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H.B. Reese - wikipedia <H1> H.B. Reese </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> H.B. Reese </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Photo of H.B. Reese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Harry Burnett Reese ( 1879 - 05 - 24 ) May 24 , 1879 York County , Pennsylvania , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 16 , 1956 ( 1956 - 05 - 16 ) ( aged 76 ) West Palm Beach , Florida , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resting place </Th> <Td> Hershey Cemetery , Hershey , PA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> HB , Harry Reese , Poppy Reese , Mr. Reese 's </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Chocolatier / Confectioner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> Inventing Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Net worth </Th> <Td> approx . $1.8 Billion USD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Founder and Chairman of the Board , H.B. Reese Candy Company , Hershey , PA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Blanche Edna Hyson ( m . 1900 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.harryburnettreese.info </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Harry Burnett `` H.B. '' Reese ( May 24 , 1879 -- May 16 , 1956 ) was an American inventor and businessman known for creating the No. 1 selling candy brand in the United States , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups and founding the H.B. Reese Candy Company . In 2009 , he was posthumously inducted into the Candy Hall of Fame . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Marriage and family </Li> <Li> 3 Early career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Dairy manager for Mr. Hershey </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Early candy ventures <Ul> <Li> 4.1 R&R Candy Company </Li> <Li> 4.2 Superior Chocolate and Confectionery Company </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Hershey factory employee </Li> <Li> 6 H.B. Reese Candy Company </Li> <Li> 7 Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups <Ul> <Li> 7.1 How H.B. Reese Invented Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups </Li> <Li> 7.2 The Success of Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Death </Li> <Li> 9 Legacy </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> H.B. Reese was born on May 24 , 1879 on the Frosty Hill Farm , an agricultural and dairy farm located near the Muddy Creek Forks Historic District in York County , Pennsylvania . He was the only child of Annie Belinda Manifold ( 1854 -- 1935 ) and Aquilla Asbury Reese Jr. ( 1845 -- 1914 ) . When it came to earning money as a young man , Reese was creative . He farmed the land , but also milked cows because doing so was a quick way to earn cash . He even built a pond where he raised frogs that he sold to restaurants in the Baltimore area . By 1898 , Reese was an accomplished French horn player who performed with local area bands . </P> <H2> Marriage and family ( edit ) </H2> <P> On August 1 , 1900 Reese married Blanche Edna Hyson ( 1882 -- 1968 ) , the daughter of Mary Elizabeth Markey ( 1857 -- 1952 ) and Robert Bortner Hyson ( 1853 -- 1930 ) . Together they had 16 children , 8 daughters and 8 sons ( 13 of whom survived to adulthood ) . </P> <P> A true family man , Reese 's mother Annie Belinda Manifold ( 1854 -- 1935 ) as well as her two sisters , Elizabeth Turner Manifold ( 1846 - 1910 ) and Mary Collins Manifold ( 1847 - 1933 ) , lived with him for the rest of their lives . At least 20 family members were present during a typical Reese family supper and sometimes more than 40 people were present when friends and relatives were invited to join them . </P> <H2> Early career ( edit ) </H2> <P> By 1903 , Reese was managing the fishing operations of his father - in - law 's cannery business located in Ditchley , Virginia . In 1912 he managed a dairy farm in Woodbine , Pennsylvania , but took a factory job in New Freedom , Pennsylvania in 1915 to support his growing family . </P> <H3> Dairy manager for Mr. Hershey ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1916 , Reese read an employment ad in the York Daily Record by Milton S. Hershey seeking to hire people to manage and operate his numerous dairy farms that were located in the Hershey , Pennsylvania area . In 1917 , Hershey hired Reese to work as a dairyman at Farm 28 - A . In 1918 , Hershey asked Reese to manage a dairy farm called the Round Barn . Milton Hershey visited the Round Barn every two weeks because it was an experimental dairy farm that used new milking machines ( more efficient than milking cows by hand ) as he sought new approaches to animal treatment and milk production . However by 1919 , Hershey found the Round Barn too expensive to operate and closed it down . </P> <H2> Early Candy ventures ( edit ) </H2> <H3> R&R Candy Company ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jobless in 1919 , Reese formed a new business called the R&R Candy Company that he operated from an old canning factory located in Hummelstown , Pennsylvania where he manufactured milk chocolate covered almonds and raisins , selling them to local stores . </P> <H3> Superior chocolate and confectionery Company ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reese knew he needed high - quality manufacturing equipment in order to boost the potential of his Hummelstown , Pennsylvania candy business . So in January , 1920 he reorganized the R&R Candy Company as the Superior Chocolate and Confectionery Company and proceeded to raise today 's equivalent of $290,000 by issuing stock in the newly formed company . A State charter for the new company was issued on May 14 , 1920 with the following company officers : </P> <Ul> <Li> President : Joseph Burkholder </Li> <Li> Secretary : E.M. Hershey </Li> <Li> Treasurer : J. Landis Strickler </Li> <Li> Manager : Harry B. Reese </Li> </Ul> <P> Nonetheless , the business ultimately failed . </P> <P> Under pressure to support his 10 - children with yet another baby on the way , Reese took a paper mill job in Spring Grove , Pennsylvania where he worked a second job as a butcher and also a third job canning vegetables . </P> <H2> Hershey factory Employee ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1921 , Reese 's father - in - law purchased a home at 18 E. Areba Avenue in Hershey , Pennsylvania for his son - in - law 's growing family . With his return to Hershey , Reese began working at The Hershey Company factory in the shipping department and was soon promoted to foreman . </P> <P> On the side , working from the basement of his Areba Avenue home , he made a variety of confectionery products including hard candy , chocolate covered nut ( fruit ) and raisins , mint ( candy ) as well as two popular milk chocolate covered caramel - coconut candy bars that he invented : </P> <Ol> <Li> The Lizzie Bar named for his oldest daughter , Mary Elizabeth . </Li> <Li> And the Johnny Bar named for his son , John , who worked alongside his father in The Hershey Company shipping department . </Li> </Ol> <P> The ingredients for both bars included fresh grated coconut , caramel , molasses , cocoa butter and honey . The main difference between the two bars was that the Johnny Bar had Nut ( fruit ) as an ingredient . From the very beginning , Reese used chocolate manufactured by The Hershey Company for his chocolate coatings . </P> <P> Reese enjoyed enough success to finally quit his factory job at The Hershey Company and set out on his own to `` make a living '' manufacturing candy . </P> <H2> H.B. Reese Candy Company ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reese incorporated the H.B. Reese Candy Company in 1923 . Selling a large assortment of candies on consignment , his employees coated by hand each piece of candy on marble slabs , some coated with milk chocolate and others with dark chocolate that were placed in two - pound and five - pound boxes that were sold in department store candy displays . To promote sales , Reese set up special coating tables in the front display windows of large , downtown department stores and had his employees coat candies in full view of shoppers passing by while other employees handed out freshly made samples . </P> <P> Here 's a brief list of the candy initially manufactured by the H.B. Reese Candy Company . They were made with ingredients such as real cocoa butter , fresh cream , fresh grated coconut and freshly roasted peanuts : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Butter cream </Td> <Td> Marshmallow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butterscotch </Td> <Td> Marshmallow - Nut ( fruit ) * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chocolate Jets * </Td> <Td> Nougat * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coated Date ( fruit ) * </Td> <Td> Nuttees * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coconut Caramel * </Td> <Td> Peanut Butter Cups * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coconut Cream * </Td> <Td> Peanut Clusters * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cream Caramel </Td> <Td> Peppermint Cream * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honey Dew Coconut * </Td> <Td> Raisin Clusters * </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : * These 12 - candies were sold in five - pound boxes during the holiday season . </P> <P> Borrowing money from a York County , Pennsylvania bank in 1926 , Reese built a large home and a new factory that were located next to each other at 203 - 205 W Caracas Ave in Hershey , Pennsylvania . By 1935 , he had 62 employees as well as his 6 sons working for him and was so successful that he was able to pay off all his mortgages . </P> <H2> Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( edit ) </H2> <P> By 1928 , H.B. ( Poppy Reese ) and Blanche ( Mommy Reese ) had sixteen children . That same year , H.B. Reese invented Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups which became part of his assorted chocolate line . </P> <H3> How H.B. Reese invented Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article or section may have been copied and pasted from another location , possibly in violation of Wikipedia 's copyright policy . Please review the source and remedy this by editing this article to remove any non-free copyrighted content and attributing free content correctly , or flagging the content for deletion . Please be sure that the supposed source of the copyright violation is not itself a Wikipedia mirror . ( June 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` In late 1927 , H.B. was delivering some of his candy to a store in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , the Bluebird Candy Shop . The owner of the shop was having problems with another supplier who could not keep him supplied with a candy made of peanut butter covered with chocolate . He asked H.B. if he could supply him with something like that . H.B. saw an opportunity and with considerable persistence , seized it . H.B. originally rolled the peanut butter into a small ball and dipped it into chocolate ; the peanut butter manufacturing process was easy to automate , and the cup was used to help that process , since it provided a small compartment for each item . The candy was quickly added to the assortment box in 1928 . '' </P> <H3> The success of Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( edit ) </H3> <P> Soon the company was packaging 120 individually wrapped pieces per box that sold for a penny per cup . The penny peanut butter cup was the candy that helped Reese pay off the mortgages on both his house and factory by 1935 . This was especially noteworthy since the United States was still in the grip of the Great Depression and chocolate was considered a luxury . </P> <P> During World War II , economic constraints and scarcity of materials led him to discontinue his other candies and concentrate solely on his Peanut butter cup , his most popular offering . </P> <P> Throughout the war , Reese built his company based on the success of a single product , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups . And instead of selling the product by weight , peanut butter cups were packaged for retail sale with each candy wrapper prominently displaying the slogan : `` Made in Chocolate Town , So They Must Be Good '' . Additionally in 1943 , the five - cent cup was introduced and as packaging machine and plant automation were placed into production , the sales of Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups doubled every four years . </P> <P> Before H.B. Reese died in 1956 , he began construction of a second plant located at 925 Reese Avenue , Hershey , Pennsylvania . Completed on November 30 , 1957 , this new modern plant contained 100,000 square feet of state - of - the - art manufacturing technology built at a cost equivalent of $6.9 million at a time when the sales of Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups were equivalent to $125 million . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> <P> After a short illness , H.B. Reese died of a Myocardial infarction on May 16 , 1956 at the St. Mary 's Medical Center located in West Palm Beach , Florida ( where Reese had been vacationing ) . His residence at the time of his death was located at 630 Linden Road , Hershey , PA . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> On July 2 , 1963 ( seven years after the death of H.B. Reese ) , when the sales of Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups were equivalent to $243 million , his sons Robert , John , Ed , Ralph , Harry and Charles Richard Reese , merged the H.B. Reese Candy Company with The Hershey Company in a tax free stock - for - stock merger . In 2018 after 55 years of stock splits , the Reese brothers ' original 666,316 shares of Hershey common stock represent 16 million Hershey shares valued at over $1.8 billion that pay annual cash dividends of $42 million . At the time of its 1963 merger , the H.B. Reese Candy Company was celebrating its 40th Anniversary and had just added 200,000 square feet of new state - of - the - art manufacturing capacity to its 925 Reese Avenue , Hershey , PA plant . In 1969 , only 6 years after the Reese / Hershey merger , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups became the best - selling product of The Hershey Company . </P> <P> As of September 20 , 2012 , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups were the No. 1 selling candy brand in the United States with sales of $2.603 billion . Furthermore back in 1973 , the non-union H.B. Reese Candy Company plant added yet another 200,000 square feet of manufacturing space in order to begin production of the Kit Kat for sale in the United States which had 2012 U.S. sales of $948 million , making Kit Kat the No. 4 selling candy brand in the United States . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of chocolatiers </Li> <Li> List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company </Li> <Li> List of top - selling candy brands </Li> <Li> Peanut butter cup </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Snickers Surging to Top of Global Candy Race '' . Ad Age . September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` REESE 'S Peanut Butter Cups '' . Brad Reese Peanut Butter and Chocolate . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Burnett `` H.B. '' Reese Inducted into the Candy Hall of Fame in 2009 `` . NCSA National Confectionary Sales Association : Candy Hall of Fame Inductees . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups : the Untold Story : Inventor , H.B. Reese . iUniverse . November 19 , 2008 . p. 108 . ISBN 9780595608041 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fascinating Rise Of Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups '' . Business Insider . June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Reese Candy Company '' . Hershey Community Archives . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` H.B. Reese Made A Sweet Business Out Of Quality Candy '' . Investor 's Business Daily . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` H.B. Reese Chronology '' . Hershey Community Archives . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Was it Hershey or Reese That Made Peanut Butter Cups Great ? '' . Atlas Obscura . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 11 Delicious Facts About Reese 's '' . Mental Floss Magazine . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Never Knew and Should Know About Reese 's '' . Spoon University Food Resource . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 Things You Never Knew About Reese 's , Straight From an Employee '' . POPSUGAR . August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The History of Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups '' . Today I Found Out . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Made in Hershey , So It Must Be Good : H.B. Reese Candy Company '' . Hershey Community Archives . September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The H.B. Reese Candy Company Story '' . Lebanon Daily News . June 9 , 1956 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.B. Reese '' . NNDB . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 1963 Reese / Hershey Merger Closing Agenda '' ( PDF ) . BradReeseCom . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> H.B. Reese on Facebook </Li> <Li> H.B. Reese Death Announcement </Li> <Li> H.B. Reese at Find a Grave </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._B._Reese&oldid=850855855 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1879 births </Li> <Li> 1956 deaths </Li> <Li> Businesspeople in confectionery </Li> <Li> People from York County , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> People from Hershey , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> The Hershey Company </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Infobox person using certain parameters when dead </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Copied and pasted articles and sections from June 2018 </Li> <Li> All copied and pasted articles and sections </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 </Li> <Li> Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 11 : 49 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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who invented the reese's peanut butter cup
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=H._B._Reese&amp;oldid=850855855
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RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 10 ) - wikipedia <H1> RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 10 ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> RuPaul 's Drag Race </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season 10 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast from </Th> <Td> March 22 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) -- June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> RuPaul Michelle Visage Ross Mathews Carson Kressley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host ( s ) </Th> <Td> RuPaul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> <Td> VH1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitors </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finals venue </Th> <Td> Ace Theater </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runtime </Th> <Td> 60 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Winner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Aquaria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Brooklyn , New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Eureka Kameron Michaels </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ◀ </Li> <Li> Season 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The tenth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on March 22 , 2018 , on VH1 . The premiere was broadcast one week after the finale of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars , and episodes are to be followed by RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked . Contestants were officially announced on February 22 , 2018 , in a teaser trailer `` Ruveal '' during an episode of All Stars 3 later followed by a special `` Meet the Queens '' live - stream on Facebook , hosted by season nine winner , Sasha Velour . This season saw the return of season 9 contestant Eureka O'Hara who was removed from her original season following an injury . The prizes for the winner of this season include a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . This is the first season in which each episode is slated to be 90 minutes long . </P> <P> The winner of the tenth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Aquaria , with Eureka and Kameron Michaels being the runners - up . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Contestants </Li> <Li> 2 Contestant progress </Li> <Li> 3 Lip syncs </Li> <Li> 4 Guest judges <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Special guests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Episodes </Li> <Li> 6 Ratings </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contestants </H2> See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race contestants <P> ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aquaria </Td> <Td> Giovanni Palandrani </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eureka </Td> <Td> David Huggard </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Johnson City , Tennessee </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> Dane Young </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Nashville , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asia O'Hara </Td> <Td> Antwan Lee </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Dallas , Texas </Td> <Td> 4th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miz Cracker </Td> <Td> Maxwell Heller </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Harlem , New York </Td> <Td> 5th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monét X Change </Td> <Td> Kevin Bertin </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> The Bronx , New York </Td> <Td> 6th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Vixen </Td> <Td> Anthony Taylor </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> 7th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monique Heart </Td> <Td> Kevin Richardson </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Kansas City , Missouri </Td> <Td> 8th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blair St. Clair </Td> <Td> Andrew Bryson </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana </Td> <Td> 9th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayhem Miller </Td> <Td> Dequan Johnson </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Riverside , California </Td> <Td> 10th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dusty Ray Bottoms </Td> <Td> Dustin Rayburn </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> New York , New York </Td> <Td> 11th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yuhua Hamasaki </Td> <Td> Yuhua Ou </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> New York , New York </Td> <Td> 12th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalorie Karbdashian Williams </Td> <Td> Daniel Hernandez </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Albuquerque , New Mexico </Td> <Td> 13th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanessa Vanjie Mateo </Td> <Td> Jose Cancel </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida </Td> <Td> 14th Place </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Eureka O'Hara is simply known as Eureka on the show . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Asia T. O'Hara is simply known as Asia O'Hara on the show . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Contestant progress </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aquaria </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eureka </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asia O'Hara </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miz Cracker </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monét X Change </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Miss C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Vixen </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monique Heart </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blair St. Clair </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayhem Miller </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dusty Ray Bottoms </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yuhua Hamasaki </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalorie Karbdashian Williams </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanessa Vanjie Mateo </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was a runner - up . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated during the first round of the lip - sync tournament . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by the contestants . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant won the challenge . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was in the bottom two . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Lip syncs </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Contestants </Th> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> Eliminated </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kalorie Karbdashian Williams </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Vanessa Vanjie Mateo </Td> <Td> `` Ai n't No Other Man '' ( Christina Aguilera ) </Td> <Td> Vanessa Vanjie Mateo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eureka </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Kalorie Karbdashian Williams </Td> <Td> `` Best of My Love '' ( The Emotions ) </Td> <Td> Kalorie Karbdashian Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mayhem Miller </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Yuhua Hamasaki </Td> <Td> `` Celebrity Skin '' ( Hole ) </Td> <Td> Yuhua Hamasaki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dusty Ray Bottoms </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Monét X Change </Td> <Td> `` Pound the Alarm '' ( Nicki Minaj ) </Td> <Td> Dusty Ray Bottoms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Mayhem Miller </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Monét X Change </Td> <Td> `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' ( Shania Twain ) </Td> <Td> Mayhem Miller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Blair St. Clair </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> The Vixen </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Diana Ross ) </Td> <Td> Blair St. Clair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Monique Heart </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> The Vixen </Td> <Td> `` Cut to the Feeling '' ( Carly Rae Jepsen ) </Td> <Td> Monique Heart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Asia O'Hara </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> The Vixen </Td> <Td> `` Groove Is in the Heart '' ( Deee - Lite ) </Td> <Td> The Vixen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Eureka </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> `` New Attitude '' ( Patti Labelle ) </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Monét X Change </Td> <Td> `` Good as Hell '' ( Lizzo ) </Td> <Td> Monét X Change </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Miz Cracker </Td> <Td> `` Nasty Girl '' ( Vanity 6 ) </Td> <Td> Miz Cracker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Aquaria vs. Asia O'Hara vs. Eureka vs. Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> `` Call Me Mother '' ( RuPaul ) </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Asia O'Hara </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> `` Nasty '' ( Janet Jackson ) </Td> <Td> Asia O'Hara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aquaria </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Eureka </Td> <Td> `` If '' ( Janet Jackson ) </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Aquaria vs. Eureka vs. Kameron Michaels </Td> <Td> `` Bang Bang '' ( Jessie J , Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj ) </Td> <Td> Eureka Kameron Michaels </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after the first round of the finale lip - sync tournament </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after the second round of the finale lip - sync tournament . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Guest judges </H2> <P> Listed in chronological order : </P> <Ul> <Li> Christina Aguilera , singer , songwriter , actress </Li> <Li> Halsey , singer , songwriter </Li> <Li> Padma Lakshmi , actress , model </Li> <Li> Courtney Love , singer , songwriter , actress </Li> <Li> Nico Tortorella , actor , model </Li> <Li> Logan Browning , actress </Li> <Li> Tisha Campbell - Martin , actress , singer </Li> <Li> Carrie Preston , actress , producer , singer </Li> <Li> Shania Twain , singer , songwriter </Li> <Li> Emily V. Gordon , writer , producer </Li> <Li> Kumail Nanjiani , comedian , actor , writer </Li> <Li> Audra McDonald , actress , singer </Li> <Li> Kate Upton , model , actress </Li> <Li> Andrew Rannells , actor , singer </Li> <Li> Billy Eichner , comedian , actor , writer </Li> <Li> Abbi Jacobson , comedian , writer , actress </Li> <Li> Ilana Glazer , comedian , writer , actress </Li> <Li> Miles Heizer , actor , musician </Li> <Li> Lizzo , rapper , singer </Li> <Li> Lena Dunham , actress , writer , director </Li> <Li> Ashanti , singer , songwriter , actress </Li> <Li> Todrick Hall , singer , director , choreographer </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special guests </H3> <P> Guests who appeared in episodes , but did not judge on the main stage . </P> <P> Episode 1 </P> <Ul> <Li> Adore Delano , runner - up of season six and contestant on All Stars season two </Li> <Li> Bob the Drag Queen , winner of season eight </Li> <Li> Chad Michaels , runner - up of season four and winner of All Stars season one </Li> <Li> Darienne Lake , contestant on season six </Li> <Li> Delta Work , contestant on season three </Li> <Li> Derrick Barry , contestant on season eight </Li> <Li> Detox , contestant on season five and runner - up of All Stars season two </Li> <Li> Jaymes Mansfield , contestant on season nine </Li> <Li> Jessica Wild , contestant on season two </Li> <Li> Jiggly Caliente , contestant on season four </Li> <Li> Jinkx Monsoon , winner of season five </Li> <Li> Jujubee , contestant on season two and All Stars season one </Li> <Li> Katya , contestant on season seven and runner - up of All Stars season two </Li> <Li> Kim Chi , runner - up of season eight </Li> <Li> Laganja Estranja , contestant on season six </Li> <Li> Manila Luzon , runner - up of season three and contestant on All Stars season one </Li> <Li> Mariah Balenciaga , contestant on season three </Li> <Li> Morgan McMichaels , contestant on season two and All Stars season three </Li> <Li> Mrs. Kasha Davis , contestant on season seven </Li> <Li> Ongina , contestant on season one </Li> <Li> Pandora Boxx , contestant on season two and All Stars season one </Li> <Li> Peppermint , runner - up of season nine </Li> <Li> Raven , runner - up of season two and All Stars season one </Li> <Li> Tempest DuJour , contestant on season seven </Li> <Li> Trixie Mattel , contestant on season seven and winner of All Stars season three </Li> <Li> Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker , contestant on season one </Li> <Li> Yara Sofia , contestant on season three and All Stars season one </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 2 </P> <Ul> <Li> Andy Cohen , television personality </Li> <Li> Alyssa Edwards , contestant on season five and All Stars season two </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 4 </P> <Ul> <Li> Shawn Morales , Pit Crew member from seasons three to six </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 5 </P> <Ul> <Li> Ross Mathews </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 7 </P> <Ul> <Li> Bianca Del Rio , winner of season six </Li> <Li> Alex Trebek , game show host </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 8 </P> <Ul> <Li> Chad Michaels , runner - up of season four and winner of All Stars season one </Li> <Li> Todrick Hall , singer , director , and choerographer </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 9 </P> <Ul> <Li> Stephen Colbert , television host </Li> <Li> Randy Rainbow , comedian </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 10 </P> <Ul> <Li> Anthony Padilla , actor , comedian , and YouTube personality </Li> <Li> Chester See , singer , actor , and YouTube personality </Li> <Li> Frankie Grande , dancer , actor , singer , and YouTube personality </Li> <Li> Kingsley , comedian , blogger , and YouTube personality </Li> <Li> Raymond Braun , actor , and YouTube personality </Li> <Li> Tyler Oakley , author , and YouTube personality </Li> </Ul> <P> Episode 11 </P> <Ul> <Li> Cheyenne Jackson , actor , singer </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes </H2> See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` 10s Across the Board '' </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The 14 queens enter the work room for the first time . RuPaul announces the first mini-challenge , the contestants must work the runway and stand out among previous contestants and winners ; Monét X Change wins the mini-challenge . For the maxi - challenge , RuPaul tasks the contestants to create a runway outfit from miscellaneous items found at a variety store ; inspired by the first challenge on season one . On stage , Aquaria , Asia O'Hara , Eureka , Kameron Michaels , Monét X Change , Monique Heart , and The Vixen are declared safe . Blair St. Clair , Mayhem Miller , Miz Cracker , and Yuhua Hamasaki all receive positive remarks , but Mayhem is declared the winner . Dusty Ray Bottoms , Kalorie Karbdashian Williams , and Vanessa Vanjie Mateo all received negative commentary for their runway looks . Bottoms was declared safe , while Williams and Mateo lip - synced to Christina Aguilera 's `` Ai n't No Other Man '' ; Williams won the lip - sync and Mateo was eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Christina Aguilera </Li> <Li> Alternating Judges : Carson Kressley & Ross Mathews </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Stand out on the runway among a sea of legendary queens from past seasons . </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Monét X Change </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to FierceQueen.com </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Construct a runway outfit from miscellaneous items found at a variety store </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Mayhem Miller </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : A luxury Hawaiian getaway to Hale Mohalu Guesthouse and Retreat </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Kalorie Karbdashian Williams & Vanessa Vanjie Mateo </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Ai n't No Other Man '' by Christina Aguilera </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Vanessa Vanjie Mateo </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` Ladies I ❤ U The Vanjie way ! xoxo Vanessa ❤ ! '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` PharmaRusical '' </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The 13 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to perform a dance in 20 minute country quick drag for the mini-challenge , with special guest Andy Cohen judging their performances ; Asia O'Hara and The Vixen are declared the winners and were made team captains for a live stage musical titled `` PharmaRusical '' . Team Asia O'Hara consisted of Aquaria , Dusty Ray Bottoms , Eureka , Kalorie Karbdashian Williams , Monique Heart , and Yuhua Hamasaki , with Team Vixen consisting of Blair St. Clair , Kameron Michaels , Mayhem Miller , Miz Cracker , and Monét X Change . The runway theme was `` Very Best Drag . '' On the main stage , The Vixen 's team is declared the winners with Vixen being the standout and winning the overall challange . Asia O'Hara's team is declared the losers and are critiqued by the judges . Heart , Eureka , and Williams are said to be the weakest of their team , Heart is announced as safe leaving Eureka and Williams to lip - sync to The Emotions ' `` Best of My Love '' ; Eureka is declared the winner of the lip - sync and Williams is subsequently eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Halsey & Padma Lakshmi </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Participate in the Hay Girl Hay hoedown </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winners : Asia O'Hara & The Vixen </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Perform in PharmaRusical </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Very Best Drag </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : The Vixen </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : Jewelry from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $2,000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Eureka & Kalorie Karbdashian Williams </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Kalorie Karbdashian Williams </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` Thank you Sisters . I 'm So Blessed to have met you all . Keep it Kute ! KKW '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 120 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Tap That App '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The 12 remaining queens were tasked by RuPaul to perform a skit to promote his self - titled chocolate bar . Blair St. Clair , Monét X Change , and Monique Heart are deemed the winners , and are selected as team leaders for the acting challenge `` Tap That App '' , inspired by dating apps . They are split into three teams : Team Blair consists of Eureka , Miz Cracker , and The Vixen ; Team Monét are Aquaria , Asia O'Hara , and Yuhua Hamasaki ; Team Monique are Dusty Ray Bottoms , Kameron Michaels , and Mayhem Miller . Subsequently , the runway theme for the episode was a look constructed with feathers . On the main stage , Aquaria , Dusty Ray Bottoms , Miz Cracker , Monét X Change , Monique Heart and the Vixen are declared safe . Asia O'Hara , Blair St. Clair and Eureka are praised for their runway looks and performances , with Asia declared the winner of the main challenge . Conversely , Kameron Michaels , Mayhem Miller and Yuhua Hamasaki are criticized for their performances , though Kameron received rave reviews for her runway look . Kameron was declared safe , while Mayhem and Yuhua lip - synced to Hole 's `` Celebrity Skin '' ; Mayhem won the lip - sync and Yuhua was eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Courtney Love & Nico Tortorella </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Perform in screen tests for Ru 's provocative new RuPaul 's Chocolate Bar campaign . </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winners : Blair St. Clair , Monét X Change , and Monique Heart </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Film ads for new dating apps </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Feathers </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to Casper Sleep and a $3,000 gift card to Catherine D'Lish </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Mayhem Miller & Yuhua Hamasaki </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Celebrity Skin '' by Hole </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Yuhua Hamasaki </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` 我 爱 you ( I love you all ! Season 10 is going to be amazing ! - Yuhua Hamasaki ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 121 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Last Ball on Earth '' </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The 11 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to be part of a satire photo - bombing photo shoot featuring infamous celebrity photos ; Aquaria won the mini-challenge . For the maxi - challenge , RuPaul tasked the contestants to design three looks for `` The Last Ball on Earth '' . The three categories are : Alaskan Winter Realness , Miami Summer Realness , and Martian Eleganza Extravaganza . On the main stage , Blair St. Clair , Eureka , Mayhem Miller , Monique Heart , and The Vixen were declared safe . Aquaria , Kameron Michaels , and Miz Cracker were all praised for their runway looks , and Aquaria won the main challenge . Asia O'Hara , Dusty Ray Bottoms , and Monét X Change were criticized for their runway looks , though all three were praised for their Miami Summer Realness costume . Asia was declared safe , while Dusty and Monet lip - synced to Nicki Minaj 's `` Pound the Alarm '' ; Monét won the lip - sync and Dusty was eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Logan Browning & Tisha Campbell Martin </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Ross Matthews </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Photobomb iconic celebrity pictures </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Aquaria </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $1,000 credit to Postmates </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Create three looks based on climate change ; Alaskan Winter Realness , Miami Summer Realness , and Martian Eleganza Extravaganza </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Aquaria </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to D Bleu Dazzled and wigs courtesy of RockStar Wigs </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Dusty Ray Bottoms & Monét X Change </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Pound the Alarm '' by Nicki Minaj </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Dusty Ray Bottoms </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` NEVA LAVD YA ! ❤ Dusty '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 122 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Bossy Rossy Show '' </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The 10 remaining queens were tasked by RuPaul to get into quick drag and create an outfit inspired by the military ; The Vixen wins the mini-challenge and pairs each contestant for the maxi - challenge . In The Bossy Rossy Show , the queens must improvise through a storyline ; Asia & The Vixen starred in a copycat storyline , Miz Cracker & Mayhem in a pickle phobia scene , Eureka & Aquaria in an adult baby scene , Blair & Monique in I Married a Cactus , and Kameron & Monét in a My Strange Addiction - style storyline . The runway theme for the episode is denim and diamonds . On the main stage , Asia , Aquaria , Blair , and Kameron were declared safe . Miz Cracker and Monique Heart received praise on their performances and runway looks , however Eureka is declared the winner . Mayhem Miller , Monét X Change , and The Vixen were criticised for their performances , though The Vixen received positive remarks for her runway look . The Vixen is declared safe , while Mayhem and Monet lip - synced to `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' by Shania Twain . Monét wins the lip sync and Mayhem is eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Carrie Preston & Shania Twain </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Create a military inspired outfit to enlist in the Drag Army </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : The Vixen </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Working in pairs , improvise in the new day - time talk show `` Bossy Rossy '' </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Denim & Diamonds </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Eureka </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : 2 VIP tickets to Cirque du Soleil : Zumanity in Las Vegas , including flights and accommodation . </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Mayhem Miller & Monét X Change </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' by Shania Twain </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Mayhem Miller </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` I ❤ to PARTY xoxo May '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 123 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Drag Con Panel Extravaganza '' </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The 9 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in a game of Sittin ' on a Secret , where contestants sit on an object while blind - folded ; Asia O'Hara wins the challenge by guessing the most objects . For the maxi challenge , RuPaul tasks the queens to take part in a special rendition of RuPaul 's DragCon . The queens get to choose their own teams : Blair St. Clair , The Vixen , & Miz Cracker as Team Hair , Eureka , Kameron , & Monét X Change as Team Body , and Asia O'Hara , Aquaria , & Monique Heart as Team Face . Additionally , RuPaul announces that their performances will be in front of a live audience , and each contestant will be ranked in a poll . The runway theme for this episode is Hats Incredible . On the main stage , Aquaria , Asia , and Monique are declared safe . Eureka , Kameron , and Monét are selected as the top team of the week , with Eureka winning the and receiving the highest public vote . Blair , Miz Cracker , and The Vixen are deemed the bottom team for their performances . Miz Cracker is declared safe , while Blair and The Vixen lip - synced to `` I 'm Coming Out '' by Diana Ross . The Vixen wins the lip sync and Blair is eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Kumail Nanjiani & Emily V. Gordon </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Identify objects only by sitting on them </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 hair care package from Art Lab Salon </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : In teams , create and produce RuPaul 's DragCon panels on hair , face , and body in front of a live audience . </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Hats Incredible </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Eureka </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : Four - night stay and spa treatments for 2 at Saguaro in Palm Springs </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Blair St. Clair & The Vixen </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` I 'm Coming Out '' by Diana Ross </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Blair St. Clair </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` Let me be your STAR ! xoxo Blair St. Clair '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 124 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Snatch Game '' </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The eight remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in the mini-challenge roast `` Reading is Fundamental '' , with Eureka winning . RuPaul tasks the contestants to participate in the series Snatch Game , where each queen impersonates a celebrity ; Aquaria plays as Melania Trump , Asia O'Hara as Beyonce , Eureka as Alana Thompson , Kameron Michaels as Chyna , Miz Cracker as Dorothy Parker , Monét x Change as Maya Angelou , Monique Heart as Maxine Waters , and The Vixen as Blue Ivy Carter . Additionally , the runway theme was inspired by mermaids . On the main stage , Kameron and Miz Cracker were deemed safe . Eureka and Monét x Change received positive reviews for their performances , but received mixed commentary for their runway looks . Aquaria won her second challenge , based on her performance and runway look . Asia , Monique and The Vixen were all criticized for their impersonations and runway looks . Asia is declared safe , while Monique and The Vixen lip - synced to `` Cut to the Feeling '' by Carly Rae Jepsen . During the lip - sync , Monique did not know the words to the song , which ultimately made The Vixen win and Monique being eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Audra McDonald & Kate Upton </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Reading Is Fundamental </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Eureka </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to l.a. Eyeworks </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the annual comedy challenge of Snatch Game </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Mermaid Fantasy </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Aquaria </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : 6 - night stay at Grove Hotel on Fire Island </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Monique Heart & The Vixen </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Cut to the Feeling '' by Carly Rae Jepsen </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Monique Heart </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` Always abide in love & learn your words ! Facts are facts '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 125 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Unauthorized Rusical '' </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The seven remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in an improv mini-challenge that pastiches a similar scene from the finale of season two . Each queen has to try and make RuPaul slap them , with Asia O'Hara winning the mini-challenge . For the main challenge , the contestants were tasked by RuPaul to perform and sing in a live tribute act to American singer and actress Cher , titled `` Cher : The Unauthorized Rusical '' . The contestants portray Cher from different phases of her career : Aquaria as Disco Cher , Asia O'Hara as Movie Star Cher , Eureka as Rock Star Cher , Kameron Michaels as ' 60s Cher , Miz Cracker as Comeback Cher , and Monét x Change and The Vixen as Variety Show Cher . Subsequently , the runway theme for this episode is Glitterific . </P> <P> On the main stage , Monét received positive comments for her performance and mixed reviews for her runway look , conversely for both Eureka and Miz Cracker with their runway and performance ; all three contestants were deemed safe . Kameron was praised for both her runway look and Cher performance , winning the main challenge . Aquaria , Asia and The Vixen were complimented for their runway looks , but their performances placed them in the bottom three . Aquaria is declared safe , while Asia and The Vixen lip - synced to Groove Is In the Heart by Deee - Lite . Asia wins the lip sync and The Vixen is eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Billy Eichner & Andrew Rannells </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Attempt to make RuPaul slap them in a game called Slap Out of It </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to Sparkles Rhinestones </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Sing live in Cher : The Unauthorized Rusical </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Glitterific </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Kameron Michaels </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : A luxury VIP getaway to Sofitel Hotel in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Asia O'Hara & The Vixen </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Groove Is In the Heart '' by Deee - Lite </Li> <Li> Eliminated : The Vixen </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` EVIL Triumps when good queens do nothing ! Buy My Album The Vixen '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 126 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Breastworld '' </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The six remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in a guessing game which involves each queen trying to match the most underwear worn by the Pit Crew ; Aquaria wins the mini-challenge . For the maxi challenge , RuPaul tasks the queens to act in a show titled Breastworld , loosely inspired by the American television show Westworld . Since Aquaria won the mini-challenge , she got to assign the characters : Aquaria as Dyslexa , Asia O'Hara as Para Salin , Eureka as Rosie , Kameron Michaels as Muffy , Miz Cracker as Julie , and Monét X Change as Viv . Subsequently , the runway theme was Silver Foxy , where the queens have to dress as aged - versions of themselves . </P> <P> On the main stage , Aquaria 's performance and runway look received warm reviews from the judges , but was ultimately declared safe . Asia and Monét were praised for their performances , though both their runway looks received mixed opinions ; eventually , Asia was declared the winner of the main challenge . Eureka , Kameron and Miz Cracker were placed in the bottom three for their performances , though Eureka received negative reviews for her runway look . Miz Cracker is declared safe , while Eureka and Kameron lip - synced to `` New Attitude '' by Patti LaBelle ; and both Eureka and Kameron won the lip - sync . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Abbi Jacobson & Ilana Glazer </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Find matching pairs of Pit Crew underwear in a game called Pants Down Bottoms Up </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Aquaria </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : The queens must act in the new hit series , `` Breastworld '' </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Silver Foxy </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : 4 - night stay at Frog Meadow Farm in Vermont </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Eureka & Kameron Michaels </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` New Attitude '' by Patti LaBelle </Li> <Li> Eliminated : None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Social Media Kings Into Queens '' </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> The six remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to appear in a commercial that promotes RuPaul 's perfume for men , titled Trade . Each queen is to dress as butch men and deliver comedic improvisations for the mini-challenge , and Eureka wins . Eureka is tasked by RuPaul to pair each contestant with six special guests for the make - over challenge : Aquaria gets paired with Kingsley , Asia O'Hara and Raymond Braun , Eureka and Frankie Grande , Kameron Michaels and Anthony Padilla , Miz Cracker and Chester See , and Monét X Change with Tyler Oakley . Subsequently , each pair took part in a home - made music video to RuPaul 's song `` Charisma Uniqueness Nerve and Talent '' . </P> <P> On the main stage , Asia and Eureka , alongside their drag daughters America O'Hara and Eufreaka , received postiive reviews for their performances and make - overs , but were declared safe . Miz Cracker and her drag daughter Miz Cookie were commended for their performances , make - over , and chemistry , and were deemed the winners of the challenge . The bottom queens of the week were Aquaria , Kameron and Monet , who were criticized for not having a make - over resemblance to their drag daughters Capricia Corn , Kelly Michaels , and Short Change . Aquaria is declared safe , while Kameron and Monet lip - synced to `` Good as Hell '' by Lizzo ; Kameron wins the lip - sync and Monet is eliminated from the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Miles Heizer & Lizzo </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Participate in a manly photoshoot advertising a new body spray , Trade </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Eureka </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to MuLondon </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Give drag makeovers to social media superstars </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Miz Cracker </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to Jane Doe Latex for the queen and a $2,000 gift card to Klein , Epstein , & Parker for their partner </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Kameron Michaels & Monét X Change </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Good as Hell '' by Lizzo </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Monét X Change </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` Long Live the Sponge ! ! ! MXC '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Evil Twins '' </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judges : Lena Dunham & Ashanti </Li> <Li> Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Decorate a pancake in edible drag </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Present two characters on the runway : best self and evil twin </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Aquaria </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge Prize : A trip for 2 to The Grand Resort and Spa in Fort Lauderdale and two luggage sets from Radden Luggage </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Kameron Michaels & Miz Cracker </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Nasty Girl '' by Vanity 6 </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Miz Cracker </Li> <Li> Farewell message : `` KNOW YOURSELF M '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` American '' </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Todrick Hall </Li> <Li> Alternating Judges : Carson Kressley & Ross Mathews </Li> <Li> Maxi Challenge : Write , record , and perform their own verse to RuPaul 's song `` American '' and guest star on the `` What 's the Tee ? '' podcast with Michelle Visage </Li> <Li> Lip Sync Song : `` Call Me Mother '' by RuPaul </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Queens Reunited '' </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The queens reunite to discuss the season 's highlights and drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Grand Finale '' </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' and `` Miss Congeniality '' are crowned </P> <Ul> <Li> Miss Congeniality : Monét X Change </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Asia O'Hara </Li> <Li> Runners - up : Eureka & Kameron Michaels </Li> <Li> Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season Ten : Aquaria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` 10 's Across the Board '' </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.39 </Td> <Td> 0.785 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` PharmaRusical '' </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.29 </Td> <Td> 0.581 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Tap That App '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.42 </Td> <Td> 0.766 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Last Ball on Earth '' </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.36 </Td> <Td> 0.694 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Bossy Rossy Show '' </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.39 </Td> <Td> 0.692 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Drag Con Panel Extravaganza '' </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.41 </Td> <Td> 0.771 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Snatch Game '' </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.45 </Td> <Td> 0.840 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Unauthorized Rusical '' </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.37 </Td> <Td> 0.723 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Breastworld '' </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.33 </Td> <Td> 0.698 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Social Media Kings Into Queens '' </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.35 </Td> <Td> 0.715 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Evil Twins '' </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.31 </Td> <Td> 0.631 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` American '' </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.35 </Td> <Td> 0.761 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Queens Reunited '' </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.27 </Td> <Td> 0.632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Grand Finale '' </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.41 </Td> <Td> 0.838 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 10 is Premiering a Week After ' All Stars ' '' . February 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daw , Stephen ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 10 Premiere Date Revealed : Watch Teaser Clip '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 10 and ' Untucked ' will sashay to VH1 in March '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , Garrett ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 10 : Meet the 14 fierce drag queens '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/2018/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-10/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE AGE OF AQUARIA '' . PHOSPHENES . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 episode 1 : Lady Gaga , the Queens and spoilers '' . International Business Times AU . March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thanki , Juli ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Nashville contestant to compete on ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ North , Caroline ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Antwan Lee Was Clueless About Makeup , But He Became Miss Gay America Anyway '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Gay ' Should a Gay Bar Be ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ginnie Graham News Columnist ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Ginnie Graham : Sweetness can be found in a drag queen 's video with Tulsa woman '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hawbaker , KT ; Tucker , Sunshine ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago 's black drag queens are upholding a radical gender - bending tradition '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cadogan , Dominic ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` Vote for The Vixen on the # Dazed100 '' . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frederick , C.L. ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Monique Heart : I Came to Slay '' . The Phoenix Newsletter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One of the ' Drag Race ' Season 10 Queens Has Been Leaked '' . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hernandez , Greg . `` Drag Divas Get Down to Business - Vanguard Blog '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barba , Mercedes ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Introducing Dusty Ray Bottoms '' . News & Documentary . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dressed to Kill : Dispelling the Myths of Men in Drag - '' . December 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` From drag queen wannabe to RuPaul star '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 10 Spoilers and Bracket '' . Bracket Yard . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race delivers 10s across the board with an exhilarating premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Benutty , John ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race 10 episode 2 recap : Which queen hit the wrong notes on PharmaRusical ? ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Benutty , John ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race 10 episode 3 recap : Which queen was off the map on Tap That App ? ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benutty , John ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' exit interview : Dusty Ray Bottoms declares , ' I had the time of my life ' ( WATCH ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duarte , Amanda ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' : Season 10 , Episode 5 : Getting to 50 '' . NY Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` DragCon Panel Extravaganza '' . VH1. April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yang , Bowen ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Recap : You Can Take My Snatch '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yang , Bowen ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Recap : Gypsies , Tramps , and Thieves -- and Billy Eichner '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yang , Bowen ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Recap : These Violent Delights Have Gaggy Ends '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Drag Race recruits social media influencers for a middling makeover challenge '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benutty , John ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' 10 episode 11 recap : Which Queen was cut on ' Evil Twins ' ? ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shania Twain , `` Broad City '' Stars And More Join The Judges ' Panel On `` Drag Race '' Season 10 `` . NewNowNext . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race season 10 first look photos : Xtina , X Change , and booty eleganza ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Katya , Bob the Drag Queen , more return for crazy ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 10 challenge '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 10 trailer drops , Shania Twain , Halsey , more to guest judge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daw , Stephen ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` Alex Trebek to Return Favor , Appear On ' Drag Race ' Following RuPaul 's ' Jeopardy ' Cameo '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 10 Episodes '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 10 Episode Listings '' . futoncritic.com . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Bossy Rossy Show '' . VH1. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( 17 May 2018 ) . `` An epic lip sync redeems Drag Race 's lackluster Westworld parody '' . The A.V. Club . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.19. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.26. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.3. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.17. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.24. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . 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who got eliminated rupaul's drag race season 10
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_10)&amp;oldid=849885455
-4,057,294,792,556,347,400
Brian 's Song - wikipedia <H1> Brian 's Song </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original 1971 television film . For the remake , see Brian 's Song ( 2001 film ) . For the Family Guy episode , see Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Brian 's Song </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Premiere advertisement from TV Guide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Biography Drama Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> I Am Third by Gale Sayers Al Silverman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> William Blinn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Buzz Kulik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> James Caan Billy Dee Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Michel Legrand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Paul Junger Witt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Joseph F. Biroc </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bud S. Isaacs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 74 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Screen Gems </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Columbia Pictures Sony Pictures Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 30 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Brian 's Song is a 1971 ABC Movie of the Week that recounts the details of the life of Brian Piccolo ( played by James Caan ) , a Wake Forest University football player stricken with terminal cancer after turning pro , told through his friendship with Chicago Bears teammate Gale Sayers ( Billy Dee Williams ) . Piccolo 's and Sayers 's sharply differing temperaments and racial backgrounds made them unlikely to become as close friends as they did , including becoming the first interracial roommates in the history of the National Football League , and the film chronicles the evolution of their friendship . The production was such a success on ABC that it was later shown in theaters by Columbia Pictures with a major premiere in Chicago ; however , it was soon withdrawn due to a lack of business . Critics have called the movie one of the finest telefilms ever made . A 2005 readers poll taken by Entertainment Weekly ranked ' Brian 's Song ' seventh in its list of the top `` guy - cry '' films ever made . </P> <P> The movie is based on Sayers ' account of his friendship with Piccolo and coping with Piccolo 's illness in Sayers ' autobiography , I Am Third . The film was written by veteran screenwriter William Blinn , whose script , one Dallas television critic called , `` highly restrained , steering clear of any overt sentimentality ( yet conveying ) the genuine affection the two men felt so deeply for each other . '' </P> <P> Although based on a true story , the film did include some fictional scenes . One example was when George Halas ( played by Jack Warden ) told Gale Sayers that he wanted to bench Brian Piccolo when he suspected that there may be a problem affecting his performance . He later learned of Brian 's cancer . In reality , Jim Dooley was the head coach at that time , as Halas had retired from the position following the 1967 season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Music </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Accolades </Li> <Li> 6 Remake </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The movie begins as Chicago Bears running back Gale Sayers ( Williams ) arrives at team practice as an errant punt is sent to Sayers . Running back Brian Piccolo ( Caan ) goes to retrieve the ball , and Sayers flips it to him . Before Sayers meets with coach George Halas ( Jack Warden ) in his office , Piccolo tells him -- as a prank -- that Halas has a hearing problem , and Sayers acts strangely at the meeting . Sayers pranks him back by placing mashed potatoes on his seat while Piccolo is singing his alma mater 's fight song . During practice , Piccolo struggles while Sayers shines . Sayers and Piccolo are placed as roommates , a rarity during the racial strife at the time . Sayers quickly becomes a standout player , but he injures his knee in a game against the San Francisco 49ers . To aid in Sayers ' recovery , Piccolo brings a weight machine to his house . In Sayers ' place , Piccolo rushes for 160 yards in a 17 -- 16 win over the Los Angeles Rams , and is given the game ball . Piccolo challenges Sayers to a race across the park , where Sayers stumbles but wins . Piccolo is given the starting fullback position , and both he and Sayers excel . But Piccolo starts to lose weight and his performance declines , so he is sent to a hospital for a diagnosis . Soon after , Halas tells Sayers that Piccolo has cancer . In an emotional speech to his teammates , Sayers states that they will give Piccolo the game ball . After a game against the St. Louis Cardinals , Sayers visits Piccolo 's wife , who reveals that Piccolo has to have another surgery for his tumor . After he is awarded the `` George S. Halas Most Courageous Player Award '' , Sayers dedicates his speech to Piccolo , telling the crowd that they had selected the wrong person for the award and saying , `` I love Brian Piccolo , and I 'd like all of you to love him , too . And tonight , when you hit your knees , please ask God to love him . '' In a call , Sayers mentions that he gave Piccolo a pint of blood while he was in critical condition . Piccolo dies with his wife by his side . The movie ends with a flashback of Piccolo and Sayers running through the park , while the narrator says that Piccolo died at age 26 and is remembered as he lived , rather than how he died . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> James Caan as Brian Piccolo </Li> <Li> Billy Dee Williams as Gale Sayers </Li> <Li> Jack Warden as Coach George Halas </Li> <Li> Shelley Fabares as Joy Piccolo </Li> <Li> Judy Pace as Linda Sayers </Li> <Li> Bernie Casey as J.C. Caroline </Li> <Li> David Huddleston as Ed McCaskey </Li> <Li> Ron Feinberg as Doug Atkins </Li> <Li> Jack Concannon as Himself </Li> <Li> Abe Gibron as Himself </Li> <Li> Ed O'Bradovich as Himself </Li> <Li> Dick Butkus as Himself </Li> <Li> Chicago Bears as Themselves </Li> </Ul> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> The musical theme to Brian 's Song , `` The Hands of Time '' , was a popular tune during the early 1970s and has become a standard . The music for the film was by Michel Legrand , with lyrics to the song by Marilyn and Alan Bergman . LeGrand 's instrumental version of the theme song charted for eight weeks in 1972 , peaking at # 56 . Nashville pianist Floyd Cramer performed a popular version of `` The Hands of Time '' . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film received acclaim and is often cited as one of the greatest television films ever made , as well as one of the greatest sports films . It holds a 92 % `` Fresh '' score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 critics , with a consensus stating `` Buoyed by standout performances from James Caan and Billy Dee Williams , Brian 's Song is a touching tale of friendship whose central relationship transcendeds its standard sports movie moments . '' </P> <P> Television critic Matt Zoller Seitz in his 2016 book co-written with Alan Sepinwall titled TV ( The Book ) named Brian 's Song as the fifth greatest American TV - movie of all time , stating that the film was `` The dramatic and emotional template for a good number of sports films and male weepies ( categories which tend to overlap a bit ) '' , as well as `` an influential early example of the interracial buddy movie . '' </P> <H2> Accolades ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film won an Emmy Award for Best Dramatic Program ( 1971 -- 72 ) . William Blinn won an Emmy for his teleplay , and Jack Warden won for his performance as Coach Halas . Caan and Williams were both nominated for best leading actor . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Winner / Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eddie Awards </Td> <Td> Best Edited Television Program </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Directors Guild of America Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television </Td> <Td> Buzz Kulik </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming -- For a Special or Feature Length Program Made for Television </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Drama </Td> <Td> Jack Warden </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Single Program -- Drama or Comedy </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama -- Adaptation </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Editing </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition -- For a Special Program </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama -- A Single Program </Td> <Td> Buzz Kulik </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role </Td> <Td> James Caan Billy Dee Williams </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Globe Award </Td> <Td> Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PGA Awards </Td> <Td> PGA Hall of Fame -- Television Programs </Td> <Td> Brian 's Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peabody Award </Td> <Td> Peabody Award </Td> <Td> ABC Television William Blinn </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Land Award </Td> <Td> Blockbuster Movie of the Week </Td> <Td> James Caan Billy Dee Williams </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Remake ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Brian 's Song ( 2001 film ) <P> Thirty years after its original airing , a remake was aired in 2001 on ABC 's The Wonderful World of Disney starring Mekhi Phifer in Billy Dee Williams ' original role as Sayers and Sean Maher as Piccolo , the character originally played by James Caan . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marill , Alvin H. ( 1987 ) . Movies Made For Television : The Telefeature and the Mini-series , 1964 -- 1986 . New York : Baseline / New York Zoetrope . pp. 53 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 918432 - 85 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lerner , Barron H. ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` '' Brian 's Song `` : What Really Happened '' . History News Network . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( then - parent and future corporate sibling of the movie 's production company , Screen Gems ) . `` TV ' Brian 's Song ' on movie screens '' , The Dallas Morning News , April 29 , 1972 , page 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harry Bowman . `` Broadcast Beat ( TV column ) : ' Brian 's Song ' superior film '' , The Dallas Morning News , November 27 , 1971 , page 7A . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sayers , Gayle ; Silverman , Al ( 1970 ) . I am Third . New York City : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0670389773 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian 's Song '' . Turner Classic Movies . United States : Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 1999 . Record Research ( Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin ) . p. 371 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 139 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ; Seitz , Matt Zoller ( September 2016 ) . TV ( The Book ) : Two Experts Pick the Greatest American Shows of All Time ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Grand Central Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 9781455588190 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068315/awards </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bud Talley ( 2 December 2001 ) . `` Brian 's Song ( TV Movie 2001 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brian 's Song on IMDb </Li> <Li> Brian 's Song at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Brian 's Song at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Brian 's Song at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Primetime Emmy Award for Program of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Operation Undersea ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Requiem for a Heavyweight ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Comedian ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> An Evening with Fred Astaire ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Macbeth ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Victoria Regina ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Tunnel ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Making of the President , 1960 ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Ages of Man ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Death of a Salesman ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Elizabeth the Queen ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Teacher , Teacher , ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> A Storm In Summer ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Andersonville Trial ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Brian 's Song ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A War of Children ( 1973 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Buzz Kulik </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Explosive Generation ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Yellow Canary ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Warning Shot ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Sergeant Ryker ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Villa Rides ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Riot ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Brian 's Song ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> To Find a Man ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Shamus ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Bad Ronald ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Cage Without a Key ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunter ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> George Washington ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Women of Valor ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Too Young the Hero ( 1988 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chicago Bears </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1919 </Li> <Li> Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 20 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Based in Chicago , Illinois </Li> <Li> Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Current season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Records </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records and statistics </Li> <Li> Franchise records </Li> <Li> All - time record versus NFL </Li> <Li> Team awards and honors </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Head coaches </Li> <Li> Pro Football Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> Starting quarterbacks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadiums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Staley Field </Li> <Li> Wrigley Field </Li> <Li> Soldier Field </Li> <Li> Memorial Stadium </Li> <Li> Soldier Field II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Staley Swindle </Li> <Li> 1932 Playoff Game </Li> <Li> First NFL Championship Game </Li> <Li> `` The Sneakers Game '' </Li> <Li> 73 -- 0 </Li> <Li> 15 -- 1 <Ul> <Li> 46 defense </Li> <Li> Super Bowl XX </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fog Bowl </Li> <Li> 75th Anniversary <Ul> <Li> League </Li> <Li> Team </Li> <Li> NFL All - Time Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cardiac Kids </Li> <Li> 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Monsters of the Midway </Li> <Li> T formation </Li> <Li> George S. 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who played gale sayers in brian's song
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Brian%27s_Song&amp;oldid=838704685
-167,470,532,957,806,370
The Book of Mormon ( musical ) - wikipedia <H1> The Book of Mormon ( musical ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Book of Mormon ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Book of Mormon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Official poster of the original Broadway production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Trey Parker Robert Lopez Matt Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Td> Trey Parker Robert Lopez Matt Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book </Th> <Td> Trey Parker Robert Lopez Matt Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premiere </Th> <Td> February 24 , 2011 : Eugene O'Neill Theatre , New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Productions </Th> <Td> 2011 Broadway 2012 First US tour 2012 Chicago 2013 West End 2013 Second US tour 2017 Stockholm 2017 Australia 2017 Oslo 2018 Copenhagen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> List of awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Broadway Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Score Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Helpmann Award for Best Musical </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Book of Mormon is a musical comedy about two young Mormon missionaries who travel to Africa to preach the Mormon religion . First staged in 2011 , the play mocks various Mormon beliefs and practices . The script , lyrics , and music were written by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez , and Matt Stone . Parker and Stone were best known for creating the animated comedy South Park ; Lopez had co-written the music for the musical Avenue Q . </P> <P> The Book of Mormon follows two Mormon missionaries as they attempt to share their scriptures with the inhabitants of a remote Ugandan village . The earnest young men are challenged by the lack of interest of the locals , who are preoccupied with more pressing troubles such as AIDS , famine , and oppression from the local warlord . </P> <P> In 2003 , after Parker and Stone saw Avenue Q , they met with Lopez and began developing the musical , meeting sporadically for several years . Parker and Stone grew up in Colorado , and references to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints had been commonplace in their previous works . For research , the trio took a trip to Salt Lake City to meet with current and former Mormon missionaries . Beginning in 2008 , developmental workshops were staged . The show 's producers , Scott Rudin and Anne Garefino , opted to open the show directly on Broadway . </P> <P> The show opened on Broadway in March 2011 , after nearly seven years of development . The LDS Church issued a polite , measured response to the musical , and purchased advertising space in its playbill in later runs . The Book of Mormon garnered overwhelmingly positive critical responses , and set records in ticket sales for the Eugene O'Neill Theatre . The show was awarded nine Tony Awards , one of which was for Best Musical , and a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . The original Broadway cast recording became the highest - charting Broadway cast album in over four decades , reaching number three on the Billboard charts . In 2013 , the musical premiered in the West End , followed by two US national tours . A production in Melbourne and the first non-English version , in Stockholm , both opened in January 2017 . Productions in Oslo and Copenhagen followed . </P> <P> The Book of Mormon has grossed over $500 million . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Development </Li> <Li> 1.2 Song alterations </Li> <Li> 1.3 Workshops </Li> <Li> 1.4 Broadway Premiere </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Productions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Broadway ( 2011 -- ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 First U.S. national tour ( 2012 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Chicago ( 2012 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 West End ( 2013 -- ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Second U.S. national tour ( 2013 -- ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Australia ( 2017 -- ) </Li> <Li> 2.7 Nordic countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Plot <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Act I </Li> <Li> 3.2 Act II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Musical numbers </Li> <Li> 4.2 Instrumentation </Li> <Li> 4.3 Original Broadway cast recording </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Characters and cast members <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Original casts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Themes and references </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 LDS Church response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Awards and honors <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Broadway production </Li> <Li> 8.2 London production </Li> <Li> 8.3 Melbourne production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Book of Mormon was conceived by Trey Parker , Matt Stone and Robert Lopez . Parker and Stone grew up in Colorado , and were familiar with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and its members . They became friends at the University of Colorado Boulder and collaborated on a musical film , Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) , their first experience with movie musicals . In 1997 , they created the TV series South Park for Comedy Central and in 1999 , the musical film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . The two had first thought of a fictionalized Joseph Smith , religious leader and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , while working on an aborted Fox series about historical characters . Their 1997 film , Orgazmo , and a 2003 episode of South Park , `` All About Mormons '' , both gave comic treatment to Mormonism. Smith was also included as one of South Park 's `` Super Best Friends '' , a Justice League parody team of religious figures like Jesus and Buddha . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the summer of 2003 , Parker and Stone flew to New York City to discuss the script of their new film , Team America : World Police , with friend and producer Scott Rudin ( who also produced South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ) . Rudin advised the duo to see the musical Avenue Q on Broadway , finding the cast of marionettes in Team America similar to the puppets of Avenue Q. Parker and Stone went to see the production during that summer and the writer - composers of Avenue Q , Lopez and Jeff Marx , noticed them in the audience and introduced themselves . Lopez revealed that South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut was highly influential in the creation of Avenue Q. The quartet went for drinks afterwards , and soon found that each camp wanted to write something involving Joseph Smith . The four began working out details nearly immediately , with the idea to create a modern story formulated early on . For research purposes , the quartet took a field trip to Salt Lake City where they `` interviewed a bunch of missionaries -- or ex-missionaries . '' They had to work around Parker and Stone 's South Park schedule . </P> <P> In 2006 , Parker and Stone flew to London where they spent three weeks with Lopez , who was working on the West End production of Avenue Q. There , the three wrote `` four or five songs '' and came up with the basic idea of the story . After a disagreement between Parker and Marx , who felt he was not getting enough creative control , Marx was separated from the project . For the next few years , the remaining trio met frequently to develop what they initially called The Book of Mormon : The Musical of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . `` There was a lot of hopping back and forth between L.A. and New York , '' Parker recalled . </P> <H3> Song alterations ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are numerous revealed changes from original script to final production . A song named `` Family Home Evening '' , which was in early workshops of the show , was cut . The warlord in Uganda was called General Kony in previews but later changed to General Butt Fucking Naked . The song `` The Bible Is A Trilogy '' went through a major rewrite to become `` All - American Prophet '' . The earlier version was based around how the third movie in movie trilogies is always the best one and sums everything up which led to a recurring Matrix joke where a Ugandan man said `` I thought the third Matrix was the worst one '' which later changed to `` I have maggots in my scrotum '' in the rewritten version . The song `` Spooky Mormon Hell Dream '' was originally called `` H-E Double Hockey Sticks . '' </P> <H3> Workshops ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lopez pushed to `` workshop '' the project , which baffled Parker and Stone , clueless about what he meant . Developmental workshops were directed by Jason Moore , and starred Cheyenne Jackson . Other actors in readings included Benjamin Walker and Daniel Reichard . The crew embarked on the first of a half - dozen workshops that would take place during the next four years , ranging from 30 - minute mini-performances for family and friends to much larger - scale renderings of the embryonic show . They spent hundreds of thousands of dollars of their own money , still unconvinced they would take it any further . In February 2008 , a fully staged reading starred Walker and Josh Gad as Elders Price and Cunningham , respectively . Moore was originally set to direct , but left the production in June 2010 . Other directors , including James Lapine , were optioned to join the creative team , but the producers recruited Casey Nicholaw . A final five - week workshop took place in August 2010 , when Nicholaw came on board as choreographer and co-director with Parker . </P> <H3> Broadway premiere ( edit ) </H3> <P> Producers Scott Rudin and Anne Garefino originally planned to stage The Book of Mormon off - Broadway at the New York Theatre Workshop in summer 2010 , but opted to premiere it directly on Broadway , `` ( s ) ince the guys ( Parker and Stone ) work best when the stakes are highest . '' Rudin and Garefino booked the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and hired key players while sets were designed and built . The producers expected the production to cost $11 million , but it came in under budget at $9 million . Hundreds of actors auditioned and 28 were cast . The crew did four weeks of rehearsals , with an additional two weeks of technical rehearsals , and then went directly into previews . The producers first heard the musical with the full pit six days before the first paying audience . </P> <H2> Productions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Broadway ( 2011 -- ) ( edit ) </H3> The Eugene O'Neill Theatre several months after the musical 's launch . <P> The Book of Mormon premiered on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24 , 2011 , following previews since February 24 . The production is choreographed by Casey Nicholaw and co-directed by Nicholaw and Parker . Set design is by Scott Pask , with costumes by Ann Roth , lighting by Brian MacDevitt , and sound by Brian Ronan . Orchestrations were co-created by Larry Hochman and the show 's musical director and vocal arranger Stephen Oremus . The production was originally headlined by Josh Gad and Andrew Rannells in the two leading roles . </P> <P> On April 25 , 2011 , the producers confirmed that `` counterfeit tickets to the Broadway production had been sold to and presented by theatergoers on at least five different occasions '' . An article in The New York Times reported , `` In each case , the tickets were purchased on Craigslist , and while a single seller is suspected , the ticket purchases have taken place in different locations each time ... ( T ) he production 's management and Jujamcyn Theaters , which operates the O'Neill , had notified the New York Police Department '' . </P> <P> The New York production of The Book of Mormon employed an innovative pricing strategy , similar to the ones used in the airline and hotel industries . The producers charged as much as $477 for the best seats for performances with particularly high demand . The strategy paid off handsomely . During its first year , the show was consistently one of the top five best - selling shows on Broadway and set 22 new weekly sales records for the Eugene O'Neill Theater . For the week of Thanksgiving 2011 , the average paid admission was over $170 even though the highest - priced regular seat was listed at $155 . High attendance coupled with aggressive pricing allowed the financial backers to recoup their investment of $11.4 million after just nine months of performances . </P> <P> After Gad 's departure in June 2012 , standby Jared Gertner played the role , until June 26 when Cale Krise permanently took over the role as Gertner left to play Elder Cunningham in the First National Tour . Two days after Gad left ( June 2012 ) , original star Rannells was replaced by his standby Nic Rouleau . The same day , Samantha Marie Ware played Nabulungi on Broadway as the start of a 6 - week engagement ( James was shooting a film ) in preparation for her tour performance . Following Rouleau 's departure in November 2012 ( to originate the role of Elder Price in Chicago ) , the role of Elder Price was taken over by Matt Doyle . In December 2012 , Jon Bass joined as Elder Cunningham . Original cast member Rory O'Malley was replaced by Matt Loehr in January 2013 . In April 2013 , Stanley Wayne Mathis joined the cast as Mafala Hatimbi . In May 2013 , Jon Bass left the role of Elder Cunningham , and was replaced by Cody Jamison Strand . After Doyle and Strand 's contracts finished in January 2014 , Rouleau and Ben Platt ( who had previously played the role of Elder Cunningham while in Chicago with Rouleau ) joined the Broadway cast to reprise their roles as Elder Price and Elder Cunningham . On August 26 , 2014 Grey Henson took over for Loehr as Elder McKinley . Henson had previously played the role on the First National Tour . Rouleau and Platt left Broadway in January 2015 . They were replaced by Gavin Creel and Christopher John O'Neill who played the roles of Price and Cunningham ( respectively ) on the First National Tour . On January 3 , 2016 Creel left the show after three and a half years with The Book of Mormon . He was replaced by Kyle Selig , former Second National Tour Elder Price standby , who is scheduled to play the role through February 21 , 2016 . On January 25 , 2016 , Christopher John O'Neill was temporarily replaced by longtime Elder Cunningham standby Nyk Bielak . Bielak has been a standby for Elder Cunningham on all three North American companies before becoming the Broadway Elder Cunningham . On February 17 , 2016 Nic Rouleau announced via Twitter that he would be taking over the role of Elder Price starting on February 23 , 2016 . This will be Rouleau 's third time playing the role on Broadway ; he previously played the role in Chicago , the Second National Tour , and most recently , the West End . O'Neill and Rouleau 's first performance together was on February 23 , 2016 . August 21 , 2016 was Grey Henson 's last performance as Elder McKinley . On August 23 , 2016 , Henson was replaced by Stephen Ashfield who came over from the West End Production . On November 7 , 2016 , Nikki Rene Daniels announced she was pregnant with her second child , and would be going on maternity leave . Later that week , Kim Exum then took over the role of Nabalungi . On February 20 , 2017 Chris O'Neill and Daniel Breaker had their final performances as Elder Cunningham and Mafala Hatimbi . O'Neill was replaced by Brian Sears , who came over from the London Production . Breaker was replaced by Billy Eugene Jones . Other Broadway cast members include , Original Broadway Cast member Lewis Cleale as Joseph Smith / Mission President and other roles , and Derrick Williams as the General . </P> <H3> First US National tour ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first North American tour began previews on August 14 , 2012 at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts in Denver , Colorado , before moving to the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles beginning September 5 , with the official opening night for the tour on September 12 . Originally planned to begin in December 2012 , production was pushed forward four months . Gavin Creel ( Price ) and Jared Gertner ( Cunningham ) led the cast until late December when West End performer Mark Evans and Christopher John O'Neill took over , allowing time for Creel and Gertner to begin rehearsals for their move to the West End production . After Evans left the show on June 30 , 2014 , Broadway Elder Price stand - by , K.J. Hippensteel , temporarily covered as Elder Price . Hippensteel returned to Broadway and Ryan Bondy ( who was covering for Hippensteel as the Broadway Elder Price stand - by ) took over the role of Elder Price . Bondy continued on as Elder Price until Creel returned from London later in the summer of 2014 . When Creel and O'Neill left the touring production to join the Broadway production , Bondy again took over the role of Elder Price while Chad Burris took over for O'Neill as Elder Cunningham . The two were only leads for six weeks as they waited for replacements to come from the West End Production . Billy Harrigan Tighe and A.J. Holmes moved over from the West End production to reprise their roles as Elder 's Price and Cunningham , respectively . Bondy and Burris then returned to the Second National Tour as stand - bys for Elder Price and Elder Cunningham . </P> <P> As part of the tour , the musical was performed in Salt Lake City for the first time at the end of July and early August 2015 . </P> <P> The tour closed on May 1 , 2016 in Honolulu , Hawaii . </P> <H3> Chicago ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first replica sit - down production , separate from the tour , began previews on December 11 , 2012 , and officially opened on December 19 of that year , at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago , Illinois as part of Broadway in Chicago . The limited engagement closed October 6 , 2013 and became the second U.S. national tour . The cast included Nic Rouleau in the role of Price , along with Ben Platt as Cunningham . </P> <H3> West End ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> A UK production debuted in the West End on February 25 , 2013 at the Prince of Wales Theatre . Gavin Creel and Jared Gertner reprised their North American tour performances . The London cast members hosted a gala performance of the new musical on March 13 , 2013 , raising £ 200,000 for the British charity Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day . A typical London performance runs two hours and 30 minutes , including an interval of 15 minutes . In March 2014 , The Book of Mormon was voted Funniest West End Show as part of the 2014 West End Frame Awards . On July 28 , 2014 , both Creel and Gertner left the production . Creel left the West End production to return to the 1st National Tour and was replaced by his stand - by , Billy Harrigan Tighe . Gertner was replaced by one of his stand - by 's , A.J. Holmes , who had previously played Cunningham on both the National Tour and Broadway . </P> <P> After February 2 , 2015 , Broadway actor Nic Rouleau , cast in the role Elder Kevin Price replaced Billy Harrigan Tighe , and Brian Sears , who also starred on Broadway ( as an ensemble member ) , replaced A.J. Holmes as Elder Cunningham . Tighe and Holmes then joined the cast of the 1st National Tour , filling the void that was there when Creel and O'Neill left the tour to play the leads on Broadway . On January 25 , 2016 Rouleau announced via Twitter that January 30 , 2016 will be his last performance as Elder Price in the West End . On February 1 , 2016 , longtime Broadway stand - by K.J. Hippensteel officially took over the role as Elder Price in the West End cast . On August 6 , 2016 Stephen Ashfield had his last performance as Elder McKinley , as he was transferring over to the Broadway Production . On August 9 , 2016 Steven Webb took over for Ashfield as Elder McKinley . On January 14 , 2017 Brian Sears performed his last performance in the West End . Sears left London to join the Broadway company on February 20th . Sears was replaced by longtime Second National Tour Elder Cunningham , Cody Jamison Strand . Strand 's first performance was on January 30th , 2017 . </P> <H3> Second US National tour ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the Chicago production closed on October 6 , 2013 , the same production began touring the U.S. Platt never went on tour with the production and Rouleau performed in only a few cities on the tour before they both moved to New York and started rehearsals in preparation of joining the Broadway production . David Larsen succeeded Nic Rouleau as Elder Price . A.J. Holmes succeeded Ben Platt as Elder Cunningham . Cody Jamison Strand then succeeded A.J. Holmes in the role . December 14 , 2014 was Pierce Cassedy 's last performance as Elder McKinley . He was replaced by former Broadway swing Daxton Bloomquist . On January 3 , 2016 , Larsen completed his final show as Elder Price . Larsen was replaced by his stand - by , Ryan Bondy . Gabe Gibbs replaced Bondy as Elder Price in October 2016 . Oge Agulué replaced David Aron Damane as the General in December 2016 . On January 1 , 2017 Cody Jamison Strand had his last performance as Elder Cunningham . Strand left the show to join the West End Production . Strand was replaced by Conner Pierson on January 3 , 2017 . On October 24 , 2017 long time ensemble member Kevin Clay assumed the role of Elder Price . Clay had been with the tour since November 2015 , and worked his way up from ensemble , to Elder Price Understudy , and Elder Price Standby , before finally assuming the role . Bondy left the touring cast to take over the role of Elder Price in the Australia production . Other cast members include Kayla Pecchioni as Nabulungi , PJ Adzima as Elder McKinley , and Sterling Jarvis as Mafala Hatimbi . January 28 , 2018 was PJ Adzima 's last performance as Elder McKinley . He was replaced by Andy Huntington Jones . </P> <H3> Australia ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Australia production of Book of Mormon opened at Melbourne 's Princess Theatre on January 18 , 2017 . Auditions were held in January 2016 in Sydney and Melbourne ; rehearsals began in November . In November 2016 , it was announced that Ryan Bondy and A.J. Holmes would reprise their roles as Elder Price and Elder Cunningham respectively . Zahra Newman would play Nabulungi , Bert Labonté would play Mafala , and Rowan Witt would play Elder McKinley . The production moved to the Sydney Lyric theater on February 28 , 2018 . </P> <H3> Nordic countries ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first non-English version of the musical opened at the Chinateatern in Stockholm , Sweden , in January 2017 . A Norwegian production opened at Det Norske Teatret in Oslo , Norway September 2017 to favorable reviews with demand crashing the ticketing website . The musical opened in Denmark at Copenhagen 's Det Ny Teater in January 2018 . