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wes Craven interview at Twitch Film ; accessed November 23 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rockoff , Adam , Going to Pieces : The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film , 1978 - 1986 ( McFarland & Company , 2002 ) , p. 151 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1227 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Wes Craven on Dreaming Up Nightmares '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` New Line sets up new ' Nightmare ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan ( December 11 , 2008 ) . `` Nightmare on Elm Street is Go , Shooting in Spring '' . Shock Till You Drop . CraveOnline . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parfitt , Orlando ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Craven 's Elm Street Nightmare Exclusive : Original director angry over remake '' . IGN Entertainment . News Corporation . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` Robert Englund on Jackie Earle Haley and the ' Nightmare ' Remake ! '' . FEARnet . Horror Entertainment . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Inflation Calculator '' . Halfhill.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th box office ranking '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saw box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scream box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Psycho box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Child 's Play box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Kenneth Muir ( February 24 , 2004 ) . Wes Craven : The Art of Horror . McFarland . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1923 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 budget '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Dead ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 budget '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 budget '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 budget '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freddy 's Dead budget '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Nightmare budget '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wes Craven 's New Nightmare ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freddy VS . Jason budget '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Movie projector : ' Nightmare ' to rule at home with $30 million while ' Iron Man 2 ' explodes to $100 million - plus overseas '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . The new `` Nightmare '' is n't expected to do quite that well but should still be a solid performer for the studio given its production budget of about $35 million . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) main page '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Gingold ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive promo art , comments on Nightmare docu Never Sleep Again '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview : Up All Night With `` Never Sleep Again '' `` . Fangoria . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview : Never Sleep Again : Dan Farrands , Andrew Kasch and Thommy Hutson Speak ! '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph McCabe ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Get a Free ' Elm Street ' Poster Signed by Nancy '' . FearNet . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael . `` DVD review : Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy '' . Fangoria . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daley , Ryan . `` review : Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hyman , Nick . `` review : Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy '' . Under The Radar . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freddy 's Nightmares DVD '' . TV Addicts . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 3 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' No More Mr. Nice Guy '' summary `` . I-Mockery.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffrey Cooper ( February 1987 ) . The Nightmares on Elm Street Parts 1 , 2 , 3 : The Continuing Story . St. Martins Mass Market Paper . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90517 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph Locke ( July 1989 ) . The Nightmares on Elm Street Parts 4 & 5 . St. Martin 's Press . p. 188 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 91764 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Italia ( 1992 ) . The Nightmares on Elm Street . Abdo & Daughters Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 1 - 56239 - 156 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Italia ( 1992 ) . The Nightmares on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Revenger . Abdo & Daughters Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 1 - 56239 - 157 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Italia ( 1992 ) . The Nightmares on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors . Abdo & Daughters Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 1 - 56239 - 158 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Italia ( 1992 ) . The Nightmares on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master . Abdo & Daughters Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 1 - 56239 - 159 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Italia ( July 1992 ) . The Nightmares on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child . Abdo & Daughters Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 1 - 56239 - 160 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Italia ( September 1992 ) . Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare . Abdo & Daughters Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 1 - 56239 - 161 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Bergantino ( November 15 , 1994 ) . Wes Craven 's New Nightmare . Tor Books . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 8125 - 5166 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Hand ( July 29 , 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 059 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freddy Is Ready to Bobble in Your Dreams '' . DreadCentral . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair ' 10 : NECA 's Incredibly Creepy Freddy Krueger Puppet '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair ' 10 : New Freddy Krueger Figures Reveal New Glove ? ! ? ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 - A Nightmare on Elm Street '' . Dead by Daylight . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street portal </Li> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Nightmare on Elm Street </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Nightmare on Elm Street ( franchise ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Films </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Revenge on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child on IMDb </Li> <Li> Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare on IMDb </Li> <Li> Wes Craven 's New Nightmare on IMDb </Li> <Li> Freddy vs. Jason on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Video games </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street at MobyGames </Li> <Li> PC Game Review at I - Mockery </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Miscellaneous </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Nightmare on Elm Street Companion </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Freddy 's Revenge </Li> <Li> Dream Warriors </Li> <Li> The Dream Master </Li> <Li> The Dream Child </Li> <Li> Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare </Li> <Li> Wes Craven 's New Nightmare </Li> <Li> Freddy vs. Jason </Li> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cast and characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Freddy Krueger </Li> <Li> Nancy Thompson </Li> <Li> Tina Gray </Li> <Li> Jesse Walsh </Li> <Li> Alice Johnson </Li> <Li> Cast list </Li> <Li> Character list </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Comics </Li> <Li> Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash </Li> <Li> The Nightmare Warriors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dream Warriors '' </Li> <Li> `` Are You Ready for Freddy '' </Li> <Li> `` Nightmare '' </Li> <Li> `` A Nightmare on My Street '' </Li> <Li> Freddy 's Favorites : The Best of A Nightmare on Elm Street </Li> <Li> Freddy vs. Jason ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> Freddy vs. Jason ( score ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of media </Li> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street NES game </Li> <Li> Freddy 's Nightmares <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy </Li> <Li> I Am Nancy </Li> <Li> Nightmares in the Makeup Chair </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Friday the 13th franchise </Li> <Li> `` Freddy Kreuger '' ( song ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(franchise)&oldid=852018038 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> A Nightmare on Elm Street </Li> <Li> Horror films by series </Li> <Li> Media franchises </Li> <Li> New Line Cinema franchises </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. franchises </Li> <Li> American teen horror films </Li> <Li> Supernatural horror films </Li> <Li> Films adapted into comics </Li> <Li> Films adapted into novels </Li> <Li> Films adapted into television programs </Li> <Li> Films adapted into video games </Li> <Li> Film series introduced in 1984 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Vèneto </Li> 8 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 02 : 36 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Space Shuttle thermal protection system - wikipedia <H1> Space Shuttle thermal protection system </H1> `` Gap fillers '' redirects here . For devices used to reduce gaps between trains and train platforms , see Gap filler . The Kuiper Airborne Observatory took an infrared image of the underside of Columbia during the reentry of STS - 3 to study temperatures . The orbiter was 56 kilometers ( 184,000 ft ) high and travelling at Mach 15.6 . Space Shuttle Discovery as it approaches the International Space Station during the STS - 114 on 28 July 2005 . <P> The Space Shuttle thermal protection system ( TPS ) is the barrier that protected the Space Shuttle Orbiter during the searing 1,650 ° C ( 3,000 ° F ) heat of atmospheric reentry . A secondary goal was to protect from the heat and cold of space while in orbit . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Materials </Li> <Li> 2 Why TPS is needed <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Reentry heating </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Detailed description <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Tile types <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 High - temperature reusable surface insulation ( HRSI ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Fibrous Refractory Composite Insulation Tiles ( FRCI ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation ( TUFI ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Low - temperature reusable surface insulation ( LRSI ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Non-tile TPS <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Flexible Insulation Blankets / Advanced Flexible Reusable Insulation ( FIB / AFRSI ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Reinforced Carbon - Carbon ( RCC ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Nomex Felt Reusable Surface Insulation ( FRSI ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 4 Gap fillers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Weight considerations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Early TPS problems <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Slow tile application </Li> <Li> 4.2 Concern over `` zipper effect '' </Li> <Li> 4.3 Concern over debris strikes </Li> <Li> 4.4 Early tile repair plans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Columbia accident and aftermath </Li> <Li> 6 Tile Donations </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Materials ( edit ) </H2> Endeavour in a museum , showing tiles near door <P> The TPS covered essentially the entire orbiter surface , and consisted of seven different materials in varying locations based on amount of required heat protection : </P> <Ul> <Li> Reinforced carbon -- carbon ( RCC ) , used in the nose cap , the chin area between the nose cap and nose landing gear doors , the arrowhead aft of the nose landing gear door , and the wing leading edges . Used where reentry temperature exceeded 1,260 ° C ( 2,300 ° F ) . </Li> <Li> High - temperature reusable surface insulation ( HRSI ) tiles , used on the orbiter underside . Made of coated LI - 900 Silica ceramics . Used where reentry temperature was below 1,260 ° C . </Li> <Li> Fibrous refractory composite insulation ( FRCI ) tiles , used to provide improved strength , durability , resistance to coating cracking and weight reduction . Some HRSI tiles were replaced by this type . </Li> <Li> Flexible Insulation Blankets ( FIB ) , a quilted , flexible blanket - like surface insulation . Used where reentry temperature was below 649 ° C ( 1,200 ° F ) . </Li> <Li> Low - temperature Reusable Surface Insulation ( LRSI ) tiles , formerly used on the upper fuselage , but were mostly replaced by FIB . Used in temperature ranges roughly similar to FIB . </Li> <Li> Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation ( TUFI ) tiles , a stronger , tougher tile which came into use in 1996 . Used in high and low temperature areas . </Li> <Li> Felt reusable surface insulation ( FRSI ) . White Nomex felt blankets on the upper payload bay doors , portions of the mid fuselage and aft fuselage sides , portions of the upper wing surface and a portion of the OMS / RCS pods . Used where temperatures stayed below 371 ° C ( 700 ° F ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Each type of TPS had specific heat protection , impact resistance , and weight characteristics , which determined the locations where it was used and the amount used . </P> <P> The shuttle TPS has three key characteristics that distinguish it from the TPS used on previous spacecraft : </P> <Ul> <Li> Reusable . Previous spacecraft generally used ablative heat shields which burned off during reentry and so could n't be reused . This insulation was robust and reliable , and the single - use nature was appropriate for a single - use vehicle . By contrast , the reusable shuttle required a reusable thermal protection system . </Li> <Li> Lightweight . Previous ablative heat shields were very heavy . For example , the ablative heat shield on the Apollo Command Module comprised about 15 % of the vehicle weight . The winged shuttle had much more surface area than previous spacecraft , so a lightweight TPS was crucial . </Li> <Li> Fragile . The only known technology in the early 1970s with the required thermal and weight characteristics was also so fragile , due to the very low density , that one could easily crush a TPS tile by hand . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Why TPS is needed ( edit ) </H2> Discovery 's under wing surfaces are protected by thousands of High - Temperature Reusable Insulation tiles . <P> The orbiter 's aluminum structure could not withstand temperatures over 175 ° C ( 347 ° F ) without structural failure . Aerodynamic heating during reentry would push the temperature well above this level in areas , so an effective insulator was needed . </P> <H3> Reentry heating ( edit ) </H3> A closer view of the tiles under the forward fuselage and the front end of the left wing . The corner of the nose - gear door can be seen at the lower left . The dark solid black tiles are new ones which have yet to go through a reentry . ( At top , the white object is the open left cargo bay door . ) <P> Reentry heating differs from the normal atmospheric heating associated with jet aircraft , and this governed TPS design and characteristics . The skin of high - speed jet aircraft can also become hot , but this is from frictional heating due to atmospheric friction , similar to warming one 's hands by rubbing them together . The orbiter reentered the atmosphere as a blunt body by having a very high ( 40 - degree ) angle of attack , with its broad lower surface facing the direction of flight . Over 80 % of the heating the orbiter experiences during reentry is caused by compression of the air ahead of the hypersonic vehicle , in accordance with the basic thermodynamic relation between pressure and temperature . A hot shock wave was created in front of the vehicle , which deflected most of the heat and prevented the orbiter 's surface from directly contacting the peak heat . Therefore reentry heating was largely convective heat transfer between the shock wave and the orbiter 's skin through superheated plasma . The key to a reusable shield against this type of heating is very low - density material , similar to how a thermos bottle inhibits convective heat transfer . </P> <P> Some high temperature metal alloys can withstand reentry heat ; they simply get hot and re-radiate the absorbed heat . This technique , called `` heat sink '' thermal protection , was planned for the X-20 Dyna - Soar winged space vehicle . However , the amount of high - temperature metal required to protect a large vehicle like the Space Shuttle Orbiter would have been very heavy and entailed a severe penalty to the vehicle 's performance . Similarly , ablative TPS would be heavy , possibly disturb vehicle aerodynamics as it burned off during reentry , and require significant maintenance to reapply after each mission . ( Unfortunately , TPS tile , which was originally specified never to take debris strikes during launch , in practice also needed to be closely inspected and repaired after each landing , due to damage invariably incurred during ascent , even before new on - orbit inspection policies were established following the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia . ) </P> <H2> Detailed description ( edit ) </H2> Silica tile from Atlantis <P> The TPS was a system of different protection types , not just silica tiles . They are in two basic categories : tile TPS and non-tile TPS . The main selection criteria used the lightest weight protection capable of handling the heat in a given area . However in some cases a heavier type was used if additional impact resistance was needed . The FIB blankets were primarily adopted for reduced maintenance , not for thermal or weight reasons . </P> <P> Much of the shuttle was covered with LI - 900 silica tiles , made from essentially very pure quartz sand . The insulation prevented heat transfer to the underlying orbiter aluminum skin and structure . These tiles were such poor heat conductors that one could hold one by the edges while it was still red hot . There were about 24,300 unique tiles individually fitted on the vehicle , for which the orbiter has been called `` the flying brickyard '' . Researchers at University of Minnesota and Pennsylvania State University are performing the atomistic simulations to obtain accurate description of interactions between atomic and molecular oxygen with silica surfaces to develop better high - temperature oxidation - protection systems for leading edges on hypersonic vehicles . </P> <P> The tiles were not mechanically fastened to the vehicle , but glued . Since the brittle tiles could not flex with the underlying vehicle skin , they were glued to Nomex felt Strain Isolation Pads ( SIPs ) with RTV silicone adhesive , which were in turn glued to the orbiter skin . These isolated the tiles from the orbiter 's structural deflections and expansions . </P> <H3> Tile types ( edit ) </H3> High - temperature reusable surface insulation ( HRSI ) ( edit ) An HRSI tile . Note the yellow markings , which denote its exact location on the orbiter . <P> HRSI tiles ( black in color ) provided protection against temperatures up to 1,260 ° C ( 2,300 ° F ) . There were 20,548 HRSI tiles which covered the landing gear doors , external tank umbilical connection doors , and the rest of the orbiter 's under surfaces . They were also used in areas on the upper forward fuselage , parts of the orbital maneuvering system pods , vertical stabilizer leading edge , elevon trailing edges , and upper body flap surface . They varied in thickness from 1 to 5 inches ( 2.5 to 12.7 cm ) , depending upon the heat load encountered during reentry . Except for closeout areas , these tiles were normally 6 by 6 inches ( 15 by 15 cm ) square . The HRSI tile was composed of high purity silica fibers . Ninety percent of the volume of the tile was empty space , giving it a very low density ( 9 lb / cu ft or 140 kg / m ) making it light enough for spaceflight . The uncoated tiles were bright white in appearance and looked more like a solid ceramic than the foam - like material that they were . </P> <P> The black coating on the tiles was Reaction Cured Glass ( RCG ) of which tetrasilicide and borosilicate glass were some of several ingredients . RCG was applied to all but one side of the tile to protect the porous silica and to increase the heat sink properties . The coating was absent from a small margin of the sides adjacent to the uncoated ( bottom ) side . To waterproof the tile , dimethylethoxysilane was injected into the tiles by syringe . Densifying the tile with tetraethyl orthosilicate ( TEOS ) also helped to protect the silica and added additional waterproofing . </P> <P> An uncoated HRSI tile held in the hand feels like a very light foam , less dense than styrofoam , and the delicate , friable material must be handled with extreme care to prevent damage . The coating feels like a thin , hard shell and encapsulates the white insulating ceramic to resolve its friability , except on the uncoated side . Even a coated tile feels very light , lighter than a same - sized block of styrofoam . As expected for silica , they are odorless and inert . </P> <P> HRSI was primarily designed to withstand transition from areas of extremely low temperature ( the void of space , about − 270 ° C or − 454 ° F ) to the high temperatures of re-entry ( caused by interaction , mostly compression at the hypersonic shock , between the gases of the upper atmosphere & the hull of the Space Shuttle , typically around 1,600 ° C or 2,910 ° F ) . </P> Fibrous refractory composite insulation tiles ( FRCI ) ( edit ) <P> The black FRCI tiles provided improved durability , resistance to coating cracking and weight reduction . Some HRSI tiles were replaced by this type . </P> Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation ( TUFI ) ( edit ) <P> A stronger , tougher tile which came into use in 1996 . TUFI tiles came in high temperature black versions for use in the orbiter 's underside , and lower temperature white versions for use on the upper body . While more impact resistant than other tiles , white versions conducted more heat which limited their use to the orbiter 's upper body flap and main engine area . Black versions had sufficient heat insulation for the orbiter underside but had greater weight . These factors restricted their use to specific areas . </P> Low - temperature reusable surface insulation ( LRSI ) ( edit ) <P> White in color , these covered the upper wing near the leading edge . They were also used in selected areas of the forward , mid , and aft fuselage , vertical tail , and the OMS / RCS pods . These tiles protected areas where reentry temperatures are below 1,200 ° F ( 649 ° C ) . The LRSI tiles were manufactured in the same manner as the HRSI tiles , except that the tiles were 8 by 8 inches ( 20 by 20 cm ) square and had a white RCG coating made of silica compounds with shiny aluminum oxide . The white color was by design and helped to manage heat on orbit when the orbiter was exposed to direct sunlight . </P> <P> These tiles were reusable for up to 100 missions with refurbishment ( 100 missions was also the design lifetime of each orbiter ) . They were carefully inspected in the Orbiter Processing Facility after each mission , and damaged or worn tiles were immediately replaced before the next mission . Fabric sheets known as gap fillers were also inserted between tiles where necessary . These allowed for a snug fit between tiles , preventing excess plasma from penetrating between them , yet allowing for thermal expansion and flexing of the underlying vehicle skin . </P> <P> Prior to the introduction of FIB blankets , LRSI tiles occupied all of the areas now covered by the blankets , including the upper fuselage and the whole surface of the OMS pods . This TPS configuration was only used on Columbia and Challenger . </P> <H3> Non-tile TPS ( edit ) </H3> Flexible insulation blankets / advanced flexible reusable insulation ( FIB / AFRSI ) ( edit ) <P> Developed after the initial delivery of Columbia and first used on the OMS pods of Challenger . This white low - density fibrous silica batting material had a quilt - like appearance , and replaced the vast majority of the LRSI tiles . They required much less maintenance than LRSI tiles yet had about the same thermal properties . After their limited use on Challenger , they were used much more extensively beginning with Discovery and replaced many of the LRSI tiles on Columbia after the loss of Challenger . </P> Reinforced carbon - carbon ( RCC ) ( edit ) Main article : Reinforced carbon -- carbon <P> The light gray material which withstood reentry temperatures up to 1,510 ° C ( 2,750 ° F ) protected the wing leading edges and nose cap . Each of the orbiters ' wings had 22 RCC panels about ⁄ to ⁄ inch ( 6.4 to 12.7 mm ) thick . T - seals between each panel allowed for thermal expansion and lateral movement between these panels and the wing . </P> <P> RCC was a laminated composite material made from carbon fibres impregnated with a phenolic resin . After curing at high temperature in an autoclave , the laminate was pyrolized to convert the resin to pure carbon . This was then impregnated with furfural alcohol in a vacuum chamber , then cured and pyrolized again to convert the furfural alcohol to carbon . This process was repeated three times until the desired carbon - carbon properties were achieved . </P> <P> To provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability , the outer layers of the RCC were coated with silicon carbide . The silicon - carbide coating protected the carbon - carbon from oxidation . The RCC was highly resistant to fatigue loading that was experienced during ascent and entry . It was stronger than the tiles and was also used around the socket of the forward attach point of the orbiter to the External Tank to accommodate the shock loads of the explosive bolt detonation . RCC was the only TPS material that also served as structural support for part of the orbiter 's aerodynamic shape : the wing leading edges and the nose cap . All other TPS components ( tiles and blankets ) were mounted onto structural materials that supported them , mainly the aluminum frame and skin of the orbiter . </P> Nomex felt reusable surface insulation ( FRSI ) ( edit ) <P> This white , flexible fabric offered protection at up to 371 ° C ( 700 ° F ) . FRSI covered the orbiter 's upper wing surfaces , upper payload bay doors , portions of the OMS / RCS pods , and aft fuselage . </P> Gap fillers ( edit ) <P> Gap fillers were placed at doors and moving surfaces to minimize heating by preventing the formation of vortices . Doors and moving surfaces created open gaps in the heat protection system that had to be protected from heat . Some of these gaps were safe , but there were some areas on the heat shield where surface pressure gradients caused a crossflow of boundary layer air in those gaps . </P> <P> The filler materials were made of either white AB312 fibers or black AB312 cloth covers ( which contain alumina fibers ) . These materials were used around the leading edge of the nose cap , windshields , side hatch , wing , trailing edge of elevons , vertical stabilizer , the rudder / speed brake , body flap , and heat shield of the shuttle 's main engines . </P> <P> On STS - 114 , some of this material was dislodged and determined to pose a potential safety risk . It was possible that the gap filler could cause turbulent airflow further down the fuselage , which would result in much higher heating , potentially damaging the orbiter . The cloth was removed during a spacewalk during the mission . </P> <H3> Weight considerations ( edit ) </H3> <P> While RCC had the best heat protection characteristics , it was also much heavier than the silica tiles and FIB blankets , so it was limited to relatively small areas . In general the goal was to use the lightest weight insulation consistent with the required thermal protection . Weight per unit volume of each TPS type : </P> <Ul> <Li> RCC : 1986 kg / m3 ( 124 lb / ft3 ) </Li> <Li> LI - 2200 tiles : 352 kg / m3 ( 22 lb / ft3 ) </Li> <Li> FRCI tiles : 192 kg / m3 ( 12 lb / ft3 ) </Li> <Li> LI - 900 ( black or white ) tiles : 144 kg / m3 ( 9 lb / ft3 ) </Li> <Li> FIB blankets : 144 kg / m3 ( 9 lb / ft3 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Total area and weight of each TPS type ( used on Orbiter 102 ) ( pre-1996 ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> TPS type </Th> <Th> color </Th> <Th> Area ( m ) </Th> <Th> Areal Density ( kg / m ) </Th> <Th> Weight ( kg ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FRSI </Td> <Td> white </Td> <Td> 332.7 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 532.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LRSI </Td> <Td> off white </Td> <Td> 254.6 </Td> <Td> 3.98 </Td> <Td> 1014.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HRSI </Td> <Td> black </Td> <Td> 479.7 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 4412.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RCC </Td> <Td> light gray </Td> <Td> 38.0 </Td> <Td> 44.7 </Td> <Td> 1697.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> misc </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 918.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1105 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8574.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Early TPS problems ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Slow tile application ( edit ) </H3> Columbia in the Orbiter Processing Facility after its arrival at Kennedy Space Center on 25 March 1979 , showing many missing tiles. 7,800 of 31,000 tiles were still to be attached . <P> Tiles often fell off and caused much of the delay in the launch of STS - 1 , the first shuttle mission , which was originally scheduled for 1979 but did not occur until April 1981 . NASA was unused to lengthy delays in its programs , and was under great pressure from the government and military to launch soon . In March 1979 it moved the incomplete Columbia , with 7,800 of the 31,000 tiles missing , from the Rockwell International plant in Palmdale , California to Kennedy Space Center in Florida . Beyond creating the appearance of progress in the program , NASA hoped that the tiling could be finished while the rest of the orbiter was prepared . This was a mistake ; some of the Rockwell tilers disliked Florida and soon returned to California , and the Orbiter Processing Facility was not designed for manufacturing and was too small for its 400 workers . </P> <P> Each tile used cement that required 16 hours to cure . After the tile was affixed to the cement , a jack held it in place for another 16 hours . In March 1979 it took each worker 40 hours to install one tile ; by using young , efficient college students during the summer the pace sped up to 1.8 tiles per worker per week . Thousands of tiles failed stress tests and had to be replaced . By fall NASA realized that the speed of tiling would determine the launch date . The tiles were so problematic that officials would have switched to any other thermal protection method , but none other existed . </P> <P> Because it had to be ferried without all tiles the gaps were filled with material to maintain the Shuttle 's aerodynamics while in transit . </P> <H3> Concern over `` zipper effect '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The tile TPS was an area of concern during shuttle development , mainly concerning adhesion reliability . Some engineers thought a failure mode could exist whereby one tile could detach , and resulting aerodynamic pressure would create a `` zipper effect '' stripping off other tiles . Whether during ascent or reentry , the result would be disastrous . </P> <H3> Concern over debris strikes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Another problem was ice or other debris impacting the tiles during ascent . This had never been fully and thoroughly solved , as the debris had never been eliminated , and the tiles remained susceptible to damage from it . NASA 's final strategy for mitigating this problem was to aggressively inspect for , assess , and address any damage that may occur , while on orbit and before reentry , in addition to on the ground between flights . </P> <H3> Early tile repair plans ( edit ) </H3> <P> These concerns were sufficiently great that NASA did significant work developing an emergency - use tile repair kit which the STS - 1 crew could use before deorbiting . By December 1979 , prototypes and early procedures were completed , most of which involved equipping the astronauts with a special in - space repair kit and a jet pack called the Manned Maneuvering Unit , or MMU , developed by Martin Marietta . </P> <P> Another element was a maneuverable work platform which would secure an MMU - propelled spacewalking astronaut to the fragile tiles beneath the orbiter . The concept used electrically - controlled adhesive cups which would lock the work platform into position on the featureless tile surface . About one year before the 1981 STS - 1 launch , NASA decided the repair capability was not worth the additional risk and training , so discontinued development . There were unresolved problems with the repair tools and techniques ; also further tests indicated the tiles were unlikely to come off . The first shuttle mission did suffer several tile losses , but they were in non-critical areas , and no `` zipper effect '' occurred . </P> <H2> Columbia accident and aftermath ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Space Shuttle Columbia disaster <P> On February 1 , 2003 , the Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed on reentry due to a failure of the TPS . The investigation team found and reported that the probable cause of the accident was that during launch , a piece of foam debris punctured an RCC panel on the left wing 's leading edge and allowed hot gases from the reentry to enter the wing and disintegrate the wing from within , leading to eventual loss of control and breakup of the shuttle . </P> <P> The Space Shuttle 's thermal protection system received a number of controls and modifications after the disaster . They were applied to the three remaining shuttles , Discovery , Atlantis and Endeavour in preparation for subsequent mission launches into space . </P> <P> On 2005 's STS - 114 mission , in which Discovery made the first flight to follow the Columbia accident , NASA took a number of steps to verify that the TPS was undamaged . The 50 - foot - long ( 15 m ) Orbiter Boom Sensor System , a new extension to the Remote Manipulator System , was used to perform laser imaging of the TPS to inspect for damage . Prior to docking with the International Space Station , Discovery performed a Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver , simply a 360 ° backflip rotation , allowing all areas of the vehicle to be photographed from ISS . Two gap fillers were protruding from the orbiter 's underside more than the nominally allowed distance , and the agency cautiously decided it would be best to attempt to remove the fillers or cut them flush rather than risk the increased heating they would cause . Even though each one protruded less than 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) , it was believed that leaving them could cause heating increases of 25 % upon reentry . </P> <P> Because the orbiter did not have any handholds on its underside ( as they would cause much more trouble with reentry heating than the protruding gap fillers of concern ) , astronaut Stephen K. Robinson worked from the ISS 's robotic arm , Canadarm2 . Because the TPS tiles were quite fragile , there had been concern that anyone working under the vehicle could cause more damage to the vehicle than was already there , but NASA officials felt that leaving the gap fillers alone was a greater risk . In the event , Robinson was able to pull the gap fillers free by hand , and caused no damage to the TPS on Discovery . </P> <H2> Tile donations ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2010 , with the impending Space Shuttle retirement , NASA is donating TPS tiles to schools , universities , and museums for the cost of shipping ; US $ 23.4 each . About 7000 tiles were available on a first - come , first - served basis , but limited to one each per institution . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikinews has related news : ' Gouge ' found on wing of Space Shuttle Endeavour </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Space Shuttle program </Li> <Li> Space Shuttle Columbia disaster </Li> <Li> Columbia Accident Investigation Board </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` When the Space Shuttle finally flies '' , article written by Rick Gore . National Geographic ( pp. 316 -- 347 . Vol. 159 , No. 3 . March 1981 ) . </Li> <Li> Space Shuttle Operator 's Manual , by Kerry Mark Joels and Greg Kennedy ( Ballantine Books , 1982 ) . </Li> <Li> The Voyages of Columbia : The First True Spaceship , by Richard S. Lewis ( Columbia University Press , 1984 ) . </Li> <Li> A Space Shuttle Chronology , by John F. Guilmartin and John Mauer ( NASA Johnson Space Center , 1988 ) . </Li> <Li> Space Shuttle : The Quest Continues , by George Forres ( Ian Allen , 1989 ) . </Li> <Li> Information Summaries : Countdown ! NASA Launch Vehicles and Facilities , ( NASA PMS 018 - B ( KSC ) , October 1991 ) . </Li> <Li> Space Shuttle : The History of Developing the National Space Transportation System , by Dennis Jenkins ( Walsworth Publishing Company , 1996 ) . </Li> <Li> U.S. Human Spaceflight : A Record of Achievement , 1961 -- 1998 . NASA -- Monographs in Aerospace History No. 9 , July 1998 . </Li> <Li> Space Shuttle Thermal Protection System by Gary Milgrom . February , 2013 . Free iTunes ebook download . https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/space-shuttle-thermal-protection/id591095660?mt=11 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Dennis R. ( 2007 ) . Space Shuttle : The History of the National Space Transportation System . Voyageur Press . p. 524 pages . ISBN 0 - 9633974 - 5 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Day , Dwayne A. `` Shuttle Thermal Protection System ( TPS ) '' . U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gore , Rick ( March 1981 ) . `` When the Space Shuttle Finally Flies '' . National Geographic . National Geographic . 159 ( 3 ) : 316 -- 347 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anant D. Kulkarni , Donald G. Truhlar , Sriram Goverapet Srinivasan , Adri C.T. van Duin , Paul Norman , and Thomas E. Schwartzentruber ( 2013 ) . `` Oxygen Interactions with Silica Surfaces : Coupled Cluster and Density Functional Investigation and the Development of a New ReaxFF Potential '' . J. Phys . Chem. C. 117 : 258 . doi : 10.1021 / jp3086649 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` STS - 6 Press Information '' ( PDF ) . Rockwell International -- Space Transportation & Systems Group . March 1983 . p. 7 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Orbital maneuvering system / reaction control system low temperature reusable surface insulation tiles ( LRSI ) replaced with advanced flexible reusable surface insulation ( AFRSI ) consisting of a sewn composite quilted fabric blanket with same silica tile material sandwiched between outer and inner blanket . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Richard S. ( 1984 ) . The voyages of Columbia : the first true spaceship . Columbia University Press . pp. 83 -- 91 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05924 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Houston Chronicle , March 9 , 2003 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NASA offers space shuttle tiles to school and universities '' . December 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> https://web.archive.org/web/20060909094330/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/tps.htm </Li> <Li> https://web.archive.org/web/20110707103505/http://ww3.albint.com/about/research/Pages/protectionSystems.aspx </Li> <Li> http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts_sys.html </Li> <Li> https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090308/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/nexgen/Nexgen_Downloads/Shuttle_Gordon_TPS-PUBLIC_Appendix.pdf </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NASA Space Shuttle program ( STS ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Space Shuttle </Li> <Li> List of missions </Li> <Li> List of crews </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Components </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) </Li> <Li> Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) </Li> <Li> External Tank ( ET ) </Li> <Li> Main Engine ( SSME ) </Li> <Li> Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) </Li> <Li> Reaction control system ( RCS ) </Li> <Li> Thermal protection system </Li> <Li> Booster separation motor </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orbiters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enterprise </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Challenger </Li> <Li> Discovery </Li> <Li> Atlantis </Li> <Li> Endeavour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Add - 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Jack in the Box - Wikipedia <H1> Jack in the Box </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the restaurant . For the toy , see Jack - in - the - box . For other uses , see Jack - in - the - box ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Jack in the Box , Inc . <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The current logo , first used on March 15 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Public </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traded as </Th> <Td> NASDAQ : JACK S&P 400 Component </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Restaurants </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fast food </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> February 21 , 1951 ; 66 years ago ( 1951 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> Robert Oscar Peterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> San Diego , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> 21 states in the U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Leonard A. Comma , Chairman & CEO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Hamburgers chicken sandwiches salads breakfast desserts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revenue </Th> <Td> $2.25 billion USD ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total assets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US $ 1.319209 billion ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> US $ 1.463725 billion ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> > 22,000 ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> jackinthebox.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jack in the Box is an American fast - food restaurant chain founded February 21 , 1951 , by Robert O. Peterson in San Diego , California , where it is headquartered . The chain has 2,200 locations , primarily serving the West Coast of the United States and selected large urban areas in the eastern portion of the US including Texas . Food items include a variety of hamburger and cheeseburger sandwiches along with selections of internationally themed foods such as tacos and egg rolls . The company also operates the Qdoba Mexican Grill chain . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 JBX Grill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Products </Li> <Li> 3 Advertising <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Logo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 4.1 E. coli outbreak </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Locations </Li> <Li> 6 Restatement </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Robert Oscar Peterson already owned several successful restaurants when he opened Topsy 's Drive - In at 6270 El Cajon Boulevard in San Diego in 1941 . Several more Topsy 's were opened and eventually renamed Oscar 's ( after Peterson 's middle name ) . By the late 1940s , the Oscar 's locations had developed a circus - like décor featuring drawings of a starry - eyed clown . In 1947 , Peterson obtained rights for the intercom ordering concept from George Manos who owned one location named Chatter box in Anchorage , Alaska , the first known location to use the intercom concept for drive up windows . In 1951 , Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box , a hamburger stand focused on drive - through service . While the drive - through concept was not new , Jack in the Box innovated a two - way intercom system , the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive - through . The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive - up window ; while one customer was being served at the window , a second and even a third customer 's order could be taken and prepared . A giant clown projected from the roof , and a smaller clown head sat atop the intercom , where a sign said , `` Pull forward , Jack will speak to you . '' The Jack in the Box restaurant was conceived as a `` modern food machine , '' designed by La Jolla , California master architect Russell Forester . Quick service made the new location very popular , and soon all of Oscar 's locations were redesigned with intercoms and rechristened Jack in the Box restaurants . </P> <P> Peterson 's holding company Foodmaker Company by 1966 was known as Foodmaker , Inc . At this time , all Jack in the Box locations -- over 180 , mainly in California and the Southwest -- were company - owned ; location sites , food preparation , quality control , and the hiring and training of on - site managers and staff in each location were subject to rigorous screening and strict performance standards . </P> <P> In 1968 , Peterson sold Foodmaker to Ralston Purina Company . In the 1970s , Foodmaker led the Jack in the Box chain toward its most prolific growth ( television commercials in the early 1970s featured child actor Rodney Allen Rippy ) and began to franchise locations . The chain began to increasingly resemble its larger competitors , particularly industry giant McDonald 's . Jack in the Box began to struggle in the latter part of the decade ; its expansion into East Coast markets was cut back , then halted . By the end of the decade , Jack in the Box restaurants were sold in increasing numbers . </P> <P> Around 1980 , Foodmaker dramatically altered Jack in the Box 's marketing strategy by literally blowing up the chain 's symbol , the jack in the box , in television commercials with the tagline , `` The food is better at the Box '' . Jack in the Box announced that it would no longer compete for McDonald 's target customer base of families with young children . Instead , Foodmaker targeted older , more affluent `` yuppie '' customers with a higher - quality , more upscale menu and a series of whimsical television commercials featuring Dan Gilvezan , who attempted to compare the new menu items to that of McDonald 's and other fast - food chains , to no avail ; hence `` There 's No Comparison '' , their slogan at the time . Jack in the Box restaurants were remodeled and redecorated with decorator pastel colors and hanging plants ; the logo , containing a clown 's head in a red box with the company name in red next to or below the box ( signs in front of the restaurant displayed the clown 's head only ) , was modified , stacking the words in a red diagonal box while still retaining the clown 's head ; by about 1981 or 1982 , the clown 's head was removed from the logo , which would remain until 2009 . </P> <P> Television advertising from about 1985 onward featured minimalistic music by a small chamber - like ensemble ( specifically a distinctive seven - note plucked musical signature ) . The menu , previously focused on hamburgers led by the flagship Jumbo Jack , became much more diverse , including salads , chicken sandwiches , finger foods , and Seasoned Curly Fries ( at least two new menu items were introduced per year ) , at a time when few fast - food operations offered more than standard hamburgers . Annual sales increased through the 1980s . Ralston Purina tried further to mature the restaurant 's image , renaming it `` Monterey Jack 's '' in 1985 , a disastrous move ; the Jack in the Box name was restored in 1986 . </P> <P> After 18 years , Ralston Purina decided in 1985 that Foodmaker was a non-core asset and sold it to management . By 1987 , sales reached $655 million , the chain boasted 897 restaurants , and Foodmaker became a publicly traded company . </P> <H3> JBX Grill ( edit ) </H3> <P> JBX Grill was a line of fast casual restaurants introduced in 2004 by Jack in the Box Inc . They featured high - quality , cafe - style food , avoiding most of the cheaper fast - food items typically served at Jack in the Box . The architecture and decor maintained an upbeat , positive atmosphere , and the customer service was comparable to most dine - in restaurants . Two of the Jack in the Box restaurants in San Diego , California ( where Jack in the Box is headquartered ) were converted to JBX Grill restaurants to test the concept . ( The locations in Hillcrest and Pacific Beach still retain many of the JBX elements , including an indoor / outdoor fireplace and modern architecture . ) There were also restaurants in Bakersfield , California , Boise , Idaho , and Nampa , Idaho . However , the concept later proved unsuccessful , and the last stores were reconverted to Jack in the Box in 2006 . </P> <H2> Products ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Although best known for its hamburgers , Jack in the Box 's most popular product is its taco , which it has sold since the first restaurant in the 1950s . As of 2017 , the company sells 554 million a year manufactured in three factories in Texas and Kansas to `` a legion of fans who swear by the greasy vessels even as they sometimes struggle to understand their appeal '' , The Wall Street Journal reported . The newspaper quoted one fan who compared it to `` ' a wet envelope of cat food ' '' and observed that `` there are two kinds of people : those who think they 're disgusting and those who agree they 're disgusting but are powerless to resist them '' . A Los Angeles restaurateur praised it , however , as `` the most underrated taco of all time '' ; celebrity fans include Chelsea Handler , Selena Gomez , and Chrissy Teigen . What makes the taco unusual is that it is created with the meat and hard taco shell in the Texas and Kansas facilities , then frozen for transport and storage . At the restaurant , it is then deep fried , then prepared with lettuce , cheese and mild taco sauce before serving . </P> <P> Besides tacos , other Americanized foods from ethnic cuisines that Jack in the Box offers include egg rolls , breakfast burritos , and poppers . New items come in on a rotation every three to four months , including the Philly cheesesteak and the deli style pannidos ( deli trio , ham & turkey , zesty turkey ) which were replaced by Jack 's ciabatta burger and included the original ciabatta burger and the bacon ' n ' cheese ciabatta . Jack in the Box also carries seasonal items such as pumpkin pie shakes , Oreo mint shakes , and eggnog shakes during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays . In some locations , local delicacies are a regular part of the menu . Locations in Hawaii , for example , include the Paniolo Breakfast ( Portuguese sausage , eggs , and rice platter ) and teriyaki chicken and rice bowl . In the Southern United States , the company offers biscuits and sweet tea . In Imperial County , California , some locations sell date shakes , reflecting the crop 's ubiquity in the region 's farms . In the spring of 2007 , Jack in the Box also introduced its sirloin burger and followed this up recently with the sirloin steak melt . Its more recent foray into the deli market was the less - popular Ultimate Club Sandwich which was initially removed in Arizona due to poor sales and has since been phased out at all locations . </P> <P> The Bonus Jack was first released in 1970 and has been reintroduced to Jack in the Box menus at times throughout the years . In November 2009 , the company discontinued their popular ciabatta sandwiches / burgers . In 2012 , Jack in the Box introduced a bacon milkshake as part of its `` Marry Bacon '' campaign . </P> <P> In October 2016 , `` Brunchfast '' items were introduced . Those are Bacon & Egg Chicken Sandwich , Blood Orange Fruit Cooler , Brunch Burger , Cranberry Orange Muffins , Homestyle Potatoes , and Southwest Scrambler Plate . </P> <H2> Advertising ( edit ) </H2> <P> The restaurant rebounded in popularity in 1994 after a highly successful marketing campaign that featured the fictitious Jack in the Box chairman Jack character ( formerly voiced by the campaign 's creator Dick Sittig ) , who has a ping pong ball - like head , a yellow clown cap , two blue eyes , a pointy black nose , and a linear red smile that changes with his emotions , and is dressed in a business suit . </P> <P> Jack was reintroduced specifically to signal the new direction the company was taking to refocus and regroup after the E. coli disaster . In the original spot that debuted in Fall 1994 , Jack ( `` through the miracle of plastic surgery '' , he says as he confidently strides into the office building ) reclaims his rightful role as founder and CEO , and , apparently as revenge for being blown up in 1980 , approaches the closed doors of the Jack in the Box boardroom ( a fictionalized version , shown while the aforementioned minimalist theme music from the 1980s Jack in the Box commercials plays ) , activates a detonation device , and the boardroom explodes in a shower of smoke , wood , and paper . The spot ends with a close - up shot of a small white paper bag , presumably filled with Jack in the Box food , dropping forcefully onto a table ; the bag is printed with the words `` Jack 's Back '' in bold red print , then another bag drops down with the Jack in the Box logo from that period . Later ads feature the first bag showing the text of the food item or offer the commercial is promoting . </P> <P> A commercial was released where Jack goes to the house of a man who has records of calling Jack in the Box `` Junk in the Box '' . When the man shoves Jack yelling `` Beat it clown ! '' , Jack chases him outside , tackles him to the ground , and forces him to try Jack 's food and confess his deed . The commercial ends with Jack saying `` I 'm sorry for the grass stains . '' `` Really ? '' `` No '' . </P> <P> The commercials in the `` Jack 's Back '' campaign ( which has won several advertising industry awards ) tend to be lightly humorous and often involve Jack making business decisions about the restaurant chain 's food products , or out in the field getting ideas for new menu items . While a series of ads claiming to ask when Burger King and McDonald 's will change their ways about making their hamburgers featured a phone number , it is unknown whether the caller would actually be connected to Jack himself . In addition , many commercials have advertised free car antenna balls with every meal , thus increasing brand awareness . Often different types of antenna balls were available during a holiday or major event or themed toward a sports team local to the restaurant . The antenna balls have since been discontinued due to the demise of the mast - type car antenna . </P> Popular Jack antenna ball ( Christmas version ) Jack in the Box restaurant in Willits , California Jack in the Box headquarters in San Diego , California ( February 2008 ) <P> During the height of the now - defunct XFL , one of the continuing ad series involved a fictitious professional American football team owned by Jack . The team , called the Carnivores , played against teams such as the Tofu Eaters and the Vegans . </P> <P> In 1997 , a successful advertising campaign was launched using a fictional musical group called the Spicy Crispy Girls ( a take off of the Spice Girls , a British pop music girl group - at the time one of the most popular groups in the world ) , in comedic national television commercials . The commercials were used to promote the new Jack in the Box Spicy Crispy Chicken Sandwich ( now known as Jack 's Spicy Chicken ) , with the girls dancing in `` the Jack groove . '' The Spicy Crispy Girls concept was used as a model for another successful advertising campaign called the ' Meaty Cheesy Boys ' to promote the Ultimate Cheeseburger ( see below ) . At the 1998 Association of Independent Commercial Producers ( AICP ) Show , one of the Spicy Crispy Girls commercials won the top award for humor . </P> <P> The Meaty Cheesy Boys , a mock boy band to promote the Ultimate Cheeseburger , were created during an ad campaign featuring an out - of - control advertising executive previously fired by Jack . The same ad exec featured in a spot where a medical doctor made exaggerated claims of the benefits of fast food that it would cure baldness , help trim extra pounds , and remove wrinkles . Jack asks the ad exec incredulously , `` Where did you find this guy ? '' The ad exec responds proudly , `` Tobacco company . '' </P> <P> In 2000 , an ad involved a man washed up on a remote island with only a Jack in the Box antenna ball as company . Later that year , director Robert Zemeckis , claiming the agency had appropriated elements of his Oscar - nominated film Cast Away for the ad , had his lawsuit against the ad agency thrown out . </P> <P> In April 2006 , Jack in the Box launched an ad campaign called Bread is Back , taking a stab at the low carbohydrate diets of recent years . </P> <P> In 2006 , Jack in the Box took use of this perception creating a commercial featuring a typical stoner who is indecisive about ordering . When faced with a decision , the Jack in the Box figurine in his car tells him to `` stick to the classics '' and order 30 tacos implying that he has the `` munchies '' . This ad later stirred up controversy among a San Diego teen group who claimed that the ad was irresponsible showing a teenager who was under the influence of drugs . To protest , they presented the company with 2000 postcards protesting the ad , despite the fact that it had not aired since the beginning of the previous month . This commercial was redone in 2009 to feature the new logo and the new Campaign . </P> <P> Another ad touting the chain 's milkshakes aired circa 2003 and was shot in the stilted style of a 1970s - era anti-drug spot , urging kids to `` say no to fake shakes '' and featured `` Larry The Crime Donkey , '' a parody of McGruff the Crime Dog . </P> <P> In 2007 , Jack in the Box began a commercial campaign for their new 100 % sirloin beef hamburgers , implying that they were of higher quality than the Angus beef used by Carl 's Jr. , Hardee 's , Wendy 's , and Burger King . That May , CKE Restaurants , Inc. , the parent company of Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's , filed a lawsuit against Jack in the Box , Inc . CKE claimed , among other things , that the commercials tried to give the impression that Carl 's Jr. / Hardee 's Angus beef hamburgers contained cow anuses by having an actor swirl his finger in the air in a circle while saying `` Angus '' in one commercial and having other people in the second commercial laugh when the word `` Angus '' was mentioned . They also attacked Jack in the Box 's claim that sirloin , a cut found on all cattle , was of higher quality than Angus beef , which is a breed of cattle . </P> <P> During Super Bowl XLIII on February 1 , 2009 , a commercial depicted Jack in a Full Body Cast after getting hit by a bus . In October 2009 , Jack in the Box debuted a popular commercial to market their `` Teriyaki Bowl '' meals . The commercial features employees getting `` bowl cut '' haircuts . At the end of the commercial , Jack reveals that his `` bowl cut '' is a wig , to the dismay of the employees . </P> <H3> Logo ( edit ) </H3> The official Jack in the Box logo used from March 2 , 1980 , until March 15 , 2009 . <P> The One variation has a miniature clown hat ( dating back to 1978 ) with three dots in the upper left hand corner ; the clown head was removed in 1980 . In the 1970s , the clown head was in a red box all by itself , with the company name either below or next to the box ; signs in front of the restaurants had the clown head only . The ' clown head ' can be seen on several YouTube videos depicting Jack in the Box commercials from the 1970s and 1980s . Most Jack in the Box locations opened before late 2008 had this logo , although the company is slowly replacing them with the newer logo , along with general updating of the locations ' decor . Some locations continue to use this logo as their `` Open / Closed '' sign . </P> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1981 , horse meat labeled as beef was discovered at a Foodmaker plant that supplied hamburger and taco meat to Jack in the Box . The meat was originally from Profreeze of Australia , and during their checks on location , the food inspectors discovered other shipments destined for the United States which included kangaroo meat . </P> <H3> E. coli Outbreak ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak <P> In 1993 , Jack in the Box suffered a major corporate crisis involving E. coli O157 : H7 bacteria . Four children died of hemolytic uremic syndrome and 600 others were reported sick after eating undercooked patties contaminated with fecal material containing the bacteria at a location in Tacoma , Washington and other parts of the Pacific Northwest . The chain was faced with several lawsuits , each of which was quickly settled ( but left the chain nearly bankrupt and losing customers ) . At the time , Washington state law required that hamburgers be cooked to an internal temperature of at least 155 ° F ( 68 ° C ) , the temperature necessary to kill E. coli bacteria , although the FDA requirement at that time was only 140 ° F ( 60 ° C ) , which was the temperature Jack in the Box cooked . After the incident , Jack in the Box mandated that in all nationwide locations , their hamburgers be cooked to at least 155 ° F ( 68 ° C ) . Additionally , all meat products produced in the United States are required to comply with HACCP ( Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ) regulations . Every company that produces meat products is required to have a HACCP plan that is followed continuously . Jack in the Box also worked with food safety experts from manufacturing companies and created a comprehensive program to test for bacteria in every food product . </P> <H2> Locations ( edit ) </H2> Second Colorado location in Arvada , showing off the 1980s logo . New Jack in the Box in Scottsdale , Arizona , showing the new logo . <P> In 2005 , Jack in the Box announced plans for nationwide expansion by 2010 . </P> <P> In support of this objective , the chain began airing ads in states several hundred miles from the nearest location . </P> This Jack in the Box off U.S. Highway 83 is one of five company outlets in Laredo , Texas . Notice the 1980s logo . <P> The expansion strategy at that time was targeted at Colorado , Delaware , Florida and Texas . In 2007 , the first new Colorado store opened in Golden , Colorado , marking an end to Jack in the Box 's 11 - year - long absence from the state . </P> <P> In Albuquerque , New Mexico , several locations opened in June 2009 . Jack in the Box restaurants last made an appearance in the Albuquerque market approximately two decades ago . </P> <P> In September 2010 , it was announced that 40 under - performing company - owned Jack in the Box restaurants located mostly in Texas and the Southeast would close . </P> <P> In March 2011 , Jack in the Box launched the Munchie Mobile in San Diego , a food truck that will serve Jack 's burgers and fries . In June 2012 , Jack in the Box launched their second food truck in the southeast region of the United States . Another truck was launched for the Northern Texas area in April 2013 . </P> <P> In January 2012 , Jack in the Box opened its first of three locations in the Indianapolis area . A few months later , the first Ohio location opened in September 2012 in West Chester . </P> <H2> Restatement ( edit ) </H2> <P> On December 16 , 2004 , the company restated three years of results due to an accounting change that prompted the company to cut first - quarter and 2005 earnings expectations . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of hamburger restaurants </Li> <Li> Companies portal </Li> <Li> Food portal </Li> <Li> San Diego portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JACK IN THE BOX INC / NEW / 2013 Q1 Quarterly Report Form ( 10 - Q ) '' ( XBRL ) . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . February 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JACK IN THE BOX INC / NEW / 2012 Annual Report Form ( 10 - K ) '' ( XBRL ) . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . November 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Inc about - us '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotlandville , SU welcomes Jack in the Box franchise '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lemons , Stephen ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Bottom Feeding '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History '' . Jack in the Box . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Langdon , Philip ( 1986 ) . Orange Roofs , Golden Arches : The architecture of American chain restaurants . Knopf . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 54401 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Furlonger , Jaye E. ( July 2009 ) . The Robert O. Peterson - Russell Forester Residence ( PDF ) ( Report ) . California Department of Parks and Recreation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack In The Box 1980 '' . YouTube . 2007 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Russell ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Americans Eat 554 Million Jack in the Box Tacos a Year , and No One Knows Why '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . A1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Alternate Link via ProQuest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Debuts Sirloin Burger '' . QSR Magazine . May 3 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box adds steak sandwich '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . December 17 , 2007 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bacon Milkshake : Jack In The Box Adds Absurd Indulgence To Menu '' . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pham , Peter ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jack In The Box Now Serves All - Day Brunch '' . Foodbeast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Other Works for Lisa Joann Thompson '' . IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Spots and Commercial . `` Jack in the Box , Spicy Crispy Chicks '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Spots and Commercials . `` Wholesale TV Spots '' . TV Spots . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spicy Crispy Chicks '' . Jack in the Box Commercials Archive . AvertToLog . January 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Millie , Takaki . `` Top honor roll at AICP Show '' . Highbeam Business . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Art & Technique of the American Commercial '' . AICP Show Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack In The Box '' . Breadisback.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gentile , Gary ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Jack in the Box Ads Called Misleading '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Meat Will Be Inspected '' . New York Times . August 26 , 1981 . p . A14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Federal Report '' . Washington Post . August 14 , 1981 . p . A27 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Alternate Link via ProQuest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilma , David ( 2004 - 04 - 08 ) . `` HistoryLink Essay : Food contamination by ' ' E. coli ' ' bacteria kills three children in Western Washington in January and February 1993 '' . Historylink.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thirteen Years Since Jack in the Box '' . Marler Blog . Marler Clark , LLP . July 28 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box E. coli Outbreak '' . About E. coli . Marler Clark , LLP . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Joyzelle ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Jack in the Box pops up again '' . Rocky Mountain News . p. 4 Business . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Inc . Reports Third Quarter Earnings ; Raises Fiscal 2007 Earnings Forecast ; Plans 2 - For - 1 Stock Split '' ( PDF ) . Jack in the Box Inc . ( Press release ) . August 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box popping up , again , in Albuquerque '' . Albuquerque Business First . August 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forbes , Paula ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Jack in the Box Closing 40 Stores '' . Eater . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulcahy , James ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Jack in the Box Launches Food Truck '' . Zagat . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shatkin , Elina ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Jack in the Box Launches Food Truck '' . LA Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson - jacobs , Karen ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` New Jack in the Box food truck will be popping out free burgers at Rangers ' home opener , other Dallas - area events '' . Dallas Morning News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack In The Box Opens To Crowd : Fast - Food Chain Opens Indiana Restaurant '' . WRTV . January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indiana 's first Jack in the Box to open Monday '' . Louisville Business First . January 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren , Jay ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Traffic snarls in front of New Jack in the Box '' . WCPO - TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box comes to Ohio , but Columbus will have to wait '' . Columbus Business First . September 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Inc . Announces Adjustments to Historical Financial Statements '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . December 16 , 2004 -- via The Free Library . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack in the Box . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Official corporate website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chicken chains </Li> <Li> Coffeehouse chains </Li> <Li> Pizza chains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hamburgers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A&W </Li> <Li> Arctic Circle </Li> <Li> Back Yard </Li> <Li> Big Boy </Li> <Li> BurgerFi </Li> <Li> Burger King </Li> <Li> Carl 's Jr . </Li> <Li> Checkers / Rally 's </Li> <Li> Cook Out </Li> <Li> Cheeburger Cheeburger </Li> <Li> Dairy Queen </Li> <Li> Fatburger </Li> <Li> Five Guys </Li> <Li> Flamers </Li> <Li> Freddy 's </Li> <Li> Fuddruckers </Li> <Li> Flamers Grill </Li> <Li> The Habit </Li> <Li> Hardee 's </Li> <Li> Hwy 55 </Li> <Li> In - N - Out </Li> <Li> Jack in the Box </Li> <Li> Johnny Rockets </Li> <Li> Krystal </Li> <Li> McDonald 's </Li> <Li> Red Robin </Li> <Li> Roy Rogers </Li> <Li> Shake Shack </Li> <Li> Smashburger </Li> <Li> Sonic </Li> <Li> Steak ' n Shake </Li> <Li> Wayback </Li> <Li> Wendy 's </Li> <Li> Whataburger </Li> <Li> White Castle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> L&L Hawaiian Barbecue </Li> <Li> Manchu Wok </Li> <Li> Panda Express </Li> <Li> Pei Wei Asian Diner </Li> <Li> P.F. 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Salt Esquire </Li> <Li> Ivar 's </Li> <Li> Long John Silver 's </Li> <Li> Skippers Seafood & Chowder House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bresler 's </Li> <Li> Brigham 's </Li> <Li> Burger Chef </Li> <Li> Carrols </Li> <Li> D'Lites </Li> <Li> Druther 's </Li> <Li> Henry 's Hamburgers </Li> <Li> Hot ' n Now </Li> <Li> Hot Sam Pretzels </Li> <Li> Naugles </Li> <Li> Red Barn </Li> <Li> Sandy 's </Li> <Li> White Tower </Li> <Li> Zantigo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_in_the_Box&oldid=801805952 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Jack in the Box </Li> <Li> Fast - food chains of the United States </Li> <Li> Fast - food franchises </Li> <Li> Fast - food hamburger restaurants </Li> <Li> Regional restaurant chains in the United States </Li> <Li> Restaurants established in 1951 </Li> <Li> 1951 establishments in California </Li> <Li> Companies based in San Diego </Li> <Li> Companies listed on NASDAQ </Li> <Li> Economy of the Midwestern United States </Li> <Li> Economy of the Southeastern United States </Li> <Li> Economy of the Western United States </Li> <Li> Restaurants in San Diego County , California </Li> <Li> Ralston Purina </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> ChiShona </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ລາວ </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Malti </Li> <Li> Māori </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> नेपाल भाषा </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پښتو </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Gagana Samoa </Li> <Li> Sesotho </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Soomaaliga </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Тоҷикӣ </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 00 : 02 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Peptidoglycan - wikipedia <H1> Peptidoglycan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with glycopeptide , proteoglycan , or glycoprotein . <P> Peptidoglycan , also known as murein , is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh - like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria , forming the cell wall . The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β - ( 1 , 4 ) linked N - acetylglucosamine ( NAG ) and N - acetylmuramic acid ( NAM ) . Attached to the N - acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids . The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh - like layer . Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall , giving structural strength , as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm . A common misconception is that peptidoglycan gives the cell its shape ; however , whereas peptidoglycan helps maintain the structural strength of the cell , it is actually the MreB protein that facilitates cell shape . Peptidoglycan is also involved in binary fission during bacterial cell reproduction . </P> <P> The peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in gram - positive bacteria ( 20 to 80 nanometers ) than in gram - negative bacteria ( 7 to 8 nanometers ) , with the attachment of the S - layer . Peptidoglycan forms around 90 % of the dry weight of gram - positive bacteria but only 10 % of gram - negative strains . Thus , presence of high levels of peptidoglycan is the primary determinant of the characterisation of bacteria as gram - positive . In gram - positive strains , it is important in attachment roles and serotyping purposes . For both gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria , particles of approximately 2 nm can pass through the peptidoglycan . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Biosynthesis </Li> <Li> 3 Inhibition </Li> <Li> 4 Similarity to pseudopeptidoglycan </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Peptidoglycan . <P> The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars , namely N - acetylglucosamine ( GlcNAc or NAGA ) and N - acetylmuramic acid ( MurNAc or NAMA ) . The alternating sugars are connected by a β - ( 1 , 4 ) - glycosidic bond . Each MurNAc is attached to a short ( 4 - to 5 - residue ) amino acid chain , containing L - alanine , D - glutamic acid , meso - diaminopimelic acid , and D - alanine in the case of Escherichia coli ( a Gram - negative bacterium ) or L - alanine , D - glutamine , L - lysine , and D - alanine with a 5 - glycine interbridge between tetrapeptides in the case of Staphylococcus aureus ( a gram - positive bacterium ) . Peptidoglycan is one of the most important sources of D - amino acids in nature . </P> <P> Cross-linking between amino acids in different linear amino sugar chains occurs with the help of the enzyme DD - transpeptidase and results in a 3 - dimensional structure that is strong and rigid . The specific amino acid sequence and molecular structure vary with the bacterial species . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The structure of peptidoglycan . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Gram - positive cell wall </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Penicillin binding protein forming cross-links in newly formed bacterial cell wall . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Biosynthesis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The peptidoglycan monomers are synthesized in the cytosol and are then attached to a membrane carrier bactoprenol . Bactoprenol transports peptidoglycan monomers across the cell membrane where they are inserted into the existing peptidoglycan . </P> <P> In the first step of peptidoglycan synthesis , glutamine , which is an amino acid , donates an amino group to a sugar , fructose 6 - phosphate . This turns fructose 6 - phosphate into glucosamine - 6 - phosphate . In step two , an acetyl group is transferred from acetyl CoA to the amino group on the glucosamine - 6 - phosphate creating N - acetyl - glucosamine - 6 - phosphate . In step three of the synthesis process , the N - acetyl - glucosamine - 6 - phosphate is isomerized , which will change N - acetyl - glucosamine - 6 - phosphate to N - acetyl - glucosamine - 1 - phosphate . </P> <P> In step 4 , the N - acetyl - glucosamine - 1 - phosphate , which is now a monophosphate , attacks UTP . Uridine triphosphate , which is a pyrimidine nucleotide , has the ability to act as an energy source . In this particular reaction , after the monophosphate has attacked the UTP , an inorganic pyrophosphate is given off and is replaced by the monophosphate , creating UDP - N - acetylglucosamine ( 2 , 4 ) . ( When UDP is used as an energy source , it gives off an inorganic phosphate . ) This initial stage , is used to create the precursor for the NAG in peptidoglycan . </P> <P> In step 5 , some of the UDP - N - acetylglucosamine ( UDP - GlcNAc ) is converted to UDP - MurNAc ( UDP - N - acetylmuramic acid ) by the addition of a lactyl group to the glucosamine . Also in this reaction , the C3 hydroxyl group will remove a phosphate from the alpha carbon of phosphenolpyruvate . This creates what is called an enol derivative that will be reduced to a `` lactyl moiety '' by NADPH in step six . </P> <P> In step 7 , the UDP -- MurNAc is converted to UDP - MurNAc pentapeptide by the addition of five amino acids , usually including the dipeptide D - alanyl - D - alanine . Each of these reactions requires the energy source ATP . This is all referred to as Stage one . </P> <P> Stage two occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane . It is in the membrane where a lipid carrier called bactoprenol carries peptidoglycan precursors through the cell membrane . Bactoprenol will attack the UDP - MurNAc penta , creating a PP - MurNac penta , which is now a lipid . UDP - GlcNAc is then transported to MurNAc , creating Lipid - PP - MurNAc penta - GlcNAc , a disaccharide , also a precursor to peptidoglycan . How this molecule is transported through the membrane is still not understood . However , once it is there , it is added to the growing glycan chain . The next reaction is known as tranglycosylation . In the reaction , the hydroxyl group of the GlcNAc will attach to the MurNAc in the glycan , which will displace the lipid - PP from the glycan chain . The enzyme responsible for this is transglycosylase . </P> <H2> Inhibition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some antibacterial drugs such as penicillin interfere with the production of peptidoglycan by binding to bacterial enzymes known as penicillin - binding proteins or DD - transpeptidases . Penicillin - binding proteins form the bonds between oligopeptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan . For a bacterial cell to reproduce through binary fission , more than a million peptidoglycan subunits ( NAM - NAG + oligopeptide ) must be attached to existing subunits . Mutations in genes coding for transpeptidases that lead to reduced interactions with an antibiotic are a significant source of emerging antibiotic resistance . </P> <P> Lysozyme , which is found in tears and constitutes part of the body 's innate immune system exerts its antibacterial effect by breaking the β - ( 1 , 4 ) - glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan ( see above ) . </P> <H2> Similarity to pseudopeptidoglycan ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some archaea have a similar layer of pseudopeptidoglycan ( also known as pseudomurein ) , in which the sugar residues are β - ( 1 , 3 ) linked N - acetylglucosamine and N - acetyltalosaminuronic acid . This makes the cell walls of such archaea insensitive to lysozyme . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Animation of Synthesis of Peptidoglycan Layer </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Popp D , Narita A , Maeda K , Fujisawa T , Ghoshdastider U , Iwasa M , Maéda Y , Robinson RC ( 2010 ) . `` Filament structure , organization , and dynamics in MreB sheets '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 285 ( 21 ) : 15858 -- 65 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M109. 095901 . PMC 2871453 . PMID 20223832 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van den Ent F , Amos LA , Löwe J ( 2001 ) . `` Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton '' . Nature . 413 ( 6851 ) : 39 -- 44 . doi : 10.1038 / 35092500 . PMID 11544518 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van den Ent F , Johnson CM , Persons L , de Boer P , Löwe J ( 2010 ) . `` Bacterial actin MreB assembles in complex with cell shape protein RodZ '' . EMBO J. 29 ( 6 ) : 1081 -- 90 . doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2010.9 . PMC 2845281 . PMID 20168300 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Bacteria . Encyclopedia of Earth . eds . Sidney Draggan and C.J. Cleveland , National Council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Salton MR , Kim KS ( 1996 ) . Baron S , et al. , eds . Structure . In : Baron 's Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . Univ of Texas Medical Branch . ISBN 0 - 9631172 - 1 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Demchick PH , Koch AL ( 1 February 1996 ) . `` The permeability of the wall fabric of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 178 ( 3 ) : 768 -- 73 . PMC 177723 . PMID 8550511 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan KJ , Ray CG , eds. ( 2004 ) . Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8529 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` II . THE PROKARYOTIC CELL : BACTERIA '' . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : White , D. ( 2007 ) . The physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes ( 3rd ed . ) . NY : Oxford University Press Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauman R ( 2007 ) . 2nd , ed . Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 7679 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spratt BG ( April 1994 ) . `` Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations '' . Science . New York . 264 ( 5157 ) : 388 -- 93 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 8153626 . PMID 8153626 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madigan , M.T. , J.M. Martinko , P.V. Dunlap , and D.P. Clark . Brock biology of microorganisms . 12th ed . San Francisco , CA : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Diagrammatic representation of peptidoglycan structures . </Li> <Li> Structure of MurNAc 6 - Phosphate Hydrolase ( MurQ ) from Haemophilus influenzae with a Bound Inhibitor . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Protein , glycoconjugate : glycoproteins and glycopeptides </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mucoproteins </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mucin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD43 </Li> <Li> CD164 </Li> <Li> MUC1 </Li> <Li> MUC2 </Li> <Li> MUC3A </Li> <Li> MUC3B </Li> <Li> MUC4 </Li> <Li> MUC5AC </Li> <Li> MUC5B </Li> <Li> MUC6 </Li> <Li> MUC7 </Li> <Li> MUC8 </Li> <Li> MUC12 </Li> <Li> MUC13 </Li> <Li> MUC15 </Li> <Li> MUC16 </Li> <Li> MUC17 </Li> <Li> MUC19 </Li> <Li> MUC20 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Haptoglobin </Li> <Li> Intrinsic factor </Li> <Li> Orosomucoid </Li> <Li> Peptidoglycan </Li> <Li> Phytohaemagglutinin </Li> <Li> Ovomucin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proteoglycans </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> CS / DS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Decorin </Li> <Li> Biglycan </Li> <Li> Versican </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HS / CS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Testican </Li> <Li> Perlecan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans : Aggrecan </Li> <Li> Neurocan </Li> <Li> Brevican </Li> <Li> CD44 </Li> <Li> CSPG4 </Li> <Li> CSPG5 </Li> <Li> Platelet factor 4 </Li> <Li> Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> KS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fibromodulin </Li> <Li> Lumican </Li> <Li> Keratocan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syndecan 1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Activin and inhibin </Li> <Li> ADAM </Li> <Li> Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin </Li> <Li> Apolipoprotein H </Li> <Li> CD70 </Li> <Li> Asialoglycoprotein </Li> <Li> Avidin </Li> <Li> B - cell activating factor </Li> <Li> 4 - 1BB ligand </Li> <Li> Cholesterylester transfer protein </Li> <Li> Clusterin </Li> <Li> Colony - stimulating factor </Li> <Li> Hemopexin </Li> <Li> Lactoferrin </Li> <Li> Membrane glycoproteins </Li> <Li> Myelin protein zero </Li> <Li> Osteonectin </Li> <Li> Protein C </Li> <Li> Protein S </Li> <Li> Serum amyloid P component </Li> <Li> Sialoglycoprotein <Ul> <Li> CD43 </Li> <Li> Glycophorin </Li> <Li> Glycophorin C </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thrombopoietin </Li> <Li> Thyroglobulin </Li> <Li> Thyroxine - binding proteins </Li> <Li> Transcortin </Li> <Li> Tumor necrosis factor alpha </Li> <Li> Uteroglobin </Li> <Li> Vitronectin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Microbiology : Bacteria </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medical microbiology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> infection </Li> <Li> Coley 's toxins </Li> <Li> Exotoxin </Li> <Li> Lysogenic cycle </Li> <Li> Pathogenic bacteria </Li> <Li> resistance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biochemistry and ecology </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Oxygen preference </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aerobic <Ul> <Li> Obligate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anaerobic <Ul> <Li> Facultative </Li> <Li> Obligate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Microaerophile </Li> <Li> Nanaerobe </Li> <Li> Aerotolerant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extremophile </Li> <Li> Human flora <Ul> <Li> Gut </Li> <Li> Lung </Li> <Li> Mouth </Li> <Li> Skin </Li> <Li> Vaginal ( In pregnancy ) </Li> <Li> Placental </Li> <Li> Uterine </Li> <Li> Salivary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Microbial metabolism </Li> <Li> Nitrogen fixation </Li> <Li> Microbial ecology </Li> <Li> Primary nutritional groups </Li> <Li> Substrate preference <Ul> <Li> Lipophilic </Li> <Li> Saccharophilic </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shape </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bacterial cellular morphologies </Li> <Li> Coccus <Ul> <Li> Diplococcus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bacillus </Li> <Li> Coccobacillus </Li> <Li> Spiral </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structure </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cell envelope </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cell membrane </Li> <Li> Cell wall : Peptidoglycan <Ul> <Li> NAM </Li> <Li> NAG </Li> <Li> DAP </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gram - positive bacteria only : Teichoic acid </Li> <Li> Lipoteichoic acid </Li> <Li> Endospore </Li> <Li> Gram - negative bacteria only : Bacterial outer membrane <Ul> <Li> Porin </Li> <Li> Lipopolysaccharide </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Periplasmic space </Li> <Li> Mycobacteria only : Arabinogalactan </Li> <Li> Mycolic acid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outside envelope </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bacterial capsule </Li> <Li> Slime layer </Li> <Li> S - layer </Li> <Li> Glycocalyx </Li> <Li> Pilus </Li> <Li> Fimbria </Li> <Li> Non-motile bacteria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composite </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biofilm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taxonomy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bacteria ( classifications ) </Li> <Li> Bacterial phyla </Li> <Li> Former groupings : Schizomycetes </Li> <Li> Monera </Li> <Li> Prokaryota <Ul> <Li> Gracilicutes </Li> <Li> Firmicutes </Li> <Li> Mollicutes </Li> <Li> Mendosicutes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peptidoglycan&oldid=833377230 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Membrane biology </Li> <Li> Glycobiology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 30 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 05 : 22 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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It is Well with my soul - wikipedia <H1> It is Well with my soul </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` It Is Well '' redirects here . For the Kutless album , see It Is Well ( album ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> It has been suggested that It Is Well With My Soul ( Hillsong song ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2017 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( Original lyrics ) </P> <P> When peace like a river , attendeth my way , When sorrows like sea billows roll ; Whatever my lot , Thou hast taught me to know It is well , it is well , with my soul . </P> <P> Refrain : It is well , ( it is well ) , With my soul , ( with my soul ) It is well , it is well , with my soul . </P> <P> Though Satan should buffet , though trials should come , Let this blest assurance control , That Christ has regarded my helpless estate , And hath shed His own blood for my soul . </P> <P> My sin , oh , the bliss of this glorious thought ! My sin , not in part but the whole , Is nailed to the cross , and I bear it no more , Praise the Lord , praise the Lord , O my soul ! </P> <P> For me , be it Christ , be it Christ hence to live : If Jordan above me shall roll , No pang shall be mine , for in death as in life , Thou wilt whisper Thy peace to my soul . </P> <P> But Lord , ' tis for Thee , for Thy coming we wait , The sky , not the grave , is our goal ; Oh , trump of the angel ! Oh , voice of the Lord ! Blessed hope , blessed rest of my soul . </P> <P> And Lord , haste the day when my faith shall be sight , The clouds be rolled back as a scroll ; The trump shall resound , and the Lord shall descend , A song in the night , oh my soul ! </P> <P> `` know '' ( at the end of the third line ) was changed to `` say '' . `` A song in the night , oh my soul '' ( last line ) was changed to `` Even so , it is well with my soul '' . </P> <P> `` It Is Well With My Soul '' is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss . First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Sankey and Bliss ( 1876 ) , it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model , appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Notable performances </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> This hymn was written after traumatic events in Spafford 's life . The first was the death of his son at the age of 2 and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which ruined him financially ( he had been a successful lawyer and had invested significantly in property in the area of Chicago that was extensively damaged by the great fire ) . His business interests were further hit by the economic downturn of 1873 , at which time he had planned to travel to Europe with his family on the SS Ville du Havre . In a late change of plan , he sent the family ahead while he was delayed on business concerning zoning problems following the Great Chicago Fire . While crossing the Atlantic , the ship sank rapidly after a collision with a sea vessel , the Loch Earn , and all four of Spafford 's daughters died . His wife Anna survived and sent him the now famous telegram , `` Saved alone ... '' . Shortly afterwards , as Spafford traveled to meet his grieving wife , he was inspired to write these words as his ship passed near where his daughters had died . </P> <P> Bliss called his tune Ville du Havre , from the name of the stricken vessel . </P> <P> The Spaffords later had three more children . On February 11 , 1880 , their son , Horatio Goertner Spafford , died at the age of four , of scarlet fever . Their daughters were Bertha Hedges Spafford ( born March 24 , 1878 ) and Grace Spafford ( born January 18 , 1881 ) . Their Presbyterian church regarded their tragedy as divine punishment . In response , the Spaffords formed their own Messianic sect , dubbed `` the Overcomers '' by American press . In 1881 , the Spaffords , including baby Bertha and newborn Grace , set sail for Ottoman - Turkish Palestine . The Spaffords settled in Jerusalem and helped found a group called the American Colony . Colony members , later joined by Swedish Christians , engaged in philanthropic work among the people of Jerusalem regardless of their religious affiliation and without proselytizing motives -- thereby gaining the trust of the local Muslim , Jewish , and Christian communities . During and immediately after World War I , the American Colony played a critical role in supporting these communities through the great suffering and deprivations by running soup kitchens , hospitals , orphanages and other charitable ventures . The colony later became the subject of Jerusalem by the Nobel prize - winning author , Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf . </P> <H2> Notable performances ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Georgia Southern University marching band Southern Pride plays the song at the end of each win . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1961 : Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Hymns at Home </Li> <Li> 1963 : Doris Akers ; Forever Faithful </Li> <Li> 1968 : Mahalia Jackson ; A Mighty Fortress </Li> <Li> 1991 : Don Moen ; Eternal God </Li> <Li> 1995 : Jennifer Holliday ; On & On </Li> <Li> 1995 : Crystal Lewis ; ( Hymns ) My Life </Li> <Li> 1999 : Audio Adrenaline ; Underdog </Li> <Li> 1999 : Selah ; Be Still My Soul </Li> <Li> 2000 : 4Him ; Hymns : A Place of Worship </Li> <Li> 2001 : Dwight Yoakam ; South of Heaven , West of Hell </Li> <Li> 2002 : Rebecca St. James ; Worship God </Li> <Li> 2002 : Amy Grant , with a portion of the song along with `` The River 's Gonna Keep On Rolling '' ( written by Vince Gill ) on her album Legacy ... Hymns and Faith </Li> <Li> 2003 : The Three Tenors ; Bath 2003 </Li> <Li> 2005 : Jars of Clay ; Redemption Songs </Li> <Li> 2006 : Chris Rice ; Peace Like a River : The Hymns Project </Li> <Li> 2008 : Kristyn Getty ( YouTube ) </Li> <Li> 2009 : Kutless ; It Is Well </Li> <Li> 2011 : Hillsong Music ( Darlene Zschech ) single ( new bridge added by Reuben Morgan & Ben Fielding ) ; all proceeds from the recording go to help the Queensland Flood Relief Effort </Li> <Li> 2011 : Josh Wilson ; See You , instrumental version , finger - style guitar </Li> <Li> 2013 : Eleventyseven ; Good Spells ( EP ) </Li> <Li> 2014 : Michael W. Smith ; Hymns </Li> <Li> 2014 : Shane & Shane ; The Worship Initiative , Vol. 4 </Li> <Li> 2014 : Sebastian Demrey ; Heritage ; Hymns of our Faith </Li> <Li> 2014 : Newsboys ; Hallelujah for the Cross </Li> <Li> 2014 : Bro . Philemon featuring Morris Babyface </Li> <Li> 2015 : Kristian Stanfill from the Passion Conferences 's album Even So Come </Li> <Li> 2016 : Audrey Assad ; Inheritance </Li> <Li> 2017 : MercyMe sampled this song in `` Even If '' from their album Lifer </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History '' . Kosinski Studio . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Although the presence of a refrain makes the item technically a gospel song versus a hymn in the strict sense , it has a remarkably sustained and sonorous quality , which makes it comparable to the stateliest hymns in both Protestant and Roman Catholic hymnody . It has been prolifically translated and has demonstrated an appeal in various cultures . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The American Colony in Jerusalem , 1870 - 2006 '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCann , Forrest M. ( 1997 ) . Hymns and History : An Annotated Survey of Sources . Abilene , TX : ACU Press . ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0 , pp. 154 , 327 - 328 , 359 - 360 , 520 , 597 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandra Bennett ( 2012 ) . `` The Beat Goes On '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gettys -- It Is Well '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reuben Morgan ( 2011 ) . `` Hillsong collected blog -- It Is Well '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bro Philemon - It Is Well ft . Morris Babyface ( Official Video with lyrics ) GhanaMusic.com Video '' ( partly sung in Mandarin Chinese ) , YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis Doku , `` Best Male Artiste in African Inspirational Music category for AFRIMA 2014 '' , Modern Ghana , 28 September 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Library of Congress item mamcol. 016 High resolution images of the restored original manuscript ( up to 22 MB ) front AND back at the Library of Congress . ( Includes an extra verse on the back , as well as notes from his prayer meetings ) </Li> <Li> SpaffordHymn.com The original Hymn manuscript </Li> <Li> The American Colony in Jerusalem ( A Library of Congress Exhibition ) </Li> <Li> McCann , Forrest Mason ( 1997 ) . Hymns & History : An Annotated Survey of Sources . Abilene , Texas : ACU Press , pp. 327 -- 328 , 520 , 597 . ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0 </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul&oldid=793769933 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American Christian hymns </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles to be merged from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be merged </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 20 : 50 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Japanese militarism - wikipedia <H1> Japanese militarism </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Statism in Shōwa Japan Japanese officers reading the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors <Table> <Tr> <Th> History of Japan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Periods ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Paleolithic </Td> <Td> before 14,000 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jōmon </Td> <Td> 14,000 -- 300 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yayoi </Td> <Td> 300 BC -- 300 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kofun </Td> <Td> 300 -- 538 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asuka </Td> <Td> 538 -- 710 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nara </Td> <Td> 710 -- 794 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heian </Td> <Td> 794 -- 1185 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Kamakura </Td> <Td> 1185 -- 1333 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenmu Restoration </Td> <Td> 1333 -- 1336 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) <Ul> <Li> Nanboku - chō </Li> <Li> Sengoku </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1336 -- 1573 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azuchi -- Momoyama <Ul> <Li> Nanban trade </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1573 -- 1603 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edo ( Tokugawa ) <Ul> <Li> Sakoku </Li> <Li> Convention of Kanagawa </Li> <Li> Bakumatsu </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1603 -- 1868 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meiji <Ul> <Li> Boshin War </Li> <Li> Restoration </Li> <Li> First Sino - Japanese War </Li> <Li> Russo - Japanese War </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1868 -- 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taishō <Ul> <Li> World War I </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1912 -- 1926 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shōwa <Ul> <Li> Financial crisis </Li> <Li> Militarism </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> <Li> Occupation </Li> <Li> Economic miracle </Li> <Li> Post-occupation </Li> <Li> Bubble Economy </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1926 -- 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heisei <Ul> <Li> Lost Decade </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1989 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Currency </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Empire </Li> <Li> Historiography </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Naval </Li> <Li> Post-war </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glossary </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Japanese militarism ( 日本 軍國 主義 or 日本 軍国 主義 , Nihon gunkoku shugi ) refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation , and that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Rise of militarism </Li> <Li> 1.2 Economic factors </Li> <Li> 1.3 Independence of the military </Li> <Li> 1.4 Growth of ultranationalism </Li> <Li> 1.5 Growth of military adventurism </Li> <Li> 1.6 Opposition to militarism </Li> <Li> 1.7 Japan attacking Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> 1.8 Post-war </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Timeline </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Rise of militarism ( edit ) </H3> <P> The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the Meiji Restoration . Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the Meiji period ( whether in the military , politics or business ) were ex-samurai or descendants of samurai , and shared a set of values and outlooks . The early Meiji government viewed Japan as threatened by western imperialism , and one of the prime motivations for the Fukoku Kyohei policy was to strengthen Japan 's economic and industrial foundations , so that a strong military could be built to defend Japan against outside powers . </P> <P> ' -- Transition of Japanese Militarism ' </P> <P> The Japanese society and government have always prided themselves on having a strong military figure in the world . They were a militaristic powerhouse , but the thing was that this put such a strain on their economy and other aspects of their nation . Their nation never really was able to flourish because they were in such a total war mindset . Their businesses and companies were producing things that would help them win the war , but not help their country strive . Their nation 's economy was never able to rise , because consumers were not buying things , but they were helping with the war effort . In the World Wars , Japan was a super power with resources and weapons that could win the war single handedly , but them winning the war was not going to help them flourish economically and socially as a nation . It was not until their transition away from a militaristic state that their nation really flourished . Japan had such a strong military , but their militaristic state ways , put a social and economic strain on their nation , as although they had so much potential to strive at a nation , it was overlooked because of their government and military . </P> <P> The rise of universal military conscription , introduced by Yamagata Aritomo in 1873 , along with the proclamation of the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors in 1882 enabled the military to indoctrinate thousands of men from various social backgrounds with military - patriotic values and the concept of unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor as the basis of the Japanese state ( kokutai ) . Yamagata like many Japanese was strongly influenced by the recent striking success of Prussia in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading modern industrial and military power . He accepted Prussian political ideas , which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home . The Prussian model also devalued the notion of civilian control over the independent military , which meant that in Japan , as in Germany , the military could develop into a state within a state , thus exercising greater influence on politics in general . </P> <P> Following the German victory in the Franco - Prussian War , the Army Staff College and the Japanese General Staff paid close attention to Major Jakob Meckel 's views on the superiority of the German military model over the French system as the reason for German victory . In response to a Japanese request , Prussian Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke sent Meckel to Japan to become an O - yatoi gaikokujin . In Japan , Meckel worked closely with future Prime Ministers General Katsura Tarō and General Yamagata Aritomo , and with army strategist General Kawakami Soroku . Meckel made numerous recommendations which were implemented , including reorganization of the command structure of the army into divisions and regiments , thus increasing mobility , strengthening the army logistics and transportation structure with the major army bases connected by railways , establishing artillery and engineering regiments as independent commands , and revising the universal conscription system to abolish virtually all exceptions . A bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945 . </P> <P> Although his period in Japan ( 1885 -- 1888 ) was relatively short , Meckel had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military . He is credited with having introduced Clausewitz 's military theories and the Prussian concept of war games ( kriegspiel ) in a process of refining tactics . By training some sixty of the highest - ranking Japanese officers of the time in tactics , strategy and organization , he was able to replace the previous influences of the French advisors with his own philosophies . Meckel especially reinforced Hermann Roesler 's ideal of subservience to the Emperor by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class 's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor , as expressly codified in Articles XI - XIII of the Meiji Constitution . </P> <P> The rise of political parties in the late Meiji period was coupled with the rise of secret and semi-secret patriotic societies , such as the Genyōsha ( 1881 ) and Kokuryukai ( 1901 ) , which coupled political activities with paramilitary activities and military intelligence , and supported expansionism overseas as a solution to Japan 's domestic issues . </P> <P> Japan felt looked down on by Western countries during the late 19th century . The phrase fukoku kyōhei ( rich nation , strong army ) was created during this time and shows how Japanese officials saw imperialism as the way to gain respect and power . With a more aggressive foreign policy , and victory over China in the First Sino - Japanese War and over Russia in the Russo - Japanese War , Japan joined the imperialist powers . The need for a strong military to secure Japan 's new overseas empire was strengthened by a sense that only through a strong military would Japan earn the respect of western nations , and thus revision of the unequal treaties . </P> <H3> Economic factors ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the 19th century , Great Power status was considered dependent on resource - rich colonial empires , both as a source of raw materials for military and industrial production , and international prestige . </P> <P> Due to the lack of resources in Japanese home islands , raw materials such as iron , oil , and coal largely had to be imported . The success of Japan in securing Taiwan ( 1895 ) and Korea ( 1910 ) had brought Japan primarily agricultural colonies . In terms of resources , the Japanese military looked towards Manchuria 's iron and coal , Indochina 's rubber , and China 's vast resources . However , the army was at variance with the zaibatsu financial and industrial corporations on how to manage economic expansion , a conflict also affecting domestic politics . </P> <H3> Independence of the military ( edit ) </H3> <P> Also forming part of the basis for the growth of militarism was the freedom from civilian control enjoyed by the Japanese armed forces . In 1878 , the Imperial Japanese Army established the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff office , modeled after the Prussian General Staff . This office was independent of , and equal ( and later superior ) to the Ministry of War of Japan in terms of authority . The Imperial Japanese Navy soon followed with the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff . These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations , and reported directly to the emperor . As the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers , they did not report to the Prime Minister of Japan , and were thus completely independent of any civilian oversight or control . </P> <P> The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation ( and survival ) of any civilian government . Since the law required that the posts of Army Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active duty officers nominated by their respective services , and since the law also required that a prime minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts , both the Army and the Navy had final say on the formation of a cabinet , and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor . In reality , while this tactic was used only one time ( ironically to prevent a General , Kazushige Ugaki , from becoming Prime Minister in 1937 ) , the threat always loomed large when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership . </P> <H3> Growth of ultranationalism ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Taishō period , Japan saw a short period of democratic rule ( the so - called `` Taisho democracy '' ) , and several diplomatic attempts were made to encourage peace , such as the Washington Naval Treaty and participation in the League of Nations . However , with the beginning of the Shōwa era , the apparent collapse of the world economic order with the Great Depression starting in 1929 , coupled with the imposition of trade barriers by western nations and an increasing radicalism in Japanese politics including issues of domestic terrorist violence ( including an assassination attempt on the emperor in 1932 and a number of attempted coups d'état by ultra-nationalist secret societies ) led to a resurgence of so - called `` jingoistic '' patriotism , a weakening of democratic forces and a belief that the military could solve all threats both domestic and foreign . Patriotic education also strengthened the sense of a hakko ichiu , or a divine mission to unify Asia under Japanese rule . </P> <P> Those who continued to resist the `` military solution '' including nationalists with unquestionable patriotism , such as generals Jotaro Watanabe and Tetsuzan Nagata and ex-Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara were driven from office or an active role in the government . </P> <P> A turning point came with the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 . Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi and his Minseito party agreed to a treaty which would severely limit Japanese naval power . This treaty was strongly opposed by the military , who claimed that it would endanger national defense , and was portrayed by the opposition Rikken Seiyukai party as having been forced upon Japan by a hostile United States , which further inflamed growing anti-foreign sentiment . </P> <P> The Japanese system of party government finally met its demise with the May 15 Incident in 1932 , when a group of junior naval officers and army cadets assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi . Although the assassins were put on trial and sentenced to fifteen years ' imprisonment , they were seen popularly as having acted out of patriotism and the atmosphere was set where the military was able to act with little restraint . </P> <H3> Growth of military adventurism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Japan had been involved in the Asian continent continuously from the First Sino - Japanese War , Boxer Rebellion , Russo - Japanese War , World War I and the Siberian Intervention . During the term of Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929 , Japan sent troops three times to China to obstruct Chiang Kai - shek 's unification campaign . In June 1928 , adventurist officers of the Kwantung Army embarked on unauthorized initiatives to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria , including the assassination of a former ally , warlord Zhang Zuolin , in hopes of sparking a general conflict . </P> <P> The Manchurian Incident of September 1931 did not fail , and it set the stage for the Japanese military takeover of all of Manchuria . Kwantung Army conspirators blew up a few meters of South Manchurian Railway Company track near Mukden , blamed it on Chinese saboteurs , and used the event as an excuse to invade and seize the vast territory . </P> <P> In Tokyo one month later , in the Imperial Colors Incident , military figures failed in an attempt to establish a military dictatorship , but again the news was suppressed and the military perpetrators were not punished . </P> <P> In January 1932 , Japanese forces attacked Shanghai in the First Shanghai Incident , waging a three - month undeclared war there before a truce was reached . The civilian government in Tokyo was powerless to prevent these military adventures , and instead of being condemned , the Kwangtung Army 's actions enjoyed considerable popular support . </P> <P> Inukai 's successors , military men chosen by Saionji Kinmochi , the last surviving genrō , recognized Manchukuo and generally approved the army 's actions in securing Manchuria as an industrial base , an area for Japanese emigration , and a potential staging ground for war with the Soviet Union . Various army factions contended for power amid increasing suppression of dissent and more assassinations . In the February 26 Incident of 1936 , the Army 's elite First Infantry Division staged an attempted coup d'état in yet another effort to overthrow civilian rule . The revolt was put down by other military units , and its leaders were executed after secret trials . Despite public dismay over these events and the discredit they brought to numerous military figures , Japan 's civilian leadership capitulated to the army 's demands in the hope of ending domestic violence . Increases were seen in defense budgets , naval construction ( Japan announced it would no longer accede to disarmament treaties ) , and patriotic indoctrination as Japan moved toward a wartime footing . </P> <P> In November 1936 , the Anti-Comintern Pact , an agreement to exchange information and collaborate in preventing communist activities , was signed by Japan and Germany ( Italy joined a year later ) . War was launched against China with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of July 7 , 1937 in which a clash near Beijing between Chinese and Japanese troops quickly escalated into the full - scale warfare of the Second Sino - Japanese War , followed by the Soviet - Japanese Border Wars and the Pacific War . </P> <P> Despite the military 's long tradition of independence from civilian control , its efforts at staging a coup d'état to overthrow the civilian government , and its forcing Japan into war through insubordination and military adventurism , the military was ultimately unable to force a military dictatorship on Japan . </P> <P> Under Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro , the Japanese government was streamlined to meet war - time conditions and under the National Mobilization Law was given absolute power over the nation 's assets . In 1940 , all political parties were ordered to dissolve into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association , forming a one - party state based on totalitarian values . Even so , there was much entrenched opposition from the government bureaucrats , and in the 1942 general election for the Japanese Diet , the military was still unable to do away with the last vestiges of party politics . This was partly due to the fact that the military itself was not a monolithic structure , but was rent internally with its own political factions . Even Japan 's wartime Prime Minister , Hideki Tōjō , had difficulty controlling portions of his own military . </P> <P> Japan 's overseas possessions , greatly extended as a result of early successes in the Pacific War were organized into a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , which was to have integrated Asia politically and economically -- under Japanese leadership -- against Western domination . </P> <H3> Opposition to militarism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite the apparently monolithic national consensus on the official aggressive policies pursued by the Imperial government in the first part of the Shōwa era , some substantial opposition did exist . This was one of various forms of Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period . </P> <P> The most organized open opposition to militarism was from the Japanese Communist Party . In the early 1930s Communist activists attempted to influence army conscripts , but the party was suppressed during the mid-1930s within Japan . </P> <P> Personal opposition included individuals from the fields of party politics , business and culture . Some notable examples include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hara Takashi , a commoner and liberal thinker of the Rikken Seiyūkai , had become prime minister in 1918 with the rallying cry of `` Militarism is dead . '' Three years later , however , Hara was assassinated . </Li> <Li> Kijūrō Shidehara followed a non-interventionist policy toward China , attempting to stabilize its relations with Great Britain and the United States . The term `` Shidehara diplomacy '' came to describe Japan 's liberal foreign policy during the 1920s , and was assailed by military interests who believed it was weakening the country . </Li> <Li> Baron Takuma Dan , director of Mitsui Bank , was an important opponent of Japan overseas interventions and was known for his pro-American views . He was murdered on March 5 , 1932 in the League of Blood Incident . </Li> <Li> Minobe Tatsukichi , a respected professor at Tokyo Imperial University declared the emperor to be a part of the constitutional structure of Japan rather than a sacred power beyond the state itself in 1935 . His constitutional interpretation was overwhelmingly accepted by bureaucrats until the 1930s . In the increasingly militant 1930s , these ideas led to attacks against Minobe in the House of Peers and his resignation from that body . </Li> <Li> Saitō Takao , a graduate of Yale University was a member of the Rikken Minseito party . On February 2 , 1940 , he made a speech in the Diet in which he sharply questioned the prosecution and justification of Japan 's `` holy war '' in China . He was expelled from the Diet on March 7 , 1940 and his speech also led to the creation of the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War by Fumimaro Konoe . </Li> <Li> Admiral Sōkichi Takagi , an opponent of Japan 's decision to declare war on the United States , was asked by Navy Minister Shigetarō Shimada to compile a report analyzing Japanese defeats during the Pacific campaign of 1942 . His analysis convinced Takagi of Japan 's inevitable defeat . Believing that the only solution for Japan was the elimination of the Tojo - led government and a truce with the United States , Takagi began planning for the assassination of Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō before his removal from office in July 1944 . </Li> <Li> Kanō Jigorō , creator of Judo and founder of the modern Japanese educational system , member of Japan 's Olympic Committee , and de facto foreign minister for Japan was a staunch opponent of militarism . Concerned that his Judo school , the Kodokan , would be used as a military training center , he obtained a promise from the Emperor that it would not be . Alternate sources list different causes of death , and some consider his passing to be suspicious . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H3> Japan attacking Pearl Harbor ( edit ) </H3> <P> The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor happened on December 7 , 1941 . The reasons behind this attack has been motivated as a result of anger that has been fueled by the Japanese people against the United States and their past rocky relationship . Japan had plans to take over other Asian countries , which resulted in the US to strip any war materials and resources to be sold to the Japanese and froze all assets and bank accounts in the US . The US fleet moved from being stationed in California to be moved in Pearl Harbor to somewhat control Japan 's aggression and imposed on an embargo of essential materials , because Japan was trying to take over and control more territories . ( 1 ) </P> <H3> Post-war ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite efforts to totally militarize Japanese society during the war , including such measures as the National Service Draft Ordinance and the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement , Japanese militarism was discredited by the failure of Japan 's military in World War II and by the American occupation . After the surrender of Japan , many of its former military leaders were tried for war crimes before the Tokyo tribunal , its government , educational system revised and had pacifism written into the post-war Constitution of Japan as one of its key tenets . </P> <P> While many believe that nationalism is on the rise , due to the country 's economic downfall and increased push to revise article nine to assist in international peacekeeping operations , many also believe that it has very little to do with militarism in general . Others are concerned that the public showings of respect to war criminals enshrined along with the war dead by the political leaders is a worrisome new development bringing a new dynamic to the region. ( 2 ) </P> <H2> Timeline ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1931 : Hamaguchi dies and Wakatsuki Reijirō becomes prime minister ( April 14 ) . Inukai Tsuyoshi becomes prime minister ( December 13 ) and increases funding for the military in China . Mukden Incident occurs . </Li> <Li> 1932 : After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai ( January 18 ) , Japanese forces shell the city ( January 29 ) . Manchukuo is established with Henry Pu Yi as emperor ( February 29 ) . Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and Saitō Makoto becomes prime minister ( May 15 ) . Japan is censured by the League of Nations ( December 7 ) . </Li> <Li> 1933 : Japan leaves the League of Nations ( March 27 ) . </Li> <Li> 1934 : Keisuke Okada becomes prime minister ( July 8 ) . Japan withdraws from the Washington Naval Treaty ( December 29 ) . </Li> <Li> 1936 : Coup attempt , the February 26 Incident , crushed by Hirohito . Kōki Hirota becomes prime minister ( March 9 ) . Japan signs its first pact with Germany ( November 25 ) and occupies Tsingtao ( December 3 ) . Mengchiang established in Inner Mongolia . </Li> <Li> 1937 : Senjūrō Hayashi becomes prime minister ( February 2 ) . Prince Konoe Fumimaro becomes prime minister ( June 4 ) . The Sino - Japanese War starts with the Battle of Lugou Bridge ( July 7 ) . Japan captures Peking ( July 31 ) . Japanese troops occupy Nanking ( December 13 ) , beginning the Nanking massacre . </Li> <Li> 1938 : Battle of Taierzhuang ( March 24 ) . Canton falls to Japanese forces ( October 21 ) . </Li> <Li> 1939 : Hiranuma Kiichirō becomes prime minister ( January 5 ) . Japanese forces suffers a military defeat at Battles of Khalkhin Gol against Soviet forces ( September 15 ) . Abe Nobuyuki becomes prime minister ( August 30 ) . </Li> <Li> 1940 : Mitsumasa Yonai becomes prime minister ( January 16 ) . Konoe becomes prime minister for a second term ( July 22 ) . Hundred Regiments Offensive ( August -- September ) . Japan occupies French Indochina in the wake of the fall of Paris to the Germans , and signs the Tripartite Pact ( September 27 ) . </Li> <Li> 1941 : Japan and Soviet Union signs a non aggression pact ( April 13 ) . General Hideki Tōjō becomes prime minister ( October 18 ) . Japanese naval forces attack Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ( December 7 ) ( see Attack on Pearl Harbor ) , prompting the United States to declare war on Japan ( December 8 ) . Japan conquers Hong Kong ( December 25 ) . </Li> <Li> 1942 : Singapore surrenders to Japan ( February 15 ) . Japan bombs Australia ( February 19 ) . Indian Ocean raid ( March 31 - April 10 ) . Doolittle Raid on Tokyo ( April 18 ) . Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 4 -- 8 ) . Sanko sakusen implemented in North China . American forces in the Philippines surrender ( May 8 ) . Japan defeated at the Battle of Midway ( June 6 ) . </Li> <Li> 1943 : U.S. victory in Battle of Guadalcanal ( February 9 ) . Japan defeated at Battle of Tarawa ( November 23 ) . </Li> <Li> 1944 : Tojo resigns and Kuniaki Koiso becomes prime minister ( July 22 ) . </Li> <Li> 1945 : U.S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities . Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima ( March 26 ) . Admiral Kantarō Suzuki becomes prime minister ( April 7 ) . Manila massacre . Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa ( June 21 ) . U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima ( August 6 ) , and on Nagasaki in the same day that USSR entered in the War against Japan ( August 9 ) . Japan surrenders ( September 2 ) : Allied occupation begins . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Statism in Shōwa Japan </Li> <Li> List of Japanese political and military incidents </Li> <Li> List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period </Li> <Li> List of Japanese nationalist movements and parties </Li> <Li> Japanese nationalism </Li> <Li> Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere </Li> <Li> Imperialism in Asia </Li> <Li> Japanese resistance to the Empire of Japan in World War II for Japanese opponents to Japanese militarism . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Bernd . Japan and Germany in the Modern World , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nishitani , Yuko et al. ( 2008 ) . Japanese and European Private International Law in Comparative Perspective , p. 29 n6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Claude Emerson . ( 1976 ) . Civilian Control of the Military : Theory and Cases from Developing Countries , p. 161 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bassford , Christopher . ( 1994 ) . Clausewitz in English : The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America , 1815 -- 1945 , p. 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schramm , Helmar. ( 2005 ) . Collection , Laboratory , Theater , p. 429 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , p. 162 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopper , Helen ( 2005 ) . Fukuzawa yukichi : from samurai to capitalist . New York , New York : Pearson Education , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07802 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hillis , Lory Japan 's Military Masters : The Army in Japanese people not live with farm on hilltop when fish swim in moist creek with bottletop bill . Life Washington 1943 pp127 - 130 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bassford , Christopher . ( 1994 ) . Clausewitz in English : The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America , 1815 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508383 - 5 </Li> <Li> Beasley , William G. ( 1991 ) . Japanese Imperialism 1894 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822168 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Hopper , Helen ( 2005 ) . Fukuzawa yukichi : from samurai to capitalist . New York , New York : Pearson Education , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07802 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Dower , John W. ( 1999 ) . Embracing Defeat : Japan in the Wake of World War II . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32027 - 5 </Li> <Li> Dower , John W. ( 1995 ) . Japan in War & Peace . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 279 - 3 </Li> <Li> Gow , Ian ( 2004 ) . Military Intervention in Pre-War Japanese Politics : Admiral Kato Kanji and the Washington System ' . RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1315 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Hook , Glenn D ( 2007 ) . Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan . Taylor & Francis . ASIN B000OI0VTI . </Li> <Li> Gordon , Andrew ( 2003 ) . A Modern History of Japan : From Tokugawa Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511061 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Maki , John M ( 2007 ) . Japanese Militarism , Past and Present . Thomspon Press . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 2272 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Martin , Bernd. ( 1995 ) . Japan and Germany in the modern world . Providence / Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 047 - 2 </Li> <Li> Schramm , Helmar , Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. ( 2005 ) . Collection , Laboratory , Theater : Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017736 - 7 </Li> <Li> Sims , Richard ( 2001 ) . Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868 -- 2000 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 23915 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Sunoo , Harold Hwakon ( 1975 ) . Japanese Militarism , Past and Present . Burnham Inc Pub . ISBN 0 - 88229 - 217 - X . </Li> <Li> Welch , Claude Emerson . ( 1976 ) . Civilian Control of the Military : Theory and Cases from Developing Countries . Albany : State University of New York Press . 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The Three Musketeers - wikipedia <H1> The Three Musketeers </H1> For other uses , see The Three Musketeers ( disambiguation ) . For the novel 's film adaptations , see The Three Musketeers in film . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Three Musketeers <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` D'Artagnan , Athos , Aramis , and Porthos '' Image by Maquet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original title </Th> <Td> Les Trois Mousquetaires </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Historical novel , Adventure novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> March -- July 1844 ( serialised ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> c. 700 ( depending on edition ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Twenty Years After , The Vicomte of Bragelonne </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Three Musketeers ( French : Les Trois Mousquetaires ( le tʁwa muskətɛʁ ) ) is a historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas . </P> <P> Set in 1625 -- 1628 , it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan ( based on Charles de Batz - Castelmore d'Artagnan ) after he leaves home to travel to Paris , to join the Musketeers of the Guard . Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately , he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age -- Athos , Porthos and Aramis -- and gets involved in affairs of the state and court . </P> <P> In genre , The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel . However , Dumas also frequently works into the plot various injustices , abuses , and absurdities of the old regime , giving the novel an additional political aspect at a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce . The story was first serialised from March to July 1844 , during the July Monarchy , four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic . The author 's father , Thomas - Alexandre Dumas , had been a well - known General in France 's Republican army during the French Revolutionary Wars . </P> <P> The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 3 Characters </Li> <Li> 4 Editions </Li> <Li> 5 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Film </Li> <Li> 5.2 Television <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Live - action </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Stage </Li> <Li> 5.4 Video games and board games </Li> <Li> 5.5 Web Series </Li> <Li> 5.6 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> A Musketeer of the Guard c. 1660 . <P> In the very first sentences of his preface , Alexandre Dumas indicated as his source Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan ( 1700 ) , a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras , which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV , printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam . It was in this book , he said , that d'Artagnan relates his first visit to M. de Tréville , captain of the Musketeers , where in the antechamber , he met three young Béarnese with the names Athos , Porthos , and Aramis . This information struck the imagination of Dumas so much -- he tells us -- that he continued his investigation and finally encountered once more the names of the three musketeers in a manuscript with the title Mémoire de M. le comte de la Fère , etc ... Excited , Dumas requested permission to reprint the manuscript -- a permission which was granted : </P> <P> Now , this is the first part of this precious manuscript which we offer to our readers , restoring it to the title which belongs to it , and entering into an engagement that if ( of which we have no doubt ) this first part should obtain the success it merits , we will publish the second immediately . </P> <P> In the meanwhile , since godfathers are second fathers , as it were , we beg the reader to lay to our account , and not to that of the Comte de la Fère , the pleasure or the ennui he may experience . </P> <P> This being understood , let us proceed with our story . </P> <P> The book he referred to was Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan , capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi ( Memoirs of Sir d'Artagnan , Lieutenant Captain of the first company of the King 's Musketeers ) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras ( Cologne , 1700 ) . The book was borrowed from the Marseille public library , and the card - index remains to this day ; Dumas kept the book when he went back to Paris . </P> <P> Following Dumas 's lead in his preface , Eugène d'Auriac ( de la Bibliothèque Royale ) in 1847 was able to write the biography of d'Artagnan : d'Artagnan , Capitaine - Lieutenant des Mousquetaires -- Sa vie aventureuse -- Ses duels -- etc. based on Courtilz de Sandras . </P> <P> The Three Musketeers was written in collaboration with Auguste Maquet , who also worked with Dumas on its sequels ( Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later ) , as well as The Count of Monte Cristo . Maquet would suggest plot outlines after doing historical research ; Dumas then expanded the plot , removing some characters , including new ones , and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style . </P> <P> The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the newspaper Le Siècle between March and July 1844 . </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1625 France , d'Artagnan ( a poor young nobleman ) leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard . At an inn in Meung - sur - Loire , an older man derides d'Artagnan's horse . Insulted , d'Artagnan demands a duel . The older man 's companions beat d'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a metal tong that breaks his sword . His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville , the commander of the Musketeers , is also stolen . D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the man ( who is later revealed to be the Comte de Rochefort , an agent of Cardinal Richelieu , who is passing orders from the Cardinal to his spy Lady de Winter , usually called Milady de Winter or simply Milady ) . </P> <P> In Paris , d'Artagnan visits M. de Tréville at the headquarters of the Musketeers , but without the letter , Tréville politely refuses his application . He does , however , write a letter of introduction to an academy for young gentlemen which may prepare him for recruitment at a later time . From Tréville 's window , d'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street below and rushes out of the building to confront him , but in doing so he offends three Musketeers , Athos , Porthos , and Aramis , who each demand satisfaction ; d'Artagnan must fight a duel with all of them that afternoon . As d'Artagnan prepares himself for the first duel , he realizes that Athos ' seconds are Porthos and Aramis , who are astonished that the young Gascon intends to duel them all . As d'Artagnan and Athos begin , Cardinal Richelieu 's guards appear and try to arrest d'Artagnan and the three Musketeers for illegal dueling . Although outnumbered , the four men win the battle . D'Artagnan seriously wounds Jussac , one of the Cardinal 's officers and a renowned fighter . After learning of this , King Louis XIII appoints d'Artagnan to Des Essart 's company of the King 's Guards and gives him forty pistoles . </P> Depiction of the Cardinal 's musketeers , the great rivals of the King 's musketeers . <P> D'Artagnan hires a servant ( Planchet ) , finds lodgings , and reports to Monsieur des Essart . Des Essart 's company is a less prestigious regiment in which he must serve for two years before being considered for the Musketeers . Shortly after , his landlord speaks to him about his wife Constance Bonacieux 's kidnapping . When she is presently released , d'Artagnan falls in love at first sight with her . She works for Queen Anne of France , who is secretly conducting an affair with the Duke of Buckingham . The King , Louis XIII , gave the Queen a gift of diamond studs but she gives them to her lover as a keepsake . Cardinal Richelieu , who wants war between France and England , plans to expose the tryst and persuades the King to demand the Queen wear the diamonds to a soirée that the Cardinal is sponsoring . Constance tries to send her husband to London but the man is manipulated by Richelieu and does not go , so d'Artagnan and his friends intercede . En route , the Cardinal 's henchmen repeatedly attack them and only d'Artagnan and Planchet reach London . Before arriving , d'Artagnan is compelled to assault and nearly kill the Comte de Wardes , a friend of the Cardinal , cousin of Rochefort and Milady 's lover . Although Milady stole two of the diamond studs , the Duke of Buckingham provides replacements while delaying the thief 's return to Paris . D'Artagnan is thus able to return a complete set of jewels to Queen Anne just in time to save her honour . In gratitude , she gives him a beautiful ring . </P> <P> Shortly afterwards , d'Artagnan begins an affair with Madame Bonacieux . Arriving for an assignation , he sees signs of a struggle and discovers that Rochefort and M. Bonacieux , acting under the orders of the Cardinal , have assaulted and imprisoned her . D'Artagnan and his friends , now recovered from their injuries , return to Paris . D'Artagnan meets Milady de Winter officially , and recognizes her as one of the Cardinal 's agents , but becomes infatuated with her until her maid reveals that Milady is indifferent toward him . Entering her quarters in the dark , he pretends to be the Comte de Wardes and trysts with her . He finds a fleur - de-lis branded on Milady 's shoulder , marking her as a felon . Discovering his identity , Milady attempts to kill him but d'Artagnan eludes her . He is ordered to the Siege of La Rochelle . </P> <P> He is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison . In an inn , the musketeers overhear the Cardinal asking Milady to murder the Duke of Buckingham , a supporter of the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle who has sent troops to assist them . Richelieu gives her a letter that excuses her actions as under orders from the Cardinal himself , but Athos takes it . The next morning , Athos bets that he , d'Artagnan , Porthos , and Aramis , and their servants can hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour , for the purpose of discussing their next course of action . They resist for an hour and a half before retreating , killing 22 Rochellese in total . They warn Lord de Winter and the Duke of Buckingham . Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England but seduces her guard , Felton ( a fictionalization of the real John Felton ) , and persuades him to allow her escape and to kill Buckingham himself . On her return to France , Milady hides in a convent where Constance is also staying . The naive Constance clings to Milady , who sees a chance for revenge on d'Artagnan , and fatally poisons Constance before d'Artagnan can rescue her . The Musketeers arrest Milady before she reaches Cardinal Richelieu . They bring an official executioner , put her on trial and sentence her to death . After her execution , the four friends return to the siege of La Rochelle . The Comte de Rochefort arrests d'Artagnan and takes him to the Cardinal . When questioned about Milady 's execution , d'Artagnan presents her letter of pardon as his own . Impressed with d'Artagnan's willfulness and secretly glad to be rid of Milady , the Cardinal destroys the letter and writes a new order , giving the bearer a promotion to lieutenant in the Tréville company of musketeers , leaving the name blank . D'Artagnan offers the letter to Athos , Porthos , and Aramis in turn but each refuses it ; Athos because it is below him , Porthos because he is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress and Aramis because he is joining the priesthood . D'Artagnan , though heartbroken and full of regrets , gets the promotion he coveted . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Musketeers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Athos -- Comte de la Fère : he has never recovered from his marriage to Milady and seeks solace in wine . He becomes a father figure to d'Artagnan . </Li> <Li> Aramis -- René d'Herblay , a handsome young man who hesitates between his religious calling and his fondness for women and scheming . </Li> <Li> Porthos -- M. du Vallon : a dandy , fond of fashionable clothes and keen to make a fortune for himself . The least cerebral of the quartet , he compensates with his homeric strength of body and character . </Li> <Li> D'Artagnan -- Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan : a young , foolhardy , brave and clever man seeking his fortune in Paris . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Musketeers ' servants </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Planchet -- a young man from Picardy , he is seen by Porthos on the Pont de la Tournelle spitting into the river below . Porthos takes this as a sign of good character and hires him on the spot to serve d'Artagnan . He turns out to be a brave , intelligent and loyal servant . </Li> <Li> Grimaud -- a Breton . Athos is a strict master , and only permits his servant to speak in emergencies ; he mostly communicates through sign language . </Li> <Li> Mousqueton -- originally a Norman named Boniface ; Porthos , however , changes his name to one that sounds better . He is a would - be dandy , just as vain as his master . In lieu of pay , he is clothed and lodged in a manner superior to that usual for servants , dressing grandly in his master 's old clothes . </Li> <Li> Bazin -- from the province of Berry , Bazin is a pious man who waits for the day his master ( Aramis ) will join the church , as he has always dreamed of serving a priest . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Others </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Milady de Winter -- a beautiful and evil spy of the Cardinal , she is also Athos 's ex-wife . D'Artagnan impersonates a rival to spend a night with her , attracting her deadly hatred . </Li> <Li> Rochefort is a more conventional agent of the Cardinal . Following their duel on the road to Paris , d'Artagnan swears to have his revenge . He loses several opportunities , but their paths finally cross again towards the end of the novel . </Li> <Li> Constance Bonacieux -- the Queen 's seamstress and confidante . After d'Artagnan rescues her from the Cardinal 's guard , he immediately falls in love with her . She appreciates his protection , but the relationship is never consummated . </Li> <Li> Monsieur Bonacieux -- Constance 's husband . He initially enlists d'Artagnan's help to rescue his wife from the Cardinal 's guards , but when he himself is arrested , he and the Cardinal discover they have an understanding . Richelieu turns Monsieur Bonacieux against his wife , and he goes on to play a role in her abduction . </Li> <Li> Kitty -- a servant of Milady de Winter . She dislikes her mistress and adores d'Artagnan . </Li> <Li> Lord Winter - brother of Milady 's second husband , who died of a mysterious disease ( apparently poisoned by Milady ) . He imprisoned Milady upon her arrival in England and decided to send her overseas in exile . Later , he took part in Milady 's trial . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Historical characters </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> King Louis XIII of France : presented by Dumas as a fairly weak monarch often manipulated by his chief minister . </Li> <Li> Queen Anne of Austria -- the unhappy Queen of France . </Li> <Li> Cardinal Richelieu : Armand Jean du Plessis , the King 's chief minister , who plots against the Queen in resentment at having his advances rebuffed . Dumas describes him as being `` 36 or 37 '' though in 1625 Richelieu was 40 . </Li> <Li> M. de Tréville -- captain of The Musketeers , and something of a mentor to d'Artagnan , though he has only a minor role . </Li> <Li> George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham - a handsome and charismatic man used to getting his way : he thinks nothing of starting a war between England and France for his personal convenience . His courtship of Anne of Austria gets her in trouble . </Li> <Li> John Felton -- a puritan officer assigned to guard Milady and warned about her ways , he is nonetheless seduced and fooled by her in a matter of days and assassinates Buckingham at her request . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Les Trois Mousquetaires was translated into three English versions by 1846 . One of these , by William Barrow ( 1817 -- 1877 ) , is still in print and fairly faithful to the original , available in the Oxford World 's Classics 1999 edition . To conform to 19th - century English standards , all of the explicit and many of the implicit references to sexuality were removed , adversely affecting the readability of several scenes , such as the scenes between d'Artagnan and Milady . </P> <P> The most recent English translation is by Richard Pevear ( 2006 ) , who , though applauding Barrow 's work , states that most of the modern translations available today are `` textbook examples of bad translation practices '' which `` give their readers an extremely distorted notion of Dumas ' writing '' . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Three Musketeers in film <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <P> The novel has been adapted also for television in live - action and animation . </P> Live - action ( edit ) <P> BBC has adapted the novel in three separate occasions . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Three Musketeers , a 1954 BBC adaptation in six 30 - minute episodes , starring Laurence Payne , Roger Delgado , Paul Whitsun - Jones and Paul Hansard </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers , a 1966 BBC adaptation in ten 25 - minute episodes , directed by Peter Hammond and starring Jeremy Brett , Jeremy Young , and Brian Blessed </Li> <Li> The Musketeers , a 2014 series by Adrian Hodges , is the newest BBC adaptation starring Tom Burke , Santiago Cabrera , Howard Charles and Luke Pasqualino as the titular musketeers . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Young Blades is an American / Canadian television series that aired on PAX on 2005 . It 's a sequel to the novels , centered on the son of d'Artagnan , played by Tobias Mehler . </P> Animation ( edit ) <P> Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is a 1981 Spanish -- Japanese anime adaptation , where the characters are anthropomorphic dogs . A sequel , The Return of Dogtanian , was released in 1990 by BRB Internacional , Thames Television and Wang Film Productions . Set 10 years after of the original , it 's loosely based on the novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne . </P> <P> In 1989 , Gakken produced a new anime adaptation called The Three Musketeers Anime , this time with human characters , which features several departures from the original . </P> <P> The Three Musketeers was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna - Barbera 's as part of The Banana Splits Comedy - Adventure Hour and The Banana Splits & Friends show . </P> <P> Albert the Fifth Musketeer is a 1994 French animated series featuring a new musketeer , the titular Albert . </P> <P> A Barbie adaption of the tale by the name of Barbie and the Three Musketeers was made in 2009 . </P> <H3> Stage ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first stage production was in Dumas ' own lifetime as the opera Les Trois Mousquetaires with a libretto by Dumas himself and music by Albert Visetti . </P> <P> The Three Musketeers is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire , lyrics by Clifford Grey and P.G. Wodehouse , and music by Rudolf Friml . The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances . A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances . </P> <P> In 2003 , a Dutch musical 3 Musketiers with a book by André Breedland and music & lyrics by Rob & Ferdi Bolland premiered , which went on to open in Germany ( both the Dutch and German production starring Pia Douwes as Milady De Winter ) and Hungary . </P> <P> Playwright Peter Raby , composer George Stiles and lyricist Paul Leigh have written another adaptation titled `` The 3 Musketeers , One Musical For All '' , originally produced by the now defunct American Musical Theatre of San Jose . </P> <H3> Video games and board games ( edit ) </H3> <P> 1995 saw the release by publisher U.S. Gold of Touché : The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer by video game developers Clipper Software , a classic point - and - click adventure game . In 2005 , Swedish developer Legendo Entertainment published the side - scrolling platform game The Three Musketeers for Windows XP and Windows Vista . In July 2009 , a version of the game was released for WiiWare in North America and Europe under the title The Three Musketeers : One for All ! . In 2009 , Canadian developer Dingo Games self - published The Three Musketeers : The Game for Windows and Mac OS X . It is the first game to be truly based on the novel ( in that it closely follows the novel 's story ) . 2009 also saw the publication of the asymmetric team board game The Three Musketeers `` The Queen 's Pendants '' ( Настольная игра `` Три мушкетера '' ) from French designer Pascal Bernard by the Russian publisher Zvezda . In 2010 a co-operative game called `` Mousquetaires du Roy '' was released by Ystari and Rio Grande . The alternative spelling of `` Roy '' was taken from the old French and is rumoured to be preferred over the regular spelling because the publisher 's desire to have a letter `` Y '' in the name of the games they publish . Designed by François Combe and Gilles Lehmann for 1 - 5 players , the medium heavy game depicts the quest to retrieve the Queen 's diamonds , while at the same time fending off disasters back in Paris . A sixth player expansion , called `` Treville '' was also made available in 2010 . </P> <P> In 2010 , Anuman Interactive launched The Three Musketeers , a hidden object game on PC and MAC . Players follow d'Artagnan in his quest to become a king 's musketeer . </P> <H3> Web series ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2016 , KindaTV launched a web series based on the story of The Three Musketeers , called `` All For One '' . It follows a group of college students , mainly Dorothy Castlemore , and is centred around a sorority - Mu Sigma Theta ( MST ) . The majority of characters have been gender - swapped from the original story and most character names are based of the original characters . </P> <P> It covers several themes including the LGBT community , mental health , long distance relationships and college life . </P> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> Three Musketeers , Issue No. 1 , Classic Comics , published 1941 <P> Publisher Albert Lewis Kanter ( 1897 -- 1973 ) , created Classic Comics for Elliot Publishing Company in 1941 with its debut issues being The Three Musketeers . The Three Mouseketeers was the title of two separate series produced by DC Comics ; the first series was a loose parody of The Three Musketeers . </P> <P> In 1939 , American author Tiffany Thayer published a book titled Three Musketeers ( Thayer , 1939 ) . This is a re-telling of the story in Thayer 's words , true to the original plot but told in a different order and with different points of view and emphasis from the original . The Khaavren Romances by Steven Brust are fantasy ( or science - fiction ) novels heavily influenced by The Three Musketeers and its sequels ; the characters and social background are closer to Dumas 's than the plots . </P> <P> Sarah Hoyt wrote a series of Historical Murder mysteries with the Musketeers as the protagonists . ( Hoyt wrote the novels under the name Sarah D'Almeida . ) </P> <P> Tansy Rayner Roberts wrote Musketeer Space , a space opera retelling of the original book in which almost all characters have a different gender , as a weekly serialized novel from 2014 - 2016 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Trois Mousquetaires by Alexandre Dumas -- Free Ebook : Author 's Preface '' . Gutenberg.org. 4 November 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre . The Three Musketeers , Author 's Preface . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Editions de La Table Ronde , Paris , 1993 ISBN 2 - 7103 - 0559 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre The Three Musketeers , Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition , `` A Note on the Translation '' , page xxi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 1 August 2012 ) . `` One for all : BBC announces new show ' The Musketeers ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Touché : The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer , Moby Games </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Three Musketeers : One for All ! ( WiiWare ) '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Three Musketeers : The Game , Moby Games </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pascal Bernard -- Board Game Designer '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Звезда . Настольные игры . Сборные модели и миниатюры. ( in Russian ) . Zvezda . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mousquetaires du Roy '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1st Ystari Game where the S comes before the Y ? '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mousquetaires du Roy : Tréville miniature '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HdO Adventure series GamesIndustry International '' . Gamesindustry.biz. 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ All for One , Gwenlyn Cumyn , Angie Lopez , Claire Gagnon - King , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Three Musketeers . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Musketeers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Three Musketeers at Project Gutenberg . Plain text format . </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> <Li> History of Dumas ' Musketeers , shows links between the characters and actual history . </Li> <Li> Comprehensive collection of Dumas links </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers . Scanned public domain editions in PDF format from Archive.org , some w / illustrations , introductions and other helpful material . </Li> <Li> `` The Paris of The Three Musketeers '' , by E.H. Blashfield and E.W. Blashfield . Scribner 's Magazine , August 1890 . Cornell University Library . </Li> <Li> Cooper , Barbara T. , `` Alexandre Dumas , père '' , in Dictionary of Literary Biography , Vol. 119 : Nineteenth - Century French Fiction Writers : Romanticism and Realism , 1800 -- 1860 , edited by Catharine Savage Brosman , Gale Research , 1992 , pp. 98 -- 119 . </Li> <Li> Hemmings , F.W.J. , `` Alexandre Dumas Père '' , in European Writers : The Romantic Century , Vol. 6 , edited by Jacques Barzun and George Stade , Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1985 , pp. 719 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Foote - Greenwell , Victoria , `` The Life and Resurrection of Alexandre Dumas '' , in Smithsonian , July 1996 , p. 110 . </Li> <Li> Thayer , Tiffany , Three Musketeers , New York : Citadel Press , 1939 . ( On the hard cover , the title is printed as Tiffany Thayer 's Three Musketeers . ) </Li> <Li> Discussion of the work , bibliography and links </Li> <Li> Bibliography and references for The Three Musketeers </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Novels portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alexandre Dumas , père </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Count of Monte Cristo </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers </Li> <Li> The Corsican Brothers </Li> <Li> The Black Tulip </Li> <Li> Captain Pamphile </Li> <Li> Le Chevalier de Maison - Rouge </Li> <Li> La Dame de Monsoreau </Li> <Li> Georges </Li> <Li> The Knight of Sainte - Hermine </Li> <Li> The Queen 's Necklace </Li> <Li> La Reine Margot </Li> <Li> The New Troy </Li> <Li> Twenty Years After </Li> <Li> The Two Dianas </Li> <Li> The Vicomte de Bragelonne </Li> <Li> The Wolf Leader </Li> <Li> La Sanfelice </Li> <Li> The Women 's War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edmond Dantès </Li> <Li> Aramis </Li> <Li> Athos </Li> <Li> Anne of Austria </Li> <Li> d'Artagnan </Li> <Li> Abbé Faria </Li> <Li> Milady de Winter </Li> <Li> Porthos </Li> <Li> Cardinal Richelieu </Li> <Li> Comte de Rochefort </Li> <Li> M. de Tréville </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Brigand ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> The Corsican Brothers ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers </Li> <Li> The Fifth Musketeer </Li> <Li> The Four Musketeers ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> The Four Musketeers ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Iron Mask </Li> <Li> The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Man in the Iron Mask </Li> <Li> Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers </Li> <Li> The Musketeer </Li> <Li> La Reine Margot ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> La Reine Margot ( 1994 ) <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Return of the Musketeers </Li> <Li> Les Trois Mousquetaires </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1992 animated ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV programmes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gankutsuou </Li> <Li> Albert the Fifth Musketeer </Li> <Li> The Count of Monte Cristo </Li> <Li> Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds </Li> <Li> Young Blades </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers </Li> <Li> The Musketeers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexandre Dumas , fils ( son ) </Li> <Li> Thomas - 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Get - Theres </Li> <Li> The Three Mouseketeers ( comics ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( South Korean adaptation ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) </Li> <Li> A Modern Musketeer </Li> <Li> The Three Muscatels </Li> <Li> Unus pro omnibus , omnes pro uno </Li> <Li> Man in the Iron Mask </Li> <Li> Musketeers of the Guard </Li> <Li> 3 Musketeers ( chocolate bar ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNE : XX2036607 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12470217v ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4392104 - 8 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n80036248 </Li> <Li> NLA : 35048714 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 033891117 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 182658327 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Musketeers&oldid=845623990 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Three Musketeers </Li> <Li> 1844 novels </Li> <Li> French adventure novels </Li> <Li> French historical novels </Li> <Li> French novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> French novels adapted into plays </Li> <Li> Novels adapted into comics </Li> <Li> Novels adapted into video games </Li> <Li> Novels adapted into television programs </Li> <Li> Novels by Alexandre Dumas </Li> <Li> Novels first published in serial form </Li> <Li> Novels set in Early Modern France </Li> <Li> Novels set in the 17th century </Li> <Li> Works originally published in Le Siècle </Li> <Li> 1844 in France </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of Cardinal Richelieu </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of Louis XIII </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 uses Russian - 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Edo Neo-Confucianism - wikipedia <H1> Edo Neo-Confucianism </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Confucianism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Spring and Autumn period </Li> <Li> Confucius </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Warring states period </Li> <Li> Mencius </Li> <Li> Xunzi </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Western Han </Li> <Li> Dong Zhongshu </Li> <Li> Gongsun Hong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fundamental concepts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Tian </Li> <Li> Ren </Li> <Li> Yi </Li> <Li> Li </Li> <Li> Xiao </Li> <Li> Zhong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schools ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Neo-Confucianism </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> New Confucianism </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Taigu school </Li> </Ul> <P> Hermeneutic schools : </P> <Ul> <Li> Old Texts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> New Text Confucianism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Confucianism by country ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Confucianism in Indonesia </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Korean Confucianism </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Japanese Confucianism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Confucian texts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Ruzang </Li> </Ul> <P> Four Books : </P> <Ul> <Li> Analects </Li> <Li> Doctrine of the Mean </Li> <Li> Great Learning </Li> <Li> Mencius </Li> </Ul> <P> Five Classics : </P> <Ul> <Li> Classic of Poetry </Li> <Li> Book of Documents </Li> <Li> Book of Rites </Li> <Li> Yijing </Li> <Li> Spring and Autumn Annals </Li> </Ul> <P> Other : </P> <Ul> <Li> Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organization ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Confucian ritual religion </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Temple of Confucius </Li> </Ul> <P> Confucian churches and sects : </P> <Ul> <Li> Holy Confucian Church </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Indonesian Confucian Church </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Phoenix churches </Li> <Li> Xuanyuanism </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Shengdao </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portal Confucianism </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Edo Neo-Confucianism , known in Japanese as Shushi - Gaku ( 朱子学 , shushigaku ) , refers to the schools of Neo-Confucian philosophy that developed in Japan during the Edo period . Neo-Confucianism reached Japan during the Kamakura period . The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic , with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason , and that it was up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual . The 17th - century Tokugawa shogunate adopted Neo-Confucianism as the principle of controlling people and Confucian philosophy took hold . Neo-Confucians such as Hayashi Razan and Arai Hakuseki were instrumental in the formulation of Japan 's dominant early modern political philosophy . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Philosophy </Li> <Li> 3 Neo-Confucianists </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Fujiwara Seika from Japanese book 先哲 像 伝 . Fujiwara was one of the major pioneers of Neo-Confucianism in Japan . <P> Neo-Confucianism has its origins in the Chinese Tang Dynasty ; the Confucianist scholars Han Yu and Li Ao are seen as forebears of the Neo-Confucianists of the Song Dynasty . The Song Dynasty philosopher Zhou Dunyi is seen as the first true `` pioneer '' of Neo-Confucianism , using Daoist metaphysics as a framework for his ethical philosophy . Neo-Confucianism developed both as a renaissance of traditional Confucian ideas , and as a reaction to the ideas of Buddhism and religious Daoism . Although the Neo-Confucianists denounced Buddhist metaphysics , Neo-Confucianism did borrow Daoist and Buddhist terminology and concepts . </P> <P> Neo-Confucianism was brought to Japan during the late Kamakura period . It was spread as basic education for monks in training and others among gosan ( Zen temples highly ranked by the government ) , while its theory was completed by annotations brought by the monk Yishan Yining , who visited Japan in 1299 from the Yuan Dynasty , in the form of the Cheng - Zhu school of Neo-Confucianism . Moreover , Neo-Confucianist thought derived from the works of Cheng Yi , Cheng Hao , and Zhu Xi , and the then - orthodox ideology of China and Korea . The rise of Neo-Confucianism in Japan was aided by state support from the Tokugawa government , who encouraged the establishment of national secular ideology as a method of strengthening political rule over the country . The philosophy had arrived earlier in the 14th century , but knowledge of it was limited to Zen monasteries , who saw Confucianism as intellectually interesting , but secondary to Zen , and some schools like the Ashikaga Gakko . </P> <P> The pioneering Japanese Neo-Confucian was Fujiwara Seika , a former Zen practitioner interested in Confucian thought , who eventually rejected Zen ideas to become one of Neo-Confucianism's foremost advocates in Japan . Fujiwara 's student , Hayashi Razan , served the Tokugawa shoguns , and through state patronage was able to establish the Shoheiko academy . After the Kansei Edict established Neo-Confucianism as Japan 's official ideology , the Shoheiko academy became the premier authority on Confucian orthodoxy . Although heterodox schools of Neo-Confucianism were officially banned , the schools still persisted in Japan . The Japanese philosopher Toju Nakae is one such case , who was more influenced by the heterodox Wang Yang - ming than he was by the orthodox Zhu Xi . </P> <P> The influence of Neo-Confucianism was challenged by the rise of the Kokugaku philosophical school in the 17th and 18th centuries . Kokugaku advocates argued that the ancient Japanese were better representatives of Confucian virtues than the ancient Chinese were , and that there should be more intellectual focus on ancient Japanese classics and the indigenous religion of Shinto . Although philosophical competitors , Kokugaku and Neo-Confucianism would co-exist as the dominant philosophical thought of Japan until the arrival of Western philosophy during the Meiji period . </P> <H2> Philosophy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Like Chinese and Korean Confucianism , Edo Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy based on metaphysical ideas . The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic , with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason , and that it was up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual . </P> <P> The rationalism of Neo-Confucianism is in contrast to the mysticism of the previously dominant Zen Buddhism in Japan . Unlike the Buddhists , the Neo-Confucians believed that reality existed , and could be understood by mankind , even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of Neo-Confucianism . </P> <P> But the spirit of Neo-Confucian rationalism is diametrically opposed to that of Buddhist mysticism . Whereas Buddhism insisted on the unreality of things , Neo-Confucianism stressed their reality . Buddhism and Taoism asserted that existence came out of , and returned to , non-existence ; Neo-Confucianism regarded reality as a gradual realization of the Great Ultimate ... Buddhists , and to some degree , Taoists as well , relied on meditation and insight to achieve supreme reason ; the Neo-Confucianists chose to follow Reason . </P> <P> The social aspects of the philosophy are hierarchical with a focus on filial piety . This created a Confucian social stratification in Edo society that previously had not existed , dividing Japanese society into four main classes : the samurai , seen as the Japanese equivalent of the Chinese scholar - bureaucrats , at the top of the social hierarchy , then the farmers , artisans , and merchants . The samurai were especially avid readers and teachers of Confucian thought in Japan , establishing many Confucian academies . </P> <P> Neo-Confucianism also introduced elements of ethnocentrism into Japan . As the Chinese Neo-Confucians had regarded their own culture as the center of the world , the Japanese Neo-Confucians developed a similar national pride . This national pride would later evolve into the philosophical school of Kokugaku , which would later challenge Neo-Confucianism , and its perceived foreign Chinese origins , as the dominant philosophy of Japan . </P> <H2> Neo-Confucianists ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fujiwara Seika ( 1561 -- 1619 ) </Li> <Li> Hayashi Razan ( 1583 -- 1657 ) </Li> <Li> Nakai Tōju ( 1608 -- 1648 ) </Li> <Li> Yamazaki Ansai ( 1619 -- 1682 ) </Li> <Li> Kumazawa Banzan ( 1619 -- 1691 ) </Li> <Li> Kinoshita Jun'an ( 1621 -- 1698 ) </Li> <Li> Yamaga Sokō ( 1622 -- 1685 ) </Li> <Li> Itō Jinsai ( 1627 -- 1705 ) </Li> <Li> Kaibara Ekken ( aka Ekiken ) ( 1630 -- 1714 ) </Li> <Li> Satō Naokata ( 1650 ? -- 1719 ) </Li> <Li> Asami Keisai ( 1652 -- 1712 ) </Li> <Li> Arai Hakuseki ( 1657 -- 1725 ) </Li> <Li> Muro Kyūsō ( 1658 -- 1734 ) </Li> <Li> Miyake Sekian ( 1665 -- 1730 ) </Li> <Li> Ogyū Sorai ( 1666 -- 1728 ) </Li> <Li> Amenomori Hōshū ( 1668 -- 1755 ) </Li> <Li> Itō Tōgai ( 1670 -- 1736 ) </Li> <Li> Matsumiya Kanzan ( 1686 -- 1780 ) </Li> <Li> Goi Ranshū ( 1697 -- 1762 ) </Li> <Li> Nakai Chikuzan ( 1730 -- 1804 ) </Li> <Li> Hosoi Heishu ( 1728 -- 1801 ) </Li> <Li> Ōshio Heihachirō ( 1793 -- 1837 ) </Li> <Li> Yamada Hōkoku ( 1805 -- 1877 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kokugaku </Li> <Li> Kyōhō Reforms </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Craig 1998 , p. 552 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Huang 1999 , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chan 2002 , p. 460 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 朝日 日本 歴史 人物 事典 ( `` Nihon Rekishi Jinbutsu Jiten '' ( Dictionary of Japanese History and Figures ) published by The Asahi Shinbun ) 一 山 一 寧 ( Yishan Yining ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tsutsui 2009 , p. 103 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tsutsui 2009 , p. 104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tsutsui 2009 , p. 106 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chan 1946 , p. 268 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig 1998 , p. 553 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chan , Wing - tsit ( 1963 ) , A Sourcebook of Chinese Philosophy , Princeton : Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 07137 - 4 </Li> <Li> Chang , Wing - tsit ( 1946 ) , China . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . </Li> <Li> Craig , Edward ( 1998 ) , Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Volume 7 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 07310 - 3 </Li> <Li> Huang , Siu - chi ( 1999 ) , Essentials of Neo-Confucianism : Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods , Westport : Greenwood Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 26449 - 8 </Li> <Li> Tsutsui , William H. ( 2009 ) , A Companion to Japanese History , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9339 - 9 </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edo_Neo-Confucianism&oldid=760763208 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Confucianism in Japan </Li> <Li> Edo period </Li> <Li> Japanese philosophy </Li> <Li> Neo-Confucianism </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 January 2017 , at 23 : 03 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Gastrointestinal wall - wikipedia <H1> Gastrointestinal wall </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> This article is one of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gastrointestinal wall </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General structure ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Epithelium </Li> <Li> Mucosa </Li> <Li> Submucosa </Li> <Li> Circular muscle </Li> <Li> Longitudinal muscle </Li> <Li> Serosa </Li> <Li> Adventitia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Specific ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Meissner 's plexus </Li> <Li> Auerbach 's plexus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organs ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Esophagus </Li> <Li> Stomach </Li> <Li> Intestines </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The gastrointestinal wall surrounding the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue -- from the lumen outwards : </P> <Ul> <Li> Mucosa </Li> <Li> Submucosa </Li> <Li> Muscular layer </Li> <Li> Serosa ( if the tissue is intraperitoneal ) / Adventitia ( if the tissue is retroperitoneal ) -- these last two tissue types differ slightly in form and function according to the part of the gastrointestinal tract they belong to ( see the section below for more detail ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The epithelium , the most exposed part of the mucosa , is a glandular epithelium with many goblet cells . Goblet cells secrete mucus , which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes . In the small intestine , villi are folds of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestine . The villi contain a lacteal , a vessel connected to the lymph system that aids in the removal of lipids and tissue fluids . Microvilli are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place . Numerous intestinal glands as pocket - like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue . In the large intestines , villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed . Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria , which contains myofibroblasts , blood vessels , nerves , and several different immune cells , and the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis and catastalsis along the gut . </P> <P> The submucosa contains nerves including the submucous plexus ( Meissner 's plexus ) , blood vessels and elastic fibres with collagen , that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine . </P> <P> Surrounding this is the muscular layer , which comprises both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle that also helps with continued peristalsis and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut . In between the two layers of muscle lies the myenteric plexus ( Auerbach 's plexus ) . </P> <P> Lastly , there is the serosa / adventitia which is made up of loose connective tissue and coated in mucus so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue . Holding all this in place are the mesenteries which suspend the intestine in the abdominal cavity and stop it being disturbed when a person is physically active . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Mucosa <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Epithelium </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Submucosa </Li> <Li> 1.3 Muscular layer </Li> <Li> 1.4 Serosa / Adventitia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Clinical relevance </Li> <Li> 3 Additional images </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> The general structure of the intestinal wall <P> The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy . </P> <H3> Mucosa ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mucosa Image of the gastric mucosa . <P> The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract . It surrounds the lumen of the tract , and comes into direct contact with digested food ( chyme ) . The mucosa itself is made up of three layers : </P> <Ul> <Li> The epithelium is the innermost layer . It is where most digestive , absorptive and secretory processes occur . </Li> <Li> Lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue within the mucosa . Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue </Li> <Li> Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle . </Li> </Ul> Epithelium ( edit ) <P> The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions . The most variation is seen in the epithelium : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the oesophagus , pharynx and external anal canal the epithelium is stratified , squamous and non-keratinising , for protective purposes . </Li> <Li> In the stomach , the epithelium is simple columnar , and is organised into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion . </Li> <Li> In the small intestine , epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption . The epithelium is arranged into villi , creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption . Each cell also has microvilli . it is organised into plicae circulares and villi , and the enterocytes have microvilli . This creates a brush border which greatly increases the surface area for absorption . The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli . In the ileum there are occasionally Peyer 's patches in the lamina propria . Brunner 's glands are found in the duodenum but not in other parts of the small intestine . </Li> <Li> In the colon , epithelium is simple columnar and without villi . Goblet cells , which secrete mucous , are also present . </Li> <Li> The appendix has a mucosa resembling the colon but is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes . </Li> </Ul> <P> Transition between the different types of epithelium occurs at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach ; between the stomach and duodenum , between the ileum and caecum , and at the pectinate line of the anus . </P> <H3> Submucosa ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Submucosa <P> The submucosa consists of a dense and irregular layer of connective tissue with blood vessels , lymphatics , and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscular layer . It contains the submucous plexus , and enteric nervous plexus , situated on the inner surface of the muscular layer . </P> <H3> Muscular layer ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Muscular layer <P> The muscular layer ( also known as the muscularis propria ) consists of two layers of muscle , the inner and outer layer . The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract , whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally . The stomach has an extra layer , an inner oblique muscular layer . Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach 's plexus . This controls peristalsis . Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells ( interstitial cells of Cajal ) . The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity ( basal electrical rhythm ) due to its self - contained enteric nervous system . The rate can of course be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system . </P> <P> The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular , rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches . The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch . </P> <P> The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract . Food in the GI tract is called a bolus ( ball of food ) from the mouth down to the stomach . After the stomach , the food is partially digested and semi-liquid , and is referred to as chyme . In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces . The circular muscle layer prevents food from travelling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract . </P> <P> The thickness of the muscular layer varies in each part of the tract : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the colon , for example , the muscular layer is much thicker because the faeces are large and heavy , and require more force to push along . The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into 3 discontinuous longitudinal bands , known as taeniae coli ( bands of the colon ) . This is one of the 3 features helping to distinguish between the large and small intestine . </Li> <Li> Occasionally in the large intestine ( 2 - 3 times a day ) there will be mass contraction of certain segments , moving a lot of faeces along . This is generally when one gets the urge to defecate . </Li> <Li> The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer : the pyloric sphincter . Alone among the GI tract , the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer . This is the inner oblique layer , and helps churn the chyme in the stomach . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Serosa / adventitia ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Serosa and Adventitia <P> The outermost layer of the GI tract consists of several layers of connective tissue and is either adventitia or serosa . </P> <P> Intraperitoneal regions of the digestive tract ( aka those parts suspended by peritoneum ) are covered with serosa . This structure consists of connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium , called the mesothelium , which reduces frictional forces during digestive movements . The intraperitoneal regions include most of the stomach , first part of the duodenum , all of the small intestine , caecum and appendix , transverse colon , sigmoid colon and rectum . In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue . These parts of the tract have a mesentery . </P> <P> Retroperitoneal regions of the digestive tract ( aka those parts that are firmly attached to surrounding structures by connective tissue fibers ) parts are covered with adventitia . They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position ( for example , the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane ) . The retroperitoneal regions include the oral cavity , esophagus , pylorus of the stomach , distal duodenum , ascending colon , descending colon and anal canal . </P> <H2> Clinical relevance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Inflammatory bowel disease affects the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in different ways . Ulcerative colitis involves the colonic mucosa . Crohn 's disease may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural fistulae . </P> <P> A perforated ulcer is one that has eroded through the layers of the gastrointestinal tract . </P> <P> Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in staging of tumour spread . This is associated with prognosis . </P> <P> The normal thickness of the small intestinal wall is 3 - 5 mm , and 1 - 5 mm in the large intestine . Focal , irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy . Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic , inflammatory or infectious disease . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> General organisation of GI tract </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The wall of the stomach . </P> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Deakin , Barbara Young ... ( et al . ) ; drawings by Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4430 - 6 - 8508 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oral : Four layers of the G.I. tract '' . The Histology Guide . University of Leeds . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gartner and Hiatt ; ( 2014 ) . Color Atlas and Text of Histology ( 6th ed . ) . Baltimore : Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 1343 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ali Nawaz Khan . `` Small - Bowel Obstruction Imaging '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Updated : Sep 22 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fernandes , Teresa ; Oliveira , Maria I. ; Castro , Ricardo ; Araújo , Bruno ; Viamonte , Bárbara ; Cunha , Rui ( 2014 ) . `` Bowel wall thickening at CT : simplifying the diagnosis '' . Insights into Imaging. 5 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 208 . doi : 10.1007 / s13244 - 013 - 0308 - y . ISSN 1869 - 4101 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pharynx </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muscles </Li> <Li> Spaces <Ul> <Li> peripharyngeal </Li> <Li> retropharyngeal </Li> <Li> parapharyngeal </Li> <Li> retrovisceral </Li> <Li> danger </Li> <Li> prevertebral </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pterygomandibular raphe </Li> <Li> Pharyngeal raphe </Li> <Li> Buccopharyngeal fascia </Li> <Li> Pharyngobasilar fascia </Li> <Li> Piriform sinus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Esophagus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sphincters <Ul> <Li> upper </Li> <Li> lower </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> glands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stomach </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curvatures <Ul> <Li> greater </Li> <Li> lesser </Li> <Li> Angular incisure </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cardia </Li> <Li> Body </Li> <Li> Fundus </Li> <Li> Pylorus <Ul> <Li> antrum </Li> <Li> canal </Li> <Li> sphincter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gastric mucosa </Li> <Li> Gastric folds </Li> <Li> Microanatomy <Ul> <Li> Gastric pits </Li> <Li> Gastric glands </Li> <Li> Cardiac glands </Li> <Li> Fundic glands </Li> <Li> Pyloric glands </Li> <Li> Foveolar cell </Li> <Li> Parietal cell </Li> <Li> Gastric chief cell </Li> <Li> Enterochromaffin - like cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Small intestine </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Microanatomy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intestinal villus </Li> <Li> Intestinal gland </Li> <Li> Enterocyte </Li> <Li> Enteroendocrine cell </Li> <Li> Goblet cell </Li> <Li> Paneth cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duodenum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Suspensory muscle </Li> <Li> Major duodenal papilla </Li> <Li> Minor duodenal papilla </Li> <Li> Duodenojejunal flexure </Li> <Li> Brunner 's glands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jejunum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No substructures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ileum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ileocecal valve </Li> <Li> Peyer 's patches </Li> <Li> Microfold cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Large intestine </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cecum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appendix </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ascending colon </Li> <Li> Hepatic flexure </Li> <Li> Transverse colon </Li> <Li> Splenic flexure </Li> <Li> Descending colon </Li> <Li> Sigmoid colon </Li> <Li> Continuous <Ul> <Li> taenia coli </Li> <Li> haustra </Li> <Li> epiploic appendix </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rectum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Transverse folds </Li> <Li> Ampulla </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anal canal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anus </Li> <Li> Anal columns </Li> <Li> Anal valves </Li> <Li> Anal sinuses </Li> <Li> Pectinate line </Li> <Li> Internal anal sphincter </Li> <Li> Intersphincteric groove </Li> <Li> External anal sphincter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wall </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Serosa / Adventitia </Li> <Li> Subserosa </Li> <Li> Muscular layer </Li> <Li> Submucosa </Li> <Li> Circular folds </Li> <Li> Mucosa </Li> <Li> Muscularis mucosa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&oldid=821671273 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Membrane biology </Li> <Li> Digestive system </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 22 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Harvest Moon ( Neil Young song ) - wikipedia <H1> Harvest Moon ( Neil Young song ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Harvest Moon '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Neil Young </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Harvest Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Old King '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Folk rock </Li> <Li> country rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Reprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Neil Young singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` War of Man '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` Harvest Moon '' ( 1993 ) </Td> <Td> `` Unknown Legend '' ( 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` War of Man '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` Harvest Moon '' ( 1993 ) </Td> <Td> `` Unknown Legend '' ( 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Harvest Moon '' is a song written by Neil Young that was first released on his 1992 album Harvest Moon . It reached 36 on the UK singles chart . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and composition </Li> <Li> 2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3 Other versions </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 4.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background and composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song uses a moon motif , which Young has mentioned is very important to him and has quasi-religious undertones . It is a tribute to his wife Pegi Young , and the two are dancing in a bar in the music video . Linda Ronstadt provides the backing vocals . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is composed in the key of D Major with Young 's vocal range spanning from D to F# . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rolling Stone ranked `` Harvest Moon '' as the # 37 all time Neil Young song . Allmusic 's Matthew Greenwald strongly praised the song , stating that the song epitomized the album and `` the power of nature and music , as well as a feeling of celebrating lifetime love are the focal points here , and Young captures it all in his typically literate , artless style . '' Greenwald praised the melody as `` positively gorgeous , and it 's one that could have easily framed a heavier song . '' Georgiy Starostin said it was the best song on the album . `` Classic Rock Review '' called it an `` absolute masterpiece of a title song '' that `` celebrates longevity in relationships and love affairs with a flawless melody backed by a perfect music arrangement . '' They went on to say that `` from the upfront acoustic riffing to the picked steel guitar , subtleties of ethereal sounds , soft brush strokes on the drums , and beautiful background vocals , this song captures the essence of beauty and romance as well any song ever . '' </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was featured in a slow dancing scene in A Quiet Place . Cassandra Wilson did a cover of the song on her 1995 album New Moon Daughter . Pearl Jam has performed this song several times during their 2005 tour . Ben Gibbard of Death Cab for Cutie performed the song in 2007 . The Mavericks covered `` Harvest Moon '' on their 2016 album All Night Live : Volume 1 . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1993 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1993 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Harvest Moon by Neil Young '' . Songfacts . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 5 . Harvest Moon '' . Rolling Stone . June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . `` Harvest Moon - Song Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Digital Sheet Music -- Neil Young -- Harvest Moon '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Songs '' . Neil Young . Rolling Stone . 2014 . p. 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Starostin , Georgiy . `` Harvest Moon '' . Only Solitaire . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harvest Moon by Neil Young '' . Classic Rock Review . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Song Premere : ( sic ) The Mavericks Cover Neil Young 's `` Harvest Moon '' `` . Relix . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Neil Young - Harvest Moon on YouTube </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Neil Young </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Crazy Horse </Li> <Li> The Stray Gators </Li> <Li> Promise of the Real </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neil Young </Li> <Li> Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere </Li> <Li> After the Gold Rush </Li> <Li> Harvest </Li> <Li> On the Beach </Li> <Li> Tonight 's the Night </Li> <Li> Zuma </Li> <Li> American Stars ' n Bars </Li> <Li> Comes a Time </Li> <Li> Hawks & Doves </Li> <Li> Re ac tor </Li> <Li> Trans </Li> <Li> Everybody 's Rockin ' </Li> <Li> Old Ways </Li> <Li> Landing on Water </Li> <Li> This Note 's for You </Li> <Li> Freedom </Li> <Li> Ragged Glory </Li> <Li> Harvest Moon </Li> <Li> Sleeps with Angels </Li> <Li> Mirror Ball </Li> <Li> Broken Arrow </Li> <Li> Silver & Gold </Li> <Li> Are You Passionate ? </Li> <Li> Greendale </Li> <Li> Prairie Wind </Li> <Li> Living with War </Li> <Li> Chrome Dreams II </Li> <Li> Fork in the Road </Li> <Li> Le Noise </Li> <Li> Americana </Li> <Li> Psychedelic Pill </Li> <Li> A Letter Home </Li> <Li> Storytone </Li> <Li> The Monsanto Years </Li> <Li> Peace Trail </Li> <Li> The Visitor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eldorado </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Time Fades Away </Li> <Li> Rust Never Sleeps </Li> <Li> Live Rust </Li> <Li> Life </Li> <Li> Arc </Li> <Li> Weld </Li> <Li> Unplugged </Li> <Li> Year of the Horse </Li> <Li> Road Rock Vol. 1 </Li> <Li> Earth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Journey Through the Past </Li> <Li> Where the Buffalo Roam </Li> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Dead Man </Li> <Li> Paradox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Decade </Li> <Li> Lucky Thirteen </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Archives series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Box sets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Archives Vol. 1 1963 -- 1972 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Performance Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live at the Fillmore East </Li> <Li> Live at Massey Hall 1971 </Li> <Li> Sugar Mountain -- Live at Canterbury House 1968 </Li> <Li> Live at the Riverboat 1969 </Li> <Li> Dreamin ' Man Live ' 92 </Li> <Li> A Treasure </Li> <Li> Live at the Cellar Door </Li> <Li> Bluenote Café </Li> <Li> Roxy : Tonight 's The Night Live </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special Release Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hitchhiker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unreleased albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Homegrown </Li> <Li> Chrome Dreams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mr. Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Broken Arrow '' </Li> <Li> `` Expecting to Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` Sugar Mountain '' </Li> <Li> `` The Loner '' </Li> <Li> `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' </Li> <Li> `` Cinnamon Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Down by the River '' </Li> <Li> `` Cowgirl in the Sand '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Helpless '' </Li> <Li> `` Ohio '' </Li> <Li> `` Tell Me Why '' </Li> <Li> `` After the Gold Rush '' </Li> <Li> `` Only Love Can Break Your Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Southern Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Let It Bring You Down '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Dance I Can Really Love '' </Li> <Li> `` I Believe in You '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Fog of Loneliness '' </Li> <Li> `` A Man Needs a Maid '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of Gold '' </Li> <Li> `` Are You Ready for the Country ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Old Man '' </Li> <Li> `` The Needle and the Damage Done '' </Li> <Li> `` War Song '' </Li> <Li> `` L.A. </Li> <Li> `` New Mama '' </Li> <Li> `` Danger Bird '' </Li> <Li> `` Cortez the Killer '' </Li> <Li> `` Will to Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Like a Hurricane '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Is a Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Lotta Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Pocahontas '' </Li> <Li> `` Powderfinger '' </Li> <Li> `` Sedan Delivery '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s & later </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Rockin ' in the Free World '' </Li> <Li> `` No More '' </Li> <Li> `` Wrecking Ball '' </Li> <Li> `` Harvest Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` From Hank to Hendrix '' </Li> <Li> `` Downtown '' </Li> <Li> `` Let 's Impeach the President '' </Li> <Li> `` Angry World '' </Li> <Li> `` A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films and Videos </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Journey Through the Past </Li> <Li> Human Highway </Li> <Li> Neil Young in Berlin </Li> <Li> Solo Trans </Li> <Li> Year of the Horse </Li> <Li> Neil Young : Silver and Gold </Li> <Li> Greendale </Li> <Li> Neil Young : Heart of Gold </Li> <Li> CSNY / Déjà Vu </Li> <Li> Neil Young Trunk Show </Li> <Li> Neil Young Journeys </Li> <Li> Paradox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Waging Heavy Peace : A Hippie Dream </Li> <Li> Special Deluxe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> The Squires </Li> <Li> The Mynah Birds </Li> <Li> Buffalo Springfield </Li> <Li> Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young </Li> <Li> The Stills -- Young Band </Li> <Li> The Bridge : A Tribute to Neil Young </Li> <Li> Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi </Li> <Li> Pono </Li> <Li> Old Black </Li> <Li> Farm Aid </Li> <Li> Bridge School Benefit </Li> <Li> Pegi Young ( former wife ) </Li> <Li> Carrie Snodgress </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvest_Moon_(Neil_Young_song)&oldid=863128688 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Neil Young songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Neil Young </Li> <Li> 1992 songs </Li> <Li> 1993 singles </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Julien Temple </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Neil Young </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 22 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Fouls and misconduct ( Association football ) - wikipedia <H1> Fouls and misconduct ( Association football ) </H1> <P> </P> A Venn diagram showing the relationship between fouls and misconduct in association football , with examples . The offside offense is an example of a technical rule infraction that is neither a foul nor a misconduct . Note that the referee is given considerable discretion as to the rules ' implementation , including deciding which offenses are cautionable `` unsportsmanlike '' conduct . <P> Fouls and misconduct in association football are acts committed by players which are deemed by the referee to be unfair and are subsequently penalized . An offense may be a foul , misconduct or both depending on the nature of the offence and the circumstances in which it occurs . Fouls and misconduct are addressed in Law 12 of the Laws of the Game . </P> <P> A foul is an unfair act by a player , deemed by the referee to contravene the game 's laws , that interferes with the active play of the game . Fouls are punished by the award of a free kick ( possibly a penalty kick ) to the opposing team . A list of specific offences that can be fouls are detailed in Law 12 of the Laws of the Game ( other infractions , such as technical infractions at restarts , are not deemed to be fouls ) ; these mostly concern unnecessarily aggressive physical play and the offence of handling the ball . An infringement is classified as a foul when the infringement meets ALL of conditions of : 1 ) It is committed by a player ( not a substitute ) , 2 ) on the field of play , 3 ) while the ball is in play and 4 ) committed against an opponent . For example , a player striking the referee or a teammate is not a foul , but is misconduct . </P> <P> Misconduct is any conduct by a player that is deemed by the referee to warrant a disciplinary sanction ( caution or dismissal ) . Misconduct may include acts which are , additionally , fouls . Unlike fouls , misconduct may occur at any time , including when the ball is out of play , during half - time and before and after the game , and both players and substitutes may be sanctioned for misconduct . </P> <P> Misconduct will result in the player either receiving a caution ( indicated by a yellow card ) or being dismissed ( `` sent off '' ) from the field ( indicated by a red card ) . A dismissed player can not be replaced ; their team is required to play the remainder of the game with one fewer player . A second caution results in the player being dismissed . The referee has considerable discretion in applying the Laws ; in particular , the offence of unsporting behavior may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game , even if they are not listed as specific offences . </P> <P> The system of cautioning and dismissal has existed in the Laws since 1881 . Association football was the first major sport to introduce penalty cards to indicate the referee 's decisions ; a practice since adopted by many other sports . The first major use of the cards was in the 1970 FIFA World Cup , but they were not made mandatory at all levels until 1992 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Categories of foul <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Direct free kick offences </Li> <Li> 1.2 Indirect free kick offences </Li> <Li> 1.3 Other offences </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Misconduct <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Yellow card ( caution ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Red card ( dismissal ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 History and origin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Frequency </Li> <Li> 4 Referee 's discretion </Li> <Li> 5 Advantage </Li> <Li> 6 Restarts </Li> <Li> 7 Team officials </Li> <Li> 8 Post-match penalties </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Categories of foul ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Direct free kick offences ( edit ) </H3> <P> A direct free kick is awarded when a player commits any of the following in a manner considered by the referee to be careless , reckless or using excessive force : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent </Li> <Li> Trips or attempts to trip an opponent </Li> <Li> Jumps at an opponent </Li> <Li> Charges an opponent </Li> <Li> Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent </Li> <Li> Pushes an opponent </Li> <Li> Tackles an opponent </Li> </Ul> <P> Or commits any the following offences : </P> <Ul> <Li> Holds an opponent </Li> <Li> Impeding the progress of an opponent with contact </Li> <Li> Spits at an opponent ( considered Violent Conduct as the spit is considered an extension of the body ) </Li> <Li> Handles the ball deliberately ( except for the goalkeeper within their own penalty area ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> In determining whether or not a player deliberately handled the ball , the referee has several considerations : </P> <Ul> <Li> Movement of the hand towards the ball ( not the ball towards the hand ) </Li> <Li> Distance between the opponent and the ball ( unexpected ball ) </Li> <Li> Position of the hand ( ' natural ' position versus ' unnatural ' position ) does not necessarily mean that there is an infringement </Li> <Li> Touching the ball with an object held in the hand ( clothing , shinguard , etc . ) counts as an infringement ( considered an extension of the hand ) </Li> <Li> Hitting the ball with a thrown object ( boot , shinguard , etc . ) counts as an infringement ( also considered an extension of the hand ) </Li> </Ul> <P> If a player commits a direct free kick offence within their own penalty area , a penalty kick is awarded irrespective of the position of the ball , provided the ball is in play . </P> <H3> Indirect free kick offences ( edit ) </H3> <P> Infringements punishable by an indirect free kick are : </P> <Ul> <Li> When a goalkeeper , inside their own penalty area : <Ul> <Li> controls the ball with their hands for more than six seconds before releasing it from possession </Li> <Li> touches the ball again with their hands after releasing it from possession and before it has touched another player </Li> <Li> touches the ball with their hands after it has been deliberately kicked to them by a teammate , or thrown to them from a throw - in ( the back - pass rule ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> When any player in the opinion of the referee : <Ul> <Li> plays in a dangerous manner </Li> <Li> impedes the progress of an opponent when the ball is not within playing distance of either player </Li> <Li> prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from their hands </Li> <Li> commits any other offence , not previously mentioned in Law 12 , for which play is stopped to caution or send off a player </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Some technical breaches of the rules , such as the offside offence , result in play being restarted with an indirect free kick , though these are not considered fouls and will never be punished by a caution or dismissal . </P> <H3> Other offences ( edit ) </H3> <P> Not all infractions of the Laws are fouls . Non-foul infractions may be dealt with as technical infractions ( e.g. as breaching the rules governing the restarts of play ) or misconduct ( these are punishable by a caution or sending - off ) . Note that persistent infringement of the Laws is an offence for which the player may be cautioned . </P> <H2> Misconduct ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> See also : Penalty card <P> The referee may consider serious and / or persistent offences to be misconduct worthy of an official caution or dismissal from the game . Association football was the first sport to use coloured cards to indicate these actions . </P> <H3> Yellow card ( caution ) ( edit ) </H3> A player is cautioned and shown a yellow card . <P> A yellow card is shown by the referee to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned . The player 's details are then recorded by the referee in a small notebook ; hence a caution is also known as a `` booking '' . A player who has been cautioned may continue playing in the game ; however , a player who receives a second caution in a match is sent off ( shown the yellow card again , and then a red card ) . Law 12 of the Laws of the Game lists the types of offences and misconduct that may result in a caution . It also states that `` only a player , substitute or substituted player '' can be cautioned . A player is cautioned and shown a yellow card if he / she commits any of the following offences : </P> <Ol> <Li> Unsporting behaviour </Li> <Li> Dissent by word or action </Li> <Li> Persistent infringement of the Laws of the Game </Li> <Li> Delaying the restart of play </Li> <Li> Failure to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick , throw - in or free kick </Li> <Li> Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee 's permission </Li> <Li> Deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee 's permission </Li> </Ol> <P> What constitutes cautionable unsporting behaviour is generally at the referee 's discretion , though the Interpretation and Guidelines which accompany the Laws list a number of examples . These include simulation intended to deceive the referee , or attempting to score by handling the ball . Fouls which are committed recklessly or fouls which are committed with the intention of breaking up a promising attack are also considered unsporting behaviour and punishable with a yellow card . Fouls which are committed with excessive force , however , or which are deliberately committed to deny an obvious goalscoring opportunity for the player fouled ( i.e. a professional foul ) , are punishable by a red card . </P> <P> The Laws state that goals may be celebrated , but that such celebrations should not be `` excessive '' . Removing one 's shirt or climbing onto a perimeter fence are listed in the rules as caution - worthy excesses . </P> <P> In most tournaments , the accumulation of a certain number of yellow cards over several matches results in disqualification of the offending player for a certain number of subsequent matches , the exact number of cards and matches varying by jurisdiction . In the UEFA Champions League , for instance , accumulating two yellow cards in a stage of the tournament will lead to a one - game suspension . In such situations players have often been suspected ( and occasionally even admitted ) to deliberately incur a second booking in a tournament when the following game is of little importance , deliberately resetting their yellow card tally to zero for subsequent games ( known as `` cleaning cards '' ) . However , while technically within the rules of competition , this is considered unsportsmanlike and UEFA have on occasion threatened additional fines and or suspensions . </P> <P> In 2017 IFAB approved temporary dismissals ( sin - bins ) for cautionable offences similar to that seen in other sports ; however , this is only permitted for youth , veterans , disability and grassroots football . Competitions ' use of this system -- rather than ' normal ' yellow cards -- is optional , and there are variations in how it can be implemented . For 90 - minute games , the length of the temporary dismissal is 10 minutes . </P> <H3> Red card ( dismissal ) ( edit ) </H3> A player is shown a red card to indicate his dismissal from the game . <P> A red card is shown by a referee to signify that a player must be sent off . A player who has been sent off is required to leave the field of play immediately , must take no further part in the game and can not be replaced by a substitute , forcing their team to play with one less player . Only players , substitutes and substituted players may receive a red card . If a team 's goalkeeper receives a red card another player is required to assume goalkeeping duties , so teams usually substitute another goalkeeper for an outfield player if they still have substitutes available . </P> <P> Law 12 of the Laws of the Game lists the categories of misconduct for which a player may be sent off . These are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Serious foul play </Li> <Li> Violent conduct </Li> <Li> Spitting at an opponent or any other person </Li> <Li> Denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goalscoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball ( this does not apply to a goalkeeper within their own penalty area ) </Li> <Li> Deliberate fouls that deny an obvious goalscoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player 's goal </Li> <Li> Using offensive , insulting or abusive language and / or gestures </Li> <Li> Receiving a second caution in the same match </Li> </Ol> <P> Serious foul play is a foul committed using excessive force ( i.e. , `` the player ... is deliberately or attempting to injuring his / her opponent '' ) . Violent conduct is distinct from serious foul play in that it may be committed by any player , substitute , or substituted player against any person , e.g. , teammates , match officials , or spectators . </P> <P> Once a player has been sent off , they are not permitted to stay in the team 's technical area , but must leave the immediate field or playing area . </P> <P> In most tournaments , a single direct red card ( i.e. not one received as a result of two successive yellow ones ) results in disqualification of the offending player for one or more subsequent matches , with the exact number of matches varying by the offence committed and by jurisdiction . </P> <P> Should a team 's on - field players receive a total of five red cards , it will be unable to field the required minimum of seven players , resulting in the game being terminated . </P> <H3> History and origin ( edit ) </H3> <P> The practice of cautioning and excluding players who make serious breaches of the rules has been part of the Laws of the Game since 1881 . However , the practice of using language - neutral coloured cards to indicate these actions did not follow for almost 90 years . </P> <P> The idea originated with British football referee Ken Aston . Aston had been appointed to the FIFA Referees ' Committee and was responsible for all referees at the 1966 FIFA World Cup . In the quarter finals , England met Argentina at Wembley Stadium . After the match , newspaper reports stated that referee Rudolf Kreitlein had cautioned both Bobby and Jack Charlton , as well as sending off Argentinian Antonio Rattin . The referee had not made his decision clear during the game , and England manager Alf Ramsey approached FIFA for post-match clarification . This incident started Aston thinking about ways to make a referee 's decisions clearer to both players and spectators . Aston realised that a colour - coding scheme based on the same principle as used on traffic lights ( yellow - caution , red - stop ) would traverse language barriers and clarify whether a player had been cautioned or expelled . As a result , yellow cards to indicate a caution and red cards to indicate an expulsion were used for the first time in the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico ( though no players were sent off in that tournament ) . The use of penalty cards has since been adopted and expanded by several sporting codes , with each sport adapting the idea to its specific set of rules or laws . </P> <H2> Frequency ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fouls are fairly common occurrences in games . For example in the 2012 -- 13 football season saw fouls - per - game rates in the major European leagues ranging from 23 in the 2012 - 13 Premier League to 32 in the Bundesliga . </P> <P> Yellow cards are less common , though a typical game will feature a few -- at the 2014 FIFA World Cup there were , on average , about three cautions per game . Dismissals are much rarer , that same tournament saw an average of 0.2 red cards per match . </P> <H2> Referee 's discretion ( edit ) </H2> <P> The referee has a very large degree of discretion as to the enforcement of the 17 Laws including determining which acts constitute cautionable offences under the very broad categories . For this reason , refereeing decisions are sometimes controversial . Some Laws may specify circumstances under which a caution should or must be given , and numerous directives to referees also provide additional guidance . The encouragement for referees to use their common sense is known colloquially as `` Law 18 '' . </P> <H2> Advantage ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the principle of advantage , play should be allowed to continue when an offence occurs and the non-offending team will benefit from ongoing play . If the anticipated advantage does not ensue at that time or within a few seconds , the referee penalises the offence . The referee indicates that advantage is being played by extending either one arm or both arms in front of the body ( until June 2016 , it could only be both arms ) . Some sets of recommendations for referees advise calling `` play on ! '' or `` advantage ! '' when the signal is given but such recommendations are not contained in the Laws of the Game document . </P> <P> The IFAB 's Practical Guidelines for Match Officials outlines the considerations a referee must make when deciding whether to play advantage ; these include the severity and position of the offence , the potential for an immediate promising attack and the atmosphere of the match . </P> <P> Advantage can also be applied even if the referee decides to caution the player for an offence . Play is allowed to continue , but at the next stoppage in play the caution must be issued and the yellow card displayed . However , advantage should not be applied in situations involving serious foul play , violent conduct or a second cautionable offence unless there is a clear opportunity to score a goal . In this situation , if the player who committed the offence for which the advantage is being played touches the ball or challenges / interferes with an opponent , the referee will stop play , send off the player and restart with an indirect free kick , unless the player committed a more serious offence . </P> <H2> Restarts ( edit ) </H2> <P> If the ball is out of play when an infraction of the Laws of the Game occurs , play is restarted according to the reason the ball became out of play before the infraction . ( Any infraction of the Laws of the Game that occurs while the ball is out of play can be misconduct , but is not a foul . ) </P> <P> If the misconduct occurs when the ball is in play , play need not be stopped to administer a caution or a dismissal , as these may be done at the next stoppage of play ( this is usually the case when the opposing team would gain an advantage in having play continue ) . When this is the case , play is restarted according to the reason for the ball becoming out of play , e.g. a throw - in if play stopped due to the ball crossing a touchline . </P> <P> If play is stopped to administer a caution or dismissal : </P> <Ul> <Li> If a foul has occurred as well as misconduct , play is restarted according to the nature of the foul ( either an indirect free kick , direct free kick or penalty kick to the opposing team ) </Li> <Li> If no foul under Law 12 has occurred , play is restarted with an indirect free kick to the opposing team </Li> </Ul> <H2> Team officials ( edit ) </H2> <P> Team officials such as managers and coaches are not subject to the cautionable and sending - off offences listed above , as these apply only to players , substitutes , and substituted players . However , according to Law 5 the referee `` takes action against team officials who fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner and may , at his discretion , expel them from the field of play and its immediate surroundings . '' No card would be displayed when taking such action . </P> <P> The league sanction for a sent - off coach or manager is normally a ban from being in the dugout or in the changing room for a certain number of matches thereafter . The particular football association determines the length of the ban and / or other appropriate action ( s ) . </P> <P> Beginning in 2018 , IFAB have authorised trials in which team officials can be cautioned and dismissed with the display of cards in the same manner as players . </P> <H2> Post-match penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many football leagues and federations impose off - field penalties for players who accumulate a certain number of cautions in a season , tournament or phase of a tournament . Typically , these take the form of suspending a player from playing in his team 's next game ( s ) after reaching a particular number of cautions . Such off - field penalties are determined by league rules , and not by the Laws of the Game . </P> <P> Similarly , a direct red card usually also results in additional sanctions , most commonly in the form of suspensions from playing for a number of future games , although financial fines may also be imposed . The exact punishments are determined by tournament or competition rules , and not by the Laws of the Game . FIFA in particular has been adamant that a red card in any football competition must result in the guilty player being suspended for at least the next game , with the only grounds of appeal being mistaken identity . </P> <P> At the 2006 FIFA World Cup , any player receiving two yellow cards during the three group stage matches , or two yellow cards in the knockout stage matches had to serve a one - match suspension for the next game . A single yellow card did not carry over from the group stage to the knockout stages . Should the player pick up his second yellow during the team 's final group match , he would miss the Round of 16 if his team qualified for it . However , suspensions due to yellow cards do not carry beyond the World Cup finals . </P> <P> For the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the rules were changed so that any player who received two yellow cards between the beginning of the tournament and the end of the quarterfinal round ( instead of the end of the group stage matches ) would serve a one - match suspension for the next game . As a result , only players that received a red card ( whether directly or after a second booking ) in the semifinal game would not be able to play in the final . </P> <P> In the UEFA Champions League , for instance , accumulating two yellow cards in a stage of the tournament will lead to a one - game suspension . Incidents have been recorded where players intentionally collected a second yellow card so they are suspended for a meaningless final group game , so as to `` strategically '' reset their tally of yellow cards to zero for the knockout round ( known as `` clearing cards '' ) , but this is considered unsportsmanlike with UEFA levying fines and / or suspensions . </P> <P> In some league / group competitions , a team 's fair play record , as measured by the total number of yellow and red cards acquired by a team , may be used as a potential tie - breaking method to determine final table position . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Laws of the Game ( association football ) </Li> <Li> Professional foul ( association football ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : International Football Association Board . Laws of the Game ( PDF ) ( 2014 / 2015 ed . ) . Zurich : FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1881 ) . Wikisource . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the Annual General Meeting '' ( PDF ) . Soccer South Bay Referee Association . International Football Association Board . 30 May 1992 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Aston - the inventor of yellow and red cards '' . fifa.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Denying a goalscoring opportunity : Red card rule relaxed by IFAB . BBC . 14 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - Football - Uefa reduces Real Madrid coach Jose Mourinho 's ban '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - Football - Uefa investigation into red cards surprises Real Madrid '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GUIDELINES FOR TEMPORARY DISMISSALS ( SIN BINS ) '' . IFAB . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soccer red card rules Football red cards , offenses , violations , laws '' . www.football-bible.com . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1881 ) . The Football Association . Wikisource. 1881 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` Fouls in Premier League have dropped by 22 % since 2006 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil TM - Statistics - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : United States Soccer Federation Inc. , ; Michael Lewis ( 2000 ) . Soccer for dummies . Foster City , CA : IDG Books Worldwide . ISBN 1118053575 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law 5 - The Referee '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 61 -- 67 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Practical Guidelines for Match Officials '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 173 -- 202 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law 12 - Fouls and Misconduct '' . Laws of the Game 2017 - 18 . Zurich : International Football Association Board . 2017 - 05 - 22 . pp. 96 -- 105 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , Ben ( 31 July 2018 ) . `` Football League managers to be shown yellow and red cards in new regulations '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifa change red card rules '' . Guardian . 24 September 2002 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Uefa reduces Real Madrid coach Jose Mourinho 's ban , BBC Sport website , 6 December 2010 , also Uefa investigation into red cards surprises Real Madrid , ibid. , 26 November 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example in the qualifying stages of UEFA Euro 2016 : `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2014 -- 16 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Q&A : So what makes a bad tackle ? , BBC Sport website , 24 September 2012 </Li> <Li> The Junior Games - Catching Misconduct , a 10 - year story , Tableau Public website , June 2016 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Laws of the Game ( rules of association football ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Terms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law 1 : The Field of Play </Li> <Li> Law 2 : The Ball </Li> <Li> Law 3 : The Number of Players </Li> <Li> Law 4 : The Players ' Equipment </Li> <Li> Law 5 : The Referee </Li> <Li> Law 6 : The Other Match Officials </Li> <Li> Law 7 : The Duration of the Match </Li> <Li> Law 8 : The Start and Restart of Play </Li> <Li> Law 9 : The Ball In and Out of Play </Li> <Li> Law 10 : The Method of Scoring </Li> <Li> Law 11 : Offside </Li> <Li> Law 12 : Fouls and Misconduct </Li> <Li> Law 13 : Free kicks ( direct and indirect ) </Li> <Li> Law 14 : The Penalty Kick </Li> <Li> Law 15 : The Throw - In </Li> <Li> Law 16 : The Goal Kick </Li> <Li> Law 17 : The Corner Kick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comparisons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Football and rugby union </Li> <Li> Football and futsal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IFAB </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Football Association </Li> <Li> Scottish Football Association </Li> <Li> Football Association of Wales </Li> <Li> Irish Football Association </Li> <Li> FIFA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sheffield Rules </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fouls_and_misconduct_(association_football)&oldid=864956443 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Laws of association football </Li> <Li> Association football terminology </Li> <Li> Misconduct </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> ChiShona </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 19 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> What to Expect When You 're Expecting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Kirk Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Mike Medavoy Arnold Messer David Thwaites </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Shauna Cross Heather Hach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> What to Expect When You 're Expecting by Heidi Murkoff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Cameron Diaz Jennifer Lopez Elizabeth Banks Chace Crawford Brooklyn Decker Anna Kendrick Matthew Morrison Dennis Quaid Chris Rock Rodrigo Santoro Cheryl Cole Rebel Wilson Ben Falcone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Mark Mothersbaugh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Xavier Pérez Grobet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Michael Berenbaum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Alcon Entertainment Phoenix Pictures What to Expect Productions Georgia Public </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Lionsgate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 110 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $40 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $84.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> What to Expect When You 're Expecting is a 2012 American romantic comedy film that follows the lives of five interconnected couples in the Atlanta area as they experience the thrills and surprises of having a baby , and realize that no matter what you plan for , life does not always deliver what is expected . It was distributed by Lionsgate , produced by Mike Medavoy , Arnold Messer and David Thwaites , co-produced by Alcon Entertainment , Phoenix Pictures , What to Expect Productions and Georgia Public , edited by Michael Berenbaum , directed by Kirk Jones from a screenplay by Shauna Cross and Heather Hach with music by Mark Mothersbaugh and based on the pregnancy guide of the same name by Heidi Murkoff . </P> <P> The film stars Cameron Diaz , Jennifer Lopez , Elizabeth Banks , Chace Crawford , Brooklyn Decker , Anna Kendrick , Matthew Morrison , Dennis Quaid , Chris Rock and Rodrigo Santoro . The film was theatrically released on May 18 , 2012 by Lionsgate . The film earned $84.4 million on a $40 million budget . The film was rated PG - 13 for crude and sexual content , thematic elements and language . What to Expect When You 're Expecting was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 11 , 2012 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Background </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pre-production </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Soundtrack list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Set in Atlanta , the film opens with fitness trainer Jules Baxter ( Cameron Diaz ) and her dance partner Evan Webber ( Matthew Morrison ) performing on the TV show Celebrity Dance Factor . They are crowned the winners of the show , but Jules vomits in their trophy , discovering that she is pregnant . Jules struggles when trying to balance her pregnancy with her normal active life . She has an ongoing argument with Evan over whether or not to have their son circumcised . During labor , she chooses not to have an epidural . She gives birth to a daughter they name Emerson , ending their debate . After giving birth , Jules and Evan get engaged . </P> <P> Photographer Holly Castillo ( Jennifer Lopez ) ca n't conceive children and decides to adopt from Ethiopia with her husband , Alex ( Rodrigo Santoro ) . They decide to buy a new house for the baby . Holly sends Alex to hang out with the `` dudes group '' , a group of fathers who walk around the park and support one another , which was founded by Vic Mac ( Chris Rock ) . Alex feels even more nervous to become a father . Holly loses her job and becomes hurt when she realizes how much Alex is unprepared for a child . However , they eventually go to Ethiopia and adopt a baby boy named Kaleb . </P> <P> Wendy Cooper ( Elizabeth Banks ) runs a breast feeding boutique called The Breast Choice , and has been trying to have a baby with her husband Gary ( Ben Falcone ) for two years . She eventually does conceive and shares the news with Gary after taking five pregnancy tests . Having planned a magical and happy pregnancy , Wendy feels awful throughout it and , during a convention she was chosen to speak at about the miracle of childbirth , she begins to break down and bursts out into a speech about how much the process sucks . Her outburst is filmed and becomes a viral hit on YouTube , after which her boutique is flooded with customers . After many labor - inducing activities , she goes to the hospital only to find out she has to have a cesarean section , which is against her birth plan . She loses a lot of blood , but is okay and delivers a son named Theo . </P> <P> Ramsey Cooper ( Dennis Quaid ) , a famous race car driver and Gary 's father , is married to a younger woman named Skyler ( Brooklyn Decker ) . During a lunch where Wendy and Gary announce her pregnancy , Ramsey and Skyler also announce they are expecting . Unlike Wendy , Skyler cruises through her pregnancy without issues . Wendy envies her and detests her ease ; however , soon after Skyler gives birth to twin girls , she and Ramsey are shown struggling with the fussy babies . </P> <P> Rosie Brennan ( Anna Kendrick ) , Skyler 's cousin and food - truck chef , meets an old high school friend , Marco ( Chace Crawford ) , also a food - truck chef , during a turf war between their food trucks . She believes he is a player and initially blows him off , but the reunion leads to an unexpected pregnancy after having sex that night . Worried at first , they eventually adjust to the idea of becoming parents and move in together . However , one night Rosie discovers she is bleeding and they drive to the hospital where they discover she has miscarried . Devastated , Rosie tells Marco to leave , which he does , but he makes several attempts to get back with her . Eventually , they get back together and decide to take things slowly and their story ends with them joining forces to create a food truck together . </P> <P> At different points in the film , certain characters meet others and we discover all the stories are linked . Ramsey is Gary 's father , Gary was on Jules ' weight loss program and is a regular customer of Marco 's food truck , Skyler is Rosie 's cousin , and Holly is Wendy and Skyler 's photographer . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Cameron Diaz , Chace Crawford , Elizabeth Banks , Brooklyn Decker , Chris Rock , and Rodrigo Santoro at the film 's premiere . <Ul> <Li> Cameron Diaz as Jules Baxter , a contestant on a celebrity dance show and a host to a weight - loss fitness show , who becomes pregnant with her dance partner 's baby </Li> <Li> Jennifer Lopez as Holly Castillo , a woman who adopts a baby from abroad with her unwilling husband after difficulty conceiving </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Banks as Wendy Cooper , Gary 's wife who becomes pregnant after trying for 2 years . Runs the Breast Choice Boutique . </Li> <Li> Chace Crawford as Marco , who reunites with an old flame ( Rosie ) after a turf war between their respective food trucks </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Decker as Skyler Cooper , the wife of a much older man named Ramsey who becomes pregnant with twins </Li> <Li> Anna Kendrick as Rosie Brennan , who reunites with an old flame and fellow food - truck owner and becomes pregnant unexpectedly and has a miscarriage </Li> <Li> Matthew Morrison as Evan Webber , who teams with Jules on a celebrity dance show and the father of her baby </Li> <Li> Dennis Quaid as Ramsey Cooper , the husband of Skyler </Li> <Li> Chris Rock as Vic Mac , founder of the `` dude group '' and father of four . </Li> <Li> Rodrigo Santoro as Alex Castillo , Holly 's husband who 's in music business and is not ready to have a child </Li> <Li> Ben Falcone as Gary Cooper , Wendy 's husband and son of Ramsey </Li> <Li> Joe Manganiello as Davis </Li> <Li> Rob Huebel as Gabe , a new parent who adjusts to `` fatherdom '' by bonding with other dads in a city park - based group that is part play group , part secret society </Li> <Li> Thomas Lennon as Craig , a father who joins Vic 's `` dude group '' </Li> <Li> Amir Talai as Patel , a father who joins Vic 's `` dude group '' </Li> <Li> Rebel Wilson as Janice , an eccentric employee at The Breast Choice boutique </Li> <Li> Wendi McLendon - Covey as Kara , Holly 's co-worker and friend </Li> <Li> Dwyane Wade has a cameo as himself </Li> <Li> Whitney Port has a cameo as herself </Li> <Li> Megan Mullally has a cameo as herself </Li> <Li> Cheryl Cole has a cameo as a TV dance talent show judge </Li> <Li> Tyce Diorio has a cameo as a TV dance talent show judge </Li> <Li> Taboo has a cameo as a TV dance talent show judge </Li> <Li> Kim Fields plays a social worker who helps out a couple with an adoption </Li> <Li> Jesse Burch as Hutch Davidson </Li> <Li> Mimi Gianopulos as Molly , Rosie 's funny roommate who comforts and supports her </Li> <Li> Genesis Rodriguez as Courtney , Rosie 's roommate </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> Director Kirk Jones and producer Mike Medavoy at the film 's premiere . <P> Written by Heidi Murkoff , What to Expect When You 're Expecting is a pregnancy guide released in 1984 . It is a top - selling book on The New York Times Best Seller list and is considered one of the most influential books of the past twenty - five years . Additionally , it was dubbed `` the bible of American pregnancy '' and has sold over 20 million units worldwide . On January 14 , 2010 , it was announced that Lionsgate had acquired the book 's worldwide distribution rights from Phoenix Pictures . Heather Hach , who was nine months pregnant at the time , was hired to write the film 's screenplay `` based on her pitch '' , which would follow the story of seven couples who experience the `` ups and downs '' of preparing for parenthood . David Thwaites produced it alongside Mike Medavoy and Arnie Messer . Alli Shearmur , Lionsgate 's President of Motion Picture Productions , said the book is `` a brand that knows no boundaries '' and they were `` excited about this film as the first in a potential franchise '' . Murkoff said she was excited to see Phoenix Pictures and Lionsgate `` bring my baby to life '' . Medavoy , Messer and Thwaites felt that the book provides the `` perfect launching point '' to tell a funny story . </P> <H3> Pre-production ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kirk Jones directed the film . Jones had n't read or heard about the book , and assumed it was a novel before receiving the script . However , he then discovered that it was in fact a pregnancy guide . Although puzzled at first , he recalled his pregnancy experience as `` funny , tragic , exciting '' and `` hilarious '' , and thought combining these elements would make for a `` really interesting '' film . Speaking about the film 's theme , he stated that `` everybody 's experience is different '' and multiple different stories `` allow the audience to share in everything that is going on '' and `` by sharing in what 's going on and seeing so many characters , there 's this energy , and there 's humor and there 's drama in comparing all of the stories , which are taking place at the same time '' . What to Expect When You 're Expecting stars an ensemble cast , which focuses primarily on the five couples who are going to be first - time parents . According to Access Atlanta , the project also needed `` a lot of extras who are in the family way '' as well as `` babies with star potential '' . An open casting call was held on July 9 , 2011 . Casting director Christopher Gray said at the time , `` We need a lot of pregnant women . We want the real deal '' . The movie also featured a number of Ethiopians , for which a casting call was issued as well . Additionally , film contains cameos by various celebrities . This includes Dwyane Wade , Whitney Port , Megan Mullally , and Cheryl Cole , Taboo and Tyce Diorio , who star as themselves as judges on a TV dance talent show . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film began principal photography in Atlanta on July 19 , 2011 . On July 26 , production filmed in Midtown on Peachtree Street near High Museum and in Piedmont Park . Jones said it was `` tough '' organizing schedules because of the number of cast members there were . Having never `` shot five simultaneous stories like this '' , he stated : `` Through necessity we had to schedule the film so that I shot everything with Jennifer Lopez in two weeks , everything with Cameron Diaz in two weeks ... because they are not available to keep flying in from another continent for two days work and then flying back again '' . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> Mark Mothersbaugh scored the music for the film and on its soundtrack . <P> The film 's score was composed by Mark Mothersbaugh . The soundtrack also contains `` Dance ( Disco Heat ) '' performed by Sylvester , `` Nobody '' performed by Ne - Yo , `` Shivas Regal ( Theme For Gypsy ) '' performed by Sonny Lester & His Orchestra , `` Oye Como Va '' performed by Kinky , `` Happening '' performed by Chiddy Bang , `` Kellerman 's Anthem '' performed by Emile Bergstein Chorale , `` Get Me Golden '' performed by Terraplane Sun , `` Home '' performed by Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros , `` Do n't Let Your Feet Touch Ground '' performed by Ash Koley , `` Weightless '' performed by Natasha Bedingfield , `` Forever Love '' performed by Alex Ebert , `` Hypnotize '' performed by The Notorious B.I.G. , `` Comin ' Home Baby '' performed by Mel Tormé , `` Forgetting '' performed by David Gray , `` Never Gonna Stop '' performed by The So Manys , `` Inside Out '' performed by Nire ' AllDai , `` Waiting On The Light To Change '' performed by Matthew Perryman Jones , `` Addicted To Love '' performed by Robert Palmer , `` Modern Art '' performed by Black Lips , `` Do n't You Want Me '' performed by Phil Oakey , Philip Adrian Wright and Jo Callis , `` Do What You Want '' performed by Daphne Willis , `` Broken Sky '' performed by Rob Laufer , `` Why Do n't We Get Drunk '' performed by Jimmy Buffett , `` Put Your Hands Up '' performed by The MIDI Mafia , `` Samba Vocalizado '' performed by Luciano Perrone , `` Get It Daddy '' performed by Sleeper Agent , `` Now Is The Start '' performed by Alison Sudol , `` The Hormone Song '' performed by Elizabeth Banks and `` Big Poppa '' performed by Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley , Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , Chris Jasper and The Notorious B.I.G. . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film was a moderate success . Released across 3,021 theaters on May 18 , 2012 , it closed on August 2 , 2012 . </P> <H3> Home Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> What to Expect When You 're Expecting was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 11 , 2012 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> What to Expect When You 're Expecting debuted at No. 5 at the U.S. Box Office , grossing $10,547,068 during its opening weekend . By the end of May , the film grossed $26,293,359 in the United States . In total , What to Expect When You 're Expecting grossed $41.2 million domestically , for a worldwide gross of $84.4 million . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 22 % , based on 132 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` The cast is stocked with likable performers , but What to Expect When You 're Expecting is too disjointed -- and too reliant on stock rom - com cliches -- to live up to its distinguished literary namesake . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 41 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Cara Nash of the Australian film magazine Filmink gave the film a mixed review , criticizing the storyline as not having `` complexity '' or `` genuine conflict '' , but praised Lopez and Banks who `` manage to find the humanity in their clichéd roles but they ca n't transcend all the surface - level schmaltz on display here '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a negative review , stating that `` the movie itself triggered the vomiting '' , but appreciated Rock , Kendrick and Crawford 's performances `` if you dramatically drop your expectations '' . Simon Miraudo of Quickflix called it `` ill - conceived '' and gave the film a mixed review while stating : `` Despite an immensely appealing cast and a few funny moments , I would only recommend What to Expect at a ' push ' . The eggs are there ; someone just forgot to fertilise them . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times among other critics noted the confusion of the swiftly moving film , writing that `` Rather than the engaging enlightenment of the source , the film becomes bloated by confusion . '' New York Daily News gave the film 3 and a half stars , writing `` Thankfully the film , unlike being a parent , is a fairly smooth and entertaining ride that has a universal appeal to both parents and those who ever had a father or a mother '' , and named the scene in which Jennifer Lopez 's character travels to Ethiopia to meet the child she is adopting as the film 's most touching moment . The Guardian 's Mike McCahill described the movie as `` insight - deficient fluff '' . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ALMA Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Movie Actor </Td> <Td> Rodrigo Santoro </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Movie Actress Comedy / Musical </Td> <Td> Cameron Diaz </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Movie Actress Comedy / Musical </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lopez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Choice Movie : Comedy </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actor : Comedy </Td> <Td> Chris Rock </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actress : Comedy </Td> <Td> Cameron Diaz </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actress : Comedy </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lopez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Breakout </Td> <Td> Joe Manganiello </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Male Scene Stealer </Td> <Td> Chace Crawford </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Comedic Movie </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Comedic Movie Actress </Td> <Td> Cameron Diaz </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Razzie Awards </Td> <Td> Worst Supporting Actress </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Decker </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worst Supporting Actress </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lopez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Premios Juventud </Td> <Td> She Steals the Show </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Soundtrack list ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dance ( Disco Heat ) - Performed by Sylvester </Li> <Li> Nobody - Performed by Ne - Yo </Li> <Li> Shivas Regal ( Theme For Gypsy ) - Performed by Sonny Lester & His Orchestra </Li> <Li> Oye Como Va - Performed by Kinky </Li> <Li> Happening - Performed by Chiddy Bang </Li> <Li> Kellerman 's Anthem - Performed by Emile Bergstein Chorale </Li> <Li> Get Me Golden - Performed by Terraplane Sun </Li> <Li> Home - Performed by Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros </Li> <Li> Do n't Let Your Feet Touch Ground - Performed by Ash Koley </Li> <Li> Weightless - Performed by Natasha Bedingfield </Li> <Li> Forever Love - Performed by Alex Ebert </Li> <Li> Hypnotize - Performed by The Notorious B.I.G. </Li> <Li> Comin ' Home Baby - Performed by Mel Tormé </Li> <Li> Forgetting - Written and Performed by David Gray </Li> <Li> Never Gonna Stop - Performed by The So Manys </Li> <Li> Inside Out - Performed by Nire ' AllDai </Li> <Li> Waiting On The Light To Change - Written and Performed by Matthew Perryman Jones </Li> <Li> Addicted To Love - Written by Robert Palmer </Li> <Li> Modern Art - Performed by Black Lips </Li> <Li> Do n't You Want Me - Written by Phil Oakey , Philip Adrian Wright and Jo Callis </Li> <Li> Do What You Want - Performed by Daphne Willis </Li> <Li> Broken Sky - Performed by Rob Laufer </Li> <Li> Why Do n't We Get Drunk - Performed by Jimmy Buffett </Li> <Li> Put Your Hands Up - Performed by The MIDI Mafia </Li> <Li> Samba Vocalizado - Performed by Luciano Perrone </Li> <Li> Get It Daddy - Performed by Sleeper Agent </Li> <Li> Now Is The Start - Performed by Alison Sudol </Li> <Li> The Hormone Song - Performed by Elizabeth Banks </Li> <Li> Big Poppa - Written by Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley , Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , Chris Jasper and The Notorious B.I.G. </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alcon Entertainment Expands Film Output : Becomes Passive Financiers In Lionsgate Film . '' Deadline.com ( November 10 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` What to Expect When You 're Expecting '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Matthew Morrison Joins Lionsgate 's ' What To Expect When You 're Expecting ' '' . Deadline.com . Mail.com Media . July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Cameron Diaz to Star in ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez signs on for ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Chace Crawford joins ' Expecting ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATE : Anna Kendrick Joins Brooklyn Decker For Lionsgate 's ' What To Expect When You 're Expecting ' '' . Deadline.com . Mail.com Media . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : L. Weinstein , Joshua ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Dennis Quaid Signs Onto ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting '' . The Wrap ( published by Reuters ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Rodrigo Santoro Joins ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting ' as Jennifer Lopez 's Husband ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Falcone signs on for ' Expecting ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B. Vary , Adam ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' True Blood ' star Joe Manganiello joins ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks and Rob Huebel join ' What To Expect When You 're Expecting ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Expect to see Lennon , Talai in ' Expecting ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Bridesmaids ' scene - stealer Rebel Wilson joins ' What To Expect When You 're Expecting ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ; Kit , Borys ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Bridesmaids ' Star Wendi McLendon - Covey Joins ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Whitney Port Making Acting Debut With Cameron Diaz , Jennifer Lopez ! '' . Us Weekly . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wood , Beci ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Cheryl Cole has X Factor on film set '' . The Sun . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. Fernandez , Jay ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Kim Fields Added to ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting ' Cast '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Mimi Gianopulos joins ' What to Expect ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Genesis Rodriguez is ' Expecting ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donadio , Rachel ( 2006 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Inside the List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USA Today 's 25 Books that leave a legacy '' . 2007 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kantor , Jodi ( 2005 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Expecting Trouble : The Book They Love to Hate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lionsgate the Proud Parent of What to Expect When You 're Expecting '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tezer , Adnan ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Lionsgate is ' Expecting ' '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate ( R ) Becomes Proud Parent to What to Expect When You 're Expecting '' . Newswire , . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Director Kirk Jones Talks What to Expect When You 're Expecting , Casting , Deleted Scenes , Cinema Paradiso , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Eric ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` What To Expect When You 're Expecting Director Kirk Jones Talks Taking It One Step At A Time '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brett , Jennifer ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Cameron Diaz - Jennifer Lopez movie needs babies , pregnant women '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Offerman , Mullally join ' Gay Dude ' cast '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` J - Lo / Cameron Diaz movie starts filming , `` Three Stooges '' winds down `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` J - Lo movie is filming today ; star sightings '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What to Expect When You 're Expecting '' . Box Office Mojo , Amazon.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What to Expect When You 're Expecting '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nash , Cara ( May 28 , 2012 ) . `` What To Expect When You 're Expecting '' . Filmink . Dov Kornits . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` What To Expect When You 're Expecting '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miraudo , Simon ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Ill - conceived -- What to Expect When You 're Expecting review '' . Quickflix . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Expect little from ' What to Expect ' '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/what-to-expect-when-youre-expecting-20120517 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Expect fun in ' What To Expect When You 're Expecting ' ( IANS Movie Review ) - NY Daily News '' . Daily News . New York . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCahill , Mike ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` What to Expect When You 're Expecting -- review '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gratereaux , Alexandra ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 NCLR / ALMA Awards Nominees Include Jennifer Lopez , Pitbull & Selena Gomez '' . Fox News . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` First Wave of `` Teen Choice 2012 '' Nominees Announced '' ( PDF ) . Teen Choice Awards . May 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Breaking Dawn , ' ' Snow White ' Lead Second Wave of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards 2013 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibbiani , William ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` The 33rd Annual Razzies ( Dis ) - Honor Twilight : Breaking Dawn : Part 2 '' . CraveOnline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> What to Expect When You 're Expecting on IMDb </Li> <Li> What to Expect When You 're Expecting at AllMovie </Li> <Li> What to Expect When You 're Expecting at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Kirk Jones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Waking Ned ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Nanny McPhee ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Everybody 's Fine ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_to_Expect_When_You%27re_Expecting_(film)&oldid=804154433 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2012 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> 2010s romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> American romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> Films shot in Atlanta </Li> <Li> Films set in Atlanta </Li> <Li> Pregnancy films </Li> <Li> Lions Gate Entertainment films </Li> <Li> Alcon Entertainment films </Li> <Li> Film scores by Mark Mothersbaugh </Li> <Li> Films directed by Kirk Jones </Li> <Li> Phoenix Pictures films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Bright ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Bright ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bright </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Film release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> David Ayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eric Newman </Li> <Li> David Ayer </Li> <Li> Bryan Unkeless </Li> <Li> Ted Sarandos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Max Landis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Will Smith </Li> <Li> Joel Edgerton </Li> <Li> Noomi Rapace </Li> <Li> Lucy Fry </Li> <Li> Édgar Ramírez </Li> <Li> Ike Barinholtz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> David Sardy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Roman Vasyanov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Tronick </Li> <Li> Geoffrey O'Brien </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Overbrook Entertainment </Li> <Li> Trigger Warning Entertainment </Li> <Li> Grand Electric </Li> <Li> Netflix </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) </Li> <Li> December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 118 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $90 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bright is a 2017 American urban fantasy crime film directed by David Ayer and written by Max Landis . The film stars Will Smith as a Los Angeles Police Department police officer who teams up with an orc rookie police officer ( Joel Edgerton ) in a world of both human and mythical creatures . It also stars Noomi Rapace , Lucy Fry , Édgar Ramírez , and Ike Barinholtz . </P> <P> Principal photography began in November 2016 in Los Angeles . The film was released worldwide on Netflix on December 22 , 2017 , and became one of the site 's most streamed programs ever , although it received negative reviews from critics . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 4.2 Audience response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Sequel </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In an alternate present , humans live in uneasy peace with orcs , elves , centaurs , dwarves and other races after they fought for thousands of years . In Los Angeles , veteran LAPD police officer Daryl Ward has been involuntarily partnered with Nick Jakoby , the nation 's first orcish police officer . Jakoby is faced with prejudice by humans for his race , and by orcs for his position as an officer . In addition to the pushback from other officers , Ward is ambivalent towards him after an incident where Ward was nearly killed by a shotgun - wielding orc and Jakoby had apparently let the assailant get away . While driving back to the station , a previously detained human Shield of Light devotee tells Jakoby in Orcish that both officers are in a prophecy and that Ward is blessed . While Jakoby is booking the devotee , Ward is approached by Internal Affairs who say they believe that Jakoby put his racial loyalties before his partner in allowing the orc assailant to get away . Ward is pressured to try to have Jakoby confess on tape so they will have publicly acceptable grounds for a firing . </P> <P> That night , Ward and Jakoby respond to a disturbance at what turns out to be a Shield of Light safe house ; inside are a number of smoldering corpses , and the still - living torso of an elf woman embedded in a wall , indicating magic was used . They apprehend the lone unhurt survivor , a young elf named Tikka in possession of a legendary magic wand who apparently only speaks Elfish . As Jakoby puts it , a wand is like `` a nuclear weapon that grants wishes '' , and can only be commanded by a ' Bright ' -- a person with the rare ability to use magic . If a non-Bright touches a wand , they will explode from the raw magical power . </P> <P> When four officers arrive as backup , their racial prejudice cause them to try and coerce Ward into killing Jakoby and lying about the incident , telling Ward he will be spared in return and allowing them to steal the wand . They allow Ward to decide and he goes outside to Jakoby , holds him at gunpoint , and begins questioning him about the orc that had shot him . Jakoby admits to letting the suspect escape , though the reason being was that he had mistakenly cornered the wrong suspect . Jakoby had lost the original orc in the crowd and had instead caught up with a young orc who was spray painting a wall , not the orc who had tried to kill Ward , but he knew the other officers would not believe it and so let the kid go . During this confrontation , the four officers secretly plan on killing Ward after he kills Jakoby . As they approach Ward to hear his decision , Ward suddenly decides to believe Jakoby and kills all four officers . The incident , however , attracts the attention of the local human gang Altamira , and the two flee , under heavy fire , with Tikka and the wand . Leilah , a member of the ominous group Inferni and owner of the wand , arrives at the safehouse minutes later , searching for the wand and Tikka . </P> <P> After a pursuit , the trio flee through the territory of the Fogteeth Orc clan , causing a violent confrontation between the gang and the clan . Finally cornered in a strip club , the gang 's disabled leader , Poison , wanting to regain the use of his legs using the wand , threatens to burn the building down unless the officers give up the wand . As Jakoby and Ward pull out their weapons to give a final stand , the Inferni appear and the ensuing fight gives the trio the opportunity to escape again . Going to ground in a service station , Ward contacts his friend , Sheriff Deputy Rodriguez , who he hopes will help them in protecting the wand . Rodriguez contacts Kandomere , an elf working for the federal ' Magic Task Force ' ; dedicated to securing , containing and protecting magical objects . Kandomere tells Ward that he will be safe from prosecution for killing his fellow police officers , if they can keep the wand out of wrong hands . Before Rodriguez can bring them in , Leilah 's henchmen attack the trio , killing him . </P> <P> Ward , Jakoby , and Tikka run into the Fogteeth Orc clan again and are dragged before its leader Dorghu . Enraged at the chaos they are causing in his neutral territory , Dorghu has Jakoby and Ward beaten and tortured to reveal the location of the wand . Dorghu orders his son , Mikey , to kill Jakoby after failing to get an answer . However , Mikey reveals that he was the orc that Jakoby allowed to escape and thus refuses to kill him . Dorghu sends his son away and kills Jakoby himself , who falls dead into a deep pit . As he prepares to kill Ward as well , Tikka produces the wand she had magically hidden and uses it to resurrect Jakoby , revealing that she is a Bright , leaving herself incapacitated . The cloaked clan priest pronounces this to be the will of the Prophecy , causing the clan kneel to Jakoby and allow the trio to go free . Realizing that the two officers can now be trusted , Tikka speaks to them in English for the first time . She explains the Inferni 's plan to resurrect The Dark Lord , an ancient mythical figure who will rise from the dead and take over the world . Once a member of the Inferni herself , Tikka had been protected by the Shield of Light and fled with the wand . </P> <P> The use of the wand causes Tikka to become ill with black streaks appearing all over her body . She says that the only way to save her is to place her in a magic pool back at the Shield safe house . They return to the safehouse , but are ambushed by Leilah and the remaining Inferni . The trio successfully kill the Inferni , but Leilah is resurrected by a magic spell . Just as Ward places Tikka in the magic pool , Leilah hangs Jakoby and knocks both Ward and Tikka out of the pool . Leilah unsuccessfully tries to convince Tikka to join her ( revealing they are sisters ) . Jakoby breaks free and shoots the wand out of Leilah 's hand , but runs out of ammo before he can kill her again . Leilah is about to kill Tikka when Ward picks up the fallen wand and is revealed to also be a Bright , using the wand to kill Leilah with an explosion that sets the building on fire . In the ensuing commotion , Tikka disappears and the injured Ward and Jakoby flee from the building , but Ward falls behind and is trapped by an explosion , causing Jakoby to have to return and save him . After rescuing Ward , Dorghu and his clan appear and perform an ancient orc ceremony signifying to Jakoby that he is now `` blooded '' - an Orcish status only achievable by an act of great bravery . </P> <P> Ward awakens the next day in a hospital room to find Jakoby at his bedside and himself restrained as he is an `` extremely dangerous '' Bright . As Kandomere appears , Ward understands ( but Jakoby does not ) that Kandomere wants to contain the incident , and gives him a fake statement as to what happened , denying the use of magic . In a public announcement before a crowd , Jakoby and Ward are honored by the city for their actions against the ' extremist group ' Inferni . Ward smiles as he spots Tikka moving through the crowd in disguise . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Will Smith as Daryl Ward , a human LAPD officer . </Li> <Li> Joel Edgerton as Nick Jakoby , the nation 's first Orcish police officer , who is partnered with Daryl . </Li> <Li> Noomi Rapace as Leilah , an Inferni elf seeking control of the magic wand . </Li> <Li> Lucy Fry as Tikka , a young Inferni elf who is in possession of the magic wand . </Li> <Li> Édgar Ramírez as Kandomere , a high ranking elvish federal agent with the US Department of Magic 's Magic Task Force . </Li> <Li> Ike Barinholtz as Pollard , a corrupt human LAPD officer who seeks to steal the wand for himself . </Li> <Li> Happy Anderson as Hildebrandt Ulysses Montehugh , a human federal agent who works under Kandomere in the Magic Task Force . </Li> <Li> Dawn Olivieri as Sherri Ward , Daryl 's human wife and Sophia 's mother . </Li> <Li> Matt Gerald as Hicks , a corrupt human LAPD officer . </Li> <Li> Margaret Cho as Ching , a corrupt human LAPD sergeant . </Li> <Li> Brad William Henke as Dorghu , the imposing leader of the Fogteeth Orcs gang . </Li> <Li> Jay Hernandez as Rodriguez , a human LACSD deputy . </Li> <Li> Veronica Ngo as Tien , an Inferni elf enforcer working for Leilah . </Li> <Li> Alex Meraz as Serafin , an Inferni elf enforcer working for Leilah . </Li> <Li> Joseph Piccuirro as Brown , a corrupt human LAPD officer . </Li> <Li> Enrique Murciano as Poison , the wheelchair bound leader of the human Altamira gang . </Li> <Li> Scarlet Spencer as Sophia Ward , Daryl and Sherri 's human daughter . </Li> <Li> Andrea Navedo as Perez , a human LAPD captain and Ward 's superior . </Li> <Li> Kenneth Choi as Yamahara , a human LAPD internal affairs detective . </Li> <Li> Bobby Naderi as Arkashian , a human LAPD internal affairs detective . </Li> <Li> Cle Shaheed Sloan as OG Mike , the Wards ' human neighbor . </Li> <Li> Chris Browning as Serling , a human questioned by the US Department of Magic 's Task Force . </Li> <Li> Joe Rogan as himself </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> ( L -- R ) : Director David Ayer and stars Noomi Rapace , Joel Edgerton , Will Smith , Édgar Ramírez , and Lucy Fry at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con <P> Described as `` a contemporary cop thriller , but with fantastical elements '' , the film is directed by David Ayer and stars Will Smith and Joel Edgerton , with a script penned by Max Landis , which Ayer rewrote . Netflix officially picked up the film for a $90 million deal with filming beginning in fall 2016 , making it the most expensive Netflix film to date . Noomi Rapace entered talks to join the cast in May 2016 . Landis stated in an interview that official production was expected to begin in September 2016 , but that they 'd already shot a small part in Los Angeles . Ayer 's frequent cinematographer , Roman Vasyanov , was confirmed to be working on the project . On October 15 , 2016 , Lucy Fry was added to the cast . On October 17 , 2016 , Andrea Navedo was added to the cast . On October 20 , 2016 , actor Brad William Henke was cast in the film . On November 1 , 2016 , Kenneth Choi and Dawn Olivieri were cast in an unknown role and the role of Smith 's wife , respectively . On November 9 , Édgar Ramírez was confirmed to be added to the cast . That same month , Alex Meraz , Matt Gerald , Ike Barinholtz , and Enrique Murciano joined the cast of the film in undisclosed roles . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Photos from the set were first published in November 2016 . Filming was completed by February 4 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bright received criticism for its screenplay , cinematography and excessive focus on social commentary . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 27 % based on 89 reviews , with an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Bright tries to blend fantasy , hard - hitting cop drama , and social commentary -- and ends up falling painfully short of the mark on all three fronts . '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . </P> <P> Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Bright is basically a tired buddy - cop movie dressed up in bizarre trappings ... It does n't take itself too seriously , but it 's not nearly as self - deprecating and funny as it needed to be . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , David Fear gave the film 1 out of 4 stars , criticizing the script and incoherent action scenes , writing : `` This combo of gritty cop procedural and fantasy is a dark , dank , dumb - as - hell mess . '' </P> <P> David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film an `` F '' and called it the worst film of 2017 , saying : `` There 's boring , there 's bad , and then there 's Bright ... from the director of Suicide Squad and the writer of Victor Frankenstein comes a fresh slice of hell that somehow represents new lows for them both -- a dull and painfully derivative ordeal that often feels like it was made just to put those earlier misfires into perspective . '' Ayer responded enthusiastically to Ehrlich 's review , claiming that he desired for the film to receive `` a strong reaction either way . '' </P> <P> NPR 's Chris Klimek wrote : `` Critics have already lined up to pillory Bright as among the year 's worst releases . Do n't believe the clickbait . Lazy but not boring , this Net - flick is perfectly , stubbornly mediocre , and less a chore to sit through than either of 2017 's Vin Diesel vehicles . '' </P> <H3> Audience response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several publications noted that while critics were harsh on the film , viewers seemed to enjoy it more and gave positive reactions on social media . Netflix announced that the film had been viewed more times in its first week than any of its other releases . According to Nielsen ratings , about 11 million American viewers streamed Bright within the first three days of its release , with 56 % of the audience being male and 7 million being between the ages of 18 -- 49 . Netflix CEO Reed Hastings noted that : `` The critics are pretty disconnected from the mass appeal ... ( they ) are an important part of the artistic process but are pretty disconnected from the commercial prospects of a film . If people are watching this movie and loving it , that 's the measurement of success . '' </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bright : The Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hip Hop </Li> <Li> pop </Li> <Li> rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 42 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Records </Li> <Li> WEA International </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alex da Kid </Li> <Li> Dan Smith </Li> <Li> Mark Crew </Li> <Li> David Pramik </Li> <Li> David Phelps </Li> <Li> Grey </Li> <Li> Louis Bell </Li> <Li> Linus Wiklund </Li> <Li> JMIKE </Li> <Li> AC </Li> <Li> Andrew Bolooki </Li> <Li> Paul Judge </Li> <Li> Marshmello </Li> <Li> Viruss Beats </Li> <Li> Steve Aoki </Li> <Li> DJ Khalil </Li> <Li> D. Sardy </Li> <Li> Casey Bates </Li> <Li> Charlie Andrew </Li> <Li> Joe London </Li> <Li> DRAM </Li> <Li> Gabriel Niles </Li> <Li> Zach Crowell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Bright : The Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` World Gone Mad '' Released : November 21 , 2017 </Li> <Li> `` Home '' Released : December 5 , 2017 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The soundtrack , titled Bright : The Album , was released under Atlantic Records on December 15 , 2017 , just a week before the official release of the film on December 22 , 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Bright : The Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Broken People '' ( Logic and Rag'n'Bone Man ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dan Priddy </Li> <Li> Mark Crew </Li> <Li> Alexander Grant </Li> <Li> Rory Graham </Li> <Li> Sir Robert Hall II </Li> <Li> Nicholas Steele </Li> <Li> David Pramik </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alex da Kid </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` World Gone Mad '' ( Bastille ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dan Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Smith </Li> <Li> Mark Crew </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Home '' ( Machine Gun Kelly , X Ambassadors and Bebe Rexha ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sam Nelson Harris </Li> <Li> David Phelps </Li> <Li> Robert Gillies </Li> <Li> Richard Baker </Li> <Li> Pramik </Li> <Li> Jacob Hawkes </Li> <Li> Charlie Snyder </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Pramik </Li> <Li> Phelps </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Crown '' ( Camila Cabello and Grey ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kyle Trewartha </Li> <Li> Karla Cabello </Li> <Li> Sarah Aarons </Li> <Li> Michael Trewartha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grey </Li> <Li> Louis Bell </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Darkside '' ( Ty Dolla $ ign and Future featuring Kiiara ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeremy Coleman </Li> <Li> Linus Wiklund </Li> <Li> Nayvadius Wilburn </Li> <Li> Tyrone Griffin Jr . </Li> <Li> Kiara Saulters </Li> <Li> Jonnali Parmenius </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wiklund </Li> <Li> JMIKE </Li> <Li> AC </Li> <Li> Andrew Bolooki </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Danger '' ( Migos and Marshmello ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chris Comstock </Li> <Li> Quavious Marshall </Li> <Li> Kiari Cephus </Li> <Li> Kirshnik Ball </Li> <Li> Paul Judge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judge </Li> <Li> Marshmello </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` That 's My Nigga '' ( Meek Mill , YG and Snoop Dogg ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shawn Carter </Li> <Li> Andre Young </Li> <Li> Melvin Bradford </Li> <Li> Scott Storch </Li> <Li> Robert Williams </Li> <Li> Calvin Broadus Jr . </Li> <Li> Eric Gamzoyan </Li> <Li> Keenan Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Viruss Beats </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Smoke My Dope '' ( Steve Aoki and Lil Uzi Vert ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Aoki </Li> <Li> Symere Woods </Li> <Li> Bobby Turner </Li> <Li> Kenneth Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Aoki </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` FTW ( Fuck the World ) '' ( A $ AP Rocky and Tom Morello ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thomas Morello </Li> <Li> Khalil Abdul - Rahman </Li> <Li> Rakim Mayers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DJ Khalil </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Cheer Up '' ( Portugal . The Man ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Sardy </Li> <Li> Casey Bates </Li> <Li> John Gourley </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> D. Sardy </Li> <Li> Bates </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Hares on the Mountain '' ( alt - J ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Traditional </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Andrew </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Campfire '' ( DRAM and Neil Young ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joe Spargur </Li> <Li> Shelley Massenburg - Smith </Li> <Li> Roget Chahayed </Li> <Li> Gabriel Niles </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joe London </Li> <Li> D.R.A.M. </Li> <Li> Niles </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( Sam Hunt ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Woody Guthrie </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zach Crowell </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 42 : 50 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Albums ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) </Th> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard 200 </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sequel ( edit ) </H2> <P> In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a sequel . The following month Netflix confirmed they were moving ahead with the sequel , with Smith and Edgerton reprising their roles and Ayer directing and writing the script . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alien Nation </Li> <Li> Cast a Deadly Spell </Li> <Li> Shadowrun </Li> <Li> Special Unit 2 </Li> <Li> Witch Hunt ( 1994 film ) </Li> <Li> Wishfart </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix is carrying $20 billion in debt . Can it keep borrowing its way to success ? '' . Los Angeles Times . July 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` David Ayer to Direct Will Smith and Joel Edgerton in Fantastical Cop Flick ' Bright ' '' . Collider . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` William Smith , David Ayer Reteaming on Max Landis Spec ' Bright ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the First Teaser for Will Smith 's Fantasy Cop Thriller ' Bright ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Poor Will Smith ! Critics tore apart Netflix 's first hopeful blockbuster , ' Bright ' '' . Mashable . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Makes Mammoth Deal for David Ayer 's ' Bright ' Starring Will Smith '' . Collider . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ankers , Adele ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Noomi Rapace in Talks to Join Will Smith in David Ayer 's Bright '' . Screen Rant . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Max Landis Hopes ' Bright ' Will Be His ' Star Wars ' '' . Collider . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Daron ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Why DP Roman Vasyanov Chose Anamorphic & More Tales from Shooting ' Suicide Squad ' '' . No Film School . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` David Ayer 's ' Bright ' Lands ' Mr. Church ' Actress Lucy Fry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` David Ayer - Helmed Thriller ' Bright ' Adds Andrea Navedo ; Austin Hébert Cast In ' Burden ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Actor Brad William Henke Joins Will Smith in ' Bright ' '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( October 2016 ) . `` David Ayer 's Fantasy Cop Thriller Bright Adds Two '' . wegotthiscovered.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Edgar Ramirez Joins Will Smith in David Ayer 's Fantasy Thriller ' Bright ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ashley Bell Cast As Lead In ' Next Door ' ; Alex Meraz Joins David Ayer 's ' Bright ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Gerald Boards David Ayer 's ' Bright ' ; Angel Bonanni Cast In ' Entebbe ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Ike Barinholtz Reunites With David Ayer , Will Smith On Netflix Film ' Bright '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Enrique Murciano Cast In Netflix 's ' Bright ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , Kayla ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Joel Edgerton is unrecognizable in orc make - up as he joins Will Smith on set of new Netflix fantasy film Bright '' . Mail Online . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` First Bright Set Photos Featuring Will Smith in Costume '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ayer , David ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap on # BRIGHT . Even in the darkest times we can find the light '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bright ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bright reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Put an orc in it : Will Smith 's cop fantasy ' Bright ' a Netflix disaster '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fear , David ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bright ' Review : Will Smith 's ' L.A.P.D. of the Rings ' Is Just South of Dim '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bright ' Review : Netflix 's First Blockbuster Is the Worst Movie of 2017 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ DavidAyerMovies ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` This is going on my fridge . Highest compliment is a strong reaction either way ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klimek , Chris ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Will Smith Plays Cops - And - Monsters In Unremarkable ' Bright '' . NPR . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Audiences Seem To Love ' Bright ' As Much As Critics Hate It '' . Decider . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' Bright ' lands 11 million audience , divides critics , viewers '' . Malay Mail . December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Audience Seems To Like Bright A Whole Lot More Than The Critics Do '' . CinemaBlend . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Critics be damned : ' worst film of the year ' Bright is a huge hit for Netflix '' . The Telegraph . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming , Jr . ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Firms ' Bright ' Sequel With Will Smith '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' Bright ' Lands 11 Million U.S. Streaming Viewers Over First Three Days '' . Decider.com . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/film/news/netflix-execs-call-film-critics-disconnected-for-bashing-bright-film-1202672912/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations '' . All Access . December 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . December 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bright : The Album by Various Artists on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 454 '' . auspOp . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Bright : The Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eri esittäjiä : Bright : The Album '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- Bright : The Album '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix Has Already Ordered a ' Bright ' Sequel with Will Smith Returning '' . Collider . December 20 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bright on Netflix </Li> <Li> Bright on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> David Ayer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harsh Times ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Street Kings ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> End of Watch ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Sabotage ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fury ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Bright ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films written </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U-571 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Training Day ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dark Blue ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> S.W.A.T. ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Netflix films and documentaries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Zen of Bennett ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Short Game ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Square ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Mitt ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Battered Bastards of Baseball ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Print the Legend ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> E-Team ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Virunga ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Girls Wanted ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> What Happened , Miss Simone ? ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Tig ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Winter on Fire : Ukraine 's Fight for Freedom ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> My Beautiful Broken Brain ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Extremis ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The White Helmets ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Audrie & Daisy ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Amanda Knox ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 13th ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Inferno ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Ivory Game ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Casting JonBenet ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Get Me Roger Stone ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Joshua : Teenager vs. Superpower ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Icarus ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Heroin ( e ) ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Strong Island ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Gaga : Five Foot Two ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> One of Us ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jim & Andy : The Great Beyond ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Cuba and the Cameraman ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> A Very Murray Christmas ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Sword of Destiny ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Pee - wee 's Big Holiday ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Special Correspondents ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Do - Over ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Brahman Naman ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Rebirth ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tallulah ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> XOXO ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> ARQ ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Siege of Jadotville ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Mascots ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 7 Años ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Mercy ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Spectral ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Barry ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Coin Heist ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Clinical ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Take the 10 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> iBoy ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Imperial Dreams ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Girlfriend 's Day ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Burning Sands ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Deidra & Laney Rob a Train ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Most Hated Woman in America ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Discovery ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Win It All ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Sand Castle ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Tramps ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Small Crimes ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Blame ! ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> War Machine ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Shimmer Lake ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> You Get Me ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Okja ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> To the Bone ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Incredible Jessica James ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Naked ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> What Happened to Monday ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Death Note ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Little Evil ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> First They Killed My Father ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Our Souls at Night ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Meyerowitz Stories ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Babysitter ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 1922 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Wheelman ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Killer ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Prince ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Mudbound ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> El Camino Christmas ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Christmas Inheritance ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Bright ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Polka King ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Open House ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Step Sisters ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> A Futile and Stupid Gesture ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Cloverfield Paradox ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> When We First Met ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Love Per Square Foot ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Irreplaceable You ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Mute ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Outsider ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Benji ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Game Over , Man ! ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Paradox ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Roxanne Roxanne ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> First Match ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Anniversary ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Titan ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 6 Balloons ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Sun Dogs ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Come Sunday ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Dude ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Kodachrome ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Week Of ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Hold the Dark ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Cargo ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Angel ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> How It Ends ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Private Life ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Apostle ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Highwaymen ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Velvet Buzzsaw ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Norway ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Outlaw King ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Untitled Noah Baumbach Project ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Bird Box ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Extinction ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Sierra Burgess Is a Loser ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Land of Steady Habits ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Other Side of the Wind ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Untitled Alex Lehmann Project ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Irishman ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Anastasia ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> Brain on Fire ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> Juanita ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> Nappily Ever After ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> Set It Up ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> Someone Great ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> The Dirt ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> The Last Laugh ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> Wine Country ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> IO ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> Ibiza ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unreleased </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bright_(film)&oldid=834477577 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2010s fantasy films </Li> <Li> American alternate history films </Li> <Li> American fantasy films </Li> <Li> Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department </Li> <Li> Films about racism </Li> <Li> Films directed by David Ayer </Li> <Li> Films shot in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Films set in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Netflix original films </Li> <Li> Police detective films </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Max Landis </Li> <Li> Urban fantasy </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 22 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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New England - wikipedia <H1> New England </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the region in North America . For region in Australia , see New England ( New South Wales ) . For other uses , see New England ( disambiguation ) . Place in , <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> New England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : skyline of Boston 's financial district at night ; a building of Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut ; a view from Nubble Light on Cape Neddick in Maine ; view from Mount Mansfield in Vermont ; and a fisherman on Cape Cod in Massachusetts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Emblem </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : No official motto , but common de facto mottoes include `` An appeal to Heaven '' and `` Nunquam libertas gratior extat '' ( `` Nowhere does liberty appear in a more gracious form '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of New England ( red ) in the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest metropolitan area </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boston - Cambridge - Quincy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest city </Th> <Td> Boston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 71,991.8 sq mi ( 186,458 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 62,688.4 sq mi ( 162,362 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2017 est . ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 14,810,001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 210 / sq mi ( 79 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym ( s ) </Th> <Td> New Englander , Yankee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> GDP ( nominal ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> $990.817 billion ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> per capita </Th> <Td> $66,901.88 ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> GDP ( nominal ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dialects </Th> <Td> New England English , New England French </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeastern United States : Maine , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and north , respectively . The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast , and Long Island Sound is to the south . Boston is New England 's largest city as well as the capital of Massachusetts . The largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston , which also includes Worcester , Massachusetts ( the second - largest city in New England ) , Manchester ( the largest city in New Hampshire ) , and Providence ( the capital and largest city of Rhode Island ) , with nearly a third of the entire region 's population . </P> <P> In 1620 , Puritan Separatist Pilgrims from England first settled in the region , forming the Plymouth Colony , the second successful English settlement in America , following the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia founded in 1607 . Ten years later , more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston , thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony . Over the next 126 years , people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars , until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America . In 1692 , the town of Salem , Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced the Salem witch trials , one of the most infamous cases of mass hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere . </P> <P> In the late 18th century , political leaders from the New England Colonies known as the Sons of Liberty initiated resistance to Britain 's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists . The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self - government , which were termed the `` Intolerable Acts '' by the colonists . The confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776 . The region also played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States , and was the first region of the U.S. transformed by the Industrial Revolution , centered on the Blackstone and Merrimack river valleys . </P> <P> The physical geography of New England is diverse for such a small area . Southeastern New England is covered by a narrow coastal plain , while the western and northern regions are dominated by the rolling hills and worn - down peaks of the northern end of the Appalachian Mountains . The Atlantic fall line lies close to the coast , which enabled numerous cities to take advantage of water power along the numerous rivers , such as the Connecticut River , which bisects the region from north to south . </P> <P> Each state is principally subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns , many of which are governed by town meetings . The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the sparsely populated northern regions of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont . The region is one of the U.S. Census Bureau 's nine regional divisions and the only multi-state region with clear , consistent boundaries . It maintains a strong sense of cultural identity , although the terms of this identity are often contrasted , combining Puritanism with liberalism , agrarian life with industry , and isolation with immigration . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Eastern Algonquian peoples </Li> <Li> 1.2 Colonial period </Li> <Li> 1.3 French and Indian Wars </Li> <Li> 1.4 Dominion of New England </Li> <Li> 1.5 New England in the new nation </Li> <Li> 1.6 Industrial Revolution </Li> <Li> 1.7 20th century and beyond </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cities and urban areas <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Metropolitan areas </Li> <Li> 2.2 State capitals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Geology </Li> <Li> 3.2 Climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Largest cities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Overview </Li> <Li> 5.2 Exports </Li> <Li> 5.3 Agriculture </Li> <Li> 5.4 Energy </Li> <Li> 5.5 Employment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Government <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Town meetings </Li> <Li> 6.2 Politics </Li> <Li> 6.3 Elections <Ul> <Li> 6.3. 1 Political party strength </Li> <Li> 6.3. 2 New Hampshire primary </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Education <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Colleges and universities </Li> <Li> 7.2 Private and independent secondary schools </Li> <Li> 7.3 Public education </Li> <Li> 7.4 Academic journals and press </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Culture <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Cultural roots </Li> <Li> 8.2 Accents </Li> <Li> 8.3 Social activities and music </Li> <Li> 8.4 Media <Ul> <Li> 8.4. 1 Comedy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.5 Literature </Li> <Li> 8.6 Film , television , and acting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Sports <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Professional and semi-professional sports teams </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Transportation </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of New England <H3> Eastern Algonquian Peoples ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Algonquian peoples <P> The earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages . Prominent tribes included the Abenakis , Mi'kmaq , Penobscot , Pequots , Mohegans , Narragansetts , Pocumtucks , and Wampanoag . Prior to the arrival of European settlers , the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont , as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine . Their principal town was Norridgewock in Maine . </P> <P> The Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine . The Narragansetts and smaller tribes under Narragansett sovereignty lived in Rhode Island , west of Narragansett Bay , including Block Island . The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and the islands of Martha 's Vineyard and Nantucket . The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts , and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes lived in the Connecticut region . The Connecticut River Valley includes parts of Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , and Connecticut and linked numerous tribes culturally , linguistically , and politically . </P> <P> As early as 1600 , French , Dutch , and English traders began exploring the New World , trading metal , glass , and cloth for local beaver pelts . </P> <H3> Colonial period ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : New England Colonies , Plymouth Council for New England , Connecticut Colony , and Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations <P> On April 10 , 1606 , King James I of England issued a charter for the Virginia Company , which comprised the London Company and the Plymouth Company . These two privately funded ventures were intended to claim land for England , to conduct trade , and to return a profit . In 1620 , Pilgrims from the Mayflower established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts , beginning the history of permanent European settlement in New England . </P> Title page of John Smith 's A Description of New England ( 1616 ; 1865 reprint ) <P> In 1616 , English explorer John Smith named the region `` New England '' . The name was officially sanctioned on November 3 , 1620 , when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England , a joint - stock company established to colonize and govern the region . As the first colonists arrived in Plymouth , they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact , their first governing document . The Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629 with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630 . </P> <P> Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut as early as 1633 . Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy , led a group south , and founded Providence Plantation in the area that became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636 . At this time , Vermont was yet unsettled , and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were claimed and governed by Massachusetts . </P> <H3> French and Indian Wars ( edit ) </H3> An early English map of New England , c. 1670 , depicts the area around modern Portsmouth , New Hampshire . <P> Relationships between colonists and local Indian tribes alternated between peace and armed skirmishes , the bloodiest of which was the Pequot War in 1637 which resulted in the Mystic massacre . On May 19 , 1643 , the colonies of Massachusetts Bay , Plymouth , New Haven , and Connecticut joined together in a loose compact called the New England Confederation ( officially `` The United Colonies of New England '' ) . The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense , and gained some importance during King Philip 's War . From June 1675 through April 1678 , King Philip 's War pitted the colonists and their Indian allies against a widespread Indian uprising , resulting in killings and massacres on both sides . </P> <P> During the next 74 years , there were six colonial wars that took place primarily between New England and New France , during which New England was allied with the Iroquois Confederacy and New France was allied with the Wabanaki Confederacy . Mainland Nova Scotia came under the control of New England after the Siege of Port Royal ( 1710 ) , but both New Brunswick and most of Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France . The British eventually defeated the French in 1763 , opening the Connecticut River Valley for British settlement into western New Hampshire and Vermont . </P> <P> The New England Colonies were settled primarily by farmers who became relatively self - sufficient . Later , New England 's economy began to focus on crafts and trade , aided by the Puritan work ethic , in contrast to the Southern colonies which focused on agricultural production while importing finished goods from England . </P> <H3> Dominion of New England ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Dominion of New England , American Revolutionary War , American Revolution , and Boston campaign The New England Ensign , one of several flags historically associated with New England . This flag was reportedly used by colonial merchant ships sailing out of New England ports , 1686 -- c. 1737 . New England 's Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) by Peter Monamy <P> By 1686 , King James II had become concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies , including their self - governing charters , their open flouting of the Navigation Acts , and their growing military power . He therefore established the Dominion of New England , an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies . In 1688 , the former Dutch colonies of New York , East New Jersey , and West New Jersey were added to the Dominion . The union was imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the region , and it was highly unpopular among the colonists . </P> <P> The Dominion significantly modified the charters of the colonies , including the appointment of Royal Governors to nearly all of them . There was an uneasy tension between the Royal Governors , their officers , and the elected governing bodies of the colonies . The governors wanted unlimited authority , and the different layers of locally elected officials would often resist them . In most cases , the local town governments continued operating as self - governing bodies , just as they had before the appointment of the governors . </P> <P> After the Glorious Revolution in 1689 , Bostonians overthrew royal governor Sir Edmund Andros . They seized dominion officials and adherents to the Church of England during a popular and bloodless uprising . These tensions eventually culminated in the American Revolution , boiling over with the outbreak of the War of American Independence in 1775 . The first battles of the war were fought in Lexington and Concord , Massachusetts , later leading to the Siege of Boston by continental troops . In March 1776 , British forces were compelled to retreat from Boston . </P> <H3> New England in the New nation ( edit ) </H3> Boston College : the architecture style is Collegiate Gothic , a subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture , a 19th - century movement <P> After the dissolution of the Dominion of New England , the colonies of New England ceased to function as a unified political unit but remained a defined cultural region . By 1784 , all of the states in the region had taken steps towards the abolition of slavery , with Vermont and Massachusetts introducing total abolition in 1777 and 1783 , respectively . The nickname `` Yankeeland '' was sometimes used to denote the New England area , especially among Southerners and the British . </P> <P> Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791 after settling a dispute with New York . The territory of Maine had been a part of Massachusetts , but it was granted statehood on March 15 , 1820 as part of the Missouri Compromise . Today , New England is defined as the six states of Maine , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . </P> <P> New England 's economic growth relied heavily on trade with the British Empire , and the region 's merchants and politicians strongly opposed trade restrictions . As the United States and the United Kingdom fought the War of 1812 , New England Federalists organized the Hartford Convention in the winter of 1814 to discuss the region 's grievances concerning the war , and to propose changes to the Constitution to protect the region 's interests and maintain its political power . Radical delegates within the convention proposed the region 's secession from the United States , but they were outnumbered by moderates who opposed the idea . </P> <P> Politically , the region often disagreed with the rest of the country . Massachusetts and Connecticut were among the last refuges of the Federalist Party , and New England became the strongest bastion of the new Whig Party when the Second Party System began in the 1830s . The Whigs were usually dominant throughout New England , except in the more Democratic Maine and New Hampshire . Leading statesmen hailed from the region , including Daniel Webster . </P> <P> Many notable literary and intellectual figures were New Englanders , including Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David Thoreau , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , John Greenleaf Whittier , George Bancroft , and William H. Prescott . </P> <H3> Industrial Revolution ( edit ) </H3> The Slater Mill Historic Site in Pawtucket , Rhode Island Bread and Roses Strike . Massachusetts National Guard troops surround strikers in Lawrence , Massachusetts , 1912 . <P> New England was key to the industrial revolution in the United States . The Blackstone Valley running through Massachusetts and Rhode Island has been called the birthplace of America 's industrial revolution . In 1787 , the first cotton mill in America was founded in the North Shore seaport of Beverly , Massachusetts as the Beverly Cotton Manufactory . The Manufactory was also considered the largest cotton mill of its time . Technological developments and achievements from the Manufactory led to the development of more advanced cotton mills , including Slater Mill in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . Towns such as Lawrence , Massachusetts , Lowell , Massachusetts , Woonsocket , Rhode Island , and Lewiston , Maine became centers of the textile industry following the innovations at Slater Mill and the Beverly Cotton Manufactory . </P> <P> The Connecticut River Valley became a crucible for industrial innovation , particularly the Springfield Armory , pioneering such advances as interchangeable parts and the assembly line which influenced manufacturing processes all around the world . From early in the nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth , the region surrounding Springfield , Massachusetts and Hartford , Connecticut served as the United States ' epicenter for advanced manufacturing , drawing skilled workers from all over the world . </P> <P> The rapid growth of textile manufacturing in New England between 1815 and 1860 caused a shortage of workers . Recruiters were hired by mill agents to bring young women and children from the countryside to work in the factories . Between 1830 and 1860 , thousands of farm girls moved from rural areas where there was no paid employment to work in the nearby mills , such as the famous Lowell Mill Girls . As the textile industry grew , immigration also grew . By the 1850s , immigrants began working in the mills , especially Irish and French Canadians . </P> <P> New England as a whole was the most industrialized part of the U.S. By 1850 , the region accounted for well over a quarter of all manufacturing value in the country and over a third of its industrial workforce . It was also the most literate and most educated region in the country . </P> <P> During the same period , New England and areas settled by New Englanders ( upstate New York , Ohio 's Western Reserve , and the upper midwestern states of Michigan and Wisconsin ) were the center of the strongest abolitionist and anti-slavery movements in the United States , coinciding with the Protestant Great Awakening in the region . Abolitionists who demanded immediate emancipation such as William Lloyd Garrison , John Greenleaf Whittier and Wendell Phillips had their base in the region . So too did anti-slavery politicians who wanted to limit the growth of slavery , such as John Quincy Adams , Charles Sumner , and John P. Hale . When the anti-slavery Republican Party was formed in the 1850s , all of New England , including areas that had previously been strongholds for both the Whig and the Democratic Parties , became strongly Republican . New England remained solidly Republican until Catholics began to mobilize behind the Democrats , especially in 1928 , and up until the Republican party realigned its politics in a shift known as the Southern strategy . This led to the end of `` Yankee Republicanism '' and began New England 's relatively swift transition into a consistently Democratic stronghold . </P> <H3> 20th century and beyond ( edit ) </H3> Autumn in New England , watercolor , Maurice Prendergast. C. 1910 -- 1913 <P> The flow of immigrants continued at a steady pace from the 1840s until cut off by World War I . The largest numbers came from Ireland and Britain before 1890 , and after that from Quebec , Italy and Southern Europe . The immigrants filled the ranks of factory workers , craftsmen and unskilled laborers . The Irish assumed a larger and larger role in the Democratic Party in the cities and statewide , while the rural areas remained Republican . Yankees left the farms , which never were highly productive ; many headed west , while others became professionals and businessmen in the New England cities . </P> <P> The Great Depression in the United States of the 1930s hit the region hard , with high unemployment in the industrial cities . The Democrats appealed to factory workers and especially Catholics , pulling them into the New Deal coalition and making the once - Republican region into one that was closely divided . However the enormous spending on munitions , ships , electronics , and uniforms during World War II caused a burst of prosperity in every sector . </P> Fall foliage in the town of Stowe , Vermont <P> The region lost most of its factories starting with the loss of textiles in the 1930s and getting worse after 1960 . The New England economy was radically transformed after World War II . The factory economy practically disappeared . Like urban centers in the Rust Belt , once - bustling New England communities fell into economic decay following the flight of the region 's industrial base . The textile mills one by one went out of business from the 1920s to the 1970s . For example , the Crompton Company , after 178 years in business , went bankrupt in 1984 , costing the jobs of 2,450 workers in five states . The major reasons were cheap imports , the strong dollar , declining exports , and a failure to diversify . Shoes followed . </P> Alexander King House in Suffield , Connecticut <P> What remains is very high technology manufacturing , such as jet engines , nuclear submarines , pharmaceuticals , robotics , scientific instruments , and medical devices . MIT ( the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) invented the format for university - industry relations in high tech fields , and spawned many software and hardware firms , some of which grew rapidly . By the 21st century the region had become famous for its leadership roles in the fields of education , medicine and medical research , high - technology , finance , and tourism . </P> <P> Some industrial areas were slow in adjusting to the new service economy . In 2000 , New England had two of the ten poorest cities ( by percentage living below the poverty line ) in the U.S. : the state capitals of Providence , Rhode Island and Hartford , Connecticut . They were no longer in the bottom ten by 2010 ; Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New Hampshire remain among the ten wealthiest states in the United States in terms of median household income and per capita income . </P> <H2> Cities and urban areas ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Metropolitan areas ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following are metropolitan statistical areas as defined by the United States Census Bureau . </P> <Ul> <Li> Bangor , ME MSA </Li> <Li> Barnstable Town , MA MSA ( Greater Boston ) </Li> <Li> Boston - Cambridge - Newton , MA - NH MSA ( Greater Boston ) </Li> <Li> Bridgeport - Stamford - Norwalk , CT MSA ( New York - Newark CSA ) </Li> <Li> Burlington - South Burlington , VT MSA </Li> <Li> Hartford - West Hartford - East Hartford , CT MSA </Li> <Li> Lewiston - Auburn , ME MSA </Li> <Li> Manchester - Nashua , NH MSA </Li> <Li> New Haven - Milford , CT MSA ( New York - Newark CSA ) </Li> <Li> Norwich - New London , CT MSA </Li> <Li> Pittsfield , MA MSA </Li> <Li> Portland - South Portland , ME MSA </Li> <Li> Springfield , MA MSA </Li> <Li> Providence - Warwick , RI - MA MSA ( Greater Boston ) </Li> <Li> Worcester , MA - CT MSA ( Greater Boston ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> State capitals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hartford , Connecticut </Li> <Li> Augusta , Maine </Li> <Li> Boston , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Concord , New Hampshire </Li> <Li> Providence , Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Montpelier , Vermont </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Geography of Connecticut , Geography of Maine , Geography of Massachusetts , Geography of New Hampshire , Geography of Rhode Island , and Geography of Vermont A political and geographical map of New England shows the coastal plains in the southeast , and hills , mountains and valleys in the west and the north . A portion of the north - central Pioneer Valley in Sunderland , Massachusetts <P> The states of New England have a combined area of 71,991.8 square miles ( 186,458 km ) , making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and larger than England . Maine alone constitutes nearly one - half of the total area of New England , yet is only the 39th - largest state , slightly smaller than Indiana . The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S. , including the smallest state -- Rhode Island . </P> <H3> Geology ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Geology of New England <P> New England 's long rolling hills , mountains , and jagged coastline are glacial landforms resulting from the retreat of ice sheets approximately 18,000 years ago , during the last glacial period . </P> <P> New England is geologically a part of the New England province , an exotic terrane region consisting of the Appalachian Mountains , the New England highlands , and the seaboard lowlands . The Appalachian Mountains roughly follow the border between New England and New York . The Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut , and the Green Mountains in Vermont , as well as the Taconic Mountains , form a spine of Precambrian rock . </P> <P> The Appalachians extend northwards into New Hampshire as the White Mountains , and then into Maine and Canada . Mount Washington in New Hampshire is the highest peak in the Northeast , although it is not among the ten highest peaks in the eastern United States . It is the site of the second highest recorded wind speed on Earth , and has the reputation of having the world 's most severe weather . </P> <P> The coast of the region , extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine , is dotted with lakes , hills , marshes and wetlands , and sandy beaches . Important valleys in the region include the Connecticut River Valley and the Merrimack Valley . The longest river is the Connecticut River , which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km ( 407 mi ) , emptying into Long Island Sound , roughly bisecting the region . Lake Champlain , which forms part of the border between Vermont and New York , is the largest lake in the region , followed by Moosehead Lake in Maine and Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire . </P> <H3> Climate ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Climate of New England Köppen climate types in New England The White Mountains of New Hampshire are part of the Appalachian Mountains . <P> The climate of New England varies greatly across its 500 miles ( 800 km ) span from northern Maine to southern Connecticut : </P> <P> Maine , northern and central New Hampshire , Vermont , and western Massachusetts have a humid continental climate ( Dfb in Köppen climate classification ) . In this region the winters are long , cold , and heavy snow is common ( most locations receive 60 to 120 inches ( 1,500 to 3,000 mm ) of snow annually in this region ) . The summer 's months are moderately warm , though summer is rather short and rainfall is spread through the year . </P> <P> In central and eastern Massachusetts , southeastern New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and most of Connecticut , the same humid continental prevails ( Dfa ) , though summers are warm to hot , winters are shorter , and there is less snowfall ( especially in the coastal areas where it is often warmer ) . </P> <P> Southern and coastal Connecticut is the broad transition zone from the cold continental climates of the north to the milder subtropical climates to the south . The frost free season is greater than 180 days across far southern / coastal Connecticut , coastal Rhode Island , and the islands ( Nantucket and Martha 's Vineyard ) . Winters also tend to be much sunnier in southern Connecticut and southern Rhode Island compared to the rest of New England . </P> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Demographics of New England Largest self - reported ancestry groups in New England . Americans of Irish descent form a plurality in most of Massachusetts , while Americans of English descent form a plurality in much of the central parts of Vermont and New Hampshire as well as nearly all of Maine . <P> In 2010 , New England had a population of 14,444,865 , a growth of 3.8 % from 2000 . This grew to an estimated 14,727,584 by 2015 . Massachusetts is the most populous state with 6,794,422 residents , while Vermont is the least populous state with 626,042 residents . Boston is by far the region 's most populous city and metropolitan area . </P> <P> Although a great disparity exists between New England 's northern and southern portions , the region 's average population density is 234.93 inhabitants / sq mi ( 90.7 / km2 ) . New England has a significantly higher population density than that of the U.S. as a whole ( 79.56 / sq mi ) , or even just the contiguous 48 states ( 94.48 / sq mi ) . Three - quarters of the population of New England , and most of the major cities , are in the states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island . The combined population density of these states is 786.83 / sq mi , compared to northern New England 's 63.56 / sq mi ( 2000 census ) . </P> <P> According to the 2006 -- 08 American Community Survey , 48.7 % of New Englanders were male and 51.3 % were female . Approximately 22.4 % of the population were under 18 years of age ; 13.5 % were over 65 years of age . The six states of New England have the lowest birth rate in the U.S. </P> World 's largest Irish flag in Boston . People who claim Irish descent constitute the largest ethnic group in New England . <P> White Americans make up the majority of New England 's population at 83.4 % of the total population , Hispanic and Latino Americans are New England 's largest minority , and they are the second - largest group in the region behind non-Hispanic European Americans . As of 2014 , Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 10.2 % of New England 's population . Connecticut had the highest proportion at 13.9 % , while Vermont had the lowest at 1.3 % . There were nearly 1.5 million Hispanic and Latino individuals reported in New England in 2014 . Puerto Ricans were the most numerous of the Hispanic and Latino subgroups . Over 660,000 Puerto Ricans lived in New England in 2014 , forming 4.5 % of the population . The Dominican population is over 200,000 , and the Mexican and Guatemalan populations are each over 100,000 . Americans of Cuban descent are scant in number ; there were roughly 26,000 Cuban Americans in the region in 2014 . People of all other Hispanic and Latino ancestries , including Salvadoran , Colombian , and Bolivian , formed 2.5 % of New England 's population , and numbered over 361,000 combined . </P> <P> According to the 2014 American Community Survey , the top ten largest reported European ancestries were the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Irish : 19.2 % ( 2.8 million ) </Li> <Li> Italian : 13.6 % ( 2.0 million ) </Li> <Li> French and French Canadian : 13.1 % ( 1.9 million ) </Li> <Li> English : 11.9 % ( 1.7 million ) </Li> <Li> German : 7.4 % ( 1.1 million ) </Li> <Li> Polish : 4.9 % ( roughly 715,000 ) </Li> <Li> Portuguese : 3.2 % ( 467,000 ) </Li> <Li> Scottish : 2.5 % ( 370,000 ) </Li> <Li> Russian : 1.4 % ( 206,000 ) </Li> <Li> Greek : 1.0 % ( 152,000 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> English is , by far , the most common language spoken at home . Approximately 81.3 % of all residents ( 11.3 million people ) over the age of five spoke only English at home . Roughly 1,085,000 people ( 7.8 % of the population ) spoke Spanish at home , and roughly 970,000 people ( 7.0 % of the population ) spoke other Indo - European languages at home . Over 403,000 people ( 2.9 % of the population ) spoke an Asian or Pacific Island language at home . Slightly fewer ( about 1 % ) spoke French at home , although this figure is above 20 % in northern New England , which borders francophone Québec . Roughly 99,000 people ( 0.7 % of the population ) spoke languages other than these at home . </P> <P> As of 2014 , approximately 87 % of New England 's inhabitants were born in the U.S. , while over 12 % were foreign - born. 35.8 % of foreign - born residents were born in Latin America , 28.6 % were born in Asia , 22.9 % were born in Europe , and 8.5 % were born in Africa . </P> <P> Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis , a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington , D.C. The region includes three of the four most densely populated states in the U.S. ; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island , Massachusetts , and Connecticut . </P> <P> Greater Boston , which includes parts of southern New Hampshire , has a total population of approximately 4.8 million , while over half the population of New England falls inside Boston 's Combined Statistical Area of over 8.2 million . </P> <H3> Largest cities ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of cities by population in New England <P> The most populous cities as of the Census Bureau 's 2014 estimates were ( metropolitan areas in parentheses ) : </P> <Ol> <Li> Boston , Massachusetts : 655,884 ( 4,739,385 ) </Li> <Li> Worcester , Massachusetts : 183,016 ( 931,802 ) </Li> <Li> Providence , Rhode Island : 179,154 ( 1,609,533 ) </Li> <Li> Springfield , Massachusetts : 153,991 ( 630,672 ) </Li> <Li> Bridgeport , Connecticut : 147,612 ( 945,816 ) </Li> <Li> New Haven , Connecticut : 130,282 ( 861,238 ) </Li> <Li> Stamford , Connecticut : 128,278 ( part of Bridgeport 's MSA ) </Li> <Li> Hartford , Connecticut : 124,705 ( 1,213,225 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester , New Hampshire : 110,448 ( 405,339 ) </Li> <Li> Lowell , Massachusetts : 109,945 ( part of Greater Boston ) </Li> </Ol> <P> During the 20th century , urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut , parts of which belong to the New York metropolitan area . The U.S. Census Bureau groups Fairfield , New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut together with New York City , and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area . </P> <Ul> <Li> Major Cities of New England </Li> <Li> <P> 1 . Boston , Massachusetts </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2 . Worcester , Massachusetts </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 3 . Providence , Rhode Island </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 4 . Springfield , Massachusetts </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 5 . Bridgeport , Connecticut </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 6 . New Haven , Connecticut </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 7 . Stamford , Connecticut </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 8 . Hartford , Connecticut </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 9 . Manchester , New Hampshire </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 10 . Lowell , Massachusetts </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Economy of New England <H3> Overview ( edit ) </H3> Old Port ( Wharf Street ) , in Portland , Maine <P> Several factors combine to make the New England economy unique . The region is distant from the geographic center of the country , and is a relatively small region , and relatively densely populated . It historically has been an important center of industrial manufacturing and a supplier of natural resource products , such as granite , lobster , and codfish . New England exports food products , ranging from fish to lobster , cranberries , Maine potatoes , and maple syrup . The service industry is important , including tourism , education , financial and insurance services , plus architectural , building , and construction services . The U.S. Department of Commerce has called the New England economy a microcosm for the entire U.S. economy . </P> <P> In the first half of the 20th century , the region underwent a long period of deindustrialization as traditional manufacturing companies relocated to the Midwest , with textile and furniture manufacturing migrating to the South . In the mid-to - late 20th century , an increasing portion of the regional economy included high technology ( including computer and electronic equipment manufacturing ) , military defense industry , finance and insurance services , as well as education and health services . </P> <P> As of 2015 , the GDP of New England was $953.9 billion . </P> <H3> Exports ( edit ) </H3> Vermont maple syrup <P> Exports consist mostly of industrial products , including specialized machines and weaponry ( aircraft and missiles especially ) , built by the region 's educated workforce . About half of the region 's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery , such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment . This , when combined with instruments , chemicals , and transportation equipment , makes up about three - quarters of the region 's exports . Granite is quarried at Barre , Vermont , guns made at Springfield , Massachusetts and Saco , Maine , boats at Groton , Connecticut and Bath , Maine , and hand tools at Turners Falls , Massachusetts . Insurance is a driving force in and around Hartford , Connecticut . </P> <H3> Agriculture ( edit ) </H3> <P> Agriculture is limited by the area 's rocky soil , cool climate , and small area . Some New England states , however , are ranked highly among U.S. states for particular areas of production . Maine is ranked ninth for aquaculture , and has abundant potato fields in its northeast part . Vermont is fifteenth for dairy products , and Connecticut and Massachusetts seventh and eleventh for tobacco , respectively . Cranberries are grown in Massachusetts ' Cape Cod - Plymouth - South Shore area , and blueberries in Maine . </P> <H3> Energy ( edit ) </H3> Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant in Seabrook , New Hampshire <P> Three of the six New England states are among the country 's highest consumers of nuclear power : Vermont ( first , 73.7 % ) , Connecticut ( fourth , 48.9 % ) , and New Hampshire ( sixth , 46 % ) . The region is mostly energy - efficient compared to the U.S. at large , with every state but Maine ranking within the ten most energy - efficient states ; every state in New England also ranks within the ten most expensive states for electricity prices . </P> <H3> Employment ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Unemployment rates in New England <Tr> <Th> Employment area </Th> <Th> October 2010 </Th> <Th> October 2011 </Th> <Th> October 2012 </Th> <Th> October 2013 </Th> <Th> December 2014 </Th> <Th> December 2015 </Th> <Th> December 2016 </Th> <Th> Net change </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 9.0 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> − 5.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New England </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 5.4 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> − 4.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 9.0 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> − 4.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> − 3.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> − 5.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> − 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> 11.5 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> − 6.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 5.9 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> − 2.8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of January 2017 , employment is stronger in New England than in the rest of the United States . During the Great Recession , unemployment rates ballooned across New England as elsewhere ; however , in the years that followed , these rates declined steadily , with New Hampshire and Massachusetts having the lowest unemployment rates in the country , respectively . The most extreme swing was in Rhode Island , which had an unemployment rate above 10 % following the recession , but which saw this rate decline by over 6 % in six years . </P> <P> As of December 2016 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) with the lowest unemployment rate , 2.1 % , was Burlington - South Burlington , Vermont ; the MSA with the highest rate , 4.9 % , was Waterbury , Connecticut . </P> <H2> Government ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Government of Vermont , Government of New Hampshire , Government of Maine , Government of Massachusetts , Government of Connecticut , and Government of Rhode Island <H3> Town meetings ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Town meeting and New England town A New England town meeting in Huntington , Vermont <P> New England town meetings were derived from meetings held by church elders , and are still an integral part of government in many New England towns . At such meetings , any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them . This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the U.S. today , and the strong democratic tradition was even apparent in the early 19th century , when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in Democracy in America : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> New England , where education and liberty are the daughters of morality and religion , where society has acquired age and stability enough to enable it to form principles and hold fixed habits , the common people are accustomed to respect intellectual and moral superiority and to submit to it without complaint , although they set at naught all those privileges which wealth and birth have introduced among mankind . In New England , consequently , the democracy makes a more judicious choice than it does elsewhere . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> By contrast , James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 55 that , regardless of the assembly , `` passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason . Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates , every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob . '' The use and effectiveness of town meetings is still discussed by scholars , as well as the possible application of the format to other regions and countries . </P> <H3> Politics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Politics of New England <H3> Elections ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Elections in New England <P> State and national elected officials in New England recently have been elected mainly from the Democratic Party . The region is generally considered to be the most liberal in the United States , with more New Englanders identifying as liberals than Americans elsewhere . In 2010 , four of six of the New England states were polled as the most liberal in the United States ; Maine and New Hampshire also were more liberal than the bottom - half . </P> <P> The six states of New England voted for the Democratic Presidential nominee in the 1992 , 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 elections , and every New England state other than New Hampshire voted for Al Gore in the presidential election of 2000 . In the 113th Congress the House delegations from all six states of New England were all Democratic . New England is home to the only two independents currently serving in the U.S. Senate , both of whom caucus with the Democratic Party : Bernie Sanders , a self - described democratic socialist , representing Vermont ; and Angus King , an Independent representing Maine . </P> <P> In the 2008 presidential election , Barack Obama carried all six New England states by 9 percentage points or more . He carried every county in New England except for Piscataquis County , Maine , which he lost by 4 % to Senator John McCain ( R - AZ ) . Pursuant to the reapportionment following the 2010 census , New England collectively has 33 electoral votes . </P> <P> The following table presents the vote percentage for the popular - vote winner for each New England state , New England as a whole , and the United States as a whole , in each presidential election from 1900 to 2016 , with the vote percentage for the Republican candidate shaded in red and the vote percentage for the Democratic candidate shaded in blue : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Connecticut </Th> <Th> Maine </Th> <Th> Massachusetts </Th> <Th> New Hampshire </Th> <Th> Rhode Island </Th> <Th> Vermont </Th> <Th> New England </Th> <Th> United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 54.6 % </Td> <Td> 47.8 % </Td> <Td> 60.0 % </Td> <Td> 46.8 % </Td> <Td> 54.4 % </Td> <Td> 56.7 % </Td> <Td> 55.3 % </Td> <Td> 48.