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Act I ( edit ) </H3> <P> At LDS Church Missionary Training Center , devout , supercilious missionary - to - be Elder Kevin Price leads his classmates in a demonstration of the door - to - door method to convert people to Mormonism ( `` Hello ! '' ) . Price believes if he prays enough , he will be sent to Orlando , Florida for his two - year mission , but he and Elder Arnold Cunningham , an insecure , compulsive liar , are instead sent to Uganda as a pair ( `` Two By Two '' ) . Price is sure he is destined to do something incredible , while Cunningham is just happy to follow . ( `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' ) . </P> <P> Upon arrival in northern Uganda , the two are robbed by soldiers of a local warlord , General Butt - Fucking Naked ( an allusion to the real General Butt Naked ) . They are welcomed to the village where a group of villagers share their daily reality of living in appalling conditions while being ruled by the General . To make their lives seem better , the villagers repeat a phrase that translates as `` Fuck you , God ! '' ( `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' ) . </P> <P> Price and Cunningham are led to their living quarters by Nabulungi , where they meet their fellow missionaries stationed in the area , who have been unable to convert anyone to Mormonism . Elder McKinley , the district leader , teaches Price and Cunningham a widely accepted method of dealing with the negative and upsetting feelings ( `` Turn It Off '' ) . Though Price is riddled with anxiety , Cunningham reassures him that he will succeed and that , as his partner , Cunningham will be by his side no matter what ( `` I Am Here for You '' ) . </P> <P> Price is certain he can succeed where the other Mormon elders have failed , teaching the villagers about Joseph Smith through a song that begins as a tribute to Smith but eventually descends into a tribute by Price to himself ( `` All - American Prophet '' ) . The General arrives and announces his demand for the genital mutilation of all female villagers . After a villager protests , the General executes him . Safely hiding back at home , Nabulungi , moved by Price 's promise of an earthly paradise , dreams of a better life in a new land ( `` Sal Tlay Ka Siti '' ) . </P> <P> The Mission President has requested a progress report on their mission . Shocked by the execution and the reality of Africa , Price decides to abandon his mission and requests a transfer to Orlando , while Cunningham , ever loyal , assures Price he will follow him anywhere ( `` I Am Here For You ( Reprise ) '' ) . However , Price unceremoniously dumps him as mission companion . Cunningham is crushed and alone , but when Nabulungi comes to him , wanting to learn more about the Book of Mormon and having convinced the villagers to listen to him , Cunningham finds the courage to take control of the situation ( `` Man Up '' ) . </P> <H3> Act II ( edit ) </H3> <P> When his audience begins to get frustrated and leave , Cunningham quickly makes up stories by combining what he knows of Mormon doctrines with pieces of science fiction and fantasy . Cunningham 's conscience ( personified by his father , Joseph Smith , hobbits , Lt. Uhura , Darth Vader , and Yoda ) admonishes him , but he rationalizes that if it helps people , it surely can not be wrong ( `` Making Things Up Again '' ) . </P> <P> Price joyfully arrives in Orlando but then realizes that he is dreaming . He is reminded of the nightmares of hell he had as a child and panics when his nightmare begins once again ( `` Spooky Mormon Hell Dream '' ) . Price awakens and decides to re-commit to his mission . </P> <P> Cunningham announces several Ugandans are interested in the church . McKinley points out that unless the General is dealt with , no one will convert . Price , seeing the chance to prove his worth , sets off on the `` mission he was born to do '' . After re-affirming his faith , he confronts the General determined to convert him ( `` I Believe '' ) . The General is unimpressed and drags Price away . </P> <P> Cunningham concludes his preaching and the villagers are baptized , with Nabulungi and Cunningham sharing a tender moment as they do ( `` Baptize Me '' ) . The Mormon missionaries feel oneness with the people of Uganda and celebrate ( `` I Am Africa '' ) . Price is seen in the village doctor 's office , having the Book of Mormon removed from his rectum . Meanwhile , the General hears of the villagers ' conversion and resolves to kill them all . </P> <P> Having lost his faith , Price drowns his sorrows in coffee . Cunningham finds Price and tells him they need to at least act like mission companions , as the Mission President is coming to visit the Ugandan mission . Price reflects on all the broken promises the Church , his parents , his friends and life in general made to him ( `` Orlando '' ) . </P> <P> Nabulungi and the villagers perform a pageant to `` honor ( them ) with the story of Joseph Smith , the American Moses '' ( `` Joseph Smith American Moses '' ) , which reflects the distortions put forth by Cunningham , such as making love to a frog to cure their AIDS . The Mission President is appalled , orders all the missionaries to go home , and tells Nabulungi that she and her fellow villagers are not Mormons . Nabulungi , heartbroken at the thought that she will never reach paradise , curses God for forsaking her ( `` Hasa Diga Eebowai ( Reprise ) '' ) . Price has had an epiphany and realizes Cunningham was right all along : though scriptures are important , what is more important is getting the message across ( `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) ( Reprise ) '' ) . </P> <P> The General arrives , and Nabulungi is ready to submit to him , telling the villagers that the stories Cunningham told them are untrue . To her shock , they respond that they have always known that the stories were metaphors rather than the literal truth . Price rallies the Mormons and the Ugandans to work together to make this their paradise . In an imagined future , the newly minted Ugandan elders go door to door to evangelize `` The Book of Arnold . '' ( `` Tomorrow Is a Latter Day '' / `` Hello ! ( Reprise ) '' / `` Finale '' ) . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Musical numbers ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Act I </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Hello '' -- Mormon Boys </Li> <Li> `` Two by Two '' -- Price , Mormon Boys </Li> <Li> `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' -- Price and Cunningham </Li> <Li> `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' -- Mafala , Price , Cunningham , and Ugandans </Li> <Li> `` Turn It Off '' -- McKinley and Missionaries </Li> <Li> `` I Am Here for You '' -- Cunningham and Price </Li> <Li> `` All American Prophet '' -- Price , Cunningham , Joseph Smith , Angel Moroni and Company </Li> <Li> `` Sal Tlay Ka Siti '' -- Nabulungi </Li> <Li> `` I Am Here for You '' ( Reprise ) † -- Cunningham </Li> <Li> `` Man Up '' -- Cunningham , Nabulungi , Price and Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Act II </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Making Things Up Again '' -- Cunningham , Cunningham 's Dad , Joseph Smith , Mormon , Moroni , Uhura , Hobbits , Ugandans , Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` Spooky Mormon Hell Dream '' -- Price , Lucifer , Hitler , Genghis Khan , Jeffrey Dahmer , Johnnie Cochran , Company </Li> <Li> `` I Believe '' -- Price and Company </Li> <Li> `` Baptize Me '' -- Cunningham and Nabulungi </Li> <Li> `` I Am Africa '' -- McKinley , Cunningham and Missionaries </Li> <Li> `` Joseph Smith American Moses '' -- Nabulungi , Mafala and Ugandans </Li> <Li> `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' ( Reprise ) † -- Nabulungi </Li> <Li> `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' ( Reprise ) † -- Price and Cunningham </Li> <Li> `` Tomorrow Is a Latter Day '' -- Price , Cunningham , McKinley , Nabulungi and Company </Li> <Li> `` Hello '' ( Reprise ) † -- Company </Li> <Li> `` Encore '' † -- Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † This song is not on the cast album . </P> <H3> Instrumentation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Book of Mormon uses a nine - member orchestra : </P> <Ul> <Li> Reeds ( Flute , Piccolo , Alto , Tenor Saxophones , Clarinet , Oboe , Bansuri , Soprano and Alto Recorders ) </Li> <Li> Trumpet ( doubling Piccolo Trumpet and Flugelhorn ) </Li> <Li> Trombone ( doubling Bass Trombone ) </Li> <Li> Drums / Percussion / Electronic percussion </Li> <Li> Keyboard I </Li> <Li> Keyboard II </Li> <Li> Violin / Viola </Li> <Li> Guitars ( Electric , Acoustic , Classical and Archtop ) </Li> <Li> Basses ( Electric , Fretless and Upright ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Original Broadway cast recording ( edit ) </H3> For more information , see The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording . <P> A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on May 17 , 2011 , by Ghostlight Records . All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of `` I Am Here For You '' ( Reprise ) , `` Orlando '' ( Reprise ) , `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' ( Reprise ) and `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' ( Reprise ) . `` Hello '' ( Reprise ) and the `` Encore '' are attached to the end of the last track of the CD , titled , `` Tomorrow Is a Latter Day '' . A free preview of the entire recording was released on NPR starting on May 9 , 2011 . Excerpts from the cast recording are featured in an extended Fresh Air interview . </P> <P> During its first week of its iTunes Store release , the recording became `` the fastest - selling Broadway cast album in iTunes history , '' according to representatives for the production , ranking No. 2 on its day of release on the iTunes Top 10 Chart . According to Playbill , `` It 's a rare occurrence for a Broadway cast album to place among the iTunes best sellers . '' The record has received positive reviews , with Rolling Stone calling the recording an `` outstanding album that highlights the wit of the lyrics and the incredible tunefulness of the songs while leaving you desperate to score tickets to see the actual show . '' Although the cast album had a respectable debut on the US Billboard 200 chart in its initial week of release , after the show 's success at the 2011 Tony Awards , the record rapidly ascended the chart to number three , making it the highest - charting Broadway cast album in over four decades . </P> <P> A vinyl version is planned . </P> <H2> Characters and cast members ( edit ) </H2> <P> The principal cast members of all major productions of The Book of Mormon . </P> <H3> Original casts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Th> Broadway ( 2011 -- present ) </Th> <Th> West End ( 2013 -- present ) </Th> <Th> 1st National Tour ( 2012 -- 16 ) </Th> <Th> 2nd National Tour ( 2012 -- present ) </Th> <Th> Current National Tour ( 2014 - present ) </Th> <Th> Australia ( 2017 -- present ) </Th> <Th> Sweden <P> ( 2017 -- present ) </P> </Th> <Th> Norway ( 2017 -- present ) </Th> <Th> Denmark ( 2018 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elder Price </Td> <Td> Andrew Rannells </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Gavin Creel </Td> <Td> Nic Rouleau </Td> <Td> Kevin Clay </Td> <Td> Ryan Bondy </Td> <Td> Linus Wahlgren </Td> <Td> Frank Kjosås </Td> <Td> Silas Holst </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elder Cunningham </Td> <Td> Josh Gad </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Jared Gertner </Td> <Td> Ben Platt </Td> <Td> Conner Peirson </Td> <Td> A.J. Holmes </Td> <Td> Per Andersson </Td> <Td> Kristoffer Olsen </Td> <Td> Carsten Svendsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nabulungi </Td> <Td> Nikki M. James </Td> <Td> Alexia Khadime </Td> <Td> Samantha Marie Ware </Td> <Td> Syesha Mercado </Td> <Td> Kayla Pecchioni </Td> <Td> Zahra Newman </Td> <Td> Samantha Gurah </Td> <Td> Anette Amelia Larsen </Td> <Td> Lea Thiim Harder / Gina Marie Hudson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elder McKinley </Td> <Td> Rory O'Malley </Td> <Td> Stephen Ashfield </Td> <Td> Grey Henson </Td> <Td> Pierce Cassedy </Td> <Td> Andrew Huntington Jones </Td> <Td> Rowan Witt </Td> <Td> Anton Lundqvist </Td> <Td> Preben Hodneland </Td> <Td> Simon Nøiers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mafala Hatimbi </Td> <Td> Michael Potts </Td> <Td> Giles Terera </Td> <Td> Kevin Mambo </Td> <Td> James Vincent Meredith </Td> <Td> Sterling Jarvis </Td> <Td> Bert LaBonté </Td> <Td> Peter Gardiner </Td> <Td> Marvin Amoroso </Td> <Td> Robert Bengtsson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph Smith and others </Td> <Td> Lewis Cleale </Td> <Td> Haydn Oakley </Td> <Td> Mike McGowan </Td> <Td> Christopher Shyer </Td> <Td> Ron Bohmer </Td> <Td> Andrew Broadbent </Td> <Td> Lars Göran Persson </Td> <Td> Niklas Gundersen </Td> <Td> Kim Hammelsvang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General </Td> <Td> Brian Tyree Henry </Td> <Td> Chris Jarman </Td> <Td> Derrick Williams </Td> <Td> David Aron Damane </Td> <Td> Corey Jones </Td> <Td> Augustin Aziz Tchantcho </Td> <Td> Camilo Ge Bresky </Td> <Td> Markus Bailey </Td> <Td> Al Agami </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Themes and references ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Book of Mormon contains many religious themes , most notably those of faith and doubt . Although the musical satirizes organized religion and the literal credibility of the LDS Church , the Mormons in The Book of Mormon are portrayed as well - meaning and optimistic , if a little naïve and unworldly . In addition , the central theme that many religious stories are rigid , out of touch , and silly comes to the conclusion that , essentially , religion itself can do enormous good as long as it is taken metaphorically and not literally . Matt Stone , one of the show 's creators , described The Book of Mormon as `` an atheist 's love letter to religion . '' </P> <P> The opening scenes of Act I and II parody the Hill Cumorah Pageant . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Book of Mormon received broad critical praise for the plot , score , actors ' performances , direction and choreography . Vogue Magazine called the show `` the filthiest , most offensive , and -- surprise -- sweetest thing you 'll see on Broadway this year , and quite possibly the funniest musical ever . '' New York Post reported that audience members were `` sore from laughing so hard '' . It praised the score , calling it `` tuneful and very funny , '' and added that `` the show has heart . It makes fun of organized religion , but the two Mormons are real people , not caricatures . '' </P> <P> Ben Brantley of The New York Times compared the show favorably to Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and The Sound of Music but `` rather than dealing with tyrannical , charismatic men with way too many children , our heroes ... must confront a one - eyed , genocidal warlord with an unprintable name ... That 's enough to test the faith of even the most optimistic gospel spreaders ( not to mention songwriters ) . Yet in setting these dark elements to sunny melodies The Book of Mormon achieves something like a miracle . It both makes fun of and ardently embraces the all - American art form of the inspirational book musical . No Broadway show has so successfully had it both ways since Mel Brooks adapted his film The Producers for the stage a decade ago . '' Jon Stewart , host of The Daily Show , spent much of his interview with Parker and Stone on the March 10 , 2011 episode praising the musical . </P> <P> Charles McNulty of the Los Angeles Times praised the music , and stated : `` The songs , often inspired lampoons of contemporary Broadway styles , are as catchy as they are clever . '' McNulty concluded by stating `` Sure it 's crass , but the show is not without good intentions and , in any case , vindicates itself with musical panache . '' Peter Marks of the Washington Post wrote : `` The marvel of The Book of Mormon is that even as it profanes some serious articles of faith , its spirit is anything but mean . The ardently devout and comedically challenged are sure to disagree . Anyone else should excitedly approach the altar of Parker , Stone and Lopez and expect to drink from a cup of some of the sweetest poison ever poured . '' Marks further describes the musical as `` one of the most joyously acidic bundles Broadway has unwrapped in years . '' </P> <P> However , The Wall Street Journal 's Terry Teachout called the show `` slick and smutty : The Book of Mormon is the first musical to open on Broadway since La Cage aux Folles that has the smell of a send - in - the - tourists hit ... The amateurish part relates mostly to the score , which is jointly credited to the three co-creators and is no better than what you might hear at a junior - varsity college show . The tunes are jingly - jangly , the lyrics embarrassingly ill - crafted . '' Other critics have called the show `` crassly commercial '' as well as `` dull '' and `` derivative '' . </P> <P> The show 's depiction of Africans has been called racist . NPR 's Janice Simpson notes that `` the show does n't work unless the villagers are seen mainly as noble savages who need white people to show them the way to enlightenment . '' She further criticized the depiction of African doctors as well as the references to AIDS and female genital mutilation . Max Perry Mueller of Harvard writes that `` The Book of Mormon producers worked so hard to get the ' Mormon thing ' right , while completely ignoring the Ugandan culture '' . The Aid Leap blog noted that `` the gleeful depiction of traditional stereotypes about Africa ( dead babies , warlord , HIV , etc ) reinforced rather than challenged general preconceptions '' , and `` the Africans are just a background to the emotional development of the Mormons '' . </P> <H3> LDS Church response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The response of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints to the musical has been described as `` measured . '' The church released an official response to inquiries regarding the musical , stating , `` The production may attempt to entertain audiences for an evening , but the Book of Mormon as a volume of scripture will change people 's lives forever by bringing them closer to Christ . '' Michael Otterson , the head of Public Affairs for the church , followed in April 2011 with measured criticism . `` Of course , parody is n't reality , and it 's the very distortion that makes it appealing and often funny . The danger is not when people laugh but when they take it seriously -- if they leave a theater believing that Mormons really do live in some kind of a surreal world of self - deception and illusion , '' Otterson wrote , outlining various humanitarian efforts achieved by Mormon missionaries in Africa since the early 2000s . Stone and Parker were unsurprised : </P> <P> The official church response was something along the lines of `` The Book of Mormon the musical might entertain you for a night , but the Book of Mormon , '' -- the book as scripture -- `` will change your life through Jesus . '' Which we actually completely agree with . The Mormon church 's response to this musical is almost like our Q.E.D. at the end of it . That 's a cool , American response to a ribbing -- a big musical that 's done in their name . Before the church responded , a lot of people would ask us , `` Are you afraid of what the church would say ? '' And Trey and I were like , `` They 're going to be cool . '' And they were like , `` No , they 're not . There are going to be protests . '' And we were like , `` Nope , they 're going to be cool . '' We were n't that surprised by the church 's response . We had faith in them . </P> <P> The LDS Church has advertised in the playbills at many of the musical 's venues to encourage attendees to learn more about the Book of Mormon , with phrases like `` you 've seen the play , now read the book '' and `` the book is always better . '' </P> <P> In Melbourne during the 2017 run , the Church advertised at Southern Cross railway station and elsewhere in the city , as well as on television with ads featuring prominent Australian Mormons , including rugby player Will Hopoate , stage actor Patrice Tipoki and ballet dancer Jake Mangakahia . </P> <P> Mormons themselves have had varying responses to the musical . Richard Bushman , professor of Mormon studies , said of the musical , `` Mormons experience the show like looking at themselves in a fun - house mirror . The reflection is hilarious but not really you . The nose is yours but swollen out of proportion . '' Bushman said that the musical was not meant to explain Mormon belief , and that many of the ideas in Elder Price 's `` I Believe '' ( like God living on a planet called Kolob ) , though having some roots in Mormon belief , are not doctrinally accurate . </P> <P> When asked in January 2015 if he had met Mormons who disliked the musical , Gad stated `` In the 1.5 years I did that show , I never got a single complaint from a practicing Mormon ... To the contrary , I probably had a few people -- a dozen -- tell me they were so moved by the show that they took up the Mormon faith . '' </P> <H2> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Broadway production ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Tony Award </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Book of a Musical </Td> <Td> Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , and Matt Stone </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Score </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Andrew Rannells </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Josh Gad </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Featured Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Rory O'Malley </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Featured Actress in a Musical </Td> <Td> Nikki M. James </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction of a Musical </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw and Trey Parker </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreography </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Orchestrations </Td> <Td> Larry Hochman and Stephen Oremus </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Scenic Design </Td> <Td> Scott Pask </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Ann Roth </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Lighting Design </Td> <Td> Brian MacDevitt </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Sound Design </Td> <Td> Brian Ronan </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drama Desk Award </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Outstanding Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Lyrics </Td> <Td> Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , and Matt Stone </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Music </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Book of a Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Andrew Rannells </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Rory O'Malley </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical </Td> <Td> Nikki M. James </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Choreography </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Director of a Musical </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw and Trey Parker </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Costume Design </Td> <Td> Ann Roth </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Sound Design of a Musical </Td> <Td> Brian Ronan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Orchestrations </Td> <Td> Larry Hochman and Stephen Oremus </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outer Critics Circle Award </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Outstanding New Broadway Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding New Score </Td> <Td> Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Director of a Musical </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw and Trey Parker </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Choreographer </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Josh Gad </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Actress in a Musical </Td> <Td> Nikki M. James </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Grammy Award </Td> <Td> Best Musical Theater Album </Td> <Td> Andrew Rannells & Josh Gad ( principal soloists ) ; Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , and Matt Stone ( composers / lyricists ) ; Anne Garefino , Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , Stephen Oremus , Scott Rudin , & Matt Stone ( producers ) ; Frank Filipetti ( engineer / mixer ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> London production ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Evening Standard Award </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Best Night Out </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Laurence Olivier Award </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best New Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Gavin Creel </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jared Gertner </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical </Td> <Td> Stephen Ashfield </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Theatre Choreographer </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Music </Td> <Td> Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , & Matt Stone </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whatsonstage.com Awards </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best New Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Gavin Creel </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Stephen Ashfield </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actress in a Musical </Td> <Td> Alexia Khadime </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreographer </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Melbourne production ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Helpmann Awards </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreography of a Musical </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction of a Musical </Td> <Td> Casey Nicholaw & Trey Parker </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Female Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Zahra Newman </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> AJ Holmes </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical </Td> <Td> Bert LaBonte </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rowan Witt </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Score </Td> <Td> Trey Parker , Matt Stone & Robert Lopez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Latter Day Saints in popular culture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Musical Theatre portal </Li> <Li> Book of Mormon portal </Li> <Li> LDS Church portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Portrayals of Mormons in popular media </Li> <Li> Broadway Bro Down : October 2011 South Park episode written by Parker & Lopez ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Book Of Mormon ' Creators On Their Broadway Smash '' . NPR . May 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.playbill.com/gallery/the-29-top-grossing-broadway-shows-of-all-time/?slide=23 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Why South Park 's Trey Parker and Matt Stone Now Say It 's ' Wrong ' to Offend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zoglin , Richard . `` Bigger , Live and Uncut '' , Time magazine , March 28 , 2011 , pp. 70 -- 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' and ' Avenue Q ' Guys Bringing ' Book of Mormon ' to Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( April 4 , 2011 ) , `` Playbill 's brief encounter with Robert Lopez '' , Playbill , archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Book Of Mormon Creators On Their Broadway Smash '' . Fresh Air . NPR . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardener , Elysa . `` ' South Park ' duo goes Broadway : ' Mormon ' is a ' pro-faith musical ' '' . Stage . USA Today . February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marx , Jeff . `` the Creation of Avenue Q '' . Video . Youtube . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` comingsoon '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Guy ( November 19 , 2008 ) , `` Mormons to get ' South Park ' treatment '' , The Independent , London </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Healy , Patrick ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Path of ' The Book of Mormon ' to Broadway '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stack , Peggy Fletcher ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Book of Mormon ' musical called surprisingly sweet '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Book Of Mormon ' to Open at Eugene O'Neill 3 / 24 ; Previews 2 / 24 '' , broadwayworld.com , September 13 , 2010 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Book Of Mormon ' Cast Announced ! '' , broadwayworld.com , November 17 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itzkoff , David ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Heavens ! Fake Tickets Showing Up at ' Book of Mormon ' on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Broadway Hits Make Most of Premium Pricing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thanksgiving Week Broadway Box Office Stuffed with Good News '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` In Only Nine Months , ' Book of Mormon ' Earns Back Its Broadway Costs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Two By Two `` : Josh Gad and Andrew Rannells Will Be Succeeded By Jared Gertner and Nic Rouleau in Book of Mormon '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Doyle to Play Elder Price on Broadway in The Book of Mormon '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' Will Launch National Tour Four Months Early '' Archived October 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 2 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Hello ! National Tour of ' The Book of Mormon ' , Starring Gavin Creel and Jared Gertner , Launches Aug. 14 in Denver '' playbill.com , August 14 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon on Broadway Official Site Tour Schedule '' . Bookofmormonbroadway.com. 2015 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' Will Open Separate Chicago Company in 2012 '' Archived October 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 7 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Book of Mormon announces Chicago cast '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 's Ben Platt and Nic Rouleau to Star in The Book of Mormon in Chicago '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` ' Book of Mormon ' announces Chicago cast - chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' Plans West End Premiere ; London Website Launched , Tickets to Go on Sale in September '' Archived June 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 7 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Gavin Creel and Jared Gertner to Reprise National Tour Roles in West End 's THE BOOK OF MORMON , Beginning Feb 2013 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Corden & More Attend BOOK OF MORMON 's Red Nose Gala Performance '' . broadwayworld.com . Broadway World . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon '' . timeout.com . Time Out . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BOOK OF MORMON '' . london-theatreland.co.uk . London Theatreland . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ End , West ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Book of Mormon voted Funniest West End Show '' . West End Frame . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Book Of Mormon & Shakespeare In Love Welcome New Casts , 2015 Theatre Gossip + More # WestEndUpdate . LondonTheatreDirect.com . Retrieved : January 15 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Extension for the Book of Mormon in West End boxoffice.co.uk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Chicago Engagement of The Book of Mormon to End This Fall ; Additional Stops in L.A. and Denver Planned '' Archived June 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , May 17 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wainman , Laura . `` Hello ! Fairfax native makes Kennedy Center debut in The Book of Mormon '' . dcrefined . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` General Auditions for The Book of Mormon '' . StarNow . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Nathanael ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) . `` The Mormons are coming : The Book of Mormon announces Sydney season in 2018 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE BOOK OF MORMON Opens in Sweden 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . February 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE BOOK OF MORMON TIL DET NORSKE TEATRET '' . www.detnorsketeatret.no . March 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sommer , Petter ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Nye billetter til `` Book Of Mormon '' førte til nytt krasj `` . Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation ( NRK ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weaver , Ray ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' coming to Denmark '' . The Copenhagen Post . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ; Lopez , Robert ; Stone , Matt ; Harris , Mark ( 2011 ) . The Book of Mormon : The Testament of a Broadway Musical . Newmarket Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 223494 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodwind Doubling in Musicals Archived December 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NPR Now Offering Free Listen to Entire Original Cast Recording of The Book of Mormon '' . Playbill . May 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon -- Original Cast Recording -- CD Sh - K - Boom & Ghostlight Records '' . Sh-k-boom.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon Cast Album Will Get Digital Release May 17 ; In - Store to Follow in June '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Book of Mormon Cast Album Debuts on iTunes Top 10 Chart '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perpetua , Matthew ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Listen to the Hilarious and Ridiculously Catchy Book of Mormon '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Adele Reclaims No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Book of Mormon Makes History '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kavner , Lucas ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Book of Mormon ' Cast Album Breaks Billboard Records '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Book of Mormon Is Going Vinyl '' . Playbill . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fletcher Stack , Peggy ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Mormons find musical Book of Mormon surprisingly sweet '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Brooks ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Creed or Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Literature that moves beyond stereotypes of the latter day saints '' . Boston.com , March 20 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` A Mormon Spectacle , Way Off Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broadway Review Roundup : THE BOOK OF MORMON '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Adam ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Get Cheeky '' . Vogue . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rediel , Michael . `` Sure to offend and succeed '' Archived December 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Post , September 3 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Missionary Men With Confidence in Sunshine '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Jon Stewart is somewhere probably STILL raving about The Book of Mormon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles. `` Theater review : The Book of Mormon at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre '' Los Angeles Times , March 24 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Review of Broadway 's ' The Book of Mormon ' '' . Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Teachout , Terry ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Everybody but Muhammad '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Tom ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Book of Mormon '' . Chicago Critic . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burger , David ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Utah Local News -- Salt Lake City News , Sports , Archive -- The Salt Lake Tribune '' . Sltrib.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lahr , John . `` Trey Parker , Matt Stone , and `` The Book of Mormon '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , Janice ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Root : Is Broadway 's ' Book Of Mormon ' Offensive ? '' . NPR.org . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mueller , Max Perry . `` A Cringe - worthy Depiction of Africa '' . Harvard Divinity School . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is the `` Book of Mormon -- the Musical '' racist ? `` . Aid Leap . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sean P. Means , `` Testing Mormons ' tolerance for mockery , '' The Salt Lake Tribune , February 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Church Statement Regarding The Book of Mormon Musical '' . LDS Church . February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Scott ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Mormon PR leader : ' Why I wo n't be seeing the Book of Mormon musical ' '' . Deseret News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otterson , Michael ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Why I Wo n't Be Seeing the Book of Mormon Musical '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Jordan ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` LDS Church advertises with ' The Book of Mormon ' musical '' . The Universe . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon : An Opportunity to Set the Record Straight '' . www.abc.net.au. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Bushman : ' The Book of Mormon ' is like looking into a fun - house mirror ; the reflection is hilarious but not really you '' . CNN . June 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jay Kernis ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` True or False ? : How accurate is `` The Book of Mormon '' song `` I Believe '' `` . nbcnews.com . ( Interview with religious scholar Matthew Bowman ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gad , Josh ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad here . AMA '' . Reddit . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 Tony Nominations Announced ; Book of Mormon Earns 14 Nominations '' . Playbill . May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Drama Desk Awards Go to Book of Mormon , Normal Heart , War Horse , Sutton Foster , Norbert Leo Butz '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , May 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WAR HORSE , MORMON , THE KID , Benanti , Gad Among 2011 Outer Critics Circle Winners ! '' broadwayworld.com , May 16 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` The 2012 Grammy for Best Musical Theater Album Goes to THE BOOK OF MORMON ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best Musical Theater Album '' . grammy.com . December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved Dec 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National directors past , present and future vie for Evening Standard award '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` London Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2013 : how we chose the winners '' . standard.co.uk . London Evening Standard Award . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2013 : Book of Mormon voted Best Night Out in London '' . standard.co.uk . London Evening Standard . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2014 the full nominations '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The full 2014 WhatsOnStage Awards shortlists '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats On Stage . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint win at WhatsOnStage Awards '' . telegraph.co.uk . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Book of Mormon : the Testament of a Broadway Musical Book , Music , and Lyrics by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez , & Matt Stone . Text , New Interviews , and Annotations by Steven Suskin . Principal photography by Joan Marcus . Design by BLT Communications . NY : HarperCollins , ISBN 9780062234940 . </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon : The Complete Book and Lyrics of the Broadway Musical . Newmarket Press , 2011 ISBN 9781557049933 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Book of Mormon ( musical ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official West End website </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon at the Internet Broadway Database </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon at Playbill Vault </Li> <Li> `` The Book of Mormon Musical Tour Update '' </Li> <Li> `` Trey Parker & Matt Stone Talk Book Of Mormon on The Daily Show '' , Huffington Post , March 11 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Charlie Rose -- `` Trey Parker & Matt Stone '' </Li> <Li> Cast Recording for The Book of Mormon from NPR 's First Listen </Li> <Li> The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints : church outreach site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Trey Parker and Matt Stone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Parker filmography </Li> <Li> Stone filmography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Orgazmo ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Team America : World Police ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Time Warped ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> South Park ( since 1997 ) </Li> <Li> That 's My Bush ! ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DVDA </Li> <Li> Chef Aid : The South Park Album </Li> <Li> South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut soundtrack </Li> <Li> `` Blame Canada '' </Li> <Li> Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics </Li> <Li> `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( since 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South Park : The Stick of Truth ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> South Park : The Fractured but Whole ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Parker </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stan Marsh </Li> <Li> Eric Cartman </Li> <Li> Randy Marsh </Li> <Li> Mr. Garrison </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stone </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kyle Broflovski </Li> <Li> Kenny McCormick </Li> <Li> Butters Stotch </Li> <Li> Gerald Broflovski </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Spirit of Christmas </Li> <Li> Your Studio and You </Li> <Li> Princess </Li> <Li> 6 Days to Air </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Wiz ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nine ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Les Miserables ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Woods ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Crazy for You ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Passion ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Show Boat ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rent ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Life ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Ragtime ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Parade ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Contact ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Producers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Wicked ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Spamalot ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Passing Strange ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Memphis ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Once ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Come from Away ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Helpmann Award for Best Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Producers ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Keating ! ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Wicked ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The King and I ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 - 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Evita ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Songbook ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Cats ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Poppy ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> 42nd Street ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Follies ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Candide ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Crazy for You ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Once on This Island ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jolson ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Honk ! ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 - present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Our House ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Producers ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Top Hat ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1949 - 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> South Pacific ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The King and I ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Kismet ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Music Man ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Redhead ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> 1776 ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Applause ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Company ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Raisin ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Wiz ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 - 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 42nd Street ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nine ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cats ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Big River ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Drood ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Crazy for You ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Passion ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rent ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Fosse ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Contact ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 - present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Producers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Avenue Q ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> In the Heights ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Memphis ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Once ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fun Home ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 -- 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> No Award ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Original Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1947 - 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 - 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 - present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Mormon_(musical)&oldid=836065232 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2011 musicals </Li> <Li> Broadway musicals </Li> <Li> West End musicals </Li> <Li> Criticism of Mormonism </Li> <Li> Latter Day Saints in popular culture </Li> <Li> Musicals based on religious traditions </Li> <Li> Works by Trey Parker and Matt Stone </Li> <Li> Plays set in Uganda </Li> <Li> Tony Award for Best Musical </Li> <Li> Drama Desk Award - winning musicals </Li> <Li> Black comedy plays </Li> <Li> Original musicals </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2015 </Li> <Li> Pages with timeline metadata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 7 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 13 : 46 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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what tonys did the book of mormon win
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Mormon_(musical)&amp;oldid=836065232
5,398,645,801,011,882,000
Technology during World War II - wikipedia <H1> Technology during World War II </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Trinity explosion , which took place at New Mexico 's White Sands Proving Ground on July 16 , 1945 , marked the beginning of the Atomic Age . <Table> <Tr> <Th> World War II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alphabetical indices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z </Li> <Li> 0 -- 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Navigation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Campaigns </Li> <Li> Countries </Li> <Li> Equipment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Lists </Li> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Technology played a significant role in World War II . Some of the technologies used during the war were developed during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s , much was developed in response to needs and lessons learned during the war , while others were beginning to be developed as the war ended . Many wars had major effects on the technologies that we use in our daily lives . However , compared to previous wars , World War II had the greatest effect on the technology and devices that are used today . Technology also played a greater role in the conduct of World War II than in any other war in history , and had a critical role in its final outcome . </P> <P> Many types of technology were customized for military use , and major developments occurred across several fields including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Weaponry : ships , vehicles , submarines , aircraft , tanks , artillery , small arms ; and biological , chemical , and atomic weapons </Li> <Li> Logistical support : vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies , such as trains , trucks , tanks , ships , and aircraft </Li> <Li> Communications and intelligence : devices used for navigation , communication , remote sensing , and espionage </Li> <Li> Medicine : surgical innovations , chemical medicines , and techniques </Li> <Li> Rocketry : atomic bombs and automatic aircraft </Li> </Ul> <P> World War II was the first war where military operations widely targeted the research efforts of the enemy . This included the exfiltration of Niels Bohr from German - occupied Denmark to Britain in 1943 ; the sabotage of Norwegian heavy water production ; and the bombing of Peenemunde . </P> <P> Military operations were also conducted to obtain intelligence on the enemy 's technology ; for example , the Bruneval Raid for German radar and Operation Most III for the German V - 2 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Between the wars </Li> <Li> 2 Allied cooperation </Li> <Li> 3 Weaponry <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Aircraft <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Theoretical foundation </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Fuel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Vehicles </Li> <Li> 3.3 Ships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Weapons <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Small arms development </Li> <Li> 4.2 The atomic bomb </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Electronics , communications and intelligence </Li> <Li> 6 Rocketry </Li> <Li> 7 Consumer Goods <Ul> <Li> 7.1 M&M 's </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Additional reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Between the wars ( edit ) </H2> <P> In August , 1919 the British Ten Year Rule declared the government should not expect another war within ten years . Consequently , they conducted very little military R & D. In contrast , Germany and the Soviet Union were dissatisfied powers who , for different reasons , cooperated with each other on military R & D . The Soviets offered Weimar Germany facilities deep inside the USSR for building and testing arms and for military training , well away from Treaty inspectors ' eyes . In return , they asked for access to German technical developments , and for assistance in creating a Red Army General Staff . </P> <P> The great artillery manufacturer Krupp was soon active in the south of the USSR , near Rostov - on - Don . In 1925 , a flying school was established at Vivupal , near Lipetsk , to train the first pilots for the future Luftwaffe . Since 1926 , the Reichswehr had been able to use a tank school at Kazan ( codenamed Kama ) and a chemical weapons facility in Samara Oblast ( codenamed Tomka ) . In turn , the Red Army gained access to these training facilities , as well as military technology and theory from Weimar Germany . </P> <P> In the late 1920s , Germany helped Soviet industry begin to modernize , and to assist in the establishment of tank production facilities at the Leningrad Bolshevik Factory and the Kharkov Locomotive Factory . This cooperation would break down when Hitler rose to power in 1933 . The failure of the World Disarmament Conference marked the beginnings of the arms race leading to war . </P> <P> In France the lesson of World War I was translated into the Maginot Line which was supposed to hold a line at the border with Germany . The Maginot Line did achieve its political objective of ensuring that any German invasion had to go through Belgium ensuring that France would have Britain as a military ally . France and Russia had more , and much better , tanks than Germany as of the outbreak of their hostilities in 1940 . As in World War I , the French generals expected that armour would mostly serve to help infantry break the static trench lines and storm machine gun nests . They thus spread the armour among their infantry divisions , ignoring the new German doctrine of blitzkrieg based on the fast movement using concentrated armour attacks , against which there was no effective defense but mobile anti-tank guns - infantry Antitank rifles not being effective against medium and heavy tanks . </P> <P> Air power was a major concern of Germany and Britain between the wars . Trade in aircraft engines continued , with Britain selling hundreds of its best to German firms - which used them in a first generation of aircraft , and then improved on them much for use in German aircraft . These new inventions lead the way to major success for the Germans in World War II . Germany had always been and has continued to be in the forefront of internal combustion engine development . Göttingen was the world center of aerodynamics and fluid dynamics in general , at least up to the time when the highly dogmatic Nazi party came to power . This contributed to the German development of jet aircraft and of submarines with improved under - water performance . </P> <P> Induced nuclear fission was discovered in Germany in 1939 by Otto Hahn ( and expatriate Jews in Sweden ) , but many of the scientists needed to develop nuclear power had already been lost , due to anti-Jewish and anti-intellectual policies . </P> <P> Scientists have been at the heart of warfare and their contributions have often been decisive . As Ian Jacob , the wartime military secretary of Winston Churchill , famously remarked on the influx of refugee scientists ( including 19 Nobel laureates ) , `` the Allies won the ( Second World ) War because our German scientists were better than their German scientists '' . </P> <H2> Allied cooperation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Allied technological cooperation during World War II <P> The Allies of World War II cooperated extensively in the development and manufacture of new and existing technologies to support military operations and intelligence gathering during the Second World War . There are various ways in which the allies cooperated , including the American Lend - Lease scheme and hybrid weapons such as the Sherman Firefly as well as the British Tube Alloys nuclear weapons research project which was absorbed into the American - led Manhattan Project . Several technologies invented in Britain proved critical to the military and were widely manufactured by the Allies during the Second World War . </P> <P> The origin of the cooperation stemmed from a 1940 visit by the Aeronautical Research Committee chairman Henry Tizard that arranged to transfer U.K. military technology to the U.S. in case of the successful invasion of the U.K. that Hitler was planning as Operation Sea Lion . Tizard led a British technical mission , known as the Tizard Mission , containing details and examples of British technological developments in fields such as radar , jet propulsion and also the early British research into the atomic bomb . One of the devices brought to the U.S. by the Mission , the resonant cavity magnetron , was later described as `` the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores '' . </P> <H2> Weaponry ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of World War II weapons <P> Military weapons technology experienced rapid advances during World War II , and over six years there was a disorientating rate of change in combat in everything from aircraft to small arms . Indeed , the war began with most armies utilizing technology that had changed little from World War I , and in some cases , had remained unchanged since the 19th century . For instance cavalry , trenches , and World War I - era battleships were normal in 1940 , however within only six years , armies around the world had developed jet aircraft , ballistic missiles , and even atomic weapons in the case of the United States . </P> <P> The best jet fighters at the end of the war easily outflew any of the leading aircraft of 1939 , such as the Spitfire Mark I . The early war bombers that caused such carnage would almost all have been shot down in 1945 , many by radar - aimed , proximity fuse - detonated anti-aircraft fire , just as the 1941 `` invincible fighter '' , the Zero , had by 1944 become the `` turkey '' of the `` Marianas Turkey Shoot '' . The best late - war tanks , such as the Soviet JS - 3 heavy tank or the German Panther medium tank , handily outclassed the best tanks of 1939 such as Panzer IIIs . In the navy the battleship , long seen as the dominant element of sea power , was displaced by the greater range and striking power of the aircraft carrier . The chaotic importance of amphibious landings stimulated the Western Allies to develop the Higgins boat , a primary troop landing craft ; the DUKW , a six - wheel - drive amphibious truck , amphibious tanks to enable beach landing attacks and Landing Ship , Tanks to land tanks on beaches . Increased organization and coordination of amphibious assaults coupled with the resources necessary to sustain them caused the complexity of planning to increase by orders of magnitude , thus requiring formal systematization giving rise to what has become the modern management methodology of project management by which almost all modern engineering , construction and software developments are organized . </P> <H3> Aircraft ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Western European Theatre of World War II , air power became crucial throughout the war , both in tactical and strategic operations ( respectively , battlefield and long - range ) . Superior German aircraft , aided by ongoing introduction of design and technology innovations , allowed the German armies to overrun Western Europe with great speed in 1940 , largely assisted by lack of Allied aircraft , which in any case lagged in design and technical development during the slump in research investment after the Great Depression . Since the end of World War I , the French Air Force had been badly neglected , as military leaders preferred to spend money on ground armies and static fortifications to fight another World War I - style war . As a result , by 1940 , the French Air Force had only 1562 planes and was together with 1070 RAF planes facing 5,638 Luftwaffe fighters and fighter - bombers . Most French airfields were located in north - east France , and were quickly overrun in the early stages of the campaign . The Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom possessed some very advanced fighter planes , such as Spitfires and Hurricanes , but these were not useful for attacking ground troops on a battlefield , and the small number of planes dispatched to France with the British Expeditionary Force were destroyed fairly quickly . Subsequently , the Luftwaffe was able to achieve air superiority over France in 1940 , giving the German military an immense advantage in terms of reconnaissance and intelligence . </P> <P> German aircraft rapidly achieved air superiority over France in early 1940 , allowing the Luftwaffe to begin a campaign of strategic bombing against British cities . Utilizing France 's airfields near the English Channel the Germans were able to launch raids on London and other cities during the Blitz , with varying degrees of success . </P> <P> After World War I , the concept of massed aerial bombing -- `` The bomber will always get through '' -- had become very popular with politicians and military leaders seeking an alternative to the carnage of trench warfare , and as a result , the air forces of Britain , France , and Germany had developed fleets of bomber planes to enable this ( France 's bomber wing was severely neglected , whilst Germany 's bombers were developed in secret as they were explicitly forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles ) . </P> <P> The bombing of Shanghai by the Imperial Japanese Navy on January 28 , 1932 , and August 1937 and the bombings during the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) , had demonstrated the power of strategic bombing , and so air forces in Europe and the United States came to view bomber aircraft as extremely powerful weapons which , in theory , could bomb an enemy nation into submission on their own . As a result , the fear of bombers triggered major developments in aircraft technology . </P> <P> Nazi Germany had put only one large , long - range strategic bomber ( the Heinkel He 177 Greif , with many delays and problems ) into production , while the America Bomber concept resulted only in prototypes . The Spanish Civil War had proved that tactical dive - bombing using Stukas was a very efficient way of destroying enemy troops concentrations , and so resources and money had been devoted to the development of smaller bomber craft . As a result , the Luftwaffe was forced to attack London in 1940 with heavily overloaded Heinkel and Dornier medium bombers , and even with the unsuitable Junkers Ju 87 . These bombers were painfully slow -- Italian engineers had been unable to develop sufficiently large piston aircraft engines ( those that were produced tended to explode through extreme overheating ) , and so the bombers used for the Battle of Britain were woefully undersized . As German bombers had not been designed for long - range strategic missions , they lacked sufficient defenses . The Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter escorts had not been equipped to carry enough fuel to guard the bombers on both the outbound and return journeys , and the longer - range Bf 110s could be outmanoeuvred by the short - range British fighters . ( A bizarre feature of the war was how long it took to conceive of the Drop tank . ) The air defense was well organized and equipped with effective radar that survived the bombing . As a result , German bombers were shot down in large numbers , and were unable to inflict enough damage on cities and military - industrial targets to force Britain out of the war in 1940 or to prepare for the planned invasion . </P> <P> British long - range bomber planes such as the Short Stirling had been designed before 1939 for strategic flights and given a large armament , but their technology still suffered from numerous flaws . The smaller and shorter ranged Bristol Blenheim , the RAF 's most - used bomber , was defended by only one hydraulically operated machine - gun turret , and whilst this appeared sufficient , it was soon revealed that the turret was a pathetic defence against squadrons of German fighter planes . American bomber planes such as the B - 17 Flying Fortress had been built before the war as the only adequate long - range bombers in the world , designed to patrol the long American coastlines . Defended by as many as six machine - gun turrets providing 360 ° cover , the B - 17s were still vulnerable without fighter protection even when used in large formations . </P> <P> Despite the abilities of Allied bombers , though , Germany was not quickly crippled by Allied air raids . At the start of the war the vast majority of bombs fell miles from their targets , as poor navigation technology ensured that Allied airmen frequently could not find their targets at night . The bombs used by the Allies were very high - tech devices , and mass production meant that the precision bombs were often made sloppily and so failed to explode . German industrial production actually rose continuously from 1940 to 1945 , despite the best efforts of the Allied air forces to cripple industry . </P> <P> Significantly , the bomber offensive kept the revolutionary Type XXI U-Boat from entering service during the war . Moreover , Allied air raids had a serious propaganda impact on the German government , all prompting Germany to begin serious development on air defence technology -- in the form of fighter planes . </P> <P> The practical jet aircraft age began just before the start of the war with the development of the Heinkel He 178 , the first true turbojet . Late in the war the Germans brought in the first operational Jet fighter , the Messerschmitt Me 262 . However , despite their seeming technological edge , German jets were often hampered by technical problems , such as short engine lives , with the Me 262 having an estimated operating life of just ten hours before failing . German jets were also overwhelmed by Allied air superiority , frequently being destroyed on or near the airstrip . Other jet aircraft , such as the first and only Allied jet fighter of the war , the British Gloster Meteor , saw combat against German V - 1 flying bombs but did not significantly distinguish themselves from top - line , late - war piston - driven aircraft . </P> <P> Aircraft saw rapid and broad development during the war to meet the demands of aerial combat and address lessons learned from combat experience . From the open cockpit airplane to the sleek jet fighter , many different types were employed , often designed for very specific missions . Aircraft were used in anti-submarine warfare against German U-Boats , by the Germans to mine shipping lanes and by the Japanese against previously formidable Royal Navy battleships such as HMS Prince of Wales ( 53 ) . </P> <P> During the war the Germans produced various Glide bomb weapons , which were the first smart bombs ; the V - 1 flying bomb , which was the first cruise missile weapon ; and the V - 2 rocket , the first ballistic missile weapon . The last of these was the first step into the space age as its trajectory took it through the stratosphere , higher and faster than any aircraft . This later led to the development of the Intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) . Wernher Von Braun led the V - 2 development team and later emigrated to the United States where he contributed to the development of the Saturn V rocket , which took men to the moon in 1969 . </P> Theoretical Foundation ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The laboratory of Ludwig Prandtl at University of Göttingen was the main center of theoretical and mathematical aerodynamics and fluid dynamics research from soon after 1904 to the end of World War II . Prandtl coined the term boundary layer and founded modern ( mathematical ) aerodynamics . The laboratory lost its dominance when the researchers were dispersed after the war . </P> Fuel ( edit ) <P> The Axis countries had serious shortages of petroleum from which to make liquid fuel . The Allies had much more petroleum production . Germany , long before the war , developed a process to make synthetic fuel from coal . Synthesis factories were principal targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II . </P> <P> The USA added tetra ethyl lead to its aviation fuel , with which it supplied Britain and other Allies . This octane enhancing additive allowed higher compression ratios , allowing higher efficiency , giving more speed and range to Allied Airplanes , and reducing the cooling load . </P> <H3> Vehicles ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Treaty of Versailles had imposed severe restrictions upon Germany constructing vehicles for military purposes , and so throughout the 1920s and 1930s , German arms manufacturers and the Wehrmacht had begun secretly developing tanks . As these vehicles were produced in secret , their technical specifications and battlefield potentials were largely unknown to the European Allies until the war actually began . </P> <P> French and British Generals believed that a future war with Germany would be fought under very similar conditions as those of 1914 -- 1918 . Both invested in thickly armoured , heavily armed vehicles designed to cross shell - damaged ground and trenches under fire . At the same time the British also developed faster but lightly armoured Cruiser tanks to range behind the enemy lines . </P> <P> Only a handful of French tanks had radios , and these often broke as the tank lurched over uneven ground . German tanks were , on the contrary , all equipped with radios , allowing them to communicate with one another throughout battles , whilst French tank commanders could rarely contact other vehicles . </P> <P> The Matilda Mk I tanks of the British Army were also designed for infantry support and were protected by thick armour . This was ideal for trench warfare , but made the tanks painfully slow in open battles . Their light cannons and machine - guns were usually unable to inflict serious damage on German vehicles . The exposed caterpillar tracks were easily broken by gunfire , and the Matilda tanks had a tendency to incinerate their crews if hit , as the petrol tanks were located on the top of the hull . By contrast the Infantry tank Matilda II fielded in lesser numbers was largely invulnerable to German gunfire and its gun was able to punch through the German tanks . However French and British tanks were at a disadvantage compared to the air supported German armoured assaults , and a lack of armoured support contributed significantly to the rapid Allied collapse in 1940 . </P> <P> World War II marked the first full - scale war where mechanization played a significant role . Most nations did not begin the war equipped for this . Even the vaunted German Panzer forces relied heavily on non-motorised support and flank units in large operations . While Germany recognized and demonstrated the value of concentrated use of mechanized forces , they never had these units in enough quantity to supplant traditional units . However , the British also saw the value in mechanization . For them it was a way to enhance an otherwise limited manpower reserve . America as well sought to create a mechanized army . For the United States , it was not so much a matter of limited troops , but instead a strong industrial base that could afford such equipment on a great scale . </P> <P> The most visible vehicles of the war were the tanks , forming the armored spearhead of mechanized warfare . Their impressive firepower and armor made them the premier fighting machine of ground warfare . However , the large number of trucks and lighter vehicles that kept the infantry , artillery , and others moving were massive undertakings also . </P> <H3> Ships ( edit ) </H3> <P> Naval warfare changed dramatically during World War II , with the ascent of the aircraft carrier to the premier vessel of the fleet , and the impact of increasingly capable submarines on the course of the war . The development of new ships during the war was somewhat limited due to the protracted time period needed for production , but important developments were often retrofitted to older vessels . Advanced German submarine types came into service too late and after nearly all the experienced crews had been lost . </P> <P> In addition to aircraft carriers , its assisting counterpart of destroyers were advanced as well . From the Imperial Japanese Navy , the Fubuki - class destroyer was introduced . The Fubuki class set a new standard not only for Japanese vessels , but for destroyers around the world . At a time when British and American destroyers had changed little from their un-turreted , single - gun mounts and light weaponry , the Japanese destroyers were bigger , more powerfully armed , and faster than any similar class of vessel in the other fleets . The Japanese destroyers of World War II are said to be the world 's first modern destroyer . </P> <P> The German U-boats were used primarily for stopping / destroying the resources from the United States and Canada coming across the Atlantic . Submarines were critical in the Pacific Ocean as well as in the Atlantic Ocean . Advances in submarine technology included the snorkel . Japanese defenses against Allied submarines were ineffective . Much of the merchant fleet of the Empire of Japan , needed to supply its scattered forces and bring supplies such as petroleum and food back to the Japanese Archipelago , was sunk . Among the warships sunk by submarines was the war 's largest aircraft carrier , the Shinano . </P> <P> The Kriegsmarine introduced the pocket battleship to get around constraints imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Innovations included the use of diesel engines , and welded rather than riveted hulls . </P> <P> The most important shipboard advances were in the field of anti-submarine warfare . Driven by the desperate necessity of keeping Britain supplied , technologies for the detection and destruction of submarines was advanced at high priority . The use of ASDIC ( SONAR ) became widespread and so did the installation of shipboard and airborne radar . The Allies Ultra code breaking allowed convoys to be steered around German U-Boat wolfpacks . </P> <H2> Weapons ( edit ) </H2> <P> The actual weapons ; the guns , mortars , artillery , bombs , and other devices , were as diverse as the participants and objectives . A large array were developed during the war to meet specific needs that arose , but many traced their early development to prior to World War II . Torpedoes began to use magnetic detonators ; compass - directed , programmed and even acoustic guidance systems ; and improved propulsion . Fire - control systems continued to develop for ships ' guns and came into use for torpedoes and anti-aircraft fire . Human torpedoes and the Hedgehog were also developed . </P> <Ul> <Li> Armour weapons : The Tank destroyer , Specialist Tanks for Combat engineering including mine clearing Flail tanks , Flame tank , and amphibious designs </Li> <Li> Aircraft : Glide bombs - the first `` smart bombs '' , such as the Fritz X anti-shipping missile , had wire or radio remote control ; the world 's first jet fighter ( Messerschmitt 262 ) and jet bomber ( Arado 234 ) , the world 's first operational military helicopters ( Flettner Fl 282 ) , the world 's first rocket - powered fighter ( Messerschmitt 163 ) </Li> <Li> Missiles : The Pulse jet - powered V - 1 flying bomb was the world 's first cruise missile , Rockets progressed enormously : V - 2 rocket , Katyusha rocket artillery and air - launched rockets . </Li> <Li> Specialised bombs : cluster bombs , blockbuster bombs , drum bombs and bunker busters . </Li> <Li> HEAT , and HESH anti-armour warheads . </Li> <Li> Proximity fuze for shells , bombs and rockets . This fuze is designed to detonate an explosive automatically when close enough to the target to destroy it , so a direct hit is not required and time / place of closest approach does not need to be estimated . Magnetic torpedoes and mines also had a sort of proximity fuse . </Li> <Li> Guided weapons ( by radio or trailing wires ) : glide bombs , crawling bombs and rockets - the precursors of today 's precision - guided munitions existed between 1942 -- 45 , in the German Fritz X and Henschel Hs 293 anti-ship ordnance designs , which along with the American Azon , were all MCLOS radio - guided ordnance designs in World War II service . </Li> <Li> Self - guiding weapons : torpedoes ( sound - seeking , compass - guided and looping ) , V1 missile ( compass - and timer - guided ) , and the U.S. Navy 's Bat air - launched anti-ship glide ordnance , using active radar homing for the first time anywhere . </Li> <Li> Aiming devices for bombs , torpedoes , artillery and machine guns , using special purpose mechanical and electronic analog and ( perhaps ) digital `` computers '' . The mechanical analog Norden bomb sight is a well - known example . </Li> <Li> The first generation of nerve agents was invented and produced in Germany , but was n't used as a weapon </Li> <Li> Napalm was developed , but did not see wide use until the Korean War </Li> <Li> Plastic explosives like Nobel 808 , Hexoplast 75 , Compositions C and C2 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Small arms development ( edit ) </H3> <P> New production methods for weapons such as stamping , riveting , and welding came into being to produce the number of arms needed . Design and production methods had advanced enough to manufacture weapons of reasonable reliability such as the PPSh - 41 , PPS - 42 , Sten , Beretta Model 38 , MP 40 , M3 Grease Gun , Gewehr 43 , Thompson submachine gun and the M1 Garand rifle . Other Weapons commonly found During World War II include the American , Browning Automatic Rifle ( BAR ) , M1 Carbine Rifle , as well as the Colt M1911 A-1 ; The Japanese Type 11 the Type 96 machine gun , and the Arisaka bolt - action rifles all were significant weapons used during the war . </P> <P> World War II saw the establishment of the reliable semi-automatic rifle , such as the American M1 Garand and , more importantly , of the first widely used assault rifles , named after the German sturmgewehrs of the late war . Earlier renditions that hinted at this idea were that of the employment of the Browning Automatic Rifle and 1916 Fedorov Avtomat in a walking fire tactic in which men would advance on the enemy position showering it with a hail of lead . The Germans first developed the FG 42 for its paratroopers in the assault and later the Sturmgewehr 44 ( StG 44 ) , the world 's first assault rifle , firing an intermediate cartridge ; the FG 42 's use of a full - powered rifle cartridge made it difficult to control . </P> <P> Developments in machine gun technology culminated in the Maschinengewehr 42 ( MG42 ) which was of an advanced design unmatched at the time . It spurred post-war development on both sides of the upcoming Cold War and is still used by some armies to this day including the German Bundeswehr 's MG 3 . The Heckler & Koch G3 , and many other Heckler & Koch designs , came from its system of operation . The United States military meshed the operating system of the FG 42 with the belt feed system of the MG42 to create the M60 machine gun used in the Vietnam War . </P> <P> Despite being overshadowed by self - loading / automatic rifles and sub-machine guns , bolt - action rifles remained the mainstay infantry weapon of many nations during World War II . When the United States entered World War II , there were not enough M1 Garand rifles available to American forces which forced the US to start producing more M1903 rifles in order to act as a `` stop gap '' measure until sufficient quantities of M1 Garands were produced . </P> <P> During the conflict , many new models of bolt - action rifles were produced as a result of lessons learned from the First World War with the designs of a number of bolt - action infantry rifles being modified in order to speed up production as well as to make the rifles more compact and easier to handle . Examples of bolt - action rifles that were used during World War II include the German Mauser Kar98k , the British Lee -- Enfield No. 4 , and the Springfield M1903A3 . During the course of World War II , bolt - action rifles and carbines were modified even further to meet new forms of warfare the armies of certain nations faced e.g. urban warfare and jungle warfare . Examples include the Soviet Mosin -- Nagant M1944 carbine , which were developed by the Soviets as a result of the Red Army 's experiences with urban warfare e.g. the Battle of Stalingrad , and the British Lee -- Enfield No. 5 carbine , that were developed for British and Commonwealth forces fighting the Japanese in South - East Asia and the Pacific . </P> <P> When World War II ended in 1945 , the small arms that were used in the conflict still saw action in the hands of the armed forces of various nations and guerrilla movements during and after the Cold War era . Nations like the Soviet Union and the United States provided many surplus , World War II - era small arms to a number of nations and political movements during the Cold War era as a pretext to providing more modern infantry weapons . </P> <H3> The atomic bomb ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Manhattan Project <P> The massive research and development demands of the war included the Manhattan Project , the effort to quickly develop an atomic bomb , or nuclear fission warhead . It was perhaps the most profound military development of the war , and had a great impact on the scientific community , among other things creating a network of national laboratories in the United States . </P> <P> In 1942 , and with the threat of invasion by Germany still apparent , the United Kingdom dispatched around 20 British scientists and technical staff to America , along with their work , which had been carried out under the codename Tube Alloys , to prevent the potential for vital information falling into enemy hands . The scientists formed the British contribution to the Manhattan Project , where their work on uranium enrichment was instrumental in jump - starting the project . </P> <P> The invention of the atomic bomb meant that a single aircraft could carry a weapon so powerful it could burn down entire cities , making conventional warfare against a nation with an arsenal of them suicidal . Following the conclusion of the European Theater in May 1945 , two atomic bombs were then employed against the Empire of Japan in August during the Pacific Theater , effectively terminating the war , which averted the need for invading mainland Japan . </P> <P> The strategic importance of the bomb , and its even more powerful fusion - based successors , did not become fully apparent until the United States lost its monopoly on the weapon in the post-war era . The Soviet Union developed and tested their first fire weapon in 1949 , based partially on information obtained from Soviet espionage in the United States . Competition between the two superpowers played a large part in the development of the Cold War . The strategic implications of such a massively destructive weapon still reverberate in the 21st century . </P> <P> There was also a German nuclear energy project , including talk of an atomic weapon . This failed for a variety of reasons , most notably German Antisemitism . Half of continental theoretical physicists -- including Einstein , Bohr , Enrico Fermi , and Oppenheimer -- who did much of their early study and research in Germany , were either Jewish or , in the case of Enrico Fermi , married to a Jew . Erwin Schrödinger had also left Germany for political reasons . When they left Germany , the only leading nuclear physicist left in Germany was Heisenberg , who apparently dragged his feet on the project , or at best lacked the high morale that characterized the Los Alamos work . He made some faulty calculations suggesting that the Germans would need significantly more heavy water than was necessary . Otto Hahn , the physical chemist who had the central part in the original discovery of fission , was another key figure in the project . The project was doomed due to insufficient resources . </P> <P> The Empire of Japan was also developing an atomic Bomb , however , it floundered due to lack of resources despite gaining interest from the government . </P> <P> The collaboration between the British and the Americans led to the 1958 US - UK Mutual Defence Agreement between the two nations , whereby American nuclear weapons technology was adapted for British use . </P> <H2> Electronics , communications and intelligence ( edit ) </H2> German Enigma encryption machine . <P> Electronics rose to prominence quickly in World War II . The British developed and progressed electronic computers which were primarily used for breaking the `` Enigma '' codes , which were Nazi secret codes . These codes for radio messages were indecipherable to the Allies . However , the meticulous work of code breakers based at Britain 's Bletchley Park cracked the secrets of German wartime communication , and played a crucial role in the final defeat of Germany . Americans also used electronic computers for equations , such as battlefield equations , ballistics , and more . Numerous small digital computers were also used . From calculating tables , to mechanical trajectory calculators , to some of the most advanced electronic computers . Soldiers would usually carry most of the electronic devices in their pockets , but since technology has developed , digital computers started to increase in size , which spacious command and control centres would have . Initial control centers that were embarked on ships and aircraft that established the networked computing , is so essential to our daily lives . While prior to the war few electronic devices were seen as important pieces of equipment , by the middle of the war instruments such as radar and ASDIC ( sonar ) had become invaluable . Germany started the war ahead in some aspects of radar , but lost ground to work in England and to physicists and engineers at the `` Radiation Laboratory '' of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Half of the German theoretical physicists were Jewish and had emigrated or otherwise been lost to Germany long before WW II started . </P> <P> Equipment designed for communications and the interception of those communications became critical . The Germans widely relied on the Enigma coding machine for encrypting communications . The British developed a new method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . </P> <H2> Rocketry ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rocketry was used greatly in World War II . There were many different inventions and advances in rocketry , such as : </P> <P> The V - 1 , which is also known as the buzz bomb . This automatic aircraft is today known as a `` cruise missile '' . The V - 1 was developed at Peenemünde Army Research Center by the Nazi German Luftwaffe during the Second World War . During initial development it was known by the codename `` Cherry Stone '' . The first of the so - called Vergeltungswaffen series designed for terror bombing of London , the V - 1 was fired from launch facilities along the French ( Pas - de-Calais ) and Dutch coasts . The first V - 1 was launched at London on 13 June 1944 ) , one week after ( and prompted by ) the successful Allied landings in Europe . At its peak , more than one hundred V - 1s a day were fired at south - east England , 9,521 in total , decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944 , when the last V - 1 site in range of Britain was overrun by Allied forces . After this , the V - 1s were directed at the port of Antwerp and other targets in Belgium , with 2,448 V - 1s being launched . The attacks stopped when the last launch site was overrun on 29 March 1945 . </P> <P> The V - 2 ( German : Vergeltungswaffe 2 , `` Retribution Weapon 2 '' ) , technical name Aggregat - 4 ( A-4 ) , was the world 's first long - range guided ballistic missile . The missile with liquid - propellant rocket engine was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a `` vengeance weapon '' , designed to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities . The V - 2 rocket was also the first artificial object to cross the boundary of space . </P> <P> These two rocketry advances took the lives of many civilians in London during the years 1944 and 1945 . </P> <H2> Consumer goods ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> After the war , many of the inventions created during World War II that were invented for the troops were later sold to the civilian population . </P> <H3> M&M 's ( edit ) </H3> <P> During 1932 , the creator of M&M 's , Forrest Mars Sr. moved to England , after clashing enough times with his father , and began manufacturing Mars Bars for troops in the UK . It was n't until the Spanish War where Forrest purportedly encountered troops eating small beads of chocolate that were encased in hard sugar shells , as Forrest was thrilled to share this new treat as most chocolate treats sold poorly during the summer . When he returned to the US , he approached Bernie Murrie , the son of a Hershey 's executive , to join him in his business venture as he anticipated a demand for chocolate and sugar during the war . Patented in 1941 , production of M&Ms began that year in a plant located in Newark , New Jersey . The candies were sold exclusively to the military when the US joined the war and were used as an easy way to provide the troops with chocolate on the battlefield without it melting so easily . After the war , many troops were hooked on the candies provided and in 1946 , the candies again became available for the civilian population . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Military invention </Li> <Li> Military funding of science </Li> <Li> Military production during World War II </Li> <Li> List of equipment used in World War II </Li> <Li> List of ships of the Second World War </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Susan A. ; Calvin A. Roberts ( 2006 ) . New Mexico . University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 9780826340030 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dominic Selwood ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` The man who invented poison gas '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Eric ( 16 March 2004 ) . `` British Technology and the Second World War '' . Stanford University . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , Engineers of Victory : The Problem Solvers Who Turned The Tide in the Second World War ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James W. Brennan , `` The Proximity Fuze : Whose Brainchild ? , '' U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings ( 1968 ) 94 # 9 pp 72 -- 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Septimus H. Paul ( 2000 ) . Nuclear Rivals : Anglo - American Atomic Relations , 1941 -- 1952 . Ohio State U.P. pp. 1 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Phinney Baxter III ( Official Historian of the Office of Scientific Research and Development ) , Scientists Against Time ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. , 1946 ) , page 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jet Fighters : Inside & Out '' , Jim Winchester , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meteor I vs V1 Flying Bomb '' , Nijboer , Donald . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parshall and Tully , Shattered Sword : The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway . p. 336 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . Web.mit.edu. 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2005 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Additional reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anderson , J. ( 2005 ) . Ludwig Prandtl 's boundary layer . Physics Today . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World War II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia and the Pacific <Ul> <Li> China </Li> <Li> South - East Asia </Li> <Li> North and Central Pacific </Li> <Li> South - West Pacific </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Europe <Ul> <Li> Western </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mediterranean and Middle East <Ul> <Li> North Africa </Li> <Li> East Africa </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West Africa </Li> <Li> Atlantic </Li> <Li> North America </Li> <Li> South America </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Casualties </Li> <Li> Military engagements </Li> <Li> Conferences </Li> <Li> Commanders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Allies ( leaders ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Free France ( from June 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Italy ( from September 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Philippines ( Commonwealth ) </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Southern Rhodesia </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States <Ul> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China </Li> <Li> Independent State of Croatia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Free India </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Italy ( until September 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Italian Social Republic </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Manchukuo </Li> <Li> Philippines ( Second Republic ) </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vichy France <Ul> <Li> Armed neutrality </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resistance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Czech lands </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jewish </Li> <Li> Korea </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northeast China </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland <Ul> <Li> Anti-communist </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Western Ukraine </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia <Ul> <Li> Monarchists </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Prelude </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Asia </Li> <Li> Europe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1939 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Phoney War </Li> <Li> Winter War </Li> <Li> Atlantic </Li> <Li> Changsha </Li> <Li> China </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Weserübung </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> France <Ul> <Li> Armistice of 22 June 1940 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Britain </Li> <Li> North Africa </Li> <Li> West Africa </Li> <Li> British Somaliland </Li> <Li> North China </Li> <Li> Baltic States </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Compass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1941 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> East Africa </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Shanggao </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Crete </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Syria and Lebanon </Li> <Li> Kiev </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Leningrad </Li> <Li> Gorky </Li> <Li> Moscow </Li> <Li> Sevastopol </Li> <Li> Pearl Harbor <Ul> <Li> The outbreak of the Pacific War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Changsha </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1942 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Changsha </Li> <Li> Java Sea </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> Gazala </Li> <Li> Dutch Harbor </Li> <Li> Attu ( occupation ) </Li> <Li> Kiska </Li> <Li> Zhejiang - Jiangxi </Li> <Li> Midway </Li> <Li> Rzhev </Li> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Stalingrad </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Dieppe </Li> <Li> El Alamein </Li> <Li> Guadalcanal </Li> <Li> Torch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1943 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Kursk </Li> <Li> Smolensk </Li> <Li> Gorky </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Attu </Li> <Li> Sicily </Li> <Li> Cottage </Li> <Li> Lower Dnieper </Li> <Li> Italy <Ul> <Li> Armistice of Cassibile </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gilbert and Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Northern Burma and Western Yunnan </Li> <Li> Changde </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1944 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monte Cassino / Shingle </Li> <Li> Narva </Li> <Li> Korsun -- Cherkassy </Li> <Li> Tempest </Li> <Li> Ichi - Go </Li> <Li> Overlord </Li> <Li> Neptune </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Mariana and Palau </Li> <Li> Bagration </Li> <Li> Western Ukraine </Li> <Li> Tannenberg Line </Li> <Li> Warsaw </Li> <Li> Eastern Romania </Li> <Li> Belgrade </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Dragoon </Li> <Li> Gothic Line </Li> <Li> Market Garden </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Crossbow </Li> <Li> Pointblank </Li> <Li> Lapland </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Leyte </Li> <Li> Ardennes <Ul> <Li> Bodenplatte </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1945 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vistula -- Oder </Li> <Li> Iwo Jima </Li> <Li> Western invasion of Germany </Li> <Li> Okinawa </Li> <Li> Italy ( Spring 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Borneo </Li> <Li> Syrmian Front </Li> <Li> Berlin </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Budapest </Li> <Li> West Hunan </Li> <Li> Guangxi </Li> <Li> Surrender of Germany </Li> <Li> Project Hula </Li> <Li> Manchuria </Li> <Li> Manila </Li> <Li> Borneo </Li> <Li> Taipei </Li> <Li> Atomic bombings <Ul> <Li> Debate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kuril Islands <Ul> <Li> Shumshu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Surrender of Japan <Ul> <Li> End of World War II in Asia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aspects </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Famines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bengal famine of 1943 </Li> <Li> Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 </Li> <Li> Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Vietnamese Famine of 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Air warfare of World War II </Li> <Li> Blitzkrieg </Li> <Li> Comparative military ranks </Li> <Li> Cryptography </Li> <Li> Diplomacy </Li> <Li> Home front <Ul> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Australian </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lend - Lease 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what was the main form of communication during ww2
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&amp;oldid=826096932
25,221,814,856,515,296
Fire pit - wikipedia <H1> Fire pit </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A fire pit or a fire hole can vary from a pit dug in the ground to an elaborate gas burning structure of stone , brick , and metal . The common feature of fire pits is that they are designed to contain fire and prevent it from spreading . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Contemporary types <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The Dakota smokeless fire pit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Fire pits in history </Li> <Li> 3 Modern fire pits </Li> <Li> 4 Archaeological significance </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contemporary types ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pre-made fire pits are the most common form of fire pits and can be purchased from a store . These are commonly made of pre cast concrete or metal and / or a combination of metal table and stone . They are usually natural gas , propane ( LP ) or bio ethanol . Wood burning fire pits made of metal are also quite common but under increasing scrutiny due to fire bans and air particulate emissions . Natural gas and propane burners in these sort of pre fabricated vessels are certified under ANSI ( American ) , CSA ( Canadian ) and CE ( European ) standards . Unregulated and uncertified fire pit burners are increasingly being scrutinized by regulatory authorities and being denied permits . Fire pits have recommended clearance to combustibles and require at least 5 feet above the flame and 16 '' circumference from the exterior perimeter of the vessel . </P> <P> Essentially , to make a fire pit only a hole is required in order to safely contain a fire . This can be as simple as digging a hole in the ground , or as complex as hollowing out a brick or rock pillar . A wood burning fire pit should be located at least ten feet ( three metres ) away from structures for safety . Use of a fire pit in adverse conditions should be avoided , and basic fire safety precautions apply . </P> <H3> The Dakota smokeless fire pit ( edit ) </H3> Dakota fire pit illustration <P> The Dakota fire pit is an efficient , simple fire design that produces little to no smoke . As depicted in the illustration , two small holes are dug in the ground : one for the firewood and the other to provide a draft of air . Small twigs are packed into the fire hole and readily combustible material is set on top and lit . The fire burns from the top downward , drawing a steady , laminar stream of fresh air from the air hole as it burns . Because the air passes freely around the fuel , near complete combustion is achieved , the result being a fire that burns strongly and brightly and with little or no seen smoke . The Dakota fire pit is a tactical fire used by the United States military as the flame produces a low light signature , reduced smoke , and is easier to ignite under strong wind conditions . </P> <H2> Fire pits in History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many cultures , particularly nomadic ones would cut the turf above the fire - pit in a turf cutting ceremony , replacing the turf afterwards to hide any evidence of the fire . Elements of this ceremony remain in traditional youth organizations such as the Woodcraft Folk . </P> <H2> Modern fire pits ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many homeowners are using fire pits for warmth , entertainment and cooking or as focal points for an outdoor living space . Some recent trends have included the modification of compression tank ends to create a fire bowl that can be placed in the ground or on legs . See Indian Fire Bowls </P> <H2> Archaeological significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The remains of fire pits preserve information about past cultures . Radiocarbon dating from charcoal found in old fire pits can estimate when regions were first populated or when civilizations died out . Bones and seeds found in fire pits indicate the diet of that area . </P> <P> In archaeological terms fire pits are referred to as features because they can be seen and recorded as part of the site but can not be moved without being destroyed . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fire ring </Li> <Li> Earth oven </Li> <Li> Rocket Stove </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Serenity Health '' . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dakota Fire Hole Construction '' . wildernessoutfitters. 2014 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Survival Manual Winter 2002 '' . US Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center . 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Fire '' . Hearth.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Fireplaces & Kitchens from Belgard '' . Outdoor Fireplace Kits , Brick Ovens & Paver Fireplaces . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` outdoor fire pits '' . sological. 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> CBS Backyard fire pit article </Li> <Li> Binghamton University Archaeology on the Divide Project </Li> <Li> This Old House : Building A Fire Pit </Li> <Li> Modern Fire Pits </Li> <Li> Traditional Indian Fire Bowls / Pits </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Firelighting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Campfire </Li> <Li> Bonfire </Li> <Li> Glossary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Components </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ember </Li> <Li> Fire triangle </Li> <Li> Firewood </Li> <Li> Spark </Li> <Li> Tinder </Li> <Li> Wood ash </Li> <Li> Wood fuel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Autoignition temperature </Li> <Li> Combustion </Li> <Li> Friction fire </Li> <Li> Minimum ignition energy </Li> <Li> Smouldering </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Early starters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burning glass ( Solar Spark Lighter ) </Li> <Li> Fire piston </Li> <Li> Fire plough </Li> <Li> Fire - saw </Li> <Li> Fire striker </Li> <Li> Flint </Li> <Li> Hand drill <Ul> <Li> Bow drill </Li> <Li> Pump drill </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern starters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Match </Li> <Li> Chisquero </Li> <Li> Black match </Li> <Li> Electric match </Li> <Li> Ferrocerium </Li> <Li> Lighter </Li> <Li> Blowtorch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other equipment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Char cloth </Li> <Li> Feather stick </Li> <Li> Fire pan </Li> <Li> Fire pit </Li> <Li> Fire ring </Li> <Li> Matchbook </Li> <Li> Matchbox </Li> <Li> Punk </Li> <Li> Tinderbox </Li> <Li> Torch </Li> <Li> Chuckmuck </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arson </Li> <Li> Control of fire by early humans </Li> <Li> Native American use of fire </Li> <Li> Outdoor cooking </Li> <Li> Firem'n Chit </Li> <Li> Pyrolysis </Li> <Li> Pyromania </Li> <Li> Survival skills </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Fire portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_pit&oldid=828918655 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fireplaces </Li> <Li> Fire </Li> <Li> Garden features </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 15 : 27 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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what is the point of a fire pit