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 58.1 % </Td> <Td> 56.3 % </Td> <Td> 60.7 % </Td> <Td> 52.0 % </Td> <Td> 62.7 % </Td> <Td> 66.6 % </Td> <Td> 59.1 % </Td> <Td> 51.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 60.6 % </Td> <Td> 57.7 % </Td> <Td> 61.8 % </Td> <Td> 54.1 % </Td> <Td> 62.9 % </Td> <Td> 67.5 % </Td> <Td> 60.6 % </Td> <Td> 52.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54.3 % </Td> <Td> 53.6 % </Td> <Td> 61.9 % </Td> <Td> 50.2 % </Td> <Td> 59.4 % </Td> <Td> 58.9 % </Td> <Td> 57.7 % </Td> <Td> 50.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 55.9 % </Td> <Td> 49.1 % </Td> <Td> 59.8 % </Td> <Td> 48.1 % </Td> <Td> 61.0 % </Td> <Td> 50.6 % </Td> <Td> 56.1 % </Td> <Td> 48.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52.8 % </Td> <Td> 51.6 % </Td> <Td> 61.5 % </Td> <Td> 49.3 % </Td> <Td> 59.7 % </Td> <Td> 53.4 % </Td> <Td> 56.8 % </Td> <Td> 49.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 42.2 % </Td> <Td> 38.8 % </Td> <Td> 47.5 % </Td> <Td> 38.9 % </Td> <Td> 47.0 % </Td> <Td> 46.1 % </Td> <Td> 44.4 % </Td> <Td> 43.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52.0 % </Td> <Td> 55.3 % </Td> <Td> 53.2 % </Td> <Td> 62.5 % </Td> <Td> 55.6 % </Td> <Td> 51.1 % </Td> <Td> 49.5 % </Td> <Td> 53.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 60.7 % </Td> <Td> 60.8 % </Td> <Td> 51.2 % </Td> <Td> 68.7 % </Td> <Td> 51.7 % </Td> <Td> 57.9 % </Td> <Td> 56.2 % </Td> <Td> 58.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 48.2 % </Td> <Td> 45.6 % </Td> <Td> 41.9 % </Td> <Td> 57.7 % </Td> <Td> 47.7 % </Td> <Td> 44.4 % </Td> <Td> 44.7 % </Td> <Td> 50.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 52.1 % </Td> <Td> 48.9 % </Td> <Td> 56.1 % </Td> <Td> 54.7 % </Td> <Td> 55.4 % </Td> <Td> 54.3 % </Td> <Td> 51.7 % </Td> <Td> 50.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 58.6 % </Td> <Td> 61.5 % </Td> <Td> 54.2 % </Td> <Td> 64.0 % </Td> <Td> 53.0 % </Td> <Td> 62.7 % </Td> <Td> 52.5 % </Td> <Td> 60.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 49.5 % </Td> <Td> 55.3 % </Td> <Td> 63.0 % </Td> <Td> 52.1 % </Td> <Td> 64.0 % </Td> <Td> 52.8 % </Td> <Td> 56.1 % </Td> <Td> 43.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 67.8 % </Td> <Td> 68.8 % </Td> <Td> 76.2 % </Td> <Td> 63.9 % </Td> <Td> 80.9 % </Td> <Td> 66.3 % </Td> <Td> 72.8 % </Td> <Td> 61.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 53.7 % </Td> <Td> 57.0 % </Td> <Td> 60.2 % </Td> <Td> 53.4 % </Td> <Td> 63.6 % </Td> <Td> 58.6 % </Td> <Td> 56.0 % </Td> <Td> 49.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> 63.7 % </Td> <Td> 70.9 % </Td> <Td> 59.3 % </Td> <Td> 66.1 % </Td> <Td> 58.3 % </Td> <Td> 72.2 % </Td> <Td> 62.0 % </Td> <Td> 57.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 55.7 % </Td> <Td> 66.0 % </Td> <Td> 54.2 % </Td> <Td> 60.9 % </Td> <Td> 50.9 % </Td> <Td> 71.5 % </Td> <Td> 56.1 % </Td> <Td> 55.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> 49.5 % </Td> <Td> 56.7 % </Td> <Td> 54.7 % </Td> <Td> 52.4 % </Td> <Td> 57.6 % </Td> <Td> 61.5 % </Td> <Td> 51.5 % </Td> <Td> 49.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> 52.3 % </Td> <Td> 52.4 % </Td> <Td> 52.8 % </Td> <Td> 52.1 % </Td> <Td> 58.6 % </Td> <Td> 57.1 % </Td> <Td> 52.4 % </Td> <Td> 53.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 53.4 % </Td> <Td> 51.1 % </Td> <Td> 53.1 % </Td> <Td> 53.2 % </Td> <Td> 56.7 % </Td> <Td> 54.8 % </Td> <Td> 52.8 % </Td> <Td> 54.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 55.3 % </Td> <Td> 55.5 % </Td> <Td> 51.2 % </Td> <Td> 49.7 % </Td> <Td> 53.1 % </Td> <Td> 56.4 % </Td> <Td> 50.9 % </Td> <Td> 60.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> 48.5 % </Td> <Td> 55.8 % </Td> <Td> 50.6 % </Td> <Td> 50.4 % </Td> <Td> 55.1 % </Td> <Td> 57.7 % </Td> <Td> 49.1 % </Td> <Td> 57.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> 53.6 % </Td> <Td> 68.6 % </Td> <Td> 50.2 % </Td> <Td> 58.7 % </Td> <Td> 50.2 % </Td> <Td> 66.9 % </Td> <Td> 53.2 % </Td> <Td> 58.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> 61.5 % </Td> <Td> 72.0 % </Td> <Td> 62.3 % </Td> <Td> 59.8 % </Td> <Td> 59.6 % </Td> <Td> 78.2 % </Td> <Td> 63.3 % </Td> <Td> 54.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 62.7 % </Td> <Td> 68.9 % </Td> <Td> 68.5 % </Td> <Td> 59.8 % </Td> <Td> 64.0 % </Td> <Td> 75.8 % </Td> <Td> 66.7 % </Td> <Td> 60.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td> 49.8 % </Td> <Td> 51.0 % </Td> <Td> 50.5 % </Td> <Td> 49.1 % </Td> <Td> 51.1 % </Td> <Td> 62.4 % </Td> <Td> 51.1 % </Td> <Td> 49.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> 39.2 % </Td> <Td> 39.4 % </Td> <Td> 35.5 % </Td> <Td> 39.5 % </Td> <Td> 39.0 % </Td> <Td> 37.1 % </Td> <Td> 36.6 % </Td> <Td> 41.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> 59.4 % </Td> <Td> 63.0 % </Td> <Td> 58.2 % </Td> <Td> 59.3 % </Td> <Td> 60.8 % </Td> <Td> 75.1 % </Td> <Td> 60.2 % </Td> <Td> 51.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> 58.1 % </Td> <Td> 67.4 % </Td> <Td> 57.9 % </Td> <Td> 60.1 % </Td> <Td> 60.6 % </Td> <Td> 78.0 % </Td> <Td> 60.4 % </Td> <Td> 56.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 56.9 % </Td> <Td> 61.9 % </Td> <Td> 57.6 % </Td> <Td> 59.3 % </Td> <Td> 59.7 % </Td> <Td> 75.7 % </Td> <Td> 59.4 % </Td> <Td> 51.6 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> Political Party strength ( edit ) <P> Judging purely by party registration rather than voting patterns , New England today is one of the most Democratic regions in the U.S. According to Gallup , Connecticut , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Vermont are `` solidly Democratic '' , Maine `` leans Democratic '' , and New Hampshire is a swing state . Though New England is today considered a Democratic Party stronghold , much of the region was staunchly Republican before the mid-twentieth century . This changed in the late 20th century , in large part due to demographic shifts and the Republican Party 's adoption of socially conservative platforms as part of their strategic shift towards the South . For example , Vermont voted Republican in every presidential election but one from 1856 through 1988 , and has voted Democratic every election since . Maine and Vermont were the only two states in the nation to vote against Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt all four times he ran for president . Republicans in New England are today considered by both liberals and conservatives to be more moderate ( socially liberal ) compared to Republicans in other parts of the U.S. </P> <Dl> <Dd> Elected as an independent , but caucuses with the Democratic Party . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Governor </Th> <Th> Senior U.S. Senator </Th> <Th> Junior U.S. Senator </Th> <Th> U.S. House Delegation </Th> <Th> Upper House Majority </Th> <Th> Lower House Majority </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CT </Td> <Td> D. Malloy </Td> <Td> R. Blumenthal </Td> <Td> C. Murphy </Td> <Td> Democratic 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Tied 18 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Democratic 80 -- 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ME </Td> <Td> P. LePage </Td> <Td> S. Collins </Td> <Td> A. King </Td> <Td> Split 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Republican 18 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Democratic 76 -- 72 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> C. Baker </Td> <Td> E. Warren </Td> <Td> E. Markey </Td> <Td> Democratic 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Democratic 34 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Democratic 125 -- 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NH </Td> <Td> C. Sununu </Td> <Td> J. Shaheen </Td> <Td> M. Hassan </Td> <Td> Democratic 2 - 0 </Td> <Td> Republican 14 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Republican 226 -- 174 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RI </Td> <Td> G. Raimondo </Td> <Td> J. Reed </Td> <Td> S. Whitehouse </Td> <Td> Democratic 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Democratic 33 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Democratic 64 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> VT </Td> <Td> P. Scott </Td> <Td> P. Leahy </Td> <Td> B. Sanders </Td> <Td> Democratic 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Democratic 21 -- 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Democratic 83 -- 53 -- 7 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Alumni Hall at Saint Anselm College has served as a backdrop for the media reports during the New Hampshire primary . New Hampshire primary ( edit ) Main article : New Hampshire primary <P> Historically , the New Hampshire primary has been the first in a series of nationwide political party primary elections held in the United States every four years . Held in the state of New Hampshire , it usually marks the beginning of the U.S. presidential election process . Even though few delegates are chosen from New Hampshire , the primary has always been pivotal to both New England and American politics . One college in particular , Saint Anselm College , has been home to numerous national presidential debates and visits by candidates to its campus . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Colleges and universities ( edit ) </H3> New England is home to four of the eight Ivy League universities . Pictured here is Dartmouth Hall on the campus of Dartmouth College . <P> New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States and the world . Harvard College was the first such institution , founded in 1636 at Cambridge , Massachusetts to train preachers . Yale University was founded in Saybrook , Connecticut in 1701 , and awarded the nation 's first doctoral ( PhD ) degree in 1861 . Yale moved to New Haven , Connecticut in 1718 , where it has remained to the present day . </P> <P> Brown University was the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations , and is the seventh oldest U.S. institution of higher learning . It was founded in Providence , Rhode Island in 1764 . Dartmouth College was founded five years later in Hanover , New Hampshire with the mission of educating the local American Indian population as well as English youth . The University of Vermont , the fifth oldest university in New England , was founded in 1791 , the same year that Vermont joined the Union . </P> <P> In addition to four out of eight Ivy League schools , New England contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , four of the original Seven Sisters , the bulk of educational institutions that are identified as the `` Little Ivies '' , one of the eight original Public Ivies , the Colleges of Worcester Consortium in central Massachusetts , and the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts . The University of Maine , the University of New Hampshire , the University of Connecticut , the University of Massachusetts at Amherst , the University of Rhode Island , and the University of Vermont are the flagship state universities in the region . </P> See also : List of colleges and universities in Connecticut , List of colleges and universities in Maine , List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts , List of colleges and universities in New Hampshire , List of colleges and universities in Rhode Island , and List of colleges and universities in Vermont <H3> Private and independent secondary schools ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the pre-college level , New England is home to a number of American independent schools ( also known as private schools ) . The concept of the elite `` New England prep school '' ( preparatory school ) and the `` preppy '' lifestyle is an iconic part of the region 's image . </P> <Dl> <Dd> See the list of private schools for each state : Connecticut , Massachusetts , Maine , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Public education ( edit ) </H3> Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the U.S. , established in 1635 . <P> New England is home to some of the oldest public schools in the nation . Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in America and was attended by several signatories of the Declaration of Independence . Hartford Public High School is the second oldest operating high school in the U.S. </P> <P> As of 2005 , the National Education Association ranked Connecticut as having the highest - paid teachers in the country . Massachusetts and Rhode Island ranked eighth and ninth , respectively . </P> <P> New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont have cooperated in developing a New England Common Assessment Program test under the No Child Left Behind guidelines . These states can compare the resultant scores with each other . </P> <P> The Maine Learning Technology Initiative program supplies all students with Apple MacBook laptops . </P> <H3> Academic journals and Press ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are several academic journals and publishing companies in the region , including The New England Journal of Medicine , Harvard University Press , and Yale University Press . Some of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication , including MIT , the University of Connecticut , and the University of Maine . The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the New England Economic Review . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> Cushing house , Hingham , Massachusetts A classic New England Congregational church in Peacham , Vermont <P> New England has a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by waves of immigration from Europe . In contrast to other American regions , many of New England 's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England , contributing to New England 's distinctive accents , foods , customs , and social structures . Within modern New England a cultural divide exists between urban New Englanders living along the densely populated coastline , and rural New Englanders in western Massachusetts , northwestern and northeastern Connecticut , Vermont , New Hampshire , and Maine , where population density is low . </P> <P> Today , New England is the least religious region of the U.S. In 2009 , less than half of those polled in Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Vermont claimed that religion was an important part of their daily lives . In Connecticut and Rhode Island , also among the ten least religious states , 55 and 53 % , respectively , of those polled claimed that it was . According to the American Religious Identification Survey , 34 % of Vermonters , a plurality , claimed to have no religion ; on average , nearly one out of every four New Englanders identifies as having no religion , more than in any other part of the U.S. New England had one of the highest percentages of Catholics in the U.S. This number declined from 50 % in 1990 to 36 % in 2008 . </P> <H3> Cultural roots ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many of the first European colonists of New England had a maritime orientation toward whaling ( first noted about 1650 ) and fishing , in addition to farming . New England has developed a distinct cuisine , dialect , architecture , and government . New England cuisine has a reputation for its emphasis on seafood and dairy ; clam chowder , lobster , and other products of the sea are among some of the region 's most popular foods . </P> See also : Cuisine of New England New England clam bake <P> New England has largely preserved its regional character , especially in its historic places . The region has become more ethnically diverse , having seen waves of immigration from Ireland , Quebec , Italy , Portugal , Poland , Asia , Latin America , Africa , other parts of the U.S. , and elsewhere . The enduring European influence can be seen in the region in the use of traffic rotaries , the bilingual French and English towns of northern Vermont , Maine , and New Hampshire , the region 's heavy prevalence of English town - and county - names , and its unique , often non-rhotic coastal dialect reminiscent of southeastern England . </P> <P> Within New England , many names of towns ( and a few counties ) repeat from state to state , primarily due to settlers throughout the region having named their new towns after their old ones . For example , the town of North Yarmouth , Maine was named by settlers from Yarmouth , Massachusetts , which was in turn named for Great Yarmouth in England . As another example , every New England state has a town named Warren , and every state except Rhode Island has a city or town named Andover , Bridgewater , Chester , Franklin , Manchester , Plymouth , Washington , and Windsor ; in addition , every state except Connecticut has a Lincoln and a Richmond , and Massachusetts , Vermont , and Maine each contains a Franklin County . </P> <H3> Accents ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are several American English accents spoken in the region ( normally north of Connecticut ) , including New England English and its derivative known as the Boston accent , which is native to the northeastern coastal regions of New England . The most identifiable features of the Boston accent are believed to have originated from England 's Received Pronunciation , which shares features such as dropping the final R and the broad A. Another source was 17th century speech in East Anglia and Lincolnshire where many of the Puritan immigrants originated . The East Anglian `` whine '' developed into the Yankee `` twang '' . Boston accents were most strongly associated at one point with the so - called `` Eastern Establishment '' and Boston 's upper class , although today the accent is predominantly associated with blue - collar natives , as exemplified by movies such as Good Will Hunting and The Departed . The Boston accent and those accents closely related to it cover eastern Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Maine . </P> <P> Some Rhode Islanders speak with a non-rhotic accent that many compare to a `` Brooklyn '' accent or a cross between a New York and Boston accent , where `` water '' becomes `` wata '' . Many Rhode Islanders distinguish the aw sound ( ɔː ) , as one might hear in New Jersey ; e.g. , the word `` coffee '' is pronounced / ˈkɔːfi / KAW - fee . This type of accent was brought to the region by early settlers from eastern England in the Puritan migration in the mid-seventeenth century . </P> <H3> Social activities and music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Acadian and Québécois culture are included in music and dance in much of rural New England , particularly Maine . Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England , usually backed by live Irish , Acadian , or other folk music . Fife and drum corps are common , especially in southern New England and more specifically Connecticut , with music of mostly Celtic , English , and local origin . </P> Opera houses and theaters are popular in New England towns , such as the Vergennes Opera House in Vergennes , Vermont . <P> Traditional knitting , quilting , and rug hooking circles in rural New England have become less common ; church , sports , and town government are more typical social activities . These traditional gatherings are often hosted in individual homes or civic centers . </P> <P> New England leads the U.S. in ice cream consumption per capita . In the U.S. , candlepin bowling is essentially confined to New England , where it was invented in the 19th century . </P> <P> New England was an important center of American classical music for some time . Prominent modernist composers also come from the region , including Charles Ives and John Adams . Boston is the site of the New England Conservatory and the Boston Symphony Orchestra . </P> <P> In popular music , the region has produced Donna Summer , JoJo , New Edition , Bobby Brown , Passion Pit , Meghan Trainor , New Kids on the Block , Rachel Platten , and John Mayer . In rock music , the region has produced Rob Zombie , Aerosmith , The Modern Lovers , Phish , the Pixies , GG Allin , the Dropkick Murphys , and Boston . Quincy , Massachusetts native Dick Dale helped popularize surf rock . </P> <H3> Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> The leading U.S. cable TV sports broadcaster ESPN is headquartered in Bristol , Connecticut . New England has several regional cable networks , including New England Cable News ( NECN ) and the New England Sports Network ( NESN ) . New England Cable News is the largest regional 24 - hour cable news network in the U.S. , broadcasting to more than 3.2 million homes in all of the New England states . Its studios are located in Newton , Massachusetts , outside of Boston , and it maintains bureaus in Manchester , New Hampshire ; Hartford , Connecticut ; Worcester , Massachusetts ; Portland , Maine ; and Burlington , Vermont . In Connecticut , Litchfield , Fairfield , and New Haven counties it also broadcasts New York based news programs -- this is due in part to the immense influence New York has on this region 's economy and culture , and also to give Connecticut broadcasters the ability to compete with overlapping media coverage from New York - area broadcasters . </P> <P> NESN broadcasts the Boston Red Sox baseball and Boston Bruins hockey throughout the region , save for Fairfield County , Connecticut . Most of Connecticut , save for Windham county in the state 's northeast corner , and even southern Rhode Island , receives the YES Network , which broadcasts the games of the New York Yankees . For the most part , the same areas also carry SportsNet New York ( SNY ) , which broadcasts New York Mets games . </P> <P> Comcast SportsNet New England broadcasts the games of the Boston Celtics , New England Revolution and Boston Cannons . </P> <P> While most New England cities have daily newspapers , The Boston Globe and The New York Times are distributed widely throughout the region . Major newspapers also include The Providence Journal , Portland Press Herald , and Hartford Courant , the oldest continuously published newspaper in the U.S. </P> Comedy ( edit ) <P> New Englanders are well represented in American comedy . Writers for The Simpsons and late - night television programs often come by way of the Harvard Lampoon . Family Guy is an animated sitcom situated in Rhode Island , created by Connecticut native and Rhode Island School of Design graduate Seth MacFarlane ( along with American Dad ! and The Cleveland Show ) . A number of Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) cast members have roots in New England , from Adam Sandler to Amy Poehler , who also stars in the NBC television series Parks and Recreation . Former Daily Show correspondents Rob Corddry and Steve Carell are from Massachusetts . Carell was also involved in film and the American adaptation of The Office , which features Dunder - Mifflin branches set in Stamford , Connecticut and Nashua , New Hampshire . </P> <P> Late - night television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien have roots in the Boston area . Notable stand - up comedians are also from the region , including Bill Burr , Dane Cook , Steve Sweeney , Steven Wright , Sarah Silverman , Lisa Lampanelli , Denis Leary , Lenny Clarke , Patrice O'Neal , and Louis CK . SNL cast member Seth Meyers once attributed the region 's imprint on American humor to its `` sort of wry New England sense of pointing out anyone who 's trying to make a big deal of himself '' , with the Boston Globe suggesting that irony and sarcasm are its trademarks , as well as Irish influences . </P> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Literature of New England Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston and spent most of his literary career in Concord , Massachusetts . <P> The literature of New England has had an enduring influence on American literature in general , with themes that are emblematic of the larger concerns of American letters , such as religion , race , the individual versus society , social repression , and nature . Famous New England writers include Transcendentalist philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau , poets Emily Dickinson and Elizabeth Bishop , and novelists Nathaniel Hawthorne and Harriet Beecher Stowe . </P> <P> Boston was the center of the American publishing industry for some years , largely on the strength of its local writers and before it was overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century . Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education , and it was the longtime home of literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly . Merriam - Webster is based in Springfield , Massachusetts . Yankee is a magazine for New Englanders based in Dublin , New Hampshire . </P> <P> Twentieth and twenty - first century writers hailing from New England include Maine native Stephen King and New Hampshire native John Irving , and New England is a major setting of their works . George V. Higgins wrote about life in the New England criminal underworld , while H.P. Lovecraft set many of his works of horror in his native Rhode Island . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Henry Wadsworth Longfellow </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Anne Sexton </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sylvia Plath </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Stephen King </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Jack Kerouac </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Harriet Beecher - Stowe </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film , television , and acting ( edit ) </H3> <P> New England has a rich history in filmmaking dating back to the dawn of the motion picture era at the turn of the 20th century , sometimes dubbed Hollywood East by film critics . A theater at 547 Washington Street in Boston was the second location to debut a picture projected by the Vitascope , and shortly thereafter several novels were being adapted for the screen and set in New England , including The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables . The New England region continued to churn out films at a pace above the national average for the duration of the 20th century , including blockbuster hits such as Jaws , Good Will Hunting , and The Departed , all of which won Oscars . The New England area became known for a number of themes that recurred in films made during this era , including the development of yankee characters , smalltown life contrasted with city values , seafaring tales , family secrets , and haunted New England . These themes are rooted in centuries of New England culture and are complemented by the region 's diverse natural landscape and architecture , from the Atlantic Ocean and brilliant fall foliage to church steeples and skyscrapers . </P> <P> Since the turn of the millennium , Boston and the greater New England region have been home to the production of numerous films and television series , thanks in part to tax incentive programs put in place by local governments to attract filmmakers to the region . </P> <P> Notable actors and actresses that have come from the New England area include Ben Affleck , Matt Damon , Amy Poehler , Elizabeth Banks , Steve Carell , Ruth Gordon , John Krasinski , Edward Norton , Mark Wahlberg , and Matthew Perry . A full list of those from Massachusetts can be found here , and a listing of notable films and television series produced in the area here . </P> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Sports in New England <P> Two popular American sports were invented in New England : basketball , invented by James Naismith ( a Canadian ) in Springfield , Massachusetts , in 1891 , and volleyball , invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan , in Holyoke , Massachusetts . Additionally , Walter Camp is credited with developing modern American football in New Haven , Connecticut , in the 1870s and 1880s . </P> <P> New Hampshire Motor Speedway is an oval racetrack that has hosted several NASCAR and American Championship Car Racing races , whereas Lime Rock Park in Connecticut is a traditional road racing venue home of sports car races . Events at these venues have had the `` New England '' moniker , such as the NASCAR New England 300 and New England 200 , the IndyCar Series New England Indy 200 , and the American Le Mans Series New England Grand Prix . </P> <H3> Professional and semi-professional sports teams ( edit ) </H3> Fenway Park , home of the Boston Red Sox , is the oldest operating ballpark in the U.S. <P> The major professional sports teams in New England are based in Massachusetts : the Boston Red Sox , the New England Patriots ( based in Foxborough , Massachusetts ) , the Boston Celtics , the Boston Bruins , the New England Revolution ( also based in Foxborough ) , and the Boston Cannons . Hartford had professional hockey team the Hartford Whalers from 1975 until they moved to North Carolina in 1997 . WNBA team the Connecticut Sun are based in southeastern Connecticut at the Mohegan Sun resort , which is also home to the professional indoor lacrosse team the New England Black Wolves . New England is also home to the Boston Blades , Boston Pride , and the Connecticut Whale which represent three of the five professional women 's hockey teams in the United States . </P> TD Garden in Boston <P> There are also minor league baseball and hockey teams based in larger cities , such as the Bridgeport Bluefish ( baseball ) , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers ( hockey ) , the Connecticut Tigers ( baseball ) , the Hartford Yard Goats ( baseball ) , the Hartford Wolf Pack ( hockey ) , the Lowell Spinners ( baseball ) , the Manchester Monarchs ( hockey ) , the New Britain Bees ( baseball ) , the New Hampshire Fisher Cats ( baseball ) , the Pawtucket Red Sox ( baseball ) , the Portland Sea Dogs ( baseball ) , the Providence Bruins ( hockey ) , the Springfield Thunderbirds ( hockey ) , the Vermont Lake Monsters ( baseball ) , and the Worcester Railers ( hockey ) . </P> <P> The NBA G League fields the Maine Red Claws based in Portland , Maine . The Springfield Armor in Springfield , Massachusetts previously played in the region . The Red Claws are affiliated with the Boston Celtics , and the Armor were affiliated with the Brooklyn Nets , prior to relocating to Grand Rapids , Michigan to become the Grand Rapids Drive . New England is also represented in the Premier Basketball League by the Vermont Frost Heaves of Barre , Vermont . </P> <P> Thanksgiving Day high school football rivalries date back to the 19th century , and the Harvard - Yale rivalry ( `` The Game '' ) is the oldest rivalry in college football . The Boston Marathon is run on Patriots ' Day every year ; it is a New England cultural institution and the oldest annual marathon in the world . The race offers far less prize money than many other marathons , but its difficulty and long history make it one of the world 's most prestigious marathons . </P> <H2> Transportation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Transportation in New England The MBTA Commuter Rail serves much of Massachusetts and parts of Rhode Island radiating from Downtown Boston , with plans for expansion into New Hampshire . <P> The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) provides rail and subway service within the Boston metropolitan area , bus service in Greater Boston , and commuter rail service throughout Eastern Massachusetts and parts of Rhode Island . The New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority in partnership with the Connecticut Department of Transportation ( CTDOT ) operates the Metro - North Railroad , which provides commuter rail service in Southwestern Connecticut in the corridor between New York City and New Haven . CTDOT provides the Shore Line East commuter rail service along the Connecticut coastline east of New Haven , terminating in Old Saybrook and New London . </P> <P> Amtrak provides interstate rail service throughout New England . Boston is the northern terminus of the Northeast Corridor . The Vermonter connects Vermont to Massachusetts and Connecticut , while the Downeaster links Maine to Boston . The long - distance Lake Shore Limited train has two eastern termini after splitting in Albany , one of which is Boston . This provides rail service on the former Boston and Albany Railroad , which runs between its namesake cities . The rest of the Lake Shore Limited continues to New York City . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Autumn in New England </Li> <Li> Brother Jonathan </Li> <Li> Extreme points of New England </Li> <Li> Fieldstone </Li> <Li> Historic New England </Li> <Li> List of amusement parks in New England </Li> <Li> List of beaches in New England </Li> <Li> List of mammals of New England </Li> <Li> Manor of East Greenwich </Li> <Li> New Albion </Li> <Li> New Albion ( colony ) </Li> <Li> New England / Acadian forests </Li> <Li> New England Confederation </Li> <Li> New England Planters </Li> <Li> New England Summer Nationals </Li> <Li> Northeastern coastal forests </Li> <Li> Southeastern New England AVA wine region </Li> <Li> Swamp Yankee </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Resident Population in the New England Census Division '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yankee '' . The American Heritage Dictionary . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . 2000 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product ( GDP ) by state ( millions of current dollars ) '' . U.S. Department of Commerce . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia '' . Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Britannica article '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Heritage Dictionary '' . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Random House Unabridged Dictionary '' . Dictionary.infoplease.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com . August 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New England '' . Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2003 . Archived copy . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2003 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 1692 Salem Witch Trials '' . SalemWitchTrialsMuseum.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chiu , Monica ( 2009 ) . Asian Americans in New England : Culture and Community . Lebanon , NH : University of New Hampshire Press . p. 44 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bain , Angela Goebel ; Manring , Lynne ; and Mathews , Barbara . Native Peoples in New England . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 , from Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Abenaki History '' . abenakination.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , William ( 1849 ) . The History of Norridgewock . Norridgewock ME : Edward J. Peet . p. 10 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiseman , Fred M. `` The Voice of the Dawn : An Autohistory of the Abenaki Nation '' . p. 70 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What are the oldest cities in America ? '' . Glo-con.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cressy , David ( 1987 ) . Coming Over : Migration and Communication Between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century . p. 4 . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swindler , William F. , ed ; Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions 10 Volumes ; Dobbs Ferry , New York ; Oceana Publications , 1973 -- 1979 . Volume 5 : pp. 16 -- 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ... joint stock company organized in 1620 by a charter from the British crown with authority to colonize and govern the area now known as New England . '' New England , Council for . ( 2006 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 13 , 2006 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service : Britannica.com Archived February 12 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haxtun , Anne Arnoux ( 1896 ) . Signers of the Mayflower Compact , vol. 1 . New York : The Mail and Express Publishing Company . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , Edward Waterman ( 1906 ) . Our Constitution : How and Why It Was Made . New York : Moffat , Yard & Company . p. 42 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . `` Public Records : The History of the Arms and Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts '' . sec.state.ma.us . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Northend , William Dummer ( 1896 ) . The Bay Colony : A Civil , Religious and Social History of the Massachusetts Colony . Boston : Estes and Lauriat . p. 305 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Boston , Massachusetts '' . U-S-History.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State of Connecticut . `` About Connecticut '' . CT.gov . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peace , Nancy E. ( November 1976 ) . `` Roger Williams -- A Historiographical Essay '' ( PDF ) . Rhode Island History . Providence RI : The Rhode Island Historical Society . pp. 103 -- 115 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History & Famous Rhode Islanders '' . Rhode Island Tourism Division . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Hiland ( 1868 ) . The History of Vermont : From Its Discovery to Its Admission into the Union . Albany NY : Joel Munsell . p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1637 - The Pequot War '' . The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Wait ( 1899 ) . The Puritan Republic of the Massachusetts Bay in New England . Indianapolis : Bowen - Merrill . pp. 308 -- 311 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1675 - King Philip 's War '' . The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See the French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War for more information . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1972 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York City : Mentor . p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 62600 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martucci , David B . `` The New England Flag '' . D. Martucci . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flags of the Early North American Colonies and Explorers '' . Historical Flags of Our Ancestors . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2007 ) . Flag : An American Biography . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Various ( 1908 ) . Proceedings of the First New England Conference : Called by the Governors of the New England States , Boston , Nov. 23 , 24 , 1908 . Boston : Wright & Potter Printing Company . p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) . History of the Flag of the United States of America : And of the Naval and Yacht - club Signals , Seals , and Arms , and Principal National Songs of the United States , with a Chronicle of the Symbols , Standards , Banners , and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations . Boston : A. Williams . p. 190 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stark , Bruce P . `` The Dominion of New England '' . Connecticut Humanities Council . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palfrey , John Gorham ( 1865 ) . History of New England , vol. 3 . Boston : Little , Brown , and Company . pp. 561 -- 590 . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palfrey , John Gorham ( 1873 ) . A Compendious History of New England , vol. 3 . Boston : H.C. Shepard . 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Average Retail Price of Electricity to Residential Sector , December 2015 ( cents / kWh ) '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Conference of State Legislatures State Unemployment Rates 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Rates for States '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . United States Government . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New England -- Labor Force Statistics '' . U.S. Department of Labor . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Tocqueville , Alexis . Democracy in America . Quotation attributed at ( 1 ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madison , James . Federalist No. 55 . Quotation attributed at Ilsr.org Archived index at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved July 19 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Harvard lecturer Robert I. Rotberg review Real Democracy : the New England town meeting and how it works at Democraciaparticipativa.net ( Retrieved July 19 , 2006 ) ( in Spanish ) , ( in English ) . Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New England USA Quick Facts '' . Discover New England . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wyoming , Mississippi , Utah Rank as Most Conservative States '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sanders Socialist Successes '' . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lerer , Lisa ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` AIG : Where 's the outrage ? '' . Politico . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election Center 2008 '' . CNN . Retrieved October 4 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salzman , Avi ( December 18 , 2005 ) . `` A Laboratory for Liberals ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New England grapples with first execution '' . Concord Monitor . May 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grynbaum , Michael M. ( June 8 , 2006 ) . `` Gregg cites states ' rights in voting against amendment '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey M. ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Massachusetts , Maryland Most Democratic States '' . Gallup . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kazin , Michael ; Edwards , Rebecca ; Rothman , Adam ( 2011 ) . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton University Press . pp. 360 -- 365 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Purple , Matt ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` No More ' New England Republicans ' '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee : Mike Huckabee 's Weekly Schedule for Sept. 24 '' . All American Patriots website . September 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . 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Retrieved May 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Jennifer ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` New England 's best ice cream '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Surviving the New England Winter : You Scream , I Scream , Ice Cream ! '' . The Harvard Harbus . December 5 , 2005 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Candlepin Bowling '' . Massachusetts Bowling Association . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New England Cable News . Available at Boston.com Archived December 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved July 19 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New England Sports Network , Archived at : `` Boston.com '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2005 . Retrieved November 7 , 2005 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Retrieved July 19 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Older Than the Nation '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page , Janice ( January 25 , 2004 ) . `` What 's So Funny ? '' . Boston.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gates , David ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` Destination : New England '' . Salon . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kharfen , Stephen . `` A History of Boston Films '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheldon , Karan . `` New England in Feature Films '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rotella , Carlo . `` Hollywood on the Charles : Why the movie industry is crazy for Boston '' . Boston Magazine . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Bellis . `` History of Basketball '' . About.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Volleyball '' . Volleyball World Wide . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio Tiger Trap '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In marathoning , it has a foothold -- History means Boston can give any race in the world a run for its money '' by John Powers , The Boston Globe , April 10 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Haverhill chamber chief supports train stop in Plaistow '' . Eagletribune.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Plaistow officials hopeful MBTA considers rail extension '' . Eagletribune.com . March 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> New York : Atlas of Historical County Boundaries , John H. Long , Editor ; Compiled by Kathryn Ford Thorne ; A Project of the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for Family and Community History , The new Berry Library , Simon & Schuster , 1993 </Li> <Li> U.S. Census Bureau , `` '' Census Regions and Divisions of the United States `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 7 , 2013 . ( 1.06 MB ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hall , Donald , Burt Feintuch , and David H. Watters , eds . Encyclopedia of New England ( Yale U.P. 2005 ) , 1596 pp ; the major scholarly resource to the geography , history and culture of the region . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10027 - 2 </Li> <Li> Bartlett , Ray et al. New England Trips . ISBN 1 - 74179 - 728 - 4 </Li> <Li> Berman , Eleanor . Eyewitness Travel Guides New England . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 2697 - 8 </Li> <Li> Chenoweth , James . Oddity Odyssey : A Journey Through New England 's Colorful Past . Holt , 1996 . Humorous travel guide . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 3671 - 7 </Li> <Li> Koistinen , David . Confronting Decline : The Political Economy of Deindustrialization in Twentieth - Century New England ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Muse , Vance . The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America : Northern New England . Stewart , Tabori & Chang , 1998 . A photographic guide to historic sites in New England . ISBN 1 - 55670 - 635 - 9 </Li> <Li> Riess , Jana . The Spiritual Traveler Boston and New England : A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places , HiddenSpring ISBN 1 - 58768 - 008 - 4 </Li> <Li> Sletcher , Michael . New England : The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Wiencek , Henry . The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America : Southern New England . Stewart , Tabori & Chang , 1998 . A photographic guide to historic sites in New England . 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Karoo </Li> <Li> Bushveld </Li> <Li> Highveld </Li> <Li> Fynbos </Li> <Li> Cape Floristic Region </Li> <Li> Kalahari Desert </Li> <Li> Okavango Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Macro-regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aethiopia </Li> <Li> Arab world </Li> <Li> Commonwealth realm </Li> <Li> East African montane forests </Li> <Li> Eastern Desert </Li> <Li> Equatorial Africa </Li> <Li> Françafrique </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Islands of Africa </Li> <Li> List of countries where Arabic is an official language </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Basin </Li> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Mittelafrika </Li> <Li> Negroland </Li> <Li> Northeast Africa </Li> <Li> Portuguese - speaking African countries </Li> <Li> Sahara </Li> <Li> Sahel </Li> <Li> Sub-Saharan Africa </Li> <Li> Sudan ( region ) </Li> <Li> Sudanian Savanna </Li> <Li> Tibesti Mountains </Li> <Li> Tropical Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Aral Sea <Ul> <Li> Aralkum Desert </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Galilee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transoxiana <Ul> <Li> Turan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Khorasan </Li> <Li> Ariana </Li> <Li> Khwarezm </Li> <Li> Sistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstania </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe <Ul> <Li> Asian Steppe </Li> <Li> Kazakh Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> <Li> Wild Fields <Ul> <Li> Yedisan </Li> <Li> Muravsky Trail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ural <Ul> <Li> Ural Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volga region </Li> <Li> Idel - Ural </Li> <Li> Kolyma </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Pryazovia </Li> <Li> Bjarmaland </Li> <Li> Kuban </Li> <Li> Zalesye </Li> <Li> Ingria </Li> <Li> Novorossiya </Li> <Li> Gornaya Shoriya </Li> <Li> Tulgas </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Pamir Mountains </Li> <Li> Tian Shan </Li> <Li> Badakhshan </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Mount Imeon </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Western Regions </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Northeast </Li> <Li> Far East <Ul> <Li> Russian Far East </Li> <Li> Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extreme North </Li> <Li> Siberia <Ul> <Li> Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Khatanga Gulf </Li> <Li> Baraba steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kamchatka Peninsula </Li> <Li> Amur Basin </Li> <Li> Yenisei Gulf </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Sikhote - Alin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japanese archipelago <Ul> <Li> Northeastern Japan Arc </Li> <Li> Sakhalin Island Arc </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Korean Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gobi Desert </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Greater Khingan </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Outer Mongolia </Li> <Li> China proper </Li> <Li> Manchuria <Ul> <Li> Outer Manchuria </Li> <Li> Inner Manchuria </Li> <Li> Northeast China Plain </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North China Plain <Ul> <Li> Yan Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kunlun Mountains </Li> <Li> Liaodong Peninsula </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Tibetan Plateau <Ul> <Li> Tibet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tarim Basin </Li> <Li> Northern Silk Road </Li> <Li> Hexi Corridor </Li> <Li> Nanzhong </Li> <Li> Lingnan </Li> <Li> Liangguang </Li> <Li> Jiangnan </Li> <Li> Jianghuai </Li> <Li> Guanzhong </Li> <Li> Huizhou </Li> <Li> Wu </Li> <Li> Jiaozhou </Li> <Li> Zhongyuan </Li> <Li> Shaannan </Li> <Li> Ordos Loop <Ul> <Li> Loess Plateau </Li> <Li> Shaanbei </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hamgyong Mountains </Li> <Li> Central Mountain Range </Li> <Li> Japanese Alps </Li> <Li> Suzuka Mountains </Li> <Li> Leizhou Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Yangtze River Delta </Li> <Li> Pearl River Delta </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East <Ul> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Zagros Mountains </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf <Ul> <Li> Pirate Coast </Li> <Li> Strait of Hormuz </Li> <Li> Greater and Lesser Tunbs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Al - Faw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Najd </Li> <Li> Hejaz </Li> <Li> Tihamah </Li> <Li> Eastern Arabia </Li> <Li> South Arabia <Ul> <Li> Hadhramaut </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tigris -- Euphrates </Li> <Li> Mesopotamia <Ul> <Li> Upper Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Lower Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Sawad </Li> <Li> Nineveh plains </Li> <Li> Akkad ( region ) </Li> <Li> Babylonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Canaan </Li> <Li> Aram </Li> <Li> Eber - Nari </Li> <Li> Suhum </Li> <Li> Eastern Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Mashriq </Li> <Li> Kurdistan </Li> <Li> Levant <Ul> <Li> Southern Levant </Li> <Li> Transjordan </Li> <Li> Jordan Rift Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Golan Heights </Li> <Li> Hula Valley </Li> <Li> Galilee </Li> <Li> Gilead </Li> <Li> Judea </Li> <Li> Samaria </Li> <Li> Arabah </Li> <Li> Anti-Lebanon Mountains </Li> <Li> Sinai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Arabian Desert </Li> <Li> Syrian Desert </Li> <Li> Fertile Crescent </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Armenian Highlands </Li> <Li> Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Caucasus Mountains <Ul> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Lesser Caucasus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> South Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Kur - Araz Lowland </Li> <Li> Lankaran Lowland </Li> <Li> Alborz </Li> <Li> Absheron Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anatolia </Li> <Li> Cilicia </Li> <Li> Cappadocia </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater India </Li> <Li> Indian subcontinent </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Hindu Kush </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> <Li> Ganges Basin </Li> <Li> Ganges Delta </Li> <Li> Pashtunistan </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Kashmir <Ul> <Li> Kashmir Valley </Li> <Li> Pir Panjal Range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thar Desert </Li> <Li> Indus Valley </Li> <Li> Indus River Delta </Li> <Li> Indus Valley Desert </Li> <Li> Indo - Gangetic Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern coastal plains </Li> <Li> Western Coastal Plains </Li> <Li> Meghalaya subtropical forests </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests </Li> <Li> Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows </Li> <Li> Doab </Li> <Li> Bagar tract </Li> <Li> Great Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Little Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Coromandel Coast </Li> <Li> Konkan </Li> <Li> False Divi Point </Li> <Li> Hindi Belt </Li> <Li> Ladakh </Li> <Li> Aksai Chin </Li> <Li> Gilgit - Baltistan <Ul> <Li> Baltistan </Li> <Li> Shigar Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Saltoro Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mannar </Li> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands <Ul> <Li> Andaman Islands </Li> <Li> Nicobar Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maldive Islands </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainland <Ul> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Malay Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maritime <Ul> <Li> Peninsular Malaysia </Li> <Li> Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Greater Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Lesser Sunda Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesian Archipelago </Li> <Li> Timor </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippine Archipelago <Ul> <Li> Luzon </Li> <Li> Visayas </Li> <Li> Mindanao </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leyte Gulf </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> East Indies </Li> <Li> Nanyang </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific </Li> <Li> Tropical Asia </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Scandinavia </Li> <Li> Scandinavian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fennoscandia </Li> <Li> Baltoscandia </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> West Nordic </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danubian countries </Li> <Li> Prussia </Li> <Li> Galicia </Li> <Li> Volhynia </Li> <Li> Donbass </Li> <Li> Sloboda Ukraine </Li> <Li> Sambia Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Amber Coast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Curonian Spit </Li> <Li> Izyum Trail </Li> <Li> Lithuania Minor </Li> <Li> Nemunas Delta </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Vyborg Bay </Li> <Li> Karelia <Ul> <Li> East Karelia </Li> <Li> Karelian Isthmus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lokhaniemi </Li> <Li> Southeastern <Ul> <Li> Balkans </Li> <Li> Aegean Islands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Chania </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Kabardia </Li> <Li> European Russia <Ul> <Li> Southern Russia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Alpine states </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> <Li> Mitteleuropa </Li> <Li> Visegrád Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benelux </Li> <Li> Low Countries </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> British Isles </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Cotentin Peninsula </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Brittany </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pyrenees </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Insular Italy </Li> <Li> Tuscan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Aegadian Islands </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Crimea </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Germanic </Li> <Li> Celtic </Li> <Li> Slavic countries </Li> <Li> Uralic </Li> <Li> European Plain </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> <Li> Wild Fields </Li> <Li> Pannonian Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Little Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern Slovak Lowland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Canada </Li> <Li> Western Canada </Li> <Li> Canadian Prairies </Li> <Li> Central Canada </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Atlantic Canada </Li> <Li> The Maritimes </Li> <Li> French Canada </Li> <Li> English Canada </Li> <Li> Acadia <Ul> <Li> Acadian Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor </Li> <Li> Peace River Country </Li> <Li> Cypress Hills </Li> <Li> Palliser 's Triangle </Li> <Li> Canadian Shield </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Newfoundland ( island ) </Li> <Li> Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> Gulf Islands </Li> <Li> Strait of Georgia </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Labrador Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gaspé Peninsula </Li> <Li> Avalon Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Bay de Verde Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brodeur Peninsula </Li> <Li> Melville Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bruce Peninsula </Li> <Li> Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) </Li> <Li> Cook Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Georgian Bay </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Inland Northwest </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Midwest </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Mountain States </Li> <Li> Intermountain West </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Mormon Corridor </Li> <Li> Calumet Region </Li> <Li> Southwest <Ul> <Li> Old Southwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado </Li> <Li> Central United States <Ul> <Li> Tallgrass prairie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> South Central </Li> <Li> Deep South </Li> <Li> Upland South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Third Coast </Li> <Li> Eastern United States <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Great North Woods </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Great Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Basin Desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Ark - La - Tex </Li> <Li> Waxhaws </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> <Li> Twin Tiers </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Atlantic coastal plain </Li> <Li> Outer Lands </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region </Li> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Piney Woods </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> The Dakotas </Li> <Li> The Carolinas </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> Tornado Alley </Li> <Li> North Coast </Li> <Li> Lost Coast </Li> <Li> Emerald Triangle </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay </Li> <Li> North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> Silicon Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Lower Colorado River Valley </Li> <Li> Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta </Li> <Li> Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta </Li> <Li> Colville Delta </Li> <Li> Arkansas Delta </Li> <Li> Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi River Delta </Li> <Li> Columbia River Estuary </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> High Desert </Li> <Li> Monterey Peninsula </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Lower Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Virginia Peninsula </Li> <Li> Keweenaw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Middle Peninsula </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula </Li> <Li> Alaska Peninsula </Li> <Li> Kenai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Niagara Peninsula </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Belt regions <Ul> <Li> Bible Belt </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Corn Belt </Li> <Li> Cotton Belt </Li> <Li> Frost Belt </Li> <Li> Rice Belt </Li> <Li> Rust Belt </Li> <Li> Sun Belt </Li> <Li> Snow Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Northern Mexico </Li> <Li> Baja California Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of California <Ul> <Li> Colorado River Delta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Soconusco </Li> <Li> Tierra Caliente </Li> <Li> La Mixteca </Li> <Li> La Huasteca </Li> <Li> Bajío </Li> <Li> Valley of Mexico </Li> <Li> Mezquital Valley </Li> <Li> Sierra Madre de Oaxaca </Li> <Li> Yucatán Peninsula </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> <Li> Western Caribbean Zone </Li> <Li> Isthmus of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama <Ul> <Li> Pearl Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Azuero Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mosquito Coast </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Antilles <Ul> <Li> Greater Antilles </Li> <Li> Lesser Antilles <Ul> <Li> Leeward </Li> <Li> Leeward Antilles </Li> <Li> Windward </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lucayan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Southern Caribbean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Aridoamerica </Li> <Li> Mesoamerica </Li> <Li> Oasisamerica </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Middle </Li> <Li> Anglo </Li> <Li> Latin <Ul> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Hispanic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Cordillera </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australasia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> New Zealand <Ul> <Li> South Island </Li> <Li> North Island <Ul> <Li> Coromandel Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Zealandia </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) </Li> <Li> Vanuatu <Ul> <Li> Kula Gulf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australia <Ul> <Li> Capital Country </Li> <Li> Eastern Australia </Li> <Li> Lake Eyre basin </Li> <Li> Murray -- Darling basin </Li> <Li> Northern Australia </Li> <Li> Nullarbor Plain </Li> <Li> Outback </Li> <Li> Southern Australia <Ul> <Li> Maralinga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sunraysia </Li> <Li> Great Victoria Desert </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf St Vincent </Li> <Li> Lefevre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fleurieu Peninsula </Li> <Li> Yorke Peninsula </Li> <Li> Eyre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mornington Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bellarine Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mount Henry Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melanesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Islands Region <Ul> <Li> Bismarck Archipelago </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands Archipelago </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Micronesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caroline Islands <Ul> <Li> Federated States of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Polynesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easter Island </Li> <Li> Hawaiian Islands </Li> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> <Li> French Polynesia <Ul> <Li> Austral Islands </Li> <Li> Gambier Islands </Li> <Li> Marquesas Islands </Li> <Li> Society Islands </Li> <Li> Tuamotu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kermadec Islands </Li> <Li> Mangareva Islands </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Tokelau </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of South America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazon basin </Li> <Li> Atlantic Forest </Li> <Li> Caatinga </Li> <Li> Cerrado </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caribbean South America </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Los Llanos </Li> <Li> The Guianas </Li> <Li> Amazon basin <Ul> <Li> Amazon rainforest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Paria </Li> <Li> Paria Peninsula </Li> <Li> Paraguaná Peninsula </Li> <Li> Orinoco Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tierra del Fuego </Li> <Li> Patagonia </Li> <Li> Pampas </Li> <Li> Pantanal </Li> <Li> Gran Chaco </Li> <Li> Chiquitano dry forests </Li> <Li> Valdes Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andes <Ul> <Li> Tropical Andes </Li> <Li> Wet Andes </Li> <Li> Dry Andes </Li> <Li> Pariacaca mountain range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Altiplano </Li> <Li> Atacama Desert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Hispanic </Li> <Li> American Cordillera </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Polar regions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antarctic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antarctic Peninsula </Li> <Li> East Antarctica </Li> <Li> West Antarctica </Li> <Li> Eklund Islands </Li> <Li> Ecozone </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arctic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arctic Alaska </Li> <Li> British Arctic Territories </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Finnmark </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Northwest Territories </Li> <Li> Nunavik </Li> <Li> Nunavut </Li> <Li> Russian Arctic </Li> <Li> Sakha </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> <Li> North American Arctic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Earth 's oceans and seas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arctic Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Gulf </Li> <Li> Barents Sea </Li> <Li> Beaufort Sea </Li> <Li> Chukchi Sea </Li> <Li> East Siberian Sea </Li> <Li> Greenland Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Kara Sea </Li> <Li> Laptev Sea </Li> <Li> Lincoln Sea </Li> <Li> Prince Gustav Adolf Sea </Li> <Li> Pechora Sea </Li> <Li> Queen Victoria Sea </Li> <Li> Wandel Sea </Li> <Li> White Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adriatic Sea </Li> <Li> Aegean Sea </Li> <Li> Alboran Sea </Li> <Li> Archipelago Sea </Li> <Li> Argentine Sea </Li> <Li> Baffin Bay </Li> <Li> Balearic Sea </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Bay of Biscay </Li> <Li> Bay of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Bay of Campeche </Li> <Li> Bay of Fundy </Li> <Li> Black Sea </Li> <Li> Bothnian Sea </Li> <Li> Caribbean Sea </Li> <Li> Celtic Sea </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Foxe Basin </Li> <Li> Greenland Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Maine </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Gulf of Saint Lawrence </Li> <Li> Gulf of Sidra </Li> <Li> Gulf of Venezuela </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> Ionian Sea </Li> <Li> Irish Sea </Li> <Li> Irminger Sea </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Labrador Sea </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Libyan Sea </Li> <Li> Ligurian Sea </Li> <Li> Marmara Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Myrtoan Sea </Li> <Li> North Sea </Li> <Li> Norwegian Sea </Li> <Li> Sargasso Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Åland </Li> <Li> Sea of Azov </Li> <Li> Sea of Crete </Li> <Li> Sea of the Hebrides </Li> <Li> Thracian Sea </Li> <Li> Tyrrhenian Sea </Li> <Li> Wadden Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andaman Sea </Li> <Li> Arabian Sea </Li> <Li> Bali Sea </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Flores Sea </Li> <Li> Great Australian Bight </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Suez </Li> <Li> Java Sea </Li> <Li> Laccadive Sea </Li> <Li> Mozambique Channel </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Timor Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arafura Sea </Li> <Li> Banda Sea </Li> <Li> Bering Sea </Li> <Li> Bismarck Sea </Li> <Li> Bohai Sea </Li> <Li> Bohol Sea </Li> <Li> Camotes Sea </Li> <Li> Celebes Sea </Li> <Li> Ceram Sea </Li> <Li> Chilean Sea </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> East China Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Alaska </Li> <Li> Gulf of Anadyr </Li> <Li> Gulf of California </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf of Fonseca </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Halmahera Sea </Li> <Li> Koro Sea </Li> <Li> Mar de Grau </Li> <Li> Molucca Sea </Li> <Li> Moro Gulf </Li> <Li> Philippine Sea </Li> <Li> Salish Sea </Li> <Li> Savu Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Japan </Li> <Li> Sea of Okhotsk </Li> <Li> Seto Inland Sea </Li> <Li> Shantar Sea </Li> <Li> Sibuyan Sea </Li> <Li> Solomon Sea </Li> <Li> South China Sea </Li> <Li> Sulu Sea </Li> <Li> Tasman Sea </Li> <Li> Visayan Sea </Li> <Li> Yellow Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Sea </Li> <Li> Bellingshausen Sea </Li> <Li> Cooperation Sea </Li> <Li> Cosmonauts Sea </Li> <Li> Davis Sea </Li> <Li> D'Urville Sea </Li> <Li> King Haakon VII Sea </Li> <Li> Lazarev Sea </Li> <Li> Mawson Sea </Li> <Li> Riiser - Larsen Sea </Li> <Li> Ross Sea </Li> <Li> Scotia Sea </Li> <Li> Somov Sea </Li> <Li> Weddell Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landlocked seas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Salton Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> New England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Autumn </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Flag </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> History <Ul> <Li> New England Colonies </Li> <Li> Dominion of New England </Li> <Li> New England Confederation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Place names of Native - American origin </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Augusta </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Bridgeport </Li> <Li> Burlington </Li> <Li> Cambridge </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Hartford </Li> <Li> Lowell </Li> <Li> Manchester </Li> <Li> Montpelier </Li> <Li> New Bedford </Li> <Li> New Haven </Li> <Li> New London </Li> <Li> New Britain </Li> <Li> Portland </Li> <Li> Providence </Li> <Li> Quincy </Li> <Li> Springfield </Li> <Li> Stamford </Li> <Li> Waterbury </Li> <Li> Worcester </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State capitals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Augusta </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Hartford </Li> <Li> Montpelier </Li> <Li> Providence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transportation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Passenger rail </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MBTA ( MA , RI ) </Li> <Li> Northeast Corridor ( CT , MA , RI ) </Li> <Li> Acela Express ( CT , MA , RI ) </Li> <Li> Downeaster ( ME , NH , MA ) </Li> <Li> Vermonter ( CT , MA , NH , VT ) </Li> <Li> Shore Line East ( CT ) </Li> <Li> Metro - North ( CT ) </Li> <Li> Hartford Line ( CT , MA ; under construction ) </Li> <Li> High - speed Northern New England ( proposed ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major Interstates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I - 84 ( CT , MA ) </Li> <Li> I - 89 ( NH , VT ) </Li> <Li> I - 90 ( Mass Pike ) ( MA ) </Li> <Li> I - 91 ( CT , MA , VT ) </Li> <Li> I - 93 ( MA , NH , VT ) </Li> <Li> I - 95 ( CT , RI , MA , NH , ME ) </Li> <Li> defunct : New England road marking system </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Airports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bradley ( CT ) </Li> <Li> Burlington ( VT ) </Li> <Li> T.F. Green ( RI ) </Li> <Li> Manchester -- Boston ( NH ) </Li> <Li> Logan ( MA ) </Li> <Li> Portland ( ME ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administrative ( political ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. state </Li> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> <Li> Insular area </Li> <Li> Minor Outlying Island </Li> <Li> Maritime territory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawaii -- Aleutian </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Mountain </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Mountain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Midwest <Ul> <Li> EN Central </Li> <Li> WN Central </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Middle Atlantic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> S Atlantic </Li> <Li> ES Central </Li> <Li> WS Central </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courts of appeals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> <Li> 7th </Li> <Li> 8th </Li> <Li> 9th </Li> <Li> 10th </Li> <Li> 11th </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physical </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Physiographic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pacific Mountain </Li> <Li> Intermontane Plateaus </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountain </Li> <Li> Superior Upland </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Highlands </Li> <Li> Appalachian </Li> <Li> Atlantic Plain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coastal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arctic </Li> <Li> West </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Gulf </Li> <Li> East </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historical </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Acquisitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> Northwest Territory </Li> <Li> Southwest Territory </Li> <Li> Louisiana Purchase </Li> <Li> Gadsden Purchase </Li> <Li> Texas annexation </Li> <Li> Oregon Treaty </Li> <Li> Mexican Cession </Li> <Li> Alaska Purchase </Li> <Li> Newlands Resolution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Civil War </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Union <Ul> <Li> Border states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Confederacy <Ul> <Li> Old South </Li> <Li> Dixie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Slave and free states </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Theaters </Dt> <Dd> Pacific </Dd> <Dd> Western </Dd> <Dd> Trans - Mississippi </Dd> <Dd> Lower Seaboard </Dd> <Dd> Eastern </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divided </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Atlantic Northeast </Li> <Li> Prairie Pothole </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> <Li> Border states </Li> <Li> Red states and blue states </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> High Plains </Li> <Li> Intermountain </Li> <Li> Interior </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> South Central </Li> <Li> Southern <Ul> <Li> Deep </Li> <Li> New </Li> <Li> Upland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Southeast </Li> <Li> Southwest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian era </Li> <Li> Colonial era <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> military history </Li> <Li> Continental Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Revolution <Ul> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> Confederation Period </Li> <Li> Drafting and ratification of Constitution </Li> <Li> Federalist Era </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Era </Li> <Li> Indian Wars </Li> <Li> Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 </Li> <Li> Spanish -- American War </Li> <Li> Imperialism </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> Roaring Twenties </Li> <Li> Great Depression </Li> <Li> World War II <Ul> <Li> home front </Li> <Li> Nazism in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Century </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> Space Race </Li> <Li> Feminist Movement </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> War on Terror <Ul> <Li> War in Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Iraq War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Demographic </Li> <Li> Discoveries </Li> <Li> Economic <Ul> <Li> debt ceiling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Inventions <Ul> <Li> before 1890 </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 91 </Li> <Li> after 1991 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Postal </Li> <Li> Technological and industrial </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Territory <Ul> <Li> counties </Li> <Li> federal district </Li> <Li> federal enclaves </Li> <Li> Indian reservations </Li> <Li> insular zones </Li> <Li> minor outlying islands </Li> <Li> populated places </Li> <Li> states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Mountains <Ul> <Li> peaks </Li> <Li> ranges </Li> <Li> Appalachian </Li> <Li> Rocky </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Park Service <Ul> <Li> National Parks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regions <Ul> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Gulf </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Midwestern </Li> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Northeastern </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Southwestern </Li> <Li> Western </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Longest rivers <Ul> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Red ( South ) </Li> <Li> Rio Grande </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Time </Li> <Li> Water supply and sanitation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Federal </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Executive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Civil service </Li> <Li> Executive departments </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> <Li> Independent agencies </Li> <Li> Law enforcement </Li> <Li> President of the United States </Li> <Li> Public policy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives <Ul> <Li> current members </Li> <Li> Speaker </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Senate <Ul> <Li> current members </Li> <Li> President pro tempore </Li> <Li> Vice President </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judicial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Courts of appeals </Li> <Li> District courts </Li> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Law </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights <Ul> <Li> civil liberties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Code of Federal Regulations </Li> <Li> Constitution <Ul> <Li> federalism </Li> <Li> preemption </Li> <Li> separation of powers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Federal Reporter </Li> <Li> United States Code </Li> <Li> United States Reports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intelligence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Intelligence Agency </Li> <Li> Defense Intelligence Agency </Li> <Li> Federal Bureau of Investigation </Li> <Li> National Geospatial - 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ownership </Li> <Li> Household income </Li> <Li> Income inequality </Li> <Li> Middle class </Li> <Li> Personal income </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Professional and working class conflict </Li> <Li> Standard of living </Li> <Li> Wealth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Issues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ages of consent </Li> <Li> Capital punishment </Li> <Li> Crime <Ul> <Li> incarceration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Criticism of government </Li> <Li> Discrimination <Ul> <Li> affirmative action </Li> <Li> antisemitism </Li> <Li> intersex rights </Li> <Li> islamophobia </Li> <Li> LGBT rights </Li> <Li> racism </Li> <Li> same - sex marriage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Drug policy </Li> <Li> Energy policy </Li> <Li> Environmental movement </Li> <Li> Gun politics </Li> <Li> Health care <Ul> <Li> abortion </Li> <Li> health insurance </Li> <Li> hunger </Li> <Li> obesity </Li> <Li> smoking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human rights </Li> <Li> Immigration <Ul> <Li> illegal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> International rankings </Li> <Li> National security <Ul> <Li> Mass surveillance </Li> <Li> Terrorism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Separation of church and state </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Index </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb139458053 ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4075306 - 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Blaze and the Monster Machines - wikipedia <H1> Blaze and the Monster Machines </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Blaze and the Monster Machines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Jeff Borkin Ellen Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nolan North </Li> <Li> Dusan Brown ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) </Li> <Li> Caleel Harris ( Seasons 2 - present ) </Li> <Li> Angelina Wahler </Li> <Li> Alexander Polinsky </Li> <Li> James Patrick Stuart </Li> <Li> Sunil Malhotra </Li> <Li> Kate Higgins </Li> <Li> Kevin Michael Richardson </Li> <Li> Nat Faxon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Blaze and the Monster Machines Title theme '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> `` It 's Blaze '' ( Instrement version , 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 56 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 22 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nerd Corps Entertainment ( 2014 - 2016 ) DHX Media ( 2016 - present ) Nickelodeon Animation Studio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> DHX Media Viacom Media Networks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Nickelodeon ( US ) Channel 5 and Nick Jr . ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> HDTV 1080i </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Blaze and the Monster Machines is a Canadian CGI interactive educational animated television series with a focus of learning about STEM , as well as teaching facts about Animals ( in the `` Wild Wheels '' episodes ) . The series premiered on Nickelodeon on October 13 , 2014 . It was renewed for a fourth season in June 2016 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2 Supporting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Locations </Li> <Li> 5 Production </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 7 DVD Releases </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show focuses on Blaze , a red monster truck , and his smart young driver , AJ . They live in a world that involves many living monster trucks. Their friends include the trucks Starla , Stripes , Zeg , Darington , and Watts ( as of Season 3 ) , as well as a girl named Gabby , who is a mechanic who can fix anything and also Watts ' Monster Machine Driver and close friend ( as of Season 3 ) . Each episode also features Crusher , a sneaky blue truck who cheats in races . Crusher is almost always accompanied by a green car named Pickle . </P> <P> Animals in this monster machine world also have blended windows and wheels ; however AJ and Gabby are humans . In some episodes , Blaze , AJ and their friends are in a race against Crusher . During the race , Crusher cheats , usually with the help of his gray robots . However , Blaze and AJ manage to get through his traps , and they always beat him in time with the help of his Blazing Speed . </P> <P> Some episodes do not involve races , but still have Blaze competing against Crusher , sometimes by racing against him to get an item . Other episodes involve helping a truck friend such as Starla , Zeg , Darington , Stripes , Watts , or even Crusher and / or Pickle . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Blaze and the Monster Machines episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Blaze ( voiced by Nolan North ) is an orange - red monster truck who is good hearted , loyal and brave . As one of the main protagonists , he is Axle City 's number one racer , especially with help from his Blazing Speed . At the start of Season 2 , Blaze becomes the newest member of the Axle City Fire Department . He & his friends would also visit VelocityVille ( where they turn into Race Cars to take part in adventures & Race Car Events ) , & Animal Island ( to visit their animal friends & transform into animals for competitions or to take care of problems and / or obstacles ) . As revealed in Season 3 , Blaze 's Blazing Speed Engine is not only what he uses to unleash his Blazing Speed , but it is also what allows him to drive around in general . As of Season 3 , starting with the `` Wild Wheels '' episodes , Blaze 's design has been slightly upgraded to have the addition of tail lights , coinciding with the series ' upgraded animation . Blaze , along with his Monster Machine friends & Gabby 's ATV , also have additional features as well , such as grappling lines to tow fellow Monster Machines out of trouble & Speed Lights to illuminate themselves in the dark & race in the dark in one of Axle City 's outdoor race tracks . </Li> <Li> AJ ( voiced by Dusan Brown ( season 1 -- early season 2 ) and later by Caleel Harris ) is Blaze 's best friend and driver , an eight - year - old science and technology expert . AJ 's racing suit technology includes his Visor View & a wrist - com video watch worn on his left arm . His uniform can also undergo minor changes in appearance , such as when Blaze transforms into a Race Car , & Blaze using his Speed Lights . </Li> <Li> Gabby ( voiced by Angelina Wahler in 2014 through 2017 , and later by Molly Jackson in 2018 - Present ) is a knowledgeable 9 - year old mechanic who fixes up the trucks when they are damaged , and sometimes rides with AJ & Blaze to take part in some of their adventures . Gabby 's uniform & helmet undergoes changes like AJ 's , but so far , it has only happened once ( when Gabby 's ATV uses Speed Lights ) . Gabby usually drives a purple ATV , but as of Season 3 , Gabby , like AJ , is now a Monster Machine driver , driving with her new close friend , Watts . This makes Gabby the first female Monster Machine driver , the second Monster Machine driver in general ( with the first being AJ ) , and both the first female Monster Machine driver AND first Monster Machine driver in general to be partnered with a female Monster Machine ( in this case : Watts ) . </Li> <Li> Stripes ( voiced by Sunil Malhotra ) is a striped truck with the abilities of a tiger such as a high sense of smell and retractable claws in his tires . In Season 3 's `` Wild Wheels '' episodes , when Blaze transforms into a Lion Monster Machine , he shares his engineering powers to transform Stripes into Super Tiger Stripes . </Li> <Li> Starla ( voiced by Kate Higgins ) is a purple pickup truck , a roping expert and speaks with a thick southern accent . She runs a farm outside the city . </Li> <Li> Darington ( voiced by Alexander Polinsky ) is a clumsy yet fearless blue monster truck who loves stunts . </Li> <Li> Zeg ( voiced by James Patrick Stuart ) is a half - triceratops , half - monster truck with brute tendencies . He has a short vocabulary and tends to refer to himself in third person . </Li> <Li> Watts ( voiced by Melanie Minichino ) is a magenta Monster Machine powered by electricity & the latest of Blaze 's Monster Machine friends as of Season 3 ( as shown from the updated standard Opening Sequence with the upgraded animation as of `` Animal Island '' ) . Watts is also the second female Monster Machine to both be part of the Main Cast & be part of Blaze 's Machine friends , with the first female Monster Machine to do so being Starla . Watts ' features include her electric engine & her electric tires , both allowing her to drive fast with her Electric Charge . When Watts met Blaze , AJ , & Gabby for the first time , Watts happily asks Gabby to be her driver , saying that she never had anyone driving her before . Gabby happily accepts Watts ' offer , saying that she has never been a Monster Machine 's driver before . Since then , Gabby is now a Monster Machine driver for Watts ( just like AJ is Blaze 's Monster Machine driver ) , & the 2 are now very close friends ( just like Blaze & AJ are close friends ) . This makes Watts the first female Monster Machine capable of being driven by a human , the second Monster Machine in general to do so ( with the first being Blaze ) , and both the first female Monster Machine AND first Monster Machine in general to be partnered with a female Monster Machine driver ( in this case : Gabby ) . </Li> <Li> Crusher ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is Blaze and AJ 's rival and the main antagonist of the series . He is childish , whiny , egotistical , and he cheats in most episodes just to get his way . While he is known for his cheating & mischievious ways , he is not all bad & not really evil . Examples of are shown when Crusher is willing to help Blaze save the Christmas Presents , and when he admits that he 'd never steal anyone else 's birthday cake when he realizes that it was Darrington 's birthday cake that he was trying to take . In addition , Blaze and his friends are even willing to help Crusher in some instances , such as helping him find his toy truck `` Little Trucky '' , Gasqautch saving him by sneezing away a thundercloud & then bringing him down from Mud Mountain , & Gabby fixing his muffler / exhaust pipe when it got broken . </Li> <Li> Pickle ( voiced by Nat Faxon ) is a green monster truck who is Crusher 's sidekick despite Crusher 's indifference towards him , although the 2 are known to be close friends most of the time . He tends to look on the brighter side of things and is quite goofy and has an extremely high pitch voice . Although he is by Crusher 's side , Pickle has is actually quite friendly towards Blaze and his friends . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Supporting ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bump Bumperman ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> Joe ( voiced by Nat Faxon ) </Li> <Li> Gus ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) </Li> <Li> The Bighorns ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) </Li> <Li> Gasquatch ( voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) </Li> <Li> Grammy / `` Crusher 's Grandmother '' ( voiced by Susan Silo ) </Li> <Li> The Fire Chief ( voiced by Joe Manganiello ) </Li> <Li> Pegwheel Pete the Pirate ( voiced by Anthony Anderson ) </Li> <Li> The Great Sphinx ( voiced by Mayim Bialik ) </Li> <Li> Santa ( voiced by Bob Joles ) </Li> <Li> The Voice of Christmas ( voiced by Carl Reiner ) </Li> <Li> Swoops ( voiced by David Shatraw ) </Li> <Li> Speedrick ( voiced by Keith Ferguson ) </Li> <Li> Rally ( voiced by Danica Patrick ) </Li> <Li> Mark Set - go ( voiced by Chase Elliott ) </Li> <Li> Dash ( voiced by Jimmie Johnson ) </Li> <Li> Fender ( voiced by Kasey Kahne ) </Li> <Li> Becky Checkerflag ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) </Li> <Li> The Light Thief ( voiced by Melissa Rauch ) </Li> <Li> Lazard the Chameleon ( voiced by Billy Ray Cyrus ) </Li> <Li> Snout the Warthog ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) </Li> <Li> Wartimer the Warthog ( voiced by Trevor Devall ) </Li> <Li> Bunk the Elephant ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) </Li> <Li> Bam the Gorilla ( voiced by Sirena Irwin ) </Li> <Li> Skyler the Falcon ( voiced by Kate Higgins ) </Li> <Li> Nelson the Rhino ( voiced by Cedric Yarbrough ) </Li> <Li> Tooks the Toucan ( voiced by Kelsea Ballerini ) </Li> <Li> Thunderwing the Falcon ( voiced by Darius Rucker ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Locations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Axle City : Axle City is the main location of the series , and where Blaze , AJ , Gabby , and all of the Monster Machines live . The most well known locations of the area include the Monster Dome ( where many Monster Machine events are held , especially Monster Machine Racing ) , Mud Mountain ( where the Monsters Machines , especially Gasquatch , hold Mud Fest ) , a land of Medieval Monster Machines , and much more , including nearby islands . Monster Machines race events include Stuntmania , the Axle City Grand Prix , and the Race to the Top of the World . Monster Machine friends , both in Axle City and other areas of the Monster Machine world , include the Great Sphinx , Pegwheel Pete and his Pirate Crew ( though antogonistic in Race to the Top of the World , but happily congratulates Blaze & his friends for winning & become their friends in some adventures ) , Bump Bumperman , Gus & Joe , Gasquatch , & the Light Thief ( a talking Kangaroo ) . </Li> <Li> VelocityVille : VelocityVille is the location for the `` Race Car Adventures '' episodes . To reach VelocityVille , Blaze and his friends travel to it with help from their friend , Swoops the Helicopter , whom Blaze & AJ first met before he offers them a ride on their very first visit to VelocityVille . Where Axle City is inhabitted by Monster Machines , VelocityVille 's inhabitants are Race Cars . This is where Blaze transformed into a Race Car for the first time to rescue his new friends of Velocityville , and since then , he , his Monster Machine friends , & even Crusher & Pickle transform into Race Cars whenever they visit VelocityVille . As a result of the Race Car Transformation , AJ 's racing suit also undergoes some slight changes , such as his racing helmet having white detailing instead of black . Blaze , AJ , Gabby , & the other Monster Machine 's Race Car friends include Rally , Fender , Dash , Mark - Set - Go , & other Velocityville residents like Becky Checkerflag & Speedrick ( formerly a rival who wants no one to be faster than him , but now a friend who believes that all race cars , including him , should be fast ) . In VelocityVille , Race Cars happily drive around the city at incredible speed & velocity thanks to their aerodynamic shapes , & Race Car events take place , such as the Race to Eagle Rock , the Polar Derby , & the Hundred Mile Race . </Li> <Li> Animal Island : Animal Island is a location in the Monster Machines ' World where animals of all kinds reside , including insects . Animal Island is also the location for the `` Wild Wheels '' episodes . Unlike the animals in Axle City & VelocityVille , all of the animals in Animal Island are capable to talk like humans & Monster Machines , in addition to their usual animal noises . The main residents of the island & Blaze , AJ , Gabby , & the Monster Machines ' animal friends include Bunk the Elephant , Bam the Gorilla , Skyler the Falcon , Nelson the Rhino , & Tooks the Toucan . Blaze & his friends travel to Animal Island by raft , or with help from their friend , Swoops the Helicopter . When Blaze & his friends visit Animal Island , instead of STEM Concepts , the `` Wild Wheels '' episodes teach viewers educational facts about all kinds of Animals . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first season consisted of 20 episodes . On June 15 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a third season . On June 21 , 2016 , it was renewed for a fourth season . </P> <H2> Broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> Blaze and the Monster Machines premiered on Nick Jr. in the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 6 , 2015 and on Nick Jr. in Australia and New Zealand on March 9 . The series is also airing on Nickelodeon and Treehouse TV in Canada , Nick Jr. in Africa ( , TNT in Russia ( Вспыш и чудо - машинки ) , and HOP ! in Israel ( בלייז וחברי משאית המפלצת שלו ) . </P> <H2> DVD Releases ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Region 1 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blaze of Glory </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> High - Speed Adventures </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rev Up and Roar </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fired Up ! </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Race Into Velocityville </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://kidscreen.com/2016/06/21/more-blaze-paws-shimmer-for-nickelodeon/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference zap2itseason3 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4422265/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1977134/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140313005909/en/Nickelodeon-Debut-100-Episodes-Brand-New-Educational-Preschool#.VFGaZvnF98E </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2015/06/15/nick-boosts-preschool-with-sid-and-marty-krofft-pick-up-more-blaze/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PREPARE FOR MONSTER TRUCK ADVENTURES IN BLAZE AND THE MONSTER MACHINES '' . Viacom UK & Ireland Press Centre ( Press release ) . London : Viacom International Media Networks . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knox , David ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Airdate : Blaze and the Monster Machines '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CORUS KIDS JUNE / JULY 2015 HIGHLIGHTS '' . Corus Entertainment ( Press release ) . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferreira , Thinus . `` BET and two new channel2014 '' . Channel 24 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Blaze and the Monster Machines on IMDb </Li> <Li> Blaze and the Monster Machines at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nick Jr. original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1980s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nick Jr . 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( 2014 - 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Zack & Quack ( 2014 - 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 - 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Duggee ( 2014 -- 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 -- 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peppa Pig ( since 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Dino Dan ( since 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Mia and Me ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Nick Jr . 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When You Walk in the Room - wikipedia <H1> When You Walk in the Room </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Jackie DeShannon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Breakin ' It Up on The Beatles Tour ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A-side </Th> <Td> `` Till You Say You 'll Be Mine '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> November 23 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Liberty 55645 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jackie DeShannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dick Glasser </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Jackie DeShannon singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Little Yellow Roses '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` Till You Say You 'll Be Mine '' / `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` Oh Boy '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Little Yellow Roses '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` Till You Say You 'll Be Mine '' / `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` Oh Boy '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` When You Walk in the Room '' is a song written and recorded by Jackie DeShannon , released as a single on November 23 , 1963 as the B - Side to `` Till You Say You 'll Be Mine '' . </P> <P> It was re-released as an A-side in September 1964 , and later included on the album Breakin ' It Up on the Beatles Tour . The single charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 99 . The song has since been covered by many other artists . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Content </Li> <Li> 2 The Searchers version </Li> <Li> 3 The Sports version <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 3.2 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Stephanie Winslow version <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Chart positions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Paul Carrack version <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Chart positions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Pam Tillis version <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Chart positions </Li> <Li> 6.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 6.3 Personnel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Agnetha Fältskog version <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Chart positions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Other notable covers </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Content ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song 's lyrics attempt to detail the singer 's emotions when in the presence of the person he or she loves . There is also an expression of frustration by the singer that he or she can not manage to tell that person of his or her love . </P> <H2> The Searchers version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Searchers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` I 'll Be Missing You '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 1964 ( 1964 - 09 ) January 1988 ( 1988 - 01 ) ( re-release ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Merseybeat , pop rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pye 7N. 15694 ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Kapp K - 618 ( USA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jackie DeShannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Searchers singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Someday We 're Gonna Love Again '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Someday We 're Gonna Love Again '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` When You Walk in the Room '' was recorded by The Searchers in 1964 , reaching # 35 in the US and # 3 in the UK . </P> <P> A German version by The Searchers is called Wenn ich dich seh. ( 1 ) </P> <P> The Searchers ' version of the song would be covered by The Young Veins . </P> <H2> The Sports version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Sports </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album ' Reckless ' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` True Stories '' / `` Taxi Rank '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 1978 ( 1978 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Armstrong Studios , Melbourne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Mushroom Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jackie DeShannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Joe Camilleri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Sports singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Boys ! ( What Did the Detective Say ? ) '' ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> `` Who Listens to the Radio '' ( 1978 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Boys ! ( What Did the Detective Say ? ) '' ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> `` Who Listens to the Radio '' ( 1978 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Australian rock band The Sports released a version of the song as the second single from their debut studio album , Reckless . It reached # 42 on the Australian Kent Music Report chart . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Side A `` When You Walk in the Room '' - 2 : 32 </Li> <Li> Side B1 `` True Stories '' - 2 : 34 </Li> <Li> Side B2 `` Taxi Rank '' - 2 : 25 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1978 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Kent Music Report </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Stephanie Winslow version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Stephanie Winslow </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Somebody to Love '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> October 1981 ( 1981 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. / Curb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jackie DeShannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ray Ruff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Stephanie Winslow singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I 've Been a Fool '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Slippin ' and Slidin ' '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I 've Been a Fool '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Slippin ' and Slidin ' '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The American country music artist Stephanie Winslow recorded a version of the song , reaching # 29 on the US country singles chart . </P> <H3> Chart positions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Country Songs </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Paul Carrack version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Paul Carrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album One Good Reason </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Collrane '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> April 1987 ( 1987 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' vinyl </Li> <Li> 12 '' maxi </Li> <Li> CD single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Chrysalis CHS 3109 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jackie DeShannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Christopher Neil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Paul Carrack singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` A Little Unkind '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1987 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Shed a Tear '' ( 1987 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` A Little Unkind '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1987 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Shed a Tear '' ( 1987 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Paul Carrack 's version , from his 1987 album One Good Reason , reached # 90 in the US and # 48 in the UK . </P> <H3> Chart positions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1987 - 88 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Pam Tillis version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Pam Tillis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Sweetheart 's Dance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` ' Til All the Lonely 's Gone '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 1994 ( 1994 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' vinyl </Li> <Li> CD single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Arista Nashville 07822 - 12726 - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jackie DeShannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pam Tillis </Li> <Li> Steve Fishell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pam Tillis singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Spilled Perfume '' ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mi Vida Loca ( My Crazy Life ) '' ( 1994 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Spilled Perfume '' ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mi Vida Loca ( My Crazy Life ) '' ( 1994 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1994 , country music artist Pam Tillis recorded a version for her album Sweetheart 's Dance . It was released as a single , peaking at # 2 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . It was accompanied by a music video ( featuring Dick Clark ) , and depicting Tillis in a mid-1960s appearance on American Bandstand . </P> <H3> Chart positions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1994 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1994 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Personnel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Compiled from liner notes . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mike Brignardello -- bass guitar </Li> <Li> Mary Chapin Carpenter -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Rob Hajacos -- fiddle </Li> <Li> Bob DiPiero -- 12 - string guitar </Li> <Li> Paul Franklin -- steel guitar </Li> <Li> George Marinelli -- electric guitar </Li> <Li> Steve Nathan -- piano </Li> <Li> Brent Mason -- electric guitar </Li> <Li> Kim Richey -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Pam Tillis -- lead vocals </Li> <Li> Biff Watson -- acoustic guitar </Li> <Li> Lonnie Wilson -- drums </Li> </Ul> <H2> Agnetha Fältskog version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Agnetha Fältskog </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album My Colouring Book </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 14 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Europop , pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> WEA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jackie DeShannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agnetha Fältskog </Li> <Li> Anders Neglin </Li> <Li> Dan Strömkvist </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Agnetha Fältskog singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` If I Thought You 'd Ever Change Your Mind '' ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sometimes When I 'm Dreaming '' ( 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` If I Thought You 'd Ever Change Your Mind '' ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sometimes When I 'm Dreaming '' ( 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Former ABBA singer Agnetha Fältskog released her version of `` When You Walk in the Room '' as the second single from her 2004 album , My Colouring Book . The track peaked at # 11 in Sweden and # 34 in the UK , where it remained in the chart for only two weeks . It was remixed by Almighty and SoundFactory . </P> <H3> Chart positions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2004 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK ( UK Singles Chart ) </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) </Th> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other notable covers ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas -- 1964 </Li> <Li> The Challengers -- 1965 </Li> <Li> The Ventures -- 1965 </Li> <Li> The Rokes ( as ' C'è una strana espressione nei tuoi occhi ' ) - 1965 </Li> <Li> The New Dada ( as ' La tua voce ' ) - 1965 </Li> <Li> Gianni Morandi ( as ' La mia voce ' ) -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Bruce Springsteen ( live version ) - 1977 </Li> <Li> Jay and the Americans -- 1975 </Li> <Li> Paul Nicholas -- 1977 </Li> <Li> Del Shannon -- 1977 </Li> <Li> Ruby Starr -- 1977 </Li> <Li> Child -- 1978 </Li> <Li> Wizex -- 1978 </Li> <Li> Cilla Black - 1978 </Li> <Li> Karla Bonoff -- 1979 </Li> <Li> Steve Forbert -- 1982 </Li> <Li> Johnny Logan -- 1985 </Li> <Li> Sanne Salomonsen -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Tommy Scott -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Status Quo -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Mike Pender 's Searchers -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Chris Hillman -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Glass Tiger with Paul Carrack -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Smokie -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Elisa 's -- 2012 </Li> <Li> DJ Ötzi & The Bellamy Brothers -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Olsen Brothers -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Ray Dylan -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Architecture in Helsinki -- 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ RCS Chronological Index For November 1963 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jackie DeShannon : Charted Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . p. 288 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . NOTE : Used for Australian singles and albums charting from 1970 until ARIA created their own charts in mid-1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Carrack UK chart history , The Official Charts . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Carrack version USA chart history , Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2653 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . November 14 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pam Tillis Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 1994 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sweetheart 's Dance ( CD booklet ) . Pam Tillis . Arista Records . 1994 . 18758 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` top40 - charts : Agnetha Faltskog - When You Walk In The Room '' . Monitor Latino Top 20 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Searchers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> John McNally </Li> <Li> Frank Allen </Li> <Li> Spencer James </Li> <Li> Scott Ottaway </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tony Jackson </Li> <Li> Mike Pender </Li> <Li> Chris Curtis </Li> <Li> Billy Adamson </Li> <Li> John Blunt </Li> <Li> Eddie Rothe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meet The Searchers </Li> <Li> Sugar and Spice </Li> <Li> It 's the Searchers </Li> <Li> Sounds Like Searchers </Li> <Li> Take Me for What I 'm Worth </Li> <Li> Hungry Hearts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sweets for My Sweet '' </Li> <Li> `` Sugar and Spice '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Nothin 's '' </Li> <Li> `` Needles and Pins '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Throw Your Love Away '' </Li> <Li> `` Someday We 're Gonna Love Again '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Potion No. 9 '' </Li> <Li> `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` Goodbye My Love '' </Li> <Li> `` He 's Got No Love '' </Li> <Li> `` When I Get Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Take Me for What I 'm Worth '' </Li> <Li> `` Take It or Leave It '' </Li> <Li> `` Have You Ever Loved Somebody '' </Li> <Li> `` Popcorn , Double Feature '' </Li> <Li> `` Western Union '' </Li> <Li> `` Second Hand Dealer '' </Li> <Li> `` Umbrella Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Kinky Kathy Abernathy '' </Li> <Li> `` Desdemona '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Is Everywhere '' </Li> <Li> `` Sing Singer Sing '' </Li> <Li> `` Needles and Pins '' </Li> <Li> `` Vahevala '' </Li> <Li> `` Solitaire '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Want To Be The One '' </Li> <Li> `` Hearts In Her Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Too Late '' </Li> <Li> `` Love 's Melody '' </Li> <Li> `` Another Night '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Mike Pender 's Searchers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : The Searchers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pam Tillis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Above and Beyond the Doll of Cutey </Li> <Li> Put Yourself in My Place </Li> <Li> Homeward Looking Angel </Li> <Li> Sweetheart 's Dance </Li> <Li> All of This Love </Li> <Li> Every Time </Li> <Li> Thunder & Roses </Li> <Li> It 's All Relative : Tillis Sings Tillis </Li> <Li> RhineStoned </Li> <Li> Just in Time for Christmas </Li> <Li> Dos Divas </Li> <Li> Come See Me and Come Lonely </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Those Memories of You '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Tell Me What to Do '' </Li> <Li> `` One of Those Things '' </Li> <Li> `` Put Yourself in My Place '' </Li> <Li> `` Maybe It Was Memphis '' </Li> <Li> `` Blue Rose Is '' </Li> <Li> `` Shake the Sugar Tree '' </Li> <Li> `` Let That Pony Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Cleopatra , Queen of Denial '' </Li> <Li> `` Do You Know Where Your Man Is '' </Li> <Li> `` Spilled Perfume '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Li> <Li> `` Mi Vida Loca ( My Crazy Life ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I Was Blown Away '' </Li> <Li> `` In Between Dances '' </Li> <Li> `` Deep Down '' </Li> <Li> `` The River and the Highway '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Lonely Out There '' </Li> <Li> `` All the Good Ones Are Gone '' </Li> <Li> `` Land of the Living '' </Li> <Li> `` I Said a Prayer '' </Li> <Li> `` Every Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Please '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Mel Tillis </Li> <Li> Lorrie Morgan </Li> <Li> `` Ancient History '' </Li> <Li> `` Five Minutes '' </Li> <Li> `` When Love Comes Around the Bend '' </Li> <Li> `` Someone Else 's Trouble Now '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Sports </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Stephen Cummings </Li> <Li> Andrew Pendlebury </Li> <Li> Martin Armiger </Li> <Li> Red Symons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reckless </Li> <Li> Do n't Throw Stones </Li> <Li> Suddenly </Li> <Li> Sondra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fair Game </Li> <Li> O.K , U.K ! </Li> <Li> The Sports Play Dylan ( and Donovan ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All Sports </Li> <Li> This Is Really Something : The Complete Anthology </Li> <Li> The Definitive Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Boys ! ( What Did the Detective Say ? ) '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Li> <Li> `` Who Listens to the Radio '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Throw Stones '' </Li> <Li> `` Wedding Ring '' </Li> <Li> `` Strangers on a Train '' </Li> <Li> `` How Come '' </Li> <Li> `` Sunshine Superman '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Agnetha Fältskog </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swedish albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agnetha Fältskog ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Agnetha Fältskog vol. 2 ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Som jag är ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> När en vacker tanke blir en sång ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Elva kvinnor i ett hus ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Nu tändas tusen juleljus ( with Linda Ulvaeus ) ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Kom följ med i vår karusell ( with Christian Ulvaeus ) ( 1987 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wrap Your Arms Around Me ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Eyes of a Woman ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> I Stand Alone ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> My Colouring Book ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> A ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agnetha Fältskogs bästa ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Tio år med Agnetha ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Teamtoppen 1 ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Sjung denna sång ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Agnetha Collection ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Agnetha in Germany ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Geh ' Mit Gott ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> My Love , My Life ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Agnetha Fältskogs svensktoppar ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> That 's Me ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> De första åren ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> My Very Best ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swedish singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Följ med mig '' / `` Jag var så kär '' </Li> <Li> `` Slutet gott , allting gott '' / `` Utan dej mitt liv går vidare '' </Li> <Li> `` En sommar med dej '' / `` Försonade '' </Li> <Li> `` Den jag väntat på '' / `` Allting har förändrat sig '' </Li> <Li> `` Sjung denna sång '' / `` Någontin händer med mig '' </Li> <Li> `` Snövit och de sju dvärgarna '' / `` Min farbror Jonathan '' </Li> <Li> `` Fram för svenska sommaren '' / `` En gång fanns bara vi två '' </Li> <Li> `` Tag min hand låt oss bli vänner '' / `` Hjärtats kronprins '' </Li> <Li> `` Zigenarvän '' / `` Som en vind kom tu till mig '' </Li> <Li> `` Skål kära vän '' / `` Det handlar om kärlek '' </Li> <Li> `` Om tårar vore guld '' / `` Litet solskensbarn '' </Li> <Li> `` Som ett eko '' / `` Tad det bara med ro '' </Li> <Li> `` En sång och en saga '' / `` Jag skall göra allt '' </Li> <Li> `` Kungens vaktparad '' / `` Jag vill att du skall bli lycklig '' </Li> <Li> `` Många gånger än '' / `` Han lämnar mig för att komma till dig '' </Li> <Li> `` Nya ord '' / `` Dröm är dröm och saga saga '' </Li> <Li> `` Vart ska min kärlek föra '' / `` Nu ska du bli silla '' </Li> <Li> `` Tio mil kvar till Korpilombolo '' / `` Så glad som dina ögon '' </Li> <Li> `` Vi har hunnit fram till refrängen '' / `` En sång om sorg och glädje '' </Li> <Li> `` Golliwog '' </Li> <Li> `` Dom har glömt '' / `` Gulleplutt '' </Li> <Li> `` SOS '' / `` Visa i åttonde månaden '' </Li> <Li> `` När du tar mig i din famn '' / `` Jag var så kär '' </Li> <Li> `` Karusellvisan '' / `` Litan och trött '' </Li> <Li> `` På söndag '' / `` Mitt namn är blom '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Here for Your Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Again '' </Li> <Li> `` The Heat Is On '' </Li> <Li> `` Wrap Your Arms Around Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Shake Loose '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's So Nice To Be Rich '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wo n't Let You Go '' </Li> <Li> `` One Way Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Just One Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` The Angels Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` The Way You Are '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Time '' </Li> <Li> `` I Was n't the One ( Who Said Goodbye ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Let It Shine '' </Li> <Li> `` The Queen of Hearts '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Thought You 'd Ever Change Your Mind '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Walk in the Room '' </Li> <Li> `` Sometimes When I 'm Dreaming '' </Li> <Li> `` The One Who Loves You Now '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Really Loved Someone '' </Li> <Li> `` Dance Your Pain Away '' </Li> <Li> `` I Should 've Followed You Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Filmography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ABBA : The Movie </Li> <Li> Nöjesmaskinen </Li> <Li> Casanova of Sweden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> As I Am : ABBA Before & Beyond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record labels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cupol </Li> <Li> CBS </Li> <Li> Polar Music </Li> <Li> WEA </Li> <Li> Universal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> ABBA ( article </Li> <Li> discography </Li> <Li> template ) </Li> <Li> Björn Ulvaeus </Li> <Li> Linda Ulvaeus </Li> <Li> Christian Ulvaeus </Li> <Li> Anni - 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Private Practice ( season 3 ) - wikipedia <H1> Private Practice ( season 3 ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Private Practice ( season 3 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kate Walsh </Li> <Li> Tim Daly </Li> <Li> Audra McDonald </Li> <Li> Paul Adelstein </Li> <Li> KaDee Strickland </Li> <Li> Chris Lowell </Li> <Li> Taye Diggs </Li> <Li> Amy Brenneman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) -- May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Private Practice episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The third season of Private Practice premiered on October 1 , 2009 and concluded on May 13 , 2010 . The season consisted of 23 episodes . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 2.2 Also starring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Recurring cast </Li> <Li> 2.4 Special guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Ratings <Ul> <Li> 4.1 U.S. </Li> <Li> 4.2 United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 DVD Release </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the third season , Violet survives from the cliffhanger from season two thanks to Pete , Naomi and Addison . She gives Pete their baby , Lucas , while she recovers from the ordeal . Addison and Sam get even closer and develop feelings for each other , but decide not to become a couple because they do n't want to hurt Naomi . Charlotte and Cooper break up , and Dell loses Heather in an explosion which nearly kills Betsey also . </P> <P> Sam and Naomi 's daughter , Maya , gets pregnant and marries the father of her baby , Dink . Addison and Pete become a couple , which causes Addison to get close to Lucas until Violet wants him back , even going as far as taking Pete to court to get joint custody . Sheldon starts to fall for Charlotte after they start to sleep together . </P> <P> In the season finale , Addison and Sam finally get together while Charlotte and Cooper get engaged much to Sheldon 's dismay . Pete and Violet work over their issues , while Dell and Maya get involved in a car accident and the severity of Dell 's condition is overlooked . Dr. Amelia Shepherd , younger sister of Derek Shepherd ( Addison 's ex-husband ) operated on him , having just arrived in town . She was unable to resuscitate him following heart failure . Maya survived her operation to save her spinal cord and prevent paralysis while at the same time she gives birth to a girl , who also survives the ordeal . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Tim Daly as Peter Wilder </Li> <Li> Audra McDonald as Naomi Bennett </Li> <Li> Paul Adelstein as Cooper Freedman </Li> <Li> KaDee Strickland as Charlotte King </Li> <Li> Chris Lowell as William `` Dell '' Parker </Li> <Li> Taye Diggs as Sam Bennett </Li> <Li> Amy Brenneman as Violet Turner </Li> </Ul> <H3> Also starring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Brian Benben as Sheldon Wallace </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Geffri Maya as Maya Bennett </Li> <Li> Hailey Sole as Betsey Parker </Li> <Li> James Morrison as William White , Ryan Leitsch </Li> <Li> Amanda Detmer as Morgan Barnes </Li> <Li> Agnes Bruckner as Heather </Li> <Li> Amanda Foreman as Katie Kent </Li> <Li> Michael Patrick Thornton as Gabriel Fife </Li> <Li> Christina Chang as Vanessa Hoyt </Li> <Li> Stephen Lunsford as Filmore `` Dink '' Davis </Li> <Li> Stephen Collins as `` The Captain '' Montgomery </Li> <Li> Caterina Scorsone as Amelia Shepherd </Li> <Li> Sean Bridgers as Frank </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey </Li> <Li> Eric Dane as Mark Sloan </Li> <Li> JoBeth Williams as Bizzy Montgomery </Li> <Li> Rosanna Arquette as Corinne , Dink 's mother </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Private Practice episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Death in the Family '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes , Jon Cowan & Robert Rovner </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 11.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Pete comes home to find Violet on the floor bleeding to death , from Katie attacking her , and that the baby is gone , moments later Naomi arrives and they both call and ambulance and race to save her life . At the hospital everyone begins wondering where the baby is , as Cooper begins getting paged to pediatrics for a newborn baby . Addison begins surgery on Violet , only to find that the only way to save her life might be to perform a hysterectomy making it impossible for her to have a child . As all of the doctors at Oceanside Wellness worry for Violet , Cooper goes to pediatrics only to find that Katie has come to the hospital with Violet 's baby , immediately getting the baby away from her making sure that the baby is safe . When Cooper presents the baby to Addison she finds that he also needs surgery , and has to leave Naomi in surgery with Violet in order to save both of their lives ; Violet and the baby make it through their surgeries after Addison and Naomi are able save their lives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Way We Were '' </Td> <Td> Donna Deitch </Td> <Td> Patti Carr & Lara Olsen </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 9.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Violet is physically recovering from her violent attack at home , but the emotional trauma she suffers from is n't going away , despite the best efforts of Pete and her other friends to help . Addison and Naomi try to mend their tension - filled relationship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Right Here , Right Now '' </Td> <Td> Rob Corn </Td> <Td> Dana Baratta </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 10.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Miranda Bailey ( Grey 's Anatomy 's Chandra Wilson ) brings a kidney transplant patient to Los Angeles , and Addison is n't the only Oceanside Wellness doctor pleased to see her . Meanwhile the consequences of Addison 's emotional affair with Noah catch up with her , and Sheldon and Pete finally discover who the father of Violet 's baby is . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pushing the Limits '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Ayanna A. Floyd </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 9.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Addison , Sam and Cooper treat the sick child of a homeless teen mother they met while volunteering . Violet has trouble relating to her baby when her feelings about her attack resurface during counseling of a rape victim who is now pregnant . Cooper 's financial woes catch up with him when he 's asked to help buy out Naomi 's share of the practice . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Strange Bedfellows '' </Td> <Td> Steve Gomer </Td> <Td> Kathy McCormick </Td> <Td> October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 9.16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Katie Kent is apprehended and on trial . Violet is asked to testify against her attacker , but she struggles with whether or not she can face her attacker in court . Meanwhile a serious complication threatens the fetuses of two of Naomi 's former patients and Charlotte is determined to convince Addison , Sam and Cooper to let her join Oceanside Wellness Group . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Slip Slidin ' Away '' </Td> <Td> Helen Shaver </Td> <Td> Fred Einesman </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 9.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The doctors venture into controversial territory when an unexpected new hire at Pacific Wellcare causes Naomi to struggle with the idea of genetically designing babies and Violet makes a sudden decision to try electric shock therapy on a patient . Addison somehow finds herself alone and with a cat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Hard Part '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Steve Blackman </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 10.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Addison and Sam go for a hike in Malibu , and must perform urgent field care when they stumble upon an expecting couple , trapped in their car after an accident . After the terrifying ordeal the two share an intimate moment . Meanwhile at Oceanside Wellness , Charlotte , Cooper and Violet treat a newlywed who , out of nervousness for his wedding night , has taken too much Viagra . Pete and Sheldon hit the bar scene together but fall for the same girl . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sins of the Father '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 8.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Addison is shaken by the unwelcome arrival of her father ( Stephen Collins ) to Los Angeles , Cooper is arrested when he refuses to cooperate in a case involving a longtime patient , and Pete fights to keep a terminally ill patient alive long enough for him to meet his new daughter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Parent Trap '' </Td> <Td> Donna Deitch </Td> <Td> Craig Turk </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Part one of a two - hour episode . Addison performs a complex in utero surgery , proving not only her talents to her father but also finally giving them some common ground . Sam and Naomi deal with their own family crisis when they discover their daughter is growing up way too fast , and Violet does something which draws her into the difficult dynamics of Addison 's family . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Blowups '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Sonay Washington </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Part two of a two - hour episode . A terrible explosion at Dell 's house lands Betsey and Heather in the hospital , and everyone is pushed to the limit trying to save their lives . Tensions rise even higher between Addison and the Captain when her mother , Bizzy ( JoBeth Williams ) , shows up . Addison walks in on Bizzy kissing a woman , Susan , who 's been Bizzy 's personal assistant for 20 years . Addison struggles to come to terms with both her mother 's lesbianism and the realization that the Captain is not quite the scoundrel Addison assumed him to be . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Another Second Chance '' </Td> <Td> Michael Zinberg </Td> <Td> Krista Vernoff & Kathy McCormick </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 10.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Desperate to help his pregnant daughter ( Leven Rambin ) , Mark ( Eric Dane ) follows Addison back to Oceanside Wellness , and old feelings between the two begin to resurface . Dell and Naomi struggle to raise their children under the same roof , and Violet and Cooper heatedly disagree on how to treat a patient . </P> This episode concludes a crossover with Grey 's Anatomy that begins on `` Blink '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Best Laid Plans '' </Td> <Td> Bethany Rooney </Td> <Td> Patti Carr & Lara Olsen </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 9.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sam and Naomi are stunned by a shocking announcement from Maya , and Naomi 's irrational response leaves Sam to pick up the pieces . Pete challenges Fife on the best course of treatment for a patient with a cutting - edge bionic arm . Dell tries his best to accommodate a single mom who 's determined to have a natural childbirth in spite of a multiple - day course of labor . Violet reaches out with compassion to a man at St. Ambrose who has just lost his wife . The hostility between Charlotte and Cooper continues to make life uncomfortable for both of them as they clean up the loose ends of their failed relationship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Shotgun '' </Td> <Td> Karen Gaviola </Td> <Td> Jon Cowan & Robert Rovner </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 9.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Addison and Cooper counsel a couple who must make an unthinkable choice : deciding which one of their ailing daughters to save with their newborn 's cord blood . Sam meets Dink 's mother , Corrine ( Rosanna Arquette ) , and is dealt another blow when he finds out Dink 's intent to marry Maya . Some of the doctors get together for an intervention to try and draw in a still - devastated and distant Naomi . Things heat up between Addison and Sam as they develop true feelings for each other , but Addison is determined not to hurt Naomi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Love Bites '' </Td> <Td> Matthew Penn </Td> <Td> Dana Baratta </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 9.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sam convinces Violet to help plan Maya 's wedding when Naomi refuses to take part . As tensions between Addison and Sam rise even as they work together to treat a suicidal patient , she turns to Pete for comfort . Cooper and Pete treat a teenage girl with a mysterious bite mark on her neck . William White expresses a romantic interest in Naomi . Cooper and Charlotte continue to be snarky with each other . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Til Death Do Us Part '' </Td> <Td> Kenny Leon </Td> <Td> Craig Turk </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 7.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> As Violet continues to help Sam with Maya 's wedding , Naomi refuses to take part as she works with Addison and Pete to save the life of a 25 - week - old premature baby . Meanwhile , Cooper suspects that Charlotte 's new boyfriend is abusing pills . Meanwhile , Pete and Addison decide to become a couple , despite Addison being in love with Sam , and Pete still in love with Violet . They decide to keep it a secret from them , but Sam ends up finding out . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Fear of Flying '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Ayanna A. Floyd </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 7.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Things get too close for comfort when Addison , Pete and Sam must come together on a complicated case involving a dad - to - be who comes down with tuberculosis and threatens the future of his new family . Addison meets Sam 's new girlfriend , Vanessa . Meanwhile , with Violet still gone on her Costa Rican escape with Cooper , Sheldon takes over helping one of her patients , Natasha , to get over her crippling fear of flying , and he asks Charlotte for advice . Cooper comes back from the Costa Rican trip early and finds himself in a `` zen '' state , but his zen soon disappears after walking in on Charlotte and Sheldon kissing . Naomi finds herself in a bit of a love triangle of her own . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Triangles '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Steve Blackman </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 7.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> When Addison 's patient and the life of the three unborn babies she is carrying as a surrogate hang in the balance , Sam 's new girlfriend , Vanessa , and Addison are sharply divided on the course of treatment . Cooper seeks Sheldon 's help with a young patient , but their personal quarrels over Charlotte get in the way , and Naomi has a dilemma of her own between William and an unexpectedly charming Dr. Fife . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Pulling the Plug '' </Td> <Td> Ann Kindberg </Td> <Td> Kathy McCormick </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 8.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A husband 's decision to pull the plug on his pregnant wife is overruled by a judge , forcing the hospital to keep her on life support until the fetuses she is carrying as a surrogate are able to survive . Naomi feels betrayed after learning of Sam and Addison 's feelings for one another , and she turns to Dr. Fife for support while William is away on business . And unable to cope with the tension , Addison takes the day off with Pete and Lucas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Eyes Wide Open '' </Td> <Td> Eric Stoltz </Td> <Td> Jesse Zigelstein </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> When famed neurosurgeon Dr. Ginsberg and her team pay a visit to St. Ambrose to wake Kayla from her coma , Addison is shocked to see Amelia Shepherd - Derek 's younger sister - on the team . After Dr. Ginsberg declares nothing can be done , Amelia causes strife among Addison , Sam and Pete when she claims she can save Kayla 's life . Charlotte seeks Cooper 's help with a sex education seminar for the elderly that only leads to more tension between the two , as they try to figure out how to work together . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Second Choices '' </Td> <Td> Jeff Bleckner </Td> <Td> Patti Carr & Lara Olsen </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 7.49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After her open - ended escape to Costa Rica , Violet has finally returned home and to the practice . Everyone treads a little lightly around her , especially Pete and Addison who have mixed feelings about Violet 's desire to reconnect with Lucas . Amelia butts into Sam 's personal life , pointing out that he can mend hearts in the OR but ca n't seem to do that for himself ; and Sheldon encourages Charlotte to reconcile with Cooper , while Cooper deals with a young patient who eats everything in sight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` War '' </Td> <Td> Eric Stoltz </Td> <Td> Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter & Sonay Washington </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 7.78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After Violet files for joint custody of Lucas , an embittered Pete voraciously fights back by hiring a tough attorney for the trial , forcing their friends and co-workers to choose sides and have their personal lives dragged onto the stand and into the public eye . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` In the Name of Love '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Fred Einesman </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 8.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Naomi puts Fife in a conflicted position when she begs him to help William 's advanced ALS with his still experimental treatment . Violet and Amelia treat a woman with a brain tumor who has to choose between life or quality of life , and Sheldon decides to officially throw his hat into the ring for Charlotte 's affections . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` The End of a Beautiful Friendship '' </Td> <Td> Jeannot Szwarc </Td> <Td> Debora Cahn </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 9.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Maya and her unborn baby are fighting for their lives on the operating table , and Addison , Amelia and Fife try everything humanly possible to save them . Meanwhile , Sam operates on an incoming crash victim and later makes a grim discovery ; Cooper makes an ill - timed but valiant effort with Charlotte , and the staff 's world gets rocked by an unexpected death . Addison decides to end things with Pete , saying he needs to be with Violet . After some advice from Sheldon , Addison decides to follow her heart and be with Sam . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> U.S. ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Air Date </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( EST ) </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> <Th> Share </Th> <Th> 18 - 49 ( Rating / Share ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( m ) </Th> <Th> Weekly Rank ( # ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Death in the Family '' </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Thursday 10 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Th> 7.6 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 4.6 / 13 </Th> <Th> 11.58 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Way We Were '' </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.2 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 3.6 / 10 </Th> <Th> 9.50 </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Right Here , Right Now '' </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.8 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 3.8 / 11 </Th> <Th> 10.36 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pushing the Limits '' </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.7 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 3.7 / 10 </Th> <Th> 9.928 </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Strange Bedfellows '' </Td> <Td> October 29 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.1 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 3.6 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.155 </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Slip Slidin ' Away '' </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.0 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 3.4 / 10 </Th> <Th> 9.11 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Hard Part '' </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.7 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 3.9 / 11 </Th> <Th> 10.249 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sins of the Father '' </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.0 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 3.1 / 9 </Th> <Th> 8.926 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Parent Trap '' </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.3 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 3.2 / 8 </Th> <Th> 9.211 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Blowups '' </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2009 </Td> <Th> 6.3 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 3.2 / 8 </Th> <Th> 9.211 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Another Second Chance '' </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 7.1 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 4.2 / 12 </Th> <Th> 10.963 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Best Laid Plans '' </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 6.6 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 3.6 / 10 </Th> <Th> 9.637 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Shotgun '' </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 6.2 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 3.3 / 10 </Th> <Th> 9.254 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Love Bites '' </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 6.1 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 3.1 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.036 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` ' Til Death Do Us Part '' </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 5.1 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 2.8 / 7 </Th> <Th> 7.593 </Th> <Th> 32 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Fear of Flying '' </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 5.2 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 2.7 / 8 </Th> <Th> 7.572 </Th> <Th> 36 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Triangles '' </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 5.3 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 2.8 / 8 </Th> <Th> 7.656 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Pulling the Plug '' </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 5.8 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 2.9 / 8 </Th> <Th> 8.705 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Eyes Wide Open '' </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 5.3 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 2.6 / 8 </Th> <Th> 7.822 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Second Choices '' </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Th> 5.1 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 2.3 / 6 </Th> <Th> 7.491 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` War '' </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Thursday 10 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Th> 5.4 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 2.9 / 9 </Th> <Th> 7.775 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` In the Name of Love '' </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 5.7 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 2.8 / 8 </Th> <Th> 8.152 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` The End of A Beautiful Friendship '' </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 6.3 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 3.2 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.299 </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> United kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the third season , Private Practice aired on Thursdays at 10pm on Living , with the episode airing again ( which aired that night ) on Living + 1 an hour later . The season averaged 251,000 viewers , 29 % less than the second season . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Timeslot </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> LIVING </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> LIVING + 1 </Th> <Th> Total ( 000s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Viewers </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Viewers </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 01 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> A Death in the Family </Td> <Td> Thursday 10.00 P.M. </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 02 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> The Way We Were </Td> <Td> June 24 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 03 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> Right Here , Right Now </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 270 </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 270 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 04 ( 35 ) </Td> <Td> Pushing the Limits </Td> <Td> July 8 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> <Td> # 6 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> # 8 </Td> <Td> 309 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 05 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> Strange Bedfellows </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 224 </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> # 6 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 06 ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> Slip Slidin ' Away </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> <Td> 331 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 07 ( 38 ) </Td> <Td> The Hard Part </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 234 </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> # 8 </Td> <Td> 327 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 08 ( 39 ) </Td> <Td> Sins of the Father </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> # 10 </Td> <Td> 348 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 09 ( 40 ) </Td> <Td> The Parent Trap </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> # 6 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> <Td> 340 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 10 ( 41 ) </Td> <Td> Blowups </Td> <Td> August 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 279 </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 279 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 11 ( 42 ) </Td> <Td> Another Second Chance </Td> <Td> Thursday 8.00 P.M. </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 12 ( 43 ) </Td> <Td> Best Laid Plans </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 235 </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 235 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 13 ( 44 ) </Td> <Td> Shotgun </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> <Td> 256 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 14 ( 45 ) </Td> <Td> Love Bites </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 246 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> # 8 </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 15 ( 46 ) </Td> <Td> ' Til Death Do Us Part </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 177 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 16 ( 47 ) </Td> <Td> Fear of Flying </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 17 ( 48 ) </Td> <Td> Triangles </Td> <Td> Thursday 7.00 P.M. </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> # 10 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 18 ( 49 ) </Td> <Td> Pulling the Plug </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> # 10 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 19 ( 50 ) </Td> <Td> Eyes Wide Open </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 20 ( 51 ) </Td> <Td> Second Choices </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 211 </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 211 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 21 ( 52 ) </Td> <Td> War </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 22 ( 53 ) </Td> <Td> In the Name of Love </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 197 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - 23 ( 54 ) </Td> <Td> The End of a Beautiful Friendship </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> <Td> # 6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Viewers in thousands . Ranks for specific channel only . </P> <H2> DVD Release ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Private Practice : The Complete Third Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Set Details </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Special Features </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> 23 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 - Disc Set </Li> <Li> English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) </Li> <Li> Audio Commentaries </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Bloopers </Li> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> <Li> Kate 's Top Eight </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Release Dates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Region 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Region 2 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Region 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> September 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' Greys ' , ' Practice ' , ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' all a tick up in broadcast finals , ' Leno Show ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' The Office ' , ' Bones ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' Supernatural ' up ; ' Community ' , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Bones ' , ' The Office ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' up , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Community ' , ' FlashForward ' , ' Leno ' Down ; ' Survivor ' , ' Grey 's ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' 30 Rock ' tick up , ' Parks & Recreation ' , ' The Jay Leno Show ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Office ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Bones ' up in finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Office ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Mentalist ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' 30 Rock ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Thursday broadcast & cable finals : Flash Forward Down ; Other Broadcast shows unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Private Practice ' Crossover Boost ; ' Bones High ' ; ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Leno ' Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Deep End ' Underwater ; ' Bones ' High ; ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' , ' Grey 's ' Series Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Final Ratings ; ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Community ' Tick Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , bill ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' Tick Up , ' Private Practice ' , ' 30 Rock ' Tick Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Against Olympics ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Hits Lows ; ' Survivor ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals Plus ' Marriage Ref ' 15 Minute Ratings Breakdown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' American Idol ' Leads Fox Win ; ' Marriage Ref ' Loses Yardage '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' ANTM ' Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' FlashForward ' , ' Marriage Ref ' Inch Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Inches Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals : Vampire Diaries , Supernatural Adjusted Up ; Community , Office Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Thursday Finals FlashForward , Survivor , Bones Adjusted Up ; Community , Parks & Rec , Private Practice Adjusted Down '' . TV By The Numbers. April 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : `` Survivor , '' `` Bones , '' Adjusted Up ; `` 30 Rock '' Adjusted Down `` . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . March 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Experimenting With Thursday Dramas Too ? Flips Grey 's , Practice Timeslots On April 22 '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Private Practice - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Private Practice - Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Private Practice - The Complete 3rd Season ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . EzyDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Private Practice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> `` Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King ? '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Addison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Pete Wilder </Li> <Li> Naomi Bennett </Li> <Li> Cooper Freedman </Li> <Li> Charlotte King </Li> <Li> Dell Parker </Li> <Li> Sheldon Wallace </Li> <Li> Amelia Shepherd </Li> <Li> Sam Bennett </Li> <Li> Violet Turner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_Practice_(season_3)&oldid=848399082 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2009 American television seasons </Li> <Li> 2010 American television seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 17 : 35 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary - wikipedia <H1> United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary </H1> <P> </P> <Table> Senate Judiciary Committee <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Standing committee </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Active United States Senate 115th Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formed </Th> <Td> December 10 , 1816 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chair </Th> <Td> Chuck Grassley ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ranking member </Th> <Td> Dianne Feinstein ( D ) Since January 3 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seats </Th> <Td> 21 members </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political parties </Th> <Td> Majority ( 11 ) <Ul> <Li> Republican ( 11 ) </Li> </Ul> Minority ( 10 ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic ( 10 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Jurisdiction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Policy areas </Th> <Td> Federal judiciary , civil procedure , criminal procedure , civil liberties , copyrights , patents , trademarks , naturalization , constitutional amendments , congressional apportionment , state and territorial boundary lines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oversight authority </Th> <Td> Department of Justice , Department of Homeland Security , federal judicial nominations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House counterpart </Th> <Td> House Committee on the Judiciary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 226 Dirksen Senate Office Building , Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> judiciary.senate.gov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Rules </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Rule XXV. 1. ( m ) , Standing Rules of the Senate </Li> <Li> Rules of Procedure U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Sonia Sotomayor testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee on her nomination for the United States Supreme Court <P> The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary , informally the Senate Judiciary Committee , is a standing committee of 21 U.S. Senators whose role is to oversee the Department of Justice ( DOJ ) , consider executive nominations , and review pending legislation . </P> <P> The Judiciary Committee 's oversight of the DOJ includes all of the agencies under the DOJ 's jurisdiction , such as the FBI . It also has oversight of the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) . The Committee considers presidential nominations for positions in the DOJ , the Office of National Drug Control Policy , the State Justice Institute , and certain positions in the Department of Commerce and DHS . It is also in charge of holding hearings and investigating judicial nominations to the Supreme Court , the U.S. court of appeals , the U.S. district courts , and the Court of International Trade . The Standing Rules of the Senate confer jurisdiction to the Senate Judiciary Committee in certain areas , such as considering proposed constitutional amendments and legislation related to federal criminal law , human rights law , immigration , intellectual property , antitrust law , and internet privacy . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Members , 115th Congress </Li> <Li> 3 Historical membership <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Members , 114th Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Current subcommittees </Li> <Li> 5 Chair since 1816 </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Established in 1816 as one of the original standing committees in the United States Senate , the Senate Committee on the Judiciary is one of the oldest and most influential committees in Congress . Its broad legislative jurisdiction has assured its primary role as a forum for the public discussion of social and constitutional issues . The Committee is also responsible for oversight of key activities of the executive branch , and is responsible for the initial stages of the confirmation process of all judicial nominations for the federal judiciary . </P> <H2> Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Majority </Th> <Th> Minority </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chuck Grassley , Iowa , Chairman </Li> <Li> Orrin Hatch , Utah </Li> <Li> Lindsey Graham , South Carolina </Li> <Li> John Cornyn , Texas </Li> <Li> Mike Lee , Utah </Li> <Li> Ted Cruz , Texas </Li> <Li> Ben Sasse , Nebraska </Li> <Li> Jeff Flake , Arizona </Li> <Li> Mike Crapo , Idaho </Li> <Li> Thom Tillis , North Carolina </Li> <Li> John Kennedy , Louisiana </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dianne Feinstein , California , Ranking Member </Li> <Li> Patrick Leahy , Vermont </Li> <Li> Dick Durbin , Illinois </Li> <Li> Sheldon Whitehouse , Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Amy Klobuchar , Minnesota </Li> <Li> Chris Coons , Delaware </Li> <Li> Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut </Li> <Li> Mazie Hirono , Hawaii </Li> <Li> Cory Booker , New Jersey ( from January 9 , 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Kamala Harris , California ( from January 9 , 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Al Franken , Minnesota ( until January 2 , 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Republican Senator from Iowa , Chuck Grassley , has been Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee since 2015 . <P> In January 2018 , the Democratic minority had their number of seats increase from 9 to 10 upon the election of Doug Jones ( D - AL ) , changing the 52 -- 48 Republican majority to 51 -- 49 . On January 2 , 2018 , Al Franken , who had been a member of the committee , resigned from the Senate following accusations of sexual misconduct . </P> <H2> Historical membership ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Members , 114th Congress ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Majority </Th> <Th> Minority </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chuck Grassley , Iowa , Chairman </Li> <Li> Orrin Hatch , Utah </Li> <Li> Jeff Sessions , Alabama </Li> <Li> Lindsey Graham , South Carolina </Li> <Li> John Cornyn , Texas </Li> <Li> Mike Lee , Utah </Li> <Li> Ted Cruz , Texas </Li> <Li> Jeff Flake , Arizona </Li> <Li> David Vitter , Louisiana </Li> <Li> David Perdue , Georgia </Li> <Li> Thom Tillis , North Carolina </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Patrick Leahy , Vermont , Ranking Member </Li> <Li> Dianne Feinstein , California </Li> <Li> Chuck Schumer , New York </Li> <Li> Dick Durbin , Illinois </Li> <Li> Sheldon Whitehouse , Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Amy Klobuchar , Minnesota </Li> <Li> Al Franken , Minnesota </Li> <Li> Chris Coons , Delaware </Li> <Li> Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : 2013 Congressional Record , Vol. 159 , Page S296 to 297 </P> <H2> Current subcommittees ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Subcommittee </Th> <Th> Chair </Th> <Th> Ranking member </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights </Td> <Td> Mike Lee ( R - UT ) </Td> <Td> Amy Klobuchar ( D - MN ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Constitution </Td> <Td> Ted Cruz ( R - TX ) </Td> <Td> Richard Blumenthal ( D - CT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crime and Terrorism </Td> <Td> Lindsey Graham ( R - SC ) </Td> <Td> Sheldon Whitehouse ( D - RI ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Border Security and Immigration </Td> <Td> John Cornyn ( R - TX ) </Td> <Td> Dick Durbin ( D - IL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oversight , Agency Action , Federal Rights and Federal Courts </Td> <Td> Ben Sasse ( R - NE ) </Td> <Td> Chris Coons ( D - DE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Privacy , Technology , and the Law </Td> <Td> Jeff Flake ( R - AZ ) </Td> <Td> Chris Coons ( D - DE ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chair since 1816 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chair </Th> <Th> Party </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dudley Chase </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 1816 -- 1817 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John J. Crittenden </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 1817 -- 1818 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Burrill , Jr . </Td> <Td> Federalist </Td> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> 1818 -- 1820 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Smith </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 1819 -- 1823 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin Van Buren </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 1823 -- 1828 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John M. Berrien </Td> <Td> Jacksonian </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 1828 -- 1829 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Rowan </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 1829 -- 1831 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William L. Marcy </Td> <Td> Jacksonian </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 1831 -- 1832 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Wilkins </Td> <Td> Jacksonian </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 1832 -- 1833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John M. Clayton </Td> <Td> Anti-Jacksonian </Td> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 1833 -- 1836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Felix Grundy </Td> <Td> Jacksonian </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 1836 -- 1838 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garret D. Wall </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> 1838 -- 1841 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John M. Berrien </Td> <Td> Whig </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 1841 -- 1845 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chester Ashley </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 1845 -- 1847 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew P. Butler </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 1847 -- 1857 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James A. Bayard , Jr . </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 1857 -- 1861 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyman Trumbull </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 1861 -- 1872 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George G. Wright </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 1872 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George F. Edmunds </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 1872 -- 1879 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allen G. Thurman </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 1879 -- 1881 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George F. Edmunds </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 1881 -- 1891 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Frisbie Hoar </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 1891 -- 1893 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James L. Pugh </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 1893 -- 1895 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Frisbie Hoar </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 1895 -- 1904 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orville H. Platt </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 1904 -- 1905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clarence D. Clark </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> 1905 -- 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charles Allen Culberson </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 1912 -- 1919 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knute Nelson </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 1919 -- 1923 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank B. Brandegee </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 1923 -- 1924 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albert B. Cummins </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 1924 -- 1926 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George William Norris </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 1926 -- 1933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry F. Ashurst </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 1933 -- 1941 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frederick Van Nuys </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 1941 -- 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat McCarran </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> 1945 -- 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander Wiley </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat McCarran </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Langer </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harley M. Kilgore </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Eastland </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward M. Kennedy </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strom Thurmond </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Biden </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orrin Hatch </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Leahy </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orrin Hatch </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Leahy </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orrin Hatch </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arlen Specter </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Leahy </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck Grassley </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 2015 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States House Committee on the Judiciary </Li> <Li> List of current United States Senate committees </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jurisdiction '' . United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senate Committee on the Judiciary '' . GovTrack . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guide to Senate Records : Chapter 13 Judiciary 1947 - 1968 '' . National Archives . 2016 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary '' . www.judiciary.senate.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ When the Senate convened in January 2001 17 days before President George W. Bush was inaugurated , there was a 50 -- 50 split between Democrats and Republicans with Vice President Al Gore as a tiebreaking vote . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In June 2001 , Republican Jim Jeffords declared himself an Independent and caucused with the Democrats , giving the Democrats majority control . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Official Website ( Archive ) </Li> <Li> Senate Judiciary Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current United States congressional committees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senate ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aging ( Special ) </Li> <Li> Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry </Li> <Li> Appropriations </Li> <Li> Armed Services </Li> <Li> Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs </Li> <Li> Budget </Li> <Li> Commerce , Science , and Transportation </Li> <Li> Energy and Natural Resources </Li> <Li> Environment and Public Works </Li> <Li> Ethics ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> <Li> Foreign Relations </Li> <Li> Health , Education , Labor and Pensions </Li> <Li> Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs </Li> <Li> Indian Affairs </Li> <Li> Intelligence ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Judiciary </Li> <Li> Narcotics ( Caucus ) </Li> <Li> Rules and Administration </Li> <Li> Small Business and Entrepreneurship </Li> <Li> Veterans ' Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Appropriations </Li> <Li> Armed Services </Li> <Li> Budget </Li> <Li> Education and the Workforce </Li> <Li> Energy and Commerce </Li> <Li> Ethics </Li> <Li> Financial Services </Li> <Li> Foreign Affairs </Li> <Li> Homeland Security </Li> <Li> House Administration </Li> <Li> Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) </Li> <Li> Judiciary </Li> <Li> Natural Resources </Li> <Li> Oversight and Government Reform </Li> <Li> Rules </Li> <Li> Science , Space , and Technology </Li> <Li> Small Business </Li> <Li> Transportation and Infrastructure </Li> <Li> Veterans ' Affairs </Li> <Li> Ways and Means </Li> <Li> ( Whole ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joint ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Budget and Appropriations Process Reform ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) </Li> <Li> Library </Li> <Li> Printing </Li> <Li> Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> <Li> ( Conference ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Standing committees , Defunct committees </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary&oldid=863097623 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Committees of the United States Senate </Li> <Li> United States law </Li> <Li> 1816 establishments in Washington , D.C. </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 18 : 07 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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1871 census of India - wikipedia <H1> 1871 census of India </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Kaushiki Saha ( talk contribs ) at 04 : 44 , 26 June 2017 ( Imperfection in census - another imperfection , no mention of place of residence ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Revision as of 04 : 44 , 26 June 2017 by Kaushiki Saha ( talk contribs ) ( Imperfection in census - another imperfection , no mention of place of residence ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 1872 Census of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> British Raj Princely states </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total population </Th> <Td> 238,830,958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most populous region </Th> <Td> Bengal Presidency ( 62,680,633 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Least populous region </Th> <Td> Kingdom of Manipur ( 126,000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 1872 Census of India was the first comprehensive census of India , then a component of the British Empire . The census has been held every ten years following , with the fifteenth national census held in 2011 . This census was preceded by the British decennial census of 1801 and decades of regional surveys in India . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Memorandum on the Census of British India of 1871 - 72 </Li> <Li> 2 Imperfection in the Census </Li> <Li> 3 List of Provinces under British Control and Feudatory States by area and population </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871 - 72 ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the year 1881 - 82 the first approach was made to the taking of a general census for the whole of India at a given date . Enumerations of the people had already been made in - The North - West Provinces in 1853 and 1865 - Oude in 1869 - The Punjab in 1855 and 1868 - The Hyderabad Assigned Districts in 1867 - The Central Provinces in 1866 </P> <P> - In Madras quinquennial returns have been prepared since 1851 - 52 by the officers of the Revenue Department , giving with more or less accuracy the numbers of the people in each district . - In British Burma also a tolerably correct census is made each year for the purpose of the capitation rate . </P> <P> The Census of 1872 was , however , an attempt to obtain for the whole of India statistics of the age , caste , religion , occupation , education , and infirmities of the population ; and the results , for their respective provinces , have been carefully analysed in the reports written by Mr. Beverley for Bengal , Mr. Plowden for the North - West Provinces , Mr. Neill for the Central Provinces , Surgeon - Major Cornish for Madras , Surgeon - Major Lumsdaine for Bombay , Mr. M ` Iver for British Burma , and Major Lindsay for Coorg and for Mysore , which State , though administered for its Native Prince , may for present purposes be treated as part of British India . </P> <H2> Imperfection in the census ( edit ) </H2> <P> The enumeration was not carried out in all the provinces since it was thought undesirable to incur the expense or disturb the people in the Punjab , Oude , and Berar so soon after the last census taken in those parts of the country. The data was recorded on the basis of place of birth only , without considering the other components , like place of residence , or last residence . In the following endeavour , therefore , to bring into one view particulars relating to the whole population of British India , it will be necessary to use for those provinces returns which are from three to six years antecedent in date to the general census of 1871 - 72 . </P> <H2> List of provinces under British control and Feudatory States by area and population ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following Statement gives the Area and Population of British India as shewn in the various Census Reports , with the best information available relating to the Native States : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Provinces </Th> <Th> Area ( in Sq . Miles ) ( Under British Control ) </Th> <Th> Population ( Under British Control ) </Th> <Th> Area ( in Sq . Miles ) ( Feudatory States ) </Th> <Th> Population ( Feudatory States ) </Th> <Th> Total Area ( in Sq . Miles ) </Th> <Th> Total Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ajmer </Td> <Td> 2,661 </Td> <Td> 316,032 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2,661 </Td> <Td> 316,032 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berar </Td> <Td> 17,334 </Td> <Td> 2,231,565 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17,334 </Td> <Td> 2,231,565 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coorg </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> 168,312 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> 168,312 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mysore </Td> <Td> 27,077 </Td> <Td> 5,055,412 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27,077 </Td> <Td> 5,055,412 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central India and Bundelkhand </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 81,140 </Td> <Td> 7,699,502 </Td> <Td> 81,140 </Td> <Td> 7,699,502 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hyderabad </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78,003 </Td> <Td> 10,666,080 </Td> <Td> 78,003 </Td> <Td> 10,666,080 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manipur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7,584 </Td> <Td> 126,000 </Td> <Td> 7,584 </Td> <Td> 126,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rajputana </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 118,947 </Td> <Td> 8,981,588 </Td> <Td> 118,947 </Td> <Td> 8,981,588 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bengal </Td> <Td> 157,598 </Td> <Td> 60,467,724 </Td> <Td> 39,321 </Td> <Td> 2,212,909 </Td> <Td> 196,919 </Td> <Td> 62,680,633 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assam </Td> <Td> 53,856 </Td> <Td> 4,132,019 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53,856 </Td> <Td> 4,132,019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North - Western Provinces </Td> <Td> 81,403 </Td> <Td> 30,781,204 </Td> <Td> 5,445 </Td> <Td> 907,013 </Td> <Td> 86,848 </Td> <Td> 31,688,217 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oudh </Td> <Td> 23,992 </Td> <Td> 11,220,232 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23,992 </Td> <Td> 11,220,232 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punjab </Td> <Td> 101,829 </Td> <Td> 17,611,498 </Td> <Td> 114,358 </Td> <Td> 5,299,448 </Td> <Td> 216,187 </Td> <Td> 22,910,946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central Provinces </Td> <Td> 84,963 </Td> <Td> 8,201,519 </Td> <Td> 28,834 </Td> <Td> 1,049,710 </Td> <Td> 113,797 </Td> <Td> 9,251,229 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Burma </Td> <Td> 88,556 </Td> <Td> 2,747,148 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 88,556 </Td> <Td> 2,747,148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madras </Td> <Td> 138,318 </Td> <Td> 31,281,177 </Td> <Td> 9,810 </Td> <Td> 2,027,048 </Td> <Td> 148,128 </Td> <Td> 33,308,225 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bombay </Td> <Td> 124,462 </Td> <Td> 16,349,206 </Td> <Td> 63,253 </Td> <Td> 9,298,612 </Td> <Td> 187,715 </Td> <Td> 25,647,818 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 904,049 </Td> <Td> 190,563,048 </Td> <Td> 546,695 </Td> <Td> 48,267,901 </Td> <Td> 1,450,744 </Td> <Td> 238,830,958 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Excluding the Cachar and Luckimpoor Hills , of which the population was not counted , the area of Assam is 41,798 square miles . </Li> </Ul> <P> According to the most recent information from India , the area of one or two of the provinces differs slightly from that above given , * the correction being due either to more accurate survey or to the transfer of territory from one administration to another . It has , however , been thought desirable to adhere in this Memorandum to the figures of the census . </P> <P> The penal settlement in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , of which the population is returned as 8,643 , has been omitted , as not being strictly within Indian limits . </P> <P> In a few instances fairly accurate statistics have been obtained for the Native Feudatory States ; but as a rule the numbers can only be accepted as estimates . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> GSP of Indian states </Li> <Li> Demographics of India </Li> <Li> List of most populous metropolitan areas in India </Li> <Li> List of country subdivisions by population </Li> <Li> 1891 Census of India </Li> <Li> 2011 census of India </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> States and union territories of India ordered by </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Area </Li> <Li> Population </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Abbreviations </Li> <Li> Capitals </Li> <Li> Child Nutrition </Li> <Li> Crime rate </Li> <Li> Economic Freedom </Li> <Li> Electricity penetration </Li> <Li> Fertility rate </Li> <Li> Forest cover </Li> <Li> GDP ( per capita ) </Li> <Li> Highest point </Li> <Li> HIV awareness </Li> <Li> HDI </Li> <Li> Home ownership </Li> <Li> Household size </Li> <Li> Human Trafficking </Li> <Li> Institutional delivery </Li> <Li> Life expectancy at birth </Li> <Li> Literacy rate </Li> <Li> Media exposure </Li> <Li> Number of Vehicles </Li> <Li> Number of voters </Li> <Li> Obesity </Li> <Li> Open defecation </Li> <Li> Origin of name </Li> <Li> Places of worship </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Power capacity </Li> <Li> Riots rate </Li> <Li> Safe Drinking Water </Li> <Li> Safety of Women </Li> <Li> School Enrollment Rate </Li> <Li> Sex ratio </Li> <Li> Suicides </Li> <Li> Tax revenues </Li> <Li> Ease of Doing Business </Li> <Li> TV ownership </Li> <Li> Toilet availability </Li> <Li> Transport network </Li> <Li> Underweight people </Li> <Li> Unemployment </Li> <Li> Vaccination coverage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowles , Adam . `` An Introduction to the Indian Census '' . Digital Colonial Documents . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/brief_history_of_census.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=1871&action=previous&record=3 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Website of Census of India </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Census of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre-Independence </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National Censuses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Overview </Li> <Li> 1871 </Li> <Li> 1891 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional Censuses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Delhi : 1901 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-Independence </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National Censuses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Censuses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indian economic census </Li> <Li> 2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See Also : Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1871_Census_of_India&oldid=787572650 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> States and territories of India - related lists </Li> <Li> 1872 in India </Li> <Li> Censuses in India </Li> <Li> Censuses in Myanmar </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 04 : 44 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Britain 's Got Talent ( series 7 ) - wikipedia <H1> Britain 's Got Talent ( series 7 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Britain 's Got Talent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Series 7 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast from </Th> <Td> 13 April ( 2013 - 04 - 13 ) -- 8 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> Simon Cowell Amanda Holden Alesha Dixon David Walliams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presenter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ant & Dec ( ITV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Co-presenter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Stephen Mulhern ( ITV2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> <Td> ITV ITV2 ( Britain 's Got More Talent ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Winner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Attraction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Budapest , Hungary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Shadow theatre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jack Carroll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ◀ </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> ▶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The seventh series of Britain 's Got Talent began airing on ITV on 13 April 2013 and ended on 8 June 2013 . Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV , while Stephen Mulhern returned to present spin - off show Britain 's Got More Talent on ITV2 . The judges were Simon Cowell , Amanda Holden , Alesha Dixon and David Walliams , all of whom were judges for the sixth series . </P> <P> The auditions took place in January and February 2013 . Auditions began in Cardiff for two days ( 16 and 17 January ) and then moved to London for four days ( 20 -- 23 January ) . They then took place in Glasgow on 28 January and Manchester for two days ( 2 and 3 February ) , before concluding with three days in Birmingham ( 8 -- 10 February ) . The live semi-finals began on 27 May and concluded on 1 June . The live final took place on 8 June 2013 and was won by Hungarian shadow theatre troupe Attraction . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Judges and presenters </Li> <Li> 2 Auditions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Open auditions </Li> <Li> 2.2 Judges auditions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Semi-finals <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Semi-finalists </Li> <Li> 3.2 Semi-finals summary <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Semi-final 1 ( 27 May ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Semi-final 2 ( 28 May ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Semi-final 3 ( 30 May ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 4 Semi-final 4 ( 31 May ) </Li> <Li> 3.2. 5 Semi-final 5 ( 1 June ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Final ( 8 June ) </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 6.1 MckNasty </Li> <Li> 6.2 Overabundance of singers </Li> <Li> 6.3 Inappropriate auditions </Li> <Li> 6.4 Francine Lewis </Li> <Li> 6.5 Foreign acts </Li> <Li> 6.6 Child contestants </Li> <Li> 6.7 Jennifer Lopez </Li> <Li> 6.8 Natalie Holt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Judges and presenters ( edit ) </H2> Series 7 Judges Simon Cowell Amanda Holden Alesha Dixon David Walliams <P> After the final of the sixth series of Britain 's Got Talent on 12 May 2012 , head judge Simon Cowell said that he and the three other judges , Amanda Holden , Alesha Dixon and David Walliams , would all be returning for series 7 , `` if they will accept ( his ) invitation '' . Dixon confirmed her return for the seventh series on 26 July 2012 . On 13 October , during an appearance on The Jonathan Ross Show , Walliams announced that he had signed on until 2014 , in a deal reportedly worth £ 800,000 . On 13 December , Cowell and Holden were confirmed to be returning to the show as well . </P> <P> Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV , whilst Stephen Mulhern returned to present spin - off show Britain 's Got More Talent on ITV2 . It had previously been reported that Mulhern would be leaving the show in order to concentrate on presenting the revived series of Catchphrase on ITV , but he later denied that he had quit and said he would be presenting both shows . </P> <H2> Auditions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Open auditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Open auditions were held at The Oval in London on 25 February 2013 . </P> <H3> Judges auditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 4 September 2012 , Mulhern revealed that the judges auditions would begin on 7 January 2013 , though they were later pushed back to begin on 16 January in order to avoid filming clashes with Catchphrase . </P> <P> The auditions took place in January and February 2013 . Auditions began in Cardiff for two days ( 16 and 17 January ) and then moved to London for four days ( 20 -- 23 January ) . They then took place in Glasgow on 28 January and Manchester for two days ( 2 and 3 February ) , before concluding with three days in Birmingham ( 8 -- 10 February ) . </P> <P> Cowell missed the first part of the second day of auditions in Manchester due to illness . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 -- 17 January 2013 </Th> <Td> Cardiff </Td> <Td> Wales Millennium Centre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 -- 23 January 2013 </Th> <Td> London </Td> <Td> London Palladium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 January 2013 </Th> <Td> Glasgow </Td> <Td> Clyde Auditorium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 -- 3 February 2013 </Th> <Td> Manchester </Td> <Td> The Lowry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 -- 10 February 2013 </Th> <Td> Birmingham </Td> <Td> International Convention Centre </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first auditions aired from 7.00 pm until 8.35 pm and the second from 7.00 pm until 8.30 pm . The third aired from 7.00 pm until 8.15 pm and the fourth from 7.15 pm until 8.15 pm. The fifth episode aired from 7.45 pm until 8.45 pm . The sixth aired from 7.30 pm until 8.45 pm and the final one from 8.00 pm until 9.00 pm . </P> <H2> Semi-finals ( edit ) </H2> <P> The live shows began on 27 May 2013 , the day after the final audition episode , and aired every evening until 1 June , with the exception of the Wednesday ( 29 May ) due to ITV 's coverage of England 's friendly with the Republic of Ireland . Each semi-final episode aired from 7 : 30 -- 9 : 00pm and the results half - an - hour later at 9.30 pm after a 30 - minute episode of Coronation Street . </P> <P> Each results show featured a guest performance . The guests were Ashleigh and Pudsey , Demi Lovato , Olly Murs , Jennifer Lopez and Ellie Goulding . Goulding performed on the first live results show , Lopez performed on the second show , Lovato performed on the third show , Murs performed on the fourth show and Ashleigh and Pudsey performed on the fifth show . </P> <H3> Semi-finalists ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> Winner </Dd> <Dd> Runner - up </Dd> <Dd> Third place </Dd> <Dd> Finalist </Dd> <Dd> Semi-finalist ( lost judges ' vote ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Judges ' wildcard ( previously eliminated act reinstated into the final by the judges ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name of act </Th> <Th> Age ( s ) </Th> <Th> Genre </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Semi-final </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aaron Crow </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Danger </Td> <Td> Danger Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AJ & Chloe </Td> <Td> 17 & 18 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Latin Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Keirl </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Fredenham </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aliki </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arisxandra Libantino </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asanda </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Attraction </Td> <Td> 19 -- 40 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Shadow Theatre Group </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Band of Voices </Td> <Td> 27 -- 47 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Vocal Harmony Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosom Buddies </Td> <Td> 29 & 48 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Operatic Drag Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CEO Dancers </Td> <Td> 22 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Trio </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chasing the Dream </Td> <Td> 19 - 50 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Musical Theatre Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Club Town Freaks </Td> <Td> 25 -- 38 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Vocal Harmony Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francine Lewis </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Comedy </Td> <Td> Impressionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won public vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Freelusion </Td> <Td> 25 -- 39 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Interactive 3D Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabz </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer And Pianist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gospel Singers Incognito </Td> <Td> 17 -- 43 </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Gospel Choir </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack and Cormac </Td> <Td> 13 & 14 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singing Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Carroll </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Comedy </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James More </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Magic </Td> <Td> Magician </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan O'Keefe </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer And Guitarist </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph Hall </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J Unity </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singing Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luminites </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singing Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won public vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maarty Broekman </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Keytar Player </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin & Marielle </Td> <Td> 32 & 36 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Gymnastic Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin Healey </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MC Boy </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Rapper </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MckNasty </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Drummer And DJ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MD Dancers </Td> <Td> 14 -- 22 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meat Diva </Td> <Td> 31 & 27 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Cabaret Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Modupé Obasola </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philip Green </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Comedy </Td> <Td> Impressionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poppin ' Ron </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Bodypopper </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pre Skool </Td> <Td> 5 -- 8 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard & Adam </Td> <Td> 19 & 22 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Opera Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robbie Kennedy </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer And Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rob 's Duelling Pianos </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Pianist </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosie O'Sullivan </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shockarellas </Td> <Td> 12 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Hewlett </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Comedy </Td> <Td> Ventriloquist </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Finalist ( won judges ' wildcard ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stevie Pink </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Magic </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Glambassadors </Td> <Td> 21 -- 36 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas Bounce </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Variety </Td> <Td> Juggler </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Youth Creation </Td> <Td> 7 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Semi-finals summary ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buzzed out </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Judges ' vote </Td> </Tr> </Table> Won the public vote Won the judges ' vote ( or public vote if split decision ) Lost the judges ' vote ( or public vote if split decision ) Semi-final 1 ( 27 May ) ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Guest performers : Ellie Goulding -- `` Explosions '' / `` Anything Could Happen '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' votes </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 ! Cowell </Th> <Th> 0 ! Holden </Th> <Th> 0 ! Dixon </Th> <Th> 0 ! Walliams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Martin Healey </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9th -- 0.1 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Band of Voices </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vocal Harmony Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6th -- 1.9 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Youth Creation </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd -- 7.2 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( Lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> J - Unity </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singing Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7th -- 1.5 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bosom Buddies </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Operatic Drag Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8th -- 1.0 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philip Green </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Impressionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th -- 3.3 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arisxandra Libantino </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2nd -- 13.4 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( Won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aaron Crow </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Danger Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4th -- 5.6 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Richard & Adam </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Opera Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st -- 66.0 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( Won public vote ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ^ 1 The judges ' vote was a split decision . Arisxandra was announced to have received more public votes and was sent through to the final . </Li> </Ul> Semi-final 2 ( 28 May ) ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Guest performer : Jennifer Lopez -- `` Live It Up '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' votes </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 ! Cowell </Th> <Th> 0 ! Holden </Th> <Th> 0 ! Dixon </Th> <Th> 0 ! Walliams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Martin & Marielle </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gymnastic Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8th -- 0.6 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MckNasty </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Drummer And DJ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th -- 2.7 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jack and Cormac </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singing Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd -- 15.0 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modupé </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9th -- 0.5 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meat Diva </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Cabaret Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7th -- 1.5 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MD </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6th -- 2.3 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alice Fredenham </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4th -- 12.3 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jack Carroll </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st -- 42.5 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won public vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gabz </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Singer And Pianist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2nd -- 22.6 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Semi-final 3 ( 30 May ) ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Guest performer : Demi Lovato -- `` Heart Attack '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' votes </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 ! Cowell </Th> <Th> 0 ! Holden </Th> <Th> 0 ! Dixon </Th> <Th> 0 ! Walliams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Freelusion </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Interactive 3D Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7th -- 0.9 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Robbie Kennedy </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer And Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th -- 12.6 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stevie Pink </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8th -- 0.7 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre Skool </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2nd -- 16.9 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thomas Bounce </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Juggler </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9th -- 0.6 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rosie O'Sullivan </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4th -- 15.4 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joseph Hall </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd -- 16.4 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MC Boy </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Rapper </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6th -- 0.9 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Luminites </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Singing Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st -- 35.6 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won public vote ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ^ 2 Dixon buzzed after Pink 's performance had ended . </Li> <Li> ^ 3 Holden claimed that Cowell buzzed on her behalf . </Li> <Li> ^ 4 The judges ' vote was a split decision . Pre Skool were announced to have received more public votes and were sent through to the final . </Li> </Ul> Semi-final 4 ( 31 May ) ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Guest performer : Olly Murs -- `` Right Place Right Time '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' votes </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 ! Cowell </Th> <Th> 0 ! Holden </Th> <Th> 0 ! Dixon </Th> <Th> 0 ! Walliams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Club Town Freaks </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vocal Harmony Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9th -- 1.3 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alex Keirl </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2nd -- 21.4 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shockarellas </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6th -- 3.4 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poppin ' Ron </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bodypopper </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8th -- 2.1 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> James More </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4th -- 14.3 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chasing the Dream </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Musical Theatre Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7th -- 2.2 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Francine Lewis </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Impressionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st -- 23.1 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won public vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asanda </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd -- 19.4 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AJ & Chloe </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Latin Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th -- 12.7 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> Semi-final 5 ( 1 June ) ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Guest performer : Ashleigh and Pudsey </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes and judges ' votes </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 ! Cowell </Th> <Th> 0 ! Holden </Th> <Th> 0 ! Dixon </Th> <Th> 0 ! Walliams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CEO Dancers </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Trio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7th -- 1.2 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliki </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4th -- 6.6 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Glambassadors </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8th -- 1.1 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Steve Hewlett </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ventriloquist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd -- 12.0 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rob 's Duelling Pianos </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Keyboardist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9th -- 0.4 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maarty Broekman </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Keytar Player </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6th -- 2.0 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gospel Singers Incognito </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Gospel Choir </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th -- 2.5 % </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jordan O'Keefe </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Singer And Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2nd -- 15.1 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won judges ' vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attraction </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Shadow Theatre Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st -- 59.1 % </Td> <Td> Top 3 ( won public vote ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ^ 5 On the previous night 's episode of Britain 's Got More Talent , it was revealed that Rob 's Duelling Pianos would now be a solo act due to one of the members leaving . </Li> <Li> ^ 6 The judges ' vote was a split decision . Jordan O'Keefe was announced to have received more public votes and was sent through to the final . </Li> <Li> ^ 7 Steve Hewlett was later sent through to the final as the judges wildcard . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Final ( 8 June ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Britain 's Got Talent finalists ( series 7 ) <Ul> <Li> Guest performer : Psy -- `` Gentleman '' ; Taylor Swift & Ed Sheeran -- `` Everything Has Changed '' </Li> </Ul> <P> On 28 May , during Britain 's Got More Talent it was revealed that a wildcard act would feature in this year 's final . The act was chosen from the 35 semi-finalists who were not initially sent through to the final . </P> <P> On 4 June , it was announced the wildcard would either be ventriloquist Steve Hewlett or dancer Joseph Hall . Upon this announcement , it was also stated that , while a decision had been made between the two , the public would not discover the wildcard act until Saturday 's final . It was confirmed on 8 June during the live final that Hewlett had been sent through to the final as the wildcard act . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre Skool </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> 9th -- 2.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asanda </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> 11th -- 1.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gabz </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer And Pianist </Td> <Td> 7th -- 3.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Steve Hewlett </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ventriloquist </Td> <Td> 4th -- 14.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jordan O'Keefe </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Singer And Guitarist </Td> <Td> 6th -- 3.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arisxandra </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> 8th -- 2.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Francine Lewis </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Impressionist </Td> <Td> 10th -- 2.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Richard & Adam </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Opera singing duo </Td> <Td> 3rd -- 15.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jack Carroll </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> 2nd -- 20.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Luminites </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Vocal group </Td> <Td> 5th -- 6.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attraction </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Shadow Theatre Act </Td> <Td> 1st -- 27.0 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Official ITV rating ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Weekly rank </Th> <Th> Overnight share ( % ) </Th> <Th> Official ITV HD rating ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Official ITV + 1 rating ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ITV viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auditions 1 </Th> <Td> 13 April </Td> <Td> 9.58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36.9 </Td> <Td> 1.15 </Td> <Td> 1.40 </Td> <Td> 12.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auditions 2 </Th> <Td> 20 April </Td> <Td> 9.72 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43.9 </Td> <Td> 1.43 </Td> <Td> 0.71 </Td> <Td> 11.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auditions 3 </Th> <Td> 27 April </Td> <Td> 9.17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43.9 </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> <Td> 11.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auditions 4 </Th> <Td> 4 May </Td> <Td> 9.60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45.0 </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> 0.68 </Td> <Td> 11.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auditions 5 </Th> <Td> 11 May </Td> <Td> 10.24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45.2 </Td> <Td> 1.71 </Td> <Td> 0.41 </Td> <Td> 12.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auditions 6 </Th> <Td> 18 May </Td> <Td> 9.11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38.1 </Td> <Td> 1.25 </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> 10.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auditions 7 </Th> <Td> 26 May </Td> <Td> 8.09 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38.0 </Td> <Td> 1.13 </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> 9.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 1 </Th> <Td> 27 May </Td> <Td> 9.52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41.5 </Td> <Td> 1.46 </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> <Td> 11.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 1 results </Th> <Td> 7.60 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 31.4 </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> 0.53 </Td> <Td> 9.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 2 </Th> <Td> 28 May </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 36.5 </Td> <Td> 1.21 </Td> <Td> 0.45 </Td> <Td> 10.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 2 results </Th> <Td> 6.94 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 28.5 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> <Td> 0.51 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 3 </Th> <Td> 30 May </Td> <Td> 8.17 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 37.5 </Td> <Td> 1.27 </Td> <Td> 0.32 </Td> <Td> 9.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 3 results </Th> <Td> 7.18 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 32.3 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> 0.33 </Td> <Td> 8.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 4 </Th> <Td> 31 May </Td> <Td> 8.28 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 37.5 </Td> <Td> 1.12 </Td> <Td> 0.58 </Td> <Td> 9.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 4 results </Th> <Td> 7.29 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 32.7 </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> 0.39 </Td> <Td> 8.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 5 </Th> <Td> 1 June </Td> <Td> 8.02 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 41.9 </Td> <Td> 1.20 </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> 9.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-final 5 results </Th> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 32.8 </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 0.51 </Td> <Td> 9.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live final </Th> <Td> 8 June </Td> <Td> 10.43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48.9 </Td> <Td> 1.80 </Td> <Td> 0.62 </Td> <Td> 12.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series average </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 8.62 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 38.5 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> <Td> 0.56 </Td> <Td> 10.42 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <H3> MckNasty ( edit ) </H3> <P> DJ and drummer MckNasty , who successfully auditioned in London on 23 January , is the older brother of singer - songwriter Labrinth , who is signed to Cowell 's Syco Music record label . This prompted `` fix '' claims , and an insider said : `` It looked like someone had been pulling strings . '' However , a spokesman for the show insisted : `` To claim that he has been given any advantage is ridiculous and totally untrue . He wowed the audience and went through on his own merits . '' </P> <H3> Overabundance of singers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Controversy was caused before the show had even aired . When auditions for the series kicked off in Cardiff on 16 January 2013 , some fans who were in the audience complained about a lack of variety , as 14 out of the 15 acts they saw were singers . </P> <P> Many fans also complained about there being six singing acts in the final , particularly about singer Jordan O'Keefe going through instead of ventriloquist Steve Hewlett . Holden defended this , and the number of singers on the show , saying `` We left it to the public , they wanted Jordan so that was the right decision . You ca n't argue with the public 's decision . '' </P> <H3> Inappropriate auditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Keri Graham also caused controversy with her audition , which saw her strip to her underwear , perform a provocative dance and gyrate on Cowell . A spokesman said : `` In its seventh series , Britain 's Got Talent celebrates variety and showcases a wide range of different acts . Mindful of our family audience , the performance was carefully edited to ensure it was suitably inexplicit . '' </P> <P> There were complaints about 71 - year - old Kelly Fox 's audition as well . Her audition saw her sing a song called `` Kiss My Ass '' , with extremely explicit lyrics . During the performance , Cowell literally kissed Holden 's backside . One member of the National Association of Headteachers claimed that scenes which `` no mum or dad with an ounce of morality '' would want their child to see were being shown too early . Fox defended the controversial song , telling Mancunian Matters : `` It was just one teacher 's comment in a general attack on television . My mother - in - law is an ex-headmistress , my daughter is a teacher and neither have any problems with my song . I have also been contacted by the headmaster of a local school asking for signed photographs for his 10 - year - old pupils . '' </P> <P> Britain 's Got More Talent was also criticised for showing the audition of burlesque dancer Scarlet Cuffs , who stripped naked , at 8.50 pm , ten minutes prior to the 9pm watershed , before repeating the footage at 5.30 pm , 6.30 am and 1.25 pm . Cuffs ' audition featured her stripping to The Jungle Book song `` The Bare Necessities '' . Some of the images of Cuffs were pixelated , while the camera also cut away to show judges ' and audience reactions . Tony Close , director of content standards at Ofcom , said : `` There is a clear line in terms of what it is acceptable to broadcast before the 9pm watershed . A striptease act broadcast at times when a significant number of children were likely to be watching clearly crossed this line . The protection of children from potentially harmful content is a key area of concern for Ofcom , reflected in our ongoing work on the enforcement of the 9pm watershed . '' </P> <H3> Francine Lewis ( edit ) </H3> <P> There were complaints that Francine Lewis should not have been allowed on the show because she had previously starred on The Generation Game with Jim Davidson and other impressionist shows , such as Channel 4 's Very Important People , and therefore this was more a `` second '' than first chance . Cowell said the complaints were ridiculous , adding : `` everyone deserves a second shot of fame '' . Lewis did not hide her previous career , but said that this was her chance to `` make it big '' . Lewis advanced to the final of the show but lost . </P> <H3> Foreign acts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some viewers complained that , despite the name of the show , several acts were not actually British or living in Britain , such as Hungarian shadow theatre group Attraction , who won the show ; Freelusion , a dance troupe also from Hungary ; and two acts from the Netherlands , dance duo Martin & Marielle and singer Maarty Broekman . Cowell , however , has insisted that he is happy to allow foreign acts on the show : `` I 've always said this , we always welcome everyone from around the world in this competition . '' He also said `` I think it 's quite flattering that they fly all that way to enter this show because they see it as the flagship show , but it means our Brits have got to step it up now . '' </P> <H3> Child contestants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Strictly Come Dancing presenter Bruce Forsyth questioned the show allowing children to audition . He said , `` I do n't think that 's entertainment . I do n't think they should put children on that are too young . If you 're going to do that , have a separate show . Have a children 's show , British Children Have Talent . '' Cowell responded to Forsyth , stating that : `` someone , Mr Grumpy , said we should n't have children your age on the show '' , after the performance of dance troupe Youth Creation . Jessie J joined the debate , declaring : `` I can not agree with kids having to go through three or four auditions when it 's purely for ridicule . I do n't understand why it 's legal , I think it 's wrong '' . </P> <P> 11 - year old schoolgirl Arisxandra auditioned successfully in Salford singing Jennifer Hudson 's `` One Night Only '' , after which she received a standing ovation from the judges and the audience . However , upon the broadcast of her audition during the launch episode of the series , many viewers were outraged at that the fact that she was singing a song about a one - night stand . Vivienne Pattison , director of Mediawatch UK , said the show was `` sexualising children '' and that `` We are sleepwalking into a situation where pornography is the norm . '' </P> <P> The audition of 11 - year old Asanda was also criticised for being `` sexualised '' . She sang `` Diamonds '' by Rihanna , but viewers complained about it for the same reason as Arisxandra 's audition -- that the lyrics , such as `` I see a vision of ecstasy when you hold me '' , `` I knew that we 'd become one right away '' and `` as we moonshine and molly '' ( a reference to drinking illicit spirits and taking the powder or crystal form of MDMA ) were not appropriate for someone her age , as well as her somewhat provocative dancing . Some also took to Twitter to claim that this proved Rihanna is not a good role model for children . However , Asanda 's father Lennox insisted that his daughter is `` mature for her age '' : stating , `` I know she is young but , believe me , she 's ready ... We know there will always be negative as well as positive comments . We do n't want her to get hurt so we 've prepared her . We will always give her our support . '' </P> <H3> Jennifer Lopez ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many viewers said that Jennifer Lopez 's `` raunchy '' performance on the second live results show was inappropriate for family viewing , despite the fact that it was broadcast after the 9 : 00pm watershed . Lopez arrived on stage wearing a tiny black leotard that barely covered her backside , which she showed to the camera several times . Also , when Ant & Dec asked the judges if there had been any highlights that night , Holden exclaimed : `` JLo 's arse ... I just wanted to bite it ! It was fabulous . '' </P> <H3> Natalie Holt ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the final , during the performance of Welsh singers Richard & Adam , a woman -- later identified as violinist Natalie Holt -- stormed the stage and launched eggs in the direction of Cowell . It was reported that this was because she had failed to reach the next round with her classical band RaVen Quartet during the previous year 's series . Ant & Dec stated that Holt 's action was not part of Richard & Adam 's performance , rather a security breach . Dixon apologised to the group for having their performance interrupted , while Holden was less polite , calling Holt a `` stupid cow '' . Although she eventually apologised , Holt , who claims to have received messages of support from famous musicians , later withdrew this and released a statement which criticised Cowell 's influence on the music industry and miming on live television shows . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell : ' Me and all three Judges will be back next year ' '' . Talent.itv.com. 13 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` Simon Cowell invites all three judges back to ' Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Digital Spy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bassett , Sean ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` Alesha Dixon confirms she will be back for Britain 's Got Talent 2013 '' . Unreality TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David Walliams in BGT deal '' . The Sun . 13 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Simon Cowell returns to ' Britain 's Got Talent ' : ' I want a global star ' '' . Digital Spy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Stephen Mulhern quits Britain 's Got More Talent for Catchphrase -- implies the show is n't suitable for families '' . Unreality TV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Daniel ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` Stephen Mulhern confirms ' Britain 's Got More Talent ' return '' . Digital Spy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' 2013 judge audition dates revealed '' . Digital Spy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent judges taunt poorly no - show Simon Cowell '' . Metro . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manning , Jenny ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to perform on Britain 's Got Talent live show '' . The Sun . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goulding , Ellie ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Big day today . Heading down to rehearsals for Britain 's Got Talent soon for the show tonight . # BGT '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Jennifer ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Up early ... Are u ready London ! ! ! Excited about my performance tonight . Who 's tuning in ? # BritainsGotTalent # LIVEITUP # gonnabefun # jetlag : ) '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` OH YEAH ! The awesome @ ddlovato will be joining us live tonight ! # BOOM # DemisGotTalent # BGT '' . Twitter . 30 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Watch Olly on Britain 's Got Talent '' . ollymurs.com. 22 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` In dance rehearsals today for my @ GotTalent performance next Saturday . All I can say is # zombie '' . Twitter . 24 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Revealed : How you voted '' . ITV. 9 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duff , Seamus ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Gangnam style to doggy style : Will Psy perform with former BGT champ Pudsey ? '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Ed Sheeran ' to perform on Britain 's Got Talent final ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodacre , Kate ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' final to have wildcard entrant '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth wants to manage Steve Hewlett -- Britain 's Got Talent judges argue but pick ' surprising ' wildcard ! '' . Unreality TV . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' makes triumphant return to ITV with 9.35 m '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK ratings continue to grow with 7.9 m '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( 28 April 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' tops Saturday night ratings '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' tops Saturday ratings with 9.51 m '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' scores series high of 10.54 m on ITV '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` Eurovision Song Contest seen by 7.7 m on BBC One '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' wins Sunday with 8.14 m on ITV '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' first live semi-final climbs to 9.9 m on ITV '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` ' The Apprentice ' loses 900,000 viewers on Tuesday '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' third semi-final attracts 8.5 m on ITV '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hilton , Beth ( 1 June 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' latest semi-final scores 8m on ITV '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hilton , Beth ( 2 June 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' brings 8.13 m to ITV for last semi-final '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' final watched by 10.6 m on ITV '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 23 January 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' fix claims after Labrinth 's brother put through '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 23 January 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2013 : Labrinth 's brother MckNasty auditions '' . Telly Mix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` Fans blast Britain 's Got Talent for having no variety before it even hits TV screens '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connolly , Lynn ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2013 : Fans at auditions angered as 14 out of 15 acts were singers ! Should singers be excluded from BGT ? '' . Unreality TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macgregor , Conor ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent : The Final Preview '' . On the Box . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 2 June 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Singers : Amanda Holden defends amount of vocalists in BGT final '' . TellyMix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2013 : Bosses defend Arisxandra Libantino & Keri Graham over ' inappropriate ' claims '' . Unreality TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Simon Cowell kisses Amanda Holden 's bum for 71 year old Kelly Fox ( Sandra Broadbent ) '' . Unreality TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shales , Mark ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` Kiss my ass ! Rochdale 's Britain 's Got Talent grandmother Kelly Fox defends controversial audition song '' . Mancunian Matters . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' spinoff criticised by Ofcom for naked dancing '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Glennie , Alasdair ( 6 May 2013 ) . `` Fury of BGT fans after Dutch dancers outdo British rivals '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` Simon Cowell defends having Dutch dance duo on ' Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cox , Laura ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Stop putting children through the ordeal of Britain 's Got Talent says Brucie : Outcry as Cowell and co reduce youngsters to tears '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Liam ( 1 June 2013 ) . `` The Voice judge Jessie J slams Britain 's Got Talent for allowing children to audition '' . The Independent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2013 : 11 - year - old Arisxandra Libantino wows panel with ' One Night Only ' audition ! '' . Unreality TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Outrage as 11 - year - old schoolgirl sings about a one night stand on Britain 's Got Talent '' . Daily Express . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cable , Simon ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Sleaze : BGT viewers ' backlash over the lap - dancer and the schoolgirl of 11 singing about one - night stands '' . Daily Mail . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKnight , Jenni ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent contestant Asanda Jezile shocks viewers with ' sexualised ' Rihanna performance '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flint , Hanna ; Saunders , Louise ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` ' Put some clothes on , it 's a family show ! ' Jennifer Lopez 's raunchy BGT performance blasted as ' inappropriate ' by viewers ... as OFCOM confirms it has received complaints '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 8 June 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2013 : Viola player Natalie Holt eggs Simon Cowell ( VIDEO ) '' . Unreality TV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ensor , Josie ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent : Woman storms the stage and pelts Simon Cowell with Eggs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watts , Halina ; Tonks , Owen ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` Natalie Holt apologises for throwing eggs '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simons , Jake Wallis ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` Violinist reveals motivation behind Simon Cowell egg attack '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Britain 's Got Talent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Episodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Potts </Li> <Li> George Sampson </Li> <Li> Diversity </Li> <Li> Spelbound </Li> <Li> Jai McDowall </Li> <Li> Ashleigh and Pudsey </Li> <Li> Attraction </Li> <Li> Collabro </Li> <Li> Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse </Li> <Li> Richard Jones </Li> <Li> Tokio Myers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other notable contestants </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Damon Scott </Li> <Li> Bessie Cursons </Li> <Li> Connie Talbot </Li> <Li> Bar Wizards </Li> <Li> Jake Pratt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Signature </Li> <Li> Andrew Johnston </Li> <Li> Escala </Li> <Li> Faryl Smith </Li> <Li> Kate and Gin </Li> <Li> Charlie Green </Li> <Li> Charlie Wernham </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Susan Boyle </Li> <Li> Julian Smith </Li> <Li> Stavros Flatley </Li> <Li> Aidan Davis </Li> <Li> Hollie Steel </Li> <Li> Shaheen Jafargholi </Li> <Li> DJ Talent </Li> <Li> Flawless </Li> <Li> John Farnworth </Li> <Li> Sue Son . </Li> <Li> Megan McKenna </Li> <Li> Elliot Evans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Twist and Pulse </Li> <Li> Paul Burling </Li> <Li> ReConnected </Li> <Li> Myles and Connor </Li> <Li> Kev Orkian </Li> <Li> Stevie Starr </Li> <Li> Cheeky Girls and Darius </Li> <Li> Matthew Ahmet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ronan Parke </Li> <Li> Out of the Blue </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jonathan and Charlotte </Li> <Li> Only Boys Aloud </Li> <Li> Loveable Rogues </Li> <Li> Ryan O'Shaughnessy </Li> <Li> The Mend </Li> <Li> The Zimmers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Carroll </Li> <Li> Richard & Adam </Li> <Li> Steve Hewlett </Li> <Li> Luminites </Li> <Li> Gabz </Li> <Li> Francine Lewis </Li> <Li> James More </Li> <Li> Aaron Crow </Li> <Li> MckNasty </Li> <Li> Freelusion </Li> <Li> AJ & Chloe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bars and Melody </Li> <Li> Jon Clegg </Li> <Li> Paddy & Nico </Li> <Li> Ed Drewett </Li> <Li> Light Balance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 9 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Côr Glanaethwy </Li> <Li> Old Men Grooving </Li> <Li> Isaac Waddington </Li> <Li> Calum Scott </Li> <Li> Lorraine Bowen </Li> <Li> Ruby Red Performers </Li> <Li> Alison Jiear </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 10 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alex Magala </Li> <Li> Beau Dermott </Li> <Li> Rachael Wooding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series 11 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daliso Chaponda </Li> <Li> Destiny Chukunyere </Li> <Li> Jess Robinson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain%27s_Got_Talent_(series_7)&oldid=800232517 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2013 British television seasons </Li> <Li> Britain 's Got Talent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use British English from May 2012 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from December 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 06 : 54 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Appellate court - wikipedia <H1> Appellate court </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Court of appeal '' and `` Court of appeals '' redirect here . For other uses , see Court of appeal ( disambiguation ) and Court of appeals ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An appellate court , commonly called an appeals court , court of appeals ( American English ) , appeal court ( British English ) , court of second instance or second instance court , is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal . In most jurisdictions , the court system is divided into at least three levels : the trial court , which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case ; at least one intermediate appellate court ; and a supreme court ( or court of last resort ) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts . A jurisdiction 's supreme court is that jurisdiction 's highest appellate court . Appellate courts nationwide can operate under varying rules . </P> <P> The authority of appellate courts to review the decisions of lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another . In some areas , the appellate court has limited powers of review . Generally , an appellate court 's judgment provides the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter appealed , setting out with specificity the court 's determination that the action appealed from should be affirmed , reversed , remanded or modified . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 2 Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> 3 United States <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Institutional titles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> New Zealand ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Court of Appeal of New Zealand <P> The Court of Appeal of New Zealand , located in Wellington , is New Zealand 's principal intermediate appellate court . In practice , most appeals are resolved at this intermediate appellate level , rather than in the Supreme Court . </P> <H2> Sri Lanka ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka <P> The Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka , located in Colombo , is the second senior court in the Sri Lankan legal system . </P> <H2> United States ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : United States Supreme Court and United States courts of appeals <P> In the United States , both state and federal appellate courts are usually restricted to examining whether the lower court made the correct legal determinations , rather than hearing direct evidence and determining what the facts of the case were . Furthermore , U.S. appellate courts are usually restricted to hearing appeals based on matters that were originally brought up before the trial court . Hence , such an appellate court will not consider an appellant 's argument if it is based on a theory that is raised for the first time in the appeal . </P> <P> In most U.S. states , and in U.S. federal courts , parties before the court are allowed one appeal as of right . This means that a party who is unsatisfied with the outcome of a trial may bring an appeal to contest that outcome . However , appeals may be costly , and the appellate court must find an error on the part of the court below that justifies upsetting the verdict . Therefore , only a small proportion of trial court decisions result in appeals . Some appellate courts , particularly supreme courts , have the power of discretionary review , meaning that they can decide whether they will hear an appeal brought in a particular case . </P> <H3> Institutional titles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many U.S. jurisdictions title their appellate court an court of appeal or court of appeals . Historically , others have titled their appellate court a court of errors ( or court of errors and appeals ) , on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts . Examples of such courts include the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals ( which existed from 1844 to 1947 ) , the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors ( which has been renamed the Connecticut Supreme Court ) , the Kentucky Court of Errors ( renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court ) , and the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals ( since renamed the Supreme Court of Mississippi ) . In some jurisdictions , courts able to hear appeals are known as a appellate division . </P> <P> The phrase `` court of appeals '' most often refers to intermediate appellate courts . However , the Maryland and New York systems are different . The Maryland Court of Appeals and the New York Court of Appeals are the highest appellate courts in those states . The New York Supreme Court is a trial court of general jurisdiction . </P> <P> Depending on the system , certain courts may serve as both trial courts and appellate courts , hearing appeals of decisions made by courts with more limited jurisdiction . Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts , such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals , which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases , and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases , on one hand , and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Court of Criminal Appeal ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Court of Criminal Appeals ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Court of Appeal ( Hong Kong ) </Li> <Li> High Court ( Hong Kong ) </Li> <Li> Court of Appeal ( England and Wales ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Court of appeals '' . Education.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court '' . Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Guide to Illinois Civil Appellate Procedure '' ( PDF ) . Appellate Lawyers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State v. Randolph , 210 N.J. 330 , 350 n. 5 ( 2012 ) , citing Mandel , New Jersey Appellate Practice ( Gann Law Books 2012 ) , chapter 28 : 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeal '' . justice.govt.nz . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The history of the court system '' . courtsofnz.govt.nz . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Court Role and Structure '' . United States Courts . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Courts Work Public Education '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The term court of appeals is not capitalized in carefully edited texts such as reference works , for example West 's Encyclopedia of American Law unless referring to a specific court or courts , but many legal professionals do not comply with this most common English usage shown in major dictionaries but rather capitalize this and many other legal texts . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Lax , Jeffrey R. `` Constructing Legal Rules on Appellate Courts . '' American Political Science Review 101.3 ( 2007 ) : 591 - 604 . Sociological Abstracts ; Worldwide Political Science Abstracts . Web . 29 May 2012 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellate_court&oldid=829601940 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Courts by type </Li> <Li> Appellate courts </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Башҡортса </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 19 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 17 : 17 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Educational attainment in the United States - Wikipedia <H1> Educational attainment in the United States </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> This graph shows the educational attainment since 1940 . Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with Advanced Degree in 2009 . Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with bachelor 's degree or higher in 2009 . High school graduation rate per state in 2017 90.0 -- 90.4 % 85.0 -- 89.9 % 80.0 -- 84.9 % 69.9 -- 79.9 % 2008 - 2012 Bachelor 's Degree or Higher ( 5 - year estimate ) by County ( percent ) <P> The educational attainment of the U.S. population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts . As a whole , the population of the United States is spending more years in formal educational programs . As with income , levels differ by race , age , household configuration and geography . </P> <P> Overall the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income and wealth . Thus , while the population as a whole is proceeding further in formal educational programs , income and educational attainment remain highly correlated . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 General attainment of degrees / diplomas </Li> <Li> 2 Gender <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Gender gap in literacy </Li> <Li> 2.2 Graduation rates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Ethnicity and race <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Foreign born and immigrants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Income </Li> <Li> 5 Occupation </Li> <Li> 6 Geography </Li> <Li> 7 Social class and education </Li> <Li> 8 Educational attainment in social theory <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Bourdieu and cultural capital </Li> <Li> 8.2 Lareau and concerted cultivation </Li> <Li> 8.3 Collins and credentialism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> General attainment of degrees / diplomas ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Educational attainment in the United States ( 2014 ) <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Th> Age 25 and over </Th> <Th> Age 25 - 29 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> High school diploma or GED </Td> <Td> 88.31 % </Td> <Td> 90.83 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Some college </Td> <Td> 58.57 % </Td> <Td> 64.31 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Associate and / or bachelor 's degree </Td> <Td> 41.89 % </Td> <Td> 44.08 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bachelor 's degree </Td> <Td> 31.96 % </Td> <Td> 34.04 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Master 's and / or doctorate and / or professional degree </Td> <Td> 11.77 % </Td> <Td> 7.57 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doctorate and / or professional degree </Td> <Td> 3.27 % </Td> <Td> 1.70 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doctorate </Td> <Td> 1.77 % </Td> <Td> 0.89 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2003 , over four - fifths ( 85 percent ) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school , or obtained a GED / high school equivalency certificate . Over one in four adults ( 27 percent ) had attained at least a bachelor 's degree . Both of these measures are all time highs . In 2003 , the percentage of the adult population who had completed high school or had not completed high school but obtained a GED increased for the first time since 2000 , when it was 84 percent . This increase follows a general trend that the Current Population Survey has shown since educational attainment was first measured in 1947 . </P> <P> In 2015 , among adults aged 65 and older , 84 percent had either completed high school or more education , or had failed to complete high school but obtained at least a GED certification , compared to 91 percent of adults aged 25 to 34 and 89 percent of adults aged 35 to 44 years or 45 to 64 years . In addition , 27 percent of the population aged 65 and older reported a bachelor 's degree or more education compared to 36 percent of adults 25 to 34 years old and 32 percent of adults aged 45 to 64 years . </P> <P> Since 1983 the percentage of people either graduating from high school or failing to complete high school but getting a GED certification has increased from 85 % to 88 % . The greatest increases in educational attainment were documented in the 1950s , 60s and 70s . In the 1950s and much of the 1960s high school graduates constituted about 50 % of those considered adults ( 25 and above ) . For young adults aged between 25 and 29 , the percentage of either high school graduates or GED obtainers was roughly 50 % in 1950 versus 90 % today . </P> <H2> Gender ( edit ) </H2> <P> For the past fifty years , there has been a gap in the educational achievement of males and females in the United States , but which gender has been disadvantaged has fluctuated over the years . In the 1970s and 1980s , data showed girls trailing behind boys in a variety of academic performance measures , specifically in test scores in math and science . </P> Achievement gaps between boys and girls in the United States are more pronounced in reading and writing than in math and science . <P> Data in the last twenty years shows the general trend of girls outperforming boys in academic achievement in terms of class grades across all subjects and college graduation rates , but boys scoring higher on standardized tests and being better represented in the higher - paying and more prestigious STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and math ) . </P> <H3> Gender gap in literacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Traditionally , girls have outperformed boys in reading and writing . Although this gap may be minimal in kindergarten , it grows as students continue their education . According to the 2004 National Reading Assessment measured by the US Department of Education , the gap between boys and girls , only slightly noticeable in 4th grade , left boys 14 points behind girls during their 12th grade year . On the 2008 test , female students continued to have higher average reading scores than male students at all three ages . The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008 . By 12th grade , there was an 11 - point gap between males and females . </P> <P> On the 2002 National Writing Assessment , boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade . The average gap increased to 21 points by 8th grade and widened to 24 points by senior year in high school . In the more recent 2007 National Assessment of Writing Skills , female students continued to score higher than male students , though margins closed slightly from previous assessments . The average score for female eighth - graders was 20 points higher than males , down 1 point from the 2002 score . For twelfth - graders , females outscored males by 18 points as opposed to 24 points in 2002 . </P> <P> All of these assessments were conducted on a 100 - point scale . </P> <H3> Graduation rates ( edit ) </H3> <P> Overall , women have surpassed men in terms of completing secondary and post-secondary education with the gender gap almost completely reversed . In 2006 , 10.3 % of males and 8.3 % of females dropped out of high school . In 2005 / 2006 , women earned 62 % of associate degrees , 58 % of bachelor 's degrees , 60.0 % of master 's degrees , and 48.9 % of Doctorates . </P> <P> According to recent data , 55 percent of college students are females and 45 percent are males . From 1995 until 2005 , the number of males enrolled in college increased by 18 percent , while the number of female students rose by 27 percent . Males are enrolling in college in greater numbers than ever before , yet fewer than two - thirds of them are graduating with a bachelor 's degree . The numbers of both men and women receiving a bachelor 's degree have increased significantly , but the increasing rate of female college graduates exceeds the increasing rate for males . </P> <P> In 2007 , the United States Census Bureau estimated that 18,423,000 males over the age of 18 held a bachelor 's degree , while 20,501,000 females over the age 18 held one . In addition , fewer males held master 's degrees : 6,472,000 males compared to 7,283,000 females . However , more men held professional and doctoral degrees than women . 2,033,000 males held professional degrees compared to 1,079,000 , and 1,678,000 males had received a doctoral degree compared to 817,000 females . </P> <P> In 2015 , the United States Census Bureau estimated that 36.1 % of individuals between the ages of 25 to 34 had a bachelor 's degree , with 36.3 % in individuals aged 35 to 44 , 32 % in individuals 45 to 64 , and 26.7 % in individuals 65 and older . </P> <P> In 2016 / 2017 , women are projected to earn 64.2 % of associate degrees , 59.9 % of bachelor 's degrees , 62.9 % of master 's degrees , and 55.5 % of Doctorates . </P> <H2> Ethnicity and race ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Racial achievement gap in the United States <P> While the educational attainment of all races increased during the 1990s , with the gap between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites decreasing , differences between the races remain , especially among those with a bachelor 's degree or higher . Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment of any race , followed by whites who had a higher percentage of high school graduates but a lower percentage of college graduates . Persons identifying as Hispanic or Latino , without regard to race , had the lowest educational attainment . The gap was the largest between foreign - born Asian Americans , over half ( 50.1 % ) of whom had a bachelor 's degree or higher and foreign - born Hispanics , 9.8 % of whom had a four - year college degree . </P> <P> Hispanics and Latinos also trailed far behind in terms of graduating from high school ; it was the only major group for which high school graduates constituted less than 80 % of the population . This large inequality might partially be explained by the influx of uneducated foreign - born Hispanic Americans who had not been offered the chance to complete secondary education in their home country and who had not completed secondary education in the United States . </P> <P> Overall nearly half ( 49.8 % ) of Asian Americans , nearly a third ( 30 % ) of non-Hispanic Whites , 17.3 % of non-Hispanic Blacks , and just over a tenth ( 11.4 % ) of Hispanics or Latinos had a four - year college degree . The same differences decrease significantly at the high school level with 89.4 % of non-Hispanic whites , 87.6 % of Asian Americans , 80.0 % of African Americans , and 57 % of Hispanics or Latinos having graduated from high school . </P> <P> The Racial achievement gap in the United States refers to these educational disparities between minority students and Caucasian students . Evidence of the racial achievement gap remains present today because not all groups of students are advancing at the same rates . The racial achievement gap has many individual and economic implications and there have been many efforts in education reform to narrow this gap . </P> <H3> Foreign born and immigrants ( edit ) </H3> The difference among races and cultures , both native and foreign born , in regard to those who have earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . <P> A trend becomes visible when comparing the foreign - born to the native - born populace of some races . Foreign - born Asian , European , and African immigrants had a higher educational attainment in terms of having earned a four - year college degree than their native - born counterparts . According to the U.S census about 43.8 percent of African immigrants achieved the most college degrees , compared to 42.5 percent of Asian - Americans , 28.9 percent for immigrants from Europe , Russia and Canada and 23.1 percent of the U.S. population as a whole . </P> <P> The opposite is true on the high school level and among Hispanics , where the dramatically lower educational attainment of the foreign - born population decreased the educational attainment of the general Hispanophone populace , statistically . </P> <P> The percentage of the foreign born with a high school diploma ( 67 percent ) was dramatically lower than that of the native population ( 88 percent ) , but paradoxically , the percentage with a bachelor 's degree was the same ( 27 percent ) ... At the bachelor 's level , foreign born Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites fared better than their native counterparts . Foreign - born Hispanics , in contrast , had a smaller proportion with a bachelor 's degree than the native population ... The low educational attainment of foreign - born Hispanics , who compose more than 50 percent of the Hispanic population , contributes to the low attainment levels of the entire Hispanic population . -- US Census Bureau , 2003 </P> <P> Only among Hispanics and Latinos was the proportion of college graduates larger among the native born population . In the general population the proportion of persons with a bachelor 's degree or higher was the same among the foreign - born and native - born population ( 27.2 % ) . As stated above fewer foreign born Americans completed high school than native born Americans . Overall 87.5 % of the native born population had graduated from high school , versus 67.2 % . Among whites the difference was three percentage points , the same as for African Americans . Among Asian Americans the difference was five percentage points . It was thirty percentage points among Hispanics or Latinos . </P> <P> African immigrants have been among the more highly educated group in the United States since the 1990s . This phenomenon is related to the large `` brain drain '' in Africa . </P> <H2> Income ( edit ) </H2> Chart of unemployment and salary based on education attainment Data are for persons age 25 and over . Earnings are for full - time wage and salary workers <P> Educational attainment is strongly correlated with income in the United States . Although the incomes of both men and women are associated with higher educational attainment ( higher incomes for higher educational attainment ) , large income gaps linked to race and gender remained at each educational level . In 2003 , average incomes ranged from $13,459 for a male high - school dropout to $90,761 for a male with an advanced degree . The most significant average income difference was between those who had some college education or an Associates degree and those who had a Bachelor 's degree . While those with some college averaged $31,046 , those with a bachelor 's degree averaged $51,194 , over $20,000 ( 64.9 % ) a year more . </P> <P> The second most dramatic difference in average income was between those with a Bachelor 's degree with $51,940 and those with an advanced degree who made $72,824 , roughly $21,000 ( 42.2 % ) more . The least significant difference was between those who had graduated from high school and those who had either some college or an Associates degree . Here the difference was a mere $3,766 or 13.8 % . The difference between those with a high school diploma ( $30,000 ) and those who did not complete high school ( $18,826 ) was $8,454 or 45 % . Overall , the income in the United States for all sexes , races and levels of educational attainment was $36,308 annually . </P> <P> Even though African immigrants are claimed to have higher educational attainment rates than any other group , they were the hardest hit during the most recent recession beginning in 2007 . This shows that race and / or ethnicity may play a role in income levels and job selection . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Criteria </Th> <Th> Overall </Th> <Th> Less than 9th grade </Th> <Th> High school drop - out </Th> <Th> High school graduate </Th> <Th> Some college </Th> <Th> Associates degree </Th> <Th> Bachelor 's degree </Th> <Th> Bachelor 's degree or more </Th> <Th> Master 's degree </Th> <Th> Professional degree </Th> <Th> Doctorate degree </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Median individual income </Td> <Td> Male , age 25 + </Td> <Td> $33,517 </Td> <Td> $15,461 </Td> <Td> $18,990 </Td> <Td> $28,763 </Td> <Td> $35,073 </Td> <Td> $39,015 </Td> <Td> $50,916 </Td> <Td> $55,751 </Td> <Td> $61,698 </Td> <Td> $88,530 </Td> <Td> $73,853 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Female , age 25 + </Td> <Td> $19,679 </Td> <Td> $9,296 </Td> <Td> $10,786 </Td> <Td> $15,962 </Td> <Td> $21,007 </Td> <Td> $24,808 </Td> <Td> $31,309 </Td> <Td> $35,125 </Td> <Td> $41,334 </Td> <Td> $48,536 </Td> <Td> $53,003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Median household income </Td> <Td> $45,016 </Td> <Td> $18,787 </Td> <Td> $22,718 </Td> <Td> $36,835 </Td> <Td> $45,854 </Td> <Td> $51,970 </Td> <Td> $68,728 </Td> <Td> $73,446 </Td> <Td> $78,541 </Td> <Td> $100,000 </Td> <Td> $96,830 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> SOURCE : US Census Bureau , 2003 </P> This graph shows the median household income in 2003 dollars according to educational attainment . Income by education and gender . <P> The change in median personal and household income since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment . While both the overall median personal and household income increased since 1991 , this increase did not take place on all levels of educational attainment . The overall income increased over the course of the 1990s , reaching its high in 1999 , but has been decreasing ever since . In 1991 the median household income in the US was $40,873 in 2003 dollars , while the median household income in 2003 was $45,016 . In 1999 , however , the median household income was $46,236 , 2.7 % higher than today . While this trend held true for all levels of educational attainment the extent of chorinical fluctuations in income were greatly influenced by educational attainment . </P> <P> Overall the median household and personal income decreased for those with more than a 9th grade education but less than a four - year college degree since 1991 . In other words , the median household income decreased for households and individuals at the high school drop - outs and graduate , some - college , and an Associates degree level . Income did , however , increase for those with a Bachelor 's degree or more . The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder . All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty - five or older . The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Overall Median </Th> <Th> Less than 9th grade </Th> <Th> High school drop - out </Th> <Th> High school graduate </Th> <Th> Some college </Th> <Th> Associates degree </Th> <Th> Bachelor 's degree </Th> <Th> Bachelor 's degree or more </Th> <Th> Master 's degree </Th> <Th> Professional degree </Th> <Th> Doctorate degree </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> $40,873 </Td> <Td> $17,414 </Td> <Td> $23,096 </Td> <Td> $37,520 </Td> <Td> $46,296 </Td> <Td> $52,289 </Td> <Td> $64,150 </Td> <Td> $68,845 </Td> <Td> $72,669 </Td> <Td> $102,667 </Td> <Td> $92,614 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> $40,324 </Td> <Td> $17,450 </Td> <Td> $22,523 </Td> <Td> $35,979 </Td> <Td> $44,153 </Td> <Td> $49,622 </Td> <Td> $64,537 </Td> <Td> $70,349 </Td> <Td> $75,645 </Td> <Td> $109,900 </Td> <Td> $93,712 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> $42,235 </Td> <Td> $18,031 </Td> <Td> $21,933 </Td> <Td> $37,609 </Td> <Td> $44,537 </Td> <Td> $50,485 </Td> <Td> $63,357 </Td> <Td> $69,584 </Td> <Td> $77,865 </Td> <Td> $98,302 </Td> <Td> $95,899 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> $43,648 </Td> <Td> $17,762 </Td> <Td> $22,688 </Td> <Td> $38,607 </Td> <Td> $45,734 </Td> <Td> $51,726 </Td> <Td> $67,487 </Td> <Td> $72,338 </Td> <Td> $77,850 </Td> <Td> $105,409 </Td> <Td> $99,699 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> $46,236 </Td> <Td> $19,008 </Td> <Td> $23,977 </Td> <Td> $39,322 </Td> <Td> $48,588 </Td> <Td> $54,282 </Td> <Td> $70,925 </Td> <Td> $76,958 </Td> <Td> $82,097 </Td> <Td> $110,383 </Td> <Td> $107,217 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> $45,300 </Td> <Td> $18,830 </Td> <Td> $24,162 </Td> <Td> $37,468 </Td> <Td> $47,605 </Td> <Td> $53,166 </Td> <Td> $69,796 </Td> <Td> $75,116 </Td> <Td> $81,993 </Td> <Td> $103,918 </Td> <Td> $96,442 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> $45,016 </Td> <Td> $18,787 </Td> <Td> $22,718 </Td> <Td> $36,835 </Td> <Td> $45,854 </Td> <Td> $51,970 </Td> <Td> $68,728 </Td> <Td> $73,446 </Td> <Td> $78,541 </Td> <Td> $100,000 </Td> <Td> $96,830 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Average </Td> <Td> $43,376 </Td> <Td> $18,183 </Td> <Td> $23,013 </Td> <Td> $37,620 </Td> <Td> $46,109 </Td> <Td> $51,934 </Td> <Td> $66,997 </Td> <Td> $72,376 </Td> <Td> $78,094 </Td> <Td> $104,368 </Td> <Td> $94,487 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> SOURCE : US Census Bureau , 2003 Yellow indicates the year with the lowest median income while green indicates the year with the highest reported median income . </P> Income by education and race . <P> Among the races , educational attainment retains its dramatic effect on average income which varies significantly at each educational level . European Americans ( White Americans ) had the highest average income at every level of educational attainment . However , the proportion of those having college degrees is greater among Asian Americans than among non-Hispanic whites , and the overall highest average income is found among Asians . All races except Whites ranked last on at least one level with African Americans ranking last on the non-high school , high school and advanced degree level . </P> <P> Asians were second highest on the college graduate level and had the highest overall income among the general population . They also had the lowest average annual income for those with some college education or an Associates degree . Racial income difference were also significant at every level of educational attainment with the largest racial inequality being between European and African Americans who did not complete high school and those with advanced college degrees . </P> <P> Overall European Americans with an advanced degree had the highest average annual income with $74,122 . Asian Americans had the second highest with $72,852 . Hispanics and African Americans had the lowest annual incomes among those with advanced degrees averaging $67,679 and $59,944 annually . The largest racial inequity was between European Americans with a Bachelor 's degree who made $53,185 and Hispanics who made $12,263 or 29.9 % less with an average annual income of $40,949 . However , Asian Americans as a whole earn more than any other race due to a greater percentage of them being educated overall , an example of Simpson 's paradox . </P> <H2> Occupation ( edit ) </H2> The educational attainment of employed civilians age 25 to 64 according to occupational field . <P> The educational attainment varied significantly among the different types of occupations . The highest occupational attainment was among those in the Professional and related fields followed by those Business , Management and financial related occupations . The professional / managerial fields were the only two occupational fields where college graduates with a Bachelor 's degree or higher represented the majority . Among professional occupations , 99.1 % of the population graduated from high school , 90.2 % had some college education or an Associates degree and over two thirds , 68.2 % had a Bachelor 's degree or higher . </P> <P> Business and managerial occupations were second with 97.8 % having graduated from high school , 79.5 % having some college or an associates degree and just over half , 53.4 % having a Bachelor 's degree or higher . While nearly all employment fields feature a population where over 80 % had graduated from high school with over a third having some college education or an Associates degree , the fields relating to agriculture , construction , manufacturing , and transportation did not . These , often described as blue collar , fields featured a labor force where less than a tenth of the population had a Bachelor 's degree or higher , less than half had some college or an Associates , and less than 80 % had graduated from high school . </P> <P> Overall the least educated occupational field was agriculture , ranking last on all educational levels . Here 55.4 % had graduated from high school , roughly one fifth ( 20.8 % ) had some college education or an Associates degree and 6.8 % had a Bachelor 's degree or higher . While the largest occupational field , that consisting of professionals and relating occupations was also the largest field , the fields with lower educational attainment combined were larger than the professional and managerial fields combined . Overall 38.02 % were employed in the professional and managerial fields while 61.89 % were employed in the other white and blue collar fields were those with a bachelor 's degree or higher constituted less than a third of the work force . </P> The percent of the labor force in the Professional / Managerial and relating occupations , white collar occupations and blue collar occupations . <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Educational attainment among the population aged 25 and above varied rather slightly with geography region . The population of the Northeastern United States , which had the smallest population of any region with thirty - six million residents , had the highest percentage of high - school and college graduates . The western United States had the highest percentage of those with some college or an Associates degree and ranked second for college graduates . The South which had by far the largest population with roughly sixty - six million people had the lowest educational attainment at every level . </P> <P> The proportion of high school graduates was the largest in the Midwest while the proportion of those with some college or an Associates degree was the second and that of those with a Bachelor 's degree or higher was the third largest of any region . </P> <H2> Social class and education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Educational attainment is one of the primary indicators of social class in the United States . While the American social class system is a vaguely defined concept with many contradicting theories , educational attainment emerges as one of the top assessments of social class . Not only is a high educational attainment a status symbol by itself , but it is also very closely related to the other two main indicators of social class : occupation and income . A graduate degree and the roughly seven to eight years of post-secondary education serve as the main requirement for entering the `` professions '' and becoming part of the professional middle class . </P> <P> Education is a major key in becoming a more privileged member of the American middle class . Overall , educational attainment is the main entrance barrier into more privileged parts of the middle class as it is not only of high value but is also the requirement for becoming a professional and earning the corresponding income . This corresponding income is typically significantly higher than that of someone without this higher level of educational attainment in the United States . Exceptions include some entrepreneurs who can rank anywhere in the class system but are usually not referred to as professional middle class unless they are of the professions . </P> <P> In the United States , it is also important to differentiate between the statistical middle class , often defined as consisting of those who are neither rich nor poor , and the professional middle class . Recent research has shown that not only is the statistical middle of society ( those with income roughly 80 % to 120 % of the national median or members of the mid-quintile ) no longer able to afford the lifestyle indicative of the middle class , but there also seems to be a widening income gap in between those who may be described as being middle class . </P> <P> Education is not only the main requirement for becoming a member of the professional middle class , it is also key to a comfortable lifestyle and economic security . Those in the statistical middle may have to fear lay - offs and cost - cutting downsizing as well as out - sourcing , while some of those in the professional middle class are less subject to economic fluctuations and are more likely to enjoy upper - middle range incomes even in the face of recessions . Increasingly however even the professional middle class is facing lay - offs and job elimination due to downsizing and replacement of full - time workers with part - time workers -- this is particularly evident in colleges and universities where , by 2009 , half of the faculty were part - time ; another 25 % were full - time but with short - term contracts , thus showing that advanced education is not necessarily associated with high salaries and economic stability . </P> <Table> Academic class models <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dennis Gilbert , 2002 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> William Thompson & Joseph Hickey , 2005 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Leonard Beeghley , 2004 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Typical characteristics </Th> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Typical characteristics </Th> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Typical characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capitalist class ( 1 % ) </Th> <Td> Top - level executives , high - rung politicians , heirs . Ivy League education common . </Td> <Th> Upper class ( 1 % ) </Th> <Td> Top - level executives , celebrities , heirs ; income of $500,000 + common . Ivy league education common . </Td> <Th> The super-rich ( 0.9 % ) </Th> <Td> Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000 ; includes celebrities and powerful executives / politicians . Ivy League education common . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper middle class ( 15 % ) </Th> <Td> Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) , most commonly salaried , professionals and middle management with large work autonomy . </Td> <Th> Upper middle class ( 15 % ) </Th> <Td> Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5 - figure range to commonly above $100,000 . </Td> <Th> The rich ( 5 % ) </Th> <Td> Households with net worth of $1 million or more ; largely in the form of home equity . Generally have college degrees . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middle class ( plurality / majority ? ; ca . 46 % ) </Th> <Td> College - educated workers with considerably higher - than - average incomes and compensation ; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower middle class ( 30 % ) </Th> <Td> Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living . Most have some college education and are white - collar . </Td> <Th> Lower middle class ( 32 % ) </Th> <Td> Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy ; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000 . Typically , some college education . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Working class ( 30 % ) </Th> <Td> Clerical and most blue - collar workers whose work is highly routinized . Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners , but is commonly just adequate . High school education . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Working class ( 32 % ) </Th> <Td> Clerical , pink - and blue - collar workers with often low job security ; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 . High school education . </Td> <Th> Working class ( ca . 40 -- 45 % ) </Th> <Td> Blue - collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security ; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical . High school education . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Working poor ( 13 % ) </Th> <Td> Service , low - rung clerical and some blue - collar workers . High economic insecurity and risk of poverty . Some high school education . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower class ( ca . 14 -- 20 % ) </Th> <Td> Those who occupy poorly - paid positions or rely on government transfers . Some high school education . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Underclass ( 12 % ) </Th> <Td> Those with limited or no participation in the labor force . Reliant on government transfers . Some high school education . </Td> <Th> The poor ( ca . 12 % ) </Th> <Td> Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force ; a household income of $18,000 may be typical . Some high school education . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <Dl> <Dd> References : Gilbert , D. ( 2002 ) The American Class Structure : In An Age of Growing Inequality . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0534541100 . ( see also Gilbert Model ) ; </Dd> <Dd> Thompson , W. & Hickey , J. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon ; Beeghley , L. ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon . </Dd> <Dd> The upper middle class may also be referred to as `` Professional class '' Ehrenreich , B. ( 1989 ) . The Inner Life of the Middle Class . NY , NY : Harper - Collins . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Educational attainment in social theory ( edit ) </H2> Mean financial wealth of U.S. families by education of the head of household , 1989 -- 2010 . Mean income of U.S. families by education of the head of household , 1989 -- 2010 . <H3> Bourdieu and cultural capital ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many scholars have studied educational attainment in the US as a form of social reproduction and stratification . In 1977 , Pierre Bourdieu presented the idea that education leads to social reproduction and a stratified society by honoring the cultural capital of elite classes . Students who possess the valued cultural capital , according to Bourdieu , are rewarded with high academic achievement . </P> <P> When elite class members enter the workforce , they are channeled into high paying jobs and powerful positions within society , while those who did not achieve the same level of academic success fall into subordinate occupations and status levels . By rewarding the desired cultural capital with high academic achievement , upper classes are able and prepared to reach higher levels of educational attainment . Members of the working class , on the other hand , are not rewarded for their cultural capital in schools , and are instead socialized for working class jobs . </P> <H3> Lareau and concerted cultivation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Annette Lareau also addresses the factors that lead to social stratification in educational attainment . Lareau 's idea of concerted cultivation refers to an active involvement of parents in a child 's learning and development experiences by creating and controlling organized activities for their children . According to Lareau , middle - class parents engage in concerted cultivation to teach their children , while lower - and working - class parents do not . Laureau further explains that schools firmly encourage and expect parents to use concerted cultivation as a child - rearing strategy . </P> <P> The child - rearing practices of lower - and working - class families thus do not comply with the standards of educational institutions . As a result , lower - and working - class students develop a sense of `` distance , distrust , and constraint '' in educational institutions , while children of middle - class families gain a sense of entitlement . These differences in child - rearing practices lead to children of lower - and working - class families to lack the necessary life skills that the children of the middle class possess , further isolating them from educational opportunities . In the United States , education attainment typically is viewed as a sign of social status . </P> <H3> Collins and credentialism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Randall Collins contributed the idea of credentialism to the study of class - based differences in educational attainment . Collins maintains that public schools are socializing institutions that teach and reward middle - class values of competition and achievement . In this view , elites are selectively separated from other students and placed into prestigious schools and colleges , where they are trained to hold positions of power . </P> <P> By teaching middle - class culture through the public education system , the elite class ensures a monopoly over positions of power , while others acquire the credentials to compete in a subordinate job market and economy . In this way , schools of medicine , law , and elite institutions have remained closed to members of lower classes . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> American middle class </Li> <Li> Education in the United States </Li> <Li> Household income in the United States </Li> <Li> Literacy in the United States </Li> <Li> Poverty in the United States </Li> <Li> List of U.S. States by Education attainment </Li> <Li> Racial achievement gap in the United States </Li> </Ul> <P> General : </P> <Ul> <Li> Academic degree </Li> <Li> Status attainment </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ; Siebens , Julie ( March 2016 ) . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Note that these add up to more than 100 % because they are cumulative ; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees , and are thus counted twice in the `` lower '' categories . Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2014 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Percentages are calculated based on Census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Census . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kafir , Krista ( April 2007 ) . `` Taking the Boy Crisis in Education Seriously : How School Choice can Boost Achievement Among Boys and Girls . '' Independent Women 's Forum . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Perie , M. ( 2005 ) . NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress . Washington , DC : US Department of Education . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Persky , H. ( 2003 ) . The Nation 's Report Card : Writing 2002 . US Department of Education . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Salahu - Din , Debra ( 2008 ) . The Nation 's Report Card : Writing 2007 . US Department of Education . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 through 24 years old ( status dropout rate ) , by sex and race / ethnicity : Selected years , 1960 through 2006 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Historical summary of faculty , students , degrees , and finances in degree - granting institutions : Selected years , 1869 -- 70 through 2005 -- 06 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Digest of Education Statistics 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mead , Sara . ( 2006 ) . The Evidence Suggests Otherwise : The Truth About Boys and Girls . Washington : Education Sector . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , Current Population Survey , Annual Social and Economic Supplement 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Degrees conferred by degree - granting institutions , by level of degree and sex of student : Selected years , 1869 -- 70 through 2016 -- 17 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` African Immigrants are the Most Educated '' . Africaresource.com. April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Migration Information Source - African Immigrants in the United States '' . Migrationinformation.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AAME : '' . Inmotionaame.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Affirmative Action Minorities - Affirmative Action College Admissions '' . Racerelations.about.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Logan & Deane , 2003 ; Williams , 2005 ; The Economist , 1996 ; Arthur , 2000 ; Selassie , 1998 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AAME : image '' . Inmotionaame.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sub-Saharan African immigrants arrive with the most education but struggle with underemployment '' . FSRN Radio News . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Harry ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign - Born Blacks Hit Hardest Of All Immigrant Groups By Jobs Crisis '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Migration Information Source - Characteristics of the African Born in the United States '' . Migrationinformation.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.aracorporation.org/files/14._africans_most_educated.pd . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Educational attainment and median household income '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Personal income and educational attainment , US Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ehrenreich , Barbara ( 1989 ) . Fear of Falling , The Inner Life of the Middle Class . New York , NY : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 097333 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fussel , Paul ( 1983 ) . Class , A Guide through the American status system . New York , NY : Touchstone . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79225 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Middle income ca n't buy Middle class lifestyle '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Monks . `` Who are the Part - time Faculty ? '' Academe , July -- August 2009 . http://www.aaup.org/article/who-are-part-time-faculty#.UsU90fQW0oo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bourdieu , P. ( 1977 ) Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction . In : Karabel , J. , & Halsey , A.H. ( eds . ) Power and Ideology in Education . Oxford University Press , New York , pp. 487 - 511 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lareau , A. ( 2003 ) . Unequal Childhoods ; Class , Race , and Family Life . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23950 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , R ( 1979 ) . The Credential Society ; An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification . New York , NY : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 181360 - 6 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sunny Decker ( 1969 ) , An Empty Spoon , New York : Harper & Row . </Li> <Li> James Herndon ( 1968 / 1969 ) , The Way It Spozed to Be , reprint , New York : Bantam . </Li> <Li> James Herndon ( 1971 / 1997 ) , How to Survive in Your Native Land , reprint , Portsmouth , NH : Boynton / Cook . </Li> <Li> James Herndon ( 1985 ) , Notes from a Schoolteacher , New York : Simon and Schuster . </Li> <Li> Holly Yettick and Sterling C. Lloyd ( 2015 ) , `` Graduation Rate Hits High , But Some Groups Lag , '' Education Week . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Educational Attainment in the United States : 2003 , U.S. Census Bureau </Li> <Li> The Big Payoff : Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work - Life Earnings , U.S. Census Bureau </Li> <Li> Map : Graduation Rate by State , Student Group , Education Week </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Social class </Li> <Li> Status </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Theories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gilbert model </Li> <Li> Marxian </Li> <Li> Mudsill theory </Li> <Li> New class </Li> <Li> Spoon class theory </Li> <Li> Weberian ( three - component ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caste </Li> <Li> Chattering classes </Li> <Li> Class conflict </Li> <Li> Class discrimination </Li> <Li> Classicide </Li> <Li> Classless society </Li> <Li> Euthenics </Li> <Li> Nouveau riche / Parvenu </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Ranked society </Li> <Li> Snobbery </Li> <Li> Social exclusion </Li> <Li> Social mobility </Li> <Li> Social position </Li> <Li> Social stigma </Li> <Li> Subaltern </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> By demographic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By status </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative detainee </Li> <Li> Alien <Ul> <Li> illegal immigrant </Li> <Li> refugee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Citizen <Ul> <Li> dual or multiple </Li> <Li> native - 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Centennial Olympic stadium - wikipedia <H1> Centennial Olympic stadium </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Centennial Olympic Stadium <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Interior of the stadium during the 1996 Paralympic Games </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Td> 85,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface </Th> <Td> Grass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broke ground </Th> <Td> July 10 , 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> May 18 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renovated </Th> <Td> 1997 ( reconstructed as Turner Field ) 2017 ( reconstructed as Georgia State Stadium ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Closed </Th> <Td> August 25 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction cost </Th> <Td> $209 million ( $326 million in 2017 dollars ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> Atlanta Stadium Design Team ( a joint venture of Heery International , Inc. , Rosser International , Inc. , Williams - Russell and Johnson , Inc. and Ellerbe Becket , Inc . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tenants </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1996 Summer Olympics 1996 Summer Paralympics </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Centennial Olympic Stadium was the 85,000 - seat main stadium of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and the 1996 Summer Paralympic Games in Atlanta . Construction of the stadium began in 1993 , and it was complete and ready for the Opening Ceremony in July 1996 , where it hosted track and field events and the closing ceremony . After the Olympics and Paralympics , it was reconstructed into the baseball - specific Turner Field , used by the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball for 20 seasons ( 1997 -- 2016 ) . After the Braves departed for SunTrust Park , the facility was purchased by Georgia State University , which rebuilt the stadium a second time as Georgia State Stadium , designed for American football . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Stadium during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Seats in the background became the seating behind home plate for Turner Field and subsequently the south end zone for Georgia State Stadium . <P> During the week - long athletics program , the stadium bore witness to Donovan Bailey of Canada winning the 100 m in a world record time of 9.84 s ; Michael Johnson winning both the 200 and 400 metres titles , breaking the 200 m world record in the process ; and France 's Marie - José Pérec also winning the 200 / 400 double . Meanwhile , Carl Lewis won his fourth consecutive Olympic title in the long jump , becoming only the second person , after Al Oerter , to win the same athletics event at four consecutive Games . </P> <P> After the closing ceremony of the 1996 Paralympics , the stadium was officially leased by the Atlanta Braves . Private entities , including NBC and other Olympic sponsors , agreed to pay a large sum of the cost to build Centennial Olympic Stadium ( approximately $170 million of the $209 million bill ) . The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games ( ACOG ) sought to build the stadium in a way that it could be converted to a new baseball stadium , and ACOG paid for the conversion . This was considered a good agreement for both the Olympic Committee and the Braves , because there would be no use for a permanent 85,000 seat track and field stadium in Downtown Atlanta since the 71,000 seat Georgia Dome had been completed 4 years earlier by the state of Georgia and became the home of the National Football League 's Atlanta Falcons . The Braves had already been exploring opportunities for a new venue to replace Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium . </P> <P> The southwest corner of the Olympic Stadium was built to accommodate the future baseball infield and seating . This is easily seen in aerial views and diagrams of the stadium in its Olympic configuration , where the seats are not placed next to the oval running track . The southwest part of the stadium also had four tiers of seats , luxury boxes , a facade facing the street , and a roof , whereas the north half of the stadium used a simpler two - tiered seating configuration . During reconstruction , the athletics track was removed and relocated to the field hockey stadium located at Clark Atlanta University , which uses it for athletics and football , and the north half of the stadium was demolished , reducing the capacity to 49,000 . Because of the need to fit a track within the stadium in its earlier incarnation , the field of play , particularly foul territory , while not large by historical standards , was nonetheless larger than that of most MLB stadiums built since 1990 . Reconstruction was complete in 1997 , and the facility was renamed Turner Field . Afterward , Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , the Braves ' previous home and the venue for the Olympics baseball events , was imploded and the site became a parking lot for Turner Field . The Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority owned Turner Field , and the Atlanta Braves occupied the revised stadium until the expiration of their lease in 2016 ; the Braves moved to SunTrust Park in Cobb County in the following year . Georgia State University acquired Turner Field and its surrounding parking lots in January 2017 for a mixed use expansion of the Georgia State campus , which includes private and student housing , academic , retail , and office space in addition to the redevelopment of the former ballpark into Georgia State Stadium . </P> <P> The Atlanta Track Club 's annual Father 's Day four - mile ( 6.4 km ) road race ends inside the stadium near the warning track where the finish line was located for the Olympics . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( July 30 , 1996 ) . `` At Close of Games , Braves Will Move Into Olympic Stadium '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner Field Archived 2009 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . architect : Ellerbe Becket official site </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 1 . p. 542 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 3 . p. 449 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 1996 - 07 - 30 ) . `` At Close of Games , Braves Will Move Into Olympic Stadium '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kendrick , Scott . `` Turner Field '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centennial Olympic Stadium . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Interactive diagram at Clem 's Baseball site showing both Olympic and Braves configurations </Li> <Li> Aerial View of Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> Reconstruction into Baseball Stadium </Li> <Li> 1996 Summer Games </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc Barcelona </Td> <Td> Summer Olympics Opening and Closing Ceremonies ( Olympic Stadium ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Stadium Australia Sydney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc Barcelona </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletics competitions Main Venue </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Stadium Australia Sydney </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta landmarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Current </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Commercial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Station </Li> <Li> AmericasMart </Li> <Li> Clermont Lounge </Li> <Li> Five Points Coca - Cola sign </Li> <Li> Lenox Square </Li> <Li> Mary Mac 's Tea Room </Li> <Li> Phipps Plaza </Li> <Li> Ponce City Market </Li> <Li> Underground Atlanta </Li> <Li> The Varsity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governmental </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta City Hall </Li> <Li> Elbert P. Tuttle United States Court of Appeals Building </Li> <Li> Federal Penitentiary </Li> <Li> Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta </Li> <Li> Georgia Governor 's Mansion </Li> <Li> Georgia Railroad Freight Depot </Li> <Li> Georgia State Capitol <Ul> <Li> Miss Freedom </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monuments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta from the Ashes ( The Phoenix ) </Li> <Li> Carnegie Education Pavilion </Li> <Li> Millennium Gate </Li> <Li> Oakland Cemetery </Li> <Li> Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial </Li> <Li> World Athletes Monument </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Museums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> APEX Museum </Li> <Li> Atlanta Contemporary Art Center </Li> <Li> Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum </Li> <Li> Atlanta History Center </Li> <Li> Callanwolde Fine Arts Center </Li> <Li> Children 's Museum of Atlanta </Li> <Li> College Football Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Delta Flight Museum </Li> <Li> Fernbank Museum of Natural History </Li> <Li> Fernbank Science Center </Li> <Li> Hammonds House Museum </Li> <Li> High Museum of Art </Li> <Li> Jimmy Carter Library and Museum </Li> <Li> Joel Chandler Harris House ( Wren 's Nest ) </Li> <Li> King Plow Arts Center </Li> <Li> Margaret Mitchell House and Museum </Li> <Li> Martin Luther King Jr . National Historic Site </Li> <Li> Michael C. Carlos Museum </Li> <Li> Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia </Li> <Li> Museum of Design Atlanta </Li> <Li> National Center for Civil and Human Rights </Li> <Li> Rhodes Memorial Hall House Museum </Li> <Li> Robert C. Williams Paper Museum </Li> <Li> William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum </Li> <Li> World of Coca - Cola </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parks and wildlife </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Botanical Garden </Li> <Li> BeltLine </Li> <Li> Stone Mountain </Li> <Li> Centennial Olympic Park </Li> <Li> Chastain Park </Li> <Li> Chattahoochee River </Li> <Li> Fernbank Forest </Li> <Li> Georgia Aquarium </Li> <Li> Grant Park </Li> <Li> Historic Fourth Ward Park </Li> <Li> Zoo Atlanta </Li> <Li> Piedmont Park </Li> <Li> Woodruff Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Performing arts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alliance Theatre </Li> <Li> Atlanta Symphony Hall </Li> <Li> Atlanta Civic Center </Li> <Li> Buckhead Theatre </Li> <Li> Center for Puppetry Arts </Li> <Li> Fox Theatre </Li> <Li> Goat Farm Arts Center </Li> <Li> King Plow Arts Center </Li> <Li> Plaza Theatre </Li> <Li> Shakespeare Tavern </Li> <Li> The Masquerade </Li> <Li> The Tabernacle </Li> <Li> Tara Theatre </Li> <Li> Variety Playhouse </Li> <Li> Woodruff Arts Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residential ( former ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asa G. Candler Jr . ( Callanwolde ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Water T. Candler ( Lullwater ) * Joel Chandler Harris ( Wren 's Nest ) </Li> <Li> Alonzo F. Herndon </Li> <Li> Edward H. Inman ( Swan House ) </Li> <Li> Martin Luther King , Jr . </Li> <Li> Ferdinand McMillan ( The Castle ) </Li> <Li> Margaret Mitchell </Li> <Li> Edward C. Peters ( Ivy Hall ) </Li> <Li> Amos Giles Rhodes ( Rhodes Hall ) </Li> <Li> Rufus M. Rose </Li> <Li> Craigie House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Skyscrapers </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Historic ( pre-WWII ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Candler ( 1906 ) </Li> <Li> Flatiron ( 1897 ) </Li> <Li> Healey ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> Hurt ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> J. Mack Robinson ( Empire ) ( 1901 ) </Li> <Li> The Metropolitan ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> Rhodes - Haverty ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Southern Bell ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> William - Oliver ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Winecoff Hotel ( 1913 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Downtown </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 25 Park Place ( Trust Company of Georgia ) </Li> <Li> 55 Marietta Street ( Fulton National Bank ) </Li> <Li> 191 Peachtree Tower </Li> <Li> Centennial Tower </Li> <Li> Equitable </Li> <Li> Five Points Plaza </Li> <Li> Fourth National Bank building </Li> <Li> Georgia Power </Li> <Li> Georgia - Pacific Tower </Li> <Li> Hyatt Regency Atlanta </Li> <Li> Marriott Marquis </Li> <Li> One Park Tower </Li> <Li> Peachtree Center </Li> <Li> Peachtree Summit </Li> <Li> State of Georgia Building </Li> <Li> SunTrust Plaza </Li> <Li> TWELVE Centennial Park </Li> <Li> Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midtown </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12th & Midtown ( 1010 Midtown </Li> <Li> 10 Sixty Five Midtown </Li> <Li> 1075 Peachtree ) </Li> <Li> 1100 Peachtree </Li> <Li> 1180 Peachtree </Li> <Li> 1280 West </Li> <Li> AT&T Midtown Center </Li> <Li> Atlantic Center Plaza </Li> <Li> Atlantic Station ( 171 17th Street </Li> <Li> The Atlantic ) </Li> <Li> Bank of America Plaza </Li> <Li> The Campanile </Li> <Li> Coca - Cola </Li> <Li> Colony Square </Li> <Li> CNN Center </Li> <Li> Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta / GLG Grand </Li> <Li> Georgian Terrace Hotel </Li> <Li> Mayfair Condominiums </Li> <Li> One Atlantic Center ( IBM Tower ) </Li> <Li> Promenade II </Li> <Li> Spire </Li> <Li> ViewPoint </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Buckhead </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2828 Peachtree </Li> <Li> 3344 Peachtree </Li> <Li> 3630 Peachtree </Li> <Li> Atlanta Financial Center </Li> <Li> Atlanta Plaza </Li> <Li> Buckhead Grand </Li> <Li> Mandarin Oriental </Li> <Li> Paramount at Buckhead </Li> <Li> Park Avenue Condominiums </Li> <Li> Park Place </Li> <Li> The Pinnacle </Li> <Li> Realm </Li> <Li> Resurgens Plaza </Li> <Li> Terminus </Li> <Li> Tower Place </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Perimeter Center </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Concourse Corporate Center V & VI ( King & Queen towers ) </Li> <Li> Park Towers I & II </Li> <Li> Three Ravinia Drive </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bobby Dodd Stadium </Li> <Li> Georgia State Stadium </Li> <Li> GSU Sports Arena </Li> <Li> McCamish Pavilion </Li> <Li> Mercedes - Benz Stadium </Li> <Li> Philips Arena </Li> <Li> SunTrust Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Former </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 688 Club </Li> <Li> Atlanta Cabana Motel </Li> <Li> Atlanta Hotel </Li> <Li> Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium </Li> <Li> Atlanta ( Confederate ) Rolling Mill </Li> <Li> Atlantic Steel Mill </Li> <Li> Centennial Olympic Stadium † </Li> <Li> Coca - Cola Olympic City </Li> <Li> DeGive 's Opera House </Li> <Li> Equitable Building ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Fourth National Bank </Li> <Li> Georgia Dome </Li> <Li> 3rd Georgia Governor 's Mansion ( John H. James mansion ) </Li> <Li> Henry Grady Hotel </Li> <Li> Hotel Aragon </Li> <Li> Kimball House </Li> <Li> Loew 's Grand Theatre </Li> <Li> Masonic Temple </Li> <Li> National Museum of Patriotism </Li> <Li> Omni Coliseum </Li> <Li> Paramount Theater </Li> <Li> Piedmont Hotel </Li> <Li> Ponce de Leon amusement park </Li> <Li> Ponce de Leon Park ( ballpark ) </Li> <Li> Ponce de Leon Springs </Li> <Li> Republic Block </Li> <Li> Rich 's </Li> <Li> Riverbend Apartments </Li> <Li> Roxy Theatre </Li> <Li> SciTrek </Li> <Li> State Square </Li> <Li> Terminal Station </Li> <Li> Trout House </Li> <Li> Turner Broadcasting tower </Li> <Li> Turner Field † </Li> <Li> Union Stations : 1853 </Li> <Li> 1871 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> Post Office and Customs House / City Hall ( 1911 - 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Washington Hall </Li> </Ul> <P> † -- Centennial Olympic Stadium was rebuilt in 1997 as Turner Field . In turn , Turner Field was rebuilt as Georgia State Stadium in 2017 . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Planned </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Multi-Modal Passenger Terminal </Li> <Li> Atlanta Symphony Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Summer Olympic stadiums </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Panathenaic Stadium ( Athens 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Vélodrome de Vincennes ( Paris 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Francis Field ( St Louis 1904 ) </Li> <Li> White City Stadium ( London 1908 ) </Li> <Li> Stockholm Olympic Stadium ( Stockholm 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Olympisch Stadion ( Antwerp 1920 ) </Li> <Li> Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( Paris 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Olympic Stadium ( Amsterdam 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Olympiastadion ( Berlin 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Wembley Stadium ( London 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Helsinki Olympic Stadium ( Helsinki 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Melbourne Cricket Ground ( Melbourne 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Stadio Olimpico ( Rome 1960 ) </Li> <Li> National Stadium ( Tokyo 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Estadio Olímpico Universitario ( Mexico City 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Olympiastadion ( Munich 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Olympic Stadium ( Montreal 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Grand Arena , Lenin Stadium ( Moscow 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Seoul Olympic Stadium ( Seoul 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys ( Barcelona 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Centennial Olympic Stadium ( Atlanta 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Sydney Olympic Stadium ( Sydney 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Olympic Stadium ( Athens 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Beijing National Stadium ( Beijing 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Olympic Stadium ( London 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Maracanã Stadium ( Rio de Janeiro 2016 ) </Li> <Li> New National Olympic Stadium ( Tokyo 2020 ) </Li> <Li> Stade de France ( Paris 2024 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum / Los Angeles Stadium ( Los Angeles 2028 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Olympic Ring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexander Memorial Coliseum </Li> <Li> Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium </Li> <Li> Clark Atlanta University Stadium </Li> <Li> Cycling road course </Li> <Li> Georgia Dome </Li> <Li> Georgia State University Gymnasium </Li> <Li> Georgia Tech Aquatic Center </Li> <Li> Georgia World Congress Center </Li> <Li> Marathon course </Li> <Li> Morehouse College Gymnasium </Li> <Li> Morris Brown College Stadium </Li> <Li> Centennial Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> Omni Coliseum </Li> <Li> Walking course </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro Atlanta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Beach </Li> <Li> Georgia International Horse Park </Li> <Li> Lake Lanier </Li> <Li> Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome </Li> <Li> Stone Mountain Tennis Center </Li> <Li> Wolf Creek Shooting Complex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Florida Citrus Bowl ( Orlando , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Golden Park ( Columbus , Georgia ) </Li> <Li> Legion Field ( Birmingham , Alabama ) </Li> <Li> Ocoee Whitewater Center ( Polk County , Tennessee ) </Li> <Li> Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) </Li> <Li> RFK Memorial Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) </Li> <Li> Sanford Stadium ( Athens , Georgia ) </Li> <Li> University of Georgia Coliseum ( Athens , Georgia ) </Li> <Li> Wassaw Sound ( Savannah , Georgia ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Olympic venues in athletics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1896 : Marathon ( city ) , Panathenaic Stadium </Li> <Li> 1900 : Croix - Catelan Stadium </Li> <Li> 1904 : Francis Field </Li> <Li> 1908 : White City Stadium </Li> <Li> 1912 : Stockholm Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> 1920 : Olympisch Stadion </Li> <Li> 1924 : Stade de Colombes </Li> <Li> 1928 : Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> 1932 : Olympic Stadium , Riverside Drive at Griffith Park </Li> <Li> 1936 : Avus Motor Road , Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> 1948 : Empire Stadium </Li> <Li> 1952 : Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> 1956 : Melbourne Cricket Ground </Li> <Li> 1960 : Arch of Constantine , Raccordo Anulare , Stadio Olimpico , Via Appia Antica , Via Cristoforo Colombo </Li> <Li> 1964 : Fuchu City , Karasuyama - machi , National Stadium , Sasazuka - machi , Shinjuku </Li> <Li> 1968 : Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Zócalo </Li> <Li> 1972 : Olympiastadion </Li> <Li> 1976 : Montreal Botanical Garden , Olympic Stadium , Streets of Montreal </Li> <Li> 1980 : Grand Arena , Streets of Moscow </Li> <Li> 1984 : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Santa Monica College , Streets of Los Angeles , Streets of Santa Monica </Li> <Li> 1988 : Seoul Olympic Stadium , Streets of Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 : Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc , Marathon course , Mataró , Walking course </Li> <Li> 1996 : Marathon course , Olympic Stadium , Walking course </Li> <Li> 2000 : Marathon course , North Sydney , Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> 2004 : Marathon ( city ) , Olympic Stadium , Panathenaic Stadium , Stadium at Olympia </Li> <Li> 2008 : Beijing National Stadium , Olympic Green Promenade Walking course , Streets of Beijing Marathon course </Li> <Li> 2012 : Marathon Course , Olympic Stadium </Li> <Li> 2016 : Estádio Olímpico João Havelange , Pontal , Sambódromo </Li> <Li> 2020 : New National Stadium </Li> <Li> 2024 : Stade de France , Champs - Élysées </Li> <Li> 2028 : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Banc of California Stadium , Grand Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 33 ° 44 ′ 08 '' N 84 ° 23 ′ 22 '' W / 33.73556 ° N 84.38944 ° W / 33.73556 ; - 84.38944 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Olympic_Stadium&oldid=833292004 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Olympic stadiums </Li> <Li> Athletics ( track and field ) venues in Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> 1996 Summer Olympic venues </Li> <Li> Olympic athletics venues </Li> <Li> Defunct athletics ( track and field ) venues in the United States </Li> <Li> Sports venues in Atlanta </Li> <Li> 1996 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> 1997 disestablishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> Defunct sports venues in Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> Sports venues completed in 1996 </Li> <Li> Sports venues demolished in 1997 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 12 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 18 : 05 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia <H1> U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State </H1> Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed in 1971 ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV , wine , and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV , wine , and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV , wine , and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 <P> The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . This history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . </P> <P> As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . </P> <P> From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds . By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) </Th> <Th> Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) </Th> <Th> 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) </Th> <Th> 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 </Th> <Th> 21st century </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alabama </Th> <Td> Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1975 : Lowered to 19 </Td> <Td> 1986 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alaska </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1970 : Lowered to 19 </Td> <Td> 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arizona </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 19 </Td> <Td> 1985 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arkansas </Th> <Td> Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> California </Th> <Td> Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) </Td> <Td> 1933 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colorado </Th> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Raised to 21 in 1987 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Connecticut </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Delaware </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 20 </Td> <Td> 1984 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> District of Columbia </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Florida </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1980 : 19 </Td> <Td> 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Georgia </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hawaii </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1986 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Idaho </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) </Td> <Td> 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illinois </Th> <Td> 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) </Td> <Td> pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1980 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indiana </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> Post-1934 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iowa </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kansas </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1985 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kentucky </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1938 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Louisiana </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> As of 1948 : 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . </Td> <Td> 21 ( Exceptions to state law include : <P> For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maine </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 </Td> <Td> 1985 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maryland </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause </Td> <Td> 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Massachusetts </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) </Td> <Td> Raised to 21 in 1985 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Michigan </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minnesota </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering . </Td> <Td> 1986 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mississippi </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Raised to 21 in 1986 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Missouri </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1945 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Montana </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 </Td> <Td> 1987 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nebraska </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 19 </Td> <Td> 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nevada </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1933 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Hampshire </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 </Td> <Td> 1985 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Jersey </Th> <Td> Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1973 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Mexico </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1934 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New York </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Carolina </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Dakota </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1936 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ohio </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor </Td> <Td> 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor </Td> <Td> 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oklahoma </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor </Td> <Td> 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . </Td> <Td> 1983 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oregon </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1933 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pennsylvania </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1935 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rhode Island </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1970 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Carolina </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Dakota </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer </Td> <Td> 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tennessee </Th> <Td> Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1979 : Raised to 19 </Td> <Td> 1984 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Texas </Th> <Td> Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1973 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Utah </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1935 : 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vermont </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1971 : Lowered to 18 </Td> <Td> 1986 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Virginia </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) </Td> <Td> 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Washington </Th> <Td> `` Age of majority '' since 1877 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Virginia </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) </Td> <Td> 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wisconsin </Th> <Td> 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) </Td> <Td> 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . </Td> <Td> 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . </Td> <Td> 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) </Td> <Td> 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wyoming </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1973 : Lowered to 19 </Td> <Td> 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American Samoa </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern Mariana Islands </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 ? </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Puerto Rico </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Virgin Islands </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guam </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 21 ? </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Raised to 21 in 2010 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Additional Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . </Li> <Li> In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . </Li> <Li> Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter . `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . PMID 19922564 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ) . 8 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama '' . bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ) . ntl.bts.gov. April 1987 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality , McCornac , 1982 '' . 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Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 3 ) Archived 2008 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 4 ) ( twincities.com website ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . NYTimes.com . New Jersey . 1982 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( May 28 , 1984 ) . `` Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . New York Times . June 11 , 1982 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . `` New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December '' . New York Times . June 19 , 1985 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5 - 01 - 08 '' ( PDF ) . nd.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume LIV , Number 15 : 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . October 17 , 1968 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume III , Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 13 , Number 1 / March , 1985 , `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daily Collegian , February 9 , 1984 , `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 5 ) ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline . Ric.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 85 , Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1893 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne . `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials . Mymarianas.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide . Vieques Travel Guide . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips . Virginislandsmap.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . </Li> </Ol> <P> 94 . Citation for Wisconsin drinking law : https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=854681358 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Alcohol law in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 23 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Poverty in the United Kingdom - wikipedia <H1> Poverty in the United Kingdom </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Dl> <Dd> This article is about poverty within the population of the United Kingdom as distinct from UK policy on world poverty . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Despite being a developed country , those who are living at the lower end of the income distribution in the United Kingdom have a relatively low standard of living . Data based on incomes published in 2016 by Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) show that , after housing costs have been taken into consideration , the number of people living in the UK in relative poverty to be 13.44 m ( 21 % of the population ) In 2015 , a report by Institute for Fiscal Studies reported that 21.6 % of Britons were now in relative poverty . The report showed that there had been a fall in poverty in the first few years of the twenty - first century , but the rate of poverty had remained broadly flat since 2004 / 5 . </P> <P> It has been found by the Poverty and Social Exclusion project at Bristol University in 2014 , that the proportion of households lacking three items or activities deemed necessary for life in the UK at that time ( as defined by a survey of the wider population ) has increased from 14 % in 1983 to 33 % in 2012 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1950s and 1960s <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Differences in health between the classes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 1970s and 1980s <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Comparison with the rest of Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 1990s to 2000s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Poverty in the UK in the 21st century <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Reactions to Poverty <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Wales </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 London </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 How poverty in the United Kingdom is defined and measured <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Historical statistics on poverty </Li> <Li> 3.2 Poverty as 60 percent of median income </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Consensual Method </Li> <Li> 3.4 Other forms of poverty </Li> <Li> 3.5 Causes of poverty </Li> <Li> 3.6 Current / recent figures </Li> <Li> 3.7 Historical measurements of poverty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Poverty reduction <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Welfare overview </Li> <Li> 4.2 Persistent poverty and poverty statistics </Li> <Li> 4.3 Poverty reduction strategies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Viewpoints of major political parties <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Poverty in 2015 General Election </Li> <Li> 5.2 Poverty and political parties in 2000s <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Labour Party </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 Conservative Party </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Beyond left and right : poverty as a major fault line in British society </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Pressure / interest groups </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 9 Key sources and external links <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Government statistics </Li> <Li> 9.2 Other sources of reports and analysis </Li> <Li> 9.3 General news items </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of poverty in the United Kingdom <H3> 1950s and 1960s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the early 1950s , it was believed by numerous people that poverty had been all but abolished from Britain , with only a few isolated pockets of deprivation still remaining . Much of this assumption was derived from a 1951 study which showed that in 1950 only 1.5 % of the survey population lived in poverty , compared with 18 % in 1936 when a previous study had been conducted in that town by Rowntree . A leader in The Times spoke positively of this ' remarkable improvement -- no less than the virtual abolition of the sheerest want . ' </P> <P> Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s , however , a `` rediscovery '' of poverty took place , with various surveys showing that a substantial proportion of Britons were impoverished , with between 4 % and 12 % of the population estimated to be living below the Supplementary Benefits ' scales . In 1969 , Professor A. Atkinson stated that </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` it seems fair to conclude that the proportion of the population with incomes below the National Assistance / Supplementary Benefits scale lies towards the upper end of the 4 - 9 per cent . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> According to this definition , between 2 - 5 million Britons were trapped in poverty . In addition , some 2.6 million people were in receipt of Supplementary Benefits and therefore living on the poverty line . This meant that at least 10 % of the population were in poverty at his time . Bad housing conditions also constituted a major cause of poverty in the postwar era . In the early Sixties , it was estimated that three million families lived in `` slums , near slums on grossly overcrowded conditions , '' while a 1967 housing survey of England and Wales found that 11.7 % of all dwellings were unfit . </P> <P> In their 1965 study on poverty , `` The Poor and the Poorest , '' Professors Peter Townsend and Brian Abel - Smith decided on measuring poverty on the basis of the National Assistance levels of living and estimated that some 14 % ( around 7.5 million ) of Britons lived in poverty . Townsend and Abel - Smith also estimated that since the mid-1950s the percentage of the population living in poverty had risen from 8 % to 14 % . </P> Differences in health between the classes ( edit ) <P> The continued existence of poverty in the 1960s was also characterised by differences in health between different social classes . In 1964 - 65 the incidence of infant deaths was more than half as much higher in the two lowest social classes than in the two highest social classes . In 1961 - 62 28 % of all men recorded at least one spell of sickness of four days or more . For the lowest social classes , however , 35 % of men had experienced this , compared with 18 % of men in the highest social classes . There is evidence that in large families the height of children was less than that for the average , while families with three or more children were more likely to be inadequately nourished . </P> <H3> 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In his 1979 work `` Poverty in the UK '' , Townsend suggested that 15 million people lived in or on the margins of poverty . He also argued that to get a proper measure of relative deprivation , there was a need to take into account other factors apart from income measures such as peoples ' environment , employment , and housing standards . </P> <P> According to one study , 365,000 families in Britain ( excluding Northern Ireland ) in 1966 were in poverty by an old assistance standard , and 450,000 families by a new standard . In another study on poverty , Wilfred Beckerman estimated that 9.9 % of the British population lived below a standardised poverty line in 1973 , compared with 6.1 % of the population of Belgium . </P> <P> Low pay was also a major cause of poverty , with a report by the TUC in 1968 finding that about 5 million females and about 2.5 million males earned less than £ 15 a week . According to one study , around 20 % to 23 % of employees in the late 1960s had low hourly wages . In 1974 , a quarter of adult employees in Britain earned less than £ 27 a week or less before tax , only slightly above the officially defined poverty line for an average family . Regional differences in pay also remained pronounced during the post-war period . Slum housing also remained a problem , with 12 % of British households living in houses or flats considered to be unfit for human habitation in 1972 . In 1975 , government statistics estimated that 1,800,000 children lived in poverty . </P> <P> Nevertheless , the number of people estimated to be living in poor housing conditions was lower at the start of the 1970s than at the start of the 1960s . In 1961 , 4,700,000 households lived in unfit or substandard homes , compared with 2,846,000 in 1971 . </P> <P> During the late 1960s and 1970s , progress was made in reducing the level of post-war poverty and inequality , with 3 million families in Britain in poverty in 1977 , compared with 5 million in 1961 . According to the 1971 Supplementary Benefits scale , the percentage of individuals living in poverty fell from 9.4 % in 1963 to 2.3 % in 1973 . Low pay continued to remain a major problem by the end of the 1970s , however , particularly amongst manual workers . </P> <P> Based on various measurements , however , the number of Britons living in poverty rose significantly from 1979 to 1985 . The number of Britons living in poverty ( when defined as living below the Supplementary Benefit level ) rose from 2,090,000 to 2,420,000 during that period , while the number of people living in poverty when defined as living on or below the Supplementary Benefit level rose from 6,070,000 to 9,380,000 . Using a poverty measurement of living at 140 % of the Supplementary Benefit level or below , the rise was from 11,570,000 to 15,420,000 . </P> <P> From 1979 to 1987 , the number of Britons living in poverty ( defined as living on less than half the national average income ) doubled , from roughly 10 % to 20 % of the whole population . In 1989 , almost 6 million full - time workers , representing 37 % of the total full - time workforce , earned less than the `` decency threshold '' defined by the Council of Europe as 68 % of average full - time earnings . In 1994 , 76.7 % of all part - time workers earned less than this threshold . </P> Comparison with the rest of Europe ( edit ) <P> Figures from the European Commission estimated that from 1975 to 1985 the number of people living in poverty had doubled in Britain , from just over 3 million to 6.5 million . In 1975 , the United Kingdom had fewer people living in poverty than Germany , Italy , Belgium , and Luxembourg . By 1989 , Britain had a higher poverty than each of these four countries . In 1989 , 12 % of the UK population was estimated to be living in poverty , compared with 11.7 % in Italy , 8.5 % in Germany , 7.9 % in Luxembourg , 7.4 % in the Netherlands , and 7.2 % in Belgium . </P> <H3> 1990s to 2000s ( edit ) </H3> <P> From the late 1990s onwards , however , poverty began to fall steadily , helped by policies such as big increases in national insurance benefits and the introduction of the national minimum wage . Using the 60 % of median income after housing costs poverty line , the percentage of the British population living in poverty rose to 25.3 % in 1996 / 97 , compared with 13.7 % in 1979 . </P> <P> From 1997 / 98 to 2004 / 05 ( using the same 60 % of median income after housing costs measurement ) , the percentage of the population living in poverty fell from 24.4 % to 20.5 % . A 2000 report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation estimated that 4 million people lacked access to a healthy diet , while a review of EU food and health policies estimated that food poverty was far higher in the UK than any other EU member state . </P> <H2> Poverty in the UK in the 21st century ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( June 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Absolute poverty rates ( After Housing Costs ) in the UK , 1997 - 2014 . Figures are for Great Britain until 2001 -- 02 and for the whole of the UK ( i.e. including Northern Ireland ) from 2002 -- 03 onwards . The absolute poverty line is defined as 60 % of median income in 2010 -- 11 . <P> Rates of poverty fell just before the turn of the century and continued to do so until 2004 - 5 . Since then rates of poverty have remained stable , with some year on year fluctuations caused by the financial crisis that started in 2008 . The Institute of Fiscal Studies has counted the number of people in Absolute Poverty as falling from c. 37 % in 1996 / 7 ( 21.8 m people ) to c. 22 % in 2004 / 5 ( 13.2 m ) , a figure that remained the same in 2014 / 5 ( 14.1 m taking population growth into account ) . </P> <P> The trend for Relative Poverty is the same ( a fall in the number of poor from 1997 / 8 until 2004 / 5 and a relatively stable amount since then ) , although the earlier numbers are lower . Alternatively it is suggested poverty rose from about 2008 to 2012 but remained stable since then . </P> <P> Changes to the benefit system from April 2017 such as not allowing some claimants to claim for more than 2 children are predicted to increase the number of families in poverty and get a quarter of a million further children into poverty . Policy in Practice estimates the two child limit will increase child poverty by 10 % during this parliament . The Child Poverty Action Group charity ( CPAG ) , claim it will reduce children 's life chances . Alison Thewliss said , `` When Theresa May stood on the steps of Downing Street last year , she said that her new government would strive to help the ' just about managing ' in society . It appears that this was just empty rhetoric . ( ... ) The reality is that two - thirds of those affected are already in work . '' A doctor claims it is not unusual for up to seven people to live in a one bedroom flat . Parents sometimes do without food themselves to care for children , others can not afford clothes , toothbrushes , toothpaste . Basic hygiene products like shampoo and sanitary towels are sometimes hard for poor people to buy and some must choose between buying hygiene products and buying food . Just under one in five UK children under 15 suffers food insecurity . That means sufficient safe , nutritious food can not be guaranteed . </P> <P> Children become sick because they can not keep warm at home , overcrowding and damp worsens respiratory conditions . Alison Garnham , of the Child Poverty Action Group , said , `` Day in , day out , doctors see the damage rising poverty does to children 's health . Low family incomes , inadequate housing and cuts to support services are jeopardising the health of our most vulnerable children . ( ... ) Re-instating the UK 's poverty - reduction targets would be an obvious place to start . '' </P> <P> Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9 % in 2014 , down from 17.1 % in 2010 and 19 % in 2005 ( after social transfers were taken into account ) . However , the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( JRF ) fears that people who are `` just about managing '' could fall into poverty , as it forecast that the wages of people in low income and benefits might not keep pace with inflation . One third of UK households are living below what is considered an adequate income according to the JRF research . Campbell Robb of the JRF said , `` Millions of families across the country are teetering on a precipice , with 400,000 pensioners and over one million more children likely to fall into poverty and suffer the very real and awful consequences that brings if things do not change . One of the biggest drivers of the rise in child poverty is policy choices , which is why it is essential that the Prime Minister and Chancellor use the upcoming Budget to put in place measures to stop this happening . An excellent start would be to ensure families can keep more of their earnings under the Universal Credit . '' </P> <P> Poverty exists in rural communities as well as in urban areas . Rural poverty is frequently overlooked . </P> <P> The most common form of child poverty today is poverty in working families . Roughly 30 % of British children are now classed as poor and of those two - thirds are from working families . Analysts claim cuts to working - age benefits would likely increase poverty rates greatly during the three years following 2017 . Campbell Robb of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation said , `` These troubling figures are warning signs we could be at the beginning of a sharp rise in poverty , with forecasts suggesting child poverty could rise further by 2021 . '' </P> <P> Food Standards Agency ( FSA ) research suggests some poor people miss meals or do without healthy food due to financial pressure . One third of unemployed people have cut out meals or reduced the quality of their diet due to lack of cash . 