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fire_pit&amp;oldid=828918655
-3,413,408,173,835,397,600
Sod 's law - wikipedia <H1> Sod 's law </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the album by British rock band Spear of Destiny , see Sod 's Law ( album ) . <P> Sod 's law is a name for the axiom that `` if something can go wrong , it will '' , with the further addendum , in British culture , borrowed from Finagle 's law , that it will happen at `` the worst possible time '' . This may simply be construed , again in British culture , as `` hope for the best , expect the worst '' . </P> <P> The phrase is seemingly derived , at least in part , from the colloquialism an `` unlucky sod '' ; a term for someone who has had some bad unlucky experience , and is usually used as a sympathetic reference to the person </P> <P> The term is still used in the United Kingdom , though in North America the eponymous `` Murphy 's law '' is more popular . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Comparison with Murphy 's law </Li> <Li> 2 Examples </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Comparison with Murphy 's law ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sod 's law is similar to , but broader than , Murphy 's law ( `` Whatever can go wrong will go wrong '' ) . For example , concepts such as `` bad fortune will be tailored to the individual '' and `` good fortune will occur in spite of the individual 's actions '' are sometimes given as examples of Sod 's law in action . This would broaden Sod 's law to a general sense of being `` mocked by fate '' . In these aspects it is similar to some definitions of irony , particularly the irony of fate . Murphy 's technological origin on John Stapp 's Project MX981 is more upbeat -- it was a reminder to the engineers and team members to be cautious and make sure everything was accounted for , to let no stone be left unturned -- not an acceptance of an uncaring uninfluenceable fate . </P> <P> According to David J. Hand , emeritus professor of mathematics and senior research investigator at Imperial College London , Sod 's law is a more extreme version of Murphy 's law . While Murphy 's law says that anything that can go wrong , will go wrong ( eventually ) , Sod 's law requires that it always goes wrong with the worst possible outcome . Hand suggests that belief in Sod 's law is a combination of the law of truly large numbers and the psychological effect of the law of selection . The former says we should expect things to go wrong now and then , and the latter says we remember the exceptional events where something went wrong , but the great number of mundane events where nothing exceptional happened are forgotten . </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Perhaps this would be a better example of Sod 's law : ' When you toss a coin , the more strongly you want heads , the more likely it is to come up tails ' '' -- Richard Dawkins </Li> <Li> `` Traffic lights turn red when you 're in a hurry , or your e-mail crashes just as you are about to hit ' send ' on that critical message '' -- David Hand </Li> <Li> `` ... a composer such as Beethoven loses his hearing , or a drummer such as Rick Allen ... loses an arm in a car crash '' -- David Hand </Li> </Ul> <P> Both Dawkins and Hand offered these examples as part of a critique of the thinking that leads to belief in such laws , rather than examples supporting the existence of the law . Both went on to explain the effect in terms of selection bias and the law of truly large numbers . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Finagle 's law </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ( 1992 ) . Dictionary of Catch Phrases . Scarborough House . p. 278 . ISBN 9781461660408 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Murphy 's laws origin '' . The Desert Wings . Murphy 's laws site . March 3 , 1978 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : David J. Hand , The Improbability Principle : Why Coincidences , Miracles , and Rare Events Happen Every Day , pp. 197 - 198 , Macmillan , 2014 ISBN 0374711399 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Richard Dawkins ( 2012 ) . The Magic of Reality : How We Know What 's Really True . Simon and Schuster . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9013 - 2 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Michael Scannell , The basic laws ( Murphy 's and Sod 's ) , a clear explanation of the difference . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sod%27s_law&oldid=788349863 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Adages </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 23 : 09 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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where does the expression sod's law come from
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sod%27s_law&amp;oldid=788349863
4,205,815,834,879,591,400
Chevrolet Silverado - wikipedia <H1> Chevrolet Silverado </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Chevrolet C / K series Silverado , see Chevrolet C / K . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> General Motors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GMC Sierra </Li> <Li> Chevrolet Cheyenne ( Mexico ) </Li> <Li> VIA VTRUX </Li> <Li> VTA SolTRUX </Li> <Li> Chevrolet C / K ( South Korea and east Asia ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 1998 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assembly </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States : </Li> <Li> Flint , Michigan </Li> <Li> Roanoke , Indiana </Li> <Li> Canada : Oshawa , Ontario </Li> <Li> Mexico : Silao , Guanajuato </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Class </Th> <Td> Full - size / Heavy - Duty pickup truck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body style </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 - door regular cab </Li> <Li> 4 - door double cab </Li> <Li> 4 - door crew cab </Li> <Li> Dually </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Layout </Th> <Td> FR layout F4 layout </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> Workhorse W - 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Chevrolet / GMC C / K </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Chevrolet Silverado , and its mechanically identical cousin , the GMC Sierra , are a series of full - size and heavy - duty pickup trucks manufactured by General Motors and introduced in 1998 as the successor to the long - running Chevrolet C / K line . The Silverado name was taken from a trim level previously used on its predecessor , the Chevrolet C / K pickup truck from 1975 through 1998 . General Motors continues to offer a GMC - badged variant of the Chevrolet full - size pickup under the GMC Sierra name , first used in 1987 for its variant of the GMT400 platform trucks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 First generation ( 1999 -- 2007 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Light duty <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 2001 GMC Sierra C3 / Denali </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Chevrolet Silverado SS <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 2.1 Intimidator SS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Vortec High Output / Vortec Max </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Hybrid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Heavy duty </Li> <Li> 2.3 Engines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Second generation ( 2007 -- 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Engines </Li> <Li> 3.2 Production location switch </Li> <Li> 3.3 Safety </Li> <Li> 3.4 Electric version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Third generation ( 2014 -- 2019 ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 2015 <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Special Editions <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1.1 Chevrolet </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 2016 <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Special editions <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1.1 GMC </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.2 Chevrolet </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 2018 <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Special Edition <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1.1 Chevrolet </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 2019 Silverado LD </Li> <Li> 4.5 Engines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Fourth generation ( 2019 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Variants <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 2020 Chevrolet Silverado HD Models </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 GMC Sierra </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Medium duty version ( 4500HD and 5500HD ) </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Workhorse W - 15 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Military applications <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Variants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Awards </Li> <Li> 8 Motorsport </Li> <Li> 9 World markets </Li> <Li> 10 Yearly American sales </Li> <Li> 11 Special use Silverados and Sierras </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although General Motors introduced its first pickup truck in 1930 , the term `` Silverado '' was a designation used only to detail the trim for the Chevrolet C / K pickup trucks , Suburbans , and Tahoes from 1975 through 1999 . GMC used a few variations of the `` Sierra '' name ( e.g. Sierra , Sierra Classic , and High Sierra ) ; however , Chevrolet still uses the CK and the CC in their current model codes . </P> 1997 Silverado trim package on C / K pickup <P> The Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks have been essentially the same for their entire history . However , there are some trim and add - on option variations . Early models included variations in the engine and equipment , but the present differences are slight . The 1999 model year redesign included different grilles and interior trim , and certain features ( e.g. Quadrasteer ) were included at different times on the two trucks . The GMC Sierra has a luxury package known as `` Denali '' which adds tons of creature comfort features and design changes . Chevrolet 's equivalent to the Denali trim level is the High Country Silverado which was introduced in the 2014 model year . In 2018 , at the Work Truck Show , another new Silverado will be released , being the 4500 and 5500 ; these vehicles will be exclusive to Chevrolet , as GMC has no plans to offer a equivalent . GM webpage </P> <H2> First generation ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> First generation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> Chevrolet C / K ( South Korea ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> June 1998 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Ken Sohocki ( 1994 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> GM GMT800 platform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> Vortec 4300 ( 4.3 L ) V6 Vortec 4800 ( 4.8 L ) V8 Vortec 5300 ( 5.3 L ) V8 Vortec 6000 ( 6.0 L ) V8 Vortec 7400 ( 7.4 L ) Vortec 8100 ( 8.1 L ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4 - speed 4L60 - E automatic </Li> <Li> 4 - speed 4L65 - E automatic </Li> <Li> 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wheelbase </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) </Li> <Li> 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) </Li> <Li> 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 203 in ( 5,156 mm ) </Li> <Li> 227 in ( 5,766 mm ) </Li> <Li> 246 in ( 6,248 mm ) </Li> <Li> Hybrid : 230.2 in ( 5,847 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 78.5 in ( 1,994 mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 74 in ( 1,880 mm ) </Li> <Li> 77 in ( 1,956 mm ) </Li> <Li> Hybrid 2WD : 71.2 in ( 1,808 mm ) </Li> <Li> Hybrid 4WD : 73.9 in ( 1,877 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The GMT800 Silverado / Sierra 1500 and 2500 ( non Heavy Duty ) ( light pickup trucks ) were released in August 1998 as 1999 models . The `` classic '' light - duty GMT400 C / K trucks were continued in production for that first year alongside the new models , and the Heavy - Duty GMT400 pickups ( alongside the GMT400 SUVs ) were continued through 2000 , with the new GMT800 Silverado / Sierra HD ( Heavy Duty ) being introduced . A small refresh for 2003 models was introduced in 2002 , bringing slight design changes and an upgrade to the audio and HVAC controls . The latter 2006 and 2007 GMT800 production units used the name Classic to denote the difference between the first and second generation trucks . </P> <H3> Light duty ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are a number of models of light - duty Silverados and Sierras , including the half - ton , SS , and Hybrid . </P> <P> The light - duty trucks use the 1500 name . They are available in three cab lengths , 2 - door standard / regular cab , 4 - door extended cab , and front - hinged 4 - door crew cab . Three cargo beds are available : a 69.2 in ( 1,758 mm ) short box , 78.7 in ( 1,999 mm ) standard box , and a 97.6 in ( 2,479 mm ) long box . The short box is only available with the crew cab . </P> <P> For the first year , only the regular cab and an extended cab were available , along with the Vortec 4300 V6 , Vortec 4800 V8 , and the Vortec 5300 V8 . In 2000 , a driver 's side door option became available for the extended cab , giving it four doors , and the crew - cab body was added to the lineup in 2004 . Output on the 5.3 L engine also increased to 285 hp ( 213 kW ) and 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) . </P> <P> The 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 was standard on the 2500 and was added for the 2001 Heavy Duty models , rated at 300 hp ( 224 kW ) , with the GMC Sierra 1500 C3 getting an uprated 325 hp ( 242 kW ) version of this engine . The Silverado Z71 got an optional lighter composite box , with a suspension package for towing , but lacked the high - output engine . The C3 became the Denali for 2002 , and Quadrasteer was added . </P> <P> GM introduced a reworked version of the Silverado and Sierra in 2003 , with a new front end and a slightly updated rear end . In 2006 the Silverado received another facelift , similar to the HD version introduced in 2005 HD models . In addition to that , Chevrolet has deleted the `` Chevrolet '' badge off the tailgate that was used from 1998 - 2005 . Its SUV counterparts retained the use of the pre-facelift sheetmetal . </P> <P> The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) gave the Silverado an overall `` marginal '' score on the frontal offset crash test for poor structural integrity and poor dummy control , although no injuries were recorded on the dummy 's body regions . </P> 2001 GMC Sierra C3 / Denali ( edit ) Sierra Denali with Quadrasteer <P> GMC created an upscale version of its Sierra 1500 in 2000 called the Sierra C3 . It used all - wheel drive with a 3.73 final drive gear ratio and included the 6.0 L Vortec 6000 LQ4 V8 rated at 325 hp ( 242 kW ) at 5000 rpm and 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L60E - HD four speed automatic transmission along with other upscale equipment . For 2002 , the name was changed to Sierra Denali , but the specifications remained essentially the same except for the addition of Quadrasteer and GM changed from the 4L60E - HD to the 4L65E in conjunction with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio . </P> <P> The Denali is rated for towing 9,100 pounds ( 4,100 kg ) and hauling 1,595 pounds ( 723 kg ) in the cargo box . </P> <P> The Sierra Denali was initially equipped with Delphi 's Quadrasteer system as standard equipment . It was a 4 - wheel steering system that greatly reduced the truck 's turning radius and improved lane changing while towing . General Motors dropped Quadrasteer from the Sierra Denali after the 2004 model year and its entire lineup after 2005 due to poor sales of this expensive option . </P> <P> For the ' 07 model year , the Sierra Denali shares the same billet grille from the other Denali models , and also has the same dash as the ' 07 SUV 's . The ' 07 Sierra Denali was initially the only half ton pickup that had a 6.2 liter with 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) of torque coupled to a six speed transmission . This truck is also an optional all wheel drive vehicle and goes 0 - 60 mph in 6.3 seconds . </P> Chevrolet Silverado SS ( edit ) Silverado SS <P> Launched in early 2003 , the Silverado SS is a high - performance pickup truck built by Chevrolet . It is based on the 1500 Silverado with upgrades in drive train and both exterior and interior appearance . It was equipped standard with the 6.0 liter Vortec High - Output V8 rated at 345 hp ( 257 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L65E four speed automatic transmission . This was the same engine used for the second generation Cadillac Escalade . Chevrolet and GMC advertised this engine as the Vortec High Output and later as the `` VortecMAX '' , while Cadillac calls it the `` HO 6000 '' . The SS debuted in 2003 with a standard All Wheel Drive setup with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio and 4 wheel disc brakes . In 2005 , in an attempt to increase sales , a 2 - wheel drive version became available ( the 2WD SS also lost its rear disc brakes in favor of drums , as did the rest of the 1 / 2 - ton GMT800s ) . 2005 was also the first year the sun roof was available in the SS line up . In 2006 , the AWD variant was dropped and the rear wheel drive was the only driveline layout available . In a further effort to reduce cost , you could also get cloth interior and / or bench seat . The Silverado SS also comes with the Z60 performance suspension and 20 inch aluminum wheels . All the SS trucks in both 2 wheel drive and AWD used the torsion bar style front suspension for better handling . It should also be noted the SS themed trucks were only available from the factory in Black Onyx , Victory Red , and Arrival Blue Metallic from 2003 to 2004 . In 2005 Arrival Blue Metallic was dropped from the color choice and replaced with Silver Birch Metallic ... </P> Intimidator SS ( edit ) <P> In 2006 , Chevrolet released a special edition Silverado SS under the name `` Intimidator SS '' ( licensed by Dale Earnhardt Inc . ) to honor the late Dale Earnhardt . The truck came with several minor appearance upgrades ( rear spoiler , embroidered headrests , Intimidator custom badging ) , but was essentially just a regular Silverado SS . Of the 1,033 scheduled trucks , only 933 were made ( the remaining 100 were sold as 2007 Silverado SS `` classic '' bodystyle trucks before the 2007.5 MY changeover . These trucks were only available in Black Onyx exterior but could be ordered with cloth or leather interior . Also features - </P> Vortec High output / Vortec Max ( edit ) 2004 GMC Sierra with VHO package <P> The Vortec High Output option was first introduced in 2004 to a limited market ( mainly consisting of Texas and several surrounding areas ) ; it was available nationwide for MY 2005 . It was available for both the Chevy and GMC 1500 series trucks . This special edition package ( under option code B4V ) included several options previously not found on the standard 1500 model , most notably the LQ9 6.0 L V - 8 engine ( the same used for the Silverado SS , the 2005 - 2006 GMC Denalis and the Cadillac Escalade ) . The LQ9 motor was rated at 345 hp ( 257 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4000 rpm , which was the same specifications shared in the SS models . The B4V package could only be ordered on extended cab standard box 2WD trucks . They were all built at the Canadian assembly plant and were equipped with the Z60 High Performance suspension package , in addition to the M32 = 4L65E transmission , GT4 = 3.73 rear gear , and G80 Gov Lock as standard equipment . The 2004 models were equipped with the standard 10 bolt 8.625 rear end . The 2005 models were upgraded with the larger 14 bolt 9.5 rear end under RPO option AXN . The package also included one style of the newly introduced GM 20 inch wheels installed from the factory . This marked the first time the LQ9 engine was available for a two - wheel drive application . Unlike the previous years with the SS Package , you could order the interior combination in anything from basic cloth to fully loaded . There were also more exterior color options available with this package . </P> <P> In 2006 , the Vortec Max trailering package became available . The Vortec Max package was added to the option list with an array of similar features and new badges , and at its core retained the LQ9 / 4L65 - E powertrain . However , the Vortec Max package differed from the Performance edition in that it also came with a variant of the Z85 Handling / Trailering suspension , as well as 17 - inch wheels and tires under the option code NHT on 4x4 models versus the Z60 High Performance Suspension and 20 - inch wheel and tire package of the regular B4V 2 wheel drive Performance Edition . This was because the Vortec Max package was intended for max trailer towing , while the Performance Edition was intended more for customers who wanted the Silverado SS mechanicals without the visuals of the SS . It was also made available ( in addition to the extended cab ) in the light duty 4 door crew cab models . For the first time it was also available in 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel drive on both the Silverados and Sierras , with or without the Z71 package . </P> <P> The newest Vortec Max performance package introduced in 2006 on the GMT900 includes a 10,800 pounds towing capacity . </P> Hybrid ( edit ) The engine compartment of a 2006 GMC Sierra Hybrid <P> GM launched a hybrid version of the Silverado / Sierra in 2004 , becoming the first ever GM hybrid passenger vehicle . Known within GM as the Parallel Hybrid Truck or PHT it is not actually a parallel hybrid by the current definition , but a type of micro hybrid design . The electric motor housed within the transmission flywheel housing , serves only to provide engine cranking / starting , battery charging , and powering accessories . The engine automatically shuts down as the truck comes to a stop and uses 42 Volt electric power to the starter / generator unit to restart the engine as the brake pedal is released . Besides the typical 12 V automotive battery the PHT uses three additional 12 V valve regulated lead acid ( VRLA ) batteries mounted under the rear seat to store and provide power . The truck uses a 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 for primary propulsion power . These trucks were also purchased back from customers for more than what they were worth in the late 2000s . </P> <P> The PHT features four 120 volt 20 amp AC outlets , two in the bed and two inside the cab under the rear seat . These are particularly interesting to the building / construction contractor market , since they often require AC power when on the job . Additionally , the extra reserves of power for the accessories make this truck well - suited to that market , where trucks often sit at idle for hours at a time . </P> <P> Availability was extremely limited at first , with commercial buyers getting the first allotment . Later in 2005 , the truck was offered at retail in Alaska , California , Florida , Nevada , Oregon , Washington and Canada . For 2006 -- 07 the truck was generally available to retail buyers throughout North America . The Parallel Hybrid Truck was discontinued for the 2008 model year with the release of the GMT900 truck line . Starting in 2009 , General Motors offers a second generation Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra equipped with a Two - Mode Hybrid powertrain and CVT . </P> <H3> Heavy duty ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> GMT800 Heavy Duty </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 2000 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> GM GMT880 platform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 8.1 L Vortec 8100 V8 6.6 L Duramax V8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed Allison 1000 automatic ( 2000 -- 2005 ) 6 - speed Allison 1000 automatic ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 5 - speed NV4500 manual ( 2000 -- 2007 6.0 ) 6 - speed ZF S6 - 650 manual ( 2000 -- 2006 6.6 and 8.1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wheelbase </Th> <Td> 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) 157.5 in ( 4,000 mm ) 167 in ( 4,242 mm ) 153 in ( 3,886 mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 222.1 in ( 5,641 mm ) 227.7 in ( 5,784 mm ) 246.6 in ( 6,264 mm ) 237.2 in ( 6,025 mm ) 256.1 in ( 6,505 mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SRW : 79.7 in ( 2,024 mm ) </Li> <Li> DRW : 96.1 in ( 2,441 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 76.0 -- 77.4 in ( 1,930 -- 1,966 mm ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The HD variant is a heavy - duty light truck . It is a strengthened version of the Silverado / Sierra light - duty , and is available in the 1500HD , 2500HD , and 3500HD models . The 1500HD , introduced in 2000 , offers a Vortec 6000 V8 with 300 hp ( 224 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 360 lb ⋅ ft ( 488 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4000 rpm with a Hydra - Matic 4L80E four - speed automatic transmission . The 2500HD also offers the LB7 Duramax V8 with 300 hp ( 224 kW ) at 3100 rpm and 520 lb ⋅ ft ( 705 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 1800 rpm , the LLY Duramax V8 with 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 3000RPM and 605 lb ft ( 820 N m ) @ 1600RPM , and the LBZ Duramax V8 with 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 3200RPM and 650 lb ft ( 881 N m ) @ 1600RPM . Also available is the Vortec 8100 V8 with 340 hp ( 254 kW ) at 4200 rpm and 455 lb ⋅ ft ( 617 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 3200 rpm . </P> <P> The 2500HD has an available five - speed ( six - speed for 2006 - 2007 models ) Allison 1000 transmission with the Vortec 8100 and Duramax 6.6 . The Silverado 3500 offers the same engine / transmission features that the 2500HD does , however it is usually equipped with `` dually '' twin wheels at the rear and has a stronger suspension . The HD models are primarily used for towing and high - weight cargo . The Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD came in at # 2 in a 2016 study by iSeeCars.com ranking the top 10 longest - lasting vehicles . The Silverado 2500HD had 5.7 % of vehicles over 200,000 miles , according to the iSeeCars study . </P> <P> Towing capacity for the 1500HD is rated at 10,300 pounds ( 4,700 kg ) and can haul 3,129 pounds ( 1,419 kg ) in the bed depending on options . Towing capacity for the 2500HD is rated at 16,100 pounds ( 7,300 kg ) with the gasoline 8.1 L V8 with 3.73 : 1 rear and can haul 3,964 pounds ( 1,798 kg ) in the bed depending on options . Towing capacity for the 3500HD is rated at 16,700 pounds ( 7,600 kg ) and can haul 5,753 pounds ( 2,610 kg ) in the bed depending on options . The addition of 4 wheel drive tends to reduce the towing and carrying capacity by 200 to 400 lb ( 181 kg ) , depending upon year and model . Other factors , such as options , can also affect these numbers . </P> <H3> Engines ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Model </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> Power </Th> <Th> Torque </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1500 </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 4.3 L Vortec 4300 V6 </Td> <Td> 200 hp ( 149 kW ) @ 4600 RPM </Td> <Td> 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 195 hp ( 145 kW ) @ 4600 RPM </Td> <Td> 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 </Td> <Td> 255 hp ( 190 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 285 lb ⋅ ft ( 386 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 - 2003 </Td> <Td> 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 285 lb ⋅ ft ( 386 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 - 2007 </Td> <Td> 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 </Td> <Td> 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 315 lb ⋅ ft ( 427 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 335 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 - 2007 </Td> <Td> 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 335 lb - ft ( 454 N-m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1500HD / 2500HD / 3500HD </Td> <Td> 2000 - 2006 </Td> <Td> 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 </Td> <Td> 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 4400 RPM </Td> <Td> 360 lb ⋅ ft ( 488 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 8.1 L Vortec 8100 V8 </Td> <Td> 340 hp ( 254 kW ) @ 4200 RPM </Td> <Td> 455 lb ⋅ ft ( 617 N ⋅ m ) @ 3200 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 330 hp ( 246 kW ) @ 4200 RPM </Td> <Td> 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3200 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2002 w / LQY </Td> <Td> 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 3600 RPM </Td> <Td> 400 lb ⋅ ft ( 542 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2002 w / LQQ </Td> <Td> 210 hp ( 157 kW ) @ 3600 RPM </Td> <Td> 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) @ 1200 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2005 w / LRW </Td> <Td> 325 hp ( 242 kW ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> <Td> 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2006 w / LRZ </Td> <Td> 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 3600 RPM </Td> <Td> 440 lb ⋅ ft ( 597 N ⋅ m ) @ 3200 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2006 w / LQR </Td> <Td> 225 hp ( 168 kW ) @ 3600 RPM </Td> <Td> 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) @ 1200 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> 6.6 L Duramax ( LB7 / LLY ) V8 </Td> <Td> 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 3100 RPM </Td> <Td> 520 lb ⋅ ft ( 705 N ⋅ m ) @ 1800 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 - 2006 w / MTX </Td> <Td> 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 3000 RPM </Td> <Td> 520 lb ⋅ ft ( 705 N ⋅ m ) @ 1800 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 - 2006 w / ATX </Td> <Td> 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 3000 RPM </Td> <Td> 605 lb ⋅ ft ( 820 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 - 2007 </Td> <Td> 6.6 L Duramax ( LBZ ) V8 </Td> <Td> 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 3200 RPM </Td> <Td> 650 lb ⋅ ft ( 881 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GMC Sierra C3 </Td> <Td> 2000 - 2001 </Td> <Td> 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 </Td> <Td> 325 hp ( 242 kW ) @ 5000 RPM </Td> <Td> 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GMC Sierra Denali </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 </Td> <Td> 345 hp ( 257 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chevrolet Silverado SS </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chevrolet Silverado Vortec High Output </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chevrolet Silverado VortecMAX </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> <P> 1999 -- 2002 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD regular cab </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2003 -- 2007 Chevrolet Silverado 3500 crew cab </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Allison 1000 attached to the 6.6 L Duramax Diesel </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2004 Silverado 2500 HD </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2009 Chevrolet Silverado Single Cab in Chile </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Second generation ( 2007 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Second generation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> Chevrolet Platform GMC Dump Truck VIA VTRUX GMC Sierra Chevrolet / GMC C / K </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 2006 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GM GMT900 platform : </Li> <Li> GMT901 ( Chevrolet Silverado ) </Li> <Li> GMT902 ( GMC Sierra ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> 4.3 L V6 195 hp ( 145 kW ) 4.8 L V8 295 hp ( 220 kW ) 5.3 L V8 315 hp ( 235 kW ) 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) 6.2 L V8 403 hp ( 301 kW ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> 4 - speed 4L60 - E automatic 4 - speed `` 2 - Mode Hybrid transmission '' 2ML70 ( Hybrid ) 6 - speed 6L80 automatic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wheelbase </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regular : 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) </Li> <Li> Extended & Crew : 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regular : 205.6 in ( 5,222 mm ) </Li> <Li> Extended & Crew : 230.2 in ( 5,847 mm ) </Li> <Li> Hybrid : 229.9 in ( 5,839 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regular & Extended : 79.9 in ( 2,029 mm ) </Li> <Li> Crew : 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regular & Extended : 73.9 in ( 1,877 mm ) </Li> <Li> Crew : 73.8 in ( 1,875 mm ) </Li> <Li> Hybrid 4WD : 73.7 in ( 1,872 mm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The all - new GMT900 generation of the Silverado / Sierra arrived in the last quarter of 2006 as a 2007 model . It features a redesigned exterior , interior , frame , and suspension as well as power increases on certain engines . It takes styling cues from the 2007 GMT900 SUVs and the Chevrolet Colorado pickups . Like the GMT900 SUVs , these pickups also have greatly improved aerodynamics over their predecessors like steeply raked windshields and tighter panel gaps which improve fuel economy . The GMT800 models were continued through 2007 badged as `` Classic '' , just as the GMT400 models continued for two years after the GMT800 's introduction . </P> <P> The new Silverado earned the North American Truck of the Year award for 2007 and was Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year for 2007 . Like its predecessors , the new Silverado offers buyers a choice of two door regular cabs , four door extended cabs ( with rear doors that now open 170 degrees similar to the Nissan Titan ) and four door crew cabs with the rear doors opening in the same direction as the front doors . GM also offers the trucks in the traditional two and four wheel drive configurations . </P> <P> The Generation III small block V8 engines offered in the GMT 800 trucks were replaced in the GMT 900 series by the Generation IV small block V8 engine family , featuring upgrades such as increased power and Active Fuel Management on the 5.3 L and 6.0 L V8s . A new high performance 6.2 liter V8 ( with 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) of torque ) was introduced with the 2007 Cadillac Escalade and 2007 GMC Denali line , and is now available on the Silverado LTZ trim line . After skipping the 2008 model year , with 2007 being the last for the GMT800 hybrid line , a two - mode hybrid model was introduced in late 2008 as a 2009 model . General Motors discontinued the Silverado Hybrid due to poor sales along with the GMC Sierra Hybrid , Chevy Avalanche , Chevy Tahoe Hybrid , GMC Yukon Hybrid , Cadillac Escalade Hybrid , and Cadillac Escalade EXT after the 2013 model year even though it was the one of the two first hybrid pickup trucks ever manufactured . Available in either two - or four - wheel - drive , the Sierra 1500 Hybrid is powered by a 6.0 - liter V8 . It 's joined by two 60 - kilowatt electric motors supplied by a nickel -- metal hydride battery pack under the rear seat . On its own , the V8 is rated at 332 horsepower and 367 pound - feet of torque . GM engineers say that combined output with the electric motors is 379 hp . The unique transmission houses the electric motors along with three different planetary gear sets and four traditional clutches . </P> <P> There were two dash options offered in this model Silverado and Sierra : a luxury - inspired dash that closely mimics the dash in their GMT900 SUVs , and a more traditional upright dash to make room for a passenger seat in place of a center console . </P> <P> As of 2008 , General Motors full - size trucks were no longer sold in United States and Canada with manual transmissions ; they were only offered in Mexico in the Silverado 1500 V6 engine and Silverado 3500 . </P> <P> All Silverado & Sierra 1 / 2 - ton models received a revised bumper and shortened front fascia midway through the 2009 model year and a full mid-cycle refresh followed with all 2010 models , including new interior door panels ( which moved the handle forward and added an additional cup holder ) and a six - speed automatic transmission on regular and extended cab models with 5.3 L or larger V8 's was also made standard . Two new exterior colors were added : Taupe Gray Metallic and Sheer Silver Metallic . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> 2007 GMC Sierra Denali </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LTZ extended cab </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2013 GMC Sierra Denali Crew Cab </P> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> GMT900 Heavy Duty </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 2006 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> GM GMT910 platform : GMT911 ( Chevrolet Silverado ) GMT912 ( GMC Sierra ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> <P> 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) </P> 6.6 L Duramax diesel V8 397 hp ( 296 kW ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> 6 - speed 6L90 automatic 6 - speed Allison 1000 automatic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wheelbase </Th> <Td> Varies greatly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> Varies greatly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) 95.9 in ( 2,436 mm ) ( Towing mirrors ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 76 in ( 1,930 mm ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 8.1 L big - block V8 is no longer offered on the Heavy Duty models , and no replacement has been announced . The 6L90 6 - speed automatic transmission is standard in all Heavy Duty models . The Allison 1000 transmission is paired with the optional Duramax V8 diesel . </P> <P> As of 2011 the GMC and Chevrolet heavy Duty 's have being upgraded with a new fully boxed high strength steel frame from front to rear improving stiffness by 92 % with bigger rear springs , larger engine and transmission mounts and new hydraulic body mounts to improve the ride. The front suspension incorporates new upper and lower control arms and new torsion bars tailored to one of five different gross axle weight ratings . Upper control arms are constructed from forged steel that is both stronger and lighter than the previous arms , while the new lower arms are cast iron to maximize load capacity . Using a unique torsion bar for each gross weight rating allows for better control over vehicle height , resulting in improved handling and better alignment for reduced tire wear . These improvements allow for up to a 6,000 pound front axle weight rating , allowing all 4wd trucks to accommodate a snow plow . Additional front suspension enhancements come from new urethane bump stops , two per side . The upper shock mount has been changed from a single stem mount to a two - bolt design to eliminate the possibility of squeaks and thumps . The rear suspension design uses asymmetrical leaf springs that are wider and capable of greater load handling . The design features 3 - inch wide leaves , with front and rear spring sections of different lengths to reduce the twisting that can result in axle hop and loss of traction . The 2500HD use a two - stage design with a rating of 6,200 lbs , and 3500HD models have a three - stage design with 7,050 lb and 9,375 lb ratings on single and dual - wheel models respectively </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD crew cab </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2012 GMC Sierra Denali HD </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2008 GMC Sierra 3500HD SLT crew cab </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD crew cab </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Engines ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Model </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> Power </Th> <Th> Torque </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1500 </Td> <Td> 2007 - 2013 </Td> <Td> 4.3 L Vortec 4300 V6 </Td> <Td> 195 hp ( 145 kW ) @ 4600 RPM </Td> <Td> 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 - 2008 </Td> <Td> 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 </Td> <Td> 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5600 RPM </Td> <Td> 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 4800 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5600 RPM </Td> <Td> 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 4600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 - 2013 </Td> <Td> 302 hp ( 225 kW ) @ 5600 RPM </Td> <Td> 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 4600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 - 2009 </Td> <Td> 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 </Td> <Td> 315 hp ( 235 kW ) @ 5200 RPM </Td> <Td> 338 lb ⋅ ft ( 458 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 - 2013 </Td> <Td> 315 hp ( 235 kW ) @ 5300 RPM </Td> <Td> 335 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 - 2008 </Td> <Td> 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 </Td> <Td> 367 hp ( 274 kW ) @ 5500 RPM </Td> <Td> 375 lb ⋅ ft ( 508 N ⋅ m ) @ 4300 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 367 hp ( 274 kW ) @ 5600 RPM </Td> <Td> 375 lb ⋅ ft ( 508 N ⋅ m ) @ 4300 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 - 2013 </Td> <Td> 6.2 L Vortec 6200 V8 </Td> <Td> 403 hp ( 301 kW ) @ 5700 RPM </Td> <Td> 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) @ 4300 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2500HD / 3500HD </Td> <Td> 2007 - 2008 </Td> <Td> 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 </Td> <Td> 353 hp ( 263 kW ) @ 5400 RPM </Td> <Td> 373 lb ⋅ ft ( 506 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 - 2014 </Td> <Td> 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 5400 RPM </Td> <Td> 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) @ 4200 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 - 2010 </Td> <Td> 6.6 L Duramax V8 </Td> <Td> 365 hp ( 272 kW ) @ 3200 RPM </Td> <Td> 660 lb ⋅ ft ( 895 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> 397 hp ( 296 kW ) @ 3000 RPM </Td> <Td> 765 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,037 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silverado XFE </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 </Td> <Td> 332 hp ( 248 kW ) @ 5100 RPM </Td> <Td> 367 lb ⋅ ft ( 498 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silverado Hybrid </Td> <Td> 2009 - 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Production location switch ( edit ) </H3> <P> For the 2011 model year of the Silverado / Sierra , the production of crew cab models partially shipped from Silao , Mexico to Flint , Michigan . </P> <H3> Safety ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Silverado comes standard with four - wheel ABS . StabiliTrak and side curtain airbags are optional on certain trim levels . </P> <P> 2007 NHTSA crash test : </P> <Ul> <Li> Frontal Driver : </Li> <Li> Frontal Passenger : </Li> <Li> Side Driver : </Li> <Li> Side Rear Passenger : </Li> <Li> Rollover : </Li> </Ul> <P> The IIHS gave the Silverado a `` Good '' score in their frontal crash test , however 2007 - 09 models equipped with or without optional side curtain airbags received a `` Poor '' rating in the side impact test . For 2010 models the side structure was strengthened , side torso air bags were added , and side airbags became standard , with the upgrades the IIHS side impact overall rating improved to `` Acceptable '' , while the overall side structure rating is improved from `` Poor '' to `` Acceptable '' . The crew cab variant of the 2011 - 13 Silverado is also rated `` Marginal '' in the IIHS roof strength test . </P> <H3> Electric version ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2011 developer of the Chevrolet Volt and former vice chairman Bob Lutz joined VIA Motors in developing electric versions of the Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra called VIA VTrux . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> 2013 VIA VTRUX </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Third generation ( 2014 -- 2019 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Third generation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GMC Sierra </Li> <Li> VIA Vtrux Truck </Li> <Li> Chevrolet Silverado LD ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2013 -- present ( 1500 ) </Li> <Li> 2014 -- present ( 2500 and 3500 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Model years </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 -- present ( 1500 ) </Li> <Li> 2015 -- present ( 2500 and 3500 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Kevin O'Donnell ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> GMT K2XX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> <P> LV3 EcoTec3 4.3 L V6 285 hp ( 213 kW ) L83 EcoTec3 5.3 L V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) L8B EcoTec3 5.3 L V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) L86 EcoTec3 6.2 L V8 420 hp ( 313 kW ) </P> LY6 Vortec 6000 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) LML Duramax 6.6 L V8 397 -- 445 hp ( 296 -- 332 kW ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> 6 - speed 6L80 automatic 8 - speed 8L90 automatic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wheelbase </Th> <Td> Regular 6'6 `` : 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) Regular 8 ' : 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) Double 6'6 '' & Crew 5'5 `` : 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) Crew 6'6 `` : 153 in ( 3,886 mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> Regular 6'6 `` : 205.6 in ( 5,222 mm ) Regular 8 ' : 224.4 in ( 5,700 mm ) Double & Crew 5'5 `` : 230 in ( 5,842 mm ) Crew 6'6 `` : 239.6 in ( 6,086 mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 73.5 in ( 1,867 mm ) -- 74.2 in ( 1,885 mm ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> 2014 Silverado LTZ Crew Cab 4x4 <P> On December 13 , 2012 , the redesigned 2014 Chevrolet Silverado , along with the related 2014 GMC Sierra were introduced in Detroit , Michigan , later making their public debut at the North American International Auto Show . GM dropped the 900 platform and changed to K2XX . The third generation Silverado 1500 has three gas engine options : 4.3 L EcoTec3 V6 , 5.3 L EcoTec3 V8 , or 6.2 L EcoTec3 V8 . Chevrolet 's MyLink touch - screen multimedia interface system will be available on most models . It will have A2DP stereo streaming technologies , Bluetooth hands - free telephone , USB hookups , and an input for an Apple iPod or iPhone . When connected via the USB port , an iPhone 4 / 4S , iPhone 5 / iPhone 5S , iPhone 6 , or iPhone 6 Plus will be able to stream music from Pandora Radio . A Bose premium audio system , as well as a Bose surround sound audio system will be available on most models . OnStar will be standard on all models . </P> <P> Underneath , the Silverado rides on a fully boxed high strength steel frame with hydroforming technology ; truck cab 's frame is built with high strength steel as well . The third generation Silverado uses aluminum on the hood , for the engine block and for the control arms in order to save mass . The truck 's bed is made of roll - formed steel instead of stamped steel used by other manufacturers in order to save weight and gain strength . The third generation Silverado introduced the upmarket High Country edition which includes saddle brown leather interior , which is Chevrolet 's first entry into the luxury market . A revised front end features styling cues from the 1980s - era Chevrolet C - Series Trucks , and , on Z - 71 models , a Z - 71 badge was added to the front grille . The first production Silverado completed assembly on April 29 , 2013 . The Silverado 1500 went on sale in May 2013 as a 2014 model , with the Silverado HD Series being available in early 2014 for the 2015 model year . On January 10 , 2014 a recall was issued for 370,000 Silverado and Sierra pickups due to a fire risk . </P> <P> A rebadged version of the Silverado called the Chevrolet Cheyenne is sold in Mexico . </P> <P> The American model version of the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 / 2500HD / 3500HD and the 2015 Chevrolet Silverado High Country was introduced to the Philippines market by Chevrolet Motorama Show late November 2014 as a MY2015 , along with the MY2015 Chevrolet Suburban , 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe , 2015 Chevrolet Impala , 2015 Chevrolet Express Van , 2015 Chevrolet Trax and 2015 Chevrolet Colorado . </P> <P> On January 14 , 2014 , The Silverado , along with the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray , received the 2014 North American International Auto Show 's Car and Truck of the Year awards . </P> <H3> 2015 ( edit ) </H3> <P> For the 2015 model year , the 6.2 L Ecotec3 was paired with the new 8 - speed 8L90 transmission , offering a wider ratio spread with more closely spaced gears , quicker shifts , and improved acceleration and fuel economy . The Silverado 2500 / 3500 HD models continue to use the 6.0 L L96 flex fuel capable Vortec engine combined with the 6l90e transmission , installed with engine oil and transmission fluid coolers for hauling / towing applications . </P> Special Editions ( edit ) Chevrolet ( edit ) <P> For that year , Chevrolet introduced Special Edition for the Silverado truck series . They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2 , Midnight Edition , Custom Sport Edition , Custom Sport Plus Edition , Black Out Edition , and Texas Longhorns Edition . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Rally Edition 1 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rally Edition 2 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Black Out Edition </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Texas Longhorns Edition </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2016 ( edit ) </H3> 2016 Chevrolet Silverado 2017 Chevrolet Silverado back <P> For 2016 , the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 received its first mid-cycle refresh . The refreshed Silverado and Sierra received a new grille , new headlights and new front fascia , with design influences from the 2015 Chevrolet Colorado , as well as all new LED tail lights on the 2016 Silverado LTZ , HIGH COUNTRY , 2016 GMC Sierra SLT and DENALI trim levels while the 2016 Chevy Silverado LT trim levels and below still have the pre-facelifted taillights along with the 2016 GMC Sierra SLE trim levels and below . On October 1 , 2015 , HD Radio was added to the Silverado , Sierra , and their HD level models . The Silverado / Silverado HD will add HD Radio to their 8 - inch MyLink system as a standard on the LT and LTZ trims , while the Sierra / Sierra HD will include the feature in its IntelliLink system as a standard on all its trims and for the 2017 model year the Chevy Silverado received CarPlay in the IntelliLink system and the Silverado 2500 and 3500 models received a new front hood with vents . </P> <P> Starting in 2016 , GM offered an eAssist mild hybrid version of the 5.3 L V8 engine in the Silverado LT and Sierra SLT , but only in the state of California . The engine came with an 8 - speed automatic transmission has the same horse power and torque as the regular 5.3 V8 . For 2017 , it was also available in Hawaii , Oregon , Texas , and Washington . For 2018 , it became available nationwide and was also offered in the Silverado LTZ . </P> Special Editions ( edit ) GMC ( edit ) GMC Sierra Denali GMC Sierra Denali back <P> In 2016 , GMC introduced the Sierra All Terrain X , which is equipped with a 5.3 - liter V8 engine with performance exhaust , bumping output up from 355 to 365 horsepower . On the exterior , the Sierra All Terrain X features back 18 inch rims fitted with Goodyear Wrangler DuraTrac MT tires , black bed - mounted sport bar , LED off - road lights , and blacked - out accents . </P> <P> After introducing the Sierra 1500 All Terrain X full - size pickup and the Canyon All Terrain X small pickup , in 2017 GMC extended the same formula to its heavy - duty pickup family with the Sierra HD All Terrain X . </P> <P> Available on four - wheel drive Sierra 2500 HD crew cab models in either Black Onyx or Summit White exterior colors , the Sierra HD All Terrain X package provides a unique , premium mix of specialized exterior trim and off - road special equipment , uniquely paired with GMC 's high - level of refinement and technologies . </P> <P> All Terrain X 's customized appearance starts with a unique body - color grille surround , which flanks a distinctive grille insert that 's unique to All Terrain . Body color door handles , front and rear bumpers , and bodyside moldings provide a distinctive monochromatic appearance , while black accents , including belt moldings , front bumper skid plate , and B - pillar accents , enhance its bold attitude . </P> <P> Sierra HD All Terrain X models also include unique eighteen - inch black - painted aluminum wheels -- fitted with rugged LT275 / 65R18 Goodyear Duratrac MT - rated tires -- along with four - inch black sport side steps , black heated and power - folding trailering mirrors with integrated turn signals and LED guidance lamps , a spray - on bedliner , and a distinctive black bed - mounted sport bar , which is designed to support available GMC Accessories LED off - road driving lamps . </P> <P> Inside , the 2017 Sierra 2500 HD All Terrain X also features GMC IntelliLink with an 8 - inch - diagonal color touchscreen , Teen Driver , remote - locking tailgate , remote starting system , Rear Vision Camera , adjustable pedals , leather - appointed seats , heated front seats and wireless mobile device charging . </P> <P> Sierra HD All Terrain X 's strong , bold appearance is matched by equally strong engineering underneath its surface . A 6.0 - liter gasoline engine is standard , but the all - new , next - generation 6.6 - liter Duramax Diesel turbo - diesel V - 8 is also available . More powerful and refined than ever before , this latest Duramax Diesel delivers 445 hp and 910 lb - ft of torque -- providing plenty of power to trailer with confidence . </P> <P> For added confidence off - road , the Sierra HD All Terrain X also includes the Z71 off - road suspension package , which adds front underbody and transfer case skid plates , twin - tube Rancho shocks , hill descent control , and off - road information graphics in the Driver Information Center . An Eaton automatically - locking rear differential ( 410 : 1 ) is also standard equipment . </P> Chevrolet ( edit ) <P> For that year , Chevrolet has added and dropped some of the Special Editions for the Silverado truck series . They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2 , Midnight HD Edition , Midnight Edition , Custom Sport HD Edition , Realtree Edition , Custom Sport HD Edition , Black Out Edition , and Special Ops Edition . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Custom Sport HD Edition </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Black Out Edition </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2018 ( edit ) </H3> Special Edition ( edit ) <P> Special edition models of the Chevrolet Silverado and Chevrolet Colorado were introduced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Chevy Trucks . </P> Chevrolet ( edit ) <P> Chevrolet introduced Centennial Edition Chevrolet Silverado for this year . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Centennial Edition </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2019 Silverado LD ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January of 2018 , Chevrolet announced that it would continue production of the third - generation Silverado 1500 for 2019 , and that it would be sold alongside the all - new , fourth - generation 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 . Renamed the Chevrolet Silverado LD ( `` LD '' for Light Duty ) , production of the previous - generation truck will move from Silao , Mexico and Detroit , Michigan to Oshawa , Ontario , Canada . </P> <P> The first - generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 was sold alongside the second - generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 for the 2007 model year as the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Classic , and 2500 and 3500 versions of the truck were also sold alongside their successors , the Chevrolet Silverado 2500 and 3500 . GMC also offered versions of their Sierra trucks as the Sierra Classic for 2007 as well , though it was not announced whether GMC would sell a Sierra LD alongside the all - new 2019 GMC Sierra 1500 . </P> <H3> Engines ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Model </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> Power </Th> <Th> Torque </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1500 </Td> <Td> 2014 - </Td> <Td> 4.3 L LV3 GM EcoTec3 4300 V6 </Td> <Td> 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5300 RPM </Td> <Td> 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 3900 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 - </Td> <Td> 5.3 L L83 GM EcoTec3 5300 V8 </Td> <Td> 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 RPM </Td> <Td> 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 - </Td> <Td> 5.3 L L8B GM EcoTec3 5300 V8 ( eAssist ) </Td> <Td> 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 RPM </Td> <Td> 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 - </Td> <Td> 6.2 L L86 GM EcoTec3 6200 V8 </Td> <Td> 420 hp ( 313 kW ) @ 5600 RPM </Td> <Td> 460 lb ⋅ ft ( 624 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2500HD / 3500HD </Td> <Td> 2015 - </Td> <Td> 6.0 L L96 Vortec 6000 V8 </Td> <Td> 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 5400 RPM </Td> <Td> 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 - 2016 </Td> <Td> 6.6 L LML Duramax V8 </Td> <Td> 397 hp ( 296 kW ) @ 3200 RPM </Td> <Td> 765 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,037 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 6.6 L L5P Duramax V8 </Td> <Td> 445 hp ( 332 kW ) @ 2800 RPM </Td> <Td> 910 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,234 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Fourth generation ( 2019 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Fourth generation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 2018 -- present ( 1500 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Model years </Th> <Td> 2019 -- present ( 1500 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> Workhorse W - 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> 2.7 L L3B I4 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On December 16 , 2017 , Chevrolet unveiled the all - new , fourth - generation 2019 Silverado 1500 at its Chevy Truck Centennial Celebration Weekend at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth , Texas . The reveal of the all - new Silverado was not expected until early 2018 . For its debut , the Silverado 1500 was airlifted via helicopter onto a stage , where it was introduced to a crowd of Chevrolet truck owners and enthusiasts , as well as to the automotive press . In addition to the reveal of the 2019 Silverado 1500 , multiple Chevrolet trucks of different generations were on display as well . </P> <P> The model shown at the reveal was the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT Z / 71 Trail Boss 4X4 , which is a factory - modified version of the Silverado 1500 LT Z / 71 . Distinguishing features of the Trail Boss from other Silverado 1500 trim levels are its gloss black front fascia , black rear step bumper , black Chevrolet `` bow - tie '' emblems on the front grille and rear tailgate , gloss black - finished aluminum - alloy wheels , large off - road tires , altered suspension , `` Trail Boss '' decals on the sides of the pickup box , front bumper - mounted center fog lamps , `` Z / 71 '' emblems on each front fender , and red - painted front tow hooks . </P> <P> The Silverado 1500 features a more sculpted exterior design , with front headlamps that integrate into the front grille , which also incorporate LED Daytime Running Accent Lamps ( DRL 's ) . </P> <P> The formal unveiling of the Silverado 1500 took place at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit , Michigan on January 13 , 2018 . At the unveiling , full details on the fourth - generation Chevrolet Silverado were announced . </P> <P> The Silverado 1500 will be available in eight distinct trim levels : WT , Custom , Custom Trail Boss , LT , RST , LT Trail Boss , LTZ , and High Country . Standard features include a next - generation infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto , OnStar with 4G LTE Wi Fi Connectivity , and a lighter - weight construction . </P> <P> Engine options include a revised 5.3 L gasoline V8 , a revised 6.2 L gasoline V8 , an all - new 3.0 L Duramax turbocharged diesel inline six ( I6 ) , as well as an all - new 2.7 L Turbocharged L3B 4 cylinder ( I4 ) engine . The 6.2 L gasoline V8 and 3.0 L Duramax turbocharged diesel inline six ( I6 ) engines will be mated to a ten - speed automatic transmission . The Silverado 1500 is the fourth full - size , half - ton pickup truck to offer a diesel engine option , following the 2018 Ford F - 150 , 2016 Nissan Titan XD , and 2014 Ram Truck 1500 , and is the first to offer a 4 cylinder engine . Its engine has an improved version of Active Fuel Management called Dynamic Fuel Management that shuts off any number of cylinders in a variety of combinations , maximizing fuel economy and avoiding switching between banks of cylinders . </P> <P> The 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 will go on sale in late 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle . </P> <H3> Variants ( edit ) </H3> 2020 Chevrolet Silverado HD models ( edit ) <P> Chevrolet announced that they will release 3 All - new 2020 Silverado models including the Silverado 2500 HD and 3500 HD models in the next 18 months . </P> GMC Sierra ( edit ) <P> The all - new 2019 GMC Sierra was unveiled in Detroit , Michigan on March 1 , 2018 . The Sierra 1500 will differ itself from its Chevrolet Silverado 1500 counterpart by offering unique features , such as a two - piece tailgate , a pickup bed constructed from carbon fiber , a 3 '' x 7 '' multi-color Heads - Up Display , a rear - view mirror backup camera system , and a luxury Denali trim level . The Sierra 1500 will also feature its own distinct exterior styling , though interior styling will be similar to that of the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 . </P> <P> There are 6 functions of GMC Sierra 's Multi Pro Tailgate including an primary tailgate load stop for large items . Its inner tailgate can be a load stopper , a full width step , a work place by dropping down the load stop , or easy access to the bed just by folding down the inner tailgate . </P> <P> Power trains include improved versions of the current 5.3 L and 6.2 L EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engines , as well as the same 3.0 L Duramax Turbocharged Diesel I6 engine that will also be available in the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 . An all - new , ten - speed automatic transmission will come as standard equipment on gasoline - powered Sierra 1500 models . Availability of the previous 4.3 L EcoTec3 V6 gasoline engine was not announced at launch . </P> <P> The 2019 GMC Sierra will go on sale in the Fall of 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle at GMC dealerships nationwide . </P> Medium duty version ( 4500HD and 5500HD ) ( edit ) <P> Chevrolet introduced a medium duty version of its Silverado , the Silverado 4500HD and 5500HD , which will replace the discontinued Chevrolet Kodiak and GMC TopKick medium duty trucks . The truck was unveiled at the 2018 Work Truck Show in Indianapolis , Indiana in March 2018 , and will join the Chevrolet 4500HD / XD and 5500HD / XD cabover trucks . It will compete with the Ford Super Duty F - 450 and F - 550 and Ram 4500 and 5500 . Chevrolet also plans to make the vehicles available for sale at least 160 selected dealerships , including the 240 that specializes in fleet and commercial truck sales . </P> <P> GMC has confirmed that they will not offer a equivalent , citing a lack of support for GMC to expand back into a medium duty market while making a push towards a premium market with their current lineup . The move leaves Chevrolet as the only brand in the GM truck division to have medium - duty vehicles in this segment as well as the only division to make its trucks and SUVs available for fleet sales . </P> Workhorse W - 15 ( edit ) <P> The Workhose W - 15 made by Workhorse Group Incorporated is another electric version of the Chevrolet Silverado , but unlike the VIA Vtrux , the design of both the interior and exterior was modified to be more distinct . </P> <H2> Military applications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> LSSV </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> General Motors , AM General </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Model years </Th> <Td> 2001 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body style </Th> <Td> 2 - door SUV 4 - door SUV 2 - door pickup 4 - door pickup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> GM GMT880 platform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> 6.6 L Duramax V8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed Allison 1000 automatic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 79.9 in ( 2.03 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 74.5 in ( 1.89 m ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000 , GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings . The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle in 2001 . In 2005 , LSSV production switched to AM General , a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings . The LSSV is a GM - built Chevrolet Silverado 1500 , Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD , Chevrolet Tahoe , or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 liter turbo diesel engine . The various Silverados , Tahoes , and Suburbans that are used provide numerous platforms for different kinds of vehicles . As GM has redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001 -- present , LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically . </P> <P> The Militarization of standard GM trucks / SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint ( Forest Green , Desert Sand , or 3 - color Camouflage ) , blackout lights , military bumpers , a brush guard , a NATO slave receptacle / NATO trailer receptacle , a pintle hook and tow shackles . The electrical system is changed to the 24 / 12 volt military standard . The dashboard has additional controls and dataplates . The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab , cargo tie down hooks , folding troop seats , pioneer tools , winches , and other military accessories . </P> <P> The Enhanced Mobility Package ( EMP ) option adds enhanced suspension , 4 - wheel anti-lock brakes , a locking differential , on / off - road beadlock tires , a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades . About 2,000 LSSV units were sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations . </P> <H3> Variants ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cargo / Troop Carrier Pickup ( 2 - door , Extended Cab , or 4 - door Silverado ) </Li> <Li> Cargo / Command Vehicle ( 4 - door Tahoe ) </Li> <Li> Cargo / Trooprier / Command Vehicle / Ambulance ( 4 - door Suburban ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1999 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year </Li> <Li> 2001 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year ( Heavy Duty Model ) </Li> <Li> 2001 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck </Li> <Li> 2002 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck </Li> <Li> 2003 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck </Li> <Li> 2007 - North American Truck of the Year </Li> <Li> 2007 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year </Li> <Li> 2007 - ICOTY International Truck of the Year </Li> <Li> 2007 - Truckin ' magazine 's Truck of the Year </Li> <Li> 2011 - Heavy Duty model won Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year </Li> </Ul> <H2> Motorsport ( edit ) </H2> The Silverado of Jordan Anderson <P> Chevrolet is represented in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series by the Silverado . As of the 2016 season , 19 full - time teams use the Silverado . Xpress Motorsports won the 2002 and 2003 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . The Silverado is also the title sponsor for the Chevrolet Silverado 250 Truck Series race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park . </P> <P> The truck also won the Primm 300 off - road race in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 . </P> <H2> World markets ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2015 , the Chevrolet Silverado is sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , Venezuela , Chile , and the Middle East ( except Iran ) , and the GMC Sierra is sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East ( except Israel and Iran ) . </P> <P> GM has also announced plans to introduce the Silverado , along with the smaller Colorado , to China . </P> <P> Chevrolet will start selling the Silverado in Oceania in 2018 via its division Holden but will retain the Chevrolet brand and badge . The vehicles will be Right Hand Drive versions for that region . </P> <P> There is a small gray market for both the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks in some parts of the world , mostly in Scandinavian countries and Germany . </P> <H2> Yearly American sales ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Calendar year </Th> <Th> Chevrolet Silverado </Th> <Th> GMC Sierra </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 538,254 </Td> <Td> 160,555 </Td> <Td> 698,809 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 636,150 </Td> <Td> 208,693 </Td> <Td> 844,843 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 642,119 </Td> <Td> 188,907 </Td> <Td> 831,026 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 716,051 </Td> <Td> 210,154 </Td> <Td> 926,205 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 652,646 </Td> <Td> 202,045 </Td> <Td> 854,691 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 684,302 </Td> <Td> 196,689 </Td> <Td> 880,991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 680,768 </Td> <Td> 213,756 </Td> <Td> 894,524 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 705,982 </Td> <Td> 229,488 </Td> <Td> 935,470 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 636,069 </Td> <Td> 210,736 </Td> <Td> 846,805 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 618,259 </Td> <Td> 208,243 </Td> <Td> 826,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 465,065 </Td> <Td> 168,544 </Td> <Td> 633,609 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 316,554 </Td> <Td> 111,842 </Td> <Td> 428,396 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 370,135 </Td> <Td> 129,794 </Td> <Td> 499,929 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 415,130 </Td> <Td> 149,170 </Td> <Td> 564,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 418,312 </Td> <Td> 157,185 </Td> <Td> 575,497 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 480,414 </Td> <Td> 184,389 </Td> <Td> 664,803 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 529,755 </Td> <Td> 211,833 </Td> <Td> 741,588 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 600,544 </Td> <Td> 224,139 </Td> <Td> 824,683 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 574,876 </Td> <Td> 221,680 </Td> <Td> 796,556 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 585,864 </Td> <Td> 217,943 </Td> <Td> 803,807 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Special use Silverados and Sierras ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Tow truck in Honolulu , Hawaii . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Spill response vehicle used after Hurricane Sandy , Staten Island , New York </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Firetruck in Nebraska </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Humpty Dumpty delivery van in Montreal </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Dump truck in Milwaukee , Wisconsin </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ambulance in Uppsala , Sweden </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Landing an airplane in Airdrie , Alberta </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Race car </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Drying a race track </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Railway vehicle </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Taxi in Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Beach patrol in Santa Monica , California </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hearse in Indianola , Mississippi </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Chevrolet Cheyenne in use as a police car in Tijuana , Mexico </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Chevrolet pickup trucks </Li> <Li> Chevrolet Avalanche </Li> <Li> General Motors C / K Trucks </Li> <Li> Chevrolet S10 / Chevrolet Colorado </Li> <Li> List of hybrid vehicles </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Silverado History '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Trucks Jump Back in the Saddle - A whole lot is riding on GM 's new fullsize pickups '' . wardsauto.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` IIHS - HLDI : Chevrolet Silverado 1500 '' . 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Retrieved 20 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Silverado Standard Features & Options '' . GM . 2013 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://gmpowertrain.com/product_guide/2016_Information_Guide_20151030.pdf . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` General Motors news - Detroit Free Press - freep.com '' . Detroit Free Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Sweeps 2014 NACTOY Awards '' . media.gm.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Silverado Gears Up for 2015 '' . GM Media USA . GM . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-engines/l96/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Special Edition Silverado Trucks </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GENERAL MOTORS EXTENDS SUPPORT FOR HD RADIO TM TECHNOLOGY IN NEW 2016 CHEVROLET AND GMC TRUCKS '' from Ibiquity Digital ( October 1 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/feb/0225-silverado-eAssist.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/silverado/2018.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 GMC Sierra All Terrain X is cool but no Raptor threat '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` INTRODUCING THE SIERRA HD ALL TERRAIN X '' . www.gmc.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.chevrolet.com/truck-life/centennial-edition </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Centennial Edition : 100 Years of Chevy Trucks Chevrolet </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.thecarconnection.com/news/1114868_chevrolet-to-sell-redesigned-2019-silverado-alongside-outgoing-model </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/dec/1216-silverado.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.chevrolet.com/upcoming-vehicles/all-new-2019-silverado </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.autonews.com/article/20180113/OEM03/180119878/chevy-silverado-gm-pickup-efficiency-leader-detroit-auto-show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.gm.com/mol/m-2018-apr-0410-silverado.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.gmc.com/trucks/2019-sierra-1500-pickup-truck </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.caranddriver.com/news/here-are-all-six-things-the-2019-gmc-sierras-wild-multipro-tailgate-can-do </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/jan/0108-silverado.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chevy Adding Dealers , Not Dabblers , For Work Trucks '' from Automotive News ( January 21 , 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ No Plans For GMC Versions Of 2019 Silverado 4500HD , 5500HD Medium Duty Truck from GM Authority ( January 22 , 2018 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Light Service Support Vehicle ( LSSV ) '' . Olive - Drab . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 ICOTY International Truck of the Year '' . Roadandtravel.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 Chevrolet Silverado HD named Motor Trend Truck of the Year '' . CheersandGears.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Team Chart '' . Jayski 's Silly Season Site . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDonald , Norris ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Chevy Silverado to sponsor NASCAR race at CTMP '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2000 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2002 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2003 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Reports December Sales of 447,900 , Down 9 Percent From Record Year - Ago Levels '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` DeliveriesDecember2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DeliveriesDecember2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM 2012 Sales : Chevrolet Silverado , Volt End Strong - GM Sells One Million 30 - MPG Cars '' . Motor Trend Magazine . 3 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2014/jan/Deliveries-December-2013.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2015/Jan/gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2014.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/Jan/0105-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/GM-Deliveries-December-2015.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/jan/0104-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2016.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/jan/0103-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2017.pdf </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet Silverado . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to GMC Sierra . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official Chevrolet Silverado Website </Li> <Li> Official GMC Sierra Website </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="41"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> `` previous -- Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , light truck timeline , 1980s -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subcompact crossover SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Trax / Tracker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact crossover SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Forester </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Captiva Sport </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Equinox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size crossover SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Equinox </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Equinox </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Traverse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Captiva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size crossover SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Traverse </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mini SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Samurai </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Jimny </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="26"> Vitara </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Tracker </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Tracker </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tracker </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Tracker </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Tracker </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Orlando </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> Grand Vitara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> S - 10 Blazer </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rodeo / Frontera </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Blazer </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Blazer ( Brazil ) </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> TrailBlazer </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> TrailBlazer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> XL - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Trooper </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> Trooper </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Grand Blazer </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Veraneio </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Bonanza </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Silverado </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Sonora </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="12"> K5 Blazer </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Blazer </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Tahoe </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Tahoe </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Tahoe </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Tahoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="12"> Suburban </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Suburban </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Suburban </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Suburban </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Suburban </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SUT </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Avalanche </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Avalanche </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coupe utility </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> SSR </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Pickup </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Corsa </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Corsa Utility / Montana / Tornado </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Utility / Montana / Tornado </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> El Camino </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact pickup </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> S - 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> S - 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> S - 10 ( Brazil ) </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Chevy 500 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> S - 10 EV </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> D - Max </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> D - Max </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> LUV </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> LUV </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> LUV </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size pickup </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Colorado </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Colorado / S10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size pickup </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> C / K </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> C / K </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Silverado </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Silverado </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Silverado / Cheyenne </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Silverado </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minivan </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Meriva </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Spin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Nabira </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Zafira </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Zafira </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Tavera </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Tavera </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Lumina APV </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Venture </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Uplander </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Trans Sport </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Tacuma / Rezzo </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Vivant </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van / Microvan </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> City Express </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Combo </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Combo </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> N300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Astro </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Astro </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> N200 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="17"> Van </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Express </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> Express </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="17"> Beauville </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Trafic </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Damas / Labo </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chevrolet vehicles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A marque of General Motors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aveo / Sonic </Li> <Li> Bolt </Li> <Li> Camaro </Li> <Li> Cavalier </Li> <Li> Cobalt </Li> <Li> Corvette </Li> <Li> Cruze </Li> <Li> Impala </Li> <Li> Malibu </Li> <Li> Matiz </Li> <Li> Onix / Prisma </Li> <Li> Sail </Li> <Li> Spark </Li> <Li> Volt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pickup trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CMP </Li> <Li> Colorado / S - 10 </Li> <Li> Colorado / D - Max </Li> <Li> Montana / Tornado </Li> <Li> Silverado <Ul> <Li> HD </Li> <Li> LSSV Pickup </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crossovers / SUVs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Captiva </Li> <Li> Captiva Sport </Li> <Li> Equinox </Li> <Li> Grand Vitara </Li> <Li> Grand Vitara Classic </Li> <Li> Niva </Li> <Li> Suburban <Ul> <Li> LSSV SUV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tahoe <Ul> <Li> LSSV SUV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> TrailBlazer </Li> <Li> Traverse </Li> <Li> Trax / Tracker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vans </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CMV </Li> <Li> City Express </Li> <Li> Enjoy </Li> <Li> Express / Savana </Li> <Li> Lova RV </Li> <Li> N200 </Li> <Li> N300 </Li> <Li> Orlando </Li> <Li> Spin </Li> <Li> Tavera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commercial trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CYZ </Li> <Li> FTR </Li> <Li> FVZ </Li> <Li> N - Series / LCF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former models </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1910s and 1920s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 490 </Li> <Li> Baby Grand </Li> <Li> Classic Six </Li> <Li> Light Six </Li> <Li> Little Four </Li> <Li> Little Six </Li> <Li> Series AA Capitol </Li> <Li> Series AB National </Li> <Li> Series AC International </Li> <Li> Series D </Li> <Li> Series F </Li> <Li> Series FA </Li> <Li> Series FB </Li> <Li> Series H </Li> <Li> Series M Copper - Cooled </Li> <Li> Superior </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930s and 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3100 </Li> <Li> 3600 </Li> <Li> 3800 </Li> <Li> AC </Li> <Li> Advance Design </Li> <Li> AK Series </Li> <Li> Deluxe </Li> <Li> Eagle </Li> <Li> Fleetline </Li> <Li> Fleetmaster </Li> <Li> Loadmaster </Li> <Li> LQ </Li> <Li> Master </Li> <Li> Mercury </Li> <Li> Series AD Universal </Li> <Li> Series AE Independence </Li> <Li> Series BA Confederate </Li> <Li> Special </Li> <Li> Standard Six </Li> <Li> Stylemaster </Li> <Li> Thriftmaster </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 31 </Li> <Li> 50 </Li> <Li> 100 </Li> <Li> 150 </Li> <Li> 210 </Li> <Li> 3100 </Li> <Li> 3200 </Li> <Li> 3600 </Li> <Li> Apache </Li> <Li> Beauville </Li> <Li> Bel Air </Li> <Li> Biscayne </Li> <Li> Brookwood </Li> <Li> Cameo </Li> <Li> Cameo Carrier </Li> <Li> Delray </Li> <Li> El Camino </Li> <Li> Kingswood </Li> <Li> Parkwood </Li> <Li> Spartan </Li> <Li> Task Force </Li> <Li> Townsman </Li> <Li> Viking </Li> <Li> Yeoman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 400 </Li> <Li> Blazer <Ul> <Li> CUCV Pickup / SUV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> C10 </Li> <Li> C15 </Li> <Li> C20 </Li> <Li> C30 </Li> <Li> C / K </Li> <Li> Caprice </Li> <Li> Chevelle </Li> <Li> Chevy </Li> <Li> Chevy II </Li> <Li> Constantia </Li> <Li> Corvair </Li> <Li> Corvette Stingray </Li> <Li> G10 </Li> <Li> Greenbrier </Li> <Li> K10 </Li> <Li> K15 </Li> <Li> K20 </Li> <Li> Kingswood Estate </Li> <Li> Kommando </Li> <Li> Lakewood </Li> <Li> Nova </Li> <Li> Opala </Li> <Li> Parkwood </Li> <Li> Sportvan </Li> <Li> Titan </Li> <Li> Van </Li> <Li> Veraneio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 350 </Li> <Li> 1700 </Li> <Li> 2500 </Li> <Li> 3800 </Li> <Li> 4100 </Li> <Li> Ascona </Li> <Li> Beauville </Li> <Li> Bison </Li> <Li> Bruin </Li> <Li> Chevair </Li> <Li> Chevelle Laguna </Li> <Li> Chevette </Li> <Li> Commodore </Li> <Li> Custom Deluxe </Li> <Li> De Ville </Li> <Li> El Torro </Li> <Li> G20 </Li> <Li> G30 </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Laguna Type S - 3 </Li> <Li> LUV </Li> <Li> Monte Carlo </Li> <Li> Monza </Li> <Li> Pickup </Li> <Li> Rekord </Li> <Li> Royal </Li> <Li> Royale </Li> <Li> San Remo </Li> <Li> Scottsdale </Li> <Li> Senator </Li> <Li> Vega </Li> <Li> Vega 2300 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A10 </Li> <Li> A20 </Li> <Li> Aska </Li> <Li> Astro </Li> <Li> Beretta </Li> <Li> S - 10 Blazer </Li> <Li> Cavalier </Li> <Li> Celebrity </Li> <Li> Chevy 500 </Li> <Li> Citation </Li> <Li> Citation II </Li> <Li> Corsica </Li> <Li> D10 </Li> <Li> D20 </Li> <Li> Gemini </Li> <Li> Ipanema </Li> <Li> Kadett </Li> <Li> Kodiak </Li> <Li> Marajó </Li> <Li> Metro </Li> <Li> Monza </Li> <Li> S - 10 </Li> <Li> Samurai </Li> <Li> Spectrum </Li> <Li> Sprint </Li> <Li> Super Carry </Li> <Li> Suprema </Li> <Li> Trafic </Li> <Li> T - Series </Li> <Li> Tracker </Li> <Li> Vitara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 454 SS <Ul> <Li> CUCV II Pickup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Alero </Li> <Li> Astra </Li> <Li> Calibra </Li> <Li> Cassia </Li> <Li> Chevy </Li> <Li> Classic </Li> <Li> CMP </Li> <Li> CMV </Li> <Li> Combo </Li> <Li> Corsa </Li> <Li> Esteem </Li> <Li> Exclusive </Li> <Li> Frontera </Li> <Li> Grand Blazer </Li> <Li> Joy </Li> <Li> Lumina </Li> <Li> Lumina APV </Li> <Li> Matiz </Li> <Li> Metro </Li> <Li> Nabira </Li> <Li> Niva </Li> <Li> Omega </Li> <Li> Prizm </Li> <Li> Rodeo </Li> <Li> Savana </Li> <Li> Swift </Li> <Li> Taxi Chronos </Li> <Li> Tigra </Li> <Li> Trans Sport </Li> <Li> Trooper </Li> <Li> Urvan </Li> <Li> Vectra </Li> <Li> Venture </Li> <Li> Xtreme </Li> <Li> Zafira </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alto </Li> <Li> Aveo </Li> <Li> D - Max </Li> <Li> Epica </Li> <Li> Estate </Li> <Li> Evanda </Li> <Li> Forester </Li> <Li> Grand Vitara </Li> <Li> Jimny </Li> <Li> Kalos </Li> <Li> Lacetti </Li> <Li> Lova </Li> <Li> Lumina Coupe </Li> <Li> Lanos </Li> <Li> Matiz Eco Logic </Li> <Li> Meriva </Li> <Li> Nubira </Li> <Li> Optra </Li> <Li> Rezzo </Li> <Li> Sonora </Li> <Li> SSR </Li> <Li> T - Series </Li> <Li> Tacuma </Li> <Li> Tosca </Li> <Li> Uplander </Li> <Li> Vitara XL7 </Li> <Li> W - Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agile </Li> <Li> Avalanche </Li> <Li> Caprice </Li> <Li> Celta </Li> <Li> Cobalt </Li> <Li> Epica </Li> <Li> HHR </Li> <Li> Lumina </Li> <Li> Lumina Ute </Li> <Li> Nexia </Li> <Li> Optra </Li> <Li> Vivant </Li> <Li> Omega </Li> <Li> SS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concept cars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aerovette </Li> <Li> Astro I </Li> <Li> Bel Air ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> CERV </Li> <Li> Cheyenne ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Corvair Monza GT </Li> <Li> Corvette concepts </Li> <Li> Express ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Groove </Li> <Li> Miray </Li> <Li> Sequel </Li> <Li> SS ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Trax ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Triax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="41"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> GMC , a marque of General Motors , light truck timeline , international market , 1980s -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subcompact car </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Chevette </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact crossover </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Terrain </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Terrain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size crossover </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Terrain </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Acadia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size crossover </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Acadia </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Tracker </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> S - 15 Jimmy </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Jimmy </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Envoy </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Typhoon </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size SUV </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> K5 Jimmy </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Yukon </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Yukon </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Yukon </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Yukon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="12"> Suburban </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Suburban </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Yukon XL </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Yukon XL </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Yukon XL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coupé utility </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Caballero </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> 500 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact pickup </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> S - 15 Sonoma </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Sonoma </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Syclone </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size pickup </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Canyon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Canyon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size pickup </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> C / K </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Sierra </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Sierra </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Sierra </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Sierra </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Sierra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Safari </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Safari </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="16"> G - Series </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Savana </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> Savana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="41"> Vehicles are available only in Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="41"> Vehicles are available only in the Middle East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="41"> Vehicles are available only in Canada </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> GMC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A marque of General Motors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current models </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> SUVs / Crossovers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Terrain </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> <Li> Yukon XL </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pickup trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canyon </Li> <Li> Sierra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vans </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Savana Cargo </Li> <Li> Savana Passenger </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historic models </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Vans / SUVs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Envoy </Li> <Li> Jimmy </Li> <Li> Safari </Li> <Li> Typhoon </Li> <Li> Vandura </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commercial trucks / Pickup trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AK series </Li> <Li> Advance Design </Li> <Li> Astro 95 </Li> <Li> Blue Chip </Li> <Li> Brigadier </Li> <Li> C and K Series </Li> <Li> Caballero </Li> <Li> General </Li> <Li> S - 15 / Sonoma </Li> <Li> Sprint </Li> <Li> Syclone </Li> <Li> TopKick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Buses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> B - Series </Li> <Li> P - series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motorhomes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GMC Motorhome </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concept vehicles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denali XT </Li> <Li> Granite </Li> <Li> Terracross </Li> <Li> Terradyne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_Silverado&oldid=843665410 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Chevrolet vehicles </Li> <Li> 1990s automobiles </Li> <Li> 2000s automobiles </Li> <Li> 2010s automobiles </Li> <Li> All - wheel - drive vehicles </Li> <Li> Flexible - fuel vehicles </Li> <Li> Goods manufactured in Canada </Li> <Li> Hybrid electric vehicles </Li> <Li> Hybrid trucks </Li> <Li> Military light utility vehicles </Li> <Li> Military trucks </Li> <Li> Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States </Li> <Li> Pickup trucks </Li> <Li> Rear - 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when did the chevy silverado change body styles
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_Silverado&amp;oldid=843665410
-7,350,895,264,966,934,000