8 % of respondents to a survey have low or very low food security , implying just under four million adults regularly struggle to get enough to eat . Other studies showed benefit freezes together with rising food prices are major factors in food insecurity . Rachel Loopstra who lectures in nutrition at King 's College London , said : `` These robust survey data confirm how serious the scale of the problem of people not having enough money for food to eat is in the UK , and are consistent with reports of increasing food bank usage . Anna Taylor of the ' Food Foundation ' thinktank , said : `` To take so many British people off the breadline the government must drive uptake of the Healthy Start programme for young and low - income mothers , tackle gaps in food provision during school holidays , and review our welfare policies to protect the diets of society 's most vulnerable . '' Campaigners and MPs have urged the UK government to monitor food insecurity . Ministers so far refused but the Scottish government agreed to enact a food insecurity measure . Women and young people are more likely to live in food insecure households . </P> <P> The Institute for Fiscal Studies says the benefit rate freeze and child tax credit cuts , together with the rollout of universal credit , which is less generous due to changes in work allowances , means , `` large losses '' for low - income households . John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a `` clear threat '' to working people 's living standards , while the Liberal Democrats claimed the `` savage cuts '' would make millions of households poorer . Projected benefit cuts will lead to the poorest working - age households losing between 4 % and 10 % of their income a year , according to the IFS . Fewer than one in ten British people believe all work is fair and decent . 75 % think more should be done to make work fairer . Many British people suffer insecure work with zero hours contracts . Nearly half of workers are anxious over basic household expenses like food , transport and energy . One in six workers had left the heating off despite it being cold to save on fuel bills , and similar numbers had pawned possessions in the previous year because they were short of money . Rents are rising and housing benefit is not rising to match this . Families are forced into increasing poverty , some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table . Some risk homelessness . Families with children are most affected and two thirds of affected families are in work . Homelessness has risen over the last six years and the National Audit Office thinks welfare reforms and a freeze in housing benefit are a likely cause . </P> <P> An All Party Parliamentary Group on Hunger warned too many poorer UK children are hungry or malnourished during school holidays . Some subsist on a diet of crisps or stodgy food bought to fill their stomachs . One million children who receive free school meals during term time are at risk as are two million more from working poor families . For both types , school holidays add to financial pressure on families through the need to pay for childcare , food and fuel . These children return to school in bad physical shape , learn less well and get behind children who were better fed during school holidays . The life chances of underfed children are damaged . </P> <P> When housing benefit does not fully cover rent people can struggle to pay rent and buy all the other things they need as well . This can lead to increasing debt . Anne Baxendale of Shelter , said , `` We are deeply concerned that the current freeze on housing benefit is piling a huge amount of pressure on to thousands of private renters who are already teetering on the brink of homelessness . '' People are forced out of their homes because they can not pay their rent and all their other bills . </P> <H3> Reactions to poverty ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011 , 14 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion , and that one person in 20 ( 5.1 % ) was now experiencing `` severe material depression . '' Poverty among young people increased by 3.9 % from 2007 to 2010 . In assessing social inequality in Britain , Danny Dorling has noted that `` people in different parts of Britain and people living within different quarters of its cities are living in different worlds with different norms and expectations . This was not the case a few decades ago . This is not the case to the same extent in the majority of affluent nations in the world . '' </P> <P> A new term is appearing , ' Just About Managing ' or ' JAM ' . This applies to people who can put food on the table and pay rent or mortgage at least part of the time but have problems if their income falls or if there are unexpected bills . JAM 's are typically families where at least one person works . JAM 's may suffer social exclusion being unable to afford holidays or evenings out . </P> <P> The Resolution Foundation claims that the incomes of the poorest 10 % in the UK will fall by 3 % in real terms by 2020 due to government policies on tax and welfare . The lowest third of incomes will suffer falls in income over the coming years . Incomes will fall because many welfare benefits that poorer people receive have been frozen in cash terms and with inflation cash will be worth steadily less . </P> Relative poverty rates ( After Housing Costs ) in the UK , 1996 - 2014 Figures are presented for GB up until 2001 -- 02 and for the whole of the UK from 2002 -- 03 onwards . The relative poverty line is defined as 60 % of the median income in each year <P> The Institute for Fiscal Studies reported the numbers of poor United Kingdom children in wage - earning families increased from 2009 to 2014 and more poor children currently live in working families than live in families on benefits . The IFS reported `` Recent falls in inequality are likely to prove temporary . Stronger earnings growth and the Conservatives ' planned income tax cuts would do most for incomes towards the top of the distribution , while planned benefit cuts will hit low - income households ( both in and out of work ) hardest . '' Anne Longfield , Children 's Commissioner for England wrote `` The majority of children living in poverty have at least one parent who is working . Employment is important but if wages do not rise substantially in relation to living costs it will not provide a route out of poverty alone . The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has today published a report stating that families with children working full - time on the National Minimum Wage are now 15 % short of the Minimum Income Standard that people believe offers an acceptable standard of living . Today 's announcement will effectively confine to history any figures on the millions of children being raised in families who experience in - work poverty denying them necessities such as adequate food , clothing and heating . '' </P> <P> Julia Unwin of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation said `` A strong economy and rising employment have masked the growing problem of in - work poverty , as years of below - inflation wage rises have taken their toll on people 's incomes . The upcoming minimum wage rise will help , but many low - income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax - credit changes . Boosting productivity and creating more jobs which offer progression at work is vital to make work a reliable route out of poverty . '' </P> <P> Campbell Robb of Shelter said `` It 's heart - breaking to think that so many people are having to make a choice between paying the rent and putting food on the table , or living in fear that any drop in income would leave them unable to cover their housing costs . The sad truth is that far too many people in Britain right now are living in homes that just are n't up to scratch - from the thousands of families forced to cope with poor conditions , to a generation of renters forking out most of their income on housing each month and unable to save for the future . '' </P> <P> As of 2015 there is actual hunger in the United Kingdom and significant numbers of UK citizens are driven to use food banks . There is also significant malnutrition . Poorer people are frequently forced to buy and eat cheaper , less healthy food . The BMJ , a UK peer - reviewed medical journal published : </P> <P> For the poorest in our society , up to 35 % of disposable income will now be needed for food , compared to less than 9 % for the more wealthy . This will increase reliance on cheap , highly processed , high fat , high sugar , high salt , and calorie - dense , unhealthy foods . 2 Re-emerging problems of poor public health nutrition such as rickets and malnutrition in the elderly are also causes for concern . ( John D Middleton Vice president John R Ashton , Simon Capewell Faculty of Public Health ) </P> <P> In 2016 , 10 % of UK households live in fuel poverty . Fuel poverty is calculated by gauging if a household 's income would fall below the official poverty line after spending the actual amount needed to heat the home . The average fuel poverty gap of these households -- that is , the amount needed to escape fuel poverty -- is £ 371 a year , the latest figures indicate , with those in privately rented properties hit hardest . </P> <P> In a recent report commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation poverty and participation are analyzed as a social phenomenon characterizing UK society following the tradition initiated several decades ago by Peter Townsend . Participation in society is measured in terms of social relationships , membership of organisations , trust in other people , ownership of possessions and purchase of services . The study finds out that all these dimensions of participation are lower among people with low incomes . While participation generally drops as income declines , participation stops falling among the 30 per cent or so of people with the lowest incomes , creating a participation ' floor ' . The 30 per cent of people with the lowest incomes are forced to choose between the basic necessities of modern life ; they must decide which needs to neglect . For people affected by the floor , additional income may well be spent on upgrading the quality of necessary goods and services rather than adding to them . Averages mask important variation . The participation floor for benefit recipients is lower than for other groups on the same income . Most minority ethnic groups experience greater material deprivation than the white majority but social participation is , on average , higher . Children 's engagement in school life and friends is not directly affected by household income . However , parents on low incomes , on average , play less often with their children and spend less on activities . This is associated with poorer educational outcomes as judged by teachers . Low - income parents frequently spend more time than affluent ones assisting children with their school work because they have fallen behind their classmates . </P> <P> Poverty and economic insecurity increase the risk that a person will commit suicide . The Samaritans claim The British economic condition , including low incomes , job insecurity , zero - hours contracts , unmanageable debts and poor housing all add to suicide risk . A report titled , Dying from Inequality , describes `` overwhelming evidence of a link between socioeconomic disadvantage and suicidal behaviour '' . `` Men in the lowest social class , living in the most deprived areas , are up to 10 times more at risk of suicide then those in the highest social class living in the most affluent areas , '' the report says . Unemployed people are more at risk of suicide than people with work , people with low education and people living in deprived areas are also at increased risk . </P> <P> The persistence of high poverty rates in the UK is associated with the relatively low generosity of the welfare state . The UK social security system is characterised by a residual welfare state model based on the notion of market dominance and private provision . The state only intervenes to moderate extreme poverty and provide for basic needs , largely on a means - tested basis ( Esping - Andersen 1990 ; Ferragina and Seleeib - Kaiser 2011 ) . </P> <P> In 2017 inequality has been forecast to return to the levels of the Thatcher years . Torsten Bell of the Resolution Foundation , said : `` ( A ) boom is slowing rapidly as inflation rises , productivity flatlines and employment growth slows . ( ... ( This time around it 's low - and middle - income families with kids who are set to be worst affected . This could leave Britain with the worst of both worlds on living standards -- the weak income growth of the last parliament and rising inequality from the time Margaret Thatcher was in Downing Street . The prime minister 's focus on supporting just managing families is absolutely right . '' </P> <P> Inflation has been rising while the level of many benefits has remained fixed in money terms . This is causing hardship to low income families and there are calls for the level of benefits to be increased . </P> Wales ( edit ) <P> Poverty within the UK is particularly concentrated in the country of Wales . While the relative income - poverty rate for the UK stood at 16.8 % in 2014 , the same poverty rate for Wales stood at 23 % in the same year . Poverty in Wales has remained in the 25 % range , with only small dips throughout the last decade . While the trends correlate with overall reductions in less impoverished areas of the UK , it does not correlate with Scotland , who in the 1990s , had a relative similar poverty trend as Wales . Conservative attitudes began to grow during the reign of the Labour party in the 2000s , culminating in an overall negative opinion towards public spending increases beginning in the 2010s . This negative trend created a lack of support for Welsh poverty reduction efforts , and can explain much of the stagnation present in the rate . The lack of attention to Wales has led to a consistent issue in Welsh politics being that of poverty , with efforts to primarily reduce the prevalence of childhood and Fuel Poverty a priority . </P> London ( edit ) <P> Data published in 2014 by New Policy Institute and Trust for London found in the three years to 2012 / 13 , 2.2 million people were in poverty in London after housing costs . This figure represents 28 % of London 's population , 8 percentage points higher than the rest of England . Further research published by Trust for London , carried out by Loughborough University , found that 4 in 10 Londoners can not afford what the public regard as a decent standard of living - one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level . This is significantly higher than the 30 % that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole . This represents 3.5 million Londoners , an increase of 400,000 since 2010 / 11 . </P> <H2> How poverty in the United Kingdom is defined and measured ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Historical statistics on poverty ( edit ) </H3> <P> The table below shows the percentage of the population in poverty derived by three different measures : relative poverty ( earning less than 60 % of the median ) , the National Assistance scale and the Supplementary Benefits scale . Estimates from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research . </P> <Table> Percentage of population in poverty <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Relative poverty </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> National assistance scale </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supplementary benefits scale </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Year </Td> <Td> Households </Td> <Td> Individuals </Td> <Td> Households </Td> <Td> Individuals </Td> <Td> Households </Td> <Td> Individuals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 / 54 </Td> <Td> 6.5 % </Td> <Td> 4.8 % </Td> <Td> 6.5 % </Td> <Td> 4.8 % </Td> <Td> 22.5 % </Td> <Td> 21.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> 6.8 % </Td> <Td> 5.5 % </Td> <Td> 2.5 % </Td> <Td> 1.4 % </Td> <Td> 10.5 % </Td> <Td> 9.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 5.8 % </Td> <Td> 5.3 % </Td> <Td> 0.9 % </Td> <Td> 0.9 % </Td> <Td> 6.0 % </Td> <Td> 5.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 4.9 % </Td> <Td> 4.2 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 4.9 % </Td> <Td> 4.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 4.3 % </Td> <Td> 3.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.3 % </Td> <Td> 0.2 % </Td> <Td> 3.5 % </Td> <Td> 2.3 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Estimates of poverty in the United Kingdom from 1950 - 1975 ( percentage of population ) </P> <P> 1953 - 54 : 1.2 % ( Abel - Smith and Townsend , FES ) Unit : Household </P> <P> 1954 : 12.3 % ( Gough and Stark , IR ) Unit : Tax unit </P> <P> 1959 : 8.8 % ( Gough and Stark , IR ) Unit : Tax unit </P> <P> 1960 : 3.8 % ( Abel - Smith and Townsend , FES ) Unit : Household </P> <P> 1963 : 9.4 % ( Gough and Stark , IR ) Unit : Tax unit </P> <P> 1967 : 3.5 % ( Atkinson , FES ) Unit : Household </P> <P> 1969 : 3.4 % ( Atkinson , FES ) Unit : Household </P> <P> 1968 - 69 : 6.4 % ( Townsend , Survey ) Unit : Household </P> <P> 1971 : 4.9 % ( Fiegehen et al. , FES ) Unit : Household </P> <P> 1975 : 11.3 % ( Berthoud and Brown , GHS ) Unit : Household </P> <H3> Poverty as 60 percent of median income ( edit ) </H3> <P> The most common measure for poverty , as used in the Child Poverty Act 2010 , is ' household income below 60 percent of median income ' . The median is such an income that exactly a half of households earn more than that and the other half earns less . </P> Income distribution ( Before Housing Costs ) for the UK total population ( 2014 / 15 ) . In 2014 / 5 , the median income in the UK was £ 473 per week ( £ 24,596 a year ) . Those earning 60 % of this figure ( £ 284 a week / £ 14,758 a year ) were considered to be in the low income bracket . <P> In 2014 / 5 , the median income in the UK was £ 473 per week ( £ 24,596 a year ) . Those earning 60 % of this figure ( £ 284 a week / £ 14,758 a year ) were considered to be in the low income bracket . </P> <P> This is the definition that is used by the UK Government 's Department of Work and Pensions in its yearly survey Households below average income . However , their reports expressly avoid using the word poverty , using low income instead . Reports from others agencies , such as the Institute of Fiscal Studies Living Standards , Poverty and Inequality in the UK , use the same methodology , but specifically use the word poverty . </P> <P> This measure can be further divided . </P> <P> Those who live in Absolute Poverty have a ' household income below 60 percent of median income ' as compared to a rate fixed in 2010 / 11 and that only changes in line with inflation . </P> <P> Those who live in Relative Poverty have a ' household income below 60 percent of median income ' as compared to all other incomes in the same year . </P> <P> Absolute Poverty is better at judging poverty in the short term , whereas Relative Poverty is better at seeing long - term trends . This is because general concepts of poverty change with time , and Relative Poverty reflects this better . </P> <P> Reports on poverty also tend to take housing costs in to account , distinguishing between Before Housing Costs ( BHC , where housing costs such as rent and mortgage interest payments have not been deducted ) and After Housing Costs ( AHC ) . Different social groups in the UK tend to have vastly different costs for housing , affecting available income . </P> <P> Relative Poverty was used before its formal adoption now . In the early 1980s , Tony Byrne and Colin F. Padfield defined relative poverty in Britain as a situation in which people are able to survive adequately , but they are either less well off than they used to be ( such as when they retire from paid employment ) or that they are at a serious disadvantage `` in their ability to experience or enjoy the standard of life of most other people -- for example , not being able to afford an annual holiday . '' </P> <P> In 2011 , there was some discussion of the measurement for poverty being changed ( from households earning less than 60 % of median income ) to a broader analysis of poverty . </P> <H3> The Consensual method ( edit ) </H3> <P> As opposed to measuring income , the Consensual Method examines which necessities ( e.g. food , clothing , access to healthcare , involvement in social and leisure activities ) are thought by the general public to be essential for living in contemporary UK society . Those families or individual who lack a number of these necessities are considered as poor . In the 2012 Poverty and Social Exclusion ( PSE ) survey on Living Standards , the three necessities deemed as being most often essential to a good standard of living were the ability ' to warm living areas of the home ' , a ' damp - free home ' and ' two meals a day . ' </P> <P> Six specific surveys of low standards of living in the UK have made use of this method . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1983 Breadline Britain Survey </Li> <Li> 1990 Breadline Britain Survey of Britain </Li> <Li> 1999 Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey </Li> <Li> 2002 Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> The 2012 PSE UK ' Attitudes to Necessities of Life and Services ' survey </Li> <Li> The 2012 PSE UK ' Living Standards ' survey </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other forms of poverty ( edit ) </H3> <P> Water poverty is defined by the Government as spending more than 3 % of disposable income on water bills . Nationally , in 2006 , nearly 10 % of households were in water poverty . </P> <P> Fuel poverty . A fuel poor household is one that struggles to keep adequately warm at reasonable cost . The most widely accepted definition of a fuel poor household is one which needs to spend more than 10 % of its income on all fuel use and to heat the home to an adequate standard of warmth . This is generally defined as 21 ° C in the living room and 18 ° C in the other occupied rooms . Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely . </P> <P> See Fuel poverty in the United Kingdom . </P> <H3> Causes of poverty ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Disability - Disabled adults are twice as likely to live in low income households as non-disabled adults . </Li> <Li> Illness </Li> <Li> Mental illness </Li> <Li> Low intelligence - People with an IQ of 60 or below are speculated to be in danger of poverty and homelessness in the USA in 2006 . </Li> <Li> Unemployment - benefit sanctions for failing to search for jobs on a full - time basis plunges the already poor unemployed into destitution as a punishment . There are currently not enough jobs in the UK to employ everyone who is looking for work . </Li> <Li> Underemployment - having a low - paid job with wages lower than the living wage , often the minimum wage , and working part - time . </Li> <Li> Being born to poor parents </Li> <Li> Lack of social capital </Li> <Li> Inadequate management of finances </Li> <Li> Being a lone parent - half of all lone parents are on a low income . </Li> <Li> Racial discrimination </Li> <Li> Inherent biases in the economic system , for example having to pay a higher rate of interest on a loan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Current / recent figures ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9 % in 2014 , down from 17.1 % in 2010 and 19 % in 2005 ( after social transfers were taken into account ) . </P> <P> If the poverty line is defined as those individuals and households with incomes less than 60 % of their respective medians , then `` nearly 60 % '' of those in poverty are homeowners . </P> <H3> Historical measurements of poverty ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seebohm Rowntree chose a basic ' shopping basket ' of foods ( identical to the rations given in the local workhouse ) , clothing and housing needs - anyone unable to afford them was deemed to be in poverty . By 1950 , with the founding of the modern welfare state , the ' shopping basket ' measurement had been abandoned . </P> <P> The vast and overwhelming majority of people that fill the government 's current criteria for poverty status ( see above ) have goods unimaginable to those in poverty in 1900 . Poverty in the developed world is often one of perception ; people compare their wealth with neighbours and wider society , not with their ancestors or those in foreign countries . Indeed , this is formalised in the government 's measure of poverty . A number of studies have shown that though prosperity in the UK has greatly increased , the level of happiness people report has remained the same or even decreased since the 1950s . </P> <H2> Poverty reduction ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Welfare overview ( edit ) </H3> <P> People enter the world of poverty due to : problems at the individual / family level and problems with the economy as a whole . Problems at the individual level include : race ( human categorization ) , gender , sexual orientation , drug use , and level of education . Problems with the economy can include : low labor participation and high levels of unemployment . Welfare is financial support given by the government to people in need . There are pressures on the welfare state because welfare must be justified in terms of its contribution to economic success . Welfare must contribute positively to the economy otherwise there is a risk of damaging currency values . Damage to currency values will damage trading positions and investment which will , in turn , hurt the economy overall . The Department of Health and Social Security ( DHSS ) is responsible for the welfare services in the United Kingdom . Income maintenance is centrally administered through DHSS offices ( regional and local level ) . Those who earn 39 pounds a week ( except some married women ) or more must contribute to the National Insurance Scheme . The National Health Service ( NHS ) provides virtually free healthcare for all residents -- this is also centrally administered . </P> <H3> Persistent poverty and poverty statistics ( edit ) </H3> <P> Persistent poverty is the effects of experiencing low income for long periods of time . In 2014 , 6.5 % of the United Kingdom 's population was classified as being in persistent poverty ; that equates to approximately 3.9 million people . The UK 's poverty rate overall in 2014 was the 12th highest amongst all European nations at 16.8 % , however ; it has the third - lowest persistent poverty rate . Income tends to be measured before or after housing costs are accounted for ( BHC or AHC ) . Poverty levels tend to be higher after housing costs are accounted for because the poorer households need to spend a higher percentage of their income on housing . In 2014 - 2015 , 13.5 million people were in relative low income AHC ( an increase of 300,000 from the year before ) and 12.9 million people were in absolute low income AHC ( a decrease of 700,000 from the year before ) . Relative low income means that people live in households with income below 60 % of the median in a specified year . Absolute income means that people live in households with income below 60 % of the median income in some base year . In 2016 , the incomes of poor households are extremely sensitive to the activity in the labor market . When any downturn in the labor market occurs , the poorest people in the UK are increasingly more vulnerable and at greater risk . Median income ( overall ) has moved 2 % above pre-crisis ( 2007 - 2008 ) levels . During the recovery period , inequality in workers ' earnings has decreased . There has been strong employment growth along with weak earnings growth which have kept inequality low for several years . </P> <H3> Poverty reduction Strategies ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1999 , Tony Blair , the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , pledged that child poverty in the United Kingdom will end within a generation . The goal was to completely eradicate child poverty by 2020 . Poverty is a result of several different factors , some of which include : a lack of education and training , low participation in the labor market , poor working conditions , and affordable housing . The key components of the UK 's strategy to fight poverty are to : increase labor market participation of those eligible to work , to make work more advantageous for those receiving social benefits , to promote financial security for families , and to improve access to public transportation . One of the most crucial ways to reduce poverty is to increase benefit take - ups . In 2009 - 10 almost a third of those who were eligible for means - tested benefits did not claim their benefits . In 2011 - 2012 , 15 % of those eligible for Child Tax Credit did not claim their benefits . Also , 35 % of those eligible for Working Tax Credit did not claim their benefits neither . Improving these numbers and getting those people to claim their benefits would significantly help reduce poverty . Ways in which can help increase benefit take - up include : simplifying the language so those who receive the benefits understand what they are receiving , making the process of receiving the benefits easier and more efficient , and encouraging benefit take - up . Other important ways to reduce the levels of poverty include : improve mental health , to ensure that children are supported sufficiently enough so that they can receive a quality education , help the unemployed find jobs , and improving child stability . A decrease in poverty would mean a more active economy because more people would have the ability to purchase more consumer goods than before . </P> <H2> Viewpoints of major political parties ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Poverty in 2015 general Election ( edit ) </H3> <P> For the UK General Election of 2015 , research was undertaken to analyse the commitment of the UK 's political parties in addressing poverty . It demonstrated that `` poverty has been overlooked as an issue in the General Election campaign '' and that only the Green Party had an effective policy to deal with poverty . Analysis of other parties ' policies and how they are used to deal with poverty ended in negative conclusions : `` The Conservatives and UKIP both performed fairly badly '' . Labour performed better in some specific policy areas when compared to the Conservatives , but `` there is not very much difference between them . '' Overall , the audit noted that views towards poverty were affected by specific views for those receiving social security benefits : `` there was a general tendency to come down hard on welfare recipients , with a shift towards means - testing and victim - blaming across the board . This can be seen particularly in the context of Immigration and Housing . '' </P> <H3> Poverty and political parties in 2000s ( edit ) </H3> Labour Party ( edit ) <P> While leader of the Labour Government , Tony Blair vowed in 1999 to cut child poverty 25 % by 2005 , 50 % by 2010 and to eradicate child poverty completely by 2020 . The Labour Party website states : </P> <P> `` In 1997 Labour inherited one of the highest rates of child poverty in Europe -- with one in three children living in poverty . Our mission to abolish child poverty is grounded both in our determination to secure social justice , and to tackle the problems that the social exclusion of children builds up for the long - term . Work is the best route out of poverty and our successful welfare to work measures have lifted millions out of poverty including disabled people , who have too often previously been consigned to a life on benefits . At the same time , millions of families are benefiting from the Child tax credit , the Working tax credit , and record rises in Child benefit . '' </P> <P> Their 2005 manifesto states : </P> <P> `` ( Since the Labour government came to power in 1997 ) there are two million fewer children and nearly two million fewer pensioners living in absolute poverty . '' </P> Conservative Party ( edit ) <P> In late November 2006 , the Conservative Party garnered headlines across the press when a senior member spoke out on poverty , invoking the name of Polly Toynbee . The headlines began when David Cameron 's policy advisor and shadow minister Greg Clark wrote : </P> <P> `` The traditional Conservative vision of welfare as a safety net encompasses another outdated Tory nostrum - that poverty is absolute , not relative . Churchill 's safety net is at the bottom : holding people at subsistence level , just above the abyss of hunger and homelessness . It is the social commentator Polly Toynbee who supplies imagery that is more appropriate for Conservative social policy in the twenty first century . '' </P> <P> This approach generated much comment and analysis . It was followed two days later by Cameron saying poverty should be seen in relative terms to the rest of society , where people lack those things which others in society take for granted , `` those who think otherwise are wrong ( ... ) I believe that poverty is an economic waste , a moral disgrace . ( ... ) We will only tackle the causes of poverty if we give a bigger role to society , tackling poverty is a social responsibility ( ... ) Labour rely too heavily on redistributing money , and on the large , clunking mechanisms of the state . '' </P> <H3> Beyond left and right : poverty as a major fault line in British society ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most people 's ability to sustain their lifestyle and to participate socially comes under threat at around the bottom 30 % of the income distribution , creating a sort of ' participation floor ' that seems to demarcate a major divide in British society ( Ferragina et al. 2016 ) . The floor begins around the point in the income distribution when the benefit system starts to contribute substantially to people 's incomes but is not entirely rigid or for example , it is lower for recipients of social security benefits mainly on account of the greater material deprivation that they experience . For those on the floor , participation is severely constrained with people negotiating a zero - sum world in which spending on one area means reduction in another . Whereas for those above the floor , additional income translates into more evident consumption , greater social participation and trust ; for those on the floor it means a slight easing of pressure , but no major change in lifestyle sufficient to be identified in survey evidence . The implications for policy and our understanding of society are profound . Much policy , notably the new Universal Credit that was the flagship policy of the past Coalition Government , seeks to maximise work incentives premised on the notion that additional income brings rewards for individuals in terms of higher living standards , and benefits society through greater consumption and a shared work ethic . Similarly , as emphasised by Lansley and Mack ( 2015 ) , New Labour during the period 1997 -- 2010 ( despite trying to tackle child poverty ) intervened mainly through more generous and wide - ranging tax - credits rather than fighting poverty and inequality at source ( Ferragina and Arrigoni , 2016 ) . </P> <H2> Pressure / interest groups ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( site ) is one of the largest social policy research and development charities in the UK and takes particular interest in the issue of poverty , with over 100 reports on poverty and disadvantage available on its website ( external link to report listing ) . </P> <P> The Child Poverty Action Group ( site ) campaigns for the elimination of poverty amongst children . </P> <P> End Child Poverty coalition ( site ) also seeks the eradication of child poverty . </P> <P> Oxfam UK Poverty Programme site ) works with people and policy makers to tackle the causes of poverty . </P> <P> In July 2013 Freedom from Torture ( site ) published its report `` The Poverty Barrier : The Right to Rehabilitation for Survivors of Torture in the UK which highlights the failings of the UK Asylum System in their handling of torture survivors arriving in the UK . The evidence included in the report comes from the testimony of over 100 survivors of torture and 18 members of Freedom from Torture 's clinical department . The report highlights financial insecurity , social exclusion and hopelessness and how poverty prevents the rehabilitation process . One survivor stated : `` ... Our current living conditions keep our torture trauma still alive . We ca n't move on . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Homelessness in England </Li> <Li> Poverty by country </Li> <Li> Income in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Hunger in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Universal Basic Income </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Households below average income : 1994 / 95 to 2014 / 15 '' . Department for Work and Pensions . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Living Standards , Poverty and Inequality in the UK : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Going backwards : 1983 - 2012 - Poverty and Social Exclusion '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Poverty hits twice as many British households as 30 years ago '' -- via The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Chris ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Deprivation Britain : Poverty is getting worse - even among working families , according to major new study '' . The Independent . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beattie , Jason ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Breadline Britain : One in three now living in poverty as chasm between rich and poor widens '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Social Services : Made Simple ( 1990 ) by Tony Byrne , BA , BSc ( Econ . ) , and Colin F. Padfield , LLB , DPA ( Lond ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Poverty : The Forgotten Englishmen ( 1983 ) by Ken Coates and Richard Silburn </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labour and inequality : sixteen fabian essays ( 1966 ) edited by Peter Townsend and Nicholas Bosanquet </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Speak for Britain ! A New History of the Labour Party by Martin Pugh </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Socially Deprived Families in Britain edited by Robert Holman , reprinted edition 1971 , first published in 1970 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Responses to poverty : lessons from Europe by Robert Walker , Roger Lawson , and Peter Townsend </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , Peter ( 1979 ) . `` 18 '' . Poverty in the United Kingdom ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , Peter ( 1979 ) . `` 12 '' . Poverty in the United Kingdom ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Millar , Jane ; Gardiner , Karen ( 2004 ) . `` Low pay , household resources and poverty '' ( PDF ) . Joseph Rowntree Foundation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Industrial Relations : A Marxist Introduction by Richard Hyman </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Poverty and Inequality in Common Market Countries edited by Victor George and Roger Lawson </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Consensus and conflict : essays in political sociology by Seymour Martin Lipset </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Social Welfare and the Failure of the State : Centralised Social Services and Participatory Alternatives by Roger Hadley and Stephen Hatch </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childhood poverty and social exclusion : from a child 's perspective by Tess Ridge </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irwin , John ( 1996 ) . Modern Britain : An Economic and Social History . Routledge . ISBN 9780203138199 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Economic And Social Policy : Lloyd George to Margaret Thatcher by GC Peden </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://lib-161.lse.ac.uk/archives/fabian_tracts/488.pdf </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Where There 's Greed : Margaret Thatcher and the Betrayal of Britain 's Future by Gordon Brown </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Britain in Close - Up by David McDowall </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lourie , Julia ( 17 January 1995 ) . `` A Minimum Wage '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK : State benefit levels - The Poverty Site '' . Poverty.org.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Minimum Wage , Low Pay Commission Report 2006 ( PDF ) . HMSO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UK : numbers in low income - The Poverty Site '' . Poverty.org.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Government 's Public Health White Paper ( Cm 6374 ) : Written Evidence - . Great Britain : Parliament : House of Commons : Health Committee . 16 November 2004 . ISBN 9780215025067 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Tim ; Heasman , Michael ( 2004 ) . Food Wars : The Global Battle for Mouths , Minds and Markets . Earthscan . ISBN 9781853837012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cribb , Jonathan ; Joyce , Robert ; Belfield , Chris ; Hood , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Living Standards , Poverty and Inequality in the UK : 2015 '' . Institute of Fiscal Studies . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909463 - 95 - 0 . doi : 10.1920 / re. ifs. 2015.0107 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Inflation could push 4m more Britons below poverty line , study finds The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welfare shakeup ' will push a quarter of a million children into poverty ' The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benefit changes ' could push 200,000 children into poverty ' BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levels of child hunger and deprivation in UK among highest of rich nations The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poverty ' driving people to choose between eating or keeping clean ' The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poor children being ' fed diluted milk ' , report finds BBC </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` People at risk of poverty after social transfers '' . Eurostat . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A third of UK lives on inadequate income , says think tank BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IFS poverty forecasts : Budget needs to support families on a precipice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rural deprivation and ill - health in England ' in danger of being overlooked ' The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Record levels of poverty in working families BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Child poverty in UK at highest level since 2010 , official figures show The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poorest UK families struggle to put food on the table , survey finds The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poor working families face big losses from benefit cuts , says IFS The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Is work `` fair and decent '' ? That 's not how the voters see it BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ One in eight workers struggle to afford food , finds TUC survey The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Two million UK families face £ 50 - a-week cut in income The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homelessness rise ' likely to have been driven by welfare reforms ' BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ School holidays leave 3 million children at risk of hunger , report says The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Action urged on school holiday hunger BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Election 2017 : What if I ca n't afford to pay the rent ? BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 100 tenants a day lose homes as rising rents and benefit freeze hit The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews , James . School holidays leave 3 million children at risk of hunger , report says - britain - now - 122632356. html `` How poor is Britain now '' Check url = value ( help ) . Yahoo ! . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( OECD ) Society at a Glance 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Verdict : Did Labour Change Britain ? By Polly Toynbee and David Walker </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is it like to be ' just about managing ' ? '' . 22 November 2016 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Autumn Statement : Workers ' pay growth prospects dreadful , says IFS BBC </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : editor , Patrick Butler Social policy ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Majority of poor children live in working families , IFS study finds '' -- via The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` More poor children in UK working families , says IFS '' . 16 July 2015 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statement on the repeal the Child Poverty Act </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shelter : More than four in 10 people face homes which fail acceptable standards BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loopstra , Rachel ; Reeves , Aaron ; Taylor - Robinson , David ; Barr , Ben ; McKee , Martin ; Stuckler , David ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Austerity , sanctions , and the rise of food banks in the UK '' . BMJ. 350 : h1775 . PMID 25854525 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. h1775 -- via www.bmj.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ More than 2.3 m families living in fuel poverty in England The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferragina et al. ( 2013 ) Poverty , Participation and Choice https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/poverty-participation-and-choice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strong link between disadvantage and suicide says Samaritans The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esping - Andersen , P. ( 1990 ) . The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism . Princeton : Princeton University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferragina E. , Seeleib - Kaiser , M. ( October 2011 ) . `` Welfare regime debate : past , present , futures ? '' . Policy & Politics . 39 : 583 -- 611 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK faces return to inequality of Thatcher years , says report The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip Hammond urged to use budget to help low - income families The Guardian </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Persistent Poverty in the UK and EU - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Welsh Government Poverty & Wealth '' . gov. wales . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Defty , Andrew ( 1 January 2011 ) . The Conservative Party and social policy . Policy Press at the University of Bristol . pp. 61 -- 76 . ISBN 9781847424334 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Institute , Trust for London and New Policy . `` Low income - Poverty Indicators - London 's Poverty Report '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/research/minimum-income-standard-for-london/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poverty and Progress In Britain 1953 - 1973 , G.C. Fiegehen , P.S. Lansley , and A.D. Smith , with a contribution by N.C. Garganas . ( C.U.P. 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 by Rodney Lowe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , Ian ; Kennedy , Steven ( 4 March 2004 ) . `` Poverty : Measures and Targets '' ( PDF ) . Research Report 04 / 23 . House of Commons Library . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How low income is measured in households below average income - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Households below average income : 1994 / 95 to 2014 / 15 - Publications - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winnett , Robert ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` Feckless parents would only spend extra benefits on themselves , says Iain Duncan Smith '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consensual method Poverty and Social Exclusion '' . www.poverty.ac.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mack , Joanna . `` Attitudes to necessities in the PSE 2012 survey : are minimum standards becoming less generous ? '' ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Water and Sewerage Charges ( Limit on Household Expenditure ) '' . They Work For You . 15 March 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fuel Poverty '' . They Work For You . 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Raising awareness of fuel poverty '' . BBC website . 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` More than a million working households are in fuel poverty '' -- via The Guardian . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Key Facts '' . Poverty.org.uk . Archived from the original on 12 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Earl ( July 1995 ) . `` The Role of Intelligence in Modern Society ( July - Aug , 1995 ) '' . American Scientist . pp. 4 ( Nonlinearities in Intelligence ) . Archived from the original on 21 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heath , A. and Cheung , S.Y. ( 2006 ) Ethnic penalties in the labour market : Employers and discrimination . DWP Research Report No. 341 . Leeds : Corporate Document Services . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackey , Nii Djan ( 2006 ) . `` Barriers to employment for Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in Britain and constraints '' . et al. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knight , Julian ( 1 August 2005 ) . `` First - time buyers on poverty ' knife - edge ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Easton , Mark ( 2 May 2006 ) . `` Britain 's happiness in decline '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wealth warning '' . The Guardian . 5 June 2005 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A history of milestones , information on historical measurements of poverty '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reducing Poverty in the UK : A Collection of Evidence Reviews . Joseph Rowntree Foundation . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90958 - 630 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor - Goobey , Peter ; Larsen , Trine ; Kananen , Johannes . `` Market Means and Welfare Ends : The UK Welfare State Experiment '' ( PDF ) . www.cambridge.org . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dixon , John ; Scheurell , Robert . P ( 1989 ) . Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 94701 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Persistent Poverty in the UK and EU - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGuinness , Feargal . `` Poverty in the UK : statistics '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Belfield , Chris ; Cribb , Jonathan ; Hood , Andrew ; Joyce , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` Living standards , poverty and inequality in the UK : 2016 '' . ISBN 978 - 1 - 911102 - 17 - 5 . doi : 10.1920 / re. ifs. 2016.0117 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Collin , Chantal ( 2007 ) . Poverty Reduction Strategies in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Library of Parliament . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 to 2015 government policy : poverty and social justice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2015 POLITICAL MANIFESTO POVERTY AUDIT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is Labour doing for ... families and children ? '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labour Party manifesto '' ( PDF ) . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Branigan , Tania ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` Cameron told : it 's time to ditch Churchill '' . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toynbee not Churchill , Tory says '' . BBC News . 22 November 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Assinder , Nick ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` From Churchill to Toynbee ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , Toynbee , Polly ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` Leaves out of my book '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , `` Rightwing Tories support Toynbee approach '' . The Guardian . 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , `` Churchill out , Toynbee in '' . The Guardian . 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , `` Times editorial '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulholland , Helene ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` Cameron : poverty is a ' moral disgrace ' '' . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferragina et al. ( 2016 ) Poverty and Participation in Twenty - First Century Multicultural Britain , Social Policy and Society https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8E3357DC7C884BD4C137553D82FF3CA4/S1474746416000440a.pdf/poverty-and-participation-in-twenty-first-century-multicultural-britain.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lansley , S. and Mack , J. ( 2015 ) Breadline Britain : The Rise of Mass Poverty , London : Oneworld . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferragina , E. and Arrigoni , A. ( 2016 ) ' The rise and fall of social capital : requiem for a theory ? ' , Political Studies Review http://psw.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/04/06/1478929915623968.abstract . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.freedomfromtorture.org/sites/default/files/documents/Poverty%20report%20FINAL%20a4%20web.pdf The Poverty Barrier </Li> </Ol> <H2> Key sources and external links ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Government statistics ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The UK Government 's Department of Work and Pensions makes a yearly collection of Households below average income ( HBAI ) statistics , and has been doing so since 1994 - 5 . The report for 2014 - 5 includes data and summary the overall income distribution , income equality , sources of income , low income indicators , and data on the relationship between poverty and children , age , pensioners and disability . The Department for Work and Pensions ( official site ) is responsible for policy relating to social welfare and tends to take the lead in addressing or contributing to poverty </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Government reports </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Measuring Child Poverty '' ( PDF ) . Department for Work and Pensions . December 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` Understanding older people 's experiences of poverty and material deprivation . '' ( PDF ) . DWP . July 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other sources of reports and analysis ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> One hundred years of poverty and policy by Howard Glennerster , John Hills , and David Piachaud and Jo Webb - The Joseph Rowntree Foundation . Contains information on historical trends in poverty and anti-poverty legislation </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Government debates ( most recent first ) </Dt> </Dl> <P> Child poverty debate - Westminster Hall , 4 July 2006 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Poverty debate - House of Lords , 6 February 2002 . </Li> <Li> Student poverty debate - House of Lords , 15 March 2001 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Statistics provided by Government ministers </Dt> </Dl> <P> This is a collection of links to statistics available at the site TheyWorkForYou the relevant content of which is sourced from Hansard . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Child poverty </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Number and percentage of children living in poverty , in each year , 1979 - 2004 . </Li> <Li> Number and percentage of children living in poverty , in each year , 1979 - 2004 before and after housing costs . </Li> <Li> Percentage of children living in poverty in working or workless households , 2003 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Proportion of children in families with ( a ) a lone parent , ( b ) married parents or stepparents and ( c ) cohabiting parents or stepparents in poverty , 2004 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Number and percentage of children living in poverty , 1997 - 2004 . </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland : children living in the province estimated to be living in poverty , broken down by ( a ) Northern Ireland local government district and ( b ) parliamentary constituency , 2002 / 04 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Pensioner poverty </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Number and percentage of pensioners living in poverty from 1979 - 2004 . </Li> <Li> Pensioners in poverty 1994 - 2003 , broken down by region . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Rural poverty </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Rural poverty , 2002 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Mixed </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Percentage of children and adults living in poverty both before and after housing costs from 1995 - 2005 . </Li> <Li> Poverty among ( a ) pensioners , ( b ) the unemployed , ( c ) disabled and ( d ) others in 1996 / 97 and 2003 / 04 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Miscellaneous </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The average weekly income for a ) the lowest earning 40 % and b ) the highest earning 40 % in England as a whole and the South West in particular for 1996 / 97 - 1998 / 99 and 2002 / 03 - 2004 / 05 . </Li> <Li> Contains estimates on trends in poverty and inequality in the United Kingdom from 1960 onwards </Li> <Li> Contains estimates on trends in poverty and inequality in the United Kingdom from 1961 onwards </Li> <Li> Contains estimates on the proportion of the population living in poverty from 1961 to 1995 </Li> </Ul> <H3> General News items ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Breadline Britain - the welfare state 60 years on - BBC News , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Social Exclusion - The Guardian , updated regularly . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United Kingdom articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chronology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Formation </Li> <Li> Georgian era </Li> <Li> 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speed </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trade and business organisations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Business organisations </Li> <Li> British Bankers ' Association </Li> <Li> British Chambers of Commerce </Li> <Li> Confederation of British Industry </Li> <Li> Co-operatives UK </Li> <Li> EEF </Li> <Li> Federation of Small Businesses </Li> <Li> Industry trade groups </Li> <Li> Institute of Directors </Li> <Li> UK Payments Administration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=800397598 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Poverty in the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with URL errors </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Use British English from January 2017 </Li> <Li> NPOV disputes from June 2017 </Li> <Li> All NPOV disputes </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 </Li> <Li> All pages needing factual verification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 08 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Blaze and the Monster Machines - wikipedia <H1> Blaze and the Monster Machines </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Blaze and the Monster Machines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Adventure Science Fiction Musical </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Jeff Borkin Ellen Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nolan North </Li> <Li> Dusan Brown ( Season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Caleel Harris ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Ramone Hamilton ( Season 4 - present ) </Li> <Li> Angelina Wahler ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Molly Jackson ( Seasons 3 - present ) </Li> <Li> Alexander Polinsky </Li> <Li> James Patrick Stuart </Li> <Li> Sunil Malhotra </Li> <Li> Kate Higgins </Li> <Li> Kevin Michael Richardson </Li> <Li> Nat Faxon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Blaze and the Monster Machines Theme '' , performed by Kyle Gordon , Mason Rather and JP Rende </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> `` It 's Blaze '' , performed by Scott Krippayne ( Instrument version , 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 66 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> <P> 22 minutes </P> 45 minutes ( specials ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nerd Corps Entertainment ( Season 1 ) DHX Media ( Season 2 -- present ) Nickelodeon Animation Studio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Viacom Media Networks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Nickelodeon ( US ) Channel 5 and Nick Jr . ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> HDTV 1080i </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Blaze and the Monster Machines is a CGI interactive educational animated television series with a focus on teaching about Science , technology , engineering , and mathematics . The series premiered on Nickelodeon on October 13 , 2014 . It was renewed for a fourth season on March 26 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2 Supporting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Minor </Li> <Li> 3.4 Special Guest Stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Locations </Li> <Li> 5 Production </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 7 DVD Releases </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show focuses on Blaze , a red monster truck , and his smart young driver , AJ . They live in a world that involves many living monster trucks . Their friends include their truck friends , collectively referred to as the `` Monster Machines '' : Starla , Stripes , Zeg , Darington , and Watts ( as of Season 3 ) , as well as a girl named Gabby , who is a mechanic who can fix anything and also Watts ' Monster Machine Driver and close friend ( as of Season 3 ) . Each episode also features Crusher , a sneaky blue truck who cheats in races . Crusher is almost always accompanied by a green car named Pickle , his goofy sidekick who always looks on the good side of things . </P> <P> Animals in this monster machine world also have blended windows and wheels ; however AJ and Gabby are humans . In some episodes , Blaze , AJ and their friends are in a race against Crusher . During the race , Crusher cheats , usually with the help of his gray robots . However , Blaze and AJ manage to get through his traps , and they always beat him in time with the help of his Blazing Speed . </P> <P> Some episodes do not involve races , but still have Blaze competing against Crusher , sometimes by racing against him to get an item . Other episodes involve helping a truck friend such as Starla , Zeg , Darington , Stripes , Watts , or even Crusher and / or Pickle . </P> <P> Each episode features two or three original songs usually performed by Blaze and AJ offscreen , when they 're setting off on their adventure or demonstrating the episode 's STEM concept . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Blaze and the Monster Machines episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Blaze ( voiced by Nolan North ) is an orange - red monster truck with blue eyes and a flame emblem , who is good hearted , loyal and brave . He is Axle City 's number one racer , especially with help from his Blazing Speed which is initiated by saying `` Let 's Blaze ! '' . At the start of Season 2 , Blaze becomes the newest member of the Axle City Fire Department . He and his friends would also visit VelocityVille ( where they turn into Race Cars to take part in adventures and Race Car Events ) , and Animal Island ( to visit their animal friends and transform into animals for competitions or to take care of problems and / or obstacles ) . As revealed in Season 3 , Blaze 's Blazing Speed engine is not only what he uses to unleash his Blazing Speed , but it is also what allows him to drive around in general . As of Season 3 , starting with the `` Wild Wheels '' episodes , Blaze 's design has been slightly upgraded to have the addition of taillights , coinciding with the series ' upgraded animation . Blaze , along with his Monster Machine friends and Gabby 's ATV , also have additional features as well , such as grappling lines to tow fellow Monster Machines out of trouble and Speed Lights to illuminate themselves in the dark and race in the dark in one of Axle City 's outdoor race tracks . </Li> <Li> AJ ( voiced by Dusan Brown in Season 1 , Caleel Harris in Season 2 through Season 3 , Ramone Hamilton in Season 4 to present ; singing by Jacquez Swanigan in Season 1 through Season 2 , Reed L. Shannon in Season 3 to present ) is Blaze 's best friend and driver , an eight - year - old science and technology expert with medium skin , brown eyes and brown hair , and wears a white and red racing suit and helmet . AJ 's racing suit technology includes his Visor View in his helmet which allows him to see things no one else can , his skywriting gloves which allow him to draw pictures in mid-air , and a wrist - com video watch worn on his left arm to call others . His uniform can also undergo minor changes in appearance , such as when Blaze transforms into a race car , and Blaze using his speed lights . </Li> <Li> Gabby ( voiced by Angelina Wahler in 2014 through 2017 , Molly Jackson in 2018 - Present ) is a knowledgeable 9 - year old mechanic with light skin , blue eyes and purple hair in a ponytail , and wears a white shirt with blue overalls , though she switches to a white and blue racing suit and helmet with goggles when riding with Blaze . She fixes up the trucks when they are damaged , and sometimes rides with AJ and Blaze to take part in some of their adventures . Gabby 's uniform and helmet undergoes changes like AJ 's , but so far , it has only happened once ( when Gabby 's ATV uses Speed Lights ) . Gabby usually drives a purple ATV , but as of Season 3 , Gabby , like AJ , is now a Monster Machine driver , driving with her new close friend , Watts . This makes Gabby the first female Monster Machine driver , the second Monster Machine driver in general ( with the first being AJ ) , and both the first female Monster Machine driver AND first Monster Machine driver in general to be partnered with a female Monster Machine ( in this case : Watts ) . When Gabby competes in a Monster Machine event with Watts , she wears a white and magenta version of her racing suit . </Li> <Li> Stripes ( voiced by Sunil Malhotra ) is a yellow - orange and violet striped truck with the abilities of a tiger such as a high sense of smell and retractable spike - claws in his tires . In Season 3 's `` Wild Wheels '' episodes , when Blaze transforms into a Lion Monster Machine , he shares his engineering powers to transform Stripes into Super Tiger Stripes . He lives in a treehouse in a jungle outside the city . </Li> <Li> Starla ( voiced by Kate Higgins ) is a purple pickup truck with a sparkly silver cowboy hat , who 's a roping expert and speaks with a thick southern accent . She runs a farm outside the city . </Li> <Li> Darington ( voiced by Alexander Polinsky ) is a clumsy yet fearless blue and white monster truck with a gold star motif , helmet and cape - like spoiler , who loves stunts . His catchphrase is `` Daringtooooon ! '' . In `` The Chicken Circus '' , it reveals that Darington can speak chicken . </Li> <Li> Zeg ( voiced by James Patrick Stuart ) is a light green half - triceratops , half - monster truck with brute tendencies . He has a short vocabulary and tends to refer to himself in third person . He lives in a prehistoric cave outside the city . </Li> <Li> Watts ( voiced by Melanie Minichino ) is a magenta Monster Machine powered by electricity and the latest of Blaze 's Monster Machine friends as of Season 3 ( as shown from the updated standard Opening Sequence with the upgraded animation as of `` Animal Island '' ) . Watts is also the second female Monster Machine to both be part of the main cast and be part of Blaze 's Machine friends , with the first female Monster Machine to do so being Starla . Watts ' features include her electric engine and her special yellow electric tires , both allowing her to drive fast , and her Electric Charge which allows her to give anything electricity so it can work . When Watts met Blaze , AJ , and Gabby for the first time , Watts happily asks Gabby to be her driver , saying that she never had anyone driving her before . Gabby happily accepts Watts ' offer , saying that she has never been a Monster Machine 's driver before . Since then , Gabby is now a Monster Machine driver for Watts ( just like AJ is Blaze 's Monster Machine driver ) , and the 2 are now very close friends ( just like Blaze and AJ are close friends ) . This makes Watts the first female Monster Machine capable of being driven by a human , the second Monster Machine in general to do so ( with the first being Blaze ) , and both the first female Monster Machine AND first Monster Machine in general to be partnered with a female Monster Machine driver ( in this case : Gabby ) . </Li> <Li> Crusher ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a deep blue monster truck with a lighter blue lightning bolt motif , and Blaze and AJ 's rival . He cheats in most episodes just to get his way . He constructs various cheating gadgets from parts that he keeps in a bag on his chassis . A running gag of the show is where Crusher gets himself into trouble in various situations , especially when he crashes into something and ends up dizzy or messy . Crusher often stars in his own subplots along with Pickle which are separate from the main story , in which he constantly messes up doing something that Pickle is trying out . While he is known for his cheating and mischievous ways , he is not all bad and not really evil . In fact , there are times where Crusher is still good at heart at times . Examples of are shown when Crusher is willing to help Blaze save the Christmas Presents , and when he admits that he 'd never steal anyone else 's birthday cake when he realizes that it was Darrington 's birthday cake that he was trying to take . In addition , Blaze and his friends are even willing to help Crusher in some instances , such as helping him find his toy truck `` Little Trucky '' , Gasqautch saving him by sneezing away a thundercloud and then bringing him down from Mud Mountain , Gabby fixing his muffler / exhaust pipe when it got broken , and Blaze helped convince Crusher not to cheat when they 've teamed up in a Team Truck Challenge in `` Defeat the Cheat '' . In fact , in that race , Crusher ( along with Blaze ) has finally scored himself his first ever win fair and square , and it is also the first time where Crusher 's running gag does not end with Crusher disgusted , but actually ends with Crusher being happy ( as Crusher did bump into an ice cream cart and ended up messy , but happy about his win , he happily eats the dripping ice cream as he says , `` Tastes like Winning ! '' ) . </Li> <Li> Pickle ( voiced by Nat Faxon ) is a small green monster truck with darker green stripes and bumps on his sides , who is Crusher 's sidekick despite Crusher 's indifference towards him , although the two are known to be close friends most of the time . He tends to look on the brighter side of things and is quite goofy and has an extremely high pitch voice . Although he is by Crusher 's side , Pickle has is actually quite friendly towards Blaze and his friends . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Supporting ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bump Bumperman ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> Joe ( voiced by Nat Faxon ) </Li> <Li> Gus ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) </Li> <Li> Gasquatch ( voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) </Li> <Li> Swoops ( voiced by David Shatraw ) </Li> <Li> Speedrick ( voiced by Keith Ferguson ) </Li> <Li> Rally ( voiced by Danica Patrick ) </Li> <Li> Mark Set - go ( voiced by Chase Elliott ) </Li> <Li> Dash ( voiced by Jimmie Johnson ) </Li> <Li> Fender ( voiced by Kasey Kahne ) </Li> <Li> Becky Checkerflag ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) </Li> <Li> Snout the Warthog ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) </Li> <Li> Wartimer the Warthog ( voiced by Trevor Devall ) </Li> <Li> Bunk the Elephant ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) </Li> <Li> Bam the Gorilla ( voiced by Sirena Irwin ) </Li> <Li> Skyler the Falcon ( voiced by Kate Higgins ) </Li> <Li> Nelson the Rhino ( voiced by Cedric Yarbrough ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Minor ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Reece ( voiced by Grey Griffin ) </Li> <Li> Debris ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> Clive ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> Rudy ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> Ferris ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> The King ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) </Li> <Li> The Royal Knights <Ul> <Li> Green Knight ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> Purple Knight ( voiced by Cree Summer ) </Li> <Li> Yellow Knight ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) </Li> <Li> White Knight ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Moose <Ul> <Li> Morgan Moose ( voiced by Mick Wingert ) </Li> <Li> Marty Moose ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) </Li> <Li> Bruce Moose ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lucy ( voiced by Grey Griffin ) </Li> <Li> Brodie ( voiced by Kate Higgins ) </Li> <Li> Robby ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special Guest Stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Grammy / `` Crusher 's Grandmother '' ( voiced by Susan Silo ) </Li> <Li> The Fire Chief ( voiced by Joe Manganiello ) </Li> <Li> Pegwheel the Pirate ( voiced by Anthony Anderson ) </Li> <Li> The Great Sphinx ( voiced by Mayim Bialik ) </Li> <Li> Santa ( voiced by Bob Joles ) </Li> <Li> The Voice of Christmas ( voiced by Carl Reiner ) </Li> <Li> The Light Thief ( voiced by Melissa Rauch ) </Li> <Li> Lazard the Chameleon ( voiced by Billy Ray Cyrus ) </Li> <Li> Tooks the Toucan ( voiced by Kelsea Ballerini ) </Li> <Li> Thunderwing the Falcon ( voiced by Darius Rucker ) </Li> <Li> The Pickle Family <Ul> <Li> Cousin Ben ( voiced by Steve Little ) </Li> <Li> Cousin Ken ( voiced by Chris Parnell ) </Li> <Li> Cousin Sven ( voiced by Chris Parnell ) </Li> <Li> Sister Lilly ( voiced by Judy Greer ) </Li> <Li> Sister Milly ( voiced by Wendi McLendon - Covey ) </Li> <Li> Sister Tilly ( voiced by Stephanie Courtney ) </Li> <Li> Sister Frilly ( voiced by Wendi McLendon - Covey ) </Li> <Li> Grandpa ( voiced by Jim Rash ) </Li> <Li> Baby Gherkin ( voiced by Judy Greer ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Little Bunny ( voiced by Jenna Dewan Tatum ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Locations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Axle City : Axle City is the main location of the series , and where Blaze , AJ , Gabby , and all of the Monster Machines live . The most well known locations of the area include the Monster Dome ( where many Monster Machine events are held , especially Monster Machine Racing ) , Mud Mountain ( where the Monsters Machines , especially Gasquatch , hold Mud Fest ) , a land of Medieval Monster Machines , and much more , including nearby islands . Monster Machines race events include Stuntmania , the Axle City Grand Prix , and the Race to the Top of the World . Monster Machine friends , both in Axle City and other areas of the Monster Machine world , include the Great Sphinx , Pegwheel Pete and his Pirate Crew ( though antogonistic in Race to the Top of the World , but happily congratulates Blaze and his friends for winning and become their friends in some adventures ) , Bump Bumperman , Gus and Joe , Gasquatch , and the Light Thief ( a talking Kangaroo ) . </Li> <Li> VelocityVille : VelocityVille is the location for the `` Race Car Adventures '' episodes . To reach VelocityVille , Blaze and his friends travel to it with help from their friend , Swoops , whom Blaze and AJ first met before he offers them a ride on their very first visit to VelocityVille . Where Axle City is inhabitted by Monster Machines , VelocityVille 's inhabitants are Race Cars . This is where Blaze transformed into a Race Car for first time to save his new friends of Velocityville , and since then , he , his Monster Machine friends , and even Crusher and Pickle transform into Race Cars whenever they visit VelocityVille . As a result of the Race Car Transformation , AJ 's racing suit also undergoes some slight changes , such as his racing helmet having white detailing instead of black . Blaze , AJ , Gabby , and the other Monster Machine 's Race Car friends include Rally , Fender , Dash , Mark - Set - Go , and other Velocityville residents like Becky Checkerflag and Speedrick ( formerly a rival who wants no one to be faster than him , but now a friend who believes that all race cars , including him , should be fast ) . In VelocityVille , Race Cars happily drive around the city at incredible speed and velocity thanks to their aerodynamic shapes , and Race Car events take place , such as the Race to Eagle Rock , the Polar Derby , and the Hundred Mile Race . </Li> <Li> Animal Island : Animal Island is a location in the Monster Machines ' World where animals of all kinds reside , including insects . Animal Island is also the location for the `` Wild Wheels '' episodes . Unlike the animals in Axle City and VelocityVille , all of the animals in Animal Island are capable to talk like humans and Monster Machines , in addition to their usual animal noises . The main residents of the island and Blaze , AJ , Gabby , and the Monster Machines ' animal friends include Bunk the Elephant , Bam the Gorilla , Skyler the Falcon , Nelson the Rhino , and Tooks the Toucan . Blaze and his friends travel to Animal Island by raft , or , Swoops . When Blaze and his friends visit Animal Island , instead of STEM Concepts , the `` Wild Wheels '' episodes teach viewers educational facts about all kinds of Animals . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first season consisted of 20 episodes . On June 15 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a third season . On June 21 , 2016 , it was renewed for a fourth season . On May 22 , 2018 , it was renewed for a fifth season . </P> <H2> Broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> Blaze and the Monster Machines premiered on Nick Jr. in the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 6 , 2015 and on Nick Jr. in Australia and New Zealand on March 9 . The series is also airing on Nickelodeon and Treehouse TV in Canada , Nick Jr. in Africa ( , TNT in Russia ( Вспыш и чудо - машинки ) , and HOP ! in Israel ( בלייז וחברי משאית המפלצת שלו ) . </P> <H2> DVD Releases ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Region 1 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blaze of Glory : A Mini Movie </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> High - Speed Adventures </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rev Up and Roar </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fired Up ! </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Race Into Velocityville </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wild Wheels : Escape to Animal Island </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heroes of Axle City </Td> <Td> February 13 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blaze Saves Christmas </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://kidscreen.com/2016/06/21/more-blaze-paws-shimmer-for-nickelodeon/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4422265/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1977134/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140313005909/en/Nickelodeon-Debut-100-Episodes-Brand-New-Educational-Preschool#.VFGaZvnF98E </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2015/06/15/nick-boosts-preschool-with-sid-and-marty-krofft-pick-up-more-blaze/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prepare for Monster Truck Adventures in Blaze and the Monster Machines '' . Viacom UK & Ireland Press Centre ( Press release ) . London : Viacom International Media Networks . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knox , David ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Airdate : Blaze and the Monster Machines '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CORUS Kids June / July 2015 Highlights '' . Corus Entertainment ( Press release ) . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferreira , Thinus . `` BET and two new channel2014 '' . Channel 24 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Blaze and the Monster Machines on IMDb </Li> <Li> Blaze and the Monster Machines at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nickelodeon original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Current </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) </Li> <Li> PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Loud House ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Crashletes ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Mysticons ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Top Wing ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Star Falls ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Double Dare ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Former </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1970s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 84 ) </Li> <Li> America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) </Li> <Li> Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> Standby ... 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( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( 2014 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Power Rangers Dino Charge / Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Nick Jr . 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Blaze_and_the_Monster_Machines&oldid=856951030 | 8,901,451,270,549,668,000 |
List of governors - general of Australia - wikipedia <H1> List of governors - general of Australia </H1> <P> </P> General Sir Peter Cosgrove , the 26th and current Governor - General of Australia <P> The Governor - General of Australia is the head of the executive branch of the federal government , serving as the representative of the Australian monarch ( currently Elizabeth II ) . The position came into being with the adoption of the new national constitution on 1 January 1901 , and has been held by 26 people since then . Governors - general have no fixed term , but have usually served for around five years . </P> <P> For the first two decades after federation , governors - general were selected solely by the British Government . The monarch was consulted on the decision into the 1930s . The first four governors - general were peers ; Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson ( appointed 1914 ) was the first commoner to hold the position , although he was also later elevated to the peerage . In 1920 , Billy Hughes became the first Prime Minister to be consulted over the governor - generalship . Stanley Bruce ( 1925 ) and Joseph Lyons ( 1935 ) either asked for or were given a list of suitable candidates to choose from . </P> <P> James Scullin ( 1930 ) became the first Prime Minister of Australia to exercise complete discretion in the appointment ; his nomination of Sir Isaac Isaacs made Australia the first Dominion to have a native - born governor - general . In 1945 , John Curtin nominated Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , to the post -- the first and only royal officeholder . A second Australian ( William McKell ) was appointed in 1947 ; he was followed by three more Britons , each chosen by Sir Robert Menzies . Menzies 's fourth nomination was Richard Casey , who took office in 1965 ; he and all subsequent governors - general have been Australian citizens . All states except South Australia and Tasmania have provided at least one appointee . The first female governor - general , Quentin Bryce , took office in 2008 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 List </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 Further reading </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> List ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Governor - General </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Term of office </Th> <Th> Length </Th> <Th> Monarch ( s ) </Th> <Th> Prime Minister ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Hope , Earl of Hopetoun </Td> <Td> 1 January 1901 </Td> <Td> 17 July 1902 </Td> <Td> 1 year , 197 days </Td> <Td> Victoria ( 1837 -- 1901 ) </Td> <Td> Barton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward VII ( 1901 -- 1910 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hallam Tennyson , Baron Tennyson </Td> <Td> 9 January 1903 </Td> <Td> 21 January 1904 </Td> <Td> 1 year , 12 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deakin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Northcote , Baron Northcote </Td> <Td> 21 January 1904 </Td> <Td> 9 September 1908 </Td> <Td> 4 years , 232 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deakin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Ward , Earl of Dudley </Td> <Td> 9 September 1908 </Td> <Td> 31 July 1911 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 325 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fisher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deakin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fisher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George V ( 1910 -- 1936 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thomas Denman , Baron Denman </Td> <Td> 31 July 1911 </Td> <Td> 18 May 1914 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 291 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cook </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson </Td> <Td> 18 May 1914 </Td> <Td> 6 October 1920 </Td> <Td> 6 years , 141 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fisher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hughes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Forster , Baron Forster </Td> <Td> 6 October 1920 </Td> <Td> 8 October 1925 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 2 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bruce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Baird , Baron Stonehaven </Td> <Td> 8 October 1925 </Td> <Td> 2 October 1930 </Td> <Td> 4 years , 359 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scullin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Isaac Isaacs </Td> <Td> 21 January 1931 </Td> <Td> 23 January 1936 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 2 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward VIII ( 1936 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alexander Hore - Ruthven , Baron Gowrie </Td> <Td> 23 January 1936 </Td> <Td> 30 January 1945 </Td> <Td> 9 years , 7 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George VI ( 1936 -- 1952 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Page </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Menzies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fadden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curtin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester </Td> <Td> 30 January 1945 </Td> <Td> 11 March 1947 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 40 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Forde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chifley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir William McKell </Td> <Td> 11 March 1947 </Td> <Td> 8 May 1953 </Td> <Td> 6 years , 58 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Menzies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elizabeth II ( 1952 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir William Slim </Td> <Td> 8 May 1953 </Td> <Td> 2 February 1960 </Td> <Td> 6 years , 270 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Morrison , Viscount Dunrossil </Td> <Td> 2 February 1960 </Td> <Td> 3 February 1961 </Td> <Td> 1 year , 1 day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Sidney , Viscount De L'Isle </Td> <Td> 3 August 1961 </Td> <Td> 7 May 1965 </Td> <Td> 3 years , 277 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Casey , Baron Casey </Td> <Td> 7 May 1965 </Td> <Td> 30 April 1969 </Td> <Td> 3 years , 358 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McEwen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gorton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Paul Hasluck </Td> <Td> 30 April 1969 </Td> <Td> 11 July 1974 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 72 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McMahon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whitlam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir John Kerr </Td> <Td> 11 July 1974 </Td> <Td> 8 December 1977 </Td> <Td> 3 years , 150 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fraser </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Zelman Cowen </Td> <Td> 8 December 1977 </Td> <Td> 29 July 1982 </Td> <Td> 4 years , 233 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Ninian Stephen </Td> <Td> 29 July 1982 </Td> <Td> 16 February 1989 </Td> <Td> 6 years , 202 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Hayden </Td> <Td> 16 February 1989 </Td> <Td> 16 February 1996 </Td> <Td> 7 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir William Deane </Td> <Td> 16 February 1996 </Td> <Td> 29 June 2001 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 133 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Howard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Hollingworth </Td> <Td> 29 June 2001 </Td> <Td> 28 May 2003 </Td> <Td> 1 year , 333 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jeffery </Td> <Td> 11 August 2003 </Td> <Td> 5 September 2008 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 25 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rudd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dame Quentin Bryce </Td> <Td> 5 September 2008 </Td> <Td> 28 March 2014 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 204 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gillard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rudd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Peter Cosgrove </Td> <Td> 28 March 2014 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> 4 years , 212 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turnbull </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morrison </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History of Australia </Li> <Li> Constitutional history of Australia </Li> <Li> Governors of the Australian states </Li> <Li> British Empire </Li> <Li> Governor - general ( links to other countries which have governors - general ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopetoun left for England on 17 July 1902 . Lord Tennyson , the Governor of South Australia , was appointed Administrator of the Government until formally taking over the governor - generalship on 9 January 1903 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stonehaven left for England on 2 October 1930 . Lord Somers , the Governor of Victoria , was appointed Administrator of the Government until Sir Isaac Isaacs took over the governor - generalship on 21 January 1931 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunrossil died in office on 3 February 1961 . Sir Dallas Brooks , the Governor of Victoria , was appointed Administrator of the Government until Lord De L'Isle took over the governor - generalship on 3 August 1961 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hollingworth resigned on 28 May 2003 . Sir Guy Green , the Governor of Tasmania , was appointed Administrator of the Government until Michael Jeffery took over the governor - generalship on 11 August 2003 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christopher Cunneen ( 1983 ) . Kings ' Men : Australia 's Governors - General from Hopetoun to Isaacs . Allen and Unwin . ISBN 0 - 86861 - 238 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Bill Hayden ( 1996 ) . Hayden : An Autobiography . Angus & Robertson . ISBN 0 - 207 - 18769 - X . ( pp 515 , 519 , 548 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Office of the Governor - General </Li> <Li> The use of the reserve powers </Li> <Li> A Mirror to the People a 58 - minute documentary film on the Office of Governor - General of Australia 1999 . Dir : Daryl Dellora . Features Sir William Deane , Sir Zelman Cowen , Sir Ninian Stephen . Special Commendation ATOM Awards . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Governors - General of Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Hopetoun </Li> <Li> Tennyson </Li> <Li> Northcote </Li> <Li> Dudley </Li> <Li> Denman </Li> <Li> Munro Ferguson </Li> <Li> Forster </Li> <Li> Stonehaven </Li> <Li> Isaacs </Li> <Li> Gowrie </Li> <Li> Gloucester </Li> <Li> McKell </Li> <Li> Slim </Li> <Li> Dunrossil </Li> <Li> De L'Isle </Li> <Li> Casey </Li> <Li> Hasluck </Li> <Li> Kerr </Li> <Li> Cowen </Li> <Li> Stephen </Li> <Li> Hayden </Li> <Li> Deane </Li> <Li> Hollingworth </Li> <Li> Jeffery </Li> <Li> Bryce </Li> <Li> Cosgrove </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> List of Governors - General of Australia </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors-General_of_Australia&oldid=864356588 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of governors - general </Li> <Li> Governors - General of Australia </Li> <Li> Lists of viceroys in Australia </Li> <Li> Westminster system </Li> <Li> Monarchy in Australia </Li> <Li> Government of Australia </Li> <Li> Parliament of Australia </Li> <Li> Lists of Australian people by occupation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from October 2017 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 17 : 43 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Night at the Museum - wikipedia <H1> Night at the Museum </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Night at the Museum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Shawn Levy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shawn Levy </Li> <Li> Chris Columbus </Li> <Li> Michael Barnathan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thomas Lennon </Li> <Li> Robert Ben Garant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Night at the Museum by Milan Trenc </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ben Stiller </Li> <Li> Carla Gugino </Li> <Li> Dick Van Dyke </Li> <Li> Robin Williams </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson </Li> <Li> Steve Coogan </Li> <Li> Crystal the Monkey </Li> <Li> Jake Cherry </Li> <Li> Ricky Gervais </Li> <Li> Mickey Rooney </Li> <Li> Bill Cobbs </Li> <Li> Rami Malek </Li> <Li> Pierfrancesco Favino </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Alan Silvestri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Guillermo Navarro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Don Zimmerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1492 Pictures </Li> <Li> 21 Laps Entertainment </Li> <Li> Ingenious Film Partners </Li> <Li> Dune Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) ( New York City ) </Li> <Li> December 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 108 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $110 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $574.5 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Night at the Museum is a 2006 American fantasy - comedy film directed by Shawn Levy and written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon , based on the 1993 children 's book of the same name by Croatian illustrator Milan Trenc . The film stars Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a divorced father who applies for a job as a night watchman at New York City 's American Museum of Natural History and subsequently discovers that the exhibits , animated by a magical Egyptian artifact , come to life at night . </P> <P> It was released on December 22 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . The first installment in the Night at the Museum trilogy , the film was a box office success despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , grossing over $574 million . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Humans </Li> <Li> 2.2 Exhibits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Music <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Songs </Li> <Li> 4.2 Score <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Track list </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical reaction </Li> <Li> 5.3 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Awards </Li> <Li> 7 Sequels </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Larry Daley is a divorced man from Queens , hoping to find a good job to impress his ten - year old son Nick , his ex-wife Erica believing he is a bad example for their son . Larry is hired at the American Museum of Natural History to replace the retiring security guards Cecil Fredericks and his colleagues Gus and Reginald . Larry meets the museum 's neurotic curator Dr. McPhee , and museum docent Rebecca Hutman , who plans to write a dissertation on Sacagawea . On his first night , Cecil hands Larry an instruction manual on what to do in the museum , warning him not to let anything `` in or out . '' </P> <P> Larry soon discovers that at night , the museum 's exhibits come to life and cause havoc for him . Amongst the lively exhibits are a playful Tyrannosaurus skeleton named Rexy ; a mischievous capuchin monkey named Dexter who destroys the instructions ; the warring factions of cowboys and legionnaires led by Jedediah and General Octavius ; violent Attila the Hun ; a talking Easter Island Head that desires gum ; the fire - seeking neanderthals ; and a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt , who is in love with Sacagawea . </P> <P> Roosevelt explains to Larry that the exhibits have come to life every night since the arrival of an Egyptian artifact , the Tablet of Akhmenrah , the mummified pharaoh trapped in his sarcophagus . He also explains to Larry that as night guard , it is his job to make sure that no exhibit sets foot out of the museum , otherwise they will disintegrate into dust if the sun rises while they are outside . The next day , Cecil advises Larry to research history to make up for the instructions ' destruction . He studies in libraries and from Rebecca . Larry puts his new knowledge to good use on his second night , but some of his plans backfire and the neanderthals set their exhibit on fire , leading to one becoming dust after venturing outside . After having doubts and almost getting fired the next day , Larry offers to introduce Sacagawea to Rebecca , but she thinks he is mocking her . </P> <P> On his third night , Larry brings Nick to the museum to watch the exhibits come to life , but they strangely do not . They catch Cecil , Gus , and Reginald stealing artifacts , who explain the tablet 's magic has allowed them to feel physically young in their old age , and plot to frame Larry for the theft while they enjoy a happy retirement . Nick activates the tablet , but Cecil steals it , locking Larry and Nick in the Egyptian exhibit . They free Akhmenrah , and rally the exhibits to stop the thieves and retrieve their colleagues who fled out into Central Park . Gus and Reginald are captured , but Cecil escapes by stagecoach . </P> <P> Larry and several exhibits give chase , where they stop Cecil and recover the tablet , using its magic to escort all of the exhibits back into the museum before sunrise . Rebecca witnesses this and makes amends with Larry , subsequently introduced to Sacagawea . The next day McPhee fires Larry , but when they go into the museum , they find it is crowded due to last night 's strange activities , and Larry is rehired . During the credits , Cecil , Gus , and Reginald were granted mercy by Larry and work as janitors . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Humans ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a night - shift security guard at the American Museum of Natural History in New York . </Li> <Li> Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks , a veteran security guard </Li> <Li> Carla Gugino as Rebecca Hutman , a museum docent </Li> <Li> Mickey Rooney as Gus , a veteran security guard </Li> <Li> Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a veteran security guard </Li> <Li> Jake Cherry as Nick Daley , Larry 's son </Li> <Li> Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the curator of the Museum of Natural History and Larry 's boss </Li> <Li> Kim Raver as Erica Daley , Larry 's former wife </Li> <Li> Charlie Murphy as the taxi - driver </Li> <Li> Paul Rudd as Don , Erica 's fiancé </Li> <Li> Anne Meara as Debbie </Li> </Ul> <H3> Exhibits ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Robin Williams as a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Patrick Gallagher as a wax model of Attila the Hun </Li> <Li> Rami Malek as the mummy of Pharaoh Ahkmenrah </Li> <Li> Pierfrancesco Favino as a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a miniature cowboy figure </Li> <Li> Steve Coogan as Octavius , a miniature Roman general figure </Li> <Li> Mizuo Peck as a polyurethane model of Sacagawea </Li> <Li> Kerry van der Griend , Dan Rizzuto , Matthew Harrison , and Jody Racicot as wax models of neanderthals </Li> <Li> Martin Christopher as a wax model of Meriwether Lewis </Li> <Li> Martin Sims as a wax model of William Clark </Li> <Li> Randy Lee , Darryl Quon , Gerald Wong , and Paul Chih - Ping Cheng as wax models of the Huns </Li> <Li> Brad Garrett as the voice of the Easter Island Head </Li> <Li> Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a stuffed capuchin monkey </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The building featured in the film , which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby , British Columbia , is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , external shots of which were used in the movie . </P> <P> Trainers spent several weeks training Crystal , who plays the troublemaking monkey Dexter , to slap and bite Stiller in the film . </P> <P> Robin Williams ' Theodore Roosevelt costume closely resembles that of John Wayne 's character in The Shootist . </P> <P> Director Shawn Levy credited Ben Stiller for the ensemble cast : `` When actors hear that Ben Stiller is in a movie they want to work with him . It ( 's ) a high - water mark and it absolutely draws actors in and I 'm convinced that 's a big part of why we got this cast . '' </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Songs ( edit ) </H3> Ben Stiller claimed that he watched Tom Cruise in the Mission : Impossible films to learn how to imitate his running technique , shown here as Stiller portraying his film character running for dear life from the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton ( Rexy ) . <Ul> <Li> `` Friday Night '' - performed by McFly ; not featured in American version of the film , but heard in some international cuts , used during the end credits . It can be heard on the American DVD on the Spanish dub . </Li> <Li> `` September '' - performed by Earth , Wind and Fire ; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying . </Li> <Li> `` Weapon of Choice '' - performed by Fatboy Slim ; used in the scene where Larry returns to the museum for his second night and is preparing for the chaos . </Li> <Li> `` Tonight '' - performed by Keke Palmer and Cham ; used for the end credits ( U.S. theatrical version only ) . </Li> <Li> `` Eye of the Tiger '' - performed by Ben Stiller ; used in the scene where Larry is bored and messes around with the telephone at the front desk beatboxing the music . </Li> <Li> An instrumental version of `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow is used when Larry is standing in the elevator , while escaping from Attila the Hun . </Li> <Li> `` Ezekiel Saw Them Dry Bones '' is the tune Larry whistles as he passes the empty T. rex exhibit on his first night . </Li> <Li> `` Camptown Races '' by Stephen Foster is sung by the townspeople of the American West miniature diorama . This is a period - correct song . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Score ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alan Silvestri replaced John Ottman as score composer . Silvestri 's score was used for the teaser trailer of Horton Hears a Who ! </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Alan Silvestri </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Film score </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 53 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Varese Sarabande </Td> </Tr> </Table> Track list ( edit ) <P> Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on December 19 , 2006 . </P> <P> All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Night at the Museum '' </Td> <Td> 02 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` One of Those Days '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` An Ordinary Guy ? '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Tour of the Museum '' </Td> <Td> 02 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Civil War Soldiers '' </Td> <Td> 04 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Out of Africa '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Meet Dexter '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Mayan Warriors '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Where 's Rexy ? '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` West from Africa '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` The Iron Horse '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Saved by Teddy '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Tablet of Akmenrah '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Tracking , Dear Boy '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Some Men Are Born Great '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Sunrise '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Study Up on History '' </Td> <Td> 02 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Teddy Likes Sacagawea '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Tearing Limbs '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` Caveman on Fire '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Outrun the Sun '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` Show You What I Do '' </Td> <Td> 02 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` Tablet 's Gone '' </Td> <Td> 02 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` Theodore Roosevelt at Your Service '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` This Is Your Moment '' </Td> <Td> 02 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` Rally the Troops '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 . </Td> <Td> `` Tree Take Down '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 . </Td> <Td> `` Cecil 's Escape '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 . </Td> <Td> `` Stage Coach '' </Td> <Td> 02 : 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 . </Td> <Td> `` Teddy in Two '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 . </Td> <Td> `` Cab Ride '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 . </Td> <Td> `` Big Fan '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 . </Td> <Td> `` Heroes Return '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 . </Td> <Td> `` A Great Man '' </Td> <Td> 00 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 . </Td> <Td> `` Full House '' </Td> <Td> 01 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 53 : 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Night at the Museum had its premiere in New York City on December 17 , 2006 , in South Korea on December 21 , 2006 , on December 22 , 2006 in United States , December 26 , 2006 in UK , January 12 , 2007 in Brazil , on February 14 , 2007 in China and on March 17 , 2007 in Japan . </P> <P> The film was released under the title of `` Noche en el museo '' in Spain , `` Una notte al museo '' in Italy , `` La nuit au musée '' in France , `` Ночь в музее '' in Russia and `` Uma Noite no Museu '' in Brazil . </P> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the end of its box office run , Night at the Museum earned a gross of $250.9 million in the US and Canada and $323.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $574.5 million against a budget of $110 million . It is also the highest - grossing film worldwide of the trilogy . </P> <P> It was the highest - grossing film in its opening weekend , grossing $30.8 million plating in 3,685 theaters , with a $8,258 per - theater average . For the four - day Christmas holiday weekend , it took in $42.2 million . The movie was also released in IMAX large screen format , often on site at museums of science or natural history such as the Pacific Science Center in Seattle . </P> <P> In its second weekend , Night at the Museum expanded into 83 more theaters and took in approximately $36.7 million , out - grossing its opening weekend . It maintained the top position in its third week , with an additional $23.7 million . </P> <P> During its opening weekend of December 15 , 2006 , the film grossed a figure of estimated $5 million , with the highest debut coming from South Korea ( $5.04 million ) . The biggest market in the other territories were the UK , Japan , South Korea , and Germany , where it grossed $40.8 million , $30 million , $25.7 million , $22.9 million . </P> <H3> Critical reaction ( edit ) </H3> <P> Night at the Museum received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43 % , based on 132 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Parents might call this either a spectacle - filled adventure or a shallow and vapid CG-fest , depending on whether they choose to embrace this on the same level as their kids '' . On Metacritic , the film a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . </P> <P> James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave it 2 stars out of 4 , and commented on Stiller 's performance by stating `` It might be fair to give Ben Stiller an ' A ' for effort , but to call what he does in this movie `` acting '' is a misnomer . He does a lot of running around , occasionally falling down or bumping into things . '' One positive review by William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , gave it a B - , and stated that the film was `` Out to impress and delight a family audience with the pageantry of human and natural history , and that 's a surprisingly worthy ambition for a Hollywood comedy . '' In a case of life imitating art , museum officials at the American Museum of Natural History have credited the film for increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season by almost 20 % . According to a museum official , between December 22 , 2006 , and January 2 , 2007 , there were 50,000 more visitors than during the same period the prior year . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <H3> Home media ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was released on a 2 - Disc DVD edition in the United Kingdom on April 2 , 2007 . It was released on 1 - Disc and 2 - Disc DVD editions and Blu - ray Disc format on April 24 , 2007 elsewhere . </P> <P> The film became the first non-Disney film to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney ( now known as DVDizzy.com ) , due to the website dealing with other studios besides Disney . </P> <P> As of 6 December 2009 , the film has sold 9,191,694 DVDs and grossed $153,566,058 in DVD sales . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saturn Awards </Td> <Td> Best Fantasy Film </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ASCAP Award </Td> <Td> Top Box Office Films </Td> <Td> Alan Silvestri </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Artios </Td> <Td> Best Feature Film Casting - Comedy </Td> <Td> Ilene Starger Coreen Mayrs ( Vancouver casting ) Heike Brandstatter ( Vancouver casting ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Movie </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MTV Movie Award </Td> <Td> Best Comedic Performance </Td> <Td> Ben Stiller </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Movie Award </Td> <Td> Best Comedy </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Award </Td> <Td> Choice Movie : Comedy and Choice Movie Actor : Comedy </Td> <Td> Ben Stiller </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taurus Award </Td> <Td> Hardest Hit </Td> <Td> Greg Fitzpatrick </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Young Artist Award </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger </Td> <Td> Jake Cherry </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sequels ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb <P> The first installment in the trilogy , Night at the Museum was followed by a sequel titled Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , which was released on May 22 , 2009 in North America . The third and final installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , was released on December 19 , 2014 in North America . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MovieLocationsGuide.com '' . Night at the Museum Filming Locations . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Classic Movies . `` John Wayne : one last shot before the final farewell '' . Telegraph . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sun2Surf.com '' . Stiller shifts to the Museum . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum Release '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Showdown '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum domestic weekend '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Foreign Weekly '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM foreign market '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reelviews.com '' . Night at the Museum . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` SeattlePI.com '' . Shallow ' Museum ' exhibits some appealing qualities . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` msnbc.com '' . Movie boosts Natural History Museum visits . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . cinemascore.com/ . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . Non-Disney films to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . `` Night at the Museum '' at UltimateDisney.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night ath the Museum '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host Nominee Release '' . Nickelodeon . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taurus World Stunt Awards - Hardest Hit '' . World Stunt Awards . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Night at the Museum on IMDb </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Night At The Museum Review on Variety.com </Li> <Li> Independentfilm.com video interview with Mizuo Peck who played Sacagawea </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Shawn Levy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Just in Time ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Just Married ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Date Night ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Real Steel ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Internship ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ricky Gervais </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television ( creator and star ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meet Ricky Gervais </Li> <Li> The Office ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Extras </Li> <Li> The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) </Li> <Li> An Idiot Abroad </Li> <Li> Life 's Too Short </Li> <Li> Derek </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other television work </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Golden Years '' </Li> <Li> The Office ( US ) <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` The Convict '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film ( writer / director ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Invention of Lying </Li> <Li> Cemetery Junction </Li> <Li> Special Correspondents </Li> <Li> David Brent : Life on the Road </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stand - 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Davy Jones ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) - wikipedia <H1> Davy Jones ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Davy Jones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pirates of the Caribbean character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Bill Nighy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appearance ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End Dead Men Tell No Tales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Captain , Flying Dutchman Flagship captain of Beckett 's E.I.T.C. Armada ( temporanly ) Guide for souls lost at sea ( abandoned ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brethren status </Th> <Td> Involved in the 1st Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ship ( s ) served on </Th> <Td> Flying Dutchman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weaponry </Th> <Td> Left hand claw Single - handed broadsword , DMC Norrington 's Smallsword , AWE . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ships attacked </Th> <Td> <P> Edinburgh Trader Black Pearl Empress Endeavor Various unnamed ships </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Davy Jones is a fictional character and one of the main antagonists of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , portrayed by Bill Nighy . His debut in the second film Dead Man 's Chest as the main antagonist and return in the third film At World 's End as one of the two main antagonists ( the other is Cutler Beckett ) , respectively , and appear at the end of the series ' fifth installment , Dead Men Tell No Tales who suggests will back in a possibile sixth film . He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman ( based on the ghost ship of the same name ) . </P> <P> The computer - generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history , behind King Kong in 2007 . The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man 's Chest . </P> <P> The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones ' Locker . In contrast to the historical legends , the films ' Davy Jones is a villain . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Conception and creation <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Design and appearance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Fictional character biography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Before the films </Li> <Li> 2.2 Dead Man 's Chest </Li> <Li> 2.3 At World 's End </Li> <Li> 2.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Characterization <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Music </Li> <Li> 3.2 Powers and abilities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Merchandise </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Conception and creation ( edit ) </H2> From real to reality : Davy Jones is brought to life . See also : Industrial Light & Magic , Motion capture , Computer - generated imagery , and photorealism <P> Before officially casting Bill Nighy , producers also met with Jim Broadbent , Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role . </P> <P> Like the entire crew of the Flying Dutchman ( except `` Bootstrap Bill '' ) , Davy Jones 's physical appearance is completely 3 - D computer - generated . Nighy 's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set , with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face , rather than in a studio during post-production . Nighy also wore make - up around his eyes , since the original plan was to use his real eyes , if necessary to get the proper lighting , in the digital character ; he also wore make - up on his lips and around his mouth , to assist in the motion capture of his character 's Scottish accent . Briefly during the third film , Jones appears as a human for a single scene , played by Nighy in costume . Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup due to the computer - generated character 's photorealism . </P> <H3> Design and appearance ( edit ) </H3> <P> Davy Jones ' physique was designed by the films ' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features . Jones ' most striking feature is his cephalopod - like head , with octopus - like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard . The major features of the Davy Jones ' physique bear strong resemblance to the mythical Cthulhu created by H.P. Lovecraft . In Lovecraft 's short story `` The Call of Cthulhu '' he describes the creature as `` ... a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline , but with an octopus - like head whose face was a mass of feelers , a scaly , rubbery - looking body , prodigious claws on hind and fore feet ... '' </P> <P> It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face 's color was partly inspired by a coffee - stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM 's computers to be used as the skin . The character of Davy Jones has also a crustacean - style claw for his left arm , a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand , and the right leg of a crab ( resembling a pegleg ) . He also speaks with a clearly distinguishable , albeit thick , Scottish accent that 's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose , and presumably , a nasal cavity and / or sinuses . Originally , director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch , as he is the captain of the `` Dutch - man '' . Nighy however responded , `` I do n't do Dutch . So I decided on Scottish . '' Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom Still Game influenced his choice of accent , stating : `` I had to find an accent no one else had . Although Alex Norton is Scottish , mine was slightly different . We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative ... I have seen Still Game and I am a fan . The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area . '' </P> <H2> Fictional character biography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Before the films ( edit ) </H3> See also : Tia Dalma and Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest <P> Davy Jones , a human and a great sailor , fell in love with Calypso , a sea goddess . She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world . Calypso gave him the Flying Dutchman to accomplish this task . She swore that after ten years , she would meet him and they would spend one day together before he returned to his duties . However , when Jones returned to shore after ten years , Calypso failed to appear . Believing Calypso had betrayed him , a heartbroken and enraged Davy Jones turned the Pirate Brethren against her , saying that if she were removed from the world , they would be able to claim the seas for themselves . They assembled in the First Brethren Court and Jones taught them how to imprison her into her human form . </P> <P> Despite betraying her , Jones still loved Calypso , and in despair and guilt for what he had done , he carved out his own heart and placed it in the `` Dead Man 's Chest '' . The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest , along with Jones ' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her , except his matching musical locket . The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces . Jones kept the chest 's key with him at all times . With Calypso gone , Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas . As a result of this , Jones gradually became monstrous , his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna . Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death , for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel , with an insatiable taste for all things brutal . Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the Dutchman . He comes to command the Kraken , a feared mythological sea monster . </P> <P> In the book series about Jack Sparrow 's earlier adventures , Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes , also sought by Jack . He is a minor character , but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew encounter the Flying Dutchman . </P> <P> Jones also appears in the prequel book about Jack 's first years as a captain . He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them , who turns out to be Borya Palachnik , the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea . </P> <P> Before the events of the first film , Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal : Jones will raise the Black Pearl back from Davy Jones ' Locker , allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the Dutchman for 100 years . This event , referenced in the films , also appears in the book series . </P> <H3> Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest <P> Davy Jones first appears in the second film ; Dead Man 's Chest he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow . Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before one of his crew members Hector Barbossa committed mutiny , but Jones rejects this explanation . Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself . Jack strikes a new deal with Jones ; Jack will be spared enslavement on the Dutchman if he brings Jones one hundred souls to replace his own within the next three days . Jones accepts , removes the black spot from Jack 's hand , and retains Will , keeping him as a `` good faith payment . '' </P> Jones and some of the Flying Dutchman crew after Will challenges him to Liar 's Dice . <P> While on the Dutchman , Will challenges Jones at a game of liar 's dice . They wager Will 's soul for an eternity of service against the key to the Dead Man 's Chest . Bootstrap Bill joins the game and purposefully loses to save Will . During the game , Will learns where Jones keeps the key . The next morning , Jones realizes the key is gone and summons the Kraken to destroy the ship carrying Turner , who actually survives . The Dutchman then sails to Isla Cruces to stop Sparrow from getting the Chest . </P> <P> Arriving , Jones sends his crew to retrieve the Chest ; they return to him with it . The Dutchman then chases after the Black Pearl , but is outrun . Jones summons the Kraken , which drags Jack Sparrow and the Pearl to Davy Jones 's Locker . He afterwards opens the Chest only to find his heart missing ; it having been taken by James Norrington , who gives it to Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company . </P> <H3> At World 's End ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End See also : Cutler Beckett <P> In the third film At World 's End , Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company . Beckett possesses the heart , and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys . Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships , but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors ; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court . Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken . Later , he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng ; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann , who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death . When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the Dutchman helping Elizabeth escape , Jones claims Norrington 's sword ( originally crafted by Will Turner ) . Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC . However , Mercer successfully defends the Chest , forcing Jones to continue under Beckett 's service . </P> <P> Beckett later summons Jones to his ship , the Endeavour . Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso , while learning of Jack Sparrow 's escape from the Locker . The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove . </P> Human Davy Jones . <P> Jones confronts Calypso , locked in the brig of the Black Pearl . The two former lovers discuss Calypso 's betrayal and Jones 's curse . Calypso temporarily lifts his curse , allowing him to be seen briefly in his original human form . Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her . Calypso , unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court , says that after her release , she will fully give her love to him . </P> <P> Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow . After Calypso is freed , Will reveals that Jones betrayed her . She escapes , refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones . Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom . The Dutchman and the Pearl enter it and battle . </P> <P> During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest . Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the Dutchman . Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth . Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth , and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will . Jones , unharmed , holds Will at sword - point . Jack threatens to stab the heart , and Jones cruelly stabs Will . Remembering Will as his son , Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones , but is quickly defeated . Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap , but Jack helps Will stab the heart . Jones then calls out for Calypso , before tumbling to his death in the maelstrom . </P> <H3> Dead Men Tell no Tales ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales <P> In the post-credits scene of the fifth film Dead Men Tell No Tales , Will ( no longer bounded to the Flying Dutchman after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon ) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together , when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones . Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple , Will awakens and the room is empty . Assuming Jones 's appearance to be a nightmare , Will goes back to sleep , oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater , suggesting it was no dream . </P> <H2> Characterization ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the films , Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody , and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ . This melody is also his character 's theme , and can be heard throughout the film 's score . It comes in two variations : The soundtrack version and the film version . The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in Dead Man 's Chest . The film version is played in both films multiple times , and is heard last during the climax of the film . Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets , Tia Dalma 's theme is similar to that of Davy Jones , albeit in a different arrangement . The theme is also heard briefly after Jones ' appearance in Dead Men Tell No Tales . </P> <H3> Powers and abilities ( edit ) </H3> See also : Flying Dutchman ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) and Kraken ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) <P> Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities . Jones is capable of teleportation on board the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl , and he can pass through solid objects . </P> <P> Jones is immortal , capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals . However , he is not impervious to pain , as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle . Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him using the black spot , with which any member of his crew can mark a victim . </P> <P> Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken , a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command . </P> <P> In a physical confrontation , Jones ' physiology also gives him various advantages ; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free , such that he is able to restrain Mercer 's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles . His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal hand could , and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades . He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm . </P> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Davy Jones was part of Series One of the Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest action figure set produced by NECA . Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man 's Chest and Jones ' heart , both props ( as well as the key ) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two . Jones also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler , Wheelback and Penrod . Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega 's `` Dead Man 's Chest '' plush assortment . Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for At World 's End . Davy Jones and his ship , the Flying Dutchman , were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies Dead Man 's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Although his minifigure counterpart in the Dead Man 's Chest set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in the At World 's End set , which has more greenish tentacles . </P> <P> He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011 , with 4184 Black Pearl . </P> <P> A children 's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007 . </P> <P> Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser , along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner . </P> <P> Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1 : 6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008 , and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 19 ( Seen after the Kraken Attack ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , crab claw for left hand Ch. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our 10 Favorite CG Characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grant , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . The Wah - Wah Diaries : The Making of a Film . Chatham , Kent : Picador . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44197 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , second disc , `` Meet Davy Jones '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An interview with Director Gore Verbinski '' . Post Magazine . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Various quotations and references '' . Never Been Typed . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An interview with Bill Nighy '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review by Russ Breimeier '' . ChristianityToday.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A review by Iloz Zoc '' . BlogCritics.org . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Davy / Nighy news update '' . BillNighy.info . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : The Price of Freedom , Ch. 8 The Devil in the Deep Blue Sea </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : The Price of Freedom , Ch. 19 The Freedom 's Price </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 19 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 21 through 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://thekingdominsider.com/pirates-6-post-credits-scene-added-pirates-caribbean-dead-men-tell-no-tales/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ crawford . `` Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man 's Chest action figures -- Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford , Captain Toy '' . Mwctoys.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Davy Jones on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pirates of the Caribbean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Curse of the Black Pearl <Ul> <Li> video game </Li> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dead Man 's Chest <Ul> <Li> video game </Li> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> At World 's End <Ul> <Li> video game </Li> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> On Stranger Tides <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dead Men Tell No Tales <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme park attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Battle for the Sunken Treasure </Li> <Li> The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Hector Barbossa </Li> <Li> Will Turner </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Swann </Li> <Li> Joshamee Gibbs </Li> <Li> James Norrington </Li> <Li> Davy Jones </Li> <Li> Pintel and Ragetti </Li> <Li> Bootstrap Bill </Li> <Li> Cutler Beckett </Li> <Li> Tia Dalma </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black Pearl </Li> <Li> Flying Dutchman </Li> <Li> Queen Anne 's Revenge </Li> <Li> Kraken </Li> <Li> Locations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of songs in the film series </Li> <Li> `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' </Li> <Li> Soundtrack Treasures Collection </Li> <Li> Swashbuckling Sea Songs </Li> <Li> 1966 soundtrack </Li> <Li> `` He 's a Pirate '' </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean Online </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts II </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned </Li> <Li> Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game </Li> <Li> Disney Infinity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Legends of the Brethren Court </Li> <Li> The Price of Freedom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Trading Card Game </Li> <Li> Pinball machine </Li> <Li> Lego Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Accolades for the film series </Li> <Li> Rob Kidd </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)&oldid=802141058 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean characters </Li> <Li> CGI characters </Li> <Li> Fictional personifications of death </Li> <Li> Adventure film characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters who can teleport </Li> <Li> Fictional characters who can turn intangible </Li> <Li> Fictional characters with superhuman strength </Li> <Li> Fictional ship captains </Li> <Li> Fictional mass murderers </Li> <Li> Fictional undead </Li> <Li> Fictional pirates </Li> <Li> Fictional swordsmen </Li> <Li> Fictional Scottish people </Li> <Li> Fictional demons and devils </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2006 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from September 2011 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 07 : 08 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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S&P 500 index - Wikipedia <H1> S&P 500 index </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Scattered sentences , badly formatted bullets , etc . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> S&P 500 <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> S&P 500 Index from 1950 to 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foundation </Th> <Td> March 4 , 1957 ; 60 years ago ( 1957 - 03 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> S&P Dow Jones Indices </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exchanges </Th> <Td> NYSE , NASDAQ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituents </Th> <Td> 505 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Large - cap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Market cap </Th> <Td> US $21.4 trillion ( as of February 28 , 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weighting method </Th> <Td> Free - float capitalization - weighted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related indices </Th> <Td> List ( show ) <Ul> <Li> S&P 1500 S&P Global 1200 S&P 100 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> us.spindices.com/indices/equity/sp-500 </Td> </Tr> </Table> A linear chart of the S&P 500 using closing values from January 3 , 1950 to February 19 , 2016 A logarithmic chart of the S&P 500 using daily closing values from January 3 , 1950 to February 19 , 2016 . A daily volume chart of the S&P 500 from January 3 , 1950 to February 19 , 2016 Logarithmic graph of the S&P 500 index with simple trend lines <P> The Standard & Poor 's 500 , often abbreviated as the S&P 500 , or just `` the S&P '' , is an American stock market index based on the market capitalizations of 500 large companies having common stock listed on the NYSE or NASDAQ . The S&P 500 index components and their weightings are determined by S&P Dow Jones Indices . It differs from other U.S. stock market indices , such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the Nasdaq Composite index , because of its diverse constituency and weighting methodology . It is one of the most commonly followed equity indices , and many consider it one of the best representations of the U.S. stock market , and a bellwether for the U.S. economy . The National Bureau of Economic Research has classified common stocks as a leading indicator of business cycles . </P> <P> The S&P 500 was developed and continues to be maintained by S&P Dow Jones Indices , a joint venture majority - owned by S&P Global . S&P Dow Jones Indices publishes many stock market indices such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average , S&P MidCap 400 , the S&P SmallCap 600 , and the S&P Composite 1500 . It is a free - float capitalization - weighted index , and has many ticker symbols , such as : ^ GSPC , INX , and $ SPX . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Price history </Li> <Li> 3 Selection criteria </Li> <Li> 4 Components </Li> <Li> 5 Versions </Li> <Li> 6 Weighting </Li> <Li> 7 Index maintenance </Li> <Li> 8 Calculation </Li> <Li> 9 Update frequency </Li> <Li> 10 Investing </Li> <Li> 11 Market statistics <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Milestones </Li> <Li> 11.2 Annual returns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The `` Composite Index '' , as the S&P 500 was first called when it introduced its first stock index in 1923 , began tracking a small number of stocks . Three years later in 1926 , the Composite Index expanded to 90 stocks and then in 1957 it expanded to its current 500 . Standard & Poor 's , a company that doles out financial information and analysis , was founded in 1860 by Henry Varnum Poor . In 1941 Poor 's Publishing ( Henry Varnum Poor 's original company ) merged with Standard Statistics ( founded in 1906 as the Standard Statistics Bureau ) and therein assumed the name Standard and Poor 's Corporation . The S&P 500 index in its present form began on March 4 , 1957 . Technology has allowed the index to be calculated and disseminated in real time . The S&P 500 is widely used as a measure of the general level of stock prices , as it includes both growth stocks and value stocks . </P> <P> In September 1962 , Ultronic Systems Corp. entered into an agreement with Standard and Poor 's . Under the terms of this agreement , Ultronics computed the S&P 500 Stock Composite Index , the 425 Stock Industrial Index , the 50 Stock Utility Index , and the 25 Stock Rail Index . Throughout the market day these statistics were furnished to Standard & Poor 's . In addition , Ultronics also computed and reported the 94 S&P sub-indexes . </P> <H2> Price history ( edit ) </H2> <P> On August 12 , 1982 , the index closed at 102.42 . </P> <P> The index reached a relative intraday high -- which was not exceeded for over seven years -- of 1,552.87 , on March 24 , 2000 , during the dot - com bubble . The index then declined by approximately 50 % , to 768.63 , on October 10 , 2002 , during the stock market downturn of 2002 . On May 30 , 2007 , the S&P 500 closed at 1,530.23 , to set its first all - time closing high in more than seven years . Although the index achieved a new all - time intraday high on October 11 , 2007 , at 1,576.09 , following a record close of 1,565.15 on October 9 , the index finished 2007 at 1,468.36 points -- just below its 1999 annual close . Less than a month later , it dropped to 1,400 , and would not see similar levels again for five years . </P> <P> In mid-2007 , the subprime mortgage crisis spread to the wider U.S. financial sector . The resulting situation became acute in September 2008 , ushering in a period of unusual market volatility , encompassing record 100 - point swings in both directions and reaching the highest levels since 1929 . On November 20 , 2008 , the index closed at 752.44 , its lowest since early 1997 . A modest recovery the following day still left the index down 45.5 % for the year . This year - to - date loss was the greatest since 1931 , when the broad market declined more than 50 % . The index closed the year at 903.25 , for a loss of 38.5 % . The market continued to decline in early 2009 , surrounding the financial crisis of 2008 . The index reached a nearly 13 - year low , closing at 676.53 , on March 9 , 2009 . </P> <P> On March 23 , 2009 , the S&P 500 marked a 20 % gain when it hit 822.92 . The Dow Jones Industrial Average soon followed . The close for 2009 was 1,115.10 , making it the second - best year of the decade . On April 14 , 2010 the index broke 1200 closing at 1210.65 , but by July 2 , 2010 it had closed at 1022.58 . On April 29 , 2011 , the index closed at 1363.61 , but it had a sharp drop in August and briefly broke 1100 in October ( with the VIX hitting 40 ) . Gains continued despite significant volatility amid electoral and fiscal uncertainty , and the 2012 close of the S&P 500 following QE3 was its third - highest ever , at 1,426.22 points . Many people hated the bull market . On March 28 , 2013 , it closed above the closing high from 2007 . On April 10 , 2013 , it also closed above the intraday high from 2007 . </P> <P> On May 3 , 2013 -- more than 13 years since its first close above 1,500 -- the S&P 500 closed above 1,600 for the first time , at 1,614.42 . This would be the first of three 100 - point milestones in 2013 : 1,600 on May 3 , 2013 ; 1,700 on August 1 , 2013 ; and 1,800 on November 22 , 2013 . The S&P 500 closed out 2013 at a record high , finishing the December 31 , 2013 , trading day at 1,848.36 . On May 23 , 2014 , the index for the first time closed above 1,900 , at 1,900.53 . On August 26 , 2014 , the index closed above 2,000 for the very first time , and on December 22 the S&P 500 climbed to 2078 , an all - time high . The index closed on December 29 at 2,090.57 with a closing of 2,058.90 at the end of 2014 . This was a gain of 85 % ( in price return , and 105 % in total return ) for the five years 2010 -- 2014 . On February 17 , 2015 , the index first closed above 2,100 , closing at 2,100.34 . On February 25 , 2015 it reached 2,119.59 during mid-day , and on the following day it closed at record high of 2,115.48 . On May 21 , 2015 , the index closed at 2,130.82 , its high point for the year . At the end of 2015 , the index closed at 2,043.94 , down 0.73 % for the year . A period of over a year with no new record highs ended on July 11 , 2016 ( closing at 2,137.16 ) . In June 2017 , the index saw the largest weekly rise since the past presidential election in November 2016 . </P> <H2> Selection criteria ( edit ) </H2> <P> The components of the S&P 500 are selected by a committee . This is similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average , but different from others such as the Russell 1000 , which are strictly rule - based . When considering the eligibility of a new addition , the committee assesses the company 's merit using eight primary criteria : market capitalization , liquidity , domicile , public float , sector classification , financial viability , length of time publicly traded and stock exchange . </P> <P> The committee selects the companies in the S&P 500 so they are representative of the industries in the United States economy . In order to be added to the index , a company must satisfy these liquidity - based size requirements : </P> <Ul> <Li> market capitalization is greater than or equal to US $6.1 billion </Li> <Li> annual dollar value traded to float - adjusted market capitalization is greater than 1.0 </Li> <Li> minimum monthly trading volume of 250,000 shares in each of the six months leading up to the evaluation date . </Li> </Ul> <P> The securities must be publicly listed on either the NYSE ( including NYSE Arca or NYSE MKT ) or NASDAQ ( NASDAQ Global Select Market , NASDAQ Select Market or the NASDAQ Capital Market ) . Securities that are ineligible for inclusion in the index are limited partnerships , master limited partnerships , OTC bulletin board issues , closed - end funds , ETFs , ETNs , royalty trusts , tracking stocks , preferred stock , unit trusts , equity warrants , convertible bonds , investment trusts , ADRs , ADSs and MLP IT units . </P> <P> The index includes non-U.S. companies , both formerly U.S. - incorporated companies that have re-incorporated outside the United States , as well as firms that have never been incorporated in the United States . </P> <H2> Components ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of S&P 500 companies <H2> Versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The `` S&P 500 '' generally quoted is a price return index ; there are also `` total return '' and `` net total return '' versions of the index . These versions differ in how dividends are accounted for . The price return version does not account for dividends ; it only captures the changes in the prices of the index components . The total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment . Finally , the net total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment after the deduction of withholding tax . </P> <H2> Weighting ( edit ) </H2> <P> The index has traditionally been capitalization - weighted ; that is , movements in the prices of stocks with higher market capitalizations ( the share price times the number of shares outstanding ) have a greater impact on the value of the index than do companies with smaller market caps . That is , Standard & Poor 's now calculates the market capitalization of each company relevant to the index using only the number of shares available for public trading ( called the `` float '' ) . This transition was made in two steps , the first on March 18 , 2005 and the second on September 16 , 2005 . </P> <H2> Index maintenance ( edit ) </H2> <P> In order to keep the S&P 500 Index consistent over time , it is adjusted to capture corporate actions which affect market capitalization , such as additional share issuance , dividends and restructuring events such as mergers or spin - offs . Additionally , to remain indicative of the U.S. stock market , the constituent stocks are changed from time to time . Between January 1 , 2005 and January 1 , 2015 , 188 index components were replaced by other components . </P> <P> To prevent the value of the Index from changing merely as a result of corporate financial actions , all such actions affecting the market value of the Index require a divisor adjustment . Also , when a company is dropped and replaced by another with a different market capitalization , the divisor needs to be adjusted in such a way that the value of the S&P 500 Index remains constant . All divisor adjustments are made after the close of trading and after the calculation of the closing value of the S&P 500 Index . There is a large range of different corporate actions that can require the divisor to be adjusted . These are listed in the table below : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Type of Action </Th> <Th> Divisor Adjustment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stock split ( e.g. , 2 × 1 ) </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Share issuance </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Share repurchase </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special cash dividend </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Company change </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rights offering </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spinoffs </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mergers </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Calculation ( edit ) </H2> <P> To calculate the value of the S&P 500 Index , the sum of the adjusted market capitalization of all 500 stocks is divided by a factor , usually referred to as the Divisor . For example , if the total adjusted market cap of the 500 component stocks is US $13 trillion and the Divisor is set at 8.933 billion , then the S&P 500 Index value would be 1,455.28 . Although the adjusted market capitalization of the entire index can be accessed from Standard & Poor 's website , the Divisor is considered to be proprietary to the firm . However , the Divisor 's value is approximately 8.9 billion . </P> <P> The formula to calculate the S&P 500 Index value is : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Index Level = ∑ ( P i ⋅ Q i ) D i v i s o r ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Index Level ) ) = ( \ sum \ left ( ( P_ ( i ) ) \ cdot ( Q_ ( i ) ) \ right ) \ over Divisor ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where P is the price of each stock in the index and Q is the number of shares publicly available for each stock . </P> <P> The divisor is adjusted in the case of stock issuance , spin - offs or similar structural changes , to ensure that such events do not in themselves alter the numerical value of the Index . </P> <H2> Update frequency ( edit ) </H2> <P> The index value is updated every 15 seconds during trading sessions and is disseminated by Reuters America , Inc. , a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters Corporation . </P> <H2> Investing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many index funds and exchange - traded funds attempt to replicate ( before fees and expenses ) the performance of the S&P 500 by holding the same stocks as the index , in the same proportions . Many other mutual funds are benchmarked to the S&P 500 . Consequently , a company whose stock is added to the list of S&P 500 stocks may see its stock price rise , as index funds must purchase that company 's stock in order to continue tracking the S&P 500 index . Mutual fund managers provide index funds that track the S&P 500 , the first of which was The Vanguard Group 's Vanguard 500 in 1976 . </P> <P> In addition to investing in a mutual fund indexed to the S&P 500 , investors may also purchase shares of an exchange - traded fund ( ETF ) which represents ownership in a portfolio of the equity securities that comprise the Standard & Poor 's 500 Index . These exchange - traded funds track the S&P 500 index and may be used to trade the index . </P> <P> Investors may also invest in all the stocks of the S&P 500 directly , which is usually called index replication . </P> <P> In the derivatives market , the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) offers futures contracts ( ticker symbols / SP for the full - sized contract and / ES for the E-mini contract that is one - fifth the size of / SP ) that track the index and trade on the exchange floor in an open outcry auction , or on CME 's Globex platform , and are the exchange 's most popular product . Additionally , the Chicago Board Options Exchange ( CBOE ) offers options on the S&P 500 as well as S&P 500 ETFs , inverse ETFs and leveraged ETFs . </P> <H2> Market Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Milestones ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Closing milestones of the S&P 500 Index <P> On October 11 , 2007 , S&P index set a milestone with its all - time intraday high of 1,576.09 . On March 28 , 2013 , the S&P finally surpassed its closing high level of 1,565.15 , recovering all its losses from the financial crisis . On March 2 , 2015 , the S&P finally closed at a new all - time inflation - adjusted closing high , though it has yet to achieve a new all - time inflation - adjusted intraday high , both of which were set back in 2000 . </P> <H3> Annual returns ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( total return ) Calculation used for CAGR ( Compound Annual Growth Rate , Annualized Return ) : </P> <P> CAGR = ( ( Ending Value ) / ( Starting Value ) ) ∧ ( 1 / ( # of years ) ) -- 1 </P> <P> The current CAGR through 2016 is calculated at 10.30 % . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Change in Index </Th> <Th> Total Annual Return Including Dividends </Th> <Th> Value of $1.00 Invested on 1970 ‐ 01 ‐ 01 </Th> <Th> 5 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 10 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 15 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 20 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 25 Year Annualized Return </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 0.10 % </Td> <Td> 4.01 % </Td> <Td> $1.04 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 10.79 % </Td> <Td> 14.31 % </Td> <Td> $1.19 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 15.63 % </Td> <Td> 18.98 % </Td> <Td> $1.41 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> − 17.37 % </Td> <Td> − 14.66 % </Td> <Td> $1.21 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 29.72 % </Td> <Td> − 26.47 % </Td> <Td> $0.89 </Td> <Td> − 2.35 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31.55 % </Td> <Td> 37.20 % </Td> <Td> $1.22 </Td> <Td> 3.21 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 19.15 % </Td> <Td> 23.84 % </Td> <Td> $1.51 </Td> <Td> 4.87 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> − 11.50 % </Td> <Td> − 7.18 % </Td> <Td> $1.40 </Td> <Td> − 0.21 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 1.06 % </Td> <Td> 6.56 % </Td> <Td> $1.49 </Td> <Td> 4.32 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 12.31 % </Td> <Td> 18.44 % </Td> <Td> $1.77 </Td> <Td> 14.76 % </Td> <Td> 5.86 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 25.77 % </Td> <Td> 32.50 % </Td> <Td> $2.34 </Td> <Td> 13.96 % </Td> <Td> 8.45 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> − 9.73 % </Td> <Td> − 4.92 % </Td> <Td> $2.23 </Td> <Td> 8.10 % </Td> <Td> 6.47 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 14.76 % </Td> <Td> 21.55 % </Td> <Td> $2.71 </Td> <Td> 14.09 % </Td> <Td> 6.70 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17.27 % </Td> <Td> 22.56 % </Td> <Td> $3.32 </Td> <Td> 17.32 % </Td> <Td> 10.63 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 1.40 % </Td> <Td> 6.27 % </Td> <Td> $3.52 </Td> <Td> 14.81 % </Td> <Td> 14.78 % </Td> <Td> 8.76 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 26.33 % </Td> <Td> 31.73 % </Td> <Td> $4.64 </Td> <Td> 14.67 % </Td> <Td> 14.32 % </Td> <Td> 10.49 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 14.62 % </Td> <Td> 18.67 % </Td> <Td> $5.51 </Td> <Td> 19.87 % </Td> <Td> 13.83 % </Td> <Td> 10.76 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.03 % </Td> <Td> 5.25 % </Td> <Td> $5.80 </Td> <Td> 16.47 % </Td> <Td> 15.27 % </Td> <Td> 9.86 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.40 % </Td> <Td> 16.61 % </Td> <Td> $6.76 </Td> <Td> 15.31 % </Td> <Td> 16.31 % </Td> <Td> 12.17 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27.25 % </Td> <Td> 31.69 % </Td> <Td> $8.90 </Td> <Td> 20.37 % </Td> <Td> 17.55 % </Td> <Td> 16.61 % </Td> <Td> 11.55 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 6.56 % </Td> <Td> − 3.10 % </Td> <Td> $8.63 </Td> <Td> 13.20 % </Td> <Td> 13.93 % </Td> <Td> 13.94 % </Td> <Td> 11.16 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 26.31 % </Td> <Td> 30.47 % </Td> <Td> $11.26 </Td> <Td> 15.36 % </Td> <Td> 17.59 % </Td> <Td> 14.34 % </Td> <Td> 11.90 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4.46 % </Td> <Td> 7.62 % </Td> <Td> $12.11 </Td> <Td> 15.88 % </Td> <Td> 16.17 % </Td> <Td> 15.47 % </Td> <Td> 11.34 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7.06 % </Td> <Td> 10.08 % </Td> <Td> $13.33 </Td> <Td> 14.55 % </Td> <Td> 14.93 % </Td> <Td> 15.72 % </Td> <Td> 12.76 % </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 1.54 % </Td> <Td> 1.32 % </Td> <Td> $13.51 </Td> <Td> 8.70 % </Td> <Td> 14.38 % </Td> <Td> 14.52 % </Td> <Td> 14.58 % </Td> <Td> 10.98 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 34.11 % </Td> <Td> 37.58 % </Td> <Td> $18.59 </Td> <Td> 16.59 % </Td> <Td> 14.88 % </Td> <Td> 14.81 % </Td> <Td> 14.60 % </Td> <Td> 12.22 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20.26 % </Td> <Td> 22.96 % </Td> <Td> $22.86 </Td> <Td> 15.22 % </Td> <Td> 15.29 % </Td> <Td> 16.80 % </Td> <Td> 14.56 % </Td> <Td> 12.55 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31.01 % </Td> <Td> 33.36 % </Td> <Td> $30.48 </Td> <Td> 20.27 % </Td> <Td> 18.05 % </Td> <Td> 17.52 % </Td> <Td> 16.65 % </Td> <Td> 13.07 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 26.67 % </Td> <Td> 28.58 % </Td> <Td> $39.19 </Td> <Td> 24.06 % </Td> <Td> 19.21 % </Td> <Td> 17.90 % </Td> <Td> 17.75 % </Td> <Td> 14.94 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 19.53 % </Td> <Td> 21.04 % </Td> <Td> $47.44 </Td> <Td> 28.56 % </Td> <Td> 18.21 % </Td> <Td> 18.93 % </Td> <Td> 17.88 % </Td> <Td> 17.25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> − 10.14 % </Td> <Td> − 9.10 % </Td> <Td> $43.12 </Td> <Td> 18.33 % </Td> <Td> 17.46 % </Td> <Td> 16.02 % </Td> <Td> 15.68 % </Td> <Td> 15.34 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 13.04 % </Td> <Td> − 11.89 % </Td> <Td> $37.99 </Td> <Td> 10.70 % </Td> <Td> 12.94 % </Td> <Td> 13.74 % </Td> <Td> 15.24 % </Td> <Td> 13.78 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> − 23.37 % </Td> <Td> − 22.10 % </Td> <Td> $29.60 </Td> <Td> − 0.59 % </Td> <Td> 9.34 % </Td> <Td> 11.48 % </Td> <Td> 12.71 % </Td> <Td> 12.98 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 26.38 % </Td> <Td> 28.68 % </Td> <Td> $38.09 </Td> <Td> − 0.57 % </Td> <Td> 11.07 % </Td> <Td> 12.22 % </Td> <Td> 12.98 % </Td> <Td> 13.84 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8.99 % </Td> <Td> 10.88 % </Td> <Td> $42.23 </Td> <Td> − 2.30 % </Td> <Td> 12.07 % </Td> <Td> 10.94 % </Td> <Td> 13.22 % </Td> <Td> 13.54 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 3.00 % </Td> <Td> 4.91 % </Td> <Td> $44.30 </Td> <Td> 0.54 % </Td> <Td> 9.07 % </Td> <Td> 11.52 % </Td> <Td> 11.94 % </Td> <Td> 12.48 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 13.62 % </Td> <Td> 15.79 % </Td> <Td> $51.30 </Td> <Td> 6.19 % </Td> <Td> 8.42 % </Td> <Td> 10.64 % </Td> <Td> 11.80 % </Td> <Td> 13.37 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 3.53 % </Td> <Td> 5.49 % </Td> <Td> $54.12 </Td> <Td> 12.83 % </Td> <Td> 5.91 % </Td> <Td> 10.49 % </Td> <Td> 11.82 % </Td> <Td> 12.73 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> − 38.49 % </Td> <Td> − 37.00 % </Td> <Td> $34.09 </Td> <Td> − 2.19 % </Td> <Td> − 1.38 % </Td> <Td> 6.46 % </Td> <Td> 8.43 % </Td> <Td> 9.77 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 23.45 % </Td> <Td> 26.46 % </Td> <Td> $43.11 </Td> <Td> 0.42 % </Td> <Td> − 0.95 % </Td> <Td> 8.04 % </Td> <Td> 8.21 % </Td> <Td> 10.54 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.78 % </Td> <Td> 15.06 % </Td> <Td> $49.61 </Td> <Td> 2.29 % </Td> <Td> 1.41 % </Td> <Td> 6.76 % </Td> <Td> 9.14 % </Td> <Td> 9.94 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> - 0.00 % </Td> <Td> 2.11 % </Td> <Td> $50.65 </Td> <Td> − 0.25 % </Td> <Td> 2.92 % </Td> <Td> 5.45 % </Td> <Td> 7.81 % </Td> <Td> 9.28 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 13.41 % </Td> <Td> 16.00 % </Td> <Td> $58.76 </Td> <Td> 1.66 % </Td> <Td> 7.10 % </Td> <Td> 4.47 % </Td> <Td> 8.22 % </Td> <Td> 9.71 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 29.60 % </Td> <Td> 32.39 % </Td> <Td> $77.79 </Td> <Td> 17.94 % </Td> <Td> 7.40 % </Td> <Td> 4.68 % </Td> <Td> 9.22 % </Td> <Td> 10.26 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 11.39 % </Td> <Td> 13.69 % </Td> <Td> $88.44 </Td> <Td> 15.45 % </Td> <Td> 7.67 % </Td> <Td> 4.24 % </Td> <Td> 9.85 % </Td> <Td> 9.62 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> − 0.73 % </Td> <Td> 1.38 % </Td> <Td> $89.66 </Td> <Td> 12.57 % </Td> <Td> 7.30 % </Td> <Td> 5.00 % </Td> <Td> 8.19 % </Td> <Td> 9.82 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 9.54 % </Td> <Td> 11.96 % </Td> <Td> $100.38 </Td> <Td> 14.66 % </Td> <Td> 6.94 % </Td> <Td> 6.69 % </Td> <Td> 7.68 % </Td> <Td> 9.15 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High </Th> <Th> 34.11 % </Th> <Th> 37.58 % </Th> <Th> $100.38 </Th> <Th> 28.56 % </Th> <Th> 19.21 % </Th> <Th> 18.93 % </Th> <Th> 17.88 % </Th> <Th> 17.25 % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Low </Th> <Th> − 38.49 % </Th> <Th> − 37.00 % </Th> <Th> $0.89 </Th> <Th> − 2.35 % </Th> <Th> − 1.38 % </Th> <Th> 4.24 % </Th> <Th> 7.68 % </Th> <Th> 9.15 % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Median </Th> <Th> 11.39 % </Th> <Th> 14.31 % </Th> <Th> $13.33 </Th> <Th> 13.96 % </Th> <Th> 11.57 % </Th> <Th> 11.48 % </Th> <Th> 11.86 % </Th> <Th> 12.48 % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Change in Index </Th> <Th> Total Annual Return Including Dividends </Th> <Th> Value of $1.00 Invested on 1970 ‐ 01 ‐ 01 </Th> <Th> 5 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 10 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 15 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 20 Year Annualized Return </Th> <Th> 25 Year Annualized Return </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Conference Board Leading Economic Index </Li> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average </Li> <Li> List of S&P 500 companies </Li> <Li> E-mini S&P </Li> <Li> Exchange - traded fund </Li> <Li> Fortune 500 </Li> <Li> FTSE 100 </Li> <Li> Index fund </Li> <Li> Russell 1000 Index </Li> <Li> S&P 100 </Li> <Li> S&P 400 </Li> <Li> S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats </Li> <Li> S&P 600 </Li> <Li> S&P 1500 </Li> <Li> Standard & Poor 's </Li> <Li> Wilshire 5000 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Standard & Poor 's . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` S&P 500 Overview '' . S&P / Dow Jones Indices LLC . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.spice-indices.com/idpfiles/spice-assets/resources/public/documents/103766_multidiscovery1.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://us.spindices.com/idsenhancedfactsheet/file.pdf?calcFrequency=M&force_download=true&hostIdentifier=48190c8c-42c4-46af-8d1a-0cd5db894797&indexId=340 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` S&P U.S. Indices Methodology '' ( PDF ) . Standard & Poor 's . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reklaitis , Victor . `` The S&P is up 9 % this month , but these 10 stocks jumped more than 22 % '' . marketwatch.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DailyFX . `` The S&P is Flat for the Year , and that Usually Leads to Huge Moves '' . dailyfx.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Standard & Poor 's 500 Index -- S&P 500 '' . Investopedia . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward Renshaw , The Stock Market , Oil Price Shocks , Economic Recessions and the Business Cycle With An Emphasis on Forecasting , December 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Finance : ^ GSPC '' . Yahoo ! . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Google Finance : . INX '' . Google . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 Index Quote '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` S&P 500 -- stock market '' . britannica.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ultronic Systems Corp . Annual Report 1964 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New High For S&P 500 '' . ETF.com . August 9 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 actual volatility at highest since 1929 '' . FinanzNachrichten.de . November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perman , Cindy ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Stocks Plunge , Leaving Dow Below 7600 '' . CNBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sommer , Jeff ( November 23 , 2008 ) . `` A Friday Rally Ca n't Save the Week '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twin , Alexandra ( December 31 , 2008 ) . `` Wall Street : Bring on ' 09 '' . Market Report . CNNMoney . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Stocks Jump , Capping S&P 500 's Best 10 - Day Gain Since 1938 '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Mckay , Geoffrey Rogow and Rob Curran ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Stocks ' Momentum Keeps Building '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wall St closes out ' 09 with best gains since 2003 Reuters </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lara Hoffmans ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` The Most Hated Bull Market Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 Closes At All - Time High '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maureen Farrell ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Dow and S&P 500 close at new record highs '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow tops 15,000 on jobs report -- May . 3 , 2013 CNN </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CWS Market Review -- August 2 , 2013 Crossing Wall Street Crossing Wall Street </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stocks : Bulls continue record run -- Nov. 22 , 2013 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Shell , USA TODAY ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Stock market ends 2013 on a new `` high '' note `` . USA TODAY . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 ends at record on housing , HP ; transports fly '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 closes above 2,000 for first time -- Southtown Star '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stocks Consolidate as S&P 500 Reaches New High '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stock Market News for December 30 , 2014 Zacks </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. stocks finish solid year on a down note MarketWatch </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P , edge down with Apple ; Dow ends at record high '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reuters ( July 11 , 2016 ) . Strong economy , earnings bets propel S&P 500 to record high . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-markets-china-stocks-fall-as-deal-makers-borrowing-probed-1498187415 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P -- Indices > Equity Indices -- S&P 500 -- Index Table '' . standardandpoors.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Description '' . standardandpoors.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Standard & Poor 's Announces Changes to U.S. Investable Weight Factors and Final Float Transition Schedule '' . PRNewswire . March 9 , 2005 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MarketCapitalizations.com `` Changes in S&P 500 components during the past ten years '' , March 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` S&P Indices Index Mathematics Methodology '' ( PDF ) . The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.spindices.com/documents/index-policies/methodology-index-math.pdf S&P Dow Jones Index Mathematics Methodology ( March 2014 ) PG. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 Details '' . Standard & Poor 's . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How is the value of the S&P 500 calculated ? '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P Indices '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Investopedia Vanguard Profile '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Park , JeeYeon . `` Record - Smashing Quarter : S&P 500 Ends Above 2007 's Record Close , Dow Posts Best Q1 Since 1998 '' . CNBC.com Writer . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Yahoo ! Finance page for ^ GSPC </Li> <Li> Reuters page for . SPX </Li> <Li> CNN Money page for SPX </Li> <Li> Bloomberg page for SPX : IND </Li> <Li> Interactive Historical Chart of the S&P 500 Since 1927 </Li> <Li> Historical total market capitalization of S&P 500 index </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major United States stock market indices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average ( 30 large stocks ; popular indicator ) </Li> <Li> NYSE Composite Index ( all companies on the NYSE ) </Li> <Li> Nasdaq Composite Index ( all companies on the NASDAQ ; technology - heavy ) </Li> <Li> NASDAQ - 100 Index ( 100 large NASDAQ non-financial stocks ) </Li> <Li> S&P 500 Index ( 500 large companies ; general market analysis ) </Li> <Li> Russell 2000 Index ( small - cap stocks ) </Li> <Li> Wilshire 5000 Index ( total U.S. market ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%26P_500_Index&oldid=800027566 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> S&P Dow Jones Indices </Li> <Li> 1957 introductions </Li> <Li> American stock market indices </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing cleanup from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2012 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Boarisch </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Саха тыла </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia <H1> List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . </P> <P> The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . </P> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Inductees <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Performers </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early influences </Li> <Li> 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence </Li> <Li> 1.5 Sidemen </Li> <Li> 1.6 Lifetime achievement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Multiple inductees </Li> <Li> 3 2018 nominees </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Inductees ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Performers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Image </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Inducted members </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brown , James James Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles , Ray Ray Charles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Domino , Fats Fats Domino </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers </Td> <Td> Don Everly and Phil Everly . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Coasters ! The Coasters </Td> <Td> Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Haley , Bill Bill Haley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> King , B.B. B.B. King </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys </Td> <Td> Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Drifters ! The Drifters </Td> <Td> Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Supremes ! The Supremes </Td> <Td> Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dion ! Dion </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Redding , Otis Otis Redding </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones </Td> <Td> Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Temptations ! The Temptations </Td> <Td> Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons </Td> <Td> Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Four Tops ! Four Tops </Td> <Td> Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kinks ! The Kinks </Td> <Td> Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Platters ! The Platters </Td> <Td> David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon & Garfunkel </Td> <Td> Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Who ! The Who </Td> <Td> Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Byrds ! The Byrds </Td> <Td> Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Impressions ! The Impressions </Td> <Td> Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner </Td> <Td> Ike Turner and Tina Turner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Booker T. & the M.G. 's </Td> <Td> Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers </Td> <Td> Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience </Td> <Td> Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sam & Dave </Td> <Td> Sam Moore and Dave Prater . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cream </Td> <Td> Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Creedence Clearwater Revival </Td> <Td> Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Doors ! The Doors </Td> <Td> John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers </Td> <Td> Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James , Etta Etta James </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Morrison , Van Van Morrison </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sly and the Family Stone </Td> <Td> Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Animals ! The Animals </Td> <Td> Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Band ! The Band </Td> <Td> Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grateful Dead </Td> <Td> Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John , Elton Elton John </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lennon , John John Lennon </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marley , Bob Bob Marley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band </Td> <Td> Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green , Al Al Green </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Led Zeppelin </Td> <Td> John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martha and the Vandellas </Td> <Td> Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> Young , Neil Neil Young </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bowie , David David Bowie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips </Td> <Td> William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jefferson Airplane </Td> <Td> Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Willie John </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pink Floyd </Td> <Td> Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shirelles ! The Shirelles </Td> <Td> Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground </Td> <Td> John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bee Gees </Td> <Td> Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 </Td> <Td> Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Parliament - Funkadelic </Td> <Td> Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals </Td> <Td> Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eagles </Td> <Td> Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fleetwood Mac </Td> <Td> Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas </Td> <Td> Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Santana </Td> <Td> Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joel , Billy Billy Joel </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shannon , Del Del Shannon </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers </Td> <Td> Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Earth , Wind & Fire </Td> <Td> Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful </Td> <Td> Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Moonglows , The The Moonglows </Td> <Td> Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Taylor , James James Taylor </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aerosmith </Td> <Td> Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Flamingos , The The Flamingos </Td> <Td> Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon , Paul Paul Simon </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steely Dan </Td> <Td> Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers </Td> <Td> Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ramones </Td> <Td> Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Talking Heads </Td> <Td> David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AC / DC </Td> <Td> Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clash , The The Clash </Td> <Td> Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions </Td> <Td> Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Police , The The Police </Td> <Td> Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers </Td> <Td> Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dells , The The Dells </Td> <Td> Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harrison , George George Harrison </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prince </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seger , Bob Bob Seger </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Traffic </Td> <Td> Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> <Td> Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O'Jays , The The O'Jays </Td> <Td> Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pretenders </Td> <Td> Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> U2 </Td> <Td> Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Black Sabbath </Td> <Td> Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Blondie </Td> <Td> Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Davis , Miles Miles Davis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lynyrd Skynyrd </Td> <Td> Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sex Pistols </Td> <Td> Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five </Td> <Td> Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R.E.M. </Td> <Td> Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronettes , The The Ronettes </Td> <Td> Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Smith , Patti Patti Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Van Halen </Td> <Td> Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five </Td> <Td> Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madonna </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ventures , The The Ventures </Td> <Td> Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Anthony and the Imperials </Td> <Td> Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Metallica </Td> <Td> Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Run -- D.M.C. </Td> <Td> Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ABBA </Td> <Td> Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Genesis </Td> <Td> Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hollies , The The Hollies </Td> <Td> Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stooges , The The Stooges </Td> <Td> Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alice Cooper </Td> <Td> Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dr. John </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Love , Darlene Darlene Love </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waits , Tom Tom Waits </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beastie Boys </Td> <Td> Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps </Td> <Td> Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Comets ! The Comets </Td> <Td> Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crickets ! The Crickets </Td> <Td> Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donovan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guns N ' Roses </Td> <Td> Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Midnighters ! The Midnighters </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miracles ! The Miracles </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Red Hot Chili Peppers </Td> <Td> Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Small Faces / Faces </Td> <Td> Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heart </Td> <Td> Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> King , Albert Albert King </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Newman , Randy Randy Newman </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Public Enemy </Td> <Td> Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rush </Td> <Td> Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Summer , Donna Donna Summer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hall & Oates </Td> <Td> Daryl Hall and John Oates . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kiss </Td> <Td> Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nirvana </Td> <Td> Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band </Td> <Td> Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts </Td> <Td> Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reed , Lou Lou Reed </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green Day </Td> <Td> Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble </Td> <Td> Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Withers , Bill Bill Withers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cheap Trick </Td> <Td> Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deep Purple </Td> <Td> Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N.W.A </Td> <Td> DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miller , Steve Steve Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Electric Light Orchestra </Td> <Td> Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baez , Joan Joan Baez </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Journey </Td> <Td> Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pearl Jam </Td> <Td> Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tupac Shakur </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . </P> <H3> Early influences ( edit ) </H3> Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . <P> Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Williams , Hank Hank Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Lead Belly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Les Paul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Howlin ' Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> James , Elmore Elmore James </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Orioles , The The Orioles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Jelly Roll Morton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Brown , Charles Charles Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> King , Freddie Freddie King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr </P> <H3> Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) </H3> Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 <P> The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Freed , Alan Alan Freed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Spector , Phil Phil Spector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Gerry Goffin and Carole King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Holland -- Dozier -- Holland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Fender , Leo Leo Fender </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Graham , Bill Bill Graham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Clark , Dick Dick Clark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Martin , George George Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Davis , Clive Clive Davis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Geffen , David David Geffen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Rupe , Art Art Rupe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Adler , Lou Lou Adler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Andrew Loog Oldham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Berns , Bert Bert Berns </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) </H3> Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . <P> This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Russell , Leon Leon Russell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> E Street Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Ringo Starr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Nile Rodgers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . </P> <H3> Sidemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' </P> James Burton , inducted in 2001 . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Instrument </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Curtis , King King Curtis </Td> <Td> Saxophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Jamerson , James James Jamerson </Td> <Td> Bass guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Burton , James James Burton </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson </Td> <Td> Piano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer </Td> <Td> Piano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas </Td> <Td> Saxophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Walter , Little Little Walter </Td> <Td> Harmonica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Black , Bill Bill Black </Td> <Td> Bass guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham </Td> <Td> Keyboard </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Lifetime achievement ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Hammond , John John Hammond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Multiple inductees ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> First </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Second </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Third </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter </Td> <Td> Flamingos ! The Flamingos </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Dells ! The Dells </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Cream </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crosby , David David Crosby </Td> <Td> Byrds ! The Byrds </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel </Td> <Td> Genesis ! Genesis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harrison , George George Harrison </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lennon , John John Lennon </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield </Td> <Td> Impressions ! The Impressions </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Drifters ! The Drifters </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nash , Graham Graham Nash </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Hollies ! The Hollies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Led Zeppelin </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reed , Lou Lou Reed </Td> <Td> Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie </Td> <Td> Santana </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Journey </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon , Paul Paul Simon </Td> <Td> Simon and Garfunkel </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Faces </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain </Td> <Td> The O'Jays </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Little Anthony & The Imperials </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood </Td> <Td> Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Faces </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Young , Neil Neil Young </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> 2018 nominees ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bon Jovi </Li> <Li> Kate Bush </Li> <Li> The Cars </Li> <Li> Depeche Mode </Li> <Li> Dire Straits </Li> <Li> Eurythmics </Li> <Li> The J. Geils Band </Li> <Li> Judas Priest </Li> <Li> LL Cool J </Li> <Li> MC5 </Li> <Li> The Meters </Li> <Li> The Moody Blues </Li> <Li> Radiohead </Li> <Li> Rage Against the Machine </Li> <Li> Rufus featuring Chaka Khan </Li> <Li> Nina Simone </Li> <Li> Sister Rosetta Tharpe </Li> <Li> Link Wray </Li> <Li> The Zombies </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Announces Nominees for 2018 Induction '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=804043489 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Music - related lists </Li> <Li> Lists of musicians </Li> <Li> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> مصرى </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Bangladesh Test cricket centurions - wikipedia <H1> List of Bangladesh Test cricket centurions </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> A century in cricket occurs when a batsman scores 100 runs or more in an innings , 20 Bangladesh players have scored centuries in Test matches . </P> <H2> Key ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> * denotes that the batsman remained not out . </Li> <Li> 200s denotes the number of times the players scored 200 or more during an innings . </Li> <Li> 300s denotes the number of times the players scored 300 or more during an innings . </Li> <Li> HS denotes the players highest score </Li> <Li> Maiden century and Date give the details of the player 's first century . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> 100s </Th> <Th> 200s </Th> <Th> 300s </Th> <Th> HS </Th> <Th> Maiden century </Th> <Th> Date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aminul Islam , Aminul Islam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 145 vs India at Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mohammad Ashraful , Mohammad Ashraful </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 114 vs Sri Lanka at Sinhalese Sports Club , Colombo </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Habibul Bashar , Habibul Bashar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> 108 vs Zimbabwe at Chittagong Stadium </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Javed Omar , Javed Omar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 119 vs Pakistan at Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mohammad Rafique , Mohammad Rafique </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 111 vs West Indies at Beausejour Stadium , Gros Islet </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Khaled Mashud , Khaled Mashud </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 103 * </Td> <Td> 103 * vs West Indies at Beausejour Stadium , Gros Islet </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nafees Iqbal , Nafees Iqbal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 121 vs Zimbabwe at Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Shahriar Nafees , Shahriar Nafees </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> 138 vs Australia at Fatullah Osmani Stadium , Fatullah </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Tamim Iqbal , Tamim Iqbal </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> 128 vs West Indies at Arnos Vale Stadium , Kingstown </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Mushfiqur Rahim , Mushfiqur Rahim </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 101 vs India at Z . Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Mahmudullah Riyad , Mahmudullah Riyad </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 115 vs New Zealand at Seddon Park , Hamilton </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Shakib Al Hasan , Shakib Al Hasan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> 100 vs New Zealand at Seddon Park , Hamilton </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Junaid Siddique , Junaid Siddique </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 106 vs England at Z . Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Naeem Islam , Naeem Islam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 108 vs West Indies at Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Dhaka </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Abul Hasan , Abul Hasan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> 113 vs West Indies at Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium , Khulna </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Nasir Hossain , Nasir Hossain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 vs Sri Lanka at Galle International Stadium </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Mominul Haque , Mominul Haque </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> 181 vs New Zealand at Z . Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Sohag Gazi , Sohag Gazi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 101 * </Td> <Td> 101 * vs New Zealand at Z . Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Shamsur Rahman , Shamsur Rahman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 106 vs Sri Lanka at Z . Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Imrul Kayes , Imrul Kayes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> 115 vs Sri Lanka at Z . Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Batting records / Bangladesh test century scorers '' . ESPN Cricinfo . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Batting records / Bangladesh test century innings by innings list '' . ESPN Cricinfo . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of cricket centurions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Test </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ODI </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> UAE </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> T20I </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T20I centurions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bangladesh_Test_cricket_centurions&oldid=786134798 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cricket records and statistics </Li> <Li> Cricket centurions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 June 2017 , at 13 : 46 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Renatus - wikipedia <H1> Renatus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Renatus is a first name of Latin origin which means `` born again '' ( natus = born ) . In countries of Italian , Portuguese and Spanish languages it exists in a masculine and feminine form i.e. , Renato and Renata . In the French language they have been translated to René and Renée . The feminine form Renate is also common in Norwegian , Dutch and German language - speaking countries . Renata is a common female name in Poland , Czech Republic , Croatia , Lithuania and Slovakia . In Russia the names Renat ( Russian : Ренат ) ( sometimes Rinat ) and Renata ( Russian : Рената ) are widespread among the Tatar population . In some Spanish speaking countries , the name has taken on a different meaning : as a contraction for Rey ( king ) and Nato ( birth ) , it has come to mean `` born a king . '' </P> <P> The name has a spiritual , not literal meaning , i.e. , to be born again with baptism , i.e. , from water and the Holy Spirit . It was extensively adopted by early Christians in Ancient Rome , due to the importance of baptism . The onomastic is Saint Renatus , a martyr , Bishop of Sorrento in the 5th century , which is celebrated on October 6 . </P> <P> In Persian Mithraism , which spread widely in the West as a religion of the soldiers and officials under the Roman Empire , persons initiated into its mysteries were designated renatus ( with the meaning of regenerated ) . </P> <P> With a completely different origin , the name `` Renata '' is a New Zealand Maori transliteration of the name `` Leonard '' , and is a male 's name . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 People <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Renatus </Li> <Li> 1.2 Renato </Li> <Li> 1.3 Other </Li> <Li> 1.4 Renata </Li> <Li> 1.5 Renate </Li> <Li> 1.6 René </Li> <Li> 1.7 Renée </Li> <Li> 1.8 René as a surname </Li> <Li> 1.9 See also </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Other </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> People ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many noted people have this forename : </P> <H3> Renatus ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Renatus Cartesius ( 1596 -- 1650 ) , also known as René Descartes , French philosopher , mathematician , scientist and writer </Li> <Li> Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus , Later Roman Empire writer ( 4th century ) </Li> <Li> Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus , historian ( 5th century ) </Li> <Li> Renatus of Châlon ( 1519 -- 1544 ) , Prince of the House of Orange </Li> <Li> Renatus Harris ( ca . 1652 - 1724 ) , English master organ maker </Li> </Ul> <H3> Renato ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Carlos Renato Frederico ( born 1957 ) , footballer </Li> <Li> Carlos Renato de Abreu ( born 1978 ) , footballer </Li> <Li> Renato ( footballer , born 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Renato Aragão ( born 1936 ) , Brazilian comedian and actor </Li> <Li> Renato Archer ( 1922 - 1996 ) , Brazilian naval officer and politician </Li> <Li> Renato Augusto ( born 1988 ) , footballer </Li> <Li> Renato Bartilotti ( born 1976 ) , Mexican actor </Li> <Li> Renato Beghe ( born 1933 ) , United States Tax Court judge </Li> <Li> Renato Birolli ( 1905 - 1959 ) , Italian painter </Li> <Li> Renato Borghetti ( born 1963 ) , Brazilian folk musician and composer </Li> <Li> Renato Brunetta ( born 1950 ) , Italian economist and politician </Li> <Li> Renato Caccioppoli ( 1904 -- 1959 ) , mathematician </Li> <Li> Renato Canova , athletics coach </Li> <Li> Renato Capecchi , Italian opera singer </Li> <Li> Renato Martino ( born 1932 ) , Cardinal Deacon </Li> <Li> Renato Carosone ( 1920 -- 2001 ) , Italian pianist </Li> <Li> Renato Cellini , Italian conductor </Li> <Li> Renato Cesarini ( born 1906 ) , Italian - Argentine football player and coach </Li> <Li> Renato Constantino ( 1919 - 1999 ) , Filipino historian </Li> <Li> Renato Corsetti ( born 1941 ) , president of the World Esperanto Association </Li> <Li> Renato Cunha Valle ( born 1944 ) , retired goalkeeper </Li> <Li> Renato Curcio ( born 1941 ) , former leader of the Italian Red Brigades </Li> <Li> Renato D'Aiello , Italian saxophonist </Li> <Li> Renato de Albuquerque , Brazilian civil engineer and entrepreneur </Li> <Li> Renato de Villa ( born 1935 ) , Filipino political figure </Li> <Li> Renato Dulbecco ( born 1914 ) , virologist </Li> <Li> Renato Eduardo de Oliveira Ribeiro footballer </Li> <Li> Renato Gaúcho ( born 1962 ) , footballer , real name Renato Portaluppi </Li> <Li> Renato Guttuso ( 1911 -- 1987 ) , Italian expressionist painter </Li> <Li> Renato Janine Ribeiro , Brazilian political philosopher </Li> <Li> Renato López ( born 1983 ) , Mexican television show host and musician </Li> <Li> Renato Leduc Mexican poet and newspaper writer </Li> <Li> Renato Micallef ( born 1951 ) , Maltese pop singer </Li> <Li> Renato Migliorini , Brazilian physician and scientist </Li> <Li> Renato Naranja , chess master </Li> <Li> Renato Núñez , baseball player </Li> <Li> Renato Pagliari , of the 1980s vocal duo Renée and Renato </Li> <Li> Renato Piereck , Brazilian American born US Soldier , CH - 47 Instructor Writer </Li> <Li> Renato Pirocchi ( 1933 - 2002 ) , Italian race car driver </Li> <Li> Renato Pozzetto , Italian comedian </Li> <Li> Renato Rosaldo , American anthropologist </Li> <Li> Renato Ruggiero ( born 1930 ) , Italian politician </Li> <Li> Renato Ruiz , Mexican professional wrestler </Li> <Li> Renato Russo ( born 1960 - 1996 ) , Brazilian singer and composer </Li> <Li> Renato M.E. Sabbatini ( born 1947 ) , Brazilian scientist and writer </Li> <Li> Renato Salvatori , Italian movie actor </Li> </Ul> <P> Renato Sanches ( born 1997 ) , Portuguese international footballer </P> <Ul> <Li> Renato Sobral ( born 1975 ) , mixed martial arts fighter </Li> <Li> Renato Soru ( born 1957 ) , Italian entrepreneur </Li> <Li> Renato Terra , Italian actor and poet </Li> <Li> Renato Vallanzasca , notorious Milanese mobster during the 1970s . </Li> <Li> Renato Villalta ( born 1955 ) , Italian basketball player </Li> <Li> Renato Zanelli , Chilean baritone and tenor </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Renato ( album ) , a 1962 album by Italian singer Mina </Li> <Li> Renato , a main character in the Italian opera Un ballo in maschera </Li> </Ul> <H3> Renata ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Renata Adler ( born 1938 ) , American journalist and writer </Li> <Li> Renata Beger ( born 1958 ) , Polish politician </Li> <Li> Renata Berkova ( born 1975 ) , Czech triathlon athlete </Li> <Li> Renata Borgatti ( 1894 - 1964 ) , concert pianist </Li> <Li> Renata Burgos ( born 1982 ) , Brazilian swimmer </Li> <Li> Renata Ceribelli , Brazilian journalist and TV anchorperson </Li> <Li> Renata Dancewicz ( born 1969 ) , Polish actress </Li> <Li> Renata Katewicz ( born 1965 ) , Polish discus thrower </Li> <Li> Renata Končić ( born 1977 ) , Croatian singer </Li> <Li> Renata Nielsen ( born 1966 ) , Danish long jumper </Li> <Li> Renata Przemyk ( born 1966 ) , Polish singer - songwriter </Li> <Li> Renata Ruiz ( born 1984 ) , Chilean model </Li> <Li> Renata Scotto ( born 1934 ) , opera singer </Li> <Li> Renata Soñé , Dominican Republic beauty queen and actress </Li> <Li> Renata Strašek ( born 1972 ) , Slovenian javelin thrower </Li> <Li> Renata Tebaldi ( 1922 -- 2004 ) , Italian opera singer </Li> <Li> Renáta Tolvai ( born 1991 ) , Romanian Hungarian singer , dancer and model </Li> <Li> Cecilia Renata of Austria ( 1611 -- 1644 ) , Archduchess , daughter of Ferdinand II , Holy Roman Emperor </Li> <Li> Renata , name of the band The Last Goodnight from 1995 to 2006 </Li> <Li> Trent Renata ( born 1988 ) , New Zealand rugby player </Li> </Ul> <H3> Renate ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Renate Blauel , music engineer , married to Elton John </Li> <Li> Renate Dorrestein ( born 1954 ) , Dutch writer , journalist and feminist </Li> <Li> Renate Götschl ( born 1975 ) , Austrian alpine skier </Li> <Li> Renate Groenewold ( born 1976 ) , Dutch speed skater </Li> <Li> Renate Holub ( born 1946 ) , political philosopher and social theorist </Li> <Li> Renate Künast ( born 1955 ) , German Minister of Consumer Protection , Food and Agriculture , 2001 - 2005 </Li> <Li> Renate Loll , Dutch physicist </Li> <Li> Renate Müller ( 1906 -- 1937 ) , German actress </Li> <Li> Renate Schmidt ( born 1943 ) , German Social Democratic politician </Li> <Li> Renate Sommer ( born 1958 ) , German politician and Member of the European Parliament </Li> <Li> Renate Stecher ( born 1950 ) , German athlete and Olympic champion </Li> <Li> Renate von Natzmer ( 1898 - 1935 ) , German noble lady convicted of spying and treason </Li> <Li> Silvia Renate Bernadotte ( born 1943 ) , Queen consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden </Li> <Li> Renate Aschauer - Knaup ( born 1948 ) , German singer ( Amon Düül II ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> René ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Adrien René Franchet was a French botanist . </Li> <Li> Alain - René Lesage </Li> <Li> Bernard - René de Launay </Li> <Li> François - René de Chateaubriand </Li> <Li> Frederic René Coudert , Jr . </Li> <Li> Jacques René de Brisay </Li> <Li> Jean René Constant Quoy </Li> <Li> Louis René Édouard </Li> <Li> Louis - René Beaudoin </Li> <Li> René & Angela were an 80s R&B duo </Li> <Li> René Adler </Li> <Li> René Angélil </Li> <Li> René Arnoux </Li> <Li> René Arped Spitz was a psychiatrist and psychologist . </Li> <Li> René Artois </Li> <Li> René Auberjonois </Li> <Li> René Auberjonois ( painter ) </Li> <Li> René Barjavel </Li> <Li> René Barrientos </Li> <Li> René Bazin </Li> <Li> René Benjamin </Li> <Li> Prosper - René Blondlot was a French physicist </Li> <Li> René Blum , a French ballet choreographer </Li> <Li> René Blum , a Luxembourgian politician </Li> <Li> René Bolf is a Czech footballer </Li> <Li> René Boylesve </Li> <Li> René Caillié </Li> <Li> René Cassin </Li> <Li> René Char </Li> <Li> René Clair </Li> <Li> René Clément </Li> <Li> René Coty </Li> <Li> René Crevel was a French writer </Li> <Li> René Dahinden </Li> <Li> René Daumal was a French surrealist writer . </Li> <Li> René de Birague </Li> <Li> René de Laboulaye </Li> <Li> René Descartes </Li> <Li> René Dif </Li> <Li> René Doumic </Li> <Li> René Dreyfus </Li> <Li> René Dubos </Li> <Li> René Dumont </Li> <Li> René Dupéré is a composer from Quebec . </Li> <Li> René Echevarria is a television writer and producer . </Li> <Li> René Eespere </Li> <Li> René Favaloro </Li> <Li> René Felber is a Swiss politician . </Li> <Li> René Fonck </Li> <Li> René Fontaine </Li> <Li> René François Artois </Li> <Li> René Girard is a French philosopher and historian . </Li> <Li> René Goblet </Li> <Li> René Goguen </Li> <Li> René Goscinny </Li> <Li> René Goupil </Li> <Li> René Grousset was a French historian . </Li> <Li> René Guénon </Li> <Li> René Gusperti an Italian swimmer . </Li> <Li> René Guyon </Li> <Li> René Hardy </Li> <Li> René Harris </Li> <Li> René Henriksen </Li> <Li> René Herse </Li> <Li> René Higuita </Li> <Li> René Highway was a Canadian dancer and actor . </Li> <Li> René I of Naples </Li> <Li> René Iché was a French sculptor . </Li> <Li> René II of Lorraine </Li> <Li> René Jacobs is a Flemish musician . </Li> <Li> René Just Haüy </Li> <Li> René Laanen </Li> <Li> René Lacoste </Li> <Li> René Laennec </Li> <Li> René Lalique </Li> <Li> René Lavand </Li> <Li> René Le Bossu </Li> <Li> René Leboeuf </Li> <Li> René Leibowitz </Li> <Li> René Leriche </Li> <Li> René Lévesque </Li> <Li> René Lohse </Li> <Li> René Louis d'Argenson </Li> <Li> René Lussier </Li> <Li> René Magritte </Li> <Li> René Maheu </Li> <Li> René Malaise was a Swedish entomologist </Li> <Li> René Maran </Li> <Li> René Mayer </Li> <Li> René McLean is a jazz saxophonist and flutist . </Li> <Li> René Moawad </Li> <Li> René Monteagudo </Li> <Li> René Morin </Li> <Li> René Muñoz </Li> <Li> René Nicolas de Maupeou </Li> <Li> René of Alençon </Li> <Li> René of Châlon </Li> <Li> René Pétillon </Li> <Li> René Piché is a former politician in Ontario , Canada . </Li> <Li> René Pleven was a French prime minister </Li> <Li> René Pottier </Li> <Li> René Préval </Li> <Li> René Rachou was a Brazilian physician specialized in malaria </Li> <Li> René Rapin </Li> <Li> René Réaumur </Li> <Li> René Renoult </Li> <Li> René Richard Louis Castel </Li> <Li> René Robert Cavellier </Li> <Li> Rene Russo is an American movie actress </Li> <Li> René Schneider </Li> <Li> René Simard is a Canadian pop singer from Quebec </Li> <Li> René Stockman </Li> <Li> René Strickler </Li> <Li> René Thirifays </Li> <Li> René Thom </Li> <Li> René Thomas was a French auto racer . </Li> <Li> René van de Kerkhof </Li> <Li> René Vandereycken </Li> <Li> René Viénet </Li> <Li> René Viviani </Li> <Li> René Voisin </Li> <Li> René Waldeck - Rousseau </Li> <Li> René Wellek </Li> <Li> René Worms </Li> <Li> René , Marquis of Elbeuf </Li> <Li> René - Louis Baire </Li> <Li> Saint - René Taillandier </Li> </Ul> <H3> Renée ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Renée of France ( 1510 -- 1574 ) , daughter of Louis XII , King of France </Li> <Li> Renée Adorée ( 1898 -- 1933 ) , French - American actress </Li> <Li> Renée Cox , artist and photographer </Li> <Li> Renée Estevez ( born 1967 ) , American actress , daughter of actor Martin Sheen </Li> <Li> Renée Fleming ( born 1959 ) , American soprano singer </Li> <Li> Renée Geyer ( born 1953 ) , Australian singer </Li> <Li> Renée Jones ( born 1958 ) , American actress </Li> <Li> Renée Montagne , radio journalist </Li> <Li> Renée O'Connor ( born 1971 ) , American actress </Li> <Li> Renée Richards ( born 1934 ) , American ophthalmologist , tennis player , transwoman </Li> <Li> Renée Rienne , fictional character on the television series Alias </Li> <Li> Renée Soutendijk ( born 1957 ) , Dutch actress </Li> <Li> Renée Zellweger ( born 1969 ) , American film actress </Li> </Ul> <H3> René as a surname ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> France - Albert René ( born 1935 ) , President of Seychelles , 1977 - 2004 </Li> </Ul> <H3> See also ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> San Renato , Catholic saint </Li> <Li> Renato ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Renatus ( game publishing company ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 575 Renate , a minor planet orbiting the Sun </Li> <Li> Hermes & Renato , a Brazilian MTV comedy show </Li> <Li> Renate , a commune in Lombardy , Italy </Li> <Li> Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , stadium in Bologna , Italy </Li> <Li> Stadio Renato Curi , a soccer stadium in Perugia , Italy </Li> <Li> 1250 René - Lévesque , a skyscraper in Montreal , Canada </Li> <Li> Automobiles René Bonnet , French automobile maker </Li> <Li> René - Levasseur Island , an island in Lake Manicouagan , Quebec , Canada </Li> <Li> René Guyon Society , an American group that advocated sexual relationships with children </Li> <Li> René , Sarthe , a commune in Sarthe , in the department of Loire , France </Li> <Li> Renatus Media , LLC , social and mobile games publishing company </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renatus&oldid=806892144 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Given names </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from September 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles containing Russian - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 02 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Robb Stark - wikipedia <H1> Robb Stark </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Robb Stark </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Richard Madden as Robb Stark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Novel : </Li> <Li> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Television : </Li> <Li> `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Novel : </Li> <Li> A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Television : </Li> <Li> `` The Rains of Castamere '' ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> George R.R. Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Richard Madden ( Game of Thrones ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Young Wolf </Li> <Li> Robb the Lord </Li> <Li> The Wolfling </Li> <Li> The Pup </Li> <Li> The Boy Wolf </Li> <Li> The King Who Lost the North </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lord of Winterfell </Li> <Li> King in the North </Li> <Li> King of the Trident </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> House Stark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeyne Westerling ( books ) </Li> <Li> Talisa Maegyr ( TV series ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ned Stark ( father ) </Li> <Li> Catelyn Tully ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Sansa Stark ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Arya Stark ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Bran Stark ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Rickon Stark ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Jon Snow ( half - brother ; books ) ( cousin / foster brother ; TV series ) </Li> <Li> Brandon Stark ( uncle ) </Li> <Li> Benjen Stark ( uncle ) </Li> <Li> Lyanna Stark ( aunt ) </Li> <Li> Lysa Tully ( aunt ) </Li> <Li> Edmure Tully ( uncle ) </Li> <Li> Robert / Robin Arryn ( cousin ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kingdom </Th> <Td> The North </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Robb Stark is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . </P> <P> Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Robb is the eldest child and son of Eddard Stark , the honorable lord of Winterfell , an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent Westeros . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . </P> <P> Robb is portrayed by Scottish actor Richard Madden in the HBO television adaptation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Character description </Li> <Li> 2 Development , overview and reception </Li> <Li> 3 Storylines <Ul> <Li> 3.1 A Game of Thrones </Li> <Li> 3.2 A Clash of Kings </Li> <Li> 3.3 A Storm of Swords </Li> <Li> 3.4 Family tree of House Stark </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 TV adaptation <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Storylines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 In other media </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Character description ( edit ) </H2> <P> Robb is fourteen years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) . He is the eldest son of Eddard `` Ned '' Stark and his wife Catelyn , and has five siblings : Sansa , Arya , Bran , Rickon , and the illegitimate half - brother Jon Snow . Robb is constantly accompanied by his direwolf , Grey Wind . </P> <P> Robb is the eldest legitimate son of Lord Eddard Stark , and heir to Winterfell . When Lord Eddard relocates to King 's Landing to become the King 's Hand , Robb remains at Winterfell to rule in his father 's stead . When Eddard is beheaded by Ser Ilyn Payne , Robb is declared King in the North by his bannermen rather than swear fealty to the Lannister king , Joffrey Baratheon , drawing the lords of the North and of the Riverlands to his cause . Despite displaying a proficiency in military tactics in his victories against the Lannisters , he makes numerous political and strategic errors , culminating into his betrayal and murder by disgruntled allies Walder Frey and Roose Bolton , all under discreet command of Tywin Lannister at the wedding of his uncle , Edmure Tully , to Frey 's daughter Roslin . </P> <H2> Development , overview and reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Robb Stark is not a point of view character in the novels , so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people , such as his mother and Theon Greyjoy . Robb is mostly a background character in the novels . </P> <P> James Poniewozik of Time describes Robb as less eager to seek retaliation than his father Eddard Stark but also as more pragmatic . His overview of the television version of Robb focuses on his role as a foil for Eddard : </P> <P> Robb has risen to take his father 's place , as a lord of Winterfell and as a focal character in the show . We never saw what kind of warrior Ned was in the field , but in King 's Landing , he fought a straight - ahead battle , telegraphing his moves , and died for it . Robb , seeing the Lannisters ' numbers , shows himself capable of feints and deceptions -- albeit at the cost of 2,000 men and the guilt of having sent them on a suicide mission . </P> <P> In the third novel , A Storm of Swords , Robb Stark is assassinated in an event called the Red Wedding , which was inspired by the Black Dinner and Glencoe Massacre from Scottish history . George Martin has said that he decided to kill Robb Stark because he wished to keep the story difficult to predict : `` I killed Ned because everybody thinks he 's the hero ... The next predictable thing is to think his eldest son is going to rise up and avenge his father . And everybody is going to expect that . So immediately ( killing Robb ) became the next thing I had to do . '' </P> <P> In their 2015 book , Game of Thrones and Business , Tim Phillips and Rebecca Claire agree : </P> <P> But the Internet - crashing shock was n't fundamentally about death . There 's loads of that on TV . What really made this stand out was that it broke the rules -- the story just was n't supposed to go this way . We 'd invested in the revenge story of Robb Stark and his family who , in Hollywood narrative terms , should clearly win the war against the Lannisters because that 's the way things are done in fairy stories . </P> <P> The Scottish actor Richard Madden has received positive reviews for his role as Robb Stark in the TV series . </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> Coat of arms of House Stark <H3> A Game of Thrones ( edit ) </H3> <P> When his father leaves for King 's Landing to be made King Robert Baratheon 's Hand , Robb becomes acting Lord of Winterfell . After his father 's arrest for presumed treason , he marches south with an army in attempt to free his father . To secure passage through the Green Fork at the vital crossing of the Twins , Robb consents to the marriage to one of Walder Frey 's daughters or granddaughters negotiated by his mother Lady Catelyn Tully . After crossing the river , he surprises and destroys the Lannister army besieging Riverrun , capturing Jaime Lannister in the process . Upon hearing of his father 's execution at King 's Landing , Robb is crowned the King in the North by his bannermen , and the Riverlands lords also swear loyalty to him . </P> <H3> A Clash of kings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Robb continues to win victories against the Lannister army , and earns the nickname `` Young Wolf '' for his ferocity in battle . He sends his mother Lady Catelyn to negotiate an alliance with Renly Baratheon , but Renly is assassinated by his brother Stannis Baratheon with blood magic from the red priestess Melisandre . As Stannis and the Starks still share a common enemy , Robb invades the Westerlands in order to strategically assist Stannis 's campaign against the Lannisters . He also sends Theon Greyjoy to Pyke in hope to win the alliance of Theon 's father Balon Greyjoy , ruler of the Iron Islands . However Balon decides to take advantage and attack the North instead . Theon joins his father and seizes Winterfell by surprise , where he is believed to have murdered Robb 's youngest siblings Bran and Rickon , though in reality they have escaped and gone into hiding . </P> <H3> A Storm of Swords ( edit ) </H3> <P> During one of his assaults in the Westerlands , Robb is wounded , at the same time learns the news of his brothers ' apparent murder . Falling ill due to mourning and injury , he falls in love with the noble maiden in charge of nursing him , Jeyne Westerling , taking her virginity . To preserve Jeyne 's honor , Robb marries her , rescinding the previous marriage arrangement with House Frey , causing the Freys to desert his army . Meanwhile , Stannis Baratheon , who has suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Blackwater , is urged by Melisandre to use blood magic with leeches to curse the three rival kings Joffrey , Robb and Balon . </P> <P> After Stannis 's defeat at the Blackwater , Robb withdraws from the Westerlands and returns to Riverrun to attend the funeral of his grandfather Lord Hoster Tully . Upon returning , Robb learns that his mother Lady Catelyn has secretly released the prisoner Jaime Lannister in the hope of exchanging her hostage daughter Sansa in King 's Landing . This leads to the mutiny of Lord Rickard Karstark , whose two sons were slain by Jaime during the Battle of Whispering Woods , forcing Robb to execute Lord Rickard and losing the Karstark support . As the war situation is looking bad , Robb tries to repair the alliance with the Freys , by bargaining his uncle Edmure Tully to marry Roslin Frey , hence rebuilding the marriage alliance . The Freys then demand that Robb personally attend the wedding at the Twins as a gesture of apology . </P> <P> On their way to the Twins , Robb learns that Balon Greyjoy has accidentally died , and the ironborn commanders are returning to the Iron Islands to attend Kingsmoot . He decided to lead his army to retake the North immediately after the wedding is complete . He soon learns that his sister Sansa has been forcibly married off to Tyrion Lannister . To prevent the Lannisters from claiming Winterfell through Sansa 's child by Tyrion , against the opposition of his mother Catelyn , Robb disinherits Sansa and signs a decree legitimizing his half - brother Jon Snow as his heir if he happens to die with no children , and requests the Night 's Watch release Jon from service . He then entrusts the decree to Lord Galbart Glover and Lady Maege Mormont , sending them to secretly sail up the Neck seeking contact with Howland Reed , Lord of Greywater Watch , so he can launch a coordinated attack to recapture the strategically crucial Moat Cailin . However at the Twins , the Northern convoy , who are unarmed in attendance to the wedding , are betrayed and massacred by the Freys during the wedding feast in an event known as the `` Red Wedding '' . Robb is personally murdered by his chief vassal lord Roose Bolton , who has also secretly defected to the Lannisters and rewarded with the title of the Warden of the North . </P> <H3> Family tree of House Stark ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Descendants of Rickard Stark </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rickard </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Lyarra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> 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<Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Brandon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Catelyn Tully </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Eddard </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Lyanna </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Benjen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Robb </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Jeyne Westerling </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Sansa </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tyrion Lannister </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Arya </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Brandon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rickon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Jon Snow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Notes : <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eddard '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 36 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` Appendix : Stark Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Stark '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 785 -- 786 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : In the TV series Game of Thrones , Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 14 : Catelyn '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Sansa '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 382 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> TV adaptation ( edit ) </H2> Richard Madden plays the role of Robb Stark in the television series . <P> Robb Stark is played by Richard Madden in the television adaption of the series of books . There are some slight differences between the TV portrayal and the book version of Robb . Due to the child characters ' ages being increased , Robb 's age is changed from 14 to 17 years old at the start of the series . Instead of marrying Jeyne Westering ( as in the novels ) , he marries a healer from Volantis named Talisa Maegyr , who is also killed during the Red Wedding . And while Robb is a background character in the books , not having any chapters told from his perspective , he is listed ahead of Michelle Fairley , who plays POV character Catelyn Stark in the books , in the opening credits of many episodes , and we see the Stark 's storyline in Seasons 2 and 3 revolve more around Robb in the viewers ' eyes as opposed to the readers ' . </P> <P> James Poniewozik comments on Madden 's performance in `` The Pointy End '' in Time , saying `` both the script and Richard Madden show in deft , quick strokes how the crisis focuses him . ( This is another case where having a live actor does a better job of showing a transition that seemed more abrupt in the book . ) '' </P> <P> Madden said that he learned that the character would be killed off early on but otherwise read the books season by season , focusing primarily on the scripts : `` I 'm , as an actor , forced to bend the path I put Robb on and change it and keep the surprises coming . Hopefully , I managed to do that . '' </P> <H3> Storylines ( edit ) </H3> <P> Robb Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell . His dire wolf is called Grey Wind . Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father , Ned Stark , is arrested for treason . Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands . Eventually , crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary . To win permission to cross , Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey , Lord of the Twins . Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime . After Ned is executed , the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King , `` The King in the North '' . </P> <P> He wins a succession of battles in Season 2 , earning him the nickname the Young Wolf . However , he feels that he botched the political aspects of war . He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy , Theon 's father . In exchange for Greyjoy support , Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands ' independence . He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon , both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king . Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions , and Balon launches an invasion of the North . Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr , a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit . Despite his mother 's protest , Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd - season finale . On news of his grandfather , Lord Hoster Tully 's , death , Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral , where the young king is reunited with his great - uncle , Brynden Blackfish , and his uncle , Edmure Tully , the new lord of Riverrun . While at Riverrun , Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters , a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance . He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre , after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their unborn child . Lord Bolton personally executes Robb , stabbing him through the heart while taunting that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' , in fact a promise made to Jaime ( who had no knowledge of Bolton 's impending treason ) when leaving for the Twins . His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons . Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb 's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne , he and his mother are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when his half - brother Jon Snow and sister Sansa Stark successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords , wildlings , and Knights of the Vale , restoring Stark rule in the North in the process , while his youngest sister Arya Stark returns to Westeros , murders Walder Frey , and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins , ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey . </P> <H2> In other media ( edit ) </H2> <P> In his article `` The War in Westeros and Just War Theory , '' Richard H. Corrigan uses Robb to illustrate the concepts of just cause and right intention in the decision to go to war : `` Robb is not only fighting this war to ensure that his fellow Northerners have a just king ( Robb 's cause ) . He is also doing it to avenge his father , Ned , and to recover his sisters Arya and Sansa ( Robb 's intention ) . '' Corrigan speculates that Robb may be suffering from cognitive dissonance and says that , ethically , once Robb has achieved his cause , he is obligated to cease fighting even if he has not yet avenged his family . </P> <P> Robb 's decision to renege on his promise to marry one of Walder Frey 's daughters features heavily in the fifth chapter of Tim Phillips and Rebecca Clare 's Game of Thrones and Business , `` Keep Your Word : Robb Stark discovers too late the dangers of broken promises in business deals . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Robb Stark played by Richard Madden '' . HBO . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones Watch : Talk to the Hand '' . Time . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones Watch : the Quality of Mercy '' . Time . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones Watch : The Unkindest Cut '' . Time . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' author George R.R. Martin : Why he wrote The Red Wedding '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tim ; Clare , Rebecca ( 2015 ) . Game of Thrones and Business : Strategy , morality and leadership lessons from the world 's most talked about TV show . Infinite Ideas . ISBN 1909652938 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robb Stark shocker : ' Game of Thrones ' actor talks heart - breaking twist '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Richard Madden on Robb Stark 's Endgame '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Robb Stark Speaks : Richard Madden Addresses Shocking Developments '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corrigan , Richard H. ( 2012 ) , `` The War in Westeros and Just War Theory '' , in Jacoby , Henry , Game of Thrones and Philosophy : Logic Cuts Deeper than Swords , Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture series , 65 , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 1118206053 , retrieved February 7 , 2016 </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novellas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Music <Ul> <Li> `` Game of Thrones Theme '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rains of Castamere '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' </Li> <Li> `` Light of the Seven '' </Li> <Li> Catch the Throne </Li> <Li> Live Concert Experience </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Soundtracks <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Title sequence </Li> <Li> After the Thrones </Li> <Li> Thronecast </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Game of Thrones : Genesis </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones Ascent </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Board game </Li> <Li> Card game ( Second edition ) </Li> <Li> Comic book series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Petyr Baelish </Li> <Li> Joffrey Baratheon </Li> <Li> Renly Baratheon </Li> <Li> Robert Baratheon </Li> <Li> Stannis Baratheon </Li> <Li> Tommen Baratheon </Li> <Li> Ramsay Bolton </Li> <Li> Roose Bolton </Li> <Li> Bronn </Li> <Li> Gregor Clegane </Li> <Li> Sandor Clegane </Li> <Li> Khal Drogo </Li> <Li> Gendry </Li> <Li> Tormund Giantsbane </Li> <Li> Gilly </Li> <Li> Theon Greyjoy </Li> <Li> Cersei Lannister </Li> <Li> Jaime Lannister </Li> <Li> Tyrion Lannister </Li> <Li> Tywin Lannister </Li> <Li> Oberyn Martell </Li> <Li> Melisandre </Li> <Li> Missandei </Li> <Li> Jorah Mormont </Li> <Li> Daario Naharis </Li> <Li> Ellaria Sand </Li> <Li> Davos Seaworth </Li> <Li> Jon Snow </Li> <Li> High Sparrow </Li> <Li> Arya Stark </Li> <Li> Bran Stark </Li> <Li> Catelyn Stark </Li> <Li> Ned Stark </Li> <Li> Rickon Stark </Li> <Li> Robb Stark </Li> <Li> Sansa Stark </Li> <Li> Daenerys Targaryen </Li> <Li> Viserys Targaryen </Li> <Li> Samwell Tarly </Li> <Li> Brienne of Tarth </Li> <Li> Margaery Tyrell </Li> <Li> Olenna Tyrell </Li> <Li> Varys </Li> <Li> Ygritte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dothraki </Li> <Li> Valyrian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Themes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iron Throne </Li> <Li> White Walker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fandom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robb_Stark&oldid=800122305 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> A Song of Ice and Fire characters </Li> <Li> Fictional assassinated people </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1996 </Li> <Li> Fictional generals </Li> <Li> Fictional nobility </Li> <Li> Fictional revolutionaries </Li> <Li> Fictional kings </Li> <Li> Fictional lords and ladies </Li> <Li> Fictional swordsmen </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 16 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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How the Other Half Lives - wikipedia <H1> How the Other Half Lives </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book on slum conditions in New York . For the song , see Thoroughly Modern Millie ( musical ) . Bandit 's Roost by Jacob Riis , New York , 1888 Original Cover of 1890 edition <P> How the Other Half Lives : Studies among the Tenements of New York ( 1890 ) is an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis , documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s . It served as a basis for future `` muckraking '' journalism by exposing the slums to New York City 's upper and middle classes . This work inspired many reforms of working - class housing , both immediately after publication as well as making a lasting impact in today 's society . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 19th century , New York City </Li> <Li> 1.2 Tenements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Jacob Riis </Li> <Li> 3 Summary </Li> <Li> 4 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 After publication </Li> <Li> 4.2 Lasting impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 19th century , New York City ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1880s many people in upper - and middle - class society were unaware of the dangerous conditions in the slums among poor immigrants . After the Civil War , the country transformed into an industrial superpower and became largely urban . Also , a wave of unskilled southern European , eastern European , Asian , and Jewish immigrants came to settle in the `` promised land '' of the United States . This migration was vastly different from the previous booms due to the influx of non-western European and non-Protestant individuals , therefore making the split between the `` new '' and `` old '' immigrants much larger . In the 1880s , over 5.2 million immigrants came to the United States , with many of these people staying in New York City . This increased New York City 's population 25 % , therefore making the tenement problem much more extreme . </P> A map of the area Jacob Riis surveyed while collecting material for How the Other Half Lives . <P> In the years after the Civil War , many of the former residents of the most notorious slums were wealthy enough to move out of these conditions , or had died in the war . Also , the elevated railway in the Bowery in 1889 transformed this evolving neighborhood back into the squalid , seedy neighborhood it was before the war , and even made it worse . </P> <P> The slums were viewed as a problem by people before the publication of How the Other Half Lives . Some political reformers believed that a wider distribution of wealth would fix the problem , while the Socialists believed that public ownership and a redistribution of wealth would fix the problem . National organizations such as the American Red Cross , The National Conference of Charities and Corrections , and the Women 's Christian Temperance Union were involved in different aspects of the slum problem , but these efforts were local in scope instead of national . </P> <H3> Tenements ( edit ) </H3> Lodgers in a Bayard Street Tenement <P> By 1865 , a total of 15,309 tenements existed in New York City , and the city 's population was approaching 1,000,000 . It was colloquially known to be a housing type for the poor that was made for maximum densities , within the constraints of a 25 - by - 100 - foot lot . When the Tenement House Act of 1867 was passed , the tenement was defined as : </P> <P> Any house , building , or portion thereof , which is rented , leased , let or hired out to be occupied or is occupied , as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another and doing their own cooking upon the premises , or by more than two families upon a floor , so living and cooking and having a common right in the halls , stairways , yards , water - closets , or privies , or some of them . </P> <P> It was with the Tenement House Act of 1867 that the basic `` dumbbell '' layout of the tenement was first used . This tenement style was supposed to allow more natural light and air ventilation into these living quarters , as well as adding more water closets and allowing for the fire safety regulations explained in the Tenement House Act of 1867 . </P> <P> On top of this , many of the landlords that owned these tenements did little to improve conditions . When prompted about the enforcement of the new statutes , the Superintendent of Buildings said that he was satisfied with hard wood in these tenements because it `` burned slowly . '' </P> <H2> Jacob Riis ( edit ) </H2> Jacob Riis , author of How the Other Half Lives <P> Jacob Riis emigrated from Denmark in 1870 to New York City eager to prove himself . Finding it difficult to find work , he found a home in the slums of New York 's Lower East Side . He went back to Denmark for a short period of time , returning to New York to become a police reporter . During this time , Riis became a devout Christian and devoted himself to `` the service of God and his fellows . '' </P> <P> Riis turned to photography as a sort of `` pastime '' and found it a useful tool when writing his police reports . Once he began using magnesium flash powder , he was able to capture the dark and dingy conditions of the tenements . </P> <P> How the Other Half Lives was only one book in Riis ' bibliography of highlighting the conditions in the slums of New York . Some of his other works that highlighted more in depth views into slum life were Children of the Tenements , The Battle with the Slums , and Out of Mulberry Street . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> Prayer Time in the Nursery ; Five Points House of Industry , 1888 <P> In January 1888 , Riis bought a detective camera and went on an expedition to gather images of what life was like in the slums of New York City . This both included Riis taking his own photos as well as him using the images of other photographers . Finally , on January 28 , 1888 , Riis presented `` The Other Half : How It Lives and Dies in New York '' using his images on a projection screen and taking the viewer on a journey by describing the images . Throughout 1888 , Riis continued his lectures in local New York City churches , which were reviewed in several newspapers including New York Sun , Brooklyn Times , New York Evening Post , and Harper 's . </P> <P> In February 1889 , Riis wrote a magazine article based on his lectures in Scribner magazine , which was a resounding success . The book version of Riis ' work was published in January 1890 as How the Other Half Lives : Studies among the Tenements of New York . </P> <P> The title of the book is a reference to a sentence by French writer François Rabelais , who wrote in Pantagruel : `` one half of the world does not know how the other half lives '' ( `` la moytié du monde ne sait comment l'autre vit '' ) . </P> <P> How the Other Half Lives : Studies among the Tenements of New York explained the living conditions in New York slums as well as the sweatshops in some tenements , which paid workers only a few cents per day . The book explains the plight of working children ; they would work in factories and at other jobs . Some children became garment workers and newsies ( newsboys ) . </P> <P> Riis describes the system of tenement housing that had failed , as he claims , because of greed and neglect from wealthier people . He claims a correlation between the high crime rate , drunkenness , and reckless behaviour of the poor and their lack of a proper home . Chapter by chapter he uses his words and photographs to expose the conditions inhabited by the poor in a manner that `` spoke directly to people 's hearts '' . </P> <P> While Riis treats many of the ethnic groups he dedicates whole chapters with slurs and numerous stereotypes , he still keeps his general hypothesis that the reason for the poverty in these communities is caused by the conditions surrounding them . Riis often does have an `` ethnic hierarchy , '' often its most extreme towards the Chinese . </P> <P> Riis ends How the Other Half Lives with a plan of how to fix the problem . He asserts that the plan is achievable and that the upper classes will not only profit financially from such ventures , but have a moral obligation to tend to them as well . </P> <P> How the Other Half Lives follows a general outline for the charity writings of the nineteenth century : a section on crime , the Protestant virtues and vices ( intemperance , idleness , disorder , uncleanliness ) , miserable conditions of living , disease , the loss of modesty ( especially women ) , the dissolution of the family , the institutions that would help in their uplift , as well as future sources of reform . The difference was the introduction of photography to prove the squalid conditions and to increase sympathy for the individuals living in these slums . Riis finally convinced the average reader of newspapers that the poor were not so by choice ; that the dangerous and unhygienic conditions in which they lived were imposed by society , rather than the result of loose moral standards ; that the slums were something that needed to be fixed rather than gaped at or shunned . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> After publication ( edit ) </H3> Illustration of Riis ' photograph of rear tenements <P> The article proved to be popular , and Riis spent the better part of a year expanding it into the book published by Scribner 's Books in 1890 . It offered more illustrations and halftones than the magazine articles could offer . </P> <P> The book was successful . Soon after its publication , The New York Times lauded its content , calling it a `` powerful book '' . The praise for How the Other Half Lives continued in many other newspapers all across the country . Many of these enthusiastic reviews were seen in Christian newsletters , which enjoyed Riis ' view on the moral issues of poverty . The Christian Intelligencer reviewed the first edition saying `` Books like this that lift the curtains and expose to public gaze the great evils of the system will hasten the day of reform . '' Many of these Christian reviewers found Riis ' work to be applicable to their own cities , and called for similar reforms that Riis outlines in How the Other Half Lives . </P> <P> One of the most famous people who liked Riis ' work was Theodore Roosevelt . Roosevelt became close to Riis during his two years as the President of the Police Board . Roosevelt and Riis worked together to abolish police lodging houses , as well as the reenactment of the Civil Service Law , the Tenement House Commission , laws that increased the amount of factory inspectors , making the eight - hour and prevailing rate of wages law effective , regulation of the working hours of women and children , as well as multiple other labor reforms . </P> <H3> Lasting impact ( edit ) </H3> <P> Because of this awakening caused by Riis ' efforts , many reforms were quickly compiled to improve conditions for the working poor . In 1894 , the Tenement House Committee was established . In 1895 , they published the New York Tenement House Act , which outlawed rear tenements and also was the first official document to supplement a written description of tenement housing with photographs . In addition to this legislature , more reform was brought about by the New York Tenement House Act of 1901 , which changed the minimum requirements of tenement housing to include reforms in the amount of light received by living quarters , increased fire safety regulations , more ventilation , restrictions on building height , and increased room space. For these reforms , Riis has almost been given full credit for inspiring these acts , especially the Act of 1901 . Because of his poignant descriptions of the degradation of Mulberry Bend , this area was razed and replaced with a city park . </P> <P> How the Other Half Lives also inspired reform on a national scale . The Department of Labor published The Housing of the Working People in 1895 , which was the second major tenement study of the decade . </P> <P> Jacob Riis was only the first to expose the conditions that the impoverished lived in using photographs . Some other works that detailed life in poverty were the images of the migrants during the Dust Bowl commissioned by the Farm Security Administration by Dorothea Lange ; The Other America by Michael Harrington ; and The American Way of Poverty : How the Other Half Still Lives by Sasha Abramsky . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anbinder , p. 343 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anbinder , p. 346 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . p. 358 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . p. 359 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunz , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunz , p. 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunz , p. 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunz , pp. 22 , 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sante , p. 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . pp. 10 - 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . p. 332 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . pp. 172 - 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . p. 335 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Riis , 2011 . p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Speake , p. 325 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2004 . pp. 3 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pascal , pp. 84 - 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . pp. 18 - 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2004 . pp. 152 - 153 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gandal , p. 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sante , pp. 34 -- 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matters We Ought to Know : How the Other Half Lives '' , The New York Times , 4 January 1891 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . pp. 324 -- 327 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . p. 337 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2010 . pp. 342 , 344 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunz , p. 38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunz , p. 38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gandal , p. 148 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riis , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anbinder , Tyler ( 2001 ) . Five Points : The 19th - Century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance , Stole Elections , and Became the World 's Most Notorious Slum . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 0684859955 . </Li> <Li> Gandal , Keith ( 1997 ) . The Virtues of the Vicious : Jacob Riis , Stephen Crane , and the Spectacle of the Slum . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195110633 . </Li> <Li> Pascal , Janet B. , Jacob Riis : Reporter and Reformer , Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Plunz , Richard ( 1990 ) . A History of Housing in New York City . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231062966 . </Li> <Li> Riis , Jacob , How the Other Half Lives : Studies among the Tenements of New York , Kessinger Publishing , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Riis , Jacob ( 2010 ) . Diner , Hasia R. , ed . How the Other Half Lives : Authoritative Text , Contexts , and Criticism . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . ISBN 9780393930269 . </Li> <Li> Riis , Jacob A. ( 2011 ) . Leviatin , David , ed . How the Other Half Lives : Studies among the Tenements of New York . Introduction : Framing the Poor -- The Irresistibility of How the Other Half Lives . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 9780312574017 . </Li> <Li> Sante , Luc ( 1991 ) . Low Life : Lures and Snares of Old New York . USA : Harper Collins . ISBN 0374194149 . </Li> <Li> Speake , Jennifer . A Dictionary of Proverbs . Oxford University Press , 2008 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : How the Other Half Lives </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to How the Other Half Lives . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> How the Other Half Lives Complete text and photos online </Li> <Li> How the Other Half Lives public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> <Li> How the Other Half Lives Portfolio at NYU </Li> <Li> Documenting the `` Other Half '' </Li> <Li> What Do the World and People Deserve </Li> <Li> The Housing of the Working People </Li> <Li> New York : A Documentary Film by Ric Burns ( Episode 3 ) </Li> <Li> Tenement Museum of New York </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&oldid=833104694 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Photography in the United States </Li> <Li> Photojournalistic books </Li> <Li> 1890 books </Li> <Li> Five Points , Manhattan </Li> <Li> Progressive Era in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with LibriVox links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 04 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Gilded Age - wikipedia <H1> Gilded Age </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about social history . For other uses , see Gilded Age ( disambiguation ) . The Breakers , a Gilded Age mansion in Newport , Rhode Island , belonging to the wealthy Vanderbilt family of railroad industry tycoons . <P> The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century , from the 1870s to about 1900 . The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain 's 1873 novel The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today , which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding . The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France . Its beginning in the years after the American Civil War overlaps the Reconstruction Era ( which ended in 1877 ) , . It was followed in the 1890s by the Progressive Era . </P> <P> The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth , especially in the North and West . As American wages were much higher than those in Europe , especially for skilled workers , the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants . The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60 % between 1860 and 1890 , spread across the ever - increasing labor force . The average annual wage per industrial worker ( including men , women , and children ) rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890 , a gain of 48 % . However , the Gilded Age was also an era of abject poverty and inequality as millions of immigrants -- many from impoverished European nations -- poured into the United States , and the high concentration of wealth became more visible and contentious . </P> <P> Railroads were the major growth industry , with the factory system , mining , and finance increasing in importance . Immigration from Europe and the eastern states led to the rapid growth of the West , based on farming , ranching , and mining . Labor unions became important in the very rapidly growing industrial cities . Two major nationwide depressions -- the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 -- interrupted growth and caused social and political upheavals . The South after the Civil War remained economically devastated ; its economy became increasingly tied to cotton and tobacco production , which suffered from low prices . With the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 , African - American people in the South were stripped of political power and voting rights and were left economically disadvantaged . </P> <P> The political landscape was notable in that despite some corruption , turnout was very high and national elections saw two evenly matched parties . The dominant issues were cultural ( especially regarding prohibition , education , and ethnic or racial groups ) , and economic ( tariffs and money supply ) . With the rapid growth of cities , political machines increasingly took control of urban politics . In business , massive , powerful , and wealthy trusts formed . Unions crusaded for the 8 - hour working day and the abolition of child labor ; middle class reformers demanded civil service reform , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Local governments across the North and West built public schools chiefly at the elementary level ; public high schools started to emerge . The numerous religious denominations were growing in membership and wealth , with Catholicism becoming the largest denomination . They all expanded their missionary activity to the world arena . Catholics and Lutherans set up parochial schools and the larger denominations set up numerous colleges , hospitals , and charities . Many of the problems faced by society , especially the poor , during the Gilded Age gave rise to attempted reforms in the subsequent Progressive Era . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The name and the era </Li> <Li> 2 Industrial and technological advances <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Technical advances </Li> <Li> 2.2 Railroads <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Shipping freight and passengers </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Basis of the private financial system </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Inventing modern management </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 Career paths </Li> <Li> 2.2. 5 Love - hate relationship with the railroads </Li> <Li> 2.2. 6 Impact on farming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Economic growth </Li> <Li> 2.4 Wages </Li> <Li> 2.5 Inequality of income </Li> <Li> 2.6 Rise of labor unions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Politics <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Metropolitan area politics </Li> <Li> 3.2 National politics </Li> <Li> 3.3 Ethnocultural politics : pietistic Republicans versus liturgical Democrats </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Immigration <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Waves of old and new immigrants <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 New immigrants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Chinese immigrants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Rural life </Li> <Li> 6 Urban life </Li> <Li> 7 The South and the West <Ul> <Li> 7.1 The South </Li> <Li> 7.2 The West <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Native assimilation </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Family life </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Art </Li> <Li> 9 Women 's roles <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Social activism </Li> <Li> 9.2 Employment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Social thought </Li> <Li> 11 Religion </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Historiography </Li> <Li> 14.2 Primary sources </Li> <Li> 14.3 Scholarly journals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The name and the Era ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term `` Gilded Age '' for the period of economic boom after the American Civil War up to the turn of the century was applied to the era by historians in the 1920s , who took the term from one of Mark Twain 's lesser known novels , The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today ( 1873 ) . The book ( co-written with Charles Dudley Warner ) satirized the promised ' golden age ' after the Civil War , portrayed as an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic expansion . In the 1920s and 30s `` Gilded Age '' became a designated period in American history . The term was adopted by literary and cultural critics as well as historians , including Van Wyck Brooks , Lewis Mumford , Charles Austin Beard , Mary Ritter Beard , Vernon Louis Parrington and Matthew Josephson . For them , `` Gilded Age '' was a pejorative term used to describe a time of materialistic excesses combined with extreme poverty . </P> <P> The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France . With respect to eras of American history , historical views vary as to when the Gilded Age began , ranging from starting right after the American Civil War ( ended , 1865 ) , or 1873 , or as the Reconstruction Era ended in 1877 . The point noted as the end of the Gilded Age also varies . It is generally given as the beginning of the Progressive Era in the 1890s ( sometimes the United States presidential election of 1896 ) but also falls in a range that includes the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , Theodore Roosevelt election in 1901 , and even the U.S. entry into World War I ( 1917 ) . </P> <H2> Industrial and technological advances ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Second Industrial Revolution , Rail transportation in the United States , and Economic history of the United States The May 10 , 1869 celebration of the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad . <H3> Technical advances ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Gilded Age was a period of economic growth as the United States jumped to the lead in industrialization ahead of Britain . The nation was rapidly expanding its economy into new areas , especially heavy industry like factories , railroads , and coal mining . In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad opened up the far - west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . Railroad track mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880 , and then doubled again by 1920 . The new track linked formerly isolated areas with larger markets and allowed for the rise of commercial farming , ranching , and mining , creating a truly national marketplace . American steel production rose to surpass the combined totals of Britain , Germany , and France . </P> <P> London and Paris poured investment money into the railroads through the American financial market centered in Wall Street . By 1900 , the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industry -- a few large corporations , called `` trusts '' , dominated in steel , oil , sugar , meat , and farm machinery . Through vertical integration these trusts were able to control each aspect of the production of a specific good , ensuring that the profits made on the finished product were maximized and prices minimized , and by controlling access to the raw materials , prevented other companies from being able to compete in the marketplace . Several monopolies -- most famously Standard Oil -- came to dominate their markets by keeping prices low when competitors appeared ; they grew at a rate four times faster than that of the competitive sectors . </P> <P> Increased mechanization of industry is a major mark of the Gilded Age 's search for cheaper ways to create more product . Frederick Winslow Taylor observed that worker efficiency in steel could be improved through the use of very close observations with a stop watch to eliminate wasted effort . Mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers . Machine shops grew rapidly , and they comprised highly skilled workers and engineers . Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased , as their wage rates grew . </P> <P> Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise . Railroads invented modern management , with clear chains of command , statistical reporting , and complex bureaucratic systems . They systematized the roles of middle managers and set up explicit career tracks . They hired young men ages 18 -- 21 and promoted them internally until a man reached the status of locomotive engineer , conductor , or station agent at age 40 or so . Career tracks were invented for skilled blue - collar jobs and for white - collar managers , starting in railroads and expanding into finance , manufacturing , and trade . Together with rapid growth of small business , a new middle class was rapidly growing , especially in northern cities . </P> A Los Angeles oil district , ca. 1895 -- 1901 <P> The United States became a world leader in applied technology . From 1860 to 1890 , 500,000 patents were issued for new inventions -- over ten times the number issued in the previous seventy years . George Westinghouse invented air brakes for trains ( making them both safer and faster ) . Theodore Vail established the American Telephone & Telegraph Company and built a great communications network . Thomas Edison , in addition to inventing hundreds of devices , established the first electrical lighting utility , basing it on direct current and an efficient incandescent lamp . Electric power delivery spread rapidly across Gilded Age cities . The streets were lighted at night , and electric streetcars allowed for faster commuting to work and easier shopping . </P> <P> Petroleum launched a new industry beginning with the Pennsylvania oil fields in the 1860s . The United States dominated the global industry into the 1950s . Kerosene replaced whale oil and candles for lighting homes . John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company and monopolized the oil industry , which mostly produced kerosene before the automobile created a demand for gasoline in the 20th century . </P> <H3> Railroads ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to historian Henry Adams the system of railroads needed : </P> <Dl> <Dd> the energies of a generation , for it required all the new machinery to be created -- capital , banks , mines , furnaces , shops , power - houses , technical knowledge , mechanical population , together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits , ideas , and institutions to fit the new scale and suit the new conditions . The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways , and no one knew it better than the generation itself . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The impact can be examined through five aspects : shipping , finance , management , careers , and popular reaction . </P> Shipping freight and passengers ( edit ) <P> First they provided a highly efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market . The result was a transforming impact on most sectors of the economy including manufacturing , retail and wholesale , agriculture , and finance . The United States now had an integrated national market practically the size of Europe , with no internal barriers or tariffs , all supported by a common language , and financial system and a common legal system . </P> Basis of the private financial system ( edit ) <P> Railroads financing provided the basis for a dramatic expansion of the private ( non-governmental ) financial system . Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories . In 1860 , the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $1.8 billion ; 1897 it reached $10.6 billion ( compared to a total national debt of $1.2 billion ) . Funding came from financiers throughout the Northeast , and from Europe , especially Britain . About 10 percent of the funding came from the government , especially in the form of land grants that could be realized when a certain amount of trackage was opened . The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds . New York by 1860 was the dominant financial market . The British invested heavily in railroads around the world , but nowhere more so than the United States ; The total came to about $3 billion by 1914 . In 1914 -- 1917 , they liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies . </P> Inventing Modern management ( edit ) <P> Railroad management designed complex systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than could be dreamed of by the local factory owner who could patrol every part of his own factory in a matter of hours . Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads . The leading innovators were the Western Railroad of Massachusetts and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1840s , the Erie in the 1850s and the Pennsylvania in the 1860s . </P> Career paths ( edit ) <P> The railroads invented the career path in the private sector for both blue - collar workers and white - collar workers . Railroading became a lifetime career for young men ; women were almost never hired . A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop laborer , be promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24 , brakemen at 25 , freight conductor at 27 , and passenger conductor at age 57 . White - collar careers paths likewise were delineated . Educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters . </P> <P> At each level they had more and more knowledge experience and human capital . They were very hard to replace , and were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care . Hiring , firing , and wage rates were set not by foreman , but by central administrators , in order to minimize favoritism and personality conflicts . Everything was done by the book , whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance , and exactly what their rank and pay would be . By the 1880s the career railroaders were retiring , and pension systems were invented for them . </P> Love - hate relationship with the railroads ( edit ) <P> America developed a love - hate relationship with railroads . Boosters in every city worked feverishly to make sure the railroad came through , knowing their urban dreams depended upon it . The mechanical size , scope , and efficiency of the railroads made a profound impression ; people dressed in their Sunday best to go down to the terminal to watch the train come in . Travel became much easier , cheaper , and more common . Shoppers from small towns could make day trips to big city stores . Hotels , resorts , and tourist attractions were built to accommodate the demand . The realization that anyone could buy a ticket for a thousand - mile trip was empowering . Historians Gary Cross and Rick Szostak argue : </P> <Dl> <Dd> with the freedom to travel came a greater sense of national identity and a reduction in regional cultural diversity . Farm children could more easily acquaint themselves with the big city , and easterners could readily visit the West . It is hard to imagine a United States of continental proportions without the railroad . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The engineers became model citizens , bringing their can - do spirit and their systematic work effort to all phases of the economy as well as local and national government . By 1910 , major cities were building magnificent palatial railroad stations , such as the Pennsylvania Station in New York City , and the Union Station in Washington DC . </P> <P> But there was also a dark side . By the 1870s , railroads were vilified by Western farmers who absorbed the Granger movement theme that monopolistic carriers controlled too much pricing power , and that the state legislatures had to impose maximum prices . Local merchants and shippers supported the demand and got some `` Granger Laws '' passed . Anti-railroad complaints were loudly repeated in late 19th century political rhetoric . </P> <P> The most hated railroad man in the country was Collis P. Huntington ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , the president of the Southern Pacific Railroad who dominated California 's economy and politics . One textbook argues : `` Huntington came to symbolize the greed and corruption of late - nineteenth - century business . Business rivals and political reformers accused him of every conceivable evil . Journalists and cartoonists made their reputations by pillorying him ... Historians have cast Huntington as the state 's most despicable villain . '' However Huntington defended himself : `` The motives back of my actions have been honest ones and the results have redounded far more to the benefit of California than they have to my own . '' </P> Impact on farming ( edit ) Further information : Meat packing industry <P> The growth of railroads from 1850s to 1880s made commercial farming much more feasible and profitable . Millions of acres were opened to settlement once the railroad was nearby , and provided a long - distance outlet for wheat , cattle and hogs that reached all the way to Europe . Rural America became one giant market , as wholesalers bought the consumer products produced by the factories in the East , and shipped them to local merchants in small stores nationwide . Shipping live animals was slow and expensive . It was more efficient to slaughter them in major packing centers such as Chicago , Kansas City , St. Louis , Milwaukee , and Cincinnati , and then ship dressed meat out in refrigerated freight cars . The cars were cooled by slabs of ice that had been harvested from the northern lakes in wintertime , and stored for summer and fall usage . Chicago , the main railroad center , benefited enormously , with Kansas City a distant second . Historian William Cronon concludes : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Because of the Chicago packers , ranchers in Wyoming and feedlot farmers in Iowa regularly found a reliable market for their animals , and on average received better prices for the animals they sold there . At the same time and for the same reason , Americans of all classes found a greater variety of more and better meats on their tables , purchased on average at lower prices than ever before . Seen in this light , the packers ' `` rigid system of economy '' seemed a very good thing indeed . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Economic growth ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Economic history of the United States § Late 19th century , and Robber baron ( industrialist ) Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . <P> During the 1870s and 1880s , the U.S. economy rose at the fastest rate in its history , with real wages , wealth , GDP , and capital formation all increasing rapidly . For example , between 1865 and 1898 , the output of wheat increased by 256 % , corn by 222 % , coal by 800 % and miles of railway track by 567 % . Thick national networks for transportation and communication were created . The corporation became the dominant form of business organization , and a scientific management revolution transformed business operations . </P> <P> By the beginning of the 20th century , gross domestic product and industrial production in the United States led the world . Kennedy reports that `` U.S. national income , in absolute figures in per capita , was so far above everybody else 's by 1914 . '' Per capita income in the United States was $377 in 1914 compared to Britain in second place at $244 , Germany at $184 , France at $153 , and Italy at $108 , while Russia and Japan trailed far behind at $41 and $36 . </P> <P> Europe , especially Britain , remained the financial center of the world until 1914 , yet the United States ' growth caused foreigners to ask , as British author W.T. Stead wrote in 1901 , `` What is the secret of American success ? '' The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and hired an ethnically diverse industrial working class , many of them new immigrants from Europe . </P> <P> Wealthy industrialists and financiers such as John D. Rockefeller , Jay Gould , Henry Clay Frick , Andrew W. Mellon , Andrew Carnegie , Henry Flagler , Henry H. Rogers , J.P. Morgan , Leland Stanford , Meyer Guggenheim , Jacob Schiff , Charles Crocker , Cornelius Vanderbilt would sometimes be labeled `` robber barons '' by their critics , who argue their fortunes were made at the expense of the working class , by chickanery and a betrayal of democracy . Their admirers argued that they were `` Captains of industry '' who built the core America industrial economy and also the non-profit sector through acts of philanthropy . For instance , Andrew Carnegie donated over 90 % of his wealth and said that philanthropy was their duty -- the `` Gospel of Wealth '' . Private money endowed thousands of colleges , hospitals , museums , academies , schools , opera houses , public libraries , and charities . John D. Rockefeller donated over $500 million to various charities , slightly over half his entire net worth . Nevertheless , many business leaders were influenced by Herbert Spencer 's theory of Social Darwinism , which justified laissez - faire capitalism , ruthless competition and social stratification . </P> <P> This emerging industrial economy quickly expanded to meet the new market demands . From 1869 to 1879 , the U.S. economy grew at a rate of 6.8 % for NNP ( GDP minus capital depreciation ) and 4.5 % for NNP per capita . The economy repeated this period of growth in the 1880s , in which the wealth of the nation grew at an annual rate of 3.8 % , while the GDP was also doubled . Economist Milton Friedman states that for the 1880s , `` The highest decadal rate ( of growth of real reproducible , tangible wealth per head from 1805 to 1950 ) for periods of about ten years was apparently reached in the eighties with approximately 3.8 percent . '' </P> <H3> Wages ( edit ) </H3> <P> The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60 % between 1860 and 1890 , spread across the ever - increasing labor force . Real wages ( adjusting for inflation ) rose steadily , with the exact percentage increase depending on the dates and the specific work force . The Census Bureau reported in 1892 that the average annual wage per industrial worker ( including men , women , and children ) rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890 , a gain of 48 % . Economic historian Clarence D. Long estimates that ( in terms of constant 1914 dollars ) , the average annual incomes of all American non-farm employees rose from $375 in 1870 to $395 in 1880 , $519 in 1890 and $573 in 1900 , a gain of 53 % in 30 years . </P> <P> Australian historian Peter Shergold found that the standard of living for industrial workers was higher than in Europe . He compared wages and the standard of living in Pittsburgh with Birmingham , England , one of the richest industrial cities of Europe . After taking account of the cost of living ( which was 65 % higher in the U.S. ) , he found the standard of living of unskilled workers was about the same in the two cities , while skilled workers in Pittsburgh had about 50 % to 100 % higher standard of living as those in Birmingham , England . According to Shergold the American advantage grew over time from 1890 to 1914 , and the perceived higher American wage led to a heavy steady flow of skilled workers from Britain to industrial America . According to historian Steve Fraser , workers generally earned less than $800 a year , which kept them mired in poverty . Workers had to put in roughly 60 hours a week to earn this much . </P> <P> Wage labor was widely condemned as ' wage slavery ' in the working class press , and labor leaders almost always used the phrase in their speeches . As the shift towards wage labor gained momentum , working class organizations became more militant in their efforts to `` strike down the whole system of wages for labor . '' In 1886 , economist and New York Mayoral candidate Henry George , author of Progress and Poverty , stated `` Chattel slavery is dead , but industrial slavery remains . '' </P> <H3> Inequality of income ( edit ) </H3> <P> The unequal distribution of wealth remained high during this period . From 1860 to 1900 , the wealthiest 2 % of American households owned more than a third of the nation 's wealth , while the top 10 % owned roughly three fourths of it . The bottom 40 % had no wealth at all . In terms of property , the wealthiest 1 % owned 51 % , while the bottom 44 % claimed 1.1 % . Historian Howard Zinn argues that this disparity along with precarious working and living conditions for the working classes prompted the rise of populist , anarchist , and socialist movements . French economist Thomas Piketty notes that economists during this time , such as Willford I. King , were concerned that the United States was becoming increasingly in - egalitarian to the point of becoming like old Europe , and `` further and further away from its original pioneering ideal . '' </P> <P> There was a significant human cost attached to this period of economic growth , as American industry had the highest rate of accidents in the world . In 1889 , railroads employed 704,000 men , of whom 20,000 were injured and 1,972 were killed on the job . The U.S. was also the only industrial power to have no workman 's compensation program in place to support injured workers . </P> <H3> Rise of labor unions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Labor history of the United States New York police violently attacking unemployed workers in Tompkins Square Park , 1874 . <P> Craft - oriented labor unions , such as carpenters , printers , shoemakers and cigar makers , grew steadily in the industrial cities after 1870 . These unions used frequent short strikes as a method to attain control over the labor market , and fight off competing unions . They generally blocked women , blacks and Chinese from union membership , but welcomed most European immigrants . </P> <P> The railroads had their own separate unions . An especially large episode of unrest ( estimated at eighty thousand railroad workers and several hundred thousand other Americans , both employed and unemployed ) broke out during the economic depression of the 1870s and became known as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , which was , according to historian Jack Beatty , `` the largest strike anywhere in the world in the 19th century . '' This strike did not involve labor unions , but rather uncoordinated outbursts in numerous cities . The strike and associated riots lasted 45 days and resulted in the deaths of several hundred participants ( no police or soldiers were killed ) , several hundred more injuries , and millions in damages to railroad property . The unrest was deemed severe enough by the government that President Rutherford B. Hayes intervened with federal troops . </P> <P> Starting in the mid-1880s a new group , the Knights of Labor , grew rapidly . Too rapidly , for it spun out of control and failed to handle the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 . The Knights avoided violence , but their reputation collapsed in the wake of the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago in 1886 , when anarchists allegedly bombed the policemen dispersing a meeting . Police then randomly fired into the crowd , killing and wounding a number of people , including other police , and arbitrarily rounded up anarchists , including leaders of the movement . Seven anarchists went on trial ; four were hanged even though no evidence directly linked them to the bombing . One had in his possession a Knights of Labor membership card . At its peak , the Knights claimed 700,000 members . By 1890 , membership had plummeted to fewer than 100,000 , then faded away . </P> <P> Strikes organized by labor unions became routine events by the 1880s as the gap between the rich and the poor widened . There were 37,000 strikes between 1881 and 1905 . By far the largest number were in the building trades , followed far behind by coal miners . The main goal was control of working conditions and settling which rival union was in control . Most were of very short duration . In times of depression strikes were more violent but less successful , because the company was losing money anyway . They were successful in times of prosperity when the company was losing profits and wanted to settle quickly . </P> <P> The largest and most dramatic strike was the 1894 Pullman Strike , a coordinated effort to shut down the national railroad system . The strike was led by the upstart American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs and was not supported by the established brotherhoods . The union defied federal court orders to stop blocking the mail trains , so President Cleveland used the U.S. Army to get the trains moving again . The ARU vanished and the traditional railroad brotherhoods survived , but avoided strikes . </P> <P> The new American Federation of Labor , headed by Samuel Gompers , found the solution . The AFL was a coalition of unions , each based on strong local chapters ; the AFL coordinated their work in cities and prevented jurisdictional battles . Gompers repudiated socialism and abandoned the violent nature of the earlier unions . The AFL worked to control the local labor market , thereby empowering its locals to obtain higher wages and more control over hiring . As a result , the AFL unions spread to most cities , reaching a peak membership in 1919 . </P> <P> Severe economic recessions -- called `` panics '' -- struck the nation in the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 . They lasted several years , with high urban unemployment , low incomes for farmers , low profits for business , slow overall growth , and reduced immigration . They generated political unrest . </P> <H2> Politics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Third Party System A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to `` Blow Over '' -- `` Let Us Prey . '' Cartoon denouncing the corruption of New York 's Boss Tweed and other Tammany Hall figures , drawn in 1871 by Thomas Nast and published in Harper 's Weekly . <P> Gilded Age politics , called the Third Party System , featured intense competition between two major parties , with minor parties coming and going , especially on issues of concern to prohibitionists , to labor unions and to farmers . The Democrats and Republicans ( nicknamed the `` Grand Old Party , '' GOP ) fought over control of offices , which were the rewards for party activists , as well as over major economic issues . Very high voter turnout often exceeded 80 % or even 90 % in some states as the parties drilled their loyal members much as an army drills its soldiers . </P> <P> Competition was intense and elections were very close . In the southern states , lingering resentment over the Civil War remained and meant that much of the South would vote Democrat . After the end of Reconstruction in 1877 , competition in the South took place mainly inside the Democratic Party . Nationwide , turnout fell sharply after 1900 . </P> <H3> Metropolitan area politics ( edit ) </H3> <P> The major metropolitan centers underwent rapid population growth and as a result had many lucrative contracts and jobs to award . To take advantage of the new economic opportunity , both parties built so - called `` political machines '' to manage elections , to reward supporters and to pay off potential opponents . Financed by the `` spoils system '' , the winning party distributed most local , state and national government jobs , and many government contracts , to its loyal supporters . </P> <P> Large cities became dominated by political machines in which constituents supported a candidate in exchange for anticipated patronage . These votes would be repaid with favors back from the government once the appropriate candidate was elected ; and very often candidates were selected based on their willingness to play along with the spoils system . Perhaps the largest example of a political machine from this time period is Tammany Hall in New York City , led by Boss Tweed . </P> <P> Political corruption was rampant , as business leaders spent significant amounts of money ensuring that government did not regulate the activities of big business - and they more often than not got what they wanted . Such corruption was so commonplace that in 1868 the New York state legislature legalized such bribery . Historian Howard Zinn argues that the U.S. government was acting exactly as Karl Marx described capitalist states : `` pretending neutrality to maintain order , but serving the interests of the rich '' . </P> Reformers like the cartoonist Joseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags , who represented the nation 's financial trusts and monopolies . <H3> National politics ( edit ) </H3> Further information : History of conservatism in the United States § The Gilded Age <P> Major scandal reached into Congress with the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal of 1872 , and disgraced the White House during the Grant Administration ( 1869 -- 1877 ) . This corruption divided the Republican party into two different factions : the Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling and the Half - Breeds led by James G. Blaine . There was a sense that government - enabled political machines intervened in the economy and that the resulting favoritism , bribery , inefficiency , waste , and corruption were having negative consequences . Accordingly , there were widespread calls for reform , such as Civil Service Reform led by the Bourbon Democrats and Republican Mugwumps . In 1884 , their support elected Democrat Grover Cleveland to the White House , and in doing so gave the Democrats their first national victory since 1856 . </P> <P> The Bourbon Democrats supported a free - market policy , with low tariffs , low taxes , less spending and , in general , a laissez - faire ( hands - off ) government . They argued that tariffs made most goods more expensive for the consumer and subsidized `` the trusts '' ( monopolies ) . They also denounced imperialism and overseas expansion . By contrast , Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages , and warned that lowering the tariff would bring disaster because goods from low - wage European factories would flood American markets . </P> <P> Presidential elections between the two major parties were so closely contested that a slight nudge could tip the election in the advantage of either party , and Congress was marked by political stalemate . With support from Union veterans , businessmen , professionals , craftsmen , and larger farmers , the Republicans consistently carried the North in presidential elections . The Democrats , often led by Irish Catholics , had a base among Catholics , poorer farmers , and traditional party - members . </P> <P> Some sources consider that America in the Gilded Age was led by a string of relatively weak presidents collectively referred to as the `` forgettable presidents '' ( Johnson , Grant , Hayes , Garfield , Arthur and Harrison , with the possible exception of Cleveland ) who served in the White House during this period . `` What little political vitality existed in Gilded Age America was to be found in local settings or in Congress , which overshadowed the White House for most of this period . '' </P> <P> Overall , Republican and Democratic political platforms remained remarkably constant during the years before 1900 . Republicans generally favored inflationary , protectionist policies , while Democrats favored hard - money , free trade , and other laissez - faire policies . </P> <H3> Ethnocultural politics : pietistic Republicans Versus liturgical Democrats ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Voting behavior by religion , Northern US , late 19th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> % Dem </Td> <Td> % GOP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Immigrant Groups </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Catholics </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All Catholics </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Confessional German Lutherans </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German Reformed </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Canadian Catholics </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Less Confessional German Lutherans </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> English Canadians </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Stock </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German Sectarians </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norwegian Lutherans </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish Lutherans </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haugean Norwegians </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natives : Northern Stock </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quakers </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Free Will Baptists </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Congregational </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Methodists </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regular Baptists </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blacks </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Presbyterians </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Episcopalians </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natives : Southern Stock ( living in North ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Disciples </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Presbyterians </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baptists </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Methodists </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> From 1860 to the early 20th century , the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with `` Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion '' . `` Rum '' stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers , in contrast to the GOP , which had a strong dry element . `` Romanism '' meant Roman Catholics , especially Irish Americans , who ran the Democratic Party in most cities , and whom the reformers denounced for political corruption and their separate parochial - school system . `` Rebellion '' harked back to the Democrats of the Confederacy , who had tried to break the Union in 1861 , as well as to their northern allies , called `` Copperheads . '' </P> <P> Demographic trends boosted the Democratic totals , as the German and Irish Catholic immigrants became Democrats and outnumbered the English and Scandinavian Republicans . The new immigrants who arrived after 1890 seldom voted at this time . During the 1880s and 1890s , the Republicans struggled against the Democrats ' efforts , winning several close elections and losing two to Grover Cleveland ( in 1884 and 1892 ) . </P> <P> Religious lines were sharply drawn . In the North , about 50 % of the voters were pietistic Protestants ( especially Methodists , Scandinavian Lutherans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists , Disciples of Christ ) who believed in using the government to reduce social sins , such as drinking . They strongly supported the GOP , as the table shows . In sharp contrast , liturgical groups , especially the Catholics , Episcopalians , and German Lutherans , voted for the Democrats . They saw the Democratic party as their best protection from the moralism of the pietists , and especially from the threat of prohibition . Both parties cut across the class structure , with the Democrats more bottom - heavy and the GOP better represented among businessmen and professionals in the North . </P> <P> Many cultural issues , especially prohibition and foreign - language schools , became hard - fought political issues because of the deep religious divisions in the electorate . For example , in Wisconsin the Republicans tried to close down German - language Catholic and Lutheran parochial schools , and were defeated in 1890 when the Bennett Law was put to the test . </P> <P> Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decades , as national prohibition was finally passed in 1919 ( and repealed in 1933 ) , serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry GOP . </P> <H2> Immigration ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of immigration to the United States <P> Prior to the Gilded Age , the time commonly referred to as the old immigration saw the first real boom of new arrivals to the United States . During the Gilded Age , approximately 20 million immigrants came to the United States in what is known as the new immigration . Some of them were prosperous farmers who had the cash to buy land and tools in the Plains states especially . Many were poor peasants looking for the American Dream in unskilled manual labor in mills , mines , and factories . Few immigrants went to the poverty - stricken South , though . To accommodate the heavy influx , the federal government in 1892 opened a reception center at Ellis Island near the Statue of Liberty . </P> <H3> Waves of old and new immigrants ( edit ) </H3> <P> These immigrants consisted of two groups : The last big waves of the `` Old Immigration '' from Germany , Britain , Ireland , and Scandinavia , and the rising waves of the `` New Immigration '' , which peaked about 1910 . Some men moved back and forth across the Atlantic , but most were permanent settlers . They moved into well - established communities , both urban and rural . The German American communities spoke German , but their younger generation was bilingual . The Scandinavian groups generally assimilated quickly ; they were noted for their support of reform programs , such as prohibition . </P> Businessman P.J. Kennedy of Boston in 1900 ; his grandson John became president in 1960 . <P> In terms of immigration , after 1880 the old immigration of Germans , British , Irish , and Scandinavians slackened off . The United States was producing large numbers of new unskilled jobs every year , and to fill them came number from Italy , Poland , Austria , Hungary , Russia , Greece , and other points in southern and central Europe , as well as French Canada . The older immigrants by the 1870s had formed highly stable communities , especially the German Americans . The British immigrants tended to blend into the general population . </P> <P> Irish Catholics had arrived in large numbers in the 1840s and 1850s in the wake of the great famine in Ireland when starvation killed millions . Their first few decades were characterized by extreme poverty , social dislocation , crime and violence in their slums . By the late 19th century , the Irish communities had largely stabilized , with a strong new `` lace curtain '' middle - class of local businessmen , professionals , and political leaders typified by P.J. Kennedy ( 1858 -- 1929 ) in Boston . In economic terms , Irish Catholics were nearly at the bottom in the 1850s . They reached the national average by 1900 , and by the late 20th century they far surpassed the national average . </P> <P> In political terms , the Irish Catholics comprised a major element in the leadership of the urban Democratic machines across the country . Although they were only a third of the total Catholic population , the Irish also dominated the Catholic Church , producing most of the bishops , college presidents , and leaders of charitable organizations . The network of Catholic institutions provided high status , but low - paying lifetime careers to sisters and nuns in parochial schools , hospitals , orphanages and convents . They were part of an international Catholic network , with considerable movement back and forth from Ireland , England , France , Germany and Canada . </P> New immigrants ( edit ) <P> The `` New Immigration '' were much poorer peasants and rural folk from southern and eastern Europe , including mostly Italians , Poles and Jews . Some men , especially the Italians and Greeks , saw themselves as temporary migrants who planned to return to their home villages with a nest egg of cash earned in long hours of unskilled labor . Others , especially the Jews , had been driven out of Eastern Europe and had no intention of returning . </P> <P> Historians analyze the causes of immigration in terms of push factors ( pushing people out of the homeland ) and pull factors ( pulling them to America ) . The push factors included economic dislocation , shortages of land , and antisemitism . Pull factors were the economic opportunity of good inexpensive farmland or jobs in factories , mills and mines . </P> <P> The first generation typically lived in ethnic enclaves with a common language , food , religion , and connections through the old village . The sheer numbers caused overcrowding in tenements in the larger cities . In the small mill towns , however , management usually built company housing with cheap rents . </P> <H3> Chinese immigrants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Asian immigrants -- Chinese at this time -- were hired by California construction companies for temporary railroad work . The European Americans strongly disliked the Chinese for their alien life - styles and threat of low wages . The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad from California to Utah was handled largely by Chinese laborers . In the 1870 census , there were 63,000 Chinese men ( with a few women ) in the entire U.S. ; this number grew to 106,000 in 1880 . Labor unions , led by Samuel Gompers strongly opposed the presence of Chinese labor . Immigrants from China were not allowed to become citizens until 1950 ; however , as a result of the Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark , their children born in the U.S. were full citizens . </P> <P> Congress banned further Chinese immigration through the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 ; the act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States , but some students and businessmen were allowed in on a temporary basis . The Chinese population declined to only 37,000 in 1940 . Although many returned to China ( a greater proportion than most other immigrant groups ) , most of them stayed in the United States . Chinese people were unwelcome in urban neighborhoods , so they resettled in the `` Chinatown '' districts of large cities . The exclusion policy lasted until the 1940s . </P> <H2> Rural Life ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age : 1860 - 1910 <P> A dramatic expansion in farming took place during the Gilded Age , with the number of farms tripling from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905 . The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905 . The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906 . </P> <P> The federal government issued 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Even larger numbers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads , which were trying to create markets . The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over , at low fares , hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain . </P> <P> Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity , 19th - century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship , caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat . </P> <P> Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area , the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century , as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement . The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high . They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved . The farther west the settlers went , the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market , and the more inclined they were to protest , as in the Populist movement of the 1890s. Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners ( who purchased their crop ) , railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices . This protest has now been attributed to the far increased uncertainty in farming due to its commercialisation , with monopolies , the gold standard and loans being simply visualisations of this risk . </P> <P> The first organized effort to address general agricultural problems was the Grange movement . Launched in 1867 , by employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced . Women 's participation was actively encouraged . Spurred by the Panic of 1873 , the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees > . The agricultural problems gained mass political attention in the populist movement , which won 44 votes in the electoral college in 1892 Its high point came under with the candidacy of William Jennings Bryan for the Democrats in 1896 , who was sympathetic to populist concerns , such as the silver standard . </P> <H2> Urban Life ( edit ) </H2> The Home Insurance Building in Chicago , built in 1885 , was the world 's first skyscraper . <P> American society experienced significant changes in the period following the Civil War , most notably the rapid urbanization of the North . Due to the increasing demand for unskilled workers , most European immigrants went to mill towns , mining camps , and industrial cities . New York , Philadelphia , and especially Chicago saw rapid growth . Louis Sullivan became a noted architect using steel frames to construct skyscrapers for the first time while pioneering the idea of `` form follows function '' . Chicago became the center of the skyscraper craze , starting with the ten - story Home Insurance Building in 1884 -- 1885 by William Le Baron Jenney . </P> <P> Expansion required a better transportation system than horse - drawn street cars . Electric trolleys and street railways were the rage in the 1880s , followed by elevated railways and subways in the largest cities . Most factory workers , however , lived in nearby tenements and walked to work . As immigration increased in cities , poverty rose as well . The poorest crowded into low - cost housing such as the Five Points and Hell 's Kitchen neighborhoods in Manhattan . These areas were quickly overridden with notorious criminal gangs such as the Five Points Gang and the Bowery Boys . The living conditions were as such that the death rates in these crowded urban tenements vastly exceeded those in the countryside . </P> <H2> The South and the West ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The South ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : History of the Southern United States and African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) The Southern United States in red <P> The South remained heavily rural and was much poorer than the North or West . In the South , Reconstruction brought major changes in agricultural practices . The most significant of these was sharecropping , where tenant farmers `` shared '' up to half of their crop with the landowners , in exchange for seed and essential supplies . About 80 % of the Black farmers and 40 % of White ones lived under this system after the Civil War . Most sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of debt , from which the only hope of escape was increased planting . This led to the over-production of cotton and tobacco ( and thus to declining prices and income ) , soil exhaustion , and poverty among both landowners and tenants . </P> <P> Agriculture 's Share of the Labor Force , 1890 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Northeast </Td> <Td> 15 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle Atlantic </Td> <Td> 17 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Midwest </Td> <Td> 43 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Atlantic </Td> <Td> 63 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Central </Td> <Td> 67 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West </Td> <Td> 29 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There were only a few scattered cities - small courthouse towns serviced the farm population . Local politics revolved around the politicians and lawyers based at the courthouse . Mill towns , narrowly focused on textile production or cigarette manufacture , began opening in the Piedmont region especially in the Carolinas . Racial segregation and outward signs of inequality were everywhere , and rarely were challenged . Blacks who violated the color line were liable to expulsion or lynching . Cotton became even more important than before , as poor whites needed the cash that cotton would bring . Cotton prices were much lower than before the war , so everyone was poor . White southerners showed a reluctance to move north , or to move to cities , so the number of small farms proliferated , and they became smaller as the population grew . </P> <P> Many of the White farmers , and most of the Blacks , were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools , and rented the land . Others were day laborers or very poor sharecroppers , who worked under the supervision of the landowner . There was little cash in circulation , because most farmers operated on credit accounts from local merchants , and paid off their debts at cotton harvest time in the fall . Although there were small country churches everywhere , there were only a few dilapidated elementary schools . Apart from private academies , there were very few high schools until the 1920s . Conditions were marginally better in newer areas , especially in Texas and central Florida , with the deepest poverty in South Carolina , Mississippi , and Arkansas . </P> <P> The vast majority of African Americans lived in the South , and as the promises of emancipation and reconstruction faded , they entered the nadir of race relations . Every Southern state and city passed Jim Crow laws that were in effect between the late 19th century and 1964 , when they were abolished by Congress . They mandated de jure ( legal ) segregation in all public facilities , such as stores and street cars , with a supposedly `` separate but equal '' status for Blacks . In reality , this led to treatment and accommodations that were dramatically inferior to those provided for White Americans , systematizing a number of economic , educational and social disadvantages . Schools for Blacks were far fewer and poorly supported by taxpayers , although Northern philanthropies and churches kept open dozens of academies and small colleges . </P> <P> In the face of years of mounting violence and intimidation directed at blacks during Reconstruction , the federal government was unable to guarantee constitutional protections to freedmen and women . In the Compromise of 1877 President Hayes withdrew Union troops from the South ; `` Redeemers '' ( White Democrats ) acted quickly to reverse the groundbreaking advances of Reconstruction . Black political power was eliminated in the 1880s and in the 1890s new laws effectively blocked over 90 % of the Blacks from voting ( with some exceptions in Tennessee ; blacks did vote in the border states ) . </P> <H3> The West ( edit ) </H3> Main article : American Frontier Map of the United States , 1870 -- 80 . Orange indicates statehood , light blue territories , and green unorganized territories Norwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898 <P> In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad -- a combination of the Union Pacific from Omaha to Utah and the Central Pacific from Utah to California -- opened up the far west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . </P> <P> After the Civil War , many from the East Coast and Europe were lured west by reports from relatives and by extensive advertising campaigns promising `` the Best Prairie Lands '' , `` Low Prices '' , `` Large Discounts For Cash '' , and `` Better Terms Than Ever ! '' . The new railroads provided the opportunity for migrants to go out and take a look , with special family tickets , the cost of which could be applied to land purchases offered by the railroads . Farming the plains was indeed more difficult than back east . </P> <P> Water management was more critical , lightning fires were more prevalent , the weather was more extreme , rainfall was less predictable . The fearful stayed home , while migrants were mainly motivated by a search improve their economic life . Farmers sought larger , cheaper and more fertile land ; merchants and tradesman sought new customers and new leadership opportunities . Laborers wanted higher paying work and better conditions . With the Homestead Act providing free land to citizens and the railroads selling cheap lands to European farmers , the settlement of the Great Plains was swiftly accomplished , and the frontier had virtually ended by 1890 . </P> Temporary quarters for Volga Germans in central Kansas , 1875 Native assimilation ( edit ) <P> Native American policy was set by the national government ( the states had very little role ) , and after 1865 the national policy was that Native Americans either had to assimilate into the larger community or remain on reservations , where the government provided subsidies . Reservation natives were no longer allowed to roam or fight their traditional enemies . The U.S. Army was to enforce the laws . Natives of the West came in conflict with expansion by miners , ranchers and settlers . By 1880 , the buffalo herds , a foundation for the hunting economy had disappeared . Violence petered out in the 1880s and practically ceased after 1890 . </P> <P> Native Americans individually had the choice of living on reservations , with food , supplies , education and medical care provided by the federal government , or living on their own in the larger society and earning wages , typically as a cowboy on a ranch , or manual worker in town . Reformers wanted to give as many Native Americans as possible the opportunity to own and operate their own farms and ranches , so the issue was how to give individual natives land owned by the tribe . To assimilate the natives into American society , reformers set up training programs and schools , such as the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , that produced many prominent Native American leaders . however , anti-assimilation traditionalists on the reservations resisted integration and the resulting loss of their traditional life . </P> <P> In 1887 , the Dawes Act proposed to divide tribal land and parcel out 160 acres ( 0.65 km2 ) of land to each head of family . Such allotments were to be held in trust by the government for 25 years , then given to owners with full title , so they could sell it or mortgage it . As individual natives sold their land , the total held by the native community shrank by almost half . The individualized system undermined the traditional communal tribal organization . Furthermore , a majority of natives responded to intense missionary activity by converting to Christianity . The long - term goal of Dawes Act was to integrate natives into the mainstream ; the majority accepted integration and were absorbed into American society , leaving a trace of native ancestry in millions of American families . Those who refused to assimilate remained in poverty on reservations , supported until now by Federal food , medicine and schooling . In 1934 , national policy was reversed again by the Indian Reorganization Act which tried to protect tribal and communal life on reservations . </P> Family Life ( edit ) <P> Few single men attempted to operate a farm ; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard - working wife , and numerous children , to handle the many chores , including child - rearing , feeding and clothing the family , managing the housework , and feeding the hired hands . During the early years of settlement , farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors . After a generation or so , women increasingly left the fields , thus redefining their roles within the family . New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles . The scientific housekeeping movement was promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents , as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning , advice columns for women in the farm papers , and home economics courses in schools . </P> <P> Although the eastern image of farm life on the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and the bleakness of farm life , in reality rural folk created a rich social life for themselves . For example , many joined a local branch of the Grange ; a majority had ties to local churches . It was popular to organize activities that combined practical work , abundant food , and simple entertainment such as barn raisings , corn huskings , and quilting bees . One could keep busy with scheduled Grange meetings , church services , and school functions . Women organized shared meals and potluck events , as well as extended visits between families . </P> <P> Childhood on western farms is contested territory . One group of scholars argues the rural environment was salubrious because it allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender , promoted family interdependence , and produced children who were more self - reliant , mobile , adaptable , responsible , independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts . However other historians offer a grim portrait of loneliness , privation , abuse , and demanding physical labor from an early age . </P> <H2> Art ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some well - known painters of the Gilded Age include : Winslow Homer , Thomas Eakins , John Singer Sargent , Mary Cassatt , James Abbott McNeill Whistler , Childe Hassam , John Henry Twachtman and Maurice Prendergast . </P> The Chess Players , Thomas Eakins ( 1876 ) The Cup Of Tea , Mary Cassatt ( ca . 1879 ) <P> The New York Art world took a major turn during the Gilded age , seeing an outgrowth of exhibitions and the establishment of major auction houses with a focus on American Art . The Gilded Age was pivotal in establishing the New York Art world in the international art market . </P> <P> New York Art Galleries , Clubs , and Associations During the Gilded Age </P> <Ul> <Li> American Art Association </Li> <Li> American Watercolor Society </Li> <Li> Ashcan School </Li> <Li> Brummer Gallery </Li> <Li> Century Association </Li> <Li> Colony Club </Li> <Li> Cottier Gallery </Li> <Li> Grand Central Art Galleries </Li> <Li> Lotos Club </Li> <Li> Montross Gallery </Li> <Li> National Association of Portrait Painters </Li> <Li> Salmagundi Club </Li> <Li> Union League Club of New York </Li> </Ul> <H2> Women 's roles ( edit ) </H2> This 1902 cartoon from the Hawaiian Gazette shows WCTU activist using the water cure to torture a brewmaster as the Anti-Saloon League mans the pump <H3> Social activism ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Gilded Age , many new social movements took hold in the United States . Many women abolitionists who were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment did not extend voting rights to them , remained active in politics , this time focusing on issues important to them . Reviving the temperance movement from the Second Great Awakening , many women joined the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) in an attempt to bring morality back to America . Its chief leader was Frances Willard ( 1839 - 1898 ) , who had a national and international outreach from her base in Evanston , Illinois . Often the WCTU women took up the issue of women 's suffrage which had lain dormant since the Seneca Falls Convention . With leaders like Susan B. Anthony , the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) was formed in order to secure the right of women to vote . </P> <H3> Employment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many young women worked as servants or in shops and factories until marriage , then typically became full - time housewives . However , black , Irish and Swedish adult women often worked as servants . In most large Northern cities , the Irish Catholic women dominated the market for servants . Heavy industry was a male domain , but in light industries such as textiles and food processing , large numbers of young women were hired . Thousands of young unmarried Irish and French Canadian women worked in Northeastern textile mills . Coming from poor families these jobs meant upward social mobility , more money , and more social prestige in their community that made them more attractive marriage partners . In Cohoes , New York , mill women went on strike in 1882 to gain union recognition . They fought off Swedish strike breakers in order to protect the status they had achieved . </P> <P> After 1860 , as the larger cities opened department stores , middle - class women did most of the shopping ; increasingly they were served by young middle - class women clerks . Typically , most young women quit their jobs when they married . In some ethnic groups , however , married women were encouraged to work , especially among African - Americans , and Irish Catholics . When the husband operated a small shop or restaurant , wives and other family members could find employment there . Widows and deserted wives often operated boarding houses . </P> <P> Career women were few . The teaching profession had once been heavily male , but as schooling expanded many women took on teaching careers . If they remained unmarried they could have a prestigious but poorly paid lifetime career in the middle class . At the end of the period nursing schools opened up new opportunities for women , but medical schools remained nearly all male . </P> <P> Business opportunities were rare , unless it was a matter of a widow taking over her late husband 's small business . However the rapid acceptance of the sewing machine made housewives more productive and opened up new careers for women running their own small millinery and dressmaking shops . When her husband died , Lydia Moss Bradley ( 1816 -- 1908 ) inherited $500,000 ; shrewd investments doubled that sum and she later became president of his old bank in Peoria , Illinois . She worked from home to handle banking business . In an age when philanthropists such as Johns Hopkins , Cornell , Purdue , Vanderbilt , Stanford , Rice and Duke were perpetuating their names by founding universities , she lifted her aspirations from the original idea of an orphanage to the loftier goal and in 1897 founded Bradley University in Peoria . </P> <H2> Social thought ( edit ) </H2> <P> A leading magazine , The Nation espoused Classical liberalism every week starting in 1865 , under the influential editor E.L. Godkin ( 1831 -- 1902 ) . </P> <P> Science played an important part in social thought as the work of Charles Darwin became known among intellectuals . Following Darwin 's idea of natural selection , English philosopher Herbert Spencer proposed the idea of social Darwinism . This new concept justified the stratification of the wealthy and poor , and it was in this proposal that Spencer coined the term `` survival of the fittest . '' </P> <P> Joining Spencer was Yale professor William Graham Sumner whose book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other ( 1884 ) argued that assistance to the poor actually weakens their ability to survive in society . Sumner argued for a laissez - faire and free - market economy . Few people , however , agreed with the social Darwinists , because they ridiculed religion and denounced philanthropy . </P> <P> Henry George proposed a `` single tax '' in his book Progress and Poverty . The tax would be leveled on the rich and poor alike , with the excess money collected used to equalize wealth and level out society . </P> <P> The Norwegian American economist Thorstein Veblen argued in The Theory of the Leisure Class ( 1899 ) that the `` conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure '' of the wealthy had become the basis of social status in America . </P> <P> In Looking Backward ( 1887 ) , the reformer Edward Bellamy envisioned a future America set in the year 2000 in which a socialist paradise has been established . The works of authors such as George and Bellamy became popular , and soon clubs were created across America to discuss their ideas , although these organizations rarely made any real social change . </P> <H2> Religion ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of religion in the United States and Third Great Awakening <P> The Third Great Awakening which began before the Civil War returned and made a significant change in religious attitudes toward social progress . Followers of the new Awakening promoted the idea of the Social Gospel which gave rise to organizations such as the YMCA , the American branch of the Salvation Army , and settlement houses such as Hull House , founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889 . </P> <P> The Third Great Awakening was a period of religious activism in American history from the late 1850s to the 20th century . It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong sense of social activism . It gathered strength from the postmillennial theology that the Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth . The Social Gospel movement gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement . New groupings emerged , such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene movements , Theosophy and Christian Science . </P> <P> The Protestant mainline denominations ( especially the Methodist , Episcopal , Presbyterian , and Congregational churches ) grew rapidly in numbers , wealth and educational levels , throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities . Leaders such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe . Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation . Each denomination supported active missionary societies , and made the role of missionary one of high prestige . The great majority of pietistic mainline Protestants ( in the North ) supported the Republican Party , and urged it to endorse prohibition and social reforms . ( see Third Party System ) </P> <P> The Awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War . In the South ; on the other hand , the Civil War stimulated revivals and strengthened the Baptists , especially . After the war , Dwight L. Moody made revivalism the centerpiece of his activities in Chicago by founding the Moody Bible Institute . The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential . </P> <P> Across the nation , `` drys '' crusaded , in the name of religion , for the prohibition of alcohol . The Woman 's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against not only liquor , but also pornography and prostitution , and sparked the demand for women 's suffrage . </P> <P> The Gilded Age plutocracy came under harsh attack from the Social Gospel preachers and reformers in the Progressive Era who became involved with issues of child labor , compulsory elementary education and the protection of women from exploitation in factories . </P> <P> All the major denominations sponsored growing missionary activities inside the United States and around the world . </P> <P> Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number , size and quality of curriculum . The promotion of muscular Christianity became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCAs , as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Victorian era portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> American business history </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> Belle Époque in France </Li> <Li> Gay Nineties </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) </Li> <Li> List of Gilded Age mansions </Li> <Li> Nadir of American race relations </Li> <Li> New South </Li> <Li> Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Christopher M. Nichols , Nancy C. Unger , A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , John Wiley & Sons - 2017 , page 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( 2013 ) . The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future . W.W. Norton & Company . p. xxxiv . ISBN 0393345068 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Winthrop S. ( 1965 ) . Religion in America . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 228 -- 324 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Upchurch , T. Adams ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0810862999 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horowitz , Joseph ( 2012 ) . Moral Fire : Musical Portraits from America 's Fin de Siècle . University of California Press . pp. xi -- xii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lapolla , Jordan ( July 2006 ) . `` Thoughts on Periodizing the Gilded Age : Capital Accumulation , Society , and Politics , 1873 -- 1898 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era : 193 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcus , Robert ( 1971 ) . Grand Old Party : Political Structure in the Gilded Age , 1880 -- 1896 . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 108077 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Joy J. ( 1997 ) . New Orleans in the gilded age : Politics and urban progress , 1880 -- 1896 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana Historical Association . ISBN 978 - 0807109106 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Santis , Vincent ( 1973 ) . The Gilded Age , 1877 -- 1896 . Northbrook , Illinois : A.H.M. ISBN 978 - 0882955360 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grob , Gerald N. ; Billias , George Athan ( 1972 ) . From Jacksonian Democracy to the Gilded Age - Historical Interpretations : 1815 -- 1896 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0029129104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leary , William ; Link , Arthur S. ( 1978 ) . Progressive Era and the Great War , 1896 -- 1920 ( 2nd ed . ) . Arlington Heights , Illinois : A.H.M. ISBN 978 - 0882955742 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , Robert ; Johnson , Benjamin H. , eds. ( 2002 ) . `` The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ( covers the period from 1865 through 1920 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Nothing Like It In The World ; The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The rise and fall of the great powers : economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1989 ) pp. 242 -- 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cynthia L. Clark ( 2011 ) . The American Economy : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 397 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas J. DiLorenzo ( 1985 ) . `` The Origins of Antitrust : An Interest - Group Perspective , '' International Review of Law and Economics . Elsevier Inc . pp. 73 -- 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Hovey Calhoun , The American Civil Engineer : Origins and Conflicts ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chandler , Alfred D. , Jr. ( 1965 ) . `` The Railroads : Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management '' . Business History Review . 39 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 40 . JSTOR 3112463 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter Licht , Working for the Railroad : The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard R. John , Network Nation : Inventing American Telecommunications ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson , The American Petroleum Industry 1859 -- 1899 The Age of Illumination ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Henry ( 1918 ) . `` The Press ( 1868 ) '' . The Education of Henry Adams . p. 240 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leland H. Jenks , `` Railroads as an economic force in American development . '' Journal of Economic History 4 # 1 ( 1944 ) : 1 -- 20 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward C. Kirkland , Industry comes of age : Business , labor , and public policy , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) pp. 52 , 68 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alfred D. Chandler , Jr. , `` Patterns of American Railroad Finance , 1830 -- 50 , '' Business History Review 28 # 3 ( 1954 ) , pp. 248 -- 63 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirkland , Industry comes of age ( 1961 ) pp. 57 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leland H. Jenks , `` Britain and American railway development . '' Journal of Economic History 11 # 4 ( 1951 ) : 375 -- 88 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saul Engelbourg , The man who found the money : John Stewart Kennedy and the financing of the western railroads ( 1996 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alfred D. Chandler and Stephen Salsbury . `` The railroads : Innovators in modern business administration . '' in Bruce Mazlish , ed. , The Railroad and the Space Program ( MIT Press , 1965 ) pp. 127 -- 62 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Licht , Walter ( 1983 ) . Working for the Railroad : The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century . Princeton University Press . pp. 262 -- 63 , 289 . ISBN 978 - 0691609973 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary S. Cross and Rick Szostak , Technology and American society : A history ( 2005 ) p. 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Zussman , Mechanics of the middle class : work and politics among American engineers ( 1985 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carl W. Condit , `` Cincinnati Passenger Stations Before 1930 , '' Railroad History No. 132 ( 1975 ) pp. 5 -- 36 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George H. Douglas , All Aboard ! The Railroad in American Life ( 1992 ) , chapter 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George H. Miller , `` Origins of the Iowa Granger Law , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40 # 4 ( 1954 ) , pp. 657 -- 80 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douglas , All Aboard ! ( 1992 ) , chapter 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard B. Rice , William A. Bullough , and Richard J. Orsi , The elusive Eden : A new history of California ( 1988 ) p. 247 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dennis Drabelle ( 2012 ) . The Great American Railroad War : How Ambrose Bierce and Frank Norris Took On the Notorious Central Pacific Railroad . St. Martin 's Press . p. 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Margaret Walsh , `` Pork packing as a leading edge of Midwestern industry , 1835 - 1875 . '' Agricultural History 51.4 ( 1977 ) : 702 - 717 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Cronon ( 2009 ) . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West . W.W. Norton . p. 254 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward C. Kirkland , Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor , and Public Policy , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) pp. 400 -- 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( 1987 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Random House . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54674 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Paul ( 1987 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Random House . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54674 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : David Mosler ; Robert Catley ( 2000 ) . Global America : Imposing Liberalism on a Recalcitrant World . Praeger . p. 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stead , W.T. ( 1901 ) . The Americanization of the World . Horace Markley . p. 381 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review of Jack Beatty , Age of Betrayal : The Triumph of Money in America , 1865 -- 1900 '' . Kirkus Reviews . February 15 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . `` 11 : Robber Barons and Rebels '' . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . pp. 253 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burton W. Folsom , The Myth of the Robber Barons : A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America ( 1991 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Neil ( 1962 ) . `` The Gilded Age Revisited : Boston and the Museum Movement '' . American Quarterly . 14 ( 4 ) : 545 -- 66 . JSTOR 2710131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sean Cashman ( 1993 ) . America in the Gilded Age : Third Edition . New York University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0814714951 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William A. Link ; Susannah J. Link , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Gilded Age and Progressive Era : A Documentary Reader . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 70 . ISBN 1444331396 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series F1 -- F5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A monetary history of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1971 ) p. 93 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tregarthen , Timothy D. ; Rittenberg , Libby ( 1999 ) . Macroeconomics ( 2nd ed . ) . Worth Publishers . p. 177 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States . Census Office . 11th census , 1890 ( 1892 ) . Census Bulletin . p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarence D. Long , Wages and Earnings in the United States , 1860 -- 1890 ( NBER , 1960 ) p 144 ; U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series D736 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter R. Shergold ( 1982 ) . Working - Class Life : The `` American Standard '' in Comparative Perspective , 1899 -- 1913 . University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 5 -- 7 , 222 , 224 . ISBN 978 - 0822976981 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steve Fraser ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . Little , Brown and Company . p. 66 . ISBN 0316185434 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lawrence B. Glickman ( 1999 ) . A Living Wage : American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society . Cornell University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 0801486149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) ( Vol. 2 ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393912671 p. 589 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . `` 13 The Socialist Challenge '' . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . pp. 321 -- 357 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . pp. 348 -- 50 , 506 . ISBN 067443000X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. America : A Narrative History ( Brief 9th ed. 2012 ) vol 2 p. 590 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter Licht ( 1977 ) . Nineteenth - century American Railwaymen : A Study in the Nature and Organization of Work . Princeton UP . pp. 190 -- 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Foster Rhea Dulles , Labor in America : a history ( 2010 and earlier editions ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Mink , Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party and State , 1875 -- 1920 ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Michel Taillon ( 2009 ) . Good , Reliable , White Men : Railroad Brotherhoods , 1877 -- 1917 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert V. Bruce , 1877 : Year of Violence ( 1957 ) , the standard scholarly history . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brier , Stephen , producer & director ( 1984 ) . 1877 , The Grand Army of Starvation ( Documentary ) . American Social History Productions , inc . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . But to this day it has not been discovered who threw the bomb . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History . 2 ( Brief Ninth ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 596 . ISBN 0393912671 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert E. Weir , Beyond Labor 's Veil : The Culture of the Knights of Labor ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) ( Vol. 2 ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393912671 p. 595 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` Strikes in Nineteenth - Century America , '' Social Science History ( 1980 ) 4 # 1 pp. 81 -- 104 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Almont Lindsey , The Pullman Strike : The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Livesay , Harold C. ( 1993 ) . Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wicker , Elmus ( 2006 ) . Banking panics of the gilded age ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Q. Wilson ; Dilulio Jr. , John J. ; Bose , Meena ( 2012 ) . American Government : Institutions and Policies . Cengage Learning . p. 190 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jaycox , Faith ( 2005 ) . The Progressive Era . Infobase Publishing . p. 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown ; Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) . 2 . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 578 . ISBN 0393912671 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison Cook Thomas , The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 ( 1919 ) online , covers 1880 - 88 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2001 ) . The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal . Infobase Publishing . pp. 43 , 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beito , Linda Royster ; Beito , David T. ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism , 1896 - 1900 '' . Independent Review . 4 : 555 -- 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Painter , Nell Irvin ( 1989 ) . Standing at Armageddon : The United States , 1877 -- 1919 . W.W. Norton . p. 80 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Politics in the Gilded Age '' ( PDF ) . The Saylor Academy . June 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AP US History . `` The Politics of the Gilded Age '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamitos , California : Unified School District . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( January 1 , 2013 ) . The American Pageant -- A History of the American People ( Fifteenth ed . ) . Cengage Advantage Books . p. 486 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 95972 - 4 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . American Pageant : Since 1865 . 2 . Boston : Cengage Learning . pp. 508 -- 09 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 07592 - 4 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kleppner , Paul ( 1979 ) . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6554 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summers , Mark W. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion : The Making of a President , 1884 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4849 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century : Grand tour - presidency . 2 . Simon and Schuster . p. 515 . ISBN 978 - 0684805009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whyte , William Foote ( 2006 ) ( June1927 ) . `` The Bennett Law Campaign in Wisconsin '' . Wisconsin Magazine Of History . 10 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J. ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 89 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 39825 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas J. Archdeacon , Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Greenberg ; Linda S. Watts ( 2009 ) . Social History of the United States . ABC - CLIO . pp. 127 -- 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephan Thernstrom , ed. , Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley Nadel , Little Germany : Ethnicity , Religion , and Class in New York City , 1845 -- 80 ( 1990 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowland Berthoff , British Immigrants in Industrial America , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph J. Lee and Marion Casey , eds. , Making the Irish American : History and heritage of the Irish in the United States ( 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven P. Erie , Rainbow 's end : Irish - Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics , 1840 -- 1985 ( 1990 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Morris , American Catholic : The saints and sinners who built America 's most powerful church ( 2011 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sioban Nelson , Read Say Little , Do Much : Nurses , Nuns , and Hospitals in the Nineteenth Century ( 2001 ) online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Higham ( 2002 ) ( 1955 ) . Strangers in the Land : Patterns of American Nativism , 1860 -- 1925 . Rutgers U.P. p. 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susan F. Martin ( 2010 ) . A Nation of Immigrants . Cambridge U.P. p. 106 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Adams Upchurch ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . p. 160 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign - born Population of the United States : 1850 -- 1990 U.S. Bureau of the Census </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franklin Odo ( 2002 ) . The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience . Columbia U.P. p. 112 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yong Chen , Chinese San Francisco , 1850 -- 1943 : A Trans - Pacific Community ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shannon , Fred A. ( 1945 ) . The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 - 1897 . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnhart , John D. ( December 1945 ) . `` Review of The Farmer 's Last Frontier , Agriculture , 1860 - 1897 '' . Indiana Magazine of History . 41 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historical Statistics ( 1975 ) p. 437 series K1 - K16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Clark , Farms and farmers : the story of American agriculture ( 1970 ) p. 205 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shannon , Fred A. ( 1945 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 - 1897 . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson , History of North Dakota ( 1982 ) p. 203 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press , Donald E. ( 1977 ) . `` Kansas Conflict : Populist Versus Railroader in the 1890s '' . Kansas Historical Quarterly . 43 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Economics of American Farm Unrest , 1865 - 1900 '' . eh.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Sven Nordin , Rich Harvest : A History of the Grange , 1867 -- 1900 ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College '' . www.archives.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bryan 's `` Cross of Gold '' Speech : Mesmerizing the Masses `` . historymatters.gmu.edu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cherny , Robert W. ( 13 November 1994 ) . `` A Righteous Cause : The Life of William Jennings Bryan '' . University of Oklahoma Press -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , The Rise of the City , 1878 -- 1898 ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph J. Korom ( 2008 ) . The American Skyscraper , 1850 -- 1940 : A Celebration of Height . Branden Books . pp. 93 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert M. Fogelson ( 2003 ) . Downtown : Its Rise and Fall , 1880 -- 1950 . Yale U.P. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder ( 2001 ) . Five Points : The 19th - century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance , Stole Elections , and Became the World 's Most Notorious Slum . Simon and Schuster . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ayers , Edward L. ( 2007 ) . The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction - 15th Anniversary Edition . Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitten , David O. ( 2001 ) . Whaples , Robert , ed . `` The Depression of 1893 '' . EH.Net Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hahn , Steven ( 2005 ) . A Nation under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration . Harvard University Press . pp. 425 -- 426 . ISBN 978 - 0674017658 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . The Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 . LSU Press . p. 400 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Logan , Rayford W. ( 1954 ) . The Negro In American Life And Thought : The Nadir , 1877 -- 1901 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1955 ) . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perman , Michael ( 2001 ) . Struggle for Mastery : Disfranchisement in the South , 1888 -- 1908 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807849095 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bain , David ( 2000 ) . Empire express : Building the first transcontinental railroad . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140084993 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge , Westward Expansion ( 5th ed. 1982 ) ch. 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert M. Utley , and Wilcomb E. Washburn , Indian Wars ( 1987 ) pp. 220 -- 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis Paul Prucha , The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians ( 1986 ) pp. 181 -- 241 , 311 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deborah Fink , Agrarian Women : Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chad Montrie , `` ' Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country : ' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas - Nebraska Grasslands , '' Great Plains Quarterly , Fall 2005 , Vol. 25 Issue 4 , pp. 245 -- 58 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karl Ronning , `` Quilting in Webster County , Nebraska , 1880 -- 1920 , '' Uncoverings , 1992 , Vol. 13 , pp. 169 -- 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan B. Sanderson , `` More Than a Potluck , '' Nebraska History , Fall 2008 , Vol. 89 Issue 3 , pp. 120 -- 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katherine Harris , Long Vistas : Women and Families on Colorado Homesteads ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliott West , Growing Up with the Country : Childhood on the Far Western Frontier ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hampsten , Settlers ' Children : Growing Up on the Great Plains ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , Byrd Gibbens and Elizabeth Hampsten , Far from Home : Families of the Westward Journey ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riney - Kehrberg takes a middle position in Childhood on the Farm : Work , Play , and Coming of Age in the Midwest ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffin , Randall C. Homer , Eakins , and Anshutz : The Search for American Identity in the Gilded Age . University Park , Pa : Pennsylvania State University , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century '' . New York Art Resources Consortium . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glubok , Shirley . The Art of America in the Gilded Age . New York : Macmillan , 1974 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Archives of American Art . `` Summary of the American Art Association records , 1853 -- 1924 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clubs '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Century Association '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cottier Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Art Galleries '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lotos Club '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Montross Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Association of Portrait Painters '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Salmagundi Club '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gilded Age New York '' . New York Art Resources Consortium . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner ( 1983 ) . Erin 's Daughters in America : Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 74 -- 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel J. Walkowitz , `` Working - class women in the Gilded Age : factory , community and family life among Cohoes , New York , cotton workers . '' Journal of Social History 5.4 ( 1972 ) : 464 -- 90 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susan Porter Benson ( 1987 ) . Counter cultures : Saleswomen , managers , and customers in American department stores , 1890 -- 1940 . p. passim . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wendy Gamber ( 2007 ) . The Boardinghouse in Nineteenth - Century America . p. passim . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ by Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson , The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jo Anne Preston ( 1993 ) . `` Domestic ideology , school reformers , and female teachers : Schoolteaching becomes women 's work in Nineteenth - Century New England '' . New England Quarterly . 66 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 366032 . JSTOR 366032 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gloria Moldow , Women doctors in gilded - age Washington : race , gender , and professionalization ( University of Illinois Press , 1987 ) , ch. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wendy Gamber ( 1997 ) . The Female Economy : The Millinery and Dressmaking Trades , 1860 -- 1930 . University of Illinois Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christal Dagit , `` Lydia Moss Bradley , '' Illinois Heritage ( Mar / Apr2015 ) 18 # 2 pp. 29 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gustav Pollak , ed . Fifty Years of American Idealism : 1865 -- 1915 . ) ( 1915 ) ; online , with excerpts on many political topics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sidney Fine ( 1964 ) . Laissez faire and the general - welfare state : a study of conflict in American thought , 1865 -- 1901 . U. of Michigan Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Howard Hopkins . The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism , 1865 -- 1915 . ( 1940 ) online edition </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert William Fogel , The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Rise of the City pp 320 - 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner , The Third Electoral System , 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen ( 171 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Randall M. Miller , et al , eds . Religion and the American Civil War ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James F. Findlay Dwight L. Moody : American Evangelist , 1837 -- 1899 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruth Bordin , Women and Temperance : The Quest for Power and Liberty , 1873 -- 1900 ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden , George ( 1973 ) . `` The Gospel of Wealth , the Social Gospel , and the Salvation of Souls in Nineteenth - Century America '' . Fides et Historia. 5 ( 1 , 2 ) : 10 -- 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Varg , Paul A. ( 1954 ) . `` Motives in Protestant Missions , 1890 -- 1917 '' . Church History . 23 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . JSTOR 3161183 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shenk , Wilbert R. , ed. ( 2004 ) . North American Foreign Missions , 1810 -- 1914 : Theology , Theory , and Policy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Setran , David P. ( 2005 ) . `` Following the Broad - Shouldered Jesus : The College YMCA and the Culture of Muscular Christianity in American Campus Life , 1890 -- 1914 '' . American Educational History Journal . 32 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 66 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Archdeacon , Thomas J. Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) on immigration and ethnicity </Li> <Li> Argersinger ; Peter H. Structure , Process , and Party : Essays in American Political History . ( 1992 ) online version </Li> <Li> Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 3 vol. 2006 ) , essays by scholars </Li> <Li> Beatty , Jack ( 2008 ) . Age of Betrayal : The Triumph of Money in America , 1865 -- 1900 . Vintage . ISBN 1400032423 . </Li> <Li> Buenker , John D. and Joseph Buenker , eds . Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . ( 2005 ) . 1256 pp. in three volumes . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 8051 - 3 ; 900 short essays by 200 scholars </Li> <Li> Calhoun , Charles W. , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Gilded Age : Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5037 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Cherny , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . American Politics in the Gilded Age , 1868 -- 1900 . Wheeling , Illinois : Harlan Davidson . </Li> <Li> Dewey , Davis R. National Problems : 1880 -- 1897 ( 1907 ) </Li> <Li> Edwards , Rebecca ( 2005 ) . New Spirits : Americans in the Gilded Age , 1865 -- 1905 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195147292 . </Li> <Li> Faulkner , Harold U. ; Politics , Reform , and Expansion , 1890 -- 1900 ( 1959 ) , scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history Questia edition ; also online </Li> <Li> Fink , Leon . The Long Gilded Age : American Capitalism and the Lessons of a New World Order ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2015 ) excerpt </Li> <Li> Folsom , Burton W. , and Forrest McDonald . The Myth of the Robber Barons : A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America ( 1991 ) , by leading conservative scholars </Li> <Li> Fraser , Steve ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0316185434 . </Li> <Li> Garraty , John A . The New Commonwealth , 1877 -- 1890 , 1968 scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history </Li> <Li> Jensen , Richard . `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp 149 -- 180 ; online version </Li> <Li> Jordan , Philip D. ( 1968 ) , Ohio Comes of Age : 1873 - 1900 Volume 5 , The Ohio Historical Society </Li> <Li> Kirkland , Edward C. Industry Comes of Age , Business , Labor , and Public Policy 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) , standard survey </Li> <Li> Kleppner , Paul . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures U of North Carolina Press , ( 1979 ) online version </Li> <Li> Knight , Peter . Reading the Market : Genres of Financial Capitalism in Gilded Age America ( 2016 ) . xiv , 315 pp </Li> <Li> Morgan , H. Wayne . From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 ( 1969 ) Questia edition </Li> <Li> Morgan , H. Wayne ed . The Gilded Age : A Reappraisal Syracuse University Press 1970 . interpretive essays online </Li> <Li> Nevins , Allan . The Emergence of Modern America , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1933 ) ISBN 0 - 403 - 01127 - 2 , social history </Li> <Li> Rees , Jonathan . Industrialization and the Transformation of American Life : A Brief Introduction ( M.E. Sharpe , 2013 ) 139 pp </Li> <Li> Rothbard , Murray N. ( 2017 ) . The Progressive Era . Auburn , Alabama : Mises Institute . pp. 109 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 1610166744 . emphasis on popular voting , online excerpt </Li> <Li> Schlesinger , Arthur M. The Rise of the City : 1877 -- 1898 ( 1933 ) , social history of big city life ; online ; also online review </Li> <Li> Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr. , ed . History of U.S. political parties : vol 2 : 1860 - 1910 : the gilded age of politics ( 1973 ) online </Li> <Li> Schlup , Leonard C. ; James G. Ryan ( 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . M.E. Sharpe . </Li> <Li> Shannon , Fred A . The Farmer 's Last Frontier : 1860 -- 1897 ( 1945 ) survey of economic history online </Li> <Li> Smythe , Ted Curtis ; The Gilded Age Press , 1865 -- 1900 ( 2003 ) . online edition ; newspapers and magazines </Li> <Li> Stiles , T.J. ( 2010 ) . The First Tycoon : The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt . Random House . ; Pulitzer prize . </Li> <Li> Trachtenberg , Alan . The incorporation of America : Culture and society in the gilded age ( 2007 ) chapter 5 online </Li> <Li> Upchurch , Thomas Adams ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . 276 pp </Li> <Li> Wagner , David . Ordinary People : In and Out of Poverty in the Gilded Age ( 2008 ) ; traces people who were at one time in a poor house </Li> <Li> White , Richard . `` Corporations , Corruption , and the Modern Lobby : A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington , D.C. '' , Southern Spaces , 16 April 2009 . </Li> <Li> White , Richard . The Republic for Which It Stands : The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age , 1865 - 1896 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) , The Origins of the New South , Louisiana State University Press , the classic history . online <Ul> <Li> Boles , John B ; Johnson , Bethany L , eds. ( 2003 ) , Origins of the new South fifty years later . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Historiography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> De Santis , Vincent P . `` The Political Life of the Gilded Age : A Review of the Recent Literature . '' The History Teacher 9.1 ( 1975 ) : 73 -- 106 . in JSTOR historiography </Li> <Li> De Santis , Vincent P . `` The Gilded Age In American History '' Hayes Historical Journal 7 # 2 ( 1988 ) online </Li> <Li> Rodgers , Daniel T. `` Capitalism and Politics in the Progressive Era and in Ours . '' Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era ( 2014 ) 13 # 3 pp 379 - 386 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hoogenboom , Ari , and Olive Hoogenboom , eds . The Gilded Age ( 1967 ) online ; 66 short annotated excerpts from primary sources . </Li> <Li> Link , William A. , and Susannah J. Link , eds . The Gilded Age and Progressive Era : A Documentary Reader ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scholarly journals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , scholarly quarterly <Ul> <Li> Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era on JSTOR </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hayes Historical Journal : A Journal of the Gilded Age 1976 - 1993 , selected articles full text </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> More general information to the Gilded Age on the Library of Congress </Li> <Li> New Spirits : A Web Site on Americans in the Gilded Age , 1865 -- 1905 by Rebecca Edwards , Vassar College </Li> <Li> Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century ( NYARC ) </Li> <Li> Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century ( NYARC ) Phase 2 </Li> <Li> Gilding the Gilded Age : Interior Decoration Tastes & Trends in New York City ( A collaboration between The Frick Collection and The William Randolph Hearst Archive at LIU Post ) Phase 3 </Li> <Li> WWW - VL : History : United States : The Gilded Age , 1876 -- 1900 by Robert Spencer , University of Southern Maine . An extensive collection of materials . </Li> <Li> America 's Wealth in the Gilded Age accessed March 29 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Illinois During the Gilded Age , 1866 -- 1896 , primary documents ; from Northern Illinois University Libraries </Li> <Li> Harper 's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860 -- 1912 ; Reconstruction topics ; Chinese exclusion ; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress , 1766 -- 1876 <Ul> <Li> Elections 1860 -- 1912 as covered by Harper 's Weekly ; news , editorials , cartoons ( many by Thomas Nast see also ( 1 ) , The Cartoons from Thomas Nast provided by HarpWeek , Tusche , tone and stone : 19th C. news illustration in Harper 's Weekly : Thomas Nast 1840 - 1902 ) . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Graphic Witness '' caricatures in history </Li> <Li> Gilded Age & Progressive Era Cartoons , industry , labor , politics , prohibition from Ohio State University </Li> <Li> Puck cartoons </Li> <Li> Keppler cartoons </Li> <Li> 1892 cartoons </Li> <Li> Slum Life In New York City During the Nineteenth Century 's Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Photographs of prominent politicians , 1861 - 1922 ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prehistory </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian </Li> <Li> Colonial </Li> <Li> 1776 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1789 -- 1849 </Li> <Li> 1849 -- 65 </Li> <Li> 1865 -- 1918 </Li> <Li> 1918 -- 45 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 64 </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 80 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 91 </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Century </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Demographic </Li> <Li> Diplomatic </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Medical </Li> <Li> Merchant Marine </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Musical </Li> <Li> Religious </Li> <Li> Slavery </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Technological and industrial </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Voting rights </Li> <Li> Women </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian era </Li> <Li> Colonial era <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> military history </Li> <Li> Continental Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Revolution <Ul> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> Drafting and ratification of Constitution </Li> <Li> Federalist Era </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Era </Li> <Li> Indian Wars </Li> <Li> Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> African - 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Subatomic particle - wikipedia <H1> Subatomic particle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Standard Model of particle physics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fundamental particles of the standard model </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Background ( show ) Particle physics Standard Model Quantum field theory Gauge theory Spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs mechanism </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Constituents ( show ) Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics CKM matrix Standard Model mathematics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Limitations ( show ) Strong CP problem Hierarchy problem Neutrino oscillations Physics beyond the Standard Model </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scientists ( show ) Rutherford Thomson Chadwick Bose Sudarshan Koshiba Davis Jr . Anderson Fermi Dirac Feynman Rubbia Gell - Mann Kendall Taylor Friedman Powell P.W. Anderson Glashow Iliopoulos Maiani Meer Cowan Nambu Chamberlain Cabibbo Schwartz Perl Majorana Weinberg Lee Ward Salam Kobayashi Maskawa Yang Yukawa ' t Hooft Veltman Gross Politzer Wilczek Cronin Fitch Vleck Higgs Englert Brout Hagen Guralnik Kibble Ting Richter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the physical sciences , subatomic particles are particles much smaller than atoms . There are two types of subatomic particles : elementary particles , which according to current theories are not made of other particles ; and composite particles . Particle physics and nuclear physics study these particles and how they interact . </P> <P> In particle physics , the concept of a particle is one of several concepts inherited from classical physics . But it also reflects the modern understanding that at the quantum scale matter and energy behave very differently from what much of everyday experience would lead us to expect . </P> <P> The idea of a particle underwent serious rethinking when experiments showed that light could behave like a stream of particles ( called photons ) as well as exhibit wave - like properties . This led to the new concept of wave -- particle duality to reflect that quantum - scale `` particles '' behave like both particles and waves ( also known as wavicles ) . Another new concept , the uncertainty principle , states that some of their properties taken together , such as their simultaneous position and momentum , can not be measured exactly . In more recent times , wave -- particle duality has been shown to apply not only to photons but to increasingly massive particles as well . </P> <P> Interactions of particles in the framework of quantum field theory are understood as creation and annihilation of quanta of corresponding fundamental interactions . This blends particle physics with field theory . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Classification <Ul> <Li> 1.1 By statistics </Li> <Li> 1.2 By composition </Li> <Li> 1.3 By mass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Other properties </Li> <Li> 3 Dividing an atom </Li> <Li> 4 History </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> <H3> By statistics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spin -- statistics theorem The Standard Model classification of particles <P> Any subatomic particle , like any particle in the 3 - dimensional space that obeys laws of quantum mechanics , can be either a boson ( an integer spin ) or a fermion ( a half - integer spin ) . </P> <H3> By composition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The elementary particles of the Standard Model include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Six `` flavors '' of quarks : up , down , bottom , top , strange , and charm ; </Li> <Li> Six types of leptons : electron , electron neutrino , muon , muon neutrino , tau , tau neutrino ; </Li> <Li> Twelve gauge bosons ( force carriers ) : the photon of electromagnetism , the three W and Z bosons of the weak force , and the eight gluons of the strong force ; </Li> <Li> The Higgs boson . </Li> </Ul> <P> Various extensions of the Standard Model predict the existence of an elementary graviton particle and many other elementary particles . </P> <P> Composite subatomic particles ( such as protons or atomic nuclei ) are bound states of two or more elementary particles . For example , a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark , while the atomic nucleus of helium - 4 is composed of two protons and two neutrons . The neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark . Composite particles include all hadrons : these include baryons ( such as protons and neutrons ) and mesons ( such as pions and kaons ) . </P> <H3> By mass ( edit ) </H3> <P> In special relativity , the energy of a particle at rest equals its mass times the speed of light squared , E = mc . That is , mass can be expressed in terms of energy and vice versa . If a particle has a frame of reference where it lies at rest , then it has a positive rest mass and is referred to as massive . </P> <P> All composite particles are massive . Baryons ( meaning `` heavy '' ) tend to have greater mass than mesons ( meaning `` intermediate '' ) , which in turn tend to be heavier than leptons ( meaning `` lightweight '' ) , but the heaviest lepton ( the tau particle ) is heavier than the two lightest flavours of baryons ( nucleons ) . It is also certain that any particle with an electric charge is massive . </P> <P> All massless particles ( particles whose invariant mass is zero ) are elementary . These include the photon and gluon , although the latter can not be isolated . </P> <H2> Other properties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Through the work of Albert Einstein , Satyendra Nath Bose , Louis de Broglie , and many others , current scientific theory holds that all particles also have a wave nature . This has been verified not only for elementary particles but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules . In fact , according to traditional formulations of non-relativistic quantum mechanics , wave -- particle duality applies to all objects , even macroscopic ones ; although the wave properties of macroscopic objects can not be detected due to their small wavelengths . </P> <P> Interactions between particles have been scrutinized for many centuries , and a few simple laws underpin how particles behave in collisions and interactions . The most fundamental of these are the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum , which let us make calculations of particle interactions on scales of magnitude that range from stars to quarks . These are the prerequisite basics of Newtonian mechanics , a series of statements and equations in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , originally published in 1687 . </P> <H2> Dividing an atom ( edit ) </H2> <P> The negatively charged electron has a mass equal to ⁄ of that of a hydrogen atom . The remainder of the hydrogen atom 's mass comes from the positively charged proton . The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus . Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton . Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons . The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons ( neutrons and protons collectively ) . </P> <P> Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules . Nuclear physics deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei . The study of subatomic particles , atoms and molecules , and their structure and interactions , requires quantum mechanics . Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory . The study of subatomic particles per se is called particle physics . The term high - energy physics is nearly synonymous to `` particle physics '' since creation of particles requires high energies : it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays , or in particle accelerators . Particle phenomenology systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments . Total known Isotopes of Hydrogen - Deuterium and tritium - 2 </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of subatomic physics and Timeline of particle discoveries <P> The term `` subatomic particle '' is largely a retronym of 1960s made to distinguish a big number of baryons and mesons ( that comprise hadrons ) from particles that are now thought to be truly elementary . Before that hadrons were usually classified as `` elementary '' because their composition was unknown . </P> <P> A list of important discoveries follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Particle </Th> <Th> Composition </Th> <Th> Theorized </Th> <Th> Discovered </Th> <Th> Comments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electron e − </Td> <Td> elementary ( lepton ) </Td> <Td> G. Johnstone Stoney ( 1874 ) </Td> <Td> J.J. Thomson ( 1897 ) </Td> <Td> Minimum unit of electrical charge , for which Stoney suggested the name in 1891 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> alpha particle α </Td> <Td> composite ( atomic nucleus ) </Td> <Td> never </Td> <Td> Ernest Rutherford ( 1899 ) </Td> <Td> Proven by Rutherford and Thomas Royds in 1907 to be helium nuclei . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Photon γ </Td> <Td> elementary ( quantum ) </Td> <Td> Max Planck ( 1900 ) </Td> <Td> Albert Einstein ( 1905 ) or Ernest Rutherford ( 1899 ) as γ rays </Td> <Td> Necessary to solve the problem of black body radiation in thermodynamics . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Proton p </Td> <Td> composite ( baryon ) </Td> <Td> Long ago </Td> <Td> Ernest Rutherford ( 1919 , named 1920 ) </Td> <Td> The nucleus of 1 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neutron n </Td> <Td> composite ( baryon ) </Td> <Td> Ernest Rutherford ( c. 1918 ) </Td> <Td> James Chadwick ( 1932 ) </Td> <Td> The second nucleon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antiparticles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Dirac ( 1928 ) </Td> <Td> Carl D. Anderson ( e + , 1932 ) </Td> <Td> Now explained with CPT symmetry . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pions π </Td> <Td> composite ( mesons ) </Td> <Td> Hideki Yukawa ( 1935 ) </Td> <Td> César Lattes , Giuseppe Occhialini ( 1947 ) and Cecil Powell </Td> <Td> Explains the nuclear force between nucleons . The first meson ( by modern definition ) to be discovered . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muon μ − </Td> <Td> elementary ( lepton ) </Td> <Td> never </Td> <Td> Carl D. Anderson ( 1936 ) </Td> <Td> The first named meson ; today considered a lepton . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaons </Td> <Td> composite ( mesons ) </Td> <Td> never </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Discovered in cosmic rays . The first strange particle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lambda baryons Λ </Td> <Td> composite ( baryons ) </Td> <Td> never </Td> <Td> University of Melbourne ( Λ0 , 1950 ) </Td> <Td> The first hyperon discovered . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neutrino ν </Td> <Td> elementary ( lepton ) </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Pauli ( 1930 ) , named by Enrico Fermi </Td> <Td> Clyde Cowan , Frederick Reines ( ν e , 1956 ) </Td> <Td> Solved the problem of energy spectrum of beta decay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarks ( u , d , s ) </Td> <Td> elementary </Td> <Td> Murray Gell - Mann , George Zweig ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> No particular confirmation event for the quark model . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> charm quark </Td> <Td> elementary ( quark ) </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> bottom quark </Td> <Td> elementary ( quark ) </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weak gauge bosons </Td> <Td> elementary ( quantum ) </Td> <Td> Glashow , Weinberg , Salam ( 1968 ) </Td> <Td> CERN ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> Properties verified through the 1990s . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> top quark </Td> <Td> elementary ( quark ) </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Does not hadronize , but is necessary to complete the Standard Model . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Higgs boson </Td> <Td> elementary ( quantum ) </Td> <Td> Peter Higgs et al. ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> CERN ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> Thought to be confirmed in 2013 . More evidence found in 2014 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tetraquark </Td> <Td> composite </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> Z ( 3900 ) , 2013 , to be confirmed as a tetraquark </Td> <Td> A new class of hadrons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Graviton </Td> <Td> elementary ( quantum ) </Td> <Td> Albert Einstein ( 1916 ) </Td> <Td> Not discovered </Td> <Td> Interpretation of a gravitational wave as a particle is controversial . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magnetic monopole </Td> <Td> elementary ( unclassified ) </Td> <Td> Paul Dirac ( 1931 ) </Td> <Td> Not discovered </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Physics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Atom : Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos ( book ) </Li> <Li> Atom : An Odyssey from the Big Bang to Life on Earth ... and Beyond ( book ) </Li> <Li> CPT invariance </Li> <Li> Dark Matter </Li> <Li> Hot spot effect in subatomic physics </Li> <Li> List of fictional elements , materials , isotopes and atomic particles </Li> <Li> List of particles </Li> <Li> Poincaré symmetry </Li> <Li> Ylem </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Subatomic particles '' . NTD . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bolonkin , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Universe , Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation . Elsevier . p. 25 . ISBN 9780124158016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fritzsch , Harald ( 2005 ) . Elementary Particles . World Scientific . pp. 11 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 256 - 141 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1927 ) , `` Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik '' , Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) , 43 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 172 -- 198 , Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 43 ... 172H , doi : 10.1007 / BF01397280 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arndt , Markus ; Nairz , Olaf ; Vos - Andreae , Julian ; Keller , Claudia ; Van Der Zouw , Gerbrand ; Zeilinger , Anton ( 2000 ) . `` Wave - particle duality of C60 molecules '' . Nature . 401 ( 6754 ) : 680 -- 682 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 401 ... 680A . PMID 18494170 . doi : 10.1038 / 44348 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cottingham , W.N. ; Greenwood , D.A. ( 2007 ) . An introduction to the standard model of particle physics . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85249 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter Greiner ( 2001 ) . Quantum Mechanics : An Introduction . Springer . p. 29 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 67458 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Eisberg & R. Resnick ( 1985 ) . Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei , and Particles ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 87373 - X . For both large and small wavelengths , both matter and radiation have both particle and wave aspects . ( ... ) But the wave aspects of their motion become more difficult to observe as their wavelengths become shorter . ( ... ) For ordinary macroscopic particles the mass is so large that the momentum is always sufficiently large to make the de Broglie wavelength small enough to be beyond the range of experimental detection , and classical mechanics reigns supreme . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isaac Newton ( 1687 ) . Newton 's Laws of Motion ( Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taiebyzadeh , Payam ( 2017 ) . String Theory ; A unified theory and inner dimension of elementary particles ( BazDahm ) . Riverside , Iran : Shamloo Publications Center . ISBN 978 - 600 - 116 - 684 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klemperer , Otto ( 1959 ) . Electron Physics : The Physics of the Free Electron . Academic Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some sources such as The Strange Quark indicate 1947 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CERN experiments report new Higgs boson measurements . cern.ch ( 23 June 2014 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General readers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Feynman , R.P. & Weinberg , S. ( 1987 ) . Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics : The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures . Cambridge Univ . Press . </Li> <Li> Brian Greene ( 1999 ) . The Elegant Universe . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05858 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Oerter , Robert ( 2006 ) . The Theory of Almost Everything : The Standard Model , the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics . Plume . </Li> <Li> Schumm , Bruce A. ( 2004 ) . Deep Down Things : The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7971 - X . </Li> <Li> Martinus Veltman ( 2003 ) . Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics . World Scientific . ISBN 981 - 238 - 149 - X . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Textbooks </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Coughlan , G.D. , J.E. Dodd , and B.M. Gripaios ( 2006 ) . The Ideas of Particle Physics : An Introduction for Scientists , 3rd ed . Cambridge Univ . Press . An undergraduate text for those not majoring in physics . </Li> <Li> Griffiths , David J. ( 1987 ) . Introduction to Elementary Particles . Wiley , John & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 60386 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Kane , Gordon L. ( 1987 ) . Modern Elementary Particle Physics . Perseus Books . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11749 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> particleadventure.org : The Standard Model . </Li> <Li> cpepweb.org : Particle chart . </Li> <Li> University of California : Particle Data Group . </Li> <Li> Annotated Physics Encyclopædia : Quantum Field Theory . </Li> <Li> Jose Galvez : Chapter 1 Electrodynamics ( pdf ) . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Particles in physics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elementary </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Fermions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Quarks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Up ( quark </Li> <Li> antiquark ) </Li> <Li> Down ( quark </Li> <Li> antiquark ) </Li> <Li> Charm ( quark </Li> <Li> antiquark ) </Li> <Li> Strange ( quark </Li> <Li> antiquark ) </Li> <Li> Top ( quark </Li> <Li> antiquark ) </Li> <Li> Bottom ( quark </Li> <Li> antiquark ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leptons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electron </Li> <Li> Positron </Li> <Li> Muon </Li> <Li> Antimuon </Li> <Li> Tau </Li> <Li> Antitau </Li> <Li> Electron neutrino </Li> <Li> Electron antineutrino </Li> <Li> Muon neutrino </Li> <Li> Muon antineutrino </Li> <Li> Tau neutrino </Li> <Li> Tau antineutrino </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bosons </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gauge </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Photon </Li> <Li> Gluon </Li> <Li> W and Z bosons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scalar </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Higgs boson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ghosts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hypothetical </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Superpartners </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gauginos </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gluino </Li> <Li> Gravitino </Li> <Li> Photino </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Higgsino </Li> <Li> Neutralino </Li> <Li> Chargino </Li> <Li> Axino </Li> <Li> Sfermion ( Stop squark ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Planck particle </Li> <Li> Axion </Li> <Li> Dilaton </Li> <Li> Dual graviton </Li> <Li> Graviton </Li> <Li> Leptoquark </Li> <Li> Majoron </Li> <Li> Majorana fermion </Li> <Li> Magnetic monopole </Li> <Li> Preon </Li> <Li> Sterile neutrino </Li> <Li> Tachyon </Li> <Li> W ′ and Z ′ bosons </Li> <Li> X and Y bosons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composite </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hadrons </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Baryons / hyperons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nucleon <Ul> <Li> Proton </Li> <Li> Antiproton </Li> <Li> Neutron </Li> <Li> Antineutron </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Delta baryon </Li> <Li> Lambda baryon </Li> <Li> Sigma baryon </Li> <Li> Xi baryon </Li> <Li> Omega baryon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mesons / quarkonia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pion </Li> <Li> Rho meson </Li> <Li> Eta and eta prime mesons </Li> <Li> Phi meson </Li> <Li> J / psi meson </Li> <Li> Omega meson </Li> <Li> Upsilon meson </Li> <Li> Kaon </Li> <Li> B meson </Li> <Li> D meson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exotic hadrons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tetraquark </Li> <Li> Pentaquark </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atomic nuclei </Li> <Li> Atoms </Li> <Li> Exotic atoms <Ul> <Li> Positronium </Li> <Li> Muonium </Li> <Li> Tauonium </Li> <Li> Onia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Superatoms </Li> <Li> Molecules </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hypothetical </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hypothetical baryons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hexaquark </Li> <Li> Skyrmion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hypothetical mesons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glueball </Li> <Li> Theta meson </Li> <Li> T meson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mesonic molecule </Li> <Li> Pomeron </Li> <Li> Diquarks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quasiparticles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Davydov soliton </Li> <Li> Dropleton </Li> <Li> Exciton </Li> <Li> Hole </Li> <Li> 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Admission to the Union - wikipedia <H1> Admission to the Union </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the admission of new member states to the European Union , see Enlargement of the European Union . <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and Articles of the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments to the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> <Li> VIII </Li> <Li> IX </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> XI </Li> <Li> XII </Li> <Li> XIII </Li> <Li> XIV </Li> <Li> XV </Li> <Li> XVI </Li> <Li> XVII </Li> <Li> XVIII </Li> <Li> XIX </Li> <Li> XX </Li> <Li> XXI </Li> <Li> XXII </Li> <Li> XXIII </Li> <Li> XXIV </Li> <Li> XXV </Li> <Li> XXVI </Li> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unratified Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> D.C. Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drafting and ratification timeline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Convention </Li> <Li> Signing </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federalism </Li> <Li> Republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full text of the Constitution and Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments I -- X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Amendments XI -- XXVII </Li> <Li> Unratified Amendments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> U.S. Government portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> <Li> Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution , oftentimes called the New States Clause , and found at Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 , authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect . </P> <P> The Constitution went into effect on June 21 , 1788 , after ratification by 9 of the 13 states , and the federal government began operations under it on March 4 , 1789 . Since then , 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence . </P> <P> Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress , all but six have been established within an existing U.S. organized incorporated territory . A state so created might encompass all or a portion of a territory . When the people of a territory or a region thereof would make their desire for statehood known to the federal government , in most cases Congress passed an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory or region to frame a proposed state constitution as a step toward admission to the Union . Although the use of an enabling act was a common historic practice , a number of states were admitted to the Union without one . </P> <P> In many instances , an enabling act would detail the mechanism by which the territory would be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers . Although the use of such an act is a traditional historic practice , a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted . The broad outline for this process was established by the Land Ordinance of 1784 and the 1787 Northwest Ordinance , both of which predate the present U.S. Constitution . </P> <P> The Admission to the Union Clause also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress . The primary intent of this caveat was to give Eastern states that still had western land claims ( there were four at that time ) a veto over whether their western counties could become states . This clause has served the same function since , each time a proposal to partition an existing state or states has arisen . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Articles of Confederation </Li> <Li> 2.2 1787 Constitutional Convention </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Equal footing doctrine </Li> <Li> 4 Admission process </Li> <Li> 5 States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or Parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Articles of Confederation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Between 1781 and 1789 the United States was governed by a unicameral Congress , the Congress of the Confederation , which operated under authority granted to it by the Articles of Confederation , the nation 's first constitution . The 11th Article authorized Congress to admit new states to the Union provided nine states consented . Under the Articles , each state cast one vote on each proposed measure in Congress . </P> <P> During this period , the Confederation Congress enacted two ordinances governing the admission of new states into the Union . The first such ordinance was the Land Ordinance of 1784 , enacted April 23 , 1784 . Thomas Jefferson was its principal author . The Ordinance called for the land ( recently confirmed as part of the United States by the Treaty of Paris ) west of the Appalachian Mountains , north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to eventually be divided into ten separate states . Once a given area reached 20,000 inhabitants , it could call a constitutional convention and form a provisional government . Then , upon enacting a state constitution which affirmed that the new state would forever be part of the Confederation , would be subject to the Articles of Confederation and acts of Congress , would be subject to payment for federal debts and would not tax federal properties within the state border or tax non-residents at a rate higher than residents , and would have a republican form of government , and also after reaching a population equal to that of the least - populated of the established states , it would be admitted , on an equal footing with all other states , based on a majority vote in Congress . Jefferson 's original draft of the ordinance gave names to the proposed states , and also contained a provision that `` After the year 1800 there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of them . '' </P> <P> The 1784 ordinance was superseded three years later by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . Enacted by the Confederation Congress on July 13 , 1787 , it created the Northwest Territory , the first organized incorporated territory of the United States . The Northwest Ordinance ( Article V ) provided for the admission of several new states from within its bounds : </P> <P> There shall be formed in the said territory , not less than three nor more than five States ( ... ) And , whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein , such State shall be admitted , by its delegates , into the Congress of the United States , on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever , and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government : Provided , the constitution and government so to be formed , shall be republican , and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles ; and , so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy , such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period , and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand . </P> <P> Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress , it established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states , rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation . </P> <P> No new states were formed in the Northwest Territory under either ordinance . In August , 1789 , the ordinance was replaced by the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 , in which the new Congress ( under the present Constitution ) reaffirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications . The territory itself remained in existence until 1803 , when the southeastern portion of it was admitted to the Union as the State of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized . </P> <P> While the articles of Confederation were in effect , the Congress considered various ordinances admitting particular new states into the Union : </P> <Ul> <Li> On August 20 , 1781 , Congress passed a resolution stating conditions under which the Vermont Republic ( at the time a de facto but unrecognized sovereign state ) could enter the Union . It needed only to give up its claims to territory west of Lake Champlain and east of the Connecticut River . The following February , the legislature of Vermont agreed to those terms . However , Vermont 's admission would be delayed for nearly a decade , due largely to opposition from New York , which asserted a disputed claim to the region . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> On May 16 , 1785 , a resolution to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) to the Union was introduced in Congress . Eventually , seven states voted to admit what would have been the 14th state . This was , however , less than the nine states required by the Articles of Confederation . This would - be state was created in 1784 from part of the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains that had been offered by North Carolina as a cession to Congress to help pay off debts related to the Revolutionary War . It continued to exist as an extra-legal state through mid-1788 , when North Carolina re-assumed full control of the area . Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory , which still later became the state of Tennessee . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> In July , 1788 , Congress began deliberations on whether to admit Kentucky to the Union . Kentucky was then a part of Virginia . The legislature of Virginia had consented to the creation of the new state from its western district . However , when Congress began to discuss the matter , they received notification that New Hampshire had ratified the Constitution , becoming the ninth state to do so , causing it to go into effect in the ratifying states . Congress instead passed a resolution stating that it was `` unadvisable '' to admit a new state under those circumstances and the matter should wait until the federal government under the Constitution came into existence . </Li> </Ul> <P> As a result , no new states were admitted to the Union while the Articles of Confederation was in effect . </P> <H3> 1787 constitutional convention ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the 1787 Constitutional Convention , a proposal to include the phrase , `` new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States '' , in the new states clause was defeated . That proposal would have taken the policy articulated in the Ordinance of 1784 and made it a constitutional imperative . Many delegates objected to including the phrase however , fearing that the political power of future new western states would ultimately overwhelm that of the established eastern states . </P> <P> Delegates , understanding that the number of states would inevitably increase , did agree to include wording into this clause to preclude formation of a new state out of an established one without the consent of the established state as well as the Congress . It was anticipated that Kentucky ( which was a part of Virginia ) , Franklin ( which was a part of North Carolina , and later became part of the Southwest Territory ) , Vermont ( to which New York asserted a disputed claim ) , and Maine ( which was a part of Massachusetts ) , would become states . As a result of this compromise , new breakaway states are permitted to join the Union , but only with the proper consents . </P> <H2> Equal footing doctrine ( edit ) </H2> <P> Shortly after the new Constitution went into effect Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms with the existing 13 states , and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states . Thus the Congress , utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers , adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states . The constitutional principle derived from these actions is known as the equal footing doctrine . With the growth of states ' rights advocacy during the antebellum period , the Supreme Court asserted , in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan ( 1845 ) , that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality . </P> <H2> Admission process ( edit ) </H2> The order in which the original 13 states ratified the constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union . <P> Historically , most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated U.S. territory , created and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution . In some cases , an entire territory became a state ; in others some part of a territory became a state . In most cases , the organized government of a territory made known the sentiment of its population in favor of statehood , usually by referendum . Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution . Upon acceptance of that constitution , by the people of the territory and then by Congress , would adopt a joint resolution granting statehood and the President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union . While Congress , which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states , has usually followed this procedure , there have been occasions ( due to unique case - specific circumstances ) where it did not . </P> <P> Congress is under no obligation to admit states , even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood . In one instance , Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849 . It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress . In another , leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Seminole ) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905 , as a means to retain control of their lands . The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress . Instead , the Indian Territory was incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907 . </P> <P> Some U.S. territories existed only a short time before becoming states , while others remained territories for decades . The shortest - lived was Alabama Territory at 2 years , while New Mexico and Hawaii territories both were in existence for more than 50 years . The entry of several states into the Union has been delayed due to complicating factors . Among them , Michigan Territory , which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835 , was not admitted to the Union until 1837 , due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio . The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837 , but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years . Also , statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years ( 1854 -- 61 ) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions . </P> <P> Once established , most state borders have , with few exceptions , been generally stable . Notable exceptions include : the various portions ( the Western land claims ) of several original states ceded over a period of several years to the federal government , which in turn became the Northwest Territory , Southwest Territory , and Mississippi Territory ; the 1791 cession by Maryland and Virginia of land to create the District of Columbia ( Virginia 's portion was returned in 1847 ) ; and the creation , on at least three separate occasions , of a new state ( Kentucky , Maine and West Virginia ) from a region of an existing state ( Vermont was created from what was disputedly claimed to be a part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented ) ; two large additions to Nevada , which became a state in 1864 , were made in 1866 and 1867 . However , there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys , resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions , or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes . One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York , in which New Jersey won roughly 90 % of Ellis Island from New York in 1998 . </P> <H2> States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to the original 13 , six subsequent states were never part of an organized incorporated U.S. territory . Kentucky , Maine , and West Virginia were each set off from already existing states . Texas and Vermont both entered the Union after having been sovereign states ( only de facto sovereignty in Vermont 's case , as the region was claimed by New York ) . California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican -- American War . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Date of admission </Th> <Th> Formed from </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 000000001850 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1850 </Td> <Td> Unorganized territory ( part ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 000000001792 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1792 </Td> <Td> Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 000000001820 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1820 </Td> <Td> Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 000000001845 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1845 </Td> <Td> Texas ! Republic of Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 000000001791 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1791 </Td> <Td> Vermont Republic ( earlier known as the New Hampshire Grants ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 000000001863 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1863 </Td> <Td> Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Area Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The cession consisted of present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the state and approving its statehood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the state ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . The Act of Congress establishing Maine as the 23rd state was part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and on March 6 , 1790 the state of New York ceded its New Hampshire Grants claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for the creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents required to become a separate state . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 51st state </Li> <Li> Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio </Li> <Li> Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Legal status of Texas </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union </Li> <Li> Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union </Li> <Li> Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Legal status of Alaska </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Legal status of Hawaii </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Federalism in the United States </Li> <Li> List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union </Li> <Li> List of U.S. state partition proposals </Li> <Li> State cessions </Li> <Li> Statehood movement in Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Perpetual Union </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Uniting States : The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States , three volumes , edited by Benjamin F. Shearer , Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32703 - 3 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article IV : New States Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grupo de Investigadores Puertorriqueños ( 1984 ) . Breakthrough From Colonialism : An Interdisciplinary Study of Statehood. 1 . University of Puerto Rico . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 9780847724895 . OCLC 836947912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report from the Committee for the Western Territory to the United States Congress '' . Envisaging the West : Thomas Jefferson and the Roots of Lewis and Clark . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and University of Virginia . March 1 , 1784 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ; July 13 , 1787 '' . Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance '' . loc.gov . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horsman , Reginald ( Autumn 1989 ) . `` The Northwest Ordinance and the Shaping of an Expanding Republic '' . The Wisconsin Magazine of History . Wisconsin Historical Society . 73 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . JSTOR 4636235 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mello , Robert A. ( 2014 ) . Moses Robinson and the Founding of Vermont . Vermont Historical Society . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vasan , Kesavan ( 2002 ) . `` When did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates , July 23 , 1787 '' . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ; Paulsen , Michael Stokes ( March 2002 ) . `` Is West Virginia Unconstitutional ? '' . California Law Review . University of California , Berkeley , School of Law . 90 ( 2 ) : 395 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Property and Territory : Powers of Congress '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huddle , F.P. ( 1946 ) . `` Admission of new states '' . Editorial research reports . CQ Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Museum of the Red River -- The Choctaw '' . Museum of the Red River . 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winders , Richard Bruce ( 2002 ) . Crisis in the Southwest : the United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 82 , 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2801 - 1 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States Got Their Shapes . New York : HarperCollins . pp. xvi , 334 . ISBN 9780061431395 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( May 27 , 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riccards , Michael P. ( 1997 ) . `` Lincoln and the Political Question : The Creation of the State of West Virginia '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 27 ( 3 ) : 549 -- 564 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 -- via Questia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- March 15 : The Pine Tree State '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. ( 200 ) . The fate of their country : politicians , slavery extension , and the coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Barre , Vermont : Vermont Historical Society . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- June 20 : Mountaineers Always Freemen '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . 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Visa requirements for British citizens - wikipedia <H1> Visa requirements for British citizens </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A British citizen passport ( 2010 series ) <P> Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 13 February 2018 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 177 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Dutch , Luxembourgish , Norwegian and Portuguese passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) . </P> <P> Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Visa requirements map </Li> <Li> 3 Visa requirements </Li> <Li> 4 British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories </Li> <Li> 5 Territories and disputed areas </Li> <Li> 6 Non-ordinary passports </Li> <Li> 7 Non-visa restrictions <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Passport validity length </Li> <Li> 7.2 Blank passport pages </Li> <Li> 7.3 Vaccination </Li> <Li> 7.4 Israeli stamps </Li> <Li> 7.5 Armenian ethnicity </Li> <Li> 7.6 Persona non grata </Li> <Li> 7.7 Fingerprinting </Li> <Li> 7.8 Criminal record </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Right to consular protection in non-EU countries </Li> <Li> 9 Travel impact of Brexit </Li> <Li> 10 Fingerprinting </Li> <Li> 11 Foreign travel statistics </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References and Notes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II . The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens : France ( 1 January 1947 ) , Belgium ( 15 February 1947 ) , Luxembourg ( 15 February 1947 ) , Norway ( 1 March 1947 ) , Denmark ( 22 March 1947 ) , Sweden ( 1 April 1947 ) , Netherlands ( 15 April 1947 ) , Switzerland ( 24 June 1947 ) , Liechtenstein ( 24 June 1947 ) , Iceland ( 1 July 1947 ) , Italy ( 1 January 1948 ) , Monaco ( 8 November 1948 ) , Austria ( 15 May 1955 ) , Paraguay ( 27 November 1966 ) , United States ( 1 July 1988 ) , Poland ( 1 July 1992 ) , Bulgaria ( March 1997 ) , Romania ( 1 January 2001 ) , Serbia and Montenegro ( 31 May 2003 ) , Ukraine ( 1 May 2005 ) , Georgia ( 1 June 2006 ) , Moldova ( 1 January 2007 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Armenia ( 10 January 2013 ) , Kazakhstan ( 15 July 2014 ) , Indonesia ( 13 June 2015 ) , Vietnam ( 1 July 2015 ) and Belarus ( 12 February 2017 ) . </P> <P> Electronic visas for British citizens were introduced : India ( 15 August 2015 ) and Benin ( 1 January 2018 ) . </P> <P> Visas on arrival were discontinued for British citizens by Mali ( March 2015 ) and Malawi ( 1 October 2015 ) . </P> <H2> Visa requirements map ( edit ) </H2> Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival <H2> Visa requirements ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> eVisitor </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> If granted , eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit . </Li> <Li> Issued free of charge and valid for one year . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 21 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extendable up to eight months . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months . </Li> <Li> eVisa issued for 14 days , extendable once . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 5 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport </Li> <Li> Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization / person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa via approved tour operators only </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 90 days within any 6 month period . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extendable for further 90 days </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 1 month </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extendable for another 30 days . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eTA required if arriving by air . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May be extended . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . </Li> <Li> 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) </Li> <Li> Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Côte d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> Visa required ! Tourist Card required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement ( DK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May be extended . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 4 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eVisa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 year </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> e-Visa </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . </Li> <Li> e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Not available at all entry points . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May be extended once . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conditions apply </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Rwanda or Uganda . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 1 month </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 14 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Micronesia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 90 days within any 6 month period </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Must register with the local police station ( either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception ) within 24 hours of arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> 28 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports Regular visa for up to three months </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 months within a calendar year </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nauru </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa - on - arrival is extendable </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . </Li> <Li> Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 183 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at Hamad International Airport . </Li> <Li> eVisa is also available . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72 - hours visa free visit when entering by regular ferry via port of St. Petersburg , provided that a passenger spends the night on - board or in accommodation specifically approved by the travel agency . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Uganda . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 weeks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 month </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 15 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . </Li> <Li> 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> EU ! Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Freedom of movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa not required for citizens born in Syria . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> 45 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> If not arriving by air , British citizens are only permitted two visits per year . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 7 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 1 month </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May apply online . </Li> <Li> Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 90 days within any 180 day period </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . </Li> <Li> ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . </Li> <Li> Simplified procedure for British citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vatican City </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 15 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa exemption is valid from 1 July 2015 until 30 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> British crown dependencies and Overseas territories ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Akrotiri and Dhekelia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anguilla </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bermuda </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> British Antarctic Territory </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> British Indian Ocean Territory </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> British Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 month </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extension of stay possible . </Li> <Li> British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cayman Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Falkland Islands </Td> <Td> Visitor 's permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 4 weeks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The initial visitor 's permit is valid for 4 weeks . </Li> <Li> Visitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Guernsey </Td> <Td> EU ! Right of abode </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> British citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey . </Li> <Li> In Guernsey and Sark , a work or employment permit is not required . </Li> <Li> In Alderney , a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey ( Alderney ) status . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Isle of Man </Td> <Td> EU ! Right of abode </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Work or employment permit is required for persons without `` Isle of Man worker '' status . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jersey </Td> <Td> EU ! Right of abode </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Work or employment permit is not required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Gibraltar </Td> <Td> EU ! Right of abode </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> British citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Montserrat </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pitcairn Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 14 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Landing fee applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ascension Island </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Entry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Helena </Td> <Td> Entry permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 183 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The entry permit costs £ 25 and is issued on arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tristan da Cunha </Td> <Td> Permission required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands , unless connection with Tristan da Cunha , in which case right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Td> <Td> Permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Turks and Caicos Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Territories and disputed areas ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abkhazia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Artsakh </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Athos </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brest and Grodno </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa - free for 10 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crimea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> Visa issued by Russia is required . If traveling from mainland Ukraine , special permit issued by Ukrainian authorities is required . Ukraine will deny entry to anyone in case of evidence they have entered occupied Crimea from Russia bypassing mainland Ukraine after March 2014 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus </Td> <Td> Access Permit required </Td> <Td> Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faroe Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jan Mayen </Td> <Td> Permit required </Td> <Td> Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kosovo </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa free 90 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Novorossiya </Td> <Td> Restricted area </Td> <Td> Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Special authorization required </Td> <Td> Several closed cities require special authorization . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Ossetia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transnistria </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa free . Registration required after 24h . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea outside Asmara </Td> <Td> Travel permit required </Td> <Td> Visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required up to 3 months in the Western Sahara controlled territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somaliland </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> Travel permit required </Td> <Td> All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darfur </Td> <Td> Travel permit required </Td> <Td> Separate travel permit is required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hainan </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 21 days for travelling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 180 days . Prior to April 1997 , British citizens were allowed to land and remain in Hong Kong for 12 months without being subject to any other condition of stay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India PAP / RAP </Td> <Td> PAP / RAP required </Td> <Td> Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraqi Kurdistan </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> Special permission required </Td> <Td> Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kish Island </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macao </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 6 months </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabah and Sarawak </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> Permission required </Td> <Td> With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea outside Pyongyang </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palestine </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 90 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province </Td> <Td> OIVR permit required </Td> <Td> OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tibet Autonomous Region </Td> <Td> TTP required </Td> <Td> Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> A special permit , issued prior to arrival by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean Demilitarized Zone </Td> <Td> Restricted zone . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UNDOF Zone and Ghajar </Td> <Td> Restricted zone . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phú Quốc </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Can visit without a visa for up to 30 days . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> Special permission required </Td> <Td> Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Caribbean and North Atlantic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aruba </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 30 days , extendable to 180 days . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required up to 3 months </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Andrés and Leticia </Td> <Td> Tourist Card on arrival </Td> <Td> Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curaçao </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 3 months . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French West Indies </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margarita Island </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> All visitors are fingerprinted . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 90 days . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sint Maarten </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 3 months . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Samoa </Td> <Td> Entry Permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashmore and Cartier Islands </Td> <Td> Special authorisation required </Td> <Td> Special authorisation required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipperton Island </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> Special permit required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cook Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa free access for 31 days . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lau Province </Td> <Td> Special permission required </Td> <Td> Special permission required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Polynesia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guam </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 45 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Caledonia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 3 months . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niue </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Mariana Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 45 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokelau </Td> <Td> Entry Permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Minor Outlying Islands </Td> <Td> Special permits required </Td> <Td> Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wallis and Futuna </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa not required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> South America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galápagos </Td> <Td> Pre-registration required </Td> <Td> Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> South Atlantic and Antarctica </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antarctica </Td> <Td> Special authorisation required </Td> <Td> Special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) </H2> <P> Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa - free access to the following countries - China ( diplomatic passports ) , Kuwait ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Mongolia ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Qatar ( diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen 's Messenger Passports ) and the United Arab Emirates ( diplomatic or official passports ) . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa . </P> <H2> Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) </H2> This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) <H3> Passport validity length ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . </P> <P> Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . </P> <P> Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . </P> <P> Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . </P> <P> Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . </P> <P> Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . </P> <P> Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . </P> <H3> Blank passport pages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . </P> <H3> Vaccination ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . </P> <P> Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . </P> <H3> Israeli stamps ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . </P> <P> To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . </P> <Ul> <Li> Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months </Li> </Ul> <H3> Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) </H3> <P> Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . </P> <P> Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . </P> <P> Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . </P> <H3> Persona non grata ( edit ) </H3> <P> The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . </P> <H3> Fingerprinting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all passengers , or all foreign passengers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . </P> <H3> Criminal record ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Right to Consular protection in non-EU countries ( edit ) </H2> <P> When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy , British citizens , like all other EU citizens , have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . </P> <P> See also List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom . </P> Diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom <H2> Travel impact of Brexit ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Brexit <P> On 23 June 2016 , the British electorate voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum in England , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and Gibraltar . The UK sent notification of their intention to leave the EU to the European Council through Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty . After notifying the European Council , the UK has two years to negotiate with other member states until it leaves , and British citizens will only then cease to be citizens of the European Union . British citizens will still have the right of freedom of movement until the UK formally leaves . It has since been suggested that British citizens wishing to travel to EU countries may have to apply for a visa or apply online for an American style ESTA visa waiver and pay a fee in order to enter the country of destination . </P> <P> This issue will be a major topic of discussions taking place between the British government and all leaders of the 27 European Union countries during the two - year - long Brexit negotiations . </P> <H2> Fingerprinting ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all adult passengers ( age varies by country ) to be fingerprinted on arrival . </P> <H2> Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) </H2> This section is transcluded from British passport . ( edit history ) <P> According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government ( unless otherwise noted ) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Foreign travel statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Number of visitors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Samoa </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 14,267 / 12,319 ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 12,319 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anguilla </Td> <Td> 6,272 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antarctica </Td> <Td> 3,233 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> 70,701 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aruba </Td> <Td> 10,447 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 716,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 919,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 29,514 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> 28,022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> 218,638 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 6,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 868,173 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 13,342 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bermuda </Td> <Td> 21,738 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 3,124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> 17,528 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 10,223 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 41,011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 202,671 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> 18,222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 352,054 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 2,192 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 159,489 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 16,008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 850,841 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 126,685 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cayman Islands </Td> <Td> 14,919 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 51,611 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 579,600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 39,715 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Congo </Td> <Td> 6,115 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cook Islands </Td> <Td> 2,568 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 71,392 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 596,444 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> 155,802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curacao </Td> <Td> 2,806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> 1,253,839 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 470,576 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> 4,951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 177,534 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 27,126 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 865,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 58,402 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 16,925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 199,654 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 12,235,713 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Polynesia </Td> <Td> 2,840 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> <Td> 60,424 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 90,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 26,852 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 2,551,061 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 2,397,169 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenland </Td> <Td> 1,595 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> 25,351 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guadeloupe </Td> <Td> < 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> 555,353 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 376,573 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 322,543 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 352,017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 941,883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 3,547,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 197,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 4,922,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> 217,647 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 310,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> 64,776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 20,166 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> 7,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> 6,600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> 39,170 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 85,139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 61,994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 2,380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> 2,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> 58,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 69,350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> 61,301 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> 8,856 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 3,167 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 400,269 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 51,145 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> 103,977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 559,987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 149,807 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 563,099 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> 7,820 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> 6,012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 37,464 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montserrat </Td> <Td> 1,380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 554,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 51,051 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 27,365 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 29,730 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 117,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niue </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 581,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 2,195,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 249,264 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 16,923 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> 133,529 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 275,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> 852 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 16,338 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> 6,974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 69,302 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 154,589 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 796,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 2,600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 132,301 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 179,265 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 193,522 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saba </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> 68,175 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> 17,045 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> 1,773 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> 5,750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 31,658 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 21,906 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 489,205 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sint Eustatius </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 77,837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 118,508 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> 387 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 407,486 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 126,024 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 18,779,466 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 201,879 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> 1,474 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 15,503 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 709,925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 603,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 104,911 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> 67,742 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 994,468 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> 548 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> 787 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> 37,473 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 1,658,715 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turks and Caicos </Td> <Td> 6,399 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 43,009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 78,603 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 1,483,167 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 5,216,692 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 20,837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 283,537 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 36,997 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> ^ Data for 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2015 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2011 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for arrivals by air only . </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2012 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2010 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2005 </Li> <Li> ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> European Union portal </Li> <Li> United Kingdom portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Visa requirements for the European Union citizens </Li> <Li> British passport </Li> <Li> British National ( Overseas ) passport </Li> <Li> British nationality law </Li> <Li> Visa requirements for British Nationals ( Overseas ) </Li> <Li> Visa requirements for British Overseas Citizens </Li> <Li> Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories Citizens </Li> <Li> Visa policy of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H2> References and notes ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> References </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2016 . 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Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ ( 35 ) </Li> <Li> ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai </Li> <Li> ^ `` Reports & Statistics '' . translation category : ( social. media. translations ) , translation key : ( site name ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality </Li> <Li> ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . </Li> <Li> ^ ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ `` Downloads '' . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Ahmedabad </Li> <Li> Amritsar </Li> <Li> Bagdogra </Li> <Li> Bengaluru </Li> <Li> Chandigarh </Li> <Li> Chennai </Li> <Li> Coimbatore </Li> <Li> Delhi </Li> <Li> Gaya </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Guwahati </Li> <Li> Hyderabad </Li> <Li> Jaipur </Li> <Li> Kochi </Li> <Li> Kolkata </Li> <Li> Kozhikode </Li> <Li> Lucknow </Li> <Li> Mangaluru </Li> <Li> Mumbai </Li> <Li> Nagpur </Li> <Li> Pune </Li> <Li> Thiruvananthapuram </Li> <Li> Tiruchirappalli </Li> <Li> Varanasi </Li> <Li> Visakhapatnam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Cochin </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Mangalore </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Visa policies and requirements in the European Union </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Schengen Area </Li> <Li> Common Travel Area </Li> <Li> Special territories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Policy / Requirements </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Policy / Requirements </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Policy / Requirements </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overseas </Th> <Td> Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Visa policy by country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Visa </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> <Li> Travel document </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> DR Congo </Li> <Li> R Congo </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Somalia ( Somaliland ) </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) </Li> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> St. Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> St. Lucia </Li> <Li> St. Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> United States Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central & North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> China <Ul> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Taiwan ( Republic of China ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast ( ASEAN ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> East Timor </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Akrotiri and Dhekelia </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> European Union / EFTA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Denmark <Ul> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> 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Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . 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Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . </P> Immigration law </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens&oldid=827294085 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Visa requirements by nationality </Li> <Li> Foreign relations of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links </Li> <Li> Articles with German - language external links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with French - language external links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Unrecognized language </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2016 </Li> <Li> Use British English from January 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 22 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | which countries do not require visa for british citizens | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens&oldid=827294085 | -280,082,429,495,989,730 |
Foot ( unit ) - wikipedia <H1> Foot ( unit ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the unit of weight , see fotmal . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> foot </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unit system </Th> <Td> imperial / US units </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unit of </Th> <Td> length </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Td> ft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Unit conversions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 ft in ... </Td> <Td> ... is equal to ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> imperial / US units </Th> <Td> 1 / 3 yd 12 in </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> metric ( SI ) units </Th> <Td> 0.3048 m </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The foot ( pl . feet ; abbreviation : ft ; symbol : ′ , the prime symbol ) is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement . Since 1959 , both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048 meters exactly . In both systems , the foot comprises 12 inches and three feet compose a yard . </P> <P> Historically the `` foot '' was a part of many local systems of units , including the Greek , Roman , Chinese , French , and English systems . It varied in length from country to country , from city to city , and sometimes from trade to trade . Its length was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally , but not always , subdivided into 12 inches or 16 digits . </P> <P> The United States is the only industrialized nation that uses the international foot and the survey foot ( a customary unit of length ) in preference to the meter in its commercial , engineering , and standards activities . The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom ; road signs must use imperial units ( however distances on road signs are always marked in miles or yards , not feet ) , while its usage is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height . The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada officially defined as a unit derived from the meter although both the U.K. and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement . The measurement of altitude in international aviation is one of the few areas where the foot is used outside the English - speaking world . </P> <P> The length of the international foot corresponds to a human foot with shoe size of 13 ( UK ) , 14 ( US male ) , 15.5 ( US female ) or 46 ( EU sizing ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical origin <Ul> <Li> 1.1 England </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Definition <Ul> <Li> 2.1 International foot </Li> <Li> 2.2 Pre-1959 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Survey foot <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 US survey foot </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Indian survey foot </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Historical use <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Metric foot <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 France </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Germany </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Other obsolete feet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical origin ( edit ) </H2> See also : pous Determination of the rod , using the length of the left foot of 16 randomly chosen people coming from church service . Woodcut published in the book Geometrei by Jakob Köbel ( Frankfurt , c. 1536 ) . <P> Historically the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length . The foot of a white male is typically about 15.3 % of his height , giving a person of 160 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) a foot of 245 mm ( 9.6 in ) and one of 180 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) a foot of 275 mm ( 10.8 in ) . These figures are less than the foot used in most cities over time , suggesting that the `` foot '' was actually a synonym for a `` shoe '' . </P> <P> Archeologists believe that the Egyptians , Ancient Indians and Mesopotamians preferred the cubit while the Romans and the Greeks preferred the foot . Under the Harappan linear measures , Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of 13.2 inches ( 333.5 mm ) and a cubit of 20.8 inches ( 528.3 mm ) . The Egyptian equivalent of the foot -- a measure of four palms or 16 digits -- was known as the djeser and has been reconstructed as about 30 cm ( 12 in ) . </P> <P> The Greek foot ( πούς , pous ) had a length of ⁄ of a stadion , one stadion being about 181.2 m , therefore a foot being at the time about 302 mm . Its exact size varied from city to city and could range as much as between 270 mm and 350 mm , but lengths used for temple construction appear to have been about 295 mm to 325 mm , the former being close to the size of the Roman foot . </P> <P> The standard Roman foot ( pes ) was normally about 295.7 mm ( 97 % of today 's measurement ) , but in the provinces , the pes Drusianus ( foot of Nero Claudius Drusus ) was used , with a length of about 334 mm . ( In reality , this foot predated Drusus . ) </P> <P> Originally both the Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits , but in later years , the Romans also subdivided the foot into 12 unciae ( from which both the English words `` inch '' and `` ounce '' are derived ) . </P> <P> After the fall of the Roman Empire , some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse . In AD 790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains . His units of length were based on the toise and in particular the toise de l'Écritoire , the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man . The toise has 6 pieds ( feet ) each of 326.6 mm ( 12.86 in ) . </P> <P> He was unsuccessful in introducing a standard unit of length throughout his realm : an analysis of the measurements of Charlieu Abbey shows that during the 9th century the Roman foot of 296.1 mm was used ; when it was rebuilt in the 10th century , a foot of about 320 mm was used . At the same time , monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of 340 mm . </P> <P> The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century by Jacob Koebel in his book Geometrei . Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen is : </P> <P> Stand at the door of a church on a Sunday and bid 16 men to stop , tall ones and small ones , as they happen to pass out when the service is finished ; then make them put their left feet one behind the other , and the length thus obtained shall be a right and lawful rood to measure and survey the land with , and the 16th part of it shall be the right and lawful foot . </P> <H3> England ( edit ) </H3> The unofficial public imperial measurement standards erected at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich in the 19th century See also : yard <P> The measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain and proposed reconstructions such as the Megalithic Yard are controversial . Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units , including a foot of 9 inches . The Belgic or North German foot of 335 mm ( 13.2 inches ) was introduced to England either by the Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Romans or by the Anglo - Saxons in the 5th & 6th century . </P> <P> Roman units were introduced following their invasion in AD 43 . The Roman foot had been previously standardized by Agrippa at around 296 mm or 11.65 inches . Following the Roman withdrawal and Saxon invasions , the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts while the Belgic foot was used for land measurement . Both the Welsh and Belgic feet seem to have been based on multiples of the barleycorn , but by as early as 950 the English kings seem to have ( ineffectually ) ordered measures to be based upon an iron yardstick at Winchester and then London . Henry I was said to have ordered a new standard to be based upon his own arm and , by the c. 1300 Act concerning the Composition of Yards and Perches traditionally credited to Edward I or II , the statute foot was a different measure exactly ⁄ of the old foot . The barleycorn , inch , ell , and yard were likewise shrunk , while rods and furlongs remained the same . The ambiguity over the state of the mile was resolved by the 1593 Act against Converting of Great Houses into Several Tenements and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures in and near about the City of London and Westminster , which codified the statute mile as comprising 5,280 feet . The differences among the various physical standard yards around the world , revealed by increasingly powerful microscopes , eventually led to the 1959 adoption of the international foot defined in terms of the meter . </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <H3> International foot ( edit ) </H3> <P> The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of the international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters . Consequently , the international foot is defined to be equal to exactly 0.3048 meters . This was 2 ppm shorter than the previous U.S. definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition . </P> <P> The international standard symbol for a foot is `` ft '' ( see ISO 31 - 1 , Annex A ) . In some cases , the foot is denoted by a prime , which is often marked by an apostrophe , and the inch by a double prime ; for example , 2 feet 4 inches is sometimes denoted as 2 ′ − 4 '' , 2 ′ 4 '' or 2 ′ 4 '' . ( See ' minute ' for another case where prime and double prime symbols are used to denote first and second cuts in refining measurement . ) </P> <H3> Pre-1959 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United States , the foot was defined as 12 inches , with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 by 39.37 inches = 1 m . In Imperial units , the foot was defined as ⁄ yard , with the yard being realized as a physical standard ( separate from the standard meter ) . </P> <P> The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another . The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 as 6999914396900000000 ♠ 0.914 3969 m , implying a pre-1959 foot in the UK of approximately 6999304798966667000 ♠ 0.304 798 966 667 m . </P> <H3> Survey foot ( edit ) </H3> <P> When the international foot was defined in 1959 , a great deal of survey data was already available based on the former definitions , especially in the United States and in India . The small difference between the survey and the international foot would not be detectable on a survey of a small parcel , but becomes significant for mapping , or when the state plane coordinate system ( SPCS ) is used in the US , because the origin of the system may be hundreds of thousands of feet ( hundreds of miles ) from the point of interest . Hence the previous definitions continued to be used for surveying in the United States and India for many years , and are denoted survey feet to distinguish them from the international foot . The United Kingdom was unaffected by this problem , as the retriangulation of Great Britain ( 1936 -- 62 ) had been done in meters . </P> US survey foot ( edit ) <P> The United States survey foot is defined as exactly ⁄ meters , approximately 6999304800609601000 ♠ 0.304 800 609 601 m . Out of the 50 states , 24 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the U.S. survey foot , eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot , and 18 have not specified the conversion factor from metric units . </P> <P> In 1986 the National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) released the North American Datum of 1983 , which underlies the state plane coordinate systems and is entirely defined in meters . An NGS policy from 1991 has this to say about the units used with the new datum to define the SPCS 83 : </P> <P> In preparation for the adjustment of the North American Datum of 1983 , 31 states enacted legislation for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 ( SPCS 83 ) . All states defined SPCS 83 with metric parameters . Within the legislation , the U.S. Survey Foot was specified in 11 states and the International Foot was specified in 6 states . In all other states the meter is the only referenced unit of measure in the SPCS 83 legislation . The remaining 19 states do not yet have any legislation concerning SPCS 83 . </P> <P> Since then , 42 states have abandoned the non-metric versions of SPCS 83 : seven states continue to keep location data in survey feet as well as in meters , while one state keeps data in international feet as well as in meters . State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions , although the difference ( 2 ppm ) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances ( usually much less than a mile ) . </P> Indian survey foot ( edit ) <P> The Indian survey foot is defined as exactly 6999304799600000000 ♠ 0.304 7996 m , presumably derived from a measurement of the previous Indian standard of the yard . The current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS - 84 datum , which is also used by the Global Positioning System . </P> <H2> Historical use ( edit ) </H2> Page from Austrian Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten -- 1848 <H3> Metric foot ( edit ) </H3> <P> An ISO 2848 measure of 3 basic modules ( 30 cm ) is called a `` metric foot '' , but there were earlier distinct definitions of a metric foot during metrication in France and Germany . </P> France ( edit ) <P> In 1799 the meter became the official unit of length in France . This was not fully enforced , and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade , but redefined them in terms of metric units . The foot , or pied métrique , was defined as one third of a meter . This unit continued in use until 1837 . </P> Germany ( edit ) <P> In southwestern Germany in 1806 , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded and three different reformed feet were defined , all of which were based on the metric system : </P> <Ul> <Li> In Hesse , the Fuß ( foot ) was redefined as 25 cm . </Li> <Li> In Baden , the Fuß was redefined as 30 cm . </Li> <Li> In the Palatinate , the Fuß was redefined as being 33 ⁄ cm ( as in France ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other obsolete feet ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prior to the introduction of the metric system , many European cities and countries used the foot , but it varied considerably in length : the voet in Ieper , Belgium , was 273.8 millimetres ( 10.78 in ) while the piede in Venice was 347.73 millimetres ( 13.690 in ) . Lists of conversion factors between the various units of measure were given in many European reference works including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Traité , Paris -- 1769 </Li> <Li> Palaiseau -- Bordeaux : 1816 </Li> <Li> de Gelder , Amsterdam and The Hague -- 1824 </Li> <Li> Horace , Brussels -- 1840 </Li> <Li> Noback & Noback ( 2 volumes ) , Leipzig -- 1851 </Li> <Li> Bruhns , Leipzig -- 1881 </Li> </Ul> <P> Many of these standards were peculiar to a particular city , especially in Germany ( which , before German Unification in 1871 , consisted of many kingdoms , principalities , free cities and so on ) . In many cases the length of the unit was not uniquely fixed : for example , the English foot was stated as 11 pouces 2.6 lignes ( French inches and lines ) by Picard , 11 pouces 3.11 lignes by Maskelyne and 11 pouces 3 lignes by D'Alembert . </P> <P> Most of the various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system . The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817 , having used the mesures usuelles under Napoleon and the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871 . </P> <P> The palm ( typically 200 mm to 280 mm ) was used in many Mediterranean cities instead of the foot . Horace Doursther , whose reference was published in Belgium which had the smallest foot measurements , grouped both units together , while J.F.G. Palaiseau devoted three chapters to units of length : one for linear measures ( palms and feet ) , one for cloth measures ( ells ) and one for distances traveled ( miles and leagues ) . In the table below , arbitrary cut - off points of 270 mm and 350 mm have been chosen . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Modern Country </Th> <Th> Local name </Th> <Th> Metric equivalent ( mm ) </Th> <Th> Comments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vienna </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Wiener Fuß </Td> <Td> 316.102 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tyrol </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 334.12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ieper / Ypres </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 273.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bruges / Brugge </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 274.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brussels </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 275.75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hainaut </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> pied </Td> <Td> 293.39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liège </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> pied </Td> <Td> 294.70 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kortrijk </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 297.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aalst </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 277.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mechelen </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 278.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leuven </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 285.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tournai </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> pied </Td> <Td> 297.77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antwerp </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 286.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> tradesman 's foot </Td> <Td> 338.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> mathematician 's foot </Td> <Td> 333.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> builder 's foot </Td> <Td> 322.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> surveyor 's foot </Td> <Td> 319.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moravia </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> stopa </Td> <Td> 295.95 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prague </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> stopa </Td> <Td> 296.4 </Td> <Td> ( 1851 ) Bohemian foot or shoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 301.7 </Td> <Td> ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 11 pouces 1 ⁄ lignes '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Fod </Td> <Td> 313.85 </Td> <Td> Until 1835 , thereafter the Prussian foot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 330.5 </Td> <Td> ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 2 ⁄ lignes larger than the pied ( of Paris ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> pied du roi </Td> <Td> 324.84 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angoulême </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> pied d'Angoulême </Td> <Td> 347.008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bordeaux ( urban ) </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> pied de ville de Bordeaux </Td> <Td> 343.606 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bordeaux ( rural ) </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> pied de terre de Bordeaux </Td> <Td> 357.214 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strasbourg </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> pied de Strasbourg </Td> <Td> 294.95 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Württemberg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 286.49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hanover </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 292.10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augsburg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Römischer Fuß </Td> <Td> 296.17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nuremberg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 303.75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meiningen - Hildburghausen </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 303.95 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oldenburg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Römischer Fuß </Td> <Td> 296.41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weimar </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 281.98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lübeck </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 287.62 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aschaffenburg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 287.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darmstadt </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 287.6 </Td> <Td> Until 1818 , thereafter the Hessen `` metric foot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bremen </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 289.35 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhineland </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 313.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berlin </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 309.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamburg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 286.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bavaria </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 291.86 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aachen </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 282.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leipzig </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 282.67 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dresden </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 283.11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saxony </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 283.19 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prussia </Td> <Td> Germany , Poland , Russia etc . </Td> <Td> Rheinfuß </Td> <Td> 313.85 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frankfurt am Main </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Fuß </Td> <Td> 284.61 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venice & Lombardy </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 347.73 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turin </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 323.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rome </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> piede romano </Td> <Td> 297.896 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 283.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utrecht </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 272.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amsterdam </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 283.133 </Td> <Td> Divided into 11 duimen ( inches ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honsbossche en Rijpse </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 285.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' s Hertogenbosch </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 287.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gelderland </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 292.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bloois ( Zeeland ) </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 301.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schouw </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 311.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rotterdam </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 312.43 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rijnland </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> voet </Td> <Td> 314.858 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> fot </Td> <Td> 313.75 </Td> <Td> ( 1824 -- 1835 ) Thereafter as for Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warsaw </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> stopa </Td> <Td> 297.8 </Td> <Td> until 1819 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 288.0 </Td> <Td> ( From 1819 ) Polish stopa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisbon </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Pé </Td> <Td> 330.0 </Td> <Td> ( From 1835 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Riga </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> pēda </Td> <Td> 274.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Cape foot </Td> <Td> 314.858 </Td> <Td> Originally equal to the Rijnland foot ; redefined as 1.033 English feet in 1859 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burgos and Castile </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Pie de Burgos / Castellano </Td> <Td> 278.6 </Td> <Td> ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 122.43 lignes '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toledo </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Pie </Td> <Td> 279.0 </Td> <Td> ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 10 pouces 3.7 lignes '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> fot </Td> <Td> 296.9 </Td> <Td> = 12 tum ( inches ) . The Swedish fot was also used in Finland ( `` jalka '' ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zürich </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 300.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galicia </Td> <Td> Ukraine , Poland </Td> <Td> stopa galicyjska </Td> <Td> 296.96 </Td> <Td> Part of Austria before World War I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> fuit , fit , troigh </Td> <Td> 305.287 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( In Belgium , the words pied ( French ) and voet ( Dutch ) would have been used interchangeably . ) </P> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The source document used pre-metric French units ( pied , pouce and lignes ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The original meter was computed using pre-metric French Units </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Norwegian fot was defined in 1824 as the length of a ( theoretical ) pendulum that would have a period of ⁄ seconds at 45 ° from the equator </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prior to 1835 , the pé or foot was not used in Portugal -- instead a palm was used . In 1835 the size of the palm was increased from 217.37 mm ( according to Palaiseau ) to 220 mm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Scots foot ceased to be legal after the Act of Union in 1707 </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anthropic units </Li> <Li> English units </Li> <Li> Mermin 's foot </Li> <Li> Metric foot </Li> <Li> History of measurement </Li> <Li> Imperial units </Li> <Li> International System of Units </Li> <Li> Pous </Li> <Li> Systems of measurement </Li> <Li> United States customary units </Li> <Li> Units of measurement </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The original reference was given in a round number of centimeters </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Appendix G -- Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Washington : Central Intelligence Agency . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly , Jon ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` Will British people ever think in metric ? '' . BBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act , accessed January 2012 , Act current to 2012 - 01 - 18 . Basis for units of measurement 4. ( 1 ) All units of measurement used in Canada shall be determined on the basis of the International System of Units established by the General Conference of Weights and Measures . ( ... ) Canadian units ( 5 ) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II , and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( ii ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke ( May 22 , 1987 ) . Mathematics and measurement . University of California Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06072 - 2 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fessler , Daniel M ; Haley , Kevin J ; Lal , Roshni D ( January -- February 2005 ) . `` Sexual dimorphism in foot length proportionate to stature '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Human Biology . 32 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 59 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014460400027581 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenoyer JM ( 2010 ) `` Measuring the Harappan world , '' in Morley I & Renfrew C ( edd ) The Archaeology of Measurement , 117 ; `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of Herodotus : a new English version , book II , 6.7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Epidauros%2C+Stadium&object=Building </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke ( May 22 , 1987 ) . Mathematics and measurement . University of California Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06072 - 2 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russ Rowlett . `` How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement '' . Center for Mathematics and Science Education , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sutherland , Elizabeth R ( May 1957 ) . `` Feet and dates at Charlieu '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 16 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 987740 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacob Koebel ( 16th century ) . Geometrei . Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen ( in German ) . Check date values in : date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Great Britain ( 1762 ) . The statutes at large : from the Magna Charta , to the end of the eleventh Parliament of Great Britain , anno 1761 ( continued to 1807 ) . The statutes at large . 1 . Printed by J. Bentham . p. 400 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zupko , Ronald Edward ( 1977 ) . British Weights and Measures : A History from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 6 , 10 , 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 07340 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On what basis is one inch exactly equal to 25.4 mm ? Has the imperial inch been adjusted to give this exact fit and if so when ? '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , for example , Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with the Imperial Standard Yard and the Imperial Standard Pound and with each other during the Years 1947 to 1948 ( H.M.S.O. , London , 1950 ) . Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with each other during the Year 1957 ( H.M.S.O. , London , 1958 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg , P.H. ; Anderton , Pamela ( March 1964 ) , `` The United Kingdom standards of the yard in terms of the meter '' , British Journal of Applied Physics , 15 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 300 , Bibcode : 1964BJAP ... 15 ... 291B , doi : 10.1088 / 0508 - 3443 / 15 / 3 / 308 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo , ( 1959 ) , Refinement of values for the yard and the pound , Washington DC : National Bureau of Standards , republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register ( Doc . 59 - 5442 , Filed , June 30 , 1959 , 8 : 45 am ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Geodetic Survey ( n.d. ) , `` What are the `` official '' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1 ) meters to inches , and 2 ) meters to feet ? `` , Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey , retrieved May 16 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey ( January 1991 ) , Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schedule to the Standards of Weights and Measures Act , 1976 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Survey of India , `` National Map Policy -- 2005 '' Archived March 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dr. Franz Mozhnik : Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten . Im Verlage der k.k. Schulbücher Verschleiß - Administration bey St. Anna in der Johannisgasse -- Wien 1848 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denis Février . `` Un historique du mètre '' ( in French ) . Ministère de l'Économie , des Finances et de l'Industrie . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 '' ( Official measures in Europe 1842 ) ( in German ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : d'Anville , Jean Baptiste Bourguignon ( 1769 ) . Traité des mesures itinéraires anciennes et modernes ( Treatise of ancient and modern measures of distance ) ( in French ) . Paris : de l'Imprimerie Royale . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palaiseau , JFG ( October 1816 ) . Métrologie universelle , ancienne et moderne : ou rapport des poids et mesures des empires , royaumes , duchés et principautés des quatre parties du monde . Bordeaux . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jacob de Gelder ( 1824 ) . Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst ( Introduction to Numeracy ) ( in Dutch ) . ' s - Gravenhage ( The Hague ) and Amsterdam : de Gebroeders van Cleef . pp. 163 -- 176 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Doursther , Horace ( 1840 ) . Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes . Brussels : M. Hayez . pp. 402 -- 418 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Noback , Christian ; Noback , Friedrich Eduard ( 1851 ) . Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz - , Maass - und Gewichts - Verhältnisse etc . aller Länder und Handelsplätze ( Comprehensive pocketbook of money , weights and measures for all counties and trading centres ) ( in German ) . I. Leipzig : F. А . Brockhaus . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Noback , Christian ; Noback , Friedrich Eduard ( 1851 ) . Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz - , Maass - und Gewichts - Verhältnisse etc . aller Länder und Handelsplätze ( Comprehensive pocketbook of money , weights and measures for all counties and trading centres ) ( in German ) . II . Leipzig : F. А . Brockhaus . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bruhns , Carl ( 1881 ) . new manual of logarithms to seven places of decimals . Leipzig : Bernhard Tauchnitz . p. 610 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson ( July 13 , 1790 ) . `` Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacob de Gelder ( 1824 ) . Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst ( Introduction to Numeracy ) ( in Dutch ) . The Hague and Amsterdam : de Gebroeders van Cleef . pp. 155 -- 157 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreas Dreizler ; et al. ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Metrologie '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Technische Universität Darmstadt . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ File </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maten en gewichten '' ( Weights and measures ) ( in Dutch ) . Vlaamse Vereniging voor Familiekunde ( Flemish Association for Family History ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rose , Joshua ( 1900 ) . Pattern Makers Assistant ( 9th ed . ) . New York : D. van Nostrand Co. p. 264 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les anciennes unités et leurs équivalences '' ( Old units and their equivalences ) ( in French ) . Le Cybergroupe Généalogique de Charente Poitevine. 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Guilhiermoz , P ( 1913 ) . `` De l'équivalence des anciennes mesures . A propos d'une publication récente '' ( Values of ancient measures quoted in recent publications ) . Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes ( in French ) . 74 : 267 -- 328 . doi : 10.3406 / bec. 1913.448498 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ halbo , leif ( July 21 , 2005 ) . `` Mål , vekt og norsk selvstendighet '' ( Dimensions , weight and Norwegian independence ) . Aftenposten . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ -- Information copied from pl : Stopa polska </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tomasz Zakiewicz ( April 2005 ) . `` The Cape Geodetic Standards and Their Impact on Africa '' ( PDF ) . FIG , Cairo . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scottish Weights and Measures : Distance and Area '' . Scottish Archive Network . 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List of heads of state of Nigeria - wikipedia <H1> List of heads of state of Nigeria </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nigeria </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Constitution ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Human rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President ( list ) <Dl> <Dd> Muhammadu Buhari </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Vice President <Dl> <Dd> Yemi Osinbajo </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal Parastatals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Assembly ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Senate </Li> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subdivisions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> States <Dl> <Dd> State governors </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Local Government Areas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Recent elections <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Presidential : 2011 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Parliamentary : 2011 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreign relations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Minister of Foreign Affairs </Li> <Li> Diplomatic missions <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> of Nigeria </Li> <Li> to Nigeria </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Passport <Dl> <Dd> Visa requirements </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria , from independence in 1960 to the present day . </P> <P> From 1960 to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen of Nigeria , Elizabeth II , who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor - General . Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 and the monarch and Governor - General were replaced by a ceremonial President . In 1979 , under the 1979 Constitution , the President gained executive powers , becoming head of both state and government . Since 1994 , under the 1993 Constitution and the current 1999 Constitution , the head of state and government has been called the President. . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Monarch ( 1960 -- 1963 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Governor - General </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) </Li> <Li> 3 Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> 4 Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> 5 Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 6 Third Republic ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 7 Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> 8 Fourth Nigerian Republic </Li> <Li> 9 Living former heads of state </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Monarch ( 1960 -- 1963 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Queen </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Reign </Th> <Th> Royal House </Th> <Th> Prime Minister </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Start </Th> <Th> End </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) </Td> <Td> 1 October 1960 </Td> <Td> 1 October 1963 </Td> <Td> 3 years , 0 days </Td> <Td> Windsor </Td> <Td> Balewa </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Governor - General ( edit ) </H3> Standard of the Governor - General of Nigeria <P> The Governor - General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch . The Governor - General was appointed for an indefinite term , serving at the pleasure of the monarch . Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 , rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government , with the sole of exception of James Robertson , the former colonial governor , who served as Governor - General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe . In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Governor - General </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of office </Th> <Th> Monarch </Th> <Th> Prime Minister </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir James Robertson ( 1899 -- 1983 ) </Td> <Td> 1 October 1960 </Td> <Td> 16 November 1960 </Td> <Td> 46 days </Td> <Td> Elizabeth II </Td> <Td> Balewa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) </Td> <Td> 16 November 1960 </Td> <Td> 1 October 1963 </Td> <Td> 2 years , 319 days </Td> <Td> Elizabeth II </Td> <Td> Balewa </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Under the 1963 Constitution , the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state . The President was elected by Parliament for a five - year term . In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> President </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of office </Th> <Th> Political party ( at time of election ) </Th> <Th> Prime Minister ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) </Td> <Td> 1 October 1963 </Td> <Td> 16 January 1966 ( deposed . ) </Td> <Td> 2 years , 107 days </Td> <Td> National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons </Td> <Td> Balewa </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Head of State </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of Office </Th> <Th> Military </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took Office </Th> <Th> Left Office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Major - General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi ( 1924 -- 1966 ) </Td> <Td> 16 January 1966 </Td> <Td> 29 July 1966 ( assassinated . ) </Td> <Td> 194 days </Td> <Td> Federal Military Government </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> General Yakubu Gowon ( 1934 -- ) </Td> <Td> 1 August 1966 </Td> <Td> 29 July 1975 ( deposed . ) </Td> <Td> 8 years , 362 days </Td> <Td> Federal Military Government </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 ) </Td> <Td> 29 July 1975 </Td> <Td> 13 February 1976 ( assassinated . ) </Td> <Td> 199 days </Td> <Td> Federal Military Government </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Major - General Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) </Td> <Td> 13 February 1976 </Td> <Td> 1 October 1979 ( resigned . ) </Td> <Td> 3 years , 258 days </Td> <Td> Federal Military Government </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Under the 1979 Constitution , the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President was head of both state and government . The President was elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> President </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of office </Th> <Th> Political party ( at time of election ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shehu Shagari ( 1925 -- ) </Td> <Td> 1 October 1979 </Td> <Td> 31 December 1983 ( deposed . ) </Td> <Td> 4 years , 91 days </Td> <Td> National Party of Nigeria </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Major - General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Head of State </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of Office </Th> <Th> Military </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took Office </Th> <Th> Left Office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Major - General Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) </Td> <Td> 31 December 1983 </Td> <Td> 27 August 1985 ( deposed . ) </Td> <Td> 1 year , 239 days </Td> <Td> Supreme Military Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> General Ibrahim Babangida ( 1941 -- ) </Td> <Td> 27 August 1985 </Td> <Td> 26 August 1993 ( resigned . ) </Td> <Td> 7 years , 364 days </Td> <Td> Armed Forces Ruling Council </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Third Republic ( 1993 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution . </P> <P> The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989 , when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ( IBB ) , the military Head of State , promised to terminate military rule by 1990 -- a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993 . IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989 , and his government established two political parties : the center - right National Republican Convention ( NRC ) and the center - left Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991 , while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 -- due to political unrest . M.K.O. Abiola , a wealthy Yoruba businessman , won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> President </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of office </Th> <Th> Political party ( at time of election ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernest Shonekan ( 1936 -- ) </Td> <Td> 26 August 1993 </Td> <Td> 17 November 1993 ( deposed . ) </Td> <Td> 83 days </Td> <Td> Independent </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Head of State </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of Office </Th> <Th> Military </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took Office </Th> <Th> Left Office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> General Sani Abacha ( 1943 -- 1998 ) </Td> <Td> 17 November 1993 </Td> <Td> 8 June 1998 ( died in office . ) </Td> <Td> 4 years , 203 days </Td> <Td> Provisional Ruling Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> General Abdulsalami Abubakar ( 1942 -- ) </Td> <Td> 8 June 1998 </Td> <Td> 29 May 1999 ( resigned . ) </Td> <Td> 355 days </Td> <Td> Provisional Ruling Council </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Fourth Nigerian Republic ( edit ) </H2> <P> Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President is head of both state and government . The President is elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Status </Dt> </Dl> Denotes Vice President acting as President <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> President </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Term of office </Th> <Th> Political party ( at time of election ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) </Td> <Td> 29 May 1999 </Td> <Td> 29 May 2007 </Td> <Td> 8 years , 0 days </Td> <Td> People 's Democratic Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ( 1951 -- 2010 ) </Td> <Td> 29 May 2007 </Td> <Td> 5 May 2010 ( died in office . ) </Td> <Td> 2 years , 341 days </Td> <Td> People 's Democratic Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Goodluck Jonathan ( 1957 -- ) </Td> <Td> 5 May 2010 </Td> <Td> 29 May 2015 </Td> <Td> 5 years , 25 days </Td> <Td> People 's Democratic Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) </Td> <Td> 29 May 2015 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> 2 years , 359 days </Td> <Td> All Progressives Congress </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Living former heads of state ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Term / Reign </Th> <Th> Office </Th> <Th> Date of birth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elizabeth II </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Queen of Nigeria </Td> <Td> ( 1926 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1926 ( age 92 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yakubu Gowon </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Military ruler </Td> <Td> ( 1934 - 10 - 19 ) October 19 , 1934 ( age 83 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olusegun Obasanjo </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1979 1999 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Military ruler President of Nigeria </Td> <Td> ( 1937 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1937 ( age 81 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shehu Shagari </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> President of Nigeria </Td> <Td> ( 1925 - 02 - 25 ) February 25 , 1925 ( age 93 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ibrahim Babangida </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Military ruler </Td> <Td> ( 1941 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1941 ( age 76 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernest Shonekan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> President of Nigeria </Td> <Td> ( 1936 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1936 ( age 82 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abdulsalami Abubakar </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Military ruler </Td> <Td> ( 1942 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 1942 ( age 75 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodluck Jonathan </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> President of Nigeria </Td> <Td> ( 1957 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1957 ( age 60 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Presidents & Heads of State '' . StateHouse , Federal Republic of Nigeria . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 February to 5 May 2010 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Heads of State of Nigeria </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Azikiwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aguiyi - Ironsi </Li> <Li> Gowon </Li> <Li> Mohammed </Li> <Li> Obasanjo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shehu Shagari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buhari </Li> <Li> Babangida </Li> <Li> Shonekan ( interim ) * </Li> <Li> Abacha </Li> <Li> Abubakar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Obasanjo </Li> <Li> Yar'Adua </Li> <Li> Jonathan </Li> <Li> Buhari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Counsellors of State <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Governors - general <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-national </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Governors <Ul> <Li> New South Wales </Li> <Li> Queensland </Li> <Li> South Australia </Li> <Li> Tasmania </Li> <Li> Victoria </Li> <Li> Western Australia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Administrator <Ul> <Li> Northern Territory </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lieutenant governors <Ul> <Li> Alberta </Li> <Li> British Columbia </Li> <Li> Manitoba </Li> <Li> New Brunswick </Li> <Li> Newfoundland </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Ontario </Li> <Li> Prince Edward Island </Li> <Li> Quebec </Li> <Li> Saskatchewan </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Realm of New Zealand </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Governor - general <Ul> <Li> Niue , New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Queen 's Representative <Ul> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Administrator <Ul> <Li> Tokelau </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lords lieutenant <Ul> <Li> England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Governors general <Ul> <Li> Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Union of South Africa </Li> <Li> Tanganyika </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria&oldid=842059762 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Government of Nigeria </Li> <Li> Lists of political office - holders in Nigeria </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hausa </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Yorùbá </Li> 10 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 23 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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I Am a Child of God - wikipedia <H1> I Am a Child of God </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> `` I Am a Child of God '' is a Latter - day Saint hymn and song for children . The lyrics were written in 1957 by Naomi W. Randall and set to music by Mildred Tanner Pettit . The song has been translated into over 90 languages . The phrase `` I Am a Child of God '' is also used in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) as a declaration of a basic teaching of the church . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I am a Child of God '' composed by Naomi Ward Randall in 1957 . Sung by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in 2005 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Composition </Li> <Li> 2 Word change </Li> <Li> 3 Publication and additional verse </Li> <Li> 4 Use and popularity </Li> <Li> 5 Copyright </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> Naomi W. Randall , lyricist <P> Randall composed the first three verses of `` I Am a Child of God '' at the request of the general board of the Primary Association , of which she was a member . The board wanted a song that could teach children about LDS Church teachings on the nature of a child 's relationship with God . Randall described how she composed the song : </P> <P> I got down on my knees and prayed aloud , pleading that our Heavenly Father would let me know the right words . </P> <P> Around 2 : 00 a.m. , I awakened and began to think again about the song . Words came to my mind. ... I immediately got up and began to write the words down as they had come to me . Three verses and a chorus were soon formed . </P> <P> I gratefully surveyed the work , drank of the message of the words , and returned to my bedroom where I knelt before my Father in Heaven to say `` Thank you ! '' </P> <P> Randall mailed the lyrics to her friend Mildred T. Pettit in California , who wrote the accompanying music . </P> <H2> Word change ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was first performed at a stake Primary conference in 1957 . After hearing the performance , apostle Spencer W. Kimball asked the Primary general board if the phrase `` Teach me all that I must know / To live with him someday '' could be changed to `` Teach me all that I must do / To live with him someday '' . As Kimball later explained , `` To know is n't enough . The devils know and tremble ; the devils know everything . We have to do something . '' Randall accepted the change . </P> <H2> Publication and additional verse ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was first published in the church 's 1969 Sing with Me , a songbook for children . In 1978 , Randall composed a fourth verse to the song . However , when the song was added to the LDS Church 's 1985 hymnal , the decision was made to not include the fourth verse because it was considered by the Church Correlation Committee to be `` not officially part of the song '' . When a new church songbook for children was produced in 1989 , the fourth verse was included . </P> <P> `` I Am a Child of God '' is hymn number 301 in Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and on page 2 in the Children 's Songbook . </P> <H2> Use and popularity ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Am a Child of God '' is one of the 45 hymns that the church publishes in its basic curriculum sources that are used in areas of the world where the church is new or underdeveloped . Thus , it is often one of the first hymns that new Latter - day Saints receive and learn . The song has been translated into over 90 languages and has been the subject of numerous musical adaptations by choirs and other musicians . `` I Am a Child of God '' is a common phrase used in curriculum , magazines , sermons , and children 's clothing , jewelry and novelties as a means of teaching a basic doctrine of Mormonism in simple language . </P> <P> In February 2007 , the LDS Church celebrated the 50th anniversary of the writing of `` I Am a Child of God '' . </P> <H2> Copyright ( edit ) </H2> <P> The copyright to `` I Am a Child of God '' is owned by Intellectual Reserve , Inc. , a corporation established by the LDS Church to hold its intellectual property . Intellectual Reserve allows copying or downloading of the music and lyrics of the song for incidental , noncommercial church , or noncommercial home uses . In the United States , the phrase `` I Am a Child of God '' is not trademarked and may be used by anyone for commercial purposes . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Choose the right </Li> <Li> `` The Family : A Proclamation to the World '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Karen Lynn Davidson ( 1998 ) . Our Latter - day Hymns : The Stories and the Messages . The song is still sung in almost every LDS church at least once per Sunday . ( Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book ) pp. 303 -- 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` New Verse Is Written for Popular Song , '' Church News , 1978 - 04 - 01 , p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See also Pat Graham , `` Sharing Time : Fun with Favorites , '' Friend , October 1984 , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abbey Olsen , `` Beloved Song Turns 50 , '' Ensign , February 2007 , pp. 76 -- 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Index of First Lines and Titles , '' ) Gospel Fundamentals ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 2002 ) p. 276 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Lesson 1 : I Am a Child of God , '' Primary 1 : I Am a Child of God ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 2000 ) p. 1 ; `` Lesson 3 : I Am a Child of God , '' Primary 2 : Choose the Right A ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 1995 ) p. 11 ; `` Lesson Five : I Am a Child of God , '' Family Home Evening Resource Book ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 1997 ) p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Vicki F. Matsumori , `` Sharing Time : I Am a Child of God , '' Friend , March 2003 , p. 18 ; Sheila E. Wilson , `` Sharing Time : I Am a Child of God , '' Friend , January 2004 , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Gordon B. Hinckley , `` You Are a Child of God , '' Liahona , May 2003 , p. 117 ; Russell M. Nelson , `` We Are Children of God , '' Ensign , November 1998 , p. 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , I Am a Child of God baby onesie ; I Am a Child of God baby bibs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , I Am a Child of God necklace . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , I Am a Child of God bookmarks ; I Am a Child of God lip - balm ; I Am a Child of God stickers . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` I Am a Child of God '' , Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints </Li> <Li> `` I Am a Child of God '' , Children 's Songbook </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_a_Child_of_God&oldid=819151900 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Songs about children </Li> <Li> Latter Day Saint doctrines regarding deity </Li> <Li> Latter Day Saint hymns </Li> <Li> Primary ( LDS Church ) </Li> <Li> Young people and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints </Li> <Li> Children 's songs </Li> <Li> 1957 songs </Li> <Li> 1957 in Christianity </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 19 : 29 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Big Daddy Weave - wikipedia <H1> Big Daddy Weave </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Big Daddy Weave </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Big Daddy Weave in concert ( 2013 ) . Mike Weaver ( right ) , Jay Weaver ( left ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Mobile , Alabama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> Rock , CCM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2002 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> Fervent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> bigdaddyweave.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Weaver </Li> <Li> Jay Weaver </Li> <Li> Jeremy Redmon </Li> <Li> Joe Shirk </Li> <Li> Brian Beihl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeff Jones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Big Daddy Weave is a contemporary Christian band composed of Mike Weaver ( lead singer ) , Jay Weaver , Jeremy Redmon , Joe Shirk , and Brian Beihl . They are signed to Fervent Records . </P> <P> The band met after college at the University of Mobile . Mike Weaver had been serving as worship leader of a Pensacola , Florida church and attending community college in the area . He came to the university at the urging of his pastor , and studied voice . </P> <P> In both 2006 and 2007 , Big Daddy Weave toured with Mark Schultz on his `` Broken and Beautiful '' Tour . In 2009 , they headlined the `` What Life Would Be Like '' Tour with guest musician Josh Wilson . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Band members </Li> <Li> 2 Discography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Studio albums </Li> <Li> 2.2 Singles </Li> <Li> 2.3 Music videos </Li> <Li> 2.4 Album contributions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Awards </Li> <Li> 4 Achievements </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Band members ( edit ) </H2> <P> Current </P> <Ul> <Li> Mike Weaver -- lead vocals , guitar ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Jay Weaver -- bass guitar , vocals ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Jeremy Redmon -- guitar , backing vocals ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Joe Shirk -- saxophone , keyboards ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Brian Beihl -- drums ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Former </P> <Ul> <Li> Jeff Jones -- drums ( 2002 -- 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Studio albums ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Album </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Peak chart positions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US </Th> <Th> US Christian </Th> <Th> US Heat </Th> <Th> US Indie </Th> <Th> US Holiday </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neighborhoods <Ul> <Li> Released : 2001 </Li> <Li> Label : Independent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> One and Only <Ul> <Li> Released : July 30 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Fields of Grace <Ul> <Li> Released : September 30 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> What I Was Made For <Ul> <Li> Released : July 26 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Every Time I Breathe <Ul> <Li> Released : September 26 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> What Life Would Be Like <Ul> <Li> Released : July 22 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Christ Is Come <Ul> <Li> Released : October 10 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Ultimate Collection <Ul> <Li> Released : September 20 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Love Come to Life <Ul> <Li> Released : April 17 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Beautiful Offerings <Ul> <Li> Released : September 18 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Label : Fervent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> `` -- '' denotes the album did n't chart . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Singles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Single </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> Chart positions </Th> <Th> Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Christ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> `` Audience Of One '' </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> One And Only </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` In Christ '' </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Fields of Grace '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fields Of Grace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Set Me Free '' </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Heart Cries Holy '' </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> `` You 're Worthy Of My Praise '' </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> What I Was Made For </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> `` Just The Way I Am '' </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Without You '' </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Let It Rise '' </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Every Time I Breathe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> `` Every Time I Breathe '' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> `` Hold Me Jesus '' </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` What Life Would Be Like '' </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> What Life Would Be Like </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> `` You Found Me '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` We Want The World To Hear '' </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> `` Love Come to Life '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Love Come to Life </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Redeemed '' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> `` The Only Name ( Yours Will Be ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> `` Overwhelmed '' </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> `` My Story '' </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Beautiful Offerings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> `` The Lion And The Lamb '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> `` Jesus I Believe '' </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> non-album single </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Music videos ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Every Time I Breathe '' ( July 26 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` What Life Would be Like '' ( September 9 , 2008 ) </Li> <Li> `` Redeemed '' ( May 3 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` My Story '' ( August 31 , 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Album contributions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> WOW Worship Yellow - `` Audience of One '' ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Absolute Smash Hits - `` In Christ '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Worship Red - `` Word of God Speak '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2006 - `` You 're Worthy of My Praise '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Christmas : Green - `` Go Tell It on the Mountain '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2007 - `` Without You '' ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Worship Aqua - `` Let It Rise '' ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2008 - `` Every Time I Breathe '' ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Nativity Story : Sacred Songs - `` The Virgin 's Lullaby '' ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2010 - `` What Life Would Be Like '' ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2011 - `` You Found Me '' ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2013 - `` Love Come to Life '' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2014 - `` Redeemed '' ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2015 - `` The Only Name '' ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2016 - `` Overwhelmed '' ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> WOW Hits 2017 - `` My Story '' ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Received the Dove Award for Christmas Album of the Year in 2010 </Li> <Li> Honored two years in a row at ASCAP 's 2003 and 2004 Christian Music Awards </Li> <Li> 2003 Dove Award Nomination , `` New Artist of the Year '' </Li> <Li> 2016 Dove Award Nomination , `` Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year '' ( My Story ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Achievements ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Audience of One '' one of the top 25 most performed ASCAP songs of 2003 </Li> <Li> Featured on Dove Hits 2003 </Li> <Li> Featured on WOW Worship Yellow </Li> <Li> `` In Christ '' appeared on R&R 's AC chart for 24 weeks , peaking at No. 2 , becoming the highest charting AC single for a new artist in 2002 </Li> <Li> `` In Christ '' one of the top 25 most performed ASCAP songs of 2002 </Li> <Li> Debut project , `` One And Only '' , debuted in SoundScan 's Christian Top 5 , the highest debut for a new artist in 2002 </Li> <Li> `` One And Only '' remained in the SoundScan 's Christian Top20 for six consecutive weeks </Li> <Li> They performed the song `` Redeemed '' on the 44th Annual GMA Dove Awards ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Weave In , Weave Out '' . Collegebound : A Supplement to CCM Magazine : 26 -- 27 . March 2007 . ISSN 1524 - 7848 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jesus Freak Hideout Profile '' . Jesusfreakhideout.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy Weave Album & Song Chart History ( Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy Weave - Every Time I Breathe ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Feb 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy Weave - `` What Life Would Be Like '' ( Official Video ) `` . YouTube . September 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy Weave - `` Redeemed '' ( Official Music Video ) `` . YouTube . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy Weave - `` My Story '' ( Official Music Video ) `` . YouTube . August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Big Daddy Weave </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> One and Only </Li> <Li> Fields of Grace </Li> <Li> What I Was Made For </Li> <Li> Every Time I Breathe </Li> <Li> What Life Would Be Like </Li> <Li> Christ Is Come </Li> <Li> Love Come to Life </Li> <Li> Beautiful Offerings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Every Time I Breathe </Li> <Li> Overwhelmed </Li> <Li> The Lion & the Lamb </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MusicBrainz : d330ab6a - d70d - 4e0e - 8feb - a2e10cb1e7c5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Daddy_Weave&oldid=834282323 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2002 establishments in Alabama </Li> <Li> American Christian rock groups </Li> <Li> Fervent Records artists </Li> <Li> Musical groups established in 2002 </Li> <Li> Musical groups from Alabama </Li> <Li> Performers of contemporary Christian music </Li> <Li> University of Mobile alumni </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 21 : 33 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Brit Floyd - wikipedia <H1> Brit Floyd </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Brit Floyd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Brit Floyd in Wallingford , CT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Liverpool , United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> Progressive rock , psychedelic rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> CMP Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> The Australian Pink Floyd Show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.britfloyd.com/ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> Damian Darlington Gareth Darlington Bryan Kolupski Rob Stringer Ian Cattell Arran Ahmun Ola Bienkowska Emily Jollands Jacquie Williams Angela Cervantes Thomas Ashbrook Roberta Freeman Karl Penny Jay Davidson Edo Scordo Jenn Kee Ryan Saranich Eva Avila </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> Amy Smith Rosalee O'Connell Carl Brunsdon Bobby Harrison </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Brit Floyd is a Pink Floyd tribute band formed in 2011 in Liverpool , United Kingdom . Their live shows attempt to emulate and recreate the sound and soundscape of Pink Floyd 's live shows . Damian Darlington formed the band after playing with The Australian Pink Floyd Show for 17 years . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Band members </Li> <Li> 3 Citations </Li> <Li> 4 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brit Floyd originated in 2011 on the initiative of musical director , guitarist , and singer Damian Darlington `` simply because he felt he could do it one better '' than his previous band , The Australian Pink Floyd Show , and stating that `` there is much more attention to details in every aspect of the show , from the music to the visuals to the lighting : everything is that much more perfected and there 's a passion coming off that stage ... It 's a coherent , emotional journey through Pink Floyd 's catalog . '' </P> <P> Darlington began following Pink Floyd 's work after hearing The Wall at the age of 13 and he saw the band live for the first time in 1987 during the A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour . `` Since then , he has seen the band in different incarnations , after its split , and including its 2005 reunion . '' </P> Pink Floyd saxophonist and rhythm guitar player Scott Page , during a surprise guest performance with Brit Floyd in 2015 . <P> Regarding his growing up listening to the band , Darlington stated : `` I definitely listened to Pink Floyd . I remember `` Another Brick in the Wall '' being No. 1 in the UK . It was December 1979 . Probably my first memory of Pink Floyd . Then I actually heard The Wall album in its entirety and that 's what particularly drew me to Pink Floyd about the age of 12 or 13 . I was fascinated by the record that told a story , and all these sound effects linking songs together , and also the wonderful guitar work . I was already learning to play guitar and I wanted to learn to play some of these wonderful guitar solos . That was my introduction to Pink Floyd . I was a fan from quite an early age . '' </P> <P> After playing in a number of bands over the years covering a wide range of music including Country , Western , and even Jazz , Darlington played with The Australian Pink Floyd Show from 1994 through 2011 ( Darlington is not the only veteran of The Australian Pink Floyd Show in Brit Floyd , `` several others in Brit Floyd '' have been a part of the band as well ) . Darlington wanted to parlay his experience with The Australian Pink Floyd Show into something more nuanced : `` I felt it was time to do it in a different way with a different group of musicians -- to strike out on my own , I 've had a lot of experience and have learned how to do this correctly . '' Darlington says his group pays greater attention to detail , presenting a more polished show : `` If you 've seen the Australian show , you 'll notice a difference in a big way -- a difference for the better , we make the extra effort to re-create as much as we can and it 's not just the songs : It 's the visuals , as well . '' </P> <P> The band has toured extensively since 2011 and has featured guest musicians from Pink Floyd 's studio and touring band line - ups . Pink Floyd bass player and vocalist Guy Pratt joined Brit Floyd on stage at Echo Arena Liverpool on 9 November 2013 , and saxophonist and rhythm guitarist Scott Page joined them at Los Angeles 's Orpheum Theatre on 17 June 2015 , playing `` Money '' and `` Us and Them '' with the band . </P> <P> In 2016 the band embarked on `` a massive 76 - date US tour '' featuring `` an extended career - spanning setlist that will include a performance of Pink Floyd 's 24 - minute epic `` Echoes '' and including a `` million dollar stage design . '' </P> <H2> Band members ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various musicians have played in Brit Floyd since its inception in 2011 . The present band members are listed here : </P> <Ul> <Li> Damian Darlington -- Musical Director , guitar , lap steel , vocals ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Gareth Darlington -- Sound Designer and Front of House Engineer ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Bryan Kolupski -- Media Director -- Animation and Video ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Rob Stringer -- keyboards , vocals ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ian Cattell -- bass guitar , vocals ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Arran Ahmun -- drums ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ola Bienkowska -- backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Emily Jollands -- backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Jacquie Williams -- backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Angela Cervantes - backing vocals ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Ashbrook - keyboards , vocals ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Roberta Freeman - backing vocals ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Karl Penny - drums ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Jay Davidson - saxophones , guitars , percussions , keyboard ( 2015 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Edo Scordo - guitars , vocals ( 2015 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Jenn Kee - backing vocals ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ryan Saranich - saxophones , guitars , percussions , keyboard ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Eva Avila - backing vocals ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Past members </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Amy Smith -- backing vocals ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Rosalee O'Connell - backing vocals ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Carl Brunsdon -- saxophone , percussion , guitar , bass guitar ( 2011 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Bobby Harrison -- guitar , vocals ( 2011 -- 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Citations ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Brit Floyd Come to Lebanon </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Brit Floyd : Not your average tribute band '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin C. ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` Brit Floyd creator says his Pink Floyd tribute is done right '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burnsilver , Glenn ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Inside Brit Floyd , the ambitious Pink Floyd cover band '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burnsilver , Glenn ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Inside Brit Floyd , The Ambitious Pink Floyd Cover Band '' . Phoenix New Times . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Kevin C. ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` Brit Floyd creator says his Pink Floyd tribute is done right '' . stltoday.com . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Damian Darlington Bio </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scott Page ( Pink Floyd ) Money sax solo Live with Brit Floyd ( 17 June 2015 ) '' . YouTube . 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lopez - Reyes , Ed ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Brit Floyd joined by Scott Page at Los Angeles ' Orpheum Theatre '' . Brain Damage - Pink Floyd News Resource . Matt Johns . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It 's a Pink Floyd NYC takeover with David Gilmour shows , a `` special guest '' event , Brit Floyd & more </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brit Floyd . `` Brit Floyd Band Profiles '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brain Damage UK News Story July 2015 by Ed Lopez - Reyes </Li> <Li> Brain Damage UK News Story July 2015 by Ed Lopez - Reyes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MusicBrainz : e9e93250 - b122 - 4d4c - b48c - 4d4f67a19ba2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brit_Floyd&oldid=854928135 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Tribute bands </Li> <Li> Musical groups established in 2011 </Li> <Li> 2011 establishments in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Pink Floyd </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 19 : 15 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Home Insurance building - wikipedia <H1> Home Insurance building </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Home Insurance Building </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Home Insurance Building </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Office </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Chicago , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 41 ° 52 ′ 47 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 55 '' W / 41.8796 ° N 87.6320 ° W / 41.8796 ; - 87.6320 Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 47 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 55 '' W / 41.8796 ° N 87.6320 ° W / 41.8796 ; - 87.6320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Completed </Th> <Td> 1885 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demolished </Th> <Td> 1931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Height </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roof </Th> <Td> Originally 138 ft ( 42 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Top floor </Th> <Td> After addition of the final two floors -- 180 feet ( 54.9 meters ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor count </Th> <Td> 10 ( later 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> William Le Baron Jenney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> References </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Home Insurance Building was a skyscraper in Chicago , United States , designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1884 . Completed a year later , the build is generally noted as the first tall building to be supported , both inside and outside , by a fireproof structural steel and metal frame ; including reinforced concrete . </P> <P> The building opened in 1885 and was demolished 47 years later in 1931 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Location </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 Other references </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The building was completed in 1885 in Chicago , Illinois , and was the first tall building to use structural steel in its frame , but the majority of its structure was composed of cast and wrought iron . While the Ditherington Flax Mill was an earlier fireproof - metal - framed building and is sometimes considered to be the first skyscraper , it was only five stories tall . </P> <P> Because of the building 's unique architecture and weight - bearing frame , it is considered the one of the world 's first skyscrapers . It had 10 stories and rose to a height of 138 ft ( 42 m ) In 1891 , two floors were added . </P> <P> The architect was William Le Baron Jenney . The building weighed only one - third as much as a masonry building would have ; city officials were so concerned , they halted construction while they investigated its safety . The Home Insurance Building is an example of the Chicago School of Architecture . The building set precedents in skyscraper construction . Minneapolis architect Leroy Buffington patented the concept of the skeletal - frame tall building in 1888 and proposed `` a 28 - story ' stratosphere - scraper ' -- a notion mocked by the architectural press of the time as impractical and ludicrous . '' His proposal nonetheless attracted the attention of the national architectural and building communities to the possibilities of iron skeletal framing , `` which in primitive form had been around for decades . '' </P> <H3> Location ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Field Building , now known as the Private Bank Building , built in 1931 , stands on the site . In 1932 , owners placed a plaque in the southwest section of the lobby reading : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> This section of the Field Building is erected on the site of the Home Insurance Building , which structure , designed and built in eighteen hundred and eighty four by the late William Le Baron Jenney , was the first high building to utilize as the basic principle of its design the method known as skeleton construction and , being a primal influence in the acceptance of this principle was the true father of the skyscraper , 1932 . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chicago architecture </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smith , Chrysti M. ( 2006 ) . Verbivore 's Feast : Second Course : More Word & Phrase Origins . Farcountry Press . p. 289 . ISBN 9781560374022 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . The word skyscraper , in its architectural context , was first applied to the Home Insurance Building , completed in Chicago in 1885 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home Insurance Building '' . SkyscraperPage . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home Insurance Building '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broad Street Station ( 1881 ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , a 6 - story building designed by Wilson Brothers & Company , had a structural steel frame , and was one of the first buildings in America to use masonry not as structure , but as curtain wall . It was later greatly expanded by Frank Furness . George E. Thomas , `` Broad Street Station , '' in James F. O'Gorman et al. , Drawing Toward Building : Philadelphia Architectural Graphics , 1732 -- 1986 ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1986 ) , pp. 140 -- 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 8 April 2005 ) . `` World 's first iron - framed building saved '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Chrysti M. ( 2006 ) . Verbivore 's Feast : Second Course : More Word & Phrase Origins . Helena , Montana : Farcountry Press . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 1560374022 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . The word skyscraper , in its architectural context , was first applied to the Home Insurance Building , completed in Chicago in 1885 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kampert , Bert ( 10 December 2008 ) . `` The Home Insurance Building '' . Chicago Architecture Info . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The first skyscraper - new theory that Home Insurance Building was not the first '' . Science News . 1986 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Other references ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1885 First Skyscraper , Chicago Public Library ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17. ) </Li> <Li> Theodore Turak , William Le Baron Jenney : A Pioneer in Modern Architecture , Ann Arbor , Michigan : UMI Research Press , 1986 </Li> <Li> Carl Condit , The Chicago School of Architecture , The University of Chicago Press , Chicago and London , 1964 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Information and Pictures at Emporis ( English ) </Li> <Li> Information and Drawings at SkyscraperPage ( English ) </Li> <Li> Home Insurance Building at Structurae </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chicago skyscrapers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tallest buildings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 875 North Michigan Avenue </Li> <Li> Aon Center </Li> <Li> Franklin Center </Li> <Li> Trump International Hotel and Tower </Li> <Li> Two Prudential Plaza </Li> <Li> Willis Tower </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Selected buildings with 20 or more floors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 35 East Wacker </Li> <Li> 55 East Erie Street </Li> <Li> 77 West Wacker Drive </Li> <Li> 111 South Wacker Drive </Li> <Li> 155 North Wacker </Li> <Li> 181 West Madison Street </Li> <Li> 311 South Wacker Drive </Li> <Li> 330 North Wabash </Li> <Li> 333 North Michigan </Li> <Li> 333 Wacker Drive </Li> <Li> 340 on the Park </Li> <Li> 401 East Ontario </Li> <Li> 500 West Madison </Li> <Li> 860 -- 880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments </Li> <Li> 900 North Michigan </Li> <Li> 1700 East 56th Street </Li> <Li> ABN AMRO Plaza </Li> <Li> Allerton Hotel </Li> <Li> Aqua </Li> <Li> Bilandic Building </Li> <Li> The Blackstone Hotel </Li> <Li> Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower </Li> <Li> Boeing International Headquarters </Li> <Li> Carbide & Carbon Building </Li> <Li> The Chandler </Li> <Li> Chase Tower </Li> <Li> Chicago Board of Trade Building </Li> <Li> Chicago Place </Li> <Li> Chicago Temple Building </Li> <Li> City Hall Square Building </Li> <Li> Civic Opera House </Li> <Li> Coast at Lakeshore East </Li> <Li> CNA Center </Li> <Li> Crain Communications Building </Li> <Li> Dirksen Federal Building </Li> <Li> Field Building </Li> <Li> Fisher Building </Li> <Li> FOUR40 </Li> <Li> Four Seasons Hotel Chicago </Li> <Li> Grant Thornton Tower </Li> <Li> Harbor Point </Li> <Li> Hilton Chicago </Li> <Li> Home Insurance Building </Li> <Li> Hyatt Center </Li> <Li> James R. Thompson Center </Li> <Li> Joffrey Tower </Li> <Li> Kluczynski Federal Building </Li> <Li> Lake Point Tower </Li> <Li> The Lancaster </Li> <Li> LaSalle - Wacker Building </Li> <Li> Legacy Tower </Li> <Li> Leo Burnett Building </Li> <Li> London Guarantee Building </Li> <Li> Marina City </Li> <Li> Masonic Temple </Li> <Li> Mather Tower </Li> <Li> Metropolitan Tower </Li> <Li> Montauk Building </Li> <Li> NBC Tower </Li> <Li> Olympia Centre </Li> <Li> One Magnificent Mile </Li> <Li> One Museum Park </Li> <Li> One North LaSalle </Li> <Li> One North Wacker </Li> <Li> One Prudential Plaza </Li> <Li> Optima Signature </Li> <Li> Outer Drive East </Li> <Li> Palmer House Hotel </Li> <Li> Palmolive Building </Li> <Li> Park Tower </Li> <Li> The Parkshore </Li> <Li> Peoples Gas Building </Li> <Li> Pittsfield Building </Li> <Li> Plaza 440 </Li> <Li> Powhatan Apartments </Li> <Li> Presidential Towers </Li> <Li> The Regatta </Li> <Li> Regents Park </Li> <Li> Richard J. Daley Center </Li> <Li> River East Center </Li> <Li> Roanoke Building and Tower </Li> <Li> The Shoreham </Li> <Li> Skybridge </Li> <Li> The Buckingham </Li> <Li> The Fordham </Li> <Li> The Heritage at Millennium Park </Li> <Li> The Grant </Li> <Li> The Pinnacle </Li> <Li> Three First National Plaza </Li> <Li> The Tides </Li> <Li> Time - Life Building </Li> <Li> Tribune Tower </Li> <Li> Virgin Hotels Chicago </Li> <Li> Waldorf Astoria Chicago </Li> <Li> Water Tower Place </Li> <Li> Wrigley Building </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chicago Landmark skyscrapers with 12 or more floors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 300 West Adams Building </Li> <Li> The Arc at Old Colony </Li> <Li> Auditorium Building </Li> <Li> Brooks Building </Li> <Li> Bryn Mawr Apartment Hotel </Li> <Li> Carson , Pirie , Scott and Company Building </Li> <Li> Chicago Building </Li> <Li> Gage Group Buildings </Li> <Li> Heyworth Building </Li> <Li> Hilliard Towers Apartments </Li> <Li> Inland Steel Building </Li> <Li> Manhattan Building </Li> <Li> Marquette Building </Li> <Li> Marshall Field and Company Building </Li> <Li> Monadnock Building </Li> <Li> Mundelein College Skyscraper Building </Li> <Li> New York Life Insurance Building </Li> <Li> Reliance Building </Li> <Li> Rookery Building </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Art Deco </Li> <Li> Chicago City Hall </Li> <Li> Chicago School </Li> <Li> Tallest buildings </Li> <Li> Washington Block </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Insurance_Building&oldid=824805991 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Chicago school ( architecture ) </Li> <Li> Office buildings completed in 1885 </Li> <Li> Former buildings and structures in Chicago </Li> <Li> Skyscraper office buildings in Chicago </Li> <Li> Buildings and structures demolished in 1931 </Li> <Li> Demolished buildings and structures in Chicago </Li> <Li> Former skyscrapers </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Structurae ID different from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Башҡортса </Li> <Li> Boarisch </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Piemontèis </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 15 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 16 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football - wikipedia <H1> Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Notre Dame Fighting Irish </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First season </Th> <Td> 1887 ( 1887 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athletic director </Th> <Td> Jack Swarbrick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Brian Kelly 9th season , 69 -- 34 (. 670 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other staff </Th> <Td> Chip Long ( OC ) Clark Lea ( DC ) Brian Polian ( ST ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> <P> Notre Dame Stadium </P> ( Renovated 2015 ) ( Capacity : 77,622 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year built </Th> <Td> 1930 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Field surface </Th> <Td> Natural grass ( 1930 -- 2013 ) FieldTurf ( 2014 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Notre Dame , Indiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCAA division </Th> <Td> Division I FBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Independent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time record </Th> <Td> 906 -- 324 -- 42 (. 729 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bowl record </Th> <Td> 18 -- 18 (. 500 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Claimed nat'l titles </Th> <Td> 11 ( 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unclaimed nat'l titles </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> Michigan Wolverines ( rivalry ) Michigan State Spartans ( rivalry ) Navy Midshipmen ( rivalry ) USC Trojans ( rivalry ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heisman winners </Th> <Td> <P> 7 </P> John Haurte , Paul Hornung , John Lattner , Leon Hart , Johnny Lujack , Angelo Bertelli , Tim Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consensus All - Americans </Th> <Td> 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Current uniform </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Blue and Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> Victory March </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Notre Dame Leprechaun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marching band </Th> <Td> Band of the Fighting Irish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outfitter </Th> <Td> Under Armour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.und.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame , Indiana . The team is currently coached by Brian Kelly and plays its home games at the campus 's Notre Dame Stadium , which has a capacity of 77,622 . Notre Dame is one of six schools that competes as an Independent at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision level ; however , they play five games a year against opponents from the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , which Notre Dame is a member of in all other sports except ice hockey . </P> <P> Notre Dame is one of the most iconic and successful programs in college football . The school claims 11 national championships , but the NCAA recognizes the school with 13 . Moreover , Notre Dame has 21 national championships recognized by all major selectors ; this is tied with Alabama for the most in the FBS . Notre Dame and Ohio State share the record of seven Heisman Trophy winners , but Notre Dame leads Ohio State by the number of individual winners . Notre Dame has produced 101 consensus All - Americans , 34 unanimous All - Americans , 52 members of the College Football Hall of Fame , and 13 members of the NFL Hall of Fame , all NCAA records . Notre Dame has had 495 players selected in the NFL Draft , second only to USC . </P> <P> All Notre Dame home games have been televised by NBC since 1991 , and Notre Dame is the only school to have such a contract . It was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout , and it has one of the largest , most widespread fan bases in college football . These factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country , which allows the school to remain an independent . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history ( 1887 -- 1917 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Knute Rockne era ( 1918 -- 1930 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Heartley Anderson era ( 1931 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Elmer Layden era ( 1934 -- 1940 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Frank Leahy era ( 1941 -- 1953 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Terry Brennan era ( 1954 -- 1958 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Joe Kuharich era ( 1959 -- 1963 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Ara Parseghian era ( 1964 -- 1974 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 Dan Devine era ( 1975 -- 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 1.10 Gerry Faust era ( 1981 -- 1985 ) </Li> <Li> 1.11 Lou Holtz era ( 1986 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> 1.12 Bob Davie era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.12. 1 George O'Leary controversy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.13 Tyrone Willingham era ( 2002 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 1.14 Charlie Weis era ( 2005 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 1.15 Brian Kelly era ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Championships and distinctions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 National championships </Li> <Li> 2.2 Appearances in the final Associated Press poll </Li> <Li> 2.3 Team Awards </Li> <Li> 2.4 Distinctions </Li> <Li> 2.5 Number one vs. number two </Li> <Li> 2.6 Historic games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 All - time records <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season records </Li> <Li> 3.2 In - State NCAA Division I record </Li> <Li> 3.3 Coaching records </Li> <Li> 3.4 Bowl games </Li> <Li> 3.5 Shamrock Series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Players and coaches <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Heisman Trophy </Li> <Li> 4.2 Other National Award Winners </Li> <Li> 4.3 Coaching Awards </Li> <Li> 4.4 Team Awards </Li> <Li> 4.5 College Football Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Current roster </Li> <Li> 6 Current coaching staff </Li> <Li> 7 Uniforms </Li> <Li> 8 Facilities <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Notre Dame Stadium </Li> <Li> 8.2 Cartier Field </Li> <Li> 8.3 Guglielmino Athletics Complex </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 9.1 USC Trojans </Li> <Li> 9.2 Navy Midshipmen </Li> <Li> 9.3 Michigan Wolverines </Li> <Li> 9.4 Michigan State Spartans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Game day traditions </Li> <Li> 11 Irish in the NFL <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 11.2 Current NFL players </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Media <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Television <Ul> <Li> 12.1. 1 Current broadcast team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12.2 Radio <Ul> <Li> 12.2. 1 Current broadcast team </Li> <Li> 12.2. 2 Former commentators </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Future schedules <Ul> <Li> 13.1 2018 </Li> <Li> 13.2 2019 </Li> <Li> 13.3 2020 </Li> <Li> 13.4 2021 </Li> <Li> 13.5 2022 </Li> <Li> 13.6 2023 </Li> <Li> 13.7 2024 </Li> <Li> 13.8 2025 </Li> <Li> 13.9 2026 </Li> <Li> 13.10 2027 </Li> <Li> 13.11 2028 </Li> <Li> 13.12 2029 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football See also : List of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons <H3> Early history ( 1887 -- 1917 ) ( edit ) </H3> 1913 squad , with Captain Knute Rockne holding ball <P> Football did not have an auspicious beginning at the University of Notre Dame . In their inaugural game on November 23 , 1887 , the Irish lost to Michigan by a score of 8 -- 0 . Their first win came in the final game of the 1888 season when the Irish defeated Harvard Prep School of Chicago by a score of 20 -- 0 . At the end of the 1888 season they had a record of 1 -- 3 with all three losses being at the hands of Michigan by a combined score of 43 -- 9 . Between 1887 and 1899 Notre Dame compiled a record of 31 wins , 15 losses , and four ties against a diverse variety of opponents ranging from local high school teams to other universities . </P> <P> In 1894 , James L. Morison was hired as Notre Dame 's first head football coach . Notre Dame took a significant step toward respectability , prominence , and stability when they hired Morison . He wrote an acquaintance after his first day on the job : `` I arrived here ( Notre Dame ) this morning and found about as green a set of football players that ever donned a uniform ... They want to smoke , and when I told them that they would have to run and get up some wind , they thought I was rubbing it in on them . `` One big , strong cuss remarked that it was too much like work . Well , maybe you think I did n't give him hell ! I bet you a hundred no one ever makes a remark like that again . '' Morrison had been hired for $40 plus expenses for two weeks . </P> <P> In 1908 , the win over Franklin saw end Fay Wood catch the first touchdown pass in Notre Dame history . Notre Dame continued its success near the turn of the century and achieved their first victory over Michigan in 1909 by the score of 11 -- 3 after which Michigan refused to play Notre Dame again for 33 years . By the end of the 1912 season they had amassed a record of 108 wins , 31 losses , and 13 ties . </P> Rockne running for a touchdown against Army , 1913 . <P> Jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917 . During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins , five losses , and one tie . This period would also mark the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalry with Michigan State . </P> <P> In 1913 , Notre Dame burst into the national consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest . In an effort to gain respect for a regionally successful but small - time Midwestern football program , Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas , Penn State , and Army . On November 1 , 1913 , the Notre Dame squad stunned the Black Knights of the Hudson 35 -- 13 in a game played at West Point . Led by quarterback Gus Dorais and end Knute Rockne -- who was soon to be legendary coach -- the Notre Dame team attacked the Cadets with an offense that featured both the expected powerful running game but also long and accurate downfield forward passes from Dorais to Rockne . This game has been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass . Prior to this contest , receivers would come to a full - stop and wait on the ball to come to them , but in this contest , Dorais threw to Rockne in stride , changing the forward pass from a seldom - used play into the dominant ball - moving strategy that it is today . </P> <H3> Knute Rockne era ( 1918 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Rockne <P> Irish assistant Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918 . Under Rockne , the Irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . The 105 wins account for 12.3 % of all wins in Notre Dame football history . During his 13 years , the Irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the Rose Bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as George Gipp and the `` Four Horsemen '' . Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (. 881 ) in NCAA Division I / FBS football history . Rockne 's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7 -- 2 -- 2 scheme . </P> <P> Rockne took over in the war - torn season of 1918 and posted a 3 -- 1 -- 2 record ; he lost only to the Michigan Agricultural Aggies . He made his coaching debut on September 28 , 1918 , against Case Tech in Cleveland , Ohio and earned a 26 -- 6 victory . Leonard Bahan , George Gipp , and Curly Lambeau were in the backfield . With Gipp , Rockne had an ideal handler of the forward pass . The 1919 team had Rockne handle the line and Gus Dorais handle the backfield . The team went undefeated and won the national championship . </P> George Gipp , `` The Gipper '' <P> Gipp died at age 25 on December 14 , 1920 , just two weeks after Walter Camp elected him as Notre Dame 's first All - American . Gipp likely contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game on November 20 against Northwestern . Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s , treatment options for such infections were limited and they could be fatal even to young , healthy individuals . Rockne was speaking to Gipper on his hospital bed when he was purported to have delivered the famous , `` Win one for the Gipper '' line . </P> Roger Kiley <P> John Mohardt led the 1921 Notre Dame team to a 10 -- 1 record with 781 rushing yards , 995 passing yards , 12 rushing touchdowns , and nine passing touchdowns . Grantland Rice wrote that `` Mohardt could throw the ball to within a foot or two of any given space '' and noted that the 1921 Notre Dame team `` was the first team we know of to build its attack around a forward passing game , rather than use a forward passing game as a mere aid to the running game . '' Mohardt had both Eddie Anderson and Roger Kiley at end to receive his passes . </P> <P> The national champion 1924 team included the `` Four Horsemen '' backfield of Harry Stuhldreher , Don Miller , Jim Crowley , and Elmer Layden . The line was known as the `` Seven Mules '' . The Irish capped an undefeated , 10 -- 0 season with a victory over Stanford in the Rose Bowl . </P> <P> The 1926 team beat Army and was led by Christie Flanagan . For all his success , Rockne also made what an Associated Press writer called `` one of the greatest coaching blunders in history . '' Instead of coaching his team against Carnegie Tech , Rockne traveled to Chicago for the Army -- Navy Game to `` write newspaper articles about it , as well as select an All - America football team . '' Carnegie Tech used the coach 's absence as motivation for a 19 -- 0 win ; the upset likely cost the Irish a chance for a national title . </P> <P> The 1928 team lost to national champion Georgia Tech . `` I sat at Grant Field and saw a magnificent Notre Dame team suddenly recoil before the furious pounding of one man -- Peter Pund , '' said Rockne . `` Nobody could stop him . I counted 20 scoring plays that this man ruined . '' Among the events that occurred during Rockne 's tenure none may be more famous than the Rockne 's Win one for the Gipper speech . Army came into the 1928 matchup undefeated and was the clear favorite . Notre Dame , on the other hand , was having their worst season under Rockne 's leadership and entered the game with a 4 -- 2 record . At the end of the half Army was leading and looked to be in command of the game . Rockne entered the locker room and gave his account of Gipp 's final words : `` I 've got to go , Rock . It 's all right . I 'm not afraid . Some time , Rock , when the team is up against it , when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys , tell them to go in there with all they 've got and win just one for the Gipper . I do n't know where I 'll be then , Rock . But I 'll know about it , and I 'll be happy . '' The speech inspired the team and they went on to upset Army and win the game 12 -- 6 . </P> <P> The 1929 and 1930 teams both went undefeated , winning national championships , and the 1930 team was led by the likes of Frank Carideo , Joe Savoldi , Marchy Schwartz and Marty Brill . It featured the first and only example of all four members of a backfield being named to an All - American team during the same season . The 1929 team played all of its games on the road while the new Notre Dame Stadium was being built . In 1930 , `` Jumping Joe '' Savoldi scored the first Notre Dame touchdown in the new stadium on a 98 - yard kickoff return . Savoldi is also known as `` the first hero in the lore of Notre Dame 's Stadium '' based on scoring three touchdowns in the official stadium dedication game against Navy the following week . Rockne coached his last game on December 14 , 1930 , when he led a group of Notre Dame all - stars against the New York Giants in New York City . The game raised funds for the Mayor 's Relief Committee for the unemployed and needy of the city . 50,000 fans turned out to see the reunited `` Four Horsemen '' along with players from Rockne 's other championship teams take the field against the pros . </P> <P> On March 31 , 1931 , Rockne died at age 43 in the crash of a Transcontinental & Western Air airliner in Kansas ; he was on his way to help in the production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame . The crash site is located in a remote expanse of Kansas known as the Flint Hills and now features a Rockne Memorial . As Notre Dame 's head coach from 1918 to 1930 , Rockne posted what has remained for decades the all - time highest winning percentage (. 881 ) for a football coach in the NCAA 's flagship FBS division . During his 13 - year tenure as head coach of the Fighting Irish , Rockne collected 105 victories , 12 losses , 5 ties and 3 national championships . Rockne also coached Notre Dame to 5 undefeated and untied seasons . </P> <H3> Heartley Anderson era ( 1931 -- 1933 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Anderson <P> Through game broadcasts during the Golden Age of Radio , Notre Dame football gained a nationwide following of `` subway alumni '' , Catholics who became fans whether or not they attended the university . Former Saint Louis head coach Heartley `` Hunk '' Anderson was promoted from assistant coach and took the helm of the Irish after Knute Rockne 's death , leading them to a record of 16 wins , nine losses , and two ties . Anderson was a former Irish player under Rockne and was serving as an assistant coach at the time of Rockne 's death . Anderson resigned as Irish head coach after the 1933 season to accept the position of head football coach at NC State . </P> <P> Notre Dame finished 6 -- 2 -- 1 in 1931 . The Irish began the season with a 25 -- 0 win over Indiana , Notre Dame tied Northwestern in the season 's second game . Anderson 's squad then demolished Drake by a score of 63 -- 0 . After defeating Pittsburgh by a score of 25 -- 12 , the Fighting Irish shut out their next three opponents ; Carnegie Mellon , Pennsylvania and Navy . The Irish lost a heartbreaker by a score of 16 -- 14 to USC on November 21 that snapped the Irish 's 26 - game non-losing streak . Army shut out the Irish by a score of 12 -- 0 on November 28 to finish the Irish 's season . The Irish went 7 -- 2 in 1932 . Anderson 's team began with three blowout victories ; 73 -- 0 over Haskell , 62 -- 0 over Drake and 42 -- 0 over Carnegie Mellon . The Irish then faced Pittsburgh in front of a then - record crowd of 62,000 , losing by a score of 12 -- 0 . Notre Dame bounced back to win its next four ; 24 -- 6 over Kansas , 21 -- 0 over Northwestern , 12 -- 0 over Navy and 21 -- 0 over Army in front of a new record crowd on 80,000 . Anderson 's Irish closed the season on a sour note , losing to USC by a score of 13 -- 0 . 1933 was a tough year for the Irish as they finished with a 3 -- 5 -- 2 record . Notre Dame began the season in a scoreless tie with Kansas . After defeating Indiana by a score of 12 -- 2 , ND suffered a four - game losing streak , failing to score a point in all four losses to Carnegie Tartan , Pittsburgh , Navy. and Purdue . Notre Dame ended the losing streak by defeating Northwestern by a score of 7 -- 0 . The Fighting Irish closed the season with a 19 -- 0 loss to USC and a 13 -- 12 win over Army . </P> <H3> Elmer Layden era ( 1934 -- 1940 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Anderson was replaced by Elmer Layden , who was one of Rockne 's `` Four Horsemen '' in the 1920s . After graduating , Layden played professional football for one year and then began a coaching career . The Irish posted a record of 47 wins , 13 losses , and three ties in seven years under Layden , the most successful record of a Notre Dame coach not to win a national championship . He left Notre Dame after the 1940 season to become Commissioner of the National Football League . </P> <P> Layden 's 1935 squad posted one of the greatest wins in school history by rallying to defeat Ohio State by a score of 18 -- 13 . His 1938 team finished 8 -- 1 , losing only to USC in the season finale . This loss cost them a possible consensus national championship , but the team was named national champion by the Dickinson System . Like Rockne before him , Layden was a goodwill ambassador for Notre Dame during his time as head coach . He was able to schedule a home - and - home series with Michigan after meeting with Fielding H. Yost , healing a rift between the two schools . The two teams had not met since 1909 , when , after eight straight losses to the Wolverines , the Irish posted their first win . They were scheduled to meet again in 1910 , but Michigan canceled the game and refused to play the Irish again . By the time they met again in 1943 , Layden had left Notre Dame and Frank Leahy had taken his place . Unlike the easygoing Layden , Leahy was intense , and after the Irish had thrashed Michigan by a score of 35 -- 12 in 1943 , Wolverine coach and athletic director Fritz Crisler never scheduled the Irish again . </P> <H3> Frank Leahy era ( 1941 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Leahy <P> Boston College head coach Frank Leahy was hired by Notre Dame to take over for Layden in 1941 , and was another former Irish player who played during the Rockne era . After graduating from Notre Dame , Leahy held several coaching positions , including line coach of the `` Seven Blocks of Granite '' of Fordham University that helped that team win all but two of their games between 1935 and 1937 . He then coached the Boston College Eagles to a win in the 1941 Sugar Bowl and a share of the national championship . His move to Notre Dame began a new period of gridiron success for the Irish , and ensured Leahy 's place among the winningest coaches in the history of college football . </P> <P> Leahy coached the team for 11 seasons , from 1941 to 1943 and 1946 to 1953 . He has the second highest winning percentage (. 864 ) of any college coach in history . He led the Irish to a record of 87 wins , 11 losses , and nine ties including 39 consecutive games without a loss ( 37 -- 0 -- 2 ) , four national championships , and six undefeated seasons . A fifth national championship was lost because of a 1953 tie against Iowa , in a game that featured 1953 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Lattner that caused a minor scandal at the time , when it appeared that some Irish players had faked injuries to stop the clock , leading some to nickname those players the `` Fainting Irish '' . From 1944 to 1945 , Leahy served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and was honorably discharged as a Captain . Edward McKeever , Leahy 's assistant coach , became interim head coach when Leahy left for the Navy . During his one year at the helm ( 1944 ) the Irish managed 8 wins and 2 losses . McKeever left Notre Dame in 1945 to take over as head coach of Cornell . He was replaced by Hugh Devore for the 1945 season who led the Irish to a 7 -- 2 -- 1 record . </P> <P> Leahy retired in 1954 reportedly due to health issues . Perhaps the best example of this occurred during the Georgia Tech game in 1953 . Leahy fell ill during the game , which led to him collapsing during halftime . The situation was so dire that a priest was called in to give Leahy the last rites . However , Leahy recovered , and the consequent diagnosis was that he was suffering from nervous tension and pancreatitis . </P> <H3> Terry Brennan era ( 1954 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The departure of Frank Leahy ushered in a downward slope in Notre Dame 's performance , referred to in various circles as a period of de-emphasis. 25 - year old assistant coach Terry Brennan was hired as Frank Leahy 's successor as the Notre Dame head coach in 1954 and would stay until 1958 . When asked if he thought he was too young to be a head coach at the age of 25 , Brennan replied , `` Oh , I do n't know . I 'll be 26 in a few months . '' He departed with a total of 32 wins and 18 losses . But note : the 32 wins included 17 in 1954 and 1955 . From 1956 to 1958 his record was 15 -- 15 . Brennan was a former player under Leahy and before joining the Irish had coached the Mount Carmel High School team in Chicago and later the freshman squad and assistant at Notre Dame . His first two seasons the Irish were ranked fourth and ninth respectively . It was the 1956 season that began to darken his reputation , for it became one of the most dismal in the team 's history and saw them finish the season with a mere two wins , including losses to Michigan State , Oklahoma , and Iowa . One bright spot in the 1956 season was the awarding of the Heisman Trophy to Paul Hornung , who would go on to a legendary NFL career with the Green Bay Packers . To date , Hornung is the only Heisman winner to win the award while playing for a team that had a losing record . The Irish would recover the following season , posting a record of 7 -- 3 and including in their wins a stunning upset of Oklahoma , in Norman , Oklahoma , that ended the Sooners ' still - standing record of 47 consecutive wins . In Brennan 's final season , though , the Irish finished 6 -- 4 . Brennan was fired in mid-December . Brennan 's tenure can only be properly framed with the understanding that in a time of zero scholarship limitations in college football , Notre Dame 's administration inexplicably began a process of deemphasizing football , severely cutting scholarships and hindering Brennan from building a roster of any meaningful depth . </P> <H3> Joe Kuharich era ( 1959 -- 1963 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Former San Francisco , Chicago Cardinals and Washington Redskins head coach Joe Kuharich took the head coaching position at Notre Dame in 1959 , realizing a longtime ambition to return to his alma mater . He had earlier been courted by Notre Dame after the 1956 season , after the Irish finished 2 -- 8 , but before he had a chance to accept an offer , Terry Brennan was given a reprieve . He brought a professional touch to Irish football , putting shamrocks on the players ' helmets and shoulder stripes on their jerseys . Kuharich compiled a 17 -- 23 record over four non-winning seasons and remains to this day the only coach ever to have an overall losing record at Notre Dame . Included was a school - record eight - game losing streak in 1960 , a year in which the Irish finished 2 -- 8 . It was one of the worst stretches in program history . The consensus opinion was that Kuharich never made the adjustment from pro football to college football , attempting to use complicated pro coaching techniques with collegiate players , and never adapted to the limited substitution rules in effect at the time , having big , immobile linemen playing both ways in an era where smaller , quicker players were preferred . He often said , `` You win some and you lose some '' , and seemed perfectly content finishing 5 -- 5 every year . This did not sit well with the Irish faithful , who expected Notre Dame to beat everybody . When the pressure of winning became too much to bear , Kuharich resigned in the spring of 1963 and assumed the post of supervisor of NFL officials . Because it was so late in the spring , Hugh Devore was named head coach for the 1963 season while the search for a permanent replacement was being conducted . The players that he recruited came to within 93 seconds of an undefeated season and a national championship in 1964 under first - year coach Ara Parseghian . Despite his unsuccessful Notre Dame tenure , Kuharich remains the only Irish coach to post back - to - back shutouts over their greatest rival , the University of Southern California Trojans in 1960 ( 17 -- 0 ) and 1961 ( 30 -- 0 ) . </P> <P> Kuharich was involved in a game whose controversial ending resulted in a rule change still in effect today . In 1961 , Notre Dame faced Syracuse at home and trailed , 15 -- 14 , with three seconds left to play . A desperation 56 - yard field goal attempt fell short as time ran out , and Syracuse appeared to have won the game . But the Orangemen were penalized 15 yards for roughing the placekick holder , and given a second chance with no time showing on the clock , Notre Dame kicker Joe Perkowski drilled a 41 - yard field goal for a 17 -- 15 Irish victory . Syracuse immediately cried foul , claiming that under the existing rules , the second kick should not have been allowed because time had expired . It never was clear whether the officials had erred in allowing the extra play , and the Irish victory was permitted to stand . As a result of this game , the rule was clarified to state that a half can not end on an accepted defensive foul -- consistent with the officials ' ruling in this game . </P> <H3> Ara Parseghian era ( 1964 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) </H3> Ara Parseghian Statue , dedicated September 22 , 2007 <P> In 1964 , Ara Parseghian left his job as the Northwestern head football coach when he was hired to take over the coaching duties at Notre Dame . He immediately brought the team back to a level of success in Irish football history that was comparable only to Rockne and Leahy . These three coaches have an 80 % or greater winning percentage while at Notre Dame -- Rockne at . 881 , Leahy at . 864 , and Parseghian at . 836 . Parseghian 's teams never won fewer than seven nor lost more than three games during the ten game regular seasons of the era . </P> <P> In his first year , the Irish improved their record to 9 -- 1 , but they lost the national championship in the last game of the season at USC when Craig Fertig connected with a touchdown pass to Rod Sherman . Parseghian earned coach of the year honors from the American Football Coaches Association , the Football Writers Association , and The Sporting News , as well as several others , and a cover story in Time magazine . Parseghian was also named coach of the year by several selectors in his national championship years of 1966 and 1973 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1980 . It was under Parseghian as well that Notre Dame lifted its 40 - plus year - old `` no bowl games '' policy , beginning with the season of 1969 , after which the Irish played the No. 1 Texas Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl Classic , losing in the final minutes in a closely contested game . The following year , Parseghian 's 9 -- 1 squad ended Texas ' Southwest Conference record 30 - game winning streak in the 1971 Cotton Bowl . </P> <P> During his eleven - year career , the Irish amassed a record of 95 -- 17 -- 4 and captured two national championships as well as the MacArthur Bowl in 1964 . The Irish also had undefeated seasons in 1966 and 1973 , had three major bowl wins in five appearances , and produced one Heisman Trophy winner ( John Huarte in 1964 ) . In 1971 , Cliff Brown became the first African - American quarterback to start a game for the program . Due to health issues , Parseghian was forced to retire from coaching after the 1974 season . </P> <H3> Dan Devine era ( 1975 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Devine <P> Dan Devine was hired to take over as head coach upon Parseghian 's departure from Notre Dame in 1975 . Devine was already a highly successful coach and had led Arizona State , Missouri , and the NFL 's Green Bay Packers . Devine had been a leading candidate for the head coaching job at Notre Dame in 1964 , when Ara Parseghian was hired . When approached for the job following Parseghian 's resignation , Devine accepted immediately , joking that it was probably the shortest job interview in history . When he arrived at Notre Dame he already had a college coaching record of 120 wins , 40 losses , and eight ties and had led his teams to victory in four bowl games . At Notre Dame he would lead the Irish to 53 wins , 16 losses , and a tie as well as three bowl victories . </P> <P> His lasting achievement came midway through this run , when Notre Dame won the 1977 national championship , led by junior quarterback Joe Montana . The championship season climaxed with a 38 -- 10 win in the 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic over previously top - ranked Texas , led by Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell . The win vaulted the Irish from fifth to first in the polls . Earlier in the season , before the annual game against USC , played at home on October 22 , Devine changed the team 's jerseys from navy blue & white to kelly green & gold , later known as the `` green jersey game '' resulting in a 49 -- 19 victory over the Trojans . The Irish continued to wear green for the rest of Devine 's tenure at the school . </P> <P> Like Joe Kuharich before him , Devine was involved in a game while at Notre Dame whose ending resulted in a rule change still in effect today . On September 15 , 1979 , the Irish faced the Michigan Wolverines in Ann Arbor in their season opener . With six seconds remaining , Michigan lined up for a game - winning field goal attempt . Notre Dame linebacker Bob Crable climbed up onto the back of opposing long snapper Mike Trgovac and was able to block the kick , preserving a 12 -- 10 Irish victory . A new rule was implemented the following season that prohibited this tactic . </P> <P> Because he had the unenviable task of following a legend , Devine came under heavy scrutiny while at Notre Dame and it was felt that he was never fully embraced by the Notre Dame community , despite winning a national championship . After a 5 -- 2 start in his first season , rumors of incompetence were circulated and that Devine would be dismissed and replaced by Don Shula or even Ara Parseghian ( who went so far as to say he would not return to Notre Dame under any circumstances ) . Even on the day of the 1977 USC game , `` Dump Devine '' bumper stickers were being sold outside Notre Dame Stadium . He also had the notoriety of losing to his old program , a shocking 3 -- 0 loss to the Tigers at South Bend in 1978 . </P> <P> On August 15 , 1980 , Devine announced that he would be leaving Notre Dame at the end of season , saying he wanted to be able to spend more time with his wife . He moved back to Arizona and became a fundraiser for Arizona State University 's Sun Devil Foundation . In 1985 , he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame , and then returned to his old school at Missouri seven years later as athletic director to help navigate the school through financial troubles . Devine was inducted into the inaugural class of the University of Minnesota Duluth Athletic Hall of Fame in 1991 . </P> <H3> Gerry Faust era ( 1981 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gerry Faust was hired to replace Devine in 1981 . Prior to Notre Dame , Faust had been one of the more successful high school football coaches in the country . As coach of Moeller High School in Cincinnati he amassed a 174 -- 17 -- 2 record over 19 seasons . Many of his players had gone on to play for Notre Dame ; indeed , when he arrived in South Bend , he was reunited with nine of his former players from Moeller . </P> <P> Despite his success in the high school ranks , Faust 's success at Notre Dame was mixed and his record mediocre at best . In his first season , the Irish finished 5 -- 6 . In Faust 's second season , Notre Dame improved slightly to 6 -- 4 -- 1 . The most successful years under Faust were the 1983 and 1984 campaigns where the Irish finished 7 -- 5 and made trips to the Liberty Bowl and Aloha Bowl respectively . His final record at Notre Dame was 30 -- 26 -- 1 . To avoid being fired , Faust resigned at the end of the 1985 season , following fan cries of `` Oust Faust '' . He accounced his resignation prior to the final game of the year , where Notre Dame suffered a humiliating 58 -- 7 loss at Miami ; Allen Pinkett scored the Irish TD . Faust proceeded to take over as head coach at Akron . </P> <H3> Lou Holtz era ( 1986 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Holtz <P> Lou Holtz had 17 years of head coaching experience by the time he was hired to lead the Irish . He had previously been head coach of William & Mary , North Carolina State , the NFL 's New York Jets , Arkansas , and Minnesota . Holtz began in 1986 where his predecessor left off in 1985 , finishing with an identical record of 5 wins and 6 losses . However , unlike the 1985 squad , which was generally outcoached and outplayed , Holtz 's 1986 edition was competitive in nearly every game , losing five out of those six games by a combined total of 14 points . That would be his only losing season as he posted a record of 95 -- 24 -- 2 over the next ten seasons adding up to a 100 -- 30 -- 2 record overall . </P> <P> In 1987 , Holtz led the Irish to an 8 -- 4 record . Notre Dame 's best player was star wide receiver Tim Brown , who would win the Heisman Trophy that season and is Notre Dame 's seventh and last Heisman winner to date . The season began with the Irish defeating # 9 Michigan in Ann Arbor , Michigan by a score of 26 -- 7 . The next week , the Irish defeated # 17 Michigan State by a score of 31 -- 8 . After defeating Purdue , the Irish lost to Pittsburgh and lost starting quarterback Terry Andrysiak to injury during the game . With sophomore quarterback Tony Rice under center , the Irish reeled off five straight wins , beginning with Air Force , then USC , Navy , Boston College and # 10 Alabama . Notre Dame would then lose their last three to close the season , starting with Penn State , then # 2 Miami and Texas A&M in the Cotton Bowl . </P> <P> In contrast to Faust , Holtz was well known as a master motivator and a strict disciplinarian . The tone was set with Holtz 's first meeting with his team as Irish head coach in 1986 , immediately demanding his players sit up straight in their chairs and look him in the eye as he spoke . He displayed the latter trait in spades when two of his top contributing players showed up late for dinner right before the then top - ranked Irish played second - ranked USC in the final regular season game of 1988 . In a controversial move , coach Lou Holtz took his 10 -- 0 Irish squad to Los Angeles without stars Ricky Watters and Tony Brooks , who he suspended for disciplinary reasons . This was not the first time these players had gotten into trouble and the players had been warned there would be serious consequences if it happened again . His move was vindicated when the Irish defeated USC anyway . Holtz was named national coach of the year ( Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award ) in 1988 , the same season he took Notre Dame to an upset of No. 1 Miami in the Catholics vs. Convicts series and a win over No. 3 West Virginia in the Fiesta Bowl , thus capturing the national championship . The Irish finished a perfect 12 -- 0 in 1988 , its last undefeated season and national championship to date . </P> <P> Occasionally , despite his lack of success with the N.Y. Jets , he was rumored to be leaving Notre Dame for the NFL . Following a 6 -- 10 season in 1990 and an 8 -- 8 showing in 1991 , the Minnesota Vikings were rumored to replace Jerry Burns with Holtz . However , Holtz denied these rumors each of those two seasons . Holtz remained at Notre Dame ; the Vikings , meanwhile , hired Dennis Green to replace the retired Jerry Burns . Ironically , Holtz nearly replaced Green five years later after retiring from Notre Dame . </P> The 1988 national champion Fighting Irish visited President Ronald Reagan in the White House in January 1989 . <P> In 1989 , Holtz led the Irish to a 12 -- 1 record . The Irish began the season in the Kickoff Classic game in East Rutherford , New Jersey against Virginia . The Irish won by a score of 36 -- 13 . Next , top - ranked Notre Dame defeated # 2 Michigan by a score of 24 -- 19 . That was followed by wins over Michigan State , Purdue , Stanford , # 17 Air Force , # 9 USC , # 7 Pittsburgh , Navy , SMU and # 17 Penn State . The Irish would lose to # 7 Miami the following week , ending Notre Dame 's 23 - game winning streak . Holtz would lead the Irish to a victory in the Orange Bowl over # 1 Colorado to end the season . </P> <P> Holtz led the Fighting Irish to a 9 -- 3 record in 1990 . The season began with a # 1 ranking and a victory over # 4 Michigan by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Irish defeated # 24 Michigan State the following week then beat Purdue . The Irish would suffer its first defeat of the season the next week , losing to Stanford by a score of 36 -- 31 . The Irish would rebound to post five consecutive wins , defeating Air Force , # 2 Miami , Pittsburgh , Navy and # 9 Tennessee . After losing 24 -- 21 to # 22 Penn State , the Irish defeated USC by a score of 10 -- 6 in the regular season finale . The Irish would get a rematch with Colorado in the Orange Bowl but would lose by a score of 10 -- 9 . </P> <P> The Fighting Irish would go 10 -- 3 in 1991 . After defeating Indiana to open the season , the Irish lost to # 4 Michigan by a score of 24 -- 14 . The Irish won their next seven , defeating Michigan State , Purdue , Stanford , # 12 Pittsburgh , Air Force , USC and Navy . The Irish would suffer a defeat to # 13 Tennessee at home , blowing a 24 - point lead to lose by a score of 35 -- 34 . Notre Dame would then lose back - to - back games for the first time since 1987 when they lost to unranked Penn State , their first loss to an unranked opponent also since 1987 . The Irish would close out the regular season with a victory over Hawaii by a score of 48 -- 42 . The Irish would receive a berth in the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans , Louisiana , where they defeated Florida by a score of 39 -- 28 . </P> <P> In 1992 , Notre Dame would finish 10 -- 1 -- 1 . After defeating Northwestern to start the season , the Fighting Irish tied # 5 Michigan , their first tie of the Holtz era . After defeating Michigan State and Purdue , the Irish lost to # 19 Stanford by a score of 33 -- 16 . Notre Dame would win out for the rest of the season , defeating Pittsburgh , BYU , Navy , # 9 Boston College , # 21 Penn State , # 23 USC and the Cotton Bowl against # 3 Texas A&M . </P> <P> The Irish would enjoy another successful season in 1993 , finishing the season at 11 -- 1 . After scoring 27 points in wins over Northwestern and # 2 Michigan to start the season , the Irish defeated Michigan State , Purdue , Pittsburgh , BYU , USC , Navy and # 1 Florida State . However , a loss to # 12 Boston College on a game - winning field goal as time expired by a score of 41 -- 39 ended the Irish 's national championship aspirations . The Irish would face a rematch with # 6 Texas A&M in the Cotton Bowl to finish the season , a game the Irish won by a score of 24 -- 21 . </P> <P> In 1994 , Holtz led Notre Dame to a 6 -- 5 -- 1 record , the Irish 's worst record since Holtz 's first season in 1986 . The Irish would begin by defeating Northwestern but would lose to # 5 Michigan by a score of 26 -- 24 . The Irish defeated Michigan State the following week by a score of 21 -- 20 . After wins over Purdue and Stanford , the Irish would lose three of their next four to drop out of the rankings for the first time since 1986 . After beating Navy , the Fighting Irish lost to # 6 Florida State by a score of 23 -- 16 . After beating Air Force , Notre Dame tied USC and lost to # 5 Colorado in the Fiesta Bowl by a score of 41 -- 24 . </P> <P> The Irish would improve to 9 -- 3 in 1995 . Despite getting upset by Northwestern to begin the season , the Irish won their next three , defeating Purdue , Vanderbilt ( a game in which Coach Holtz missed because of a health issue and defensive coordinator Bob Davie filled in as head coach for the game ) , and # 10 Texas . After losing to # 6 Ohio State , the Irish reeled off six straight wins , defeating # 15 Washington , Army , # 5 USC , Boston College , Navy and Air Force . The Irish would finish the 1995 campaign by losing to # 8 Florida State in the Orange Bowl . </P> <P> Lou Holtz 's last season at Notre Dame in 1996 resulted in an 8 -- 3 record . After defeating Vanderbilt , Purdue and # 8 Texas , the Irish lost to # 4 Ohio State . Notre Dame would finish the season with a win over # 16 Washington , a loss to Air Force in overtime , a win over Navy , a win over Boston College , a win over Pittsburgh , a win over Rutgers and an overtime loss to USC , snapping the Irish 's 13 - game non-losing streak against the Trojans . </P> <P> Holtz 's option offense , which helped catapult Notre Dame to many victories in the late 1980s and early 1990s , also helped rack up impressive recruiting classes . During the 1989 season , Holtz had the following future NFL players on offense : QB Rick Mirer , RB Ricky Watters , RB Anthony Johnson , RB Rodney Culver , RB Dorsey Levens , and WR Raghib Ismail . In 1990 , he added RB Jeff Burris ( who would later move to Safety ) , FB Jerome Bettis and TE Irv Smith . 1991 saw the additions of RB Reggie Brooks and FB Ray Zellars. 1992 saw the addition of WR Derrick Mayes . For 1993 , he added FB Marc Edwards . In 1995 , he added RB Autry Denson . From the 1987 -- 1991 NFL Drafts , there were 33 Notre Dame players selected . From the 1992 -- 1995 NFL Drafts , there were 32 Notre Dame players selected . </P> <P> Overall , Holtz took Notre Dame to one undefeated season , nine consecutive New Year 's Day bowl games , and top 10 finishes in the AP poll in five seasons . Holtz retired from Notre Dame following the 1996 season , but would unretire in 1999 to accept the head coaching position at South Carolina where he would serve until the completion of the 2004 season . </P> <H3> Bob Davie era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Davie <P> Bob Davie , who had been Holtz 's defensive coordinator from 1994 to 1996 , was promoted to head coach when Holtz retired . Davie , who turned down a head coaching offer from Purdue to accept the Irish 's head coaching position , was a well - respected defensive mind who had also served as defensive coordinator at Tulane and Texas A&M . Davie had also filled in as head coach for one game during the 1995 season when Lou Holtz was dealing with a health issue . One of his first major decisions was to fire long - time offensive line coach Joe Moore , who then successfully sued the university for age discrimination . On Davie 's watch , the team suffered three bowl game losses ( 1997 Independence Bowl , 1999 Gator Bowl , and 2001 Fiesta Bowl ) , and it failed to qualify for a bowl game in two others ( 1999 and 2001 ) . The highlight of Davie 's tenure was a 36 -- 20 upset win in 1998 over # 5 Michigan , the defending national champions . Davie 's Irish also posted a 25 -- 24 home victory over USC in 1999 . Davie nearly defeated top ranked Nebraska in 2000 , with the Irish comeback bid falling short in overtime 27 -- 24 . The aforementioned 2001 Fiesta Bowl was Notre Dame 's first invitation to the Bowl Championship Series . The Irish lost by 32 points to Oregon State , but would finish No. 15 in the AP Poll , Davie 's highest ranking as head coach . The 2001 squad was awarded the American Football Coaches Association Achievement Award for its 100 % graduation rate . </P> <P> On December 17 , 1999 , Notre Dame was placed on probation by the NCAA for the only time in its history . The association 's Committee on Infractions found two series of violations . The New York Times reported `` the main one involved the actions of a booster , Kimberly Dunbar , who lavished gifts on football players with money she later pleaded guilty to embezzling . '' In the second series of events , a football player was accused of trying to sell several complimentary game tickets and of using others as repayment of a loan . The player was also said `` to have been romantically involved with a woman ( not Dunbar ) , a part - time tutor at the university , who wrote a term paper for another player for a small fee and provided players with meals , lodging and gifts . '' The Dunbar violation began while Lou Holtz was head coach : `` According to the NCAA committee report , Dunbar , the woman at the center of the more serious violations , had become romantically involved with several Notre Dame football players from June 1995 to January 1998 and had a child with one , Jarvis Edison . '' Notre Dame was placed on probation for two years and lost one of its 85 football scholarships each year in what the Times termed `` minor '' penalties . </P> <P> Following the 1998 season , the team fell into a pattern of frustrating inconsistency and alternated between successful and mediocre seasons . Despite Davie 's rocky tenure , new athletic director Kevin White gave the coach a contract extension following the Fiesta Bowl - capped 2000 season , then saw the team start 0 -- 3 in 2001 -- the first such start in school history . Disappointed by the on - field results , coupled with the Joe Moore and Kim Dunbar scandals , the administration decided to dismiss Davie after the 2001 season . His final record at Notre Dame was 35 -- 25 . After departing Notre Dame , Davie accepted an offer from ESPN to serve as a play - by - play broadcast college football analyst , a position he would hold for ten years before New Mexico hired him to be their head football coach in December 2011 . </P> George O'Leary controversy ( edit ) <P> On December 9 , 2001 , Notre Dame hired George O'Leary , the head coach at Georgia Tech , to replace Davie . However , while researching a `` local boy done good '' story on O'Leary , ( Manchester ) Union Leader reporter Jim Fennell uncovered misrepresentations in O'Leary's resume that had influenced the administration 's decision to hire him . The resulting media scandal embarrassed Notre Dame officials , and tainted O'Leary ; he resigned five days later , before coaching a single practice , recruiting a single player , or hiring a single assistant coach . O'Leary's tenure is the shortest of any head coach in FBS history . O'Leary would go on to become the head football coach at the University of Central Florida . </P> <H3> Tyrone Willingham era ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Once again in need of a new head coach , the school turned to Tyrone Willingham , the head coach at Stanford . Willingham 's hiring made him the first African American head coach in Notre Dame football history . Bringing a feeling of change and excitement to campus , Willingham led the 2002 squad to a 10 -- 2 regular season record , including an 8 -- 0 start with wins over # 7 Michigan and # 11 Florida State , and a No. 4 ranking . This great early start , however , would be the lone highlight of Willingham 's tenure , as Notre Dame finished the year with a heart - breaking loss to Boston College , then lopsided losses to USC and North Carolina State in the Gator Bowl . The program faltered over the next two seasons under Willingham , compiling an 11 -- 12 record . During this time , Notre Dame lost a game by at least 30 points on five occasions . Furthermore , Willingham 's 2004 recruiting class was judged by analysts to be the worst at Notre Dame in more than two decades . Citing Notre Dame 's third consecutive four - touchdown loss to arch - rival USC compounded by another year of sub-par recruiting efforts , the Willingham era ended on November 30 , 2004 ( after the conclusion of the 2004 season ) when the university chose to terminate him and pay out the remainder of Willingham 's six - year contract . Willingham would n't be unemployed for long , however , as he would accept the head coaching position at Washington two weeks after he was fired by the Irish . </P> <H3> Charlie Weis era ( 2005 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Weis <P> After Willingham 's firing , Notre Dame initially pursued Utah head coach Urban Meyer , who had been an Irish assistant from 1996 -- 2000 . After Meyer accepted the Florida head coaching position and turned down the Irish , Charlie Weis left the NFL 's New England Patriots , where he won three Super Bowls as offensive coordinator , to become head football coach for the Irish beginning with the 2005 season . Weis ' hiring as the Irish 's 30th head football coach made him the first Notre Dame graduate to hold the football head coaching position on a full - fledged basis since Joe Kuharich ( a 1938 Notre Dame graduate ) . </P> <P> In his inaugural season he led Notre Dame to a record of 9 -- 3 , including an appearance in the Fiesta Bowl , where they were defeated by the Ohio State Buckeyes 34 -- 20 . In the first half of the first game ( against Pittsburgh ) , Notre Dame had gained more offensive yards than it had in five games combined , during the previous season . On September 25 , Weis and the Irish traveled to Seattle , Washington to face Washington and former head coach Tyrone Willingham , who was hired by the Huskies to be their head coach two weeks after getting fired at Notre Dame . The Irish won by a score of 36 -- 17 . Quarterback Brady Quinn would go on to break numerous team passing records that season and rise to the national spotlight , by holding 35 Notre Dame records as well as becoming a top Heisman Trophy contender . Wide receiver Jeff Samardzija would be the team 's leading receiver and would go on to a successful career in Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the San Francisco Giants . Tight end Anthony Fasano would be another key offensive player during the 2005 season who would go on to an NFL career with the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , Kansas City Chiefs and Tennessee Titans . During the 2005 season , Notre Dame signed Weis to a big raise and ten - year contract extension that was set to keep the coach in South Bend through the 2015 season . </P> <P> Weis and the Irish went into the 2006 season with a No. 2 preseason ranking in the ESPN / Coaches Poll . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 2 record , losing only to Michigan and USC . Notre Dame accepted a bid to the 2007 Sugar Bowl , losing to LSU 41 -- 14 . This marked their ninth consecutive post-season loss , the longest drought in NCAA history . As a result , Notre Dame dropped to No. 17 in the final rankings . </P> <P> In the wake of a graduating class that sent eleven players to the NFL , the 2007 season ( 3 -- 9 ) included various negative milestones : the most losses in a single year ( 9 ) ; two of the ten worst losses ever ( 38 -- 0 losses to both Michigan and USC ) ; and the first 6 - game losing streak for home games . The Naval Academy recorded their first win over the Irish since 1963 , breaking the NCAA - record 43 - game streak . </P> <P> In 2008 , the Irish started 4 -- 1 , but completed the regular season with a 6 -- 6 record , including a 24 -- 23 home loss to Syracuse , the first time that Notre Dame had fallen to an eight - loss team . Quarterback Jimmy Clausen would be the team 's star player , completing over 60 % of his passes his sophomore season in 2008 . Despite speculation the university might fire Weis , it was announced he would remain head coach . Weis 's Notre Dame squad ended the season breaking the Irish 's NCAA record nine - game bowl losing streak by beating Hawaii , 49 -- 21 , in the Hawaii Bowl . After the 2008 season , offensive coordinator Mike Haywood left to accept the head coaching position at Miami ( OH ) . Instead of hiring a replacement , Weis elected to assume offensive coordinator duties himself , which included calling the plays . </P> <P> Charlie Weis entered the 2009 season with the expectation from the Notre Dame administration that his team would be in position to compete for a BCS Bowl berth . Notre Dame started the first part of the season 4 -- 2 , with close losses to Michigan and USC . Many of their wins were also close , aside from a 35 -- 0 victory over Nevada and a 40 -- 14 defeat of Washington State . Sitting at 6 -- 2 , however , Notre Dame lost a close game at Notre Dame Stadium to Navy , 23 -- 21 . This loss was the second to Navy in the last three years , and would be the first loss in a four - game losing streak to finish the season . The following week , Notre Dame lost to # 8 Pittsburgh , then lost to UConn at home in double overtime on senior day . The Irish lost to Stanford the last week of the season by a score of 45 -- 38 . Quarterback Jimmy Clausen and wide receiver Golden Tate would forgo their senior seasons and enter the NFL Draft . </P> <P> Weis was fired on November 30 , 2009 , exactly five years after his predecessor . According to Weis ' buyout , he was to be paid $6 million then $2.05 million annually until the contract ran out in December 2015 for a total of about $19 million . During that time , Weis made more money annually not to coach the Irish than his successor , Brian Kelly , made to coach the team . After leaving Notre Dame , Weis would serve as offensive coordinator for the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs in 2010 as well as Florida under Will Muschamp in 2011 before accepting the head coaching position at Kansas in December 2011 . His hiring made him the fifth consecutive former Notre Dame head coach ( sixth counting George O'Leary ) to be hired as head coach by another FBS school ; joining Gerry Faust ( Akron ) , Lou Holtz ( South Carolina ) , Bob Davie ( New Mexico ) and Tyrone Willingham ( Washington ) . O'Leary was hired by Central Florida . </P> <H3> Brian Kelly era ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Kelly <P> Brian Kelly became the 31st head coach of the Fighting Irish on December 10 , 2009 , after coaching Cincinnati to a 12 -- 0 record and BCS bowl - game berth , but he left the team before the bowl game . In his first season , Kelly led the Fighting Irish to an 8 -- 5 record . Tragedy struck early in the season when Declan Sullivan , a junior working for the athletic department , died while filming a practice on a scissor lift in dangerously high winds . Dayne Crist started the season at quarterback but was injured for a second consecutive year , this time in the Tulsa game , which the Irish lost . Kelly turned to freshman quarterback Tommy Rees , who led the Irish to victories in the last three games against No. 14 Utah , Army in Yankee Stadium , and breaking an eight - year losing streak to USC in the LA Coliseum . Kelly guided the Irish to a 33 -- 17 win over Miami ( FL ) in the 2010 Sun Bowl to finish 2010 with an 8 -- 5 record . With senior wide out Michael Floyd returning for his senior season and an outstanding recruiting class that included several highly touted defensive linemen , </P> <P> Kelly and the Irish looked to improve on their 8 -- 5 record from the prior year . However , an early season upset to a Skip Holtz - led South Florida team , and a last second loss to Michigan in Ann Arbor left the Irish at 0 -- 2 to start the season . The Irish bounced back to beat # 15 Michigan State and had two 4 - game winning - streaks , with the only loss during that stretch coming at the hands of USC . The Irish also broke Navy 's 2 - game winning streak over Notre Dame ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Notre Dame finished the season with an 8 -- 4 record but lost 18 -- 14 to Florida State in the 2011 Champs Sports Bowl , concluding the 2011 campaign with and 8 -- 5 record overall , identical to the 2010 season . In the team 's losses , multiple turnovers from the quarterback position were often the culprit , and as a whole turnovers at critical times in the game often derailed potential Irish comebacks . After the 2011 season , offensive coordinator Charley Molnar left ND to accept the head coaching position at UMass . Safeties coach and recruiting coordinator Chuck Martin would move over to the offensive side of the ball as Molnar 's replacement running the offense . </P> <P> On September 12 , 2012 , during the football program 's 125th season , Notre Dame announced that it would leave the Big East Conference for the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , excluding the football and hockey programs . This move became official on July 1 , 2013 , in time for the fall sports to compete within the ACC conference . While the Fighting Irish football team will remain an FBS independent , it has agreed to play five games per season against ACC teams starting with the 2014 football season , as the schedule allows . In return , Notre Dame will become eligible to participate in the ACC 's sub-BCS level bowl arrangements . </P> <P> On November 18 , 2012 , Notre Dame was ranked No. 1 in the nation in both the AP and Coaches ' polls after reaching 11 -- 0 during the regular season for the first time since 1993 , also ranking No. 1 in the BCS standings for the first time in the 14 - year history of the selection system . After defeating the University of Southern California Trojans on November 24 , 2012 , Notre Dame concluded its first 12 -- 0 regular season , and on December 2 , 2012 , the Irish were formally named to appear in the BCS National Championship Game for the first time in the 2013 BCS National Championship Game . In that game , on January 7 , 2013 , the Irish lost to Alabama 42 -- 14 . </P> <P> Coming off the previous year 's national title game appearance , the Fighting Irish were dealt a blow when 2012 starting quarterback , Everett Golson , was suspended from the University due to an academic violation . Senior Tommy Rees then took over . Notre Dame 's 2013 season ended with a record of 9 -- 4 and a victory over Rutgers in the Pinstripe Bowl . Notre Dame finished No. 20 in the AP poll . After the 2013 season , offensive coordinator Chuck Martin left ND to accept the head coaching position at Miami ( OH ) , marking the second assistant coach to leave Kelly 's staff to accept an FBS head coaching job . Mike Denbrock was promoted from wide receivers coach to offensive coordinator to replace Martin . </P> <P> The 2014 season started off with 6 straight victories and a # 5 national ranking heading into a showdown with # 2 Florida State in Tallahassee , Florida . FSU won that game 31 -- 27 , on a controversial offensive pass interference call that brought back a last second Notre Dame touchdown . The Fighting Irish bounced back with a win against Navy before dropping their final 4 games of the season . They did win the Music City Bowl by defeating the LSU Tigers and finished the season at an 8 -- 5 record . After the 2014 season , the Irish again changed offensive coordinators , as Mike Denbrock stepped down from the position due to prostate cancer and returned to coaching the team 's receivers . </P> <P> The 2015 Fighting Irish began its season with another new offensive coordinator , Mike Sanford Jr . That year 's squad is arguably the most explosive offense that Brian Kelly has coached at Notre Dame . During the regular season , the Irish were one of twenty - one schools in the country to average 200 or more passing yards and rushing yards per game . The Irish had fourteen plays of over 50 yards during the season , which ranked 13th in the country and was a school record . They also had two touchdowns of over 90 yards , ( a 91 - yard touchdown run by C.J. Prosise and a 98 - yard touchdown run by Josh Adams ) . The Irish only had two in the previous 126 years of Notre Dame football . The running game was dominant . The 5.76 yards per carry were fifth in the country . They finished the regular season averaging 34 points per game , including a 62 - point effort against UMass , the most points in a game since 1996 . The Irish finished their 2015 season with a 10 -- 3 record , a ranking of # 11 in the AP and # 12 in the Coaches ' Poll and a Fiesta Bowl appearance , a loss to Ohio State . </P> <P> The 2016 season ended with a 4 -- 8 record , Brian Kelly 's worst win / loss record at Notre Dame up to that point . The tone for the season was set early , with a heartbreaking double overtime loss to Texas in the season opener . On September 24 , Notre Dame lost to Duke by a score of 38 -- 35 . Just 4 games into the season , Brian Kelly fired defensive coordinator Brian VanGorder . Mike Elko was hired from Wake Forest as VanGorder 's replacement . After a sloppy 10 -- 3 loss to NC State in Raleigh , North Carolina during messy conditions due to Hurricane Matthew , Kelly publicly called out his starting center over `` poor snapping and atrocious play '' . At the end of the season , starting quarterback DeShone Kizer declared for the NFL Draft and backup quarterback Malik Zaire announced he would be transferring in the winter after graduation . Offensive coordinator Mike Sanford Jr. left the ND staff after the season to accept the head coaching position at Western Kentucky , making him the third Irish OC under Kelly to accept an FBS head coaching position . Chip Long was hired from Memphis as his replacement . Mike Denbrock also departed the Notre Dame staff , accepting the offensive coordinator position at Cincinnati under new head coach Luke Fickell . Amidst speculation that Kelly 's job was in jeopardy and that Kelly was looking to leave Notre Dame , athletics director Jack Swarbrick announced that Kelly would return for the 2017 season . </P> <P> The 2017 season ended with a 10 - 3 record , and a win in the Citrus Bowl over LSU . On the surface , this was one of Kelly 's strongest seasons at ND . An early one - point loss to # 2 Georgia set the tone for the first half of the season . The tough running of running back Josh Adams behind an experienced and talented offensive line allowed Notre Dame to string together 6 consecutive 20 + point victories against solid competition like # 11 USC and # 14 NC State . But it all came crashing down when # 3 Notre Dame visited # 7 Miami in South Florida on Nov 7 , 2017 . An embarrassing 41 - 8 loss effectively ended the Irish hopes of a playoff run . They went on to struggle in final games to Navy ( W 24 - 17 ) and Stanford ( L 20 - 38 ) . The strong start and disappointing finish made for mixed feeling among Irish fans after a horrific 2016 season . </P> <H2> Championships and distinctions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> National championships ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Notre Dame has won eight wire service ( AP or Coaches ' ) national championships , second most ever in the post-1936 poll era . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Notre Dame claims national championships in an additional three seasons before the major poll era , for a total of 11 . Notre Dame , however , is often credited with 13 consensus national championships in total . The 1938 and 1953 seasons are part of the reason for the discrepancy . In the 1938 season , 8 -- 1 Notre Dame was awarded the national championship by the Dickinson System , while Texas Christian ( which finished 11 -- 0 ) was awarded the championship by the Associated Press . In the 1953 season , an undefeated Notre Dame team ( 9 -- 0 -- 1 ) was named national champion by every major selector except the AP and UPI ( Coaches ' ) polls , where the Irish finished second in both to 10 -- 1 Maryland . As Notre Dame has a policy of only recognizing AP and Coaches ' Poll national championships post-1936 , the school does not officially recognize the 1938 and 1953 national championships . </Li> <Li> The NCAA does not list 1938 and 1953 but does recognize 1919 and 1964 , making Notre Dame a national champion selection in thirteen seasons : 1919 , 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1964 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 . </Li> <Li> Notre Dame has been voted national champion by at least one selector in an additional nine seasons : 1920 , 1927 , 1938 , 1953 , 1967 , 1970 , 1989 , 1993 , and 2012 </Li> <Li> In short , Notre Dame has 3 National Champions selected by the Coaches ' Poll ( 1950 - ) and 8 selected by the AP Poll ( 1936 - ) . The program claims 11 championships , the NCAA recognizes them with 13 , and they 've been selected National Champions 21 times by all NCAA recognized `` major selectors . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> The following is a list of Notre Dame 's 11 claimed national championships : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Coach </Th> <Th> Selector </Th> <Th> Record </Th> <Th> Bowl </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> Knute Rockne </Td> <Td> Helms , CFRA , NCF </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Won Rose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> Knute Rockne </Td> <Td> Helms , CFRA , NCF </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Knute Rockne </Td> <Td> Helms , CFRA , NCF </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Frank Leahy </Td> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> 9 -- 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Frank Leahy </Td> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Frank Leahy </Td> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Frank Leahy </Td> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Ara Parseghian </Td> <Td> AP , Coaches ' </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Ara Parseghian </Td> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> 11 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Won Sugar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Dan Devine </Td> <Td> AP , Coaches ' </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Won Cotton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Lou Holtz </Td> <Td> AP , Coaches ' </Td> <Td> 12 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Won Fiesta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> National Championships </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Appearances in the final Associated Press poll ( edit ) </H3> <P> Notre Dame has made 715 appearances in the Associated Press poll over 71 seasons . Notre Dame has spent 496 weeks in the Top 10 , 277 weeks in the Top 5 , and 95 weeks at No. 1 . Notre Dame has finished the year ranked in the final Associated Press poll of the season 49 times : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 -- 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 0 - 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Team Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grantland Rice Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1964 </Dd> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1973 </Dd> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1977 </Dd> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1988 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The Joe Moore Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 2017 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Distinctions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> As of 2017 , Notre Dame has the second highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I-A ( FBS ) history (. 729 ) ( minimum 100 + years playing football ) . </Li> <Li> As of 2014 , Notre Dame has produced the most players drafted into the National Football League of any program in the country . As of the 2015 NFL draft , 487 players have been drafted . </Li> <Li> As of 2017 , Notre Dame is second in wins among Division I-A / FBS programs ( 906 ) , trailing Michigan ( 943 ) . </Li> <Li> As of 2014 , Notre Dame has the fewest losses of any NCAA Division I program ( 304 ) that has been playing football for 100 + years . </Li> <Li> As of 2014 , Notre Dame has 106 winning seasons in 126 years of football , and only 13 losing seasons . </Li> <Li> The football program has the most individual Heisman Trophy winners at seven ( Ohio State has seven Heisman Trophies that were won by six players ) . </Li> <Li> As of 2014 , Notre Dame has produced more 1st Team All - Americans ( 188 ) , consensus All - Americans ( 81 players on 99 selections ) and unanimous All - Americans ( 33 ) in football than any other college program . </Li> <Li> Notre Dame is represented by 48 players and coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame , the most of any university . </Li> <Li> 12 former players are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame , tied with USC . </Li> <Li> Helped by its status as a highly regarded academic institution ( ranked 19th by U.S. News & World Report ) , Notre Dame is second only to Nebraska in Academic All - Americans ( 43 ) . </Li> <Li> Since 1962 , Notre Dame has graduated 98.74 % of its football players in four years . As of 2006 , only 13 football players in this time have left Notre Dame without finishing their degree requirements . Also of note is the 90 % graduation rate of ND 's African American players ( only Navy and Boston College have higher African American graduation rates ) . </Li> <Li> Notre Dame holds the NCAA record for Most consecutive wins over one opponent , beating the US Naval Academy ( USNA ) 43 times in a row before falling to them in 2007 . </Li> <Li> The football program is also known for ending the Oklahoma Sooners ' NCAA record winning streak of 47 games in 1957 . Coincidentally , Oklahoma 's 28 -- 21 loss to Notre Dame to open the 1953 season was the last loss before the beginning of the streak . </Li> <Li> Notre Dame has had 13 undefeated seasons and 11 others with at most one loss or tie . </Li> <Li> Notre Dame is 3 -- 3 -- 1 in games where the national title winners from the previous two years have met in a regular season game . There have only been 13 of these games played in college football history . Notre Dame has played in 7 of the 13 games : <Ul> <Li> 1945 -- Army def . Notre Dame 48 -- 0 </Li> <Li> 1947 -- Notre Dame def . Army 27 -- 7 </Li> <Li> 1968 -- Notre Dame tie USC 21 -- 21 </Li> <Li> 1974 -- USC def . Notre Dame 55 -- 24 </Li> <Li> 1978 -- Notre Dame def . Pitt 26 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 1989 -- Miami def . Notre Dame 27 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- Notre Dame def . Miami 29 -- 20 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Notre Dame is one of only three out of the current 124 Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) teams to have never played a Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I - AA ) team since the divisions were created in 1978 . The other two are UCLA and USC . </Li> <Li> Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision , the other being Boston College . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Number one vs. number two ( edit ) </H3> <P> Notre Dame has participated in ten `` # 1 vs # 2 '' matchups since the AP poll began in 1936 . They have a record of 5 -- 3 -- 2 in such games , with a 4 -- 1 -- 1 record as the No. 1 team in such matchups . Here 's a list of such games : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> # 1 Team </Th> <Th> # 2 Team </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 9 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> W 35 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 20 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Iowa Pre-Flight </Td> <Td> W 14 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 10 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Army </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> L 48 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 9 , 1946 </Td> <Td> Army </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> T 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 19 , 1966 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Michigan State </Td> <Td> T 10 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 28 , 1968 </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> L 37 -- 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 26 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Southern California </Td> <Td> W 27 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 16 , 1989 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> W 24 -- 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 13 , 1993 </Td> <Td> Florida State </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> W 31 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> L 42 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Historic games ( edit ) </H3> <P> Notre Dame has played in many regular season games that have been widely regarded by both the media and sports historians as historic or famous games . Notre Dame has played in many games labeled as `` game of the century '' games as well as several No. 1 vs No. 2 matchups , It has also participated in several games that ended record streaks in college football . The games listed are widely regarded as of historical importance to the game of college football and are written about by sports historians and make many sportswriters ' lists . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1913 Notre Dame vs. Army ( `` The Forward Pass '' ) </Li> <Li> 1935 Notre Dame vs. Ohio State ( `` Game of the Century '' ) </Li> <Li> 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame ( `` Game of the Century '' ) </Li> <Li> 1957 Notre Dame vs. Oklahoma ( End of Oklahoma 's NCAA record 47 game win streak ) </Li> <Li> 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan St. ( `` Game of the Century '' ) </Li> <Li> 1988 Miami vs. Notre Dame ( Catholics vs. Convicts ) </Li> <Li> 1993 Florida St. vs. Notre Dame ( `` Game of the Century '' ) </Li> <Li> 2005 USC vs. Notre Dame ( `` Bush Push '' game ) </Li> <Li> 2007 Navy vs. Notre Dame ( Navy ends 43 - year losing streak to Notre Dame , the longest in NCAA history between annual opponents ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Notre Dame has also played in several bowl games considered by many sportswriters to be among the best bowl games played : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Texas </Li> <Li> 1973 Sugar Bowl vs. Alabama </Li> <Li> 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Houston ( Chicken soup game ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> All - time records ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football series records <H3> Season records ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons <P> Notre Dame 's all - time record at the end of the 2017 season stands at 885 wins , 324 losses , and 42 ties . The winning percentage of . 724 is Fourth All - Time . Its 885 wins are sixth behind Michigan , Ohio State , Texas , Nebraska , and Alabama , while its 324 losses are tied with Ohio State as the second lowest of any college programs that have been playing football for 100 years or more , behind Oklahoma 's 323 . </P> <H3> In - State NCAA Division I record ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Record </Th> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Th> Streak </Th> <Th> First Meeting </Th> <Th> Last Meeting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ball State </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 23 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> . 810 </Td> <Td> Won 6 </Td> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana State </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> 58 -- 25 -- 2 </Td> <Td> . 694 </Td> <Td> Won 7 </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valparaiso </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> Won 1 </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Overall Record </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> 82 -- 30 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Coaching records ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Coach </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Pct . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1887 -- 89 , 1892 -- 93 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 625 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1894 </Td> <Td> J.L. Morison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1895 </Td> <Td> H.G. Hadden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 -- 98 </Td> <Td> Frank E. Hering </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 658 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> James McWeeney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 650 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 -- 01 </Td> <Td> Pat O'Dea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 -- 03 </Td> <Td> James F. Faragher </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 843 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> Red Salmon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 625 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> Henry J. McGlew </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 556 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1906 -- 07 </Td> <Td> Thomas A. Barry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 893 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> Victor M. Place </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Shorty Longman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 857 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Jack Marks </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Jesse Harper </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 863 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Knute Rockne </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 881 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 -- 33 </Td> <Td> Hunk Anderson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 630 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 -- 40 </Td> <Td> Elmer Layden </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 770 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 -- 43 , 1946 -- 53 </Td> <Td> Frank Leahy </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> . 855 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> Ed McKeever </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 , 1963 </Td> <Td> Hugh Devore </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 -- 58 </Td> <Td> Terry Brennan </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 640 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 -- 62 </Td> <Td> Joe Kuharich </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 425 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Ara Parseghian </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 80 </Td> <Td> Dan Devine </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 764 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 85 </Td> <Td> Gerry Faust </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 535 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 96 </Td> <Td> Lou Holtz </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 765 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 01 </Td> <Td> Bob Davie </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 * </Td> <Td> George O'Leary </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Tyrone Willingham </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 † </Td> <Td> Kent Baer </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Charlie Weis </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 565 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- present </Td> <Td> Brian Kelly </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 585 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Totals </Th> <Th> Coaches </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Pct . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1887 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> 906 </Td> <Td> 324 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> . 729 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> * George O'Leary did not coach a single practice or game , resigning five days after being hired for misrepresenting his academic credentials . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> † Kent Baer served as interim head coach for one game at the 2004 Insight Bowl after Tyrone Willingham was fired . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Bowl games ( edit ) </H3> <P> Notre Dame has made 35 Bowl appearances , winning 17 and losing 18 . After an initial appearance in a postseason contest in the 1925 Rose Bowl , the Fighting Irish refused to participate in bowl games for more than four decades ; writers like Dan Jenkins have speculated that Notre Dame might have gone to as many as twenty bowl games during the self - imposed forty - five - year hiatus . It has played in the BCS National Championship Game ( 1 loss ) , Rose Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Cotton Bowl Classic ( 5 wins , 2 losses ) , the Orange Bowl ( 2 wins , 3 losses ) , the Sugar Bowl ( 2 wins , 2 losses ) , the Gator Bowl ( 1 win , 2 losses ) , the Liberty Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Aloha Bowl ( 1 loss ) , the Fiesta Bowl ( 1 win , 4 losses ) , the Independence Bowl ( 1 loss ) , the Insight Bowl ( 1 loss ) , Hawaii Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Sun Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Pinstripe Bowl ( 1 win ) and the Citrus Bowl ( 1 win ) . From 1994 to the 2006 football seasons , Notre Dame lost 9 consecutive bowl games , tied with Northwestern University for the most in NCAA history . That streak ended with a 49 -- 21 win over Hawaii in the 2008 Hawaii Bowl . In the process , Notre Dame scored its highest point total in post-season play . The record of 9 consecutive bowl losses was later tied by Northwestern in 2011 , then that streak was snapped a year later . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Bowl </Th> <Th> W / L </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> PF </Th> <Th> PA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1925 </Td> <Td> Rose Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1970 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 1 Texas </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1971 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 1 Texas </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1973 </Td> <Td> Orange Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 9 Nebraska </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1973 </Td> <Td> Sugar Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 1 Alabama </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1975 </Td> <Td> Orange Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 2 Alabama </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 1976 </Td> <Td> Gator Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 20 Penn State </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 2 , 1978 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 1 Texas </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1979 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1981 </Td> <Td> Sugar Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 1 Georgia </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1983 </Td> <Td> Liberty Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Aloha Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 10 SMU </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 2 , 1989 </Td> <Td> Fiesta Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 3 West Virginia </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1990 </Td> <Td> Orange Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Orange Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 1 Colorado </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Sugar Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 3 Florida </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1993 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 3 Texas A&M </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 6 Texas A&M </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 2 , 1995 </Td> <Td> Fiesta Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 5 Colorado </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Orange Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 8 Florida State </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Independence Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 15 LSU </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Gator Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 12 Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Fiesta Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 5 Oregon State </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Gator Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 17 North Carolina State </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Insight Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oregon State </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 2 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Fiesta Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 4 Ohio State </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 3 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Sugar Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 4 LSU </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 24 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Hawaii Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Sun Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami ( FL ) </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Champs Sports Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 25 Florida State </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> BCS National Championship </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 2 Alabama </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Pinstripe Bowl ( Vacated ) </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Rutgers </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Music City Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 23 LSU </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Fiesta Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 7 Ohio State </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Citrus Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 17 LSU </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 36 Bowl Games </Td> <Td> 17 -- 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 765 </Td> <Td> 858 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Shamrock Series ( edit ) </H3> <P> Between 2009 -- 2016 , Notre Dame has hosted an annual off - site home football game known as the Shamrock Series . The series promotes Notre Dame 's athletic and academic brand , and has brought the Fighting Irish to San Antonio , New York , Greater Washington , D.C. , Chicago , Indianapolis , Boston and the Dallas / Fort Worth metroplex . </P> <P> Prior to the 2012 season , Notre Dame Athletic Director Jack Swarbrick announced at a news conference of plans to continue the series through 2016 . He confirmed after his news conference that New York is expected to fall in that rotation and then continue to be the one consistently repeating venue for Shamrock Series games . The Shamrock Series was not held in 2017 . </P> <P> One of the unique aspects of the Shamrock Series is its inclusion of academic and other non-football activities in the area of that year 's host city the days and hours leading up to the game , which include pep rallies , drummers ' circles , and academic lectures . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Attendance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 31 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 pm </Td> <Td> vs. Washington State </Td> <Td> No. 25 </Td> <Td> Alamodome San Antonio , TX </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> W 40 -- 14 </Td> <Td> 53,407 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 20 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 7 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> vs. Army </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium Bronx , NY </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> W 27 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 54,251 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 pm </Td> <Td> vs. Maryland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FedExField Landover , MD </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> W 45 -- 21 </Td> <Td> 70,251 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 6 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 pm </Td> <Td> vs. Miami ( FL ) </Td> <Td> No. 10 </Td> <Td> Soldier Field Chicago , IL </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> W 41 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 62,871 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 pm </Td> <Td> vs. No. 22 Arizona State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AT&T Stadium Arlington , TX </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> W 37 -- 34 </Td> <Td> 66,690 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 13 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 pm </Td> <Td> vs. Purdue </Td> <Td> No. 11 </Td> <Td> Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> W 30 -- 14 </Td> <Td> 56,832 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 21 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 pm </Td> <Td> vs. Boston College </Td> <Td> No. 5 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park Boston , MA </Td> <Td> NBCSN </Td> <Td> W 19 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 38,686 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 pm </Td> <Td> vs. Army </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alamodome San Antonio , TX </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> W 44 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 45,762 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game . All times are in Eastern Time . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Players and Coaches ( edit ) </H2> See also : Notre Dame starting quarterbacks , Fighting Irish football players , and Notre Dame Fighting Irish football statistical leaders <H3> Heisman Trophy ( edit ) </H3> See also : Heisman Trophy <P> Seven Notre Dame football players have won the Heisman Trophy , more than any other university ( Ohio State has 7 trophies won by 6 players ; USC has 6 trophies , following Reggie Bush 's forfeit of the 2005 award due to NCAA violations ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Heisman Trophy Winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Angelo Bertelli </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Johnny Lujack </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Leon Hart </Td> <Td> End </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Johnny Lattner </Td> <Td> HB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Paul Hornung </Td> <Td> OB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> John Huarte </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tim Brown </Td> <Td> WR </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Heisman Voting : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1938 -- Whitney Beinor , 9th </Li> <Li> 1943 -- Angelo Bertelli , 1st , Creighton Miller , 4th , Jim White , 9th </Li> <Li> 1944 -- Bob Kelly , 6th </Li> <Li> 1945 -- Frank Dancewicz , 6th </Li> <Li> 1947 -- Johnny Lujack , 1st </Li> <Li> 1949 -- Leon Hart , 1st , Bob Williams , 5th , Emil Sitko , 8th </Li> <Li> 1950 -- Bob Williams , 6th </Li> <Li> 1953 -- Johnny Lattner , 1st </Li> <Li> 1954 -- Ralph Guglielmi , 4th </Li> <Li> 1956 -- Paul Hornung , 1st </Li> <Li> 1958 -- Nick Pietrosante , 10th </Li> <Li> 1959 -- Monty Stickles , 9th </Li> <Li> 1964 -- John Huarte , 1st , Jack Snow , 5th </Li> <Li> 1965 -- Bill Wolski , 11th </Li> <Li> 1966 -- Nick Eddy , 3rd , Terry Hanratty , 6th </Li> <Li> 1967 -- Terry Hanratty , 9th </Li> <Li> 1968 -- Terry Hanratty , 3rd </Li> <Li> 1969 -- Mike McCoy , 6th </Li> <Li> 1970 -- Joe Theismann , 2nd </Li> <Li> 1971 -- Walt Patulski , 9th </Li> <Li> 1974 -- Tom Clements , 4th </Li> <Li> 1975 -- Steve Niehaus , 12th </Li> <Li> 1977 -- Ken MacAfee , 3rd , Ross Browner , 5th </Li> <Li> 1979 -- Vagas Ferguson , 5th </Li> <Li> 1983 -- Allen Pinkett , 16th </Li> <Li> 1985 -- Allen Pinkett , 8th </Li> <Li> 1987 -- Tim Brown , 1st </Li> <Li> 1989 -- Tony Rice , 4th , Raghib Ismail , tie 10th </Li> <Li> 1990 -- Raghib Ismail , 2nd </Li> <Li> 1992 -- Reggie Brooks , 5th </Li> <Li> 2005 -- Brady Quinn , 4th </Li> <Li> 2006 -- Brady Quinn , 3rd </Li> <Li> 2009 -- Golden Tate , 10th </Li> <Li> 2012 -- Manti Te'o , 2nd </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other National Award Winners ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maxwell Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Leon Hart -- 1949 </Dd> <Dd> Johnny Lattner -- 1952 , 1953 </Dd> <Dd> Jim Lynch -- 1966 </Dd> <Dd> Ross Browner -- 1977 </Dd> <Dd> Brady Quinn -- 2006 </Dd> <Dd> Manti Te'o -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Walter Camp Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Ken MacAfee -- 1977 </Dd> <Dd> Tim Brown -- 1987 </Dd> <Dd> Raghib Ismail -- 1990 </Dd> <Dd> Manti Te'o -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Tony Rice -- 1989 </Dd> <Dd> Brady Quinn -- 2006 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sammy Baugh Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Terry Hanratty -- 1967 </Dd> <Dd> Brady Quinn -- 2005 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Biletnikoff Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Golden Tate -- 2009 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> John Mackey Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Tyler Eifert -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dick Butkus Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Manti Te'o -- 2012 </Dd> <Dd> Jaylon Smith -- 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Chuck Bednarik Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Manti Te'o -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lombardi Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Walt Patulski -- 1971 </Dd> <Dd> Ross Browner -- 1977 </Dd> <Dd> Chris Zorich -- 1990 </Dd> <Dd> Aaron Taylor -- 1993 </Dd> <Dd> Manti Te'o -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lott IMPACT Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Manti Te'o -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bronko Nagurski Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Manti Te'o -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Outland Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> George Connor -- 1946 </Dd> <Dd> Bill Fischer -- 1948 </Dd> <Dd> Ross Browner -- 1976 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> AT&T ESPN All - America Player </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Brady Quinn -- 2006 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The Jim Parker Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Aaron Taylor -- 1993 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The Jack Tatum Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Bobby Taylor -- 1994 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Chic Harley Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Paul Hornung -- 1956 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The Kellen Moore Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Rick Mirer -- 1992 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Polynesian Player of the Year Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Ronnie Stanley -- 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ozzie Newsome Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Tyler Eifert -- 2011 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Coaching Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Ara Parseghian -- 1964 </Dd> <Dd> Lou Holtz -- 1988 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Ara Parseghian -- 1964 </Dd> <Dd> Lou Holtz -- 1988 </Dd> <Dd> Charlie Weis -- 2005 </Dd> <Dd> Brian Kelly -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Home Depot Coach of the Year Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Tyrone Willingham -- 2002 </Dd> <Dd> Brian Kelly -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Brian Kelly -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Brian Kelly -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Associated Press Coach of the Year Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Brian Kelly -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sporting News Coach of the Year </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Ara Parseghian -- 1966 </Dd> <Dd> Lou Holtz -- 1988 </Dd> <Dd> Brian Kelly -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> George Munger Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Tyrone Willingham -- 2002 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The Woody Hayes Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lou Holtz -- 1988 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Broyles Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Bob Diaco -- 2012 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Team Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grantland Rice Trophy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1964 </Dd> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1973 </Dd> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1977 </Dd> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1988 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Joe Moore Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 2017 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> College Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H3> See also : College Football Hall of Fame <P> Forty - five former Notre Dame players and 6 coaches have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame , located in Atlanta , Georgia . Notre Dame leads all universities in players inducted . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Year Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hunk Anderson </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angelo Bertelli </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Brown </Td> <Td> Wide Receiver </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ross Browner </Td> <Td> Defensive End </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Cannon </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Carideo </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave Casper </Td> <Td> Tight End </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Connor </Td> <Td> Tackle </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Crable </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Crowley </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zygmont Czarobski </Td> <Td> Tackle </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Devine </Td> <Td> Coach </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Dove </Td> <Td> End </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ray Eichenlaub </Td> <Td> Fullback </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Fischer </Td> <Td> Tackle / Guard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thom Gatewood </Td> <Td> End </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Gipp </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jerry Groom </Td> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ralph Guglielmi </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jesse Harper </Td> <Td> Coach </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon Hart </Td> <Td> End </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank `` Nordy '' Hoffman </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lou Holtz </Td> <Td> Coach </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Hornung </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Huarte </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnny Lattner </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elmer Layden </Td> <Td> Fullback </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Leahy </Td> <Td> Coach </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnny Lujack </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Lynch </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken MacAfee </Td> <Td> Tight End </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Martin </Td> <Td> End / Tackle </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bert Metzger </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Creighton Miller </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Miller </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edgar Miller </Td> <Td> Tackle </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Miller </Td> <Td> Tackle </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wayne Millner </Td> <Td> End </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan Page </Td> <Td> Defensive End </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ara Parseghian </Td> <Td> Coach </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knute Rockne </Td> <Td> Coach </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis Salmon </Td> <Td> Fullback </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marchy Schwartz </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Shakespeare </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emil `` Red '' Sitko </Td> <Td> Halfback / Fullback </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John `` Clipper '' Smith </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry Stuhldreher </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Theismann </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adam Walsh </Td> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Williams </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tommy Yarr </Td> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Zorich </Td> <Td> Defensive Tackle </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Current roster ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team <H2> Current coaching staff ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Kelly </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Polian </Td> <Td> Recruiting Coordinator / Special Teams Coordinator </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeff Quinn </Td> <Td> Offensive Line Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chip Long </Td> <Td> Offensive Coordinator / Tight Ends </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Elston </Td> <Td> Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Autry Denson </Td> <Td> Running Backs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Lyght </Td> <Td> Pat and Jana Eilers Family Defensive Backs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DelVaughn Alexander </Td> <Td> Wide Receivers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clark Lea </Td> <Td> Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Rees </Td> <Td> Quarterbacks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Balis </Td> <Td> Director of Football Strength and Conditioning </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Uniforms ( edit ) </H2> The team in their current home uniforms <P> Notre Dame 's home jersey is navy blue with white numerals , gold outlining , and a small interlocking `` ND '' logo on each sleeve . The away jersey is white with navy numerals , gold outlining , and the interlocking `` ND '' on the sleeves . In recent years , neither jersey included the player 's name on the back , but names were included during the Dan Devine and Gerry Faust eras . However , for the Irish 's Hawai'i Bowl appearance in 2008 vs. the University of Hawai'i , Notre Dame once again wore last names on their jerseys . Gold pants , with a small ND logo just below the left waist , are worn with both home and away jerseys . </P> Former quarterback Brady Quinn in the current away uniform <P> Notre Dame 's helmets are solid gold with gray facemasks , the gold being emblematic of the University 's famed `` Golden Dome . '' Notre Dame 's tradition for the team 's student managers to spray - paint the team 's helmets prior to each game ended in 2011 when the football equipment staff , along with Notre Dame Athletics Director Jack Swarbrick and head coach Brian Kelly outsourced the painting process to Hydro Graphics Inc . </P> <P> Over the years , Notre Dame has occasionally worn green instead of blue as its home jersey , sometimes adopting the jersey for an entire season -- or more -- at a time . Currently , Notre Dame reserves its green jerseys for `` special '' occasions . Often on such occasions , the Irish will take the field for warmups dressed in blue , only to switch to green when they go back to the locker room before kickoff . This tradition was started by Dan Devine in 1977 before the USC game . Notre Dame has also been known to switch jerseys at halftime , as during the 1985 USC game , and in the loss to Nile Kinnick - led Iowa in 1939 , although this was to help avoid confusion between their navy uniforms and Iowa 's black ones . The current design of the jersey is kelly green with gold numbers and white outlining . For the 2006 Army game , Coach Charlie Weis broke out the Green jerseys as a reward to his senior players , as well finally ending the string of losses by the Irish when wearing green . Notre Dame wore throwback green jerseys in 2007 against USC in honor of the 30th anniversary of the 1977 National Championship team . On at least one occasion ( 1992 Sugar Bowl ) Notre Dame has worn an away variant of the jersey : a white jersey with green numbers . Champion supplied football jerseys for The University of Notre Dame for over 50 years until they switched to Adidas in 2001 . On July 1 , 2014 , the University of Notre Dame Athletic department will begin wearing uniforms and footwear supplied by Under Armour . </P> Former tight end Tyler Eifert . <P> During Gerry Faust 's tenure ( 1981 -- 85 ) , Notre Dame 's blue jerseys switched from the traditional navy to royal blue with gold and white stripes on the sleeves . The navy blue jerseys returned in 1984 . </P> <P> No uniform numbers have been retired by Notre Dame . Upon being issued a number , each player is given a card which lists some of the more famous players who have worn that particular number . Number 3 is perhaps the most famous number in Irish football history , having been worn by Ralph Guglielmi , George Izo , Daryle Lamonica , Coley O'Brien , Joe Montana , Michael Floyd , Rick Mirer and Ron Powlus , among others . Number 5 is also notable , as it is the only number to be worn by one of the Four Horsemen ( Elmer Layden ) a Heisman Trophy Winner ( Paul Hornung ) and a National Title winning Quarterback ( Terry Hanratty ) . Number 7 has been worn by such Irish greats as 1964 Heisman Trophy winner John Huarte , 1970 Heisman runner - up Joe Theismann , Steve Beuerlein , Jimmy Clausen and Jarious Jackson . </P> <P> In 2011 , both Michigan and Notre Dame wore throwback uniforms in their game against each other . For the Shamrock Series games Notre Dame and their outfitters have announced that the school will wear specially - designed helmets , jerseys , and pants . </P> <H2> Facilities ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notre Dame Stadium ( edit ) </H3> Notre Dame Stadium on game day , with student section and band Main article : Notre Dame Stadium <P> Notre Dame Stadium is the home football stadium for the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team . Located on the southeast part of the university 's campus in Notre Dame , Indiana and with a seating capacity of 77,622 , Notre Dame Stadium is one of the most renowned venues in college football . The Sporting News ranks Notre Dame Stadium as # 2 on its list of `` College Football Cathedrals '' . and the stadium experience evokes a more traditional feel . Notre Dame Stadium is used for football related activities and for Commencement ( since 2010 ) . Notre Dame Stadium had no permanent lighting until the expansion project in 1997 . NBC paid for the lighting as they have televised all Notre Dame home football games since 1991 . On April 12 , 2014 , it was announced during the annual Blue - Gold Spring Game that a FieldTurf synthetic surface would replace the grass field after the 2014 Commencement Weekend . In November 2014 the University of Notre Dame embarked on a $400 million stadium expansion called the Crossroads Campus Project . The project is expected to be completed by August 2017 . </P> <H3> Cartier field ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cartier Field <P> Cartier Field was the original playing field of the Fighting Irish . In 1930 , it was replaced by Notre Dame Stadium , due to the growing popularity of ND football . Notre Dame 's practice facility still bears the Cartier Field name . Most ND practices take place on Cartier Field . </P> <H3> Guglielmino Athletics complex ( edit ) </H3> <P> Known by fans as `` the Gug '' ( pronounced `` goog '' ) , the Guglielmino Athletics Complex is Notre Dame 's brand new athletics complex . The Gug houses the new football offices , a brand new state - of - the - art weight room , and practice week locker rooms for the football team . The Gug is utilized by all Notre Dame athletes . The complex was underwritten by Don F. Guglielmino and his family . </P> <H2> Rivalries ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football rivalries The First Jeweled Shillelagh , awarded to the winner of the annual USC vs. Notre Dame game . <P> Notre Dame has rivalries with several universities . Although the Fighting Irish competes as an Independent , they play a more national schedule and have frequently scheduled opponents . USC , Michigan , Michigan State , Pitt , and Navy are among Notre Dame 's oldest rivals . </P> <H3> USC Trojans ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Notre Dame -- USC football rivalry <P> USC is Notre Dame 's primary rival . The rivalry has produced more national titles , Heisman trophies , and All - Americans than any other . It is considered one of the most important rivalries in college football , and is often called the greatest rivalry not dictated by conference , affiliation , or geography . Other than during World War II , the teams have played each other since 1926 . Notre Dame leads the series 46 -- 36 -- 5 . </P> <H3> Navy midshipmen ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Navy -- Notre Dame football rivalry <P> Navy and Notre Dame have one of the longest continuous series in college football , having played 83 games without interruption since 1927 . Notre Dame had a 43 - game win streak during this time frame , the longest in Division 1 - A football , which ended in 2007 . Navy won three of four consecutive meetings in 2007 , 2009 , and 2010 . Notre Dame has won in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . Navy won in 2016 . Notre Dame won in 2017 . </P> <H3> Michigan Wolverines ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry <P> Michigan is considered Notre Dame 's first and oldest rivalry , first meeting back in 1887 , although the two teams did not play each other for many years . The series has been quite frequent in the near past since the rivalry was reunited beginning in 1978 . It is heightened by the two schools ' competition for all - time win percentage , which Michigan leads again since 2016 . The most recent meeting in 2014 was won by Notre Dame 31 -- 0 in South Bend . Michigan leads the all - time series 24 -- 17 -- 1 , with 6 of the Wolverine victories coming before 1900 . Since the first 8 games , which were perceived as `` exhibitions , '' Notre Dame leads the series 17 - 16 - 1 . Throughout the 20th century , Notre Dame truly ascended to the top school in college football , superseding Michigan . In this time , Notre Dame has won 8 service wire poll while Michigan has only won 2 . This changing of the guard has fuelled the bitterness between the two schools . The rivalry is further heightened due to the fact that in the 20th century Michigan attempted to blackball Notre Dame from competing in the sport ; this has often been attributed to native racism from Michigan 's head coach Fielding Yost . This exclusion from the Big Ten , however , has attributed greatly to Notre Dame 's conference independence and national branding . </P> <P> This rivalry stopped during the 2014 season when Notre Dame shut out Michigan for the first time in the rivalry 's history . Shortly before the 2012 game , the Associated Press reported that Notre Dame had exercised a three - year out clause in their series contract . This series was the first casualty of Notre Dame 's future arrangement with the Atlantic Coast Conference , under which the Fighting Irish will play five games per season against ACC opponents once the school joins the ACC in all sports except for football and hockey in 2014 . In 2016 , Michigan announced that the rivalry will resume for two consecutive seasons , in 2018 and 2019 . </P> <H3> Michigan State Spartans ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Michigan State -- Notre Dame football rivalry <P> The Michigan State Spartans are one of Notre Dame 's most important rivals with the two teams playing for the Megaphone Trophy . Notre Dame holds an all - time 48 -- 28 -- 1 series winning margin . The one tie was the Game of the Century , one of the greatest college football games ever played . The Spartans ' 28 victories over Notre Dame are second-most of any school after USC . The Megaphone Trophy series record is 32 -- 26 -- 1 in favor of Notre Dame . Michigan State won the Megaphone Trophy in 2010 after beating the Irish 34 -- 31 in East Lansing on an overtime fake field goal play known as `` Little Giants '' . In 2011 , the Irish reclaimed the trophy with a 31 -- 13 victory in which they led all the way . </P> <H2> Game Day traditions ( edit ) </H2> See also : Band of the Fighting Irish The band playing in a pre-game ceremony before a football game <P> Due to its long and storied history , Notre Dame football boasts many traditions unique to Notre Dame . Some of these are : </P> <Ul> <Li> The tradition of having 23.9 karat gold in the helmet paint continues , with the painting process provided by Hydro Graphics , Inc. and no longer by student managers . The gold particles that are used on the helmet were collected from the re-gilding on the Notre Dame dome in 2007 . During the 2011 season , however , a new helmet paint scheme was introduced ; while retaining the basic gold helmet and grey facemask look , the `` new '' gold is much more reflective than the `` old '' ; there have already been several variations of this new `` gold chrome '' look , including `` brick '' and `` fish - scale '' texturing . </Li> <Li> Formerly , prior to the start of the game , the team attended mass in semi-formal attire at the Sacred Heart Basilica . At the conclusion of mass , fans formed a line that the team walked through from the chapel to the stadium . However , in 2011 the team changed its movements prior the game , instead taking buses back to The Gug for final meetings . In 2013 , Mass was moved to Friday night ; as a result , the walk now originates from the Gug . </Li> </Ul> Team raising their helmets to the student section after a win ( or loss ) <Ul> <Li> Coming out of the locker room , players slap the famous `` Play Like a Champion Today '' sign . </Li> <Li> Between the third and fourth quarters of home games , the Notre Dame Marching Band plays the finale to the 1812 Overture , as the crowd reacts with synchronized waving of arms , with their fingers in the shape of a `` K '' for Kelly . ( `` W '' for both Weis and Willingham and `` L '' for Lou Holtz ) </Li> <Li> Since 1960 , Sergeant Tim McCarthy for the Indiana State Police has read out a driving safety announcement to the crowd during the fourth quarter . When Sergeant McCarthy begins his announcement , the crowd goes silent to hear his message , which invariably ends with a pun . Sergeant McCarthy retired from this duty in the 2015 season after 55 years of fan - favorite messages . He was honored on the field on September 26 , 2015 , to deliver his last in - person address , in which he repeated the same announcement he did on his first gameday . </Li> <Li> At the conclusion of every home game , the team turns to the student section to salute them by raising their helmets in the air . They do this after a win or after a loss . Then , the band plays the Alma Mater , `` Notre Dame , Our Mother '' . Those who stay link arms and sing the lyrics . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Irish in the NFL ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Irish in the NFL </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NFL Draft Selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total selected : </Th> <Td> 495 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First picks in draft : </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Round : </Th> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NFL Achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In the Super Bowl : </Th> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Won the Super Bowl : </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Famers : </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Since the NFL began drafting players in 1936 , 495 Notre Dame football players have been selected by NFL teams . Additionally , Notre Dame has had 65 players selected in the first round of the NFL draft , including five overall number one picks . Of the 46 Super Bowls competed , only 14 teams have won the event without an Irish player on the roster . Looking at both participating team rosters , there have only been five Super Bowls that did not feature at least one former Notre Dame player on either team 's roster -- Denver vs. Atlanta , 1999 ; Dallas vs. Buffalo , 1994 ; Washington vs. Denver , 1988 ; Dallas vs. Denver , 1978 ; and Baltimore vs. Dallas , 1971 . Eleven former players have won multiple Super Bowls : Mark Bavaro , Rocky Bleier , Nick Buoniconti , Eric Dorsey , Dave Duerson , David Givens , Terry Hanratty , Bob Kuechenberg , Joe Montana , Steve Sylvester and Justin Tuck . </P> <H3> Pro Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H3> <P> Thirteen former Notre Dame players / alumni have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame , ranking it 1st of all College Football Programs . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1963 : Curly Lambeau -- Green Bay Packers 1919 -- 49 </Li> <Li> 1963 : John McNally * -- Milwaukee Badgers 1925 -- 1926 , Duluth Eskimos 1926 -- 1927 , Pottsville Maroons 1928 , Green Bay Packers 1929 -- 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , Pittsburgh Pirates ( Steelers ) 1934 , 1937 -- 1938 </Li> <Li> 1964 : George Trafton -- Chicago Bears 1920 -- 32 </Li> <Li> 1968 : Wayne Millner -- Boston and Washington Redskins 1936 -- 41 , 1945 </Li> <Li> 1975 : George Connor -- Chicago Bears 1948 -- 55 </Li> <Li> 1986 : Paul Hornung -- Green Bay Packers 1957 -- 62 , 1964 -- 66 </Li> <Li> 1988 : Alan Page -- Minnesota Vikings 1967 -- 78 , Chicago Bears 1978 -- 81 </Li> <Li> 2000 : Joe Montana -- San Francisco 49ers 1979 -- 92 , Kansas City Chiefs 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 2001 : Nick Buoniconti -- Boston Patriots 1962 -- 68 , Miami Dolphins 1969 -- 74 , 1976 </Li> <Li> 2002 : Dave Casper -- Oakland Raiders 1974 -- 80 , Houston Oilers 1980 -- 83 , Minnesota Vikings 1983 </Li> <Li> 2015 : Jerome Bettis -- Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams ( 1993 -- 1995 ) , Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1996 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> 2015 : Tim Brown -- Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders ( 1988 -- 2003 ) , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 2016 : Edward J. DeBartolo Jr . -- Former San Francisco 49ers Owner , received B.A. from Notre Dame , inducted into Pro Hall of Fame in 2016 as a Contributor . </Li> </Ul> <P> * McNally graduated from St. John 's ( MN ) , but started his career at Notre Dame and is listed as a hall of famer under both schools in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . </P> <H3> Current NFL players ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of 1 May 2018 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Year Debuted </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheldon Day </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tyler Eifert </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matthias Farley </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Will Fuller </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Houston Texans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T.J. Jones </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.J. Jansen </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> LS </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deshone Kizer </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ben Koyack </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nick Martin </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Houston Texans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zack Martin </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> OG </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troy Niklas </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romeo Okwara </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Onwualu </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Chargers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> C.J. Prosise </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theo Riddick </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyle Rudolph </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> KeiVarae Russell </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harrison Smith </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaylon Smith </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> OLB </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronnie Stanley </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Sullivan </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Tate </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manti Te'o </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephon Tuitt </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Young </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quenton Nelson </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> OG </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike McGlinchey </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Durham Smythe </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equanimeous St. Brown </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nyles Morgan </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Trumbetti </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Fighting Irish are unique among sports teams in the United States , as they are the only team , professional or college , to have all their games broadcast nationally on the radio , as well as the only team to have all of their home games broadcast nationally on television . Notre Dame famously left the College Football Association , a consortium that administered television broadcast rights on behalf of over 64 schools , in 1990 , in order to establish its own broadcasting deal with NBC . From 1968 to 2007 , Westwood One served as the official radio partner for the Irish , broadcasting their games for 40 consecutive years . </P> <P> Until the 2006 Air Force game , Notre Dame had a record 169 consecutive games broadcast nationally on either NBC , ABC , ESPN , or CBS . The 2006 ND vs. Air Force game was broadcast on CSTV , a college sports channel owned by CBS who had an exclusive contract with the Mountain West Conference , of which Air Force is a member . </P> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Notre Dame Football on NBC <P> NBC has been televising Notre Dame Home football games since the 1991 season . The deal was considered to be a major coup for NBC , given the high popularity of Notre Dame football at the time . </P> <P> Notre Dame is the only FBS football team to have all of its home games televised exclusively by one television network . In addition to TV broadcasts , NBC also maintains several dedicated websites to ND football , and Notre Dame Central , which provides complete coverage , full game replays and commentary of the Notre Dame team . NBC 's television contract with Notre Dame was renewed in April 2013 and is set to continue through the 2025 football season . </P> Current broadcast team ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Doug Flutie ( game analyst ) </Li> <Li> Mike Tirico ( play - by - play ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radio rights to the Fighting Irish are currently held by IMG Sports , who began a 10 - year deal with the team in 2008 . The new deal displaced its previous broadcast partner , Westwood One , who had broadcast Notre Dame football nationally on radio for 40 consecutive years ( after taking over from the Mutual Radio Network ) . Notre Dame ended its relationship with Westwood One at the conclusion of the 2007 football season citing financial reasons . </P> <P> IMG claims that the Notre Dame football broadcasts are carried by more affiliate stations than any other team ( professional or collegiate , and in ' any ' sport ) in North America . The game broadcasts are also carried on SiriusXM 's satellite radio and internet streaming services ( on the Catholic Channel ; two Catholic Channel hosts also produced a live broadcast from the official tailgate party prior to the 2017 USC game ) . </P> Current broadcast team ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Don Criqui ( play - by - play ) -- 1974 -- 1976 , 2006 -- current </Li> <Li> Allen Pinkett ( color analyst ) </Li> <Li> Jeff Jeffers ( pre and post-game ) </Li> </Ul> Former commentators ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Tony Roberts ( play - by - play ) -- 1980 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Tom Pagna ( color analyst ) </Li> <Li> Pat Haden </Li> <Li> Ralph Guglielmi </Li> <Li> Lindsey Nelson </Li> <Li> Al Wester 1 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Future Schedules ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although the Notre Dame football program is not a full member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , it has an agreement to play an average of five ACC schools per season . In return Notre Dame has access to the non-College Football Playoff ACC bowl line - up . Notre Dame currently utilizes a format of six home games in South Bend , five away games , and one major metropolitan area neutral site `` Shamrock Series '' home game for scheduling . This includes preserving traditional yearly rivalries with USC , Stanford , and Navy , five rotating ACC opponents ( two away ACC games will coincide in even years with away games at Navy and three away ACC games will coincide in odd years with home games against Navy ) , two home and home series ( one home game and one away game ) , one one - time opponent home game , and the traveling `` Shamrock Series '' home game . </P> <H3> 2018 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 1 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 p.m. </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Rivalry ) </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 p.m. </Td> <Td> Ball State </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 15 </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 p.m. </Td> <Td> Vanderbilt </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Wake Forest </Td> <Td> BB&T Field Winston - Salem , NC </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 29 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 p.m. </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Legends Trophy ) </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 13 </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 p.m. </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Rivalry ) </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Navy </Td> <Td> SDCCU Stadium San Diego , CA ( Rip Miller Trophy ) </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Northwestern </Td> <Td> Ryan Field Evanston , IL ( Rivalry ) </Td> <Td> Fox </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 10 </Td> <Td> 7 : 30 p.m. </Td> <Td> Florida State </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Rivalry ) </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 17 </Td> <Td> 2 : 30 p.m. </Td> <Td> vs. Syracuse </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium Bronx , NY ( Shamrock Series ) </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA ( Jeweled Shillelagh ) </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 schedule was officially released on March 2 , 2017 . The game against Syracuse at Yankee Stadium has been designated as the Shamrock Series game for 2018 . </P> <H3> 2019 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 2 ( Labor Day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Louisville </Td> <Td> Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium Louisville , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Georgia </Td> <Td> Sanford Stadium Athens , GA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bowling Green </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Michigan </Td> <Td> Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Duke </Td> <Td> Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2019 schedule was officially released on March 2 , 2017 . One currently scheduled home game will be moved to a neutral site as part of the `` Shamrock Series '' -- TBA . </P> <H3> 2020 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Navy </Td> <Td> MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , NJ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Western Michigan </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Wake Forest </Td> <Td> Bank of America Stadium Charlotte , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> vs. Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Lambeau Field Green Bay , WI ( Shamrock Series ) </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta , GA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The neutral site game at Lambeau Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game . </P> <H3> 2021 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 6 ( Labor Day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Florida State </Td> <Td> Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Toledo </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> vs. Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Soldier Field Chicago , IL ( Shamrock Series ) </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Virginia </Td> <Td> Scott Stadium Charlottesville , VA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An additional 1 non-ACC home game will be scheduled -- TBA . The neutral site game at Soldier Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game , although television rights are owned and operated by the Big Ten Network . </P> <H3> 2022 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Ohio State </Td> <Td> Ohio Stadium Columbus , OH </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Navy </Td> <Td> TBA TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at North Carolina </Td> <Td> Kenan Memorial Stadium Chapel Hill , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Syracuse </Td> <Td> Carrier Dome Syracuse , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TBA : An additional 4 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . </P> <H3> 2023 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wake Forest </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Clemson </Td> <Td> Memorial Stadium Clemson , SC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Duke </Td> <Td> Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Louisville </Td> <Td> Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium Louisville , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at North Carolina State </Td> <Td> Carter Finley Stadium Raleigh , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TBA : An additional 2 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . </P> <H3> 2024 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Texas A&M </Td> <Td> Kyle Field College Station , TX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Purdue </Td> <Td> Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta , GA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Navy </Td> <Td> TBA TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Florida State </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . </P> <H3> 2025 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Arkansas </Td> <Td> Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium Fayetteville , AR </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> NC State </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Boston College </Td> <Td> Alumni Stadium Chestnut Hill , MA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Miami </Td> <Td> Hard Rock Stadium Miami Gardens , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TBA : One additional non-ACC home game will be scheduled . </P> <H3> 2026 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Purdue </Td> <Td> Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Navy </Td> <Td> TBA TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Florida State </Td> <Td> Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at North Carolina </Td> <Td> Kenan Memorial Stadium Chapel Hill , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . </P> <H3> 2027 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Clemson </Td> <Td> Memorial Stadium Clemson , SC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Duke </Td> <Td> Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Wake Forest </Td> <Td> BB&T Field Winston Salem , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC games will be scheduled ( 2 home and 1 away ) . </P> <H3> 2028 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Purdue </Td> <Td> Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Navy </Td> <Td> TBA TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . </P> <H3> 2029 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Alabama </Td> <Td> Bryant - Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa , AL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wake Forest </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Florida State </Td> <Td> Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at North Carolina State </Td> <Td> Carter Finley Stadium Raleigh , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Syracuse </Td> <Td> Carrier Dome Syracuse , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> All times are in Eastern Time . 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University of Kansas . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Upset special : With Rockne gone , Irish took a Michigan - like tumble - USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame -- Purdue Football Rivalry History / / UHND.com '' . August 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Notre Dame Scholastic : Volume 67 '' ( PDF ) . Archives.nd.edu . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lechman , Don ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Notre Dame vs. USC : The Rivalry '' . Arcadia Publishing -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Elmer Layden Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Elmer Layden Dead '' . Nytimes.com . July 1 , 1973 . 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Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` HISTORICAL DEBATE : THE ' 53 FAINTING IRISH '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heisman Trophy '' . Heisman.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Memories '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawkeye Flashback : 1953 Notre Dame '' . January 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dame , ENR / / MarComm : Web / / University of Notre . `` Frank Leahy Joins The Navy / / Moments / / 125 Football / / University of Notre Dame '' . 125.nd.edu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed McKeever Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1944 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cornell Daily Sun 19 September 1950 -- The Cornell Daily Sun '' . cdsun.library.cornell.edu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1945 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . 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Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The enigma of the interim coach '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Magical 1964 Season Marked Debut Of The Era Of Ara '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame vs. Syracuse , 11 / 18 / 1961 - Notre Dame Archives News & Notes '' . Archives.nd.edu . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ara Parseghian remains a Notre Dame institution '' . September 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ara Parseghian Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . 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( September 25 , 1987 ) . `` Irish Can ` t Look Back Vs. Purdue '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irish Stunned By Pitt , Lose Andrysiak e '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . October 11 , 1987 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL : Notre Dame 's Ground Attack Brings Down Air Force , 35 -- 14 '' . Articles.latimes.com . October 18 , 1987 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NOTRE DAME IS GOLDEN AGAIN '' . September 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football '' . Und.Com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame - Boston College : Gridiron Intensity : : Notre Dame Football '' . Und.Com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1987 Alabama vs Notre Dame '' . Saturdaydownsouth.com . 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Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1989 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irish vs. Virginia In Kickoff Classic '' . NYTimes.com . January 18 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( September 14 , 1989 ) . `` Holtz , With No. 1 Team , Worries About No. 2 '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm Moran ( September 17 , 1989 ) . `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL -- Ismail Leads Notre Dame Past Michigan '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame -- Michigan State Football Rivalry '' . Uhnd.com . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame -- Purdue Football Rivalry History '' . Uhnd.com . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph Tybor ( October 8 , 1989 ) . `` Notre Dame 27 , Stanford 17 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Notre Dame Uses Rocket to Blast Air Force Out of Path '' . LA Times . October 15 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USC vs ND memories : 1989 -- USC Trojans '' . ESPN . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laurel Leader Call Newspaper Archives , Oct 30 , 1989 , p. 10& # 124 '' . Newspaperarchive.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.Com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irish Show Mercy in 59 -- 6 Win -- latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 12 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irish Beat Penn State , 34 -- 23 , to Run Winning Streak to 23 : Notre Dame : Blair Thomas ' 133 yards and two touchdowns are n't enough as the Nittany Lion defense gives up 425 yards on the ground '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 19 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Miami Exacts Its Revenge , 27 -- 10 : Hurricanes : Seventh - ranked squad ends Notre Dame 's winning streak and reign as top - ranked team '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 26 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1990s -- History Orange Bowl '' . Game.orangebowl.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1990 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic -- Classic Michigan vs. Notre Dame '' . Espn.com . November 19 , 2003 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lou Somogyi . `` BlueAndGold.com -- Notre Dame - Michigan State : Top Five Moments For Fighting Irish '' . Notredame.rivals.com . 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Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rittenberg , Adam . `` Notre Dame - Wisconsin matchups to be played at Lambeau Field , Soldier Field '' . espn.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toledo to Play at Notre Dame in 2021 '' . utrockets.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Winn , Andrew . `` Notre Dame Football : Irish Drop Game With Purdue Boilermakers , Add Two More '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Future Football Schedules '' . Hokiesports.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Future Football Schedules '' . VirginiaSports.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Future Football Opponents '' . Ramblinwreck.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Navy , Notre Dame to meet at Redskins ' home in 2014 '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame , Ohio State Reach Agreement for Football Games in 2022 and 2023 '' . und.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame , Texas A&M announce home - and - home for 2024 -- 25 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Future Football Opponents '' . Ramblinwreck.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ATLANTIC COAST CONFERENCE , NOTRE DAME ANNOUNCE FUTURE FOOTBALL MATCHUPS '' . theACC.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett . `` Notre Dame and Alabama schedule home - and - home college football series in 2028 and 2029 '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett . `` Notre Dame and Alabama schedule home - and - home college football series in 2028 and 2029 '' . cbssports.com . 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