NBA Sixth Man of the Year award - wikipedia <H1> NBA Sixth Man of the Year award </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th> hide National Basketball Association awards and honors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> O'Brien Trophy </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brown Trophy ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Individual awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - Star Game MVP </Li> <Li> Bill Russell Finals MVP </Li> <Li> Coach of the Year </Li> <Li> Defensive Player of the Year </Li> <Li> Executive of the Year </Li> <Li> J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship </Li> <Li> Community Assist Award </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Most Improved Player </Li> <Li> Most Valuable Player </Li> <Li> Rookie of the Year </Li> <Li> Sixth Man of the Year </Li> <Li> Sportsmanship Award </Li> <Li> Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year </Li> <Li> Lifetime Achievement Award </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Honors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - NBA Team </Li> <Li> All - Rookie Team </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - Defensive Team </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The National Basketball Association 's Sixth Man of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1982 -- 83 NBA season to the league 's best performing player for his team coming off the bench as a substitute ( or sixth man ) . A panel of sportswriters and broadcasters from throughout the United States and Canada votes on the recipient . </P> <P> Each judge casts a vote for first , second and third place selections . Each first - place vote is worth five points ; each second - place vote is worth three points ; and each third - place vote is worth one point . The player with the highest point total , regardless of the number of first - place votes , wins the award . To be eligible for the award , a player must come off the bench in more games than he starts . </P> <P> Since its inception , the award has been given to 30 different players . The most recent recipient is Lou Williams . Jamal Crawford is the only three time winner of the award . Kevin McHale , Ricky Pierce , Detlef Schrempf and Lou Williams have each won the award two times . Bobby Jones was the inaugural winner of the award for the 1982 -- 83 NBA season . McHale and Bill Walton are the only Hall of Famers who have won the award ; Walton , along with James Harden , are the only award winners to have earned NBA MVP honors in their careers . </P> <P> Manu Ginóbili , Detlef Schrempf , Leandro Barbosa , Toni Kukoč and Ben Gordon are the only award winners not born in the United States . Gordon was the first player to win the award as a rookie . Of the five foreign - born winners , three were trained completely outside the U.S. , namely Ginóbili , Barbosa and Kukoč . Schrempf played two years of high school basketball in Centralia , Washington before playing college basketball at Washington , and Gordon was raised in Mount Vernon , New York and went on to play in college at Connecticut . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Winners </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> Kevin McHale ( middle ) won the award twice and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Jamal Crawford has won the award a record three times . Manu Ginóbili won the award in the 2007 -- 08 NBA season . Lamar Odom won the award in the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denotes player who is still active in the NBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Player ( X ) </Td> <Td> Denotes the number of times the player has received the award </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> <Th> Bobby Jones </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> <Th> Kevin McHale * </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> <Th> Kevin McHale * ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 -- 86 </Td> <Th> Bill Walton * </Th> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> <Th> Ricky Pierce </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> <Th> Roy Tarpley </Th> <Td> Forward / Center </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> <Th> Eddie Johnson </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 90 </Td> <Th> Ricky Pierce ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> <Th> Detlef Schrempf </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Th> Detlef Schrempf ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Indiana Pacers ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Th> Cliff Robinson </Th> <Td> Forward / Center </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Th> Dell Curry </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Charlotte Hornets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Th> Anthony Mason </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Th> Toni Kukoč </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Th> John Starks </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New York Knicks ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Th> Danny Manning </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Th> Darrell Armstrong </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Orlando Magic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 00 </Td> <Th> Rodney Rogers </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Th> Aaron McKie </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Th> Corliss Williamson </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Th> Bobby Jackson </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Sacramento Kings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Th> Antawn Jamison </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Th> Ben Gordon </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Th> Mike Miller </Th> <Td> Forward / Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Th> Leandro Barbosa </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Th> Manu Ginóbili ^ </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Th> Jason Terry ^ </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Th> Jamal Crawford ^ </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Atlanta Hawks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Th> Lamar Odom </Th> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Th> James Harden ^ </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City Thunder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Th> J.R. Smith ^ </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New York Knicks ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Th> Jamal Crawford ^ ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Th> Lou Williams ^ </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Toronto Raptors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Th> Jamal Crawford ^ ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Th> Eric Gordon ^ </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Th> Lou Williams ^ ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Basketball Association portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ben Gordon holds both American and British citizenship as he was born in England but was raised in the United States . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` NBA postseason awards : Sixth Man Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ginobili Wins 2007 - 08 Sixth Man of the Year Award Presented by Kia Motors '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gordon Wins NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award '' . NBA.com/Chicago Bulls . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First Person : Ben Gordon , Bulls Guard '' . Sports Illustrated . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1983 : Jones </Li> <Li> 1984 : McHale </Li> <Li> 1985 : McHale </Li> <Li> 1986 : Walton </Li> <Li> 1987 : Pierce </Li> <Li> 1988 : Tarpley </Li> <Li> 1989 : Johnson </Li> <Li> 1990 : Pierce </Li> <Li> 1991 : Schrempf </Li> <Li> 1992 : Schrempf </Li> <Li> 1993 : Robinson </Li> <Li> 1994 : Curry </Li> <Li> 1995 : Mason </Li> <Li> 1996 : Kukoč </Li> <Li> 1997 : Starks </Li> <Li> 1998 : Manning </Li> <Li> 1999 : Armstrong </Li> <Li> 2000 : Rogers </Li> <Li> 2001 : McKie </Li> <Li> 2002 : Williamson </Li> <Li> 2003 : Jackson </Li> <Li> 2004 : Jamison </Li> <Li> 2005 : B. Gordon </Li> <Li> 2006 : Miller </Li> <Li> 2007 : Barbosa </Li> <Li> 2008 : Ginóbili </Li> <Li> 2009 : Terry </Li> <Li> 2010 : Crawford </Li> <Li> 2011 : Odom </Li> <Li> 2012 : Harden </Li> <Li> 2013 : Smith </Li> <Li> 2014 : Crawford </Li> <Li> 2015 : Williams </Li> <Li> 2016 : Crawford </Li> <Li> 2017 : E. Gordon </Li> <Li> 2018 : Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Sixth_Man_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=847969518 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> National Basketball Association awards </Li> <Li> National Basketball Association lists </Li> <Li> Awards established in 1983 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 14 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who won the nba first sixth man award
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=NBA_Sixth_Man_of_the_Year_Award&amp;oldid=847969518
3,961,675,470,301,104,600
Cousin marriage law in the United States by state - wikipedia <H1> Cousin marriage law in the United States by state </H1> Laws regarding first - cousin marriage in the United States First - cousin marriage is legal Allowed with requirements or exceptions Banned with exceptions Statute bans first - cousin marriage Criminal offense Some states recognize marriages performed elsewhere , other states such as New Jersey actually encourage it , especially when the spouses were not residents of the state when married . <P> Cousin marriage acceptance differs from one U.S. state to another ranging from being legal to a criminal offense . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> First cousin marriage allowed </Th> <Th> Sexual relations or cohabitation allowed </Th> <Th> First - cousin marriages void </Th> <Th> Out - of - state marriages by state 's residents void </Th> <Th> All out - of - state marriages void </Th> <Th> Sterility requirement to marry cousin </Th> <Th> First - cousin - once - removed marriage allowed </Th> <Th> Half - cousin marriage allowed </Th> <Th> Adopted - cousin marriage allowed </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> Only if both parties are 65 or older , or one is infertile </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> Only if both parties are 50 or older , or one is infertile </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> Only if both parties are 65 or older </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> If judicial approval in writing is obtained </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> Proof of genetic counselling from a genetic counsellor </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> Only certain types </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> Yes , except in the rare case of double first cousins </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes , but can not be declared void after all of cohabitation , birth of issue , and death of one of the parties has occurred </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> Only if both parties are 65 or older , or both are 55 or older with a district court finding of infertility of either party </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Only if the woman is at least 55 , or either is permanently sterile </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Only if the woman is at least 55 , or either is permanently sterile </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> First cousin marriage allowed </Th> <Th> Sexual relations or cohabitation allowed </Th> <Th> First - cousin marriages void </Th> <Th> Out - of - state marriages by state 's residents void </Th> <Th> All out - of - state marriages void </Th> <Th> Sterility requirement to marry cousin </Th> <Th> First - cousin - once - removed marriage allowed </Th> <Th> Half - cousin marriage allowed </Th> <Th> Adopted - cousin marriage allowed </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cousin marriage court cases in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Code of Ala. § 13A - 13 - 3 . Alabama appears to have no law voiding incestuous marriages , although § 30 - 1 - 3 does mention incestuous marriages being annulled . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alaska Stat. § 25.05. 021 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alaska Stat. § 11.41. 450 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.R.S. § 25 - 101 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.R.S. § 25 - 112 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.R.S. § 13 - 3608 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Etheridge v. Shaddock ( PDF ) , 288 Ark . 481 , 706 S.W. 2d 395 ( 1986 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In addition to statute , see In re Mortenson 's Estate , 83 Ariz . 87 , 316 P. 2d 1106 ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.thespruce.com/cousin-marriage-laws-listed-by-state-2300731 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.C.A. § 9 - 11 - 106 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.C.A. § 9 - 11 - 107 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.C.A. § 5 - 26 - 202 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Incest Statutes 2013 ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cal Fam Code § 2200 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cal Pen Code § 285 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Estate of Levie ( 1975 , Cal App 1st Dist ) was a California case on a purported first - cousin marriage contracted in Nevada . It found the marriage void per the usual rule . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.R.S. 14 - 2 - 110 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.R.S. 18 - 6 - 301 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conn . Gen. Stat . § 46b - 21 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conn . Gen. Stat . § 53a - 191 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 13 Del . C. § 101 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 13 Del . C. § 102 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 13 Del . C. § 104 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 11 Del . C. § 766 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D.C. Code § 46 - 401.01 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fla . Stat. § 741.21 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fla . Stat. § 826.04 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O.C.G.A. § 19 - 3 - 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O.C.G.A. § 16 - 6 - 22 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HRS § 572 - 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HRS § 707 - 741 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Idaho Code § 32 - 205 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Idaho Code § 32 - 206 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Idaho Code § 32 - 209 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Idaho Code § 32 - 501 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Idaho Code § 18 - 6602 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ § 750 ILCS 5 / 212 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ § 750 ILCS 5 / 213 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ § 750 ILCS 5 / 216 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 750 ILCS 5 / 301 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 11 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In re Estate of Mary Kathrein was an Illinois Supreme Court case ruling that first cousins once removed are not to be confused with first cousins . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In addition to statute , see Meisenhelder v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co. , 170 Minn . 317 , 213 N.W. 32 ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See In re Flores , 96 Ill . App . 3d 279 , 51 Ill . Dec. 885 , 421 N.E. 2d 393 ( 1 Dist. 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burns Ind . Code Ann . § 31 - 11 - 1 - 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burns Ind . Code Ann . § 31 - 11 - 8 - 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burns Ind . Code Ann . § 31 - 11 - 8 - 6 ( 2010 ) . Note that the laws listed do not pertain to cousin marriage . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burns Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 46 - 1 - 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Mason v. Mason , 775 N.E. 2d 706 , 2002 Ind . App . LEXIS 1605 ( 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapter 595.19 Void Marriages </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K.S.A. § 23 - 102 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K.S.A. § 23 - 115 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K.S.A. § 21 - 3602 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moore , A Defense of First - Cousin Marriage , 10 Cleveland Marshall L. Rev. 136 ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See In re Estate of Loughmiller , 229 Kan . 584 , where a foreign first cousin marriage was recognised in Kansas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kentucky Revised Statutes § 402.010 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KRS § 402.040 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KRS § 402.990 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KRS § 530.020 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Class B misdemeanour if marriage entered into ; Class A misdemeanour if the couple cohabits after being convicted of entering into a prohibited marriage . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A marriage between first cousins will not be recognised in Kentucky even if it is consummated in another state . OAG 71 - 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La . C.C. Art . 90 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La . C.C. Art . 94 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La . R.S. 14 : 78 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Ghassemi v. Ghassemi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://usmarriagelaws.com/search/united_states/maine/index.shtml </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/state-laws-regarding-marriages-between-first-cousi.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Md . FAMILY LAW Code Ann . § 2 - 202 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Md . CRIMINAL LAW Code Ann . § 3 - 323 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ALM GL ch. 207 , § 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ALM GL ch. 207 , § 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ALM GL ch. 272 , § 17 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan Marriage License Laws > MI Wedding Officiants '' . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See In re Miller 's Estate , 239 Mich . 455 , 214 N.W. 428 ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In addition to statute and preceding reference , see Toth v Toth ( 1973 ) 50 Mich App 150 , 212 NW2d 812 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Minn . Stat. § 517.03 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Minn . Stat. § 518.01 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Minn . Stat. § 609.365 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miss . Code Ann . § 93 - 1 - 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miss . Code Ann . § 93 - 1 - 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miss . Code Ann . § 93 - 5 - 29 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ § 451.020 R.S. Mo . ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ § 568.020 R.S. Mo . ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mont . Code Anno. , § 40 - 1 - 104 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mont . Code Anno. , § 40 - 1 - 401 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mont . Code Anno. , § 45 - 5 - 507 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.R.S. Neb . § 42 - 103 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.R.S. Neb . § 42 - 117 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.R.S. Neb . § 28 - 702 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.R.S. Neb . § 28 - 703 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nev . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 125.290 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nev . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 201.180 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RSA 457 : 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RSA 457 : 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RSA 639 : 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prohibition of marriages between first cousins is applicable where the persons to be married are related only by adoption . 1987 Op . Att'y Gen. 46 . ( New Hampshire ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.J. Stat. § 37 : 1 - 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.J. Stat . § 2C : 14 - 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.M. Stat . Ann . § 40 - 1 - 7 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.M. Stat . Ann . § 30 - 10 - 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NY CLS Dom Rel § 5 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NY CLS Penal § 255.25 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51 - 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 178 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.D. Cent . Code , § 14 - 03 - 03 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.D. Cent . Code , § 14 - 03 - 08 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N.D. Cent . Code , § 12.1 - 20 - 11 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ORC Ann . 3101.01 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ORC Ann . 3105.31 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ORC Ann . 2907.03 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 43 Okl . St. § 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 21 Okl . St. § 885 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ORS § 106.020 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ORS § 163.525 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oregon State Bar http://www.osbar.org/public/legalinfo/1131_Marriage.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Leefield v. Leefield , ( 1917 ) 85 Or 287 , 166 P 953 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 23 Pa. C.S. § 1304 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 23 Pa. C.S. § 3304 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 18 Pa. C.S. § 4302 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.I. Gen. Laws § 15 - 1 - 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.I. Gen. Laws § 15 - 1 - 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.C. Code Ann . § 20 - 1 - 10 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.C. Code Ann . § 16 - 15 - 20 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 25 - 1 - 6 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 22 - 22A - 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 25 - 1 - 38 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Garcia v. Garcia , 25 S.D. 645 , 127 N.W. 586 ( 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tenn . Code Ann . § 36 - 3 - 101 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tenn . Code Ann . § 39 - 15 - 302 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tex . Fam . Code § 2.004 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Texas Family Code , Title 1 , Chapter 6 , Subtitle B </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tex . Fam . Code § 6.201 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tex . Penal Code § 25.02 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Utah Code Ann . § 30 - 1 - 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Utah Code Ann . § 30 - 1 - 4 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 7 - 102 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 15 V.S.A. § 1a ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 13 V.S.A. § 205 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Va . Code Ann . § 20 - 38.1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Va . Code Ann . § 18.2 - 366 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. Code Wash . ( ARCW ) § 26.04. 020 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. Code Wash . ( ARCW ) § 26.09. 040 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. Code Wash . ( ARCW ) § 9A. 64.020 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ While no longer a criminal offence in Washington , prosecutions for sexual relations between cousins had taken place under a former statute . See State v. Nakashima , 62 Wash. 686 , 114 P. 894 ( 1911 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evasive marriages were held to be void in Washington even though there was no statute specifically making them such . See Johnson v. Johnson , 57 Wash. 89 , 106 Pac. 500 ( 1910 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Va . Code § 48 - 2 - 302 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Va . Code § 48 - 2 - 303 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Va . Code § 48 - 2 - 503 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Va . Code § 48 - 3 - 103 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Va . Code § 48 - 2 - 602 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Va . Code § 61 - 8 - 12 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wis . Stat. § 765.03 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wis . Stat. § 765.04 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wis . Stat. § 765.21 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Note that marriage abroad to circumvent the laws carries criminal penalties in Wisconsin ; see Wis . Stat. § 765.30 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wis . Stat. § 944.06 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyo . Stat. § 20 - 1 - 111 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyo . Stat. § 20 - 2 - 101 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyo . Stat. § 6 - 4 - 402 ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Incest </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accidental incest </Li> <Li> Avunculate marriage </Li> <Li> Child incestuous abuse </Li> <Li> Consanguine marriage </Li> <Li> Cousin marriage <Ul> <Li> notable cases </Li> <Li> in the Middle East </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Covert incest </Li> <Li> Inbreeding </Li> <Li> Incest between twins </Li> <Li> Motherfucker </Li> <Li> Parallel and cross cousins </Li> <Li> Snokhachestvo </Li> <Li> Sibling incest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Laws regarding incest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code </Li> <Li> Consanguinity </Li> <Li> Cousin marriage law in the United States by state </Li> <Li> Cousin marriage court cases in the United States </Li> <Li> Mahram </Li> <Li> Muth v. Frank </Li> <Li> Laws regarding incest in the United States </Li> <Li> Prohibited degree of kinship </Li> <Li> Ten Abominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Incest in the Bible </Li> <Li> Incest in folklore </Li> <Li> Incest in popular culture </Li> <Li> Incest in film and television </Li> <Li> Incest in literature </Li> <Li> Incest pornography </Li> <Li> Incest taboo </Li> <Li> Jewish views on incest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theory </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Science </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coefficient of relationship </Li> <Li> Genetic sexual attraction </Li> <Li> Inbreeding depression </Li> <Li> Pedigree collapse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Psychology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electra complex </Li> <Li> Jocasta complex </Li> <Li> Oedipus complex </Li> <Li> Phaedra complex </Li> <Li> Westermarck effect </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alvarez case </Li> <Li> Armando Lucero </Li> <Li> Colt clan incest case </Li> <Li> Fritzl case </Li> <Li> Goler clan </Li> <Li> Maria Ersdotter </Li> <Li> Moe incest case </Li> <Li> Mongelli case </Li> <Li> Patrick Stübing </Li> <Li> Sheffield incest case </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up cousincest in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cousin_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state&oldid=850311678 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Family law in the United States </Li> <Li> Lists of United States legislation </Li> <Li> Marriage , unions and partnerships in the United States </Li> <Li> State law in the United States </Li> <Li> United States law - related lists </Li> <Li> Cousin couples </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 02 : 15 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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can you marry your first cousin in illinois
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cousin_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state&amp;oldid=850311678
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Buffalo , New York - wikipedia <H1> Buffalo , New York </H1> <P> </P> City in Western New York City in New York , United States <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Buffalo , New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City of Buffalo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Left to right from top : Buffalo panorama , Canalside , KeyBank Center , County and City Hall , Buffalo Savings Bank , Peace Bridge , Buffalo City Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Seal </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : The City of Good Neighbors , The Queen City , The City of No Illusions , The Nickel City , Queen City of the Lakes , City of Light </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Erie County and the state of New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Buffalo , New York Location in the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 42 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 78 ° 50 ′ 58 '' W  /  42.90472 ° N 78.84944 ° W  / 42.90472 ; - 78.84944 Coordinates : 42 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 78 ° 50 ′ 58 '' W  /  42.90472 ° N 78.84944 ° W  / 42.90472 ; - 78.84944 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Erie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First settled ( village ) </Th> <Td> 1789 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Incorporated ( city ) </Th> <Td> 1832 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayor </Th> <Td> Byron Brown ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City Council </Th> <Td> Buffalo Common Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 52.5 sq mi ( 136.0 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 40.6 sq mi ( 105.2 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 11.9 sq mi ( 30.8 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 600 ft ( 183 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 261,452 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estimate ( 2017 ) </Th> <Td> 258,612 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 6,436 / sq mi ( 2,568 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban </Th> <Td> 935,906 ( US : 46th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro </Th> <Td> 1,134,210 ( US : 49th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CSA </Th> <Td> 1,213,668 ( US : 44th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym ( s ) </Th> <Td> Buffalonian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> UTC − 5 ( EST ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> UTC − 4 ( EDT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ZIP code </Th> <Td> 142XX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 716 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIPS code </Th> <Td> 36 - 11000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GNIS feature ID </Th> <Td> 0973345 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.city-buffalo.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York . As of July 2016 , the population was 256,902 . The city is the county seat of Erie County , and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada -- United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . </P> <P> The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French settlers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . </P> <P> Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname `` The City of Light '' . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works . Its culture blends Northeastern and Midwestern traditions , with annual festivals including Taste of Buffalo and Allentown Art Festival , two professional sports teams ( Buffalo Bills and Buffalo Sabres ) , and a music and arts scene . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Prehistory and European exploration </Li> <Li> 2.2 Founding , Erie Canal , and railroads </Li> <Li> 2.3 Rise of heavy industry , decline , urban renewal </Li> <Li> 2.4 Recent development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Cityscape <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Architecture </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Neighborhoods </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics </Li> <Li> 5 Economy </Li> <Li> 6 Crime </Li> <Li> 7 Culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Cuisine </Li> <Li> 7.2 Fine and performing arts </Li> <Li> 7.3 Music </Li> <Li> 7.4 Tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Sports </Li> <Li> 9 Parks and recreation </Li> <Li> 10 Government </Li> <Li> 11 Education </Li> <Li> 12 Infrastructure <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Healthcare </Li> <Li> 12.2 Transportation </Li> <Li> 12.3 Utilities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Media </Li> <Li> 14 Notable people </Li> <Li> 15 Sister cities </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes and references <Ul> <Li> 17.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 17.2 References </Li> <Li> 17.3 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 18 Further reading </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The city of Buffalo received its name from a nearby creek called Buffalo Creek . British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to `` Buffalo Creek '' in his 1764 journal , which may be the earliest recorded appearance of the name . </P> <P> There are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name . While it is possible its name originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve ( French for `` Beautiful River '' ) , it is also possible Buffalo Creek was named after the American buffalo , whose historical range may have extended into western New York . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of Buffalo , New York and Timeline of Buffalo , New York <H3> Prehistory and European exploration ( edit ) </H3> An early map of the village of Buffalo and outer lots in 1854 . Inset is Ellicott 's 1804 plan . The village of Buffalo in 1813 . Walk - on - the - Water was the first steamboat to sail Lake Erie in 1818 <P> The first inhabitants of the State of New York are believed to have been nomadic Paleo - Indians , who migrated after the disappearance of Pleistocene glaciers during or before 7000 BCE . </P> <P> Around 1000 CE , 1,000 years ago , the Woodland period began , marked by the rise of the Iroquois Confederacy and its tribes throughout the state . </P> <P> During French exploration of the region in 1620 , the region was occupied simultaneously by the agrarian Erie people , a tribe outside of the Five Nations of the Iroquois southwest of Buffalo Creek , and the Wenro people or Wenrohronon , an Iroquoian - speaking tribal offshoot of the large Neutral Nation who lived along the inland south shore of Lake Ontario and at the east end of Lake Erie and a bit of its northern shore . For trading , the Neutral people made a living by growing tobacco and hemp to trade with the Iroquois , utilizing animal paths or warpaths to travel and move goods across the state . These paths were later paved , and now function as major roads . </P> <P> Later , during the Beaver Wars of the 1640s - 1650s , the combined warriors of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy conquered the populous Neutrals and their peninsular territory , while the Senecas alone took out the Wenro and their territory , c. 1651 -- 1653 . Soon after , the Erie nation and territory was also destroyed by the Iroquois over their assistance to Huron people during the Beaver Wars . </P> <P> It was Louis Hennepin and Sieur de La Salle who made the earliest European discoveries of the upper Niagara and Ontario regions in the late 1600s . On August 7 , 1679 , La Salle launched a vessel , Le Griffon , that became the first full - sized ship to sail across the Great Lakes , eventually disappearing in Green Bay , Wisconsin . </P> <P> After the American Revolution , the colony of New York -- now a state -- began westward expansion , looking for habitable land by following trends of the Iroquois . Land near fresh water was of considerable importance . New York and Massachusetts were fighting for the territory Buffalo lies on , and Massachusetts had the right to purchase all but a one - mile ( 1600 - meter ) wide portion of land . The rights to the Massachusetts ' territories were sold to Robert Morris in 1791 , and two years later to the Holland Land Company . </P> <P> As a result of the war , in which the Iroquois tribe sided with the British Army , Iroquois territory was gradually whittled away in the mid-to - late - 1700s by white settlers through successive treaties statewide , such as the Treaty of Fort Stanwix ( 1784 ) , the First Treaty of Buffalo Creek ( 1788 ) , and the Treaty of Geneseo ( 1797 ) . The Iroquois were corralled onto reservations , including Buffalo Creek . By the end of the 18th century , only 338 square miles ( 216,000 acres ; 880 km ; 88,000 ha ) of reservation territory remained . </P> <H3> Founding , Erie Canal , and Railroads ( edit ) </H3> Buffalo harbour from the foot of Porter Avenue , 1871 1872 engraving of Buffalo Early view of Buffalo 's harbour <P> Early settlers along the mouth of Buffalo Creek were former slave Joseph `` Black Joe '' Hodges , and Cornelius Winney , a Dutch trader from Albany who arrived in 1789 . The first white settlers along the creek were prisoners captured during the Revolutionary War . The first resident and landowner of Buffalo with a permanent presence was Captain William Johnston , a white Iroquois interpreter who had been present in the area since the days after the Revolutionary War and was granted creekside land by the Senecas as a gift of appreciation . His house was built at present - day Washington and Seneca streets . </P> <P> On July 20 , 1793 , the Holland Land Purchase was completed , containing the land of present - day Buffalo , brokered by Dutch investors from Holland . The Treaty of Big Tree removed Iroquois title to lands west of the Genesee River in 1797 . In the fall of 1797 , Joseph Ellicott , the architect who helped survey Washington D.C. with brother Andrew , was appointed as the Chief of Survey for the Holland Land Company . Over the next year , he began surveying the tract of land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek . This was completed in 1803 , and the new village boundaries extended from the creekside in the south to present - day Chippewa Street in the north and Carolina Street to the west , which is where most settlers remained for the first decade of the 19th century . Although the company named the settlement `` New Amsterdam , '' the name did not catch on , reverting to Buffalo within ten years . Buffalo had the first road to Pennsylvania built in 1802 for migrants passing through to the Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio . </P> <P> In 1804 , Ellicott designed a radial grid plan that would branch out from the village forming bicycle - like spokes , interrupted by diagonals , similar to the system used in the nation 's capital . In the middle of the village was the intersection of eight streets , in what would become Niagara Square . Several blocks to the southeast he designed a semicircle fronting Main Street with an elongated park green , formerly his estate . This would be known as Shelton Square , at that time the center of the city ( which would be dramatically altered in the mid-20th century ) , with the intersecting streets bearing the names of Dutch Holland Land Company members , today Erie , Church and Niagara streets . Lafayette Square also lies one block to the north , which was then bounded by streets bearing Iroquois names . </P> <P> According to an early resident , in 1806 there were sixteen residences , a schoolhouse and two stores in the village , primarily near Main , Swan and Seneca streets . There were also blacksmith shops , a tavern and a drugstore . The streets were small at 40 feet wide , and the village was still surrounded by woods . The first lot sold by the Holland Land Company was on September 11 , 1806 , to Zerah Phelps . By 1808 , lots would sell from $25 to $50 . </P> <P> In 1804 , Buffalo 's population was estimated at 400 , similar to Batavia , but Erie County 's growth was behind Chautauqua , Genesee and Wyoming counties . Neighboring village Black Rock to the northwest ( today a Buffalo neighbourhood ) was also an important centre . Horatio J. Spafford noted in A Gazetteer of the State of New York that in fact , despite the growth the village of Buffalo had , Black Rock `` is deemed a better trading site for a great trading town than that of Buffalo , '' especially when considering the regional profile of mundane roads extending eastward . Before the east - to - west turnpike was completed , travelling from Albany to Buffalo would take a week , while even a trip from nearby Williamsville to Batavia could take upwards of three days . </P> Sketch of Buffalo , 1880 <P> Although slavery was rare in the state , limited instances of slavery had taken place in Buffalo during the early part of the 19th century . General Peter Buell Porter is said to have had five slaves during his time in Black Rock , and several news ads also advertised slaves for sale . </P> <P> In 1810 , a courthouse was built . By 1811 , the population was 500 , with many people farming or doing manual labor . The first newspaper to be published was the Buffalo Gazette in October that same year . </P> <P> Fears of a second British war were stoked in 1812 , when on June 27 a small craft carrying salt was captured by two boats on the Niagara River . There were several skirmishes on the water in the following months . On December 18 , 1813 , Fort Niagara was overrun with ease by 500 British troops and Native American soldiers . Soon after , General Amos Hall ordered two thousand unskilled and drafted troops to march from Batavia to Buffalo , arriving December 26 . After the British crossed the Niagara River the night before December 30 , Buffalo and the village of Black Rock were burned in a frenzy the next day in the Battle of Buffalo . The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the unprovoked destruction of Niagara - on - the - Lake , then known as `` Newark , '' by American forces . While many residents were warned to leave , those that did not escape were tomahawked and scalped in the ensuing battle . Though only three buildings remained in the village , rebuilding was swift , finishing in 1815 . </P> <P> Until April 2 , 1821 , the village of Buffalo was part of and the seat of Niagara County , until the legislature passed an act separating the two . </P> <P> On October 26 , 1825 , the Erie Canal was completed , formed from part of Buffalo Creek , with Buffalo a port - of - call for settlers heading westward . At the time , the population was about 2,400 . By 1826 , the 130 sq. mile Buffalo Creek Reservation at the western border of the village was transferred to Buffalo . The Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce , which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832 . The canal area was mature by 1847 , with passenger and cargo ship activity leading to congestion in the harbor . </P> Buffalo City Hall under construction , 1930 Assassination of William McKinley at the Temple of Music , 1901 <P> The mid-1800s saw a boom in population , with the city doubling in size from 1845 to 1855 . Almost two - thirds of the city 's population were foreign - born immigrants in 1855 , predominately a mix of unskilled or educated Irish and Germans Catholics , who began self - segregating in different parts of the city . The Irish immigrants planted their roots along the railroad - heavy Buffalo River and Erie Canal to the southeast , to which there is still a heavy presence today ; German immigrants found their way to the East Side , living a more laid - back , residential life . Some immigrants were apprehensive about the change of environment and elected to leave the city for the western region , while others tried to stay behind in the hopes of expanding their native cultures . </P> <P> Fugitive black slaves began making their way northward to Buffalo in the 1840s , and also settled on the city 's East Side . In 1845 , construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church , a meeting spot in the Michigan and William Street neighborhood where blacks first settled . It also functioned as an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement . Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie , Ontario in search of freedom . </P> <P> During the 1840s , Buffalo 's port continued to develop . Both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo . Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor . In 1843 , the world 's first steam - powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar . `` Dart 's Elevator '' enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges , canal boats , and rail cars . By 1850 , the city 's population was 81,000 . </P> <P> In 1860 , there were a plethora of railway companies and lines crossing through and terminating in Buffalo . Major ones were the Buffalo , Bradford and Pittsburgh Railroad ( 1859 ) , Buffalo and Erie Railroad and the New York Central Railroad ( 1853 ) . During this time , a quarter of all shipping traffic on Lake Erie was controlled by Buffalo citizens , and shipbuilding was a thriving industry for the city . </P> <P> Later , the Lehigh Valley Railroad would have its line terminate at Buffalo in 1867 . </P> Panorama of downtown Buffalo in 1911 , looking west from Shelton Square <H3> Rise of heavy industry , decline , Urban renewal ( edit ) </H3> Downtown Buffalo in 1945 Workers unload wheat into an elevator along the Buffalo River in 1900 Sprawling steel plant at Republic Steel in South Buffalo , 1973 <P> At the dawn of the 20th century , local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River . The city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting . It was also part of the automobile revolution , hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow and the Seven Little Buffaloes early in the century . At the same time , an exit of local entrepreneurs and industrial titans brought about a nascent stage that would see the city lose its competitiveness against Pittsburgh , Cleveland and Detroit . </P> <P> President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6 , 1901 . McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion . The Great Depression of 1929 -- 39 saw severe unemployment , especially among working - class men . The New Deal relief programs operated full force . The city became a stronghold of labor unions and the Democratic Party . </P> <P> During World War II , Buffalo saw the return of prosperity and full employment due to its position as a manufacturing center . As one of the most populous cities of the 1950s , Buffalo 's economy revolved almost entirely on its manufacturing base . Major companies such as Republic Steel and Lackawanna Steel employed tens of thousands of Buffalonians . Integrated national shipping routes would use the Soo Locks near Lake Superior and a vast network of railroads and yards that crossed the city . </P> <P> Lobbying by local businesses and interest groups against the St. Lawrence Seaway began in the 1920s , long before its construction in 1957 , which cut the city off from valuable trade routes . Its approval was reinforced by legislation shortly before its construction . Shipbuilding in Buffalo , such as that of the American Ship Building Company , shut down in 1962 , ending an industry that had been a sector of the city 's economy since 1812 , and a direct result of reduced waterfront activity . With deindustrialization , and the nationwide trend of suburbanization ; the city 's economy began to deteriorate . Like much of the Rust Belt , Buffalo , home to more than half a million people in the 1950s , has seen its population decline as heavy industries shut down and people left for the suburbs or other cities . </P> <H3> Recent Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like other Rust Belt cities such as Pittsburgh and Cleveland , Buffalo has attempted to revitalize its beleaguered economy and crumbling infrastructure . The trend of back offices opening in the area began in the 1980s . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Buffalo is on Lake Erie 's eastern end , opposite Fort Erie , Ontario , Canada . It is located at the origin of the Niagara River , which flows northward over Niagara Falls and into Lake Ontario . The city is 50 miles ( 80 km ) south - southeast from Toronto . Relative to downtown , the city is generally flat with the exception of area surrounding North and High streets , where a hill of 90 feet gradually develops approaching from the south and north . In the Southtowns are the Boston Hills , while the Appalachian Mountains sit in the Southern Tier below them . To the north and east , the region maintains a flatter profile descending to Lake Ontario . Various types of shale , limestone and lagerstätten are prevalent in the geographic makeup of Buffalo and surrounding areas , which line the waterbeds within and bordering the city . </P> <P> Although there have not been any recent or significant earthquakes , Buffalo sits atop of the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone , which is part of the Great Lakes tectonic zone . </P> <P> Buffalo has four channels that flow through its boundaries : the Niagara River , Buffalo River and Creek , Scajaquada Creek , and the Black Rock Canal , which is adjacent to the Niagara River . </P> <P> According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 52.5 square miles ( 136 km ) , of which 40.6 square miles ( 105 km ) is land and the rest water . The total area is 22.66 % water . </P> <H3> Cityscape ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of tallest buildings in Buffalo Skyline of Buffalo , looking east from Lake Erie Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Buffalo , New York Elmwood Village 2001 image of the Niagara Peninsula , Niagara Falls and Buffalo from NASA 's Terra satellite <P> Buffalo 's architecture is diverse , with a collection of buildings from the 19th and 20th centuries . Most structures and works are still standing , such as the country 's largest intact parks system designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux . At the end of the 19th century , the Guaranty Building -- constructed by Louis Sullivan -- was a prominent example of an early high - rise skyscraper . The 20th century saw works such as the Art Deco - style Buffalo City Hall and Buffalo Central Terminal , Electric Tower , the Richardson Olmsted Complex , and the Rand Building . Urban renewal from the 1950s -- 1970s gave way to the construction of the Brutalist - style Buffalo City Court Building and One Seneca Tower -- formerly the HSBC Center , the city 's tallest building . </P> Neighborhoods ( edit ) Main article : Neighborhoods of Buffalo , New York <H3> Climate ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Buffalo , New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate chart ( explanation ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3.2 31 19 </Td> <Td> 2.5 33 19 </Td> <Td> 2.9 42 26 </Td> <Td> 55 37 </Td> <Td> 3.5 67 47 </Td> <Td> 3.7 75 57 </Td> <Td> 3.2 80 62 </Td> <Td> 3.3 78 61 </Td> <Td> 3.9 71 53 </Td> <Td> 3.5 59 43 </Td> <Td> 48 34 </Td> <Td> 3.9 36 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="12"> show Metric conversion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 0 − 8 </Td> <Td> 63 − 7 </Td> <Td> 73 6 − 3 </Td> <Td> 76 13 </Td> <Td> 88 19 9 </Td> <Td> 93 24 14 </Td> <Td> 82 27 17 </Td> <Td> 83 26 16 </Td> <Td> 99 22 12 </Td> <Td> 89 15 6 </Td> <Td> 102 9 </Td> <Td> 99 − 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Buffalo has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb bordering on Dfa ) , which is common in the Great Lakes region . Buffalo has snowy winters , but it is rarely the snowiest city in New York state . The Blizzard of 1977 resulted from a combination of high winds and snow previously accumulated on land and on frozen Lake Erie. Snow does not typically impair the city 's operation , but can cause significant damage during the autumn as with the October 2006 storm . In November 2014 , the region had a record - breaking storm , producing over 5 ⁄ feet ( 66 inches ; 170 centimetres ) of snow , this storm was named `` Snowvember '' . Buffalo has the sunniest and driest summers of any major city in the Northeast , but still has enough rain to keep vegetation green and lush . Summers are marked by plentiful sunshine and moderate humidity and temperature . Obscured by the notoriety of Buffalo 's winter snow is the fact Buffalo benefits from other lake effects such as the cooling southwest breezes off Lake Erie in summer that gently temper the warmest days . As a result , temperatures only rise above 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) three times in the average year , and the Buffalo station of the National Weather Service has never recorded an official temperature of 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) or more . Rainfall is moderate but typically occurs at night . Lake Erie 's stabilizing effect continues to inhibit thunderstorms and enhance sunshine in the immediate Buffalo area through most of July . August usually has more showers and is hotter and more humid as the warmer lake loses its temperature - stabilizing influence . The highest recorded temperature in Buffalo was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) on August 27 , 1948 and the lowest recorded temperature was − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) , which occurred twice , on February 9 , 1934 and February 2 , 1961 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> show Climate data for Buffalo Niagara International Airport , New York ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1871 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 72 ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 71 ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 82 ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 94 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 94 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 97 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 97 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 99 ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> 98 ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 80 ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> 74 ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 99 ( 37 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 54.4 ( 12.4 ) </Td> <Td> 54.9 ( 12.7 ) </Td> <Td> 68.8 ( 20.4 ) </Td> <Td> 79.0 ( 26.1 ) </Td> <Td> 82.9 ( 28.3 ) </Td> <Td> 88.4 ( 31.3 ) </Td> <Td> 89.2 ( 31.8 ) </Td> <Td> 88.2 ( 31.2 ) </Td> <Td> 85.2 ( 29.6 ) </Td> <Td> 76.6 ( 24.8 ) </Td> <Td> 67.5 ( 19.7 ) </Td> <Td> 55.6 ( 13.1 ) </Td> <Td> 90.9 ( 32.7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 31.2 ( − 0.4 ) </Td> <Td> 33.3 ( 0.7 ) </Td> <Td> 42.0 ( 5.6 ) </Td> <Td> 55.0 ( 12.8 ) </Td> <Td> 66.5 ( 19.2 ) </Td> <Td> 75.3 ( 24.1 ) </Td> <Td> 79.9 ( 26.6 ) </Td> <Td> 78.4 ( 25.8 ) </Td> <Td> 71.1 ( 21.7 ) </Td> <Td> 59.0 ( 15 ) </Td> <Td> 47.6 ( 8.7 ) </Td> <Td> 36.1 ( 2.3 ) </Td> <Td> 56.4 ( 13.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 18.5 ( − 7.5 ) </Td> <Td> 19.2 ( − 7.1 ) </Td> <Td> 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) </Td> <Td> 36.8 ( 2.7 ) </Td> <Td> 47.4 ( 8.6 ) </Td> <Td> 57.3 ( 14.1 ) </Td> <Td> 62.3 ( 16.8 ) </Td> <Td> 60.8 ( 16 ) </Td> <Td> 53.4 ( 11.9 ) </Td> <Td> 42.7 ( 5.9 ) </Td> <Td> 33.9 ( 1.1 ) </Td> <Td> 24.1 ( − 4.4 ) </Td> <Td> 40.3 ( 4.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> − 0.5 ( − 18.1 ) </Td> <Td> 1.8 ( − 16.8 ) </Td> <Td> 7.8 ( − 13.4 ) </Td> <Td> 24.2 ( − 4.3 ) </Td> <Td> 34.8 ( 1.6 ) </Td> <Td> 44.7 ( 7.1 ) </Td> <Td> 51.4 ( 10.8 ) </Td> <Td> 49.2 ( 9.6 ) </Td> <Td> 39.8 ( 4.3 ) </Td> <Td> 29.8 ( − 1.2 ) </Td> <Td> 20.3 ( − 6.5 ) </Td> <Td> 5.3 ( − 14.8 ) </Td> <Td> − 3.7 ( − 19.8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> − 16 ( − 27 ) </Td> <Td> − 20 ( − 29 ) </Td> <Td> − 7 ( − 22 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( − 15 ) </Td> <Td> 25 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 35 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 43 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 38 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 32 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 20 ( − 7 ) </Td> <Td> ( − 17 ) </Td> <Td> − 10 ( − 23 ) </Td> <Td> − 20 ( − 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation inches ( mm ) </Th> <Td> 3.18 ( 80.8 ) </Td> <Td> 2.49 ( 63.2 ) </Td> <Td> 2.87 ( 72.9 ) </Td> <Td> 3.01 ( 76.5 ) </Td> <Td> 3.46 ( 87.9 ) </Td> <Td> 3.66 ( 93 ) </Td> <Td> 3.23 ( 82 ) </Td> <Td> 3.26 ( 82.8 ) </Td> <Td> 3.90 ( 99.1 ) </Td> <Td> 3.52 ( 89.4 ) </Td> <Td> 4.01 ( 101.9 ) </Td> <Td> 3.89 ( 98.8 ) </Td> <Td> 40.48 ( 1,028.2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average snowfall inches ( cm ) </Th> <Td> 25.3 ( 64.3 ) </Td> <Td> 17.3 ( 43.9 ) </Td> <Td> 12.9 ( 32.8 ) </Td> <Td> 2.7 ( 6.9 ) </Td> <Td> 0.3 ( 0.8 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.9 ( 2.3 ) </Td> <Td> 7.9 ( 20.1 ) </Td> <Td> 27.4 ( 69.6 ) </Td> <Td> 94.7 ( 240.5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) </Th> <Td> 19.2 </Td> <Td> 16.0 </Td> <Td> 15.1 </Td> <Td> 13.1 </Td> <Td> 12.7 </Td> <Td> 12.1 </Td> <Td> 10.6 </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> <Td> 11.4 </Td> <Td> 12.9 </Td> <Td> 15.0 </Td> <Td> 18.3 </Td> <Td> 166.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) </Th> <Td> 16.3 </Td> <Td> 13.1 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 14.0 </Td> <Td> 61.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 76.0 </Td> <Td> 75.9 </Td> <Td> 73.3 </Td> <Td> 67.8 </Td> <Td> 67.2 </Td> <Td> 68.6 </Td> <Td> 68.1 </Td> <Td> 72.1 </Td> <Td> 74.0 </Td> <Td> 72.9 </Td> <Td> 75.8 </Td> <Td> 77.6 </Td> <Td> 72.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 91.3 </Td> <Td> 108.0 </Td> <Td> 163.7 </Td> <Td> 204.7 </Td> <Td> 258.3 </Td> <Td> 287.1 </Td> <Td> 306.7 </Td> <Td> 266.4 </Td> <Td> 207.6 </Td> <Td> 159.4 </Td> <Td> 84.4 </Td> <Td> 69.0 </Td> <Td> 2,206.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percent possible sunshine </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Demographics of Buffalo , New York <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1810 </Td> <Td> 1,508 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1820 </Td> <Td> 2,095 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1830 </Td> <Td> 8,668 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 313.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1840 </Td> <Td> 18,213 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 110.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> 42,261 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 132.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1860 </Td> <Td> 81,129 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 92.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1870 </Td> <Td> 117,714 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 155,134 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 255,664 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 352,387 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 423,715 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 506,775 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 573,076 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 575,901 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 580,132 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 532,759 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 8.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 462,768 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 13.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 357,870 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 22.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 328,123 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 8.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 292,648 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 10.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 261,310 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 10.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2017 </Td> <Td> 258,612 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 1.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Historical Population Figures U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> hide Racial composition </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Th> 1940 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White </Td> <Td> 50.4 % </Td> <Td> 64.7 % </Td> <Td> 78.7 % </Td> <Td> 96.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black or African American </Td> <Td> 38.6 % </Td> <Td> 30.7 % </Td> <Td> 20.4 % </Td> <Td> 3.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) </Td> <Td> 10.5 % </Td> <Td> 4.9 % </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> <Td> ( X ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asian </Td> <Td> 3.2 % </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.2 % </Td> <Td> − </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Like most former industrial cities of the Great Lakes region in the United States , Buffalo is recovering from an economic depression from suburbanization and the loss of its industrial base . The city 's population peaked in 1950 when it was the 15th largest city in the United States , and its population has been spreading out to the suburbs every census since then . </P> <P> At the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 50.4 % White ( 45.8 % non-Hispanic White alone ) , 38.6 % Black or African - American , 0.8 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 3.2 % Asian , 3.9 % from some other race and 3.1 % from two or more races. 10.5 % of the total population was Hispanic or Latino of any race . Since 2003 , there has been an ever - growing number of Burmese refugees , mostly of the Karen ethnicity , with an estimated 4,665 now residing in Buffalo . </P> <P> The median income for a household in the city is $24,536 and the median income for a family is $30,614 . Males have a median income of $30,938 versus $23,982 for females . The per capita income for the city is $14,991. 26.6 % of the population and 23 % of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 38.4 % of those under the age of 18 and 14 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion with : pre-1950s economic history . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : Economy of Buffalo , New York Electric Tower , 2010 One M&T Plaza , headquarters of M&T Bank <P> Buffalo 's economic sectors include industrial , light manufacturing , high technology and services . The State of New York , with over 15,000 employees , is the city 's largest employer . Other major employers include the United States government , Kaleida Health , M&T Bank ( which is headquartered in Buffalo ) , the University at Buffalo , General Motors , Time Warner Cable and Tops Friendly Markets . Buffalo is home to Rich Products , Canadian brewer Labatt , cheese company Sorrento Lactalis , Delaware North Companies and New Era Cap Company . More recently , the Tesla Gigafactory 2 opened in South Buffalo in summer 2017 , as a result of the Buffalo Billion program . </P> <P> The loss of traditional jobs in manufacturing , rapid suburbanization and high labor costs have led to economic decline and made Buffalo one of the poorest U.S. cities with populations of more than 250,000 people . An estimated 28.7 -- 29.9 % of Buffalo residents live below the poverty line , behind either only Detroit , or only Detroit and Cleveland . Buffalo 's median household income of $27,850 is third - lowest among large cities , behind only Miami and Cleveland ; however the metropolitan area 's median household income is $57,000 . This , in part , has led to the Buffalo - Niagara Falls metropolitan area having the most affordable housing market in the U.S. The quarterly NAHB / Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index ( HOI ) noted nearly 90 % of the new and existing homes sold in the metropolitan area during the second quarter were affordable to families making the area 's median income of $57,000 . As of 2014 , the median home price in the city was $95,000 . </P> <P> Buffalo 's economy has begun to see significant improvements since the early 2010s . Money from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo through a program known locally as `` Buffalo Billion '' has brought new construction , increased economic development , and hundreds of new jobs to the area . As of March 2015 , Buffalo 's unemployment rate was 5.9 % , slightly above the national average of 5.5 % . In 2016 , the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis valued the Buffalo area 's economy at $54.9 billion . </P> <H2> Crime ( edit ) </H2> <P> Buffalo 's crime rate is much higher than the national average . In 2015 , there were 41 murders , 1,033 robberies , and 1,640 assaults . In 2016 , bizjournals.com published an article including an FBI report that ranked Buffalo 's violent crime rate as the 15th - worst in the nation . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> Buffalo wings served with celery <H3> Cuisine ( edit ) </H3> <P> Buffalo 's cuisine encompasses a variety of cultural contributions , including Italian , Irish , Jewish , German , Polish , African - American , Greek , and American influences . In 2015 , the National Geographic Society ranked Buffalo third on their list of `` The World 's Top Ten Food Cities '' . Locally owned restaurants offer Chinese , German , Japanese , Korean , Vietnamese , Thai , Mexican , Italian , Arab , Indian , Myanmar , Caribbean , soul food , and French cuisine . Buffalo 's local pizzerias differ from the thin - crust New York - style pizzerias and deep - dish Chicago - style pizzerias , and is locally known for being a midpoint between the two . The Beef on weck sandwich , kielbasa , sponge candy , pastry hearts , pierogi and haddock fish fries are local favorites , as is a loganberry - flavored beverage that remains relatively obscure outside of Western New York and Southern Ontario . Teressa Bellissimo first prepared the now widespread Chicken Wings at the Anchor Bar in 1964 . </P> <P> Buffalo has several well - known food companies . Non-dairy whipped topping was invented in Buffalo in 1945 by Robert E. Rich , Sr. His company , Rich Products , is one of the city 's largest private employers . General Mills was organized in Buffalo , and Gold Medal brand flour , Wheaties , Cheerios and other General Mills brand cereals are manufactured here . Archer Daniels Midland operates its largest flour mill in the city . Buffalo is home to one of the world 's largest privately held food companies , Delaware North Companies , which operates concessions in sports arenas , stadiums , resorts and many state and federal parks . </P> <P> The Taste of Buffalo and National Buffalo Wing Festival showcase food from the Buffalo area . These are two of the many festivals that occur in Buffalo during the summer . </P> <H3> Fine and Performing Arts ( edit ) </H3> The Albright -- Knox Art Gallery <P> Buffalo is home to over 50 private and public art galleries , most notably the Albright - Knox Art Gallery , home to a collection of modern and contemporary art , and the Burchfield - Penney Art Center . In 2012 , AmericanStyle ranked Buffalo twenty - fifth in its list of top mid-sized cities for art . It is also home to many independent media and literary arts organizations like Squeaky Wheel Film and Media Arts Center . The Buffalo area 's largest theater is Shea 's Performing Arts Center , designed to accommodate 4,000 people with interiors by Louis Comfort Tiffany . Built in 1926 , the theater presents Broadway musicals and concerts . The theater community in the Buffalo Theater District includes over 20 professional companies . </P> <P> The Allentown Art Festival showcases local and national artists every summer , in Buffalo 's Allentown district . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> Kleinhans Music Hall is home to the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra . <P> The Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra , which performs at Kleinhans Music Hall , is one of the city 's most prominent performing arts institutions . During the 1960s and 1970s , under the musical leadership of Lukas Foss and Michael Tilson Thomas , the Philharmonic collaborated with Grateful Dead and toured with the Boston Pops Orchestra . </P> <P> Buffalo has the roots of many jazz and classical musicians , and it is also the founding city for several mainstream bands and musicians , including Rick James , Billy Sheehan , The Quakes , and The Goo Goo Dolls . Vincent Gallo , a Buffalo - born filmmaker and musician , played in several local bands . Jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra and jazz saxophonists Grover Washington Jr. also got their starts in Buffalo . Pianist and composer Leonard Pennario was born in Buffalo in 1924 and made his debut concert at Carnegie Hall in 1943 . Buffalo 's `` Colored Musicians Club '' , an extension of what was long ago a separate musicians ' union local , is thriving today and maintains a significant jazz history within its walls . Well - known indie artist Ani DiFranco hails from Buffalo . </P> <H3> Tourism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the region 's primary tourism destination is Niagara Falls to the north , Buffalo 's tourism relies on historical attractions and outdoor recreation . The city 's points of interest include the Edward M. Cotter fireboat , considered the world 's oldest active fireboat and is a United States National Historic Landmark , Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens , the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society , Buffalo Museum of Science , the Buffalo Zoo -- the third oldest in the United States -- Forest Lawn Cemetery , Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park , the Anchor Bar and Darwin D. Martin House . </P> <P> The site of the former Erie Canal Harbor , Canalside has become a popular destination for tourists and residents since 2007 when Buffalo and the New York Power Authority began to redevelop the former site of the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium into historically accurate canals . </P> <P> Buffalo is one of the largest Polish - American centres in the United States . As a result , many aspects of Polish culture have found a home in the city from food to festivals . One of the best examples is the yearly celebration of Easter Monday , known to many Eastern Europeans as Dyngus Day . </P> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> See also : Sports in Buffalo A cameraman shoots a game at New Era Field . <P> Buffalo and the surrounding region is home to two major leagues professional sports teams . The NHL 's Buffalo Sabres play in the city of Buffalo , while the NFL 's Buffalo Bills play in suburban Orchard Park , New York , where they have been since 1973 . </P> <P> The Bills , established in 1959 , played in War Memorial Stadium until 1973 , when Rich Stadium , now New Era Field , opened . The team competes in the AFC East division . Since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , the Bills have won the AFC conference championship four consecutive times ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) , resulting in four lost Super Bowls ( Super Bowl XXV , Super Bowl XXVI , Super Bowl XXVII and Super Bowl XXVIII ) ; they were the only NFL team without a playoff appearance in the 21st century from 2011 until 2017 , having missed the playoffs each season since 2000 . </P> <P> The Sabres , established in 1970 , played in Buffalo Memorial Auditorium until 1996 , when Marine Midland Arena , now KeyBank Center opened . The team is within the Atlantic Division of the NHL . The team has won one Presidents ' Trophy ( 2006 - 2007 ) and three conference championships ( 1974 - 1975 , 1979 - 1980 and 1998 - 1999 ) . However , like the Bills , the Sabres do n't have a league championship , having lost the 1975 Stanley Cup to the Philadelphia Flyers and the 1999 Stanley Cup to the Dallas Stars . Since 2014 , both the Bills and Sabres have been owned by Terrence Pegula , a key investor in Buffalo 's revitalization efforts . </P> <P> The Buffalo Braves played at the National Basketball Association from 1970 to 1978 , with their home games held at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium . The team struggled financially , so it was relocated to California and became the San Diego Clippers . </P> <P> Buffalo is also home to several minor sports teams , including the Buffalo Bisons ( baseball ; an affiliate of the MLB 's Toronto Blue Jays since 2014 ) , FC Buffalo ( soccer ) as well as a professional women 's team , the Buffalo Beauts ( hockey ) . The Buffalo Bandits indoor lacrosse team was established in 1992 and played their home games in Buffalo Memorial Auditorium until 1996 when they followed the Sabres to Marine Midland Arena . They have won eight division championships and four league championships ( 1991 - 1992 , 1992 - 1993 , 1995 - 1996 and 2007 - 2008 ) . The Buffalo Bulls are a Division I college team representing the State University of New York at Buffalo ( which no longer is in the city proper ) ; the only Division I college sports program within city limits is the Canisius Golden Griffins . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Th> League </Th> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Founded </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Titles </Th> <Th> Championship years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Football </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> New Era Field </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 * , 1965 * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hockey </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> Buffalo Sabres </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> KeyBank Center </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baseball </Td> <Td> IL </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bisons </Td> <Td> 1979 † </Td> <Td> Sahlen Field </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1997 , 1998 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lacrosse </Td> <Td> NLL </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bandits </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> KeyBank Center </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soccer </Td> <Td> NPSL </Td> <Td> FC Buffalo </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> All - High Stadium </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hockey </Td> <Td> NWHL </Td> <Td> Buffalo Beauts </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> HarborCenter </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * American Football League ( AFL ) championships were earned prior to the NFL merging with the AFL in 1970 . † Date refers to current incarnation ; Buffalo Bisons previously operated from the 1870s until 1970 and the current Bisons count this team as part of their history . </P> <H2> Parks and recreation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Buffalo , New York , parks system View of Canalside and Buffalo Naval Park Hoyt Lake at Delaware Park <P> The Buffalo parks system has over 20 parks with several parks accessible from any part of the city . The Olmsted Park and Parkway System is the hallmark of Buffalo 's many green spaces . Three - fourths of city parkland is part of the system , which comprises six major parks , eight connecting parkways , nine circles and seven smaller spaces . Constructed in 1868 by Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner Calvert Vaux , the system was integrated into the city and marks the first attempt in America to lay out a coordinated system of public parks and parkways . The Olmsted - designed portions of the Buffalo park system are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and are maintained by the Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy ( BOPC ) , a non-profit , for public benefit corporation which serves as the city 's parks department . It is the first non-governmental organization of its kind to serve in such a capacity in the United States . </P> <P> Situated at the confluence of Lake Erie and the Buffalo and Niagara rivers , Buffalo is a waterfront city . The city 's rise to economic power came through its waterways in the form of transshipment , manufacturing , and an endless source of energy . Buffalo 's waterfront remains , though to a lesser degree , a hub of commerce , trade and industry . Beginning in 2009 , a significant portion of Buffalo 's waterfront began to be transformed into a focal point for social and recreational activity . To this end , Buffalo Harbor State Park , nicknamed `` Outer Harbor , '' was opened in 2014 . Buffalo 's intent was to stress its architectural and historical heritage to create a tourism destination , and early data indicates they were successful . </P> <H2> Government ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Politics and Government of Buffalo , New York See also : List of mayors of Buffalo , New York Robert H. Jackson United States Courthouse <P> At the municipal level , the City of Buffalo has a mayor and a council of nine councilmembers . Buffalo also serves as the seat of Erie County with some of the 11 members of county legislature representing at least a portion of Buffalo . At the state level , there are three states assemblymembers and two state senators representing parts of the city proper . At the federal level , Buffalo is the heart of New York 's 26th congressional district in the House of Representatives , represented by Democrat Brian Higgins . </P> Buffalo City Hall , with McKinley Monument in the foreground <P> In a trend common to northern `` Rust Belt '' regions , the Democratic Party has dominated Buffalo 's political life for the last half - century . The last time anyone other than a Democrat held the position of Mayor in Buffalo was Chester A. Kowal in 1965 . In 1977 , Democratic Mayor James D. Griffin was elected as the nominee of two minor parties , the Conservative Party and the Right to Life Party , after he lost the Democratic primary for Mayor to then Deputy State Assembly Speaker Arthur Eve . Griffin switched political allegiances several times during his 16 years as Mayor , generally hewing to socially conservative platforms . </P> <P> Griffin 's successor , Democrat Anthony M. Masiello ( elected in 1993 ) continued to campaign on social conservatism , often crossing party lines in his endorsements and alliances . However , in 2005 , Democrat Byron Brown was elected the city 's first African - American mayor in a landslide ( 64 % -- 27 % ) over Republican Kevin Helfer , who ran on a conservative platform . In 2013 , the Conservative Party endorsed Brown for a third term because of his pledge to cut taxes . This change in local politics was preceded by a fiscal crisis in 2003 when years of economic decline , a diminishing tax - base and civic mismanagement left the city deep in debt and on the edge of bankruptcy . At New York State Comptroller Alan Hevesi 's urging , the state took over the management of Buffalo 's finances , appointing the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority . Mayor Tony Masiello began conversations about merging the city with the larger Erie County government the following year , but they came to nought . </P> <P> The offices of the Buffalo District , US Army Corps of Engineers are next to the Black Rock Lock in the Erie Canal 's Black Rock channel . In addition to maintaining and operating the lock , the District plans , designs , constructs and maintains water resources projects from Toledo , Ohio to Massena , New York . These include the flood - control dam at Mount Morris , New York , oversight of the lower Great Lakes ( Lake Erie and Lake Ontario ) , review and permitting of wetlands construction , and remedial action for hazardous waste sites . Buffalo is also the home of a major office of the National Weather Service ( NOAA ) , which serves all of western and much of central New York State . Buffalo is home to one of the 56 national FBI field offices . The field office covers all of Western New York and parts of the Southern Tier and Central New York . The field office operates several task forces in conjunction with local agencies to help combat issues such as gang violence , terrorism threats and health care fraud . Buffalo is also the location of the chief judge , United States Attorney and administrative offices for the United States District Court for the Western District of New York . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : List of colleges and universities in Buffalo , New York and List of Buffalo metropolitan area schools Overlooking the University at Buffalo 's South Campus from Abbott Hall <P> Buffalo Public Schools serve most of the city of Buffalo . The city has 78 public schools , including a growing number of charter schools . As of 2006 , the total enrollment was 41,089 students with a student - teacher ratio of 13.5 to 1 . The graduation rate is up to 52 % in 2008 , up from 45 % in 2007 , and 50 % in 2006 . More than 27 % of teachers have a master 's degree or higher and the median amount of experience in the field is 15 years . The metropolitan area has 292 schools with 172,854 students . </P> <P> Buffalo 's magnet school system attracts students with special interests , such as science , bilingual studies , and Native American studies . Specialized facilities include the Buffalo Elementary School of Technology ; the Dr Martin Luther King Jr. , Multicultural Institute ; the International School ; the Dr. Charles R. Drew Science Magnet ; BUILD Academy ; Leonardo da Vinci High School ; PS 32 Bennett Park Montessori ; the Buffalo Academy for Visual and Performing Arts , BAVPA ; the Riverside Institute of Technology ; Lafayette High School / Buffalo Academy of Finance ; Hutchinson Central Technical High School ; Burgard Vocational High School ; South Park High School ; and the Emerson School of Hospitality . </P> Rockwell Hall , Buffalo State College <P> The city is home to 47 private schools and the metropolitan region has 150 institutions . Most private schools , such as Bishop Timon -- St. Jude High School , Canisius High School , Mount Mercy Academy , and Nardin Academy have a Catholic affiliation . In addition , there are two Islamic schools , Darul Uloom Al - Madania and Universal School of Buffalo . There are also nonsectarian options including The Buffalo Seminary ( the only private , nonsectarian , all - girls school in Western New York state ) , Nichols School and numerous Charter Schools . </P> <P> Private school tuition is approximately 40 % less than Buffalo Public School 's per student spending . Private schools graduate nearly 100 % of students , public schools only approximately 30 % . </P> <P> Complementing its standard function , the Buffalo Public Schools Adult and Continuing Education Division provides education and services to adults throughout the community . In addition , the Career and Technical Education Department offers more than 20 academic programs , and is attended by about 6,000 students each year . </P> <P> The State University of New York ( SUNY ) operates three institutions within the city of Buffalo . The State University of New York at Buffalo is known as `` Buffalo '' or `` UB '' and is the largest public university in New York . The University at Buffalo is the only university in Buffalo and is a nationally ranked tier 1 research university . Buffalo State College and Erie Community College are a college and a community college , respectively . Additionally , the private institutions Canisius College and D'Youville College are within the city . </P> <H2> Infrastructure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Healthcare ( edit ) </H3> Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus as seen from the Erie Basin Marina observation tower <P> The city is home to two private healthcare systems , which combined operate eight hospitals and countless clinics in the greater metropolitan area , as well as three public hospitals operated by Erie County and the State of New York . Oishei Children 's Hospital opened in November 2017 and is the only long - standing children 's hospital in New York . Buffalo General Medical Center and the Gates Vascular Institute have earned top rankings in the US for their cutting - edge research and treatment into the stroke and neurological care . Erie County Medical Center has been accredited as a Level One Trauma Center and serves as the trauma and burn care center for Western New York , much of the Southern Tier , and portions of Northwestern Pennsylvania and Ontario , Canada . Over the years , Roswell Park has also become recognized as one of the United States ' leading cancer treatment and research centers , and it recruits physicians and researchers from across the world to come live and work in the Buffalo area . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mercy Hospital of Buffalo ( South Buffalo ) </Li> <Li> Sisters of Charity Hospital ( Central Buffalo ) </Li> <Li> Kenmore Mercy Hospital ( Kenmore , NY ) </Li> <Li> St. Joseph 's Hospital ( Cheektowaga , NY ) </Li> <Li> Kaleida Health </Li> <Li> Buffalo General Medical Center / Gates Vascular Institute ( Downtown Buffalo ) </Li> <Li> Oishei Children 's Hospital ( Downtown Buffalo ) </Li> <Li> DeGraff Memorial Hospital ( North Tonawanda , NY ) </Li> <Li> Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital ( Amherst , NY ) </Li> <Li> The Erie County Medical Center ( ECMC ) ( Eastern Buffalo ) </Li> <Li> Roswell Park Cancer Institute ( Downtown Buffalo ) </Li> <Li> The Buffalo State Hospital ( State - operated facility for the mentally ill , located in Northwest Buffalo ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Transportation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Transportation in Buffalo , New York See also : Niagara International Transportation Technology Coalition Buffalo Niagara International Airport The 1955 Yellow Book planned the three major highways that would serve the Buffalo area : Interstate 190 , Interstate 290 , and Interstate 90 . Buffalo Metro Rail in downtown Buffalo <P> The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority ( NFTA ) operates Buffalo Niagara International Airport , reconstructed in 1997 and located in the suburb of Cheektowaga . The airport serves Western New York and much of the Finger Lakes and Southern Tier Regions . The Buffalo Metro Rail , also operated by the NFTA , is a 6.4 miles ( 10.3 km ) long , single line light rail system that extends from Erie Canal Harbor in downtown Buffalo to the University Heights district ( specifically , the South Campus of University at Buffalo ) in the city 's northeastern part . The line 's downtown section runs above ground and is free of charge to passengers . North of Fountain Plaza Station , at the northern end of downtown , the line moves underground until it reaches its northern terminus at University Heights . Passengers pay a fare to ride this section of the rail . Two train stations , Buffalo - Depew and Buffalo - Exchange Street , serve the city and are operated by Amtrak . Historically , the city was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower Ontario peninsula . </P> The Buffalo Outer Harbor in 1992 . Northwest of the city is the Niagara River . <P> Buffalo is at the Lake Erie 's eastern end and serves as a playground for many personal yachts , sailboats , power boats and watercraft . The city 's extensive breakwall system protects its inner and outer harbors , which are maintained at commercial navigation depths for Great Lakes freighters . A Lake Erie tributary that flows through south Buffalo is the Buffalo River and Buffalo Creek . </P> <P> Eight New York State highways , one three - digit Interstate Highway and one U.S. Highway traverse the city of Buffalo . New York State Route 5 , commonly referred to as Main Street within the city , enters through Lackawanna as a limited - access highway and intersects with Interstate 190 , a north - south highway connecting Interstate 90 in the southeastern suburb of Cheektowaga with Niagara Falls . NY 354 ( Clinton Street ) and NY 130 ( Broadway ) are east to west highways connecting south and downtown Buffalo to the eastern suburbs of West Seneca and Depew . NY 265 ( Delaware Avenue ) and NY 266 ( Niagara Street and River Road ) both start in downtown Buffalo and end in the city of Tonawanda . One of three U.S. highways in Erie County , the other two being U.S. 20 ( Transit Road ) and U.S. 219 ( Southern Expressway ) , U.S. 62 ( Bailey Avenue ) is a north to south trunk road that enters the city through Lackawanna and exits at the Amherst town border at a junction with NY 5 . Within the city , the route passes by light industrial developments and high - density areas of the city . Bailey Avenue has major intersections with Interstate 190 and the Kensington Expressway . </P> <P> Three major expressways serve Buffalo . The Scajaquada Expressway ( NY 198 ) is primarily a limited access highway connecting Interstate 190 near Unity Island to New York State Route 33 , which starts at the edge of downtown and the city 's East Side , continues through heavily populated areas of the city , intersects with Interstate 90 in Cheektowaga and ends at the airport . The Peace Bridge is a major international crossing near the city 's Black Rock district that connects Buffalo with Fort Erie and Toronto via the Queen Elizabeth Way . </P> <P> The city of Buffalo has a higher than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 30 percent of Buffalo households lacked a car , and decreased slightly to 28.2 percent in 2016 . The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016 . Buffalo averaged 1.03 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . </P> <H3> Utilities ( edit ) </H3> <P> Buffalo 's water system is operated by Veolia Water . To reduce large - scale ice blockage in the Niagara River , with resultant flooding , ice damage to docks and other waterfront structures , and blockage of the water intakes for the hydro - electric power plants at Niagara Falls , the New York Power Authority and Ontario Power Generation have jointly operated the Lake Erie - Niagara River Ice Boom since 1964 . The boom is installed on December 16 , or when the water temperature reaches 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) , whichever happens first . The boom is opened on April 1 unless there is more than 650 square kilometres ( 250 sq mi ) of ice remaining in Eastern Lake Erie . When in place , the boom stretches 2,680 metres ( 8,790 ft ) from the outer breakwall at Buffalo Harbor almost to the Canadian shore near the ruins of the pier at Erie Beach in Fort Erie . The boom was originally made of wooden timbers , but these have been replaced by steel pontoons . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Media in Buffalo , New York A WIVB - TV truck during St. Patrick 's Day <P> Buffalo 's major newspaper is The Buffalo News . Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News , the newspaper has 181,540 in daily circulation and 266,123 on Sundays . With the radio stations WBEN ( later WBEN - AM ) , WBEN - FM , and television station WBEN - TV , Buffalo 's first and for several years only television station , the Buffalo Evening News dominated the local media market until 1977 , when the newspaper and the stations were separated . The stations showed their affiliation with the newspaper in their call sign : WBEN . Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include Artvoice , The Public , and Buffalo Business First . </P> <P> According to Nielsen Media Research , the Buffalo television market is the 52nd largest in the United States as of 2013 . </P> <P> Movies shot with significant footage of Buffalo include : Hide in Plain Sight ( 1980 ) , Tuck Everlasting ( 1981 ) , Best Friends ( 1982 ) , The Natural ( 1984 ) , Vamping ( 1984 ) , Canadian Bacon ( 1995 ) , Buffalo ' 66 ( 1998 ) , Manna from Heaven ( 2002 ) , Bruce Almighty ( 2003 ) , The Savages ( 2007 ) , Henry 's Crime ( 2011 ) , Sharknado 2 : The Second One ( 2014 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of The Shadows ( 2016 ) , Marshall ( 2016 ) , Accidental Switch ( 2016 ) , and The American Side ( 2017 ) . Although additional movies , such as Promised Land ( 2012 ) , have used Buffalo as a setting , filming often takes place in other locations such as Pittsburgh or Canada . High production costs are blamed for filmmakers shooting all or most of their Buffalo - based scenes elsewhere . </P> <H2> Notable people ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of people from Buffalo , New York <H2> Sister cities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Buffalo has a number of sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International ( SCI ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Siena , Tuscany , Italy ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Kanazawa , Ishikawa , Japan ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Dortmund , North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Rzeszów , Poland ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Cape Coast , Ghana ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Aboadze , Ghana </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kiryat Gat , Israel ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Tver , Russia ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Drohobych , Lviv Oblast , Ukraine ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Lille , Nord , France ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Torremaggiore , Apulia , Italy ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Abuja , Nigeria ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Saint Ann 's Bay , Jamaica ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Horlivka , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bursa , Turkey ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Baní , Dominican Republic ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Muhanga District , Rwanda ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Yeongcheon , North Gyeongsang , South Korea ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Changzhou , Jiangsu , China </Li> <Li> Marília , São Paulo , Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geography portal </Li> <Li> North America portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> New York portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephy , p. 189 , ( with the Neutrals ) ... `` broken in 1651 , with mopping up continuing for several years . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Formerly known as Stadtnitski , Vollenhoven and Schimmelpennick Avenues , removed after backlash by village residents . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ When travelling with an ox and wagon team . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943 . For more information , see Threadex </Li> </Ol> <H3> References ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ketchum 1865 , p. 63 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Severance , Frank H. ( 1902 ) . `` The Achievements of Captain John Montresor '' . In Buffalo Historical Society . Buffalo Historical Society Publications . Buffalo , NY : Bigelow Brothers . p. 15 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : You asked us : The 868 -- 3900 line to your desk at the Star : How Buffalo got its name , Toronto Star , Toronto , Ontario , Canada : Toronto Star , September 24 , 1992 , Stefaniuk , W. , Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Worldly setting , sophisticated choices , atmosphere at Beau Fleuve , Buffalo News , Buffalo , NY : Berkshire Hathaway , March 19 , 1993 , Okun , J. , Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ' Beau Fleuve ' story does n't wash , Buffalo News , Buffalo , NY : Berkshire Hathaway , July 21 , 2003 , Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hornaday , William T. ( 1889 ) . `` Geographic Distribution '' . The Extermination of the American Bison . Washington D.C. : Government Printing Office . pp. 385 -- 386 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sprague 1882 , pp. 17 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1977 , p. 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 1977 , pp. 114 -- 115 , 117 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham 1931 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 1977 , p. 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 1977 , p. 117 -- 118 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Editor : Alvin M. Josephy , Jr. , by The editors of American Heritage Magazine ( 1961 ) . `` The American Heritage Book of Indians '' . In pages 187 -- 219 . , . American Heritage Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 189 . LCCN 61 - 14871 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham 1931 , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Houghton , Frederick ( 1927 ) . `` The Migrations of the Seneca Nation '' . American Anthropologist. 29 : 241 -- 250 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1927.29. 2.02 a00050 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donehoo , George P. ( 1922 ) . The Indians of the Past and of the Present . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . p. 181 . JSTOR 20086480 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 1977 , p. 119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , pp. 15 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner 1849 , p. 119 -- 126 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 1977 , p. 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 1977 , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sprague 1882 , p. 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 1977 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brush 1901 , p. 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , pp. 106 -- 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham 1931 , pp. 137 -- 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sprague 1882 , pp. 20 , 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , p. 106 -- 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ketchum 1865 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham 1931 , pp. 132 -- 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner 1849 , p. 401 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham 1931 , p. 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bartlett , George Hunter ( 1922 ) . Recalling Pioneer Days . The Buffalo Historical Society . p. 3 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , John ( 1899 ) . `` Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington , D.C. '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , D.C. 2 : 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 40066723 . JSTOR 40066723 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham & 1931 146 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Becker 1906 , p. 111 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fernald , Frederik Atherton ( 1910 ) . The index guide to Buffalo and Niagara Falls . The Library of Congress . Buffalo , N.Y. , F.A. Fernald . p. 21 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clinton , George W. ; Hunt , Sanford B. ( 1862 ) . Thomas ' Buffalo City Directory for 1862 , to which is Prefixed a Sketch of the Early History of Buffalo . Buffalo , NY : E.A. Thomas , Franklin Steam Printing House . p. 16 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ French & Place 1860 , p. 210 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elmendorf , Dwight L. ( March 1913 ) . `` Washington the Capital '' . The Mentor. 1 : 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Turner 1849 , p. 439 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , Elwin Humphreys ( 1988 - 01 - 01 ) . The Design of Discord : Studies of Anomie . Transaction Publishers . p. 59 . ISBN 9781412836494 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myers , Stephen G. ( 2012 ) . Buffalo . Arcadia Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 9780738591650 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myers , Stephen G. ( 2012 ) . Buffalo . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9780738591650 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buffalo Historical Society ( 1882 ) . Semi-centennial Celebration of the City of Buffalo : Address of the Hon . E.C. Sprague Before the Buffalo Historical Society , July 3 , 1882 . Buffalo , N.Y. : Buffalo Historical Society . pp. 20 , 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner 1849 , p. 498 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , p. 114 -- 115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , pp. 111 , 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham 1931 , p. 493 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Becker 1906 , p. 115 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1977 , p. 152 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner 1849 , p. 494 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner 1849 , p. 495 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bingham 1931 , pp. 356 -- 357 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , p. 115 , 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , p. 119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , pp. 120 -- 121 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berton , Pierre ( 1981 ) . Flames across the border : the Canadian - American tragedy , 1813 - 1814 . Boston : Little , Brown . pp. 126 , 262 -- 268 . ISBN 9780316092173 . OCLC 421827788 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker 1906 , pp. 126 -- 127 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Severance , Frank H. ( 1879 ) . `` Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo '' . Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society . Harold B. Lee Library . Buffalo : Bigelow Bros. pp. 334 -- 356 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quimby , Robert ( 1997 ) . The U.S. Army in the War of 1812 : An Operational and Command Study . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . p. 355 . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 441 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gee , Denise Jewell ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` 200 years ago , the village of Buffalo burned '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Buffalo of Yesteryear : Chictawauga , Scajaquady and the ' morass ' that was Buffalo '' . The Buffalo News . November 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2017 . 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ISBN 9780665514968 . OCLC 49073883 . </Li> <Li> Severance , Frank H. ( 1879 ) . `` Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo '' . Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society . Harold B. Lee Library . Buffalo : Bigelow Bros . </Li> <Li> Sprague , E.C. ( 1882 ) . Semi-centennial Celebration of the City of Buffalo : Address of the Hon . E.C. Sprague Before the Buffalo Historical Society , July 3 , 1882 . Buffalo , N.Y. : Buffalo Historical Society . </Li> <Li> Builders ' Association Exchange of Buffalo ; National Association of Builders ( 1896 ) . Queen of the lakes , Buffalo , the electric city of the future . Buffalo , N.Y. : The Courier Co . Printers . OCLC 17204632 . </Li> <Li> Brush , Edward H. ( 1901 ) . Iroquois Past and Present . Buffalo , N.Y. : Baker , Jones & Co . </Li> <Li> Becker , Sophie C. ( 1906 ) . Sketches of early Buffalo and the Niagara region . Buffalo , N.Y. : McLaughlin Press . OCLC 12629461 . </Li> <Li> Bingham , Robert W. ( 1931 ) . The cradle of the Queen city : a history of Buffalo to the incorporation of the city . Buffalo , N.Y. : Buffalo Historical Society . OCLC 364308016 . </Li> <Li> Thompson , John H. ( 1977 ) . Geography of New York State . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815621829 . LCCN 77004337 . OCLC 2874807 . </Li> <Li> Goldman , Mark ( 1983 ) . High hopes : the rise and decline of Buffalo , New York . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . ISBN 9780873957342 . OCLC 09110713 . </Li> <Li> Dillaway , Diana ( 2006 ) . Power failure : politics , patronage , and the economic future of Buffalo , New York . Amherst , N.Y. : Prometheus Books . ISBN 1591024005 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Goldman , Mark ( 2007 ) . City on the edge : Buffalo , New York . Amherst , N.Y. : Prometheus Books . ISBN 9781591024576 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kowsky , Francis R. ( 1985 ) . Buffalo Architecture : a guide . Cambridge , M.A. : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262520638 . OCLC 637993088 . </Li> <Li> Bohen , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Against the Grain : The History of Buffalo 's First Ward . Buffalo , N.Y. : Petit Printing . ISBN 9780615620527 . OCLC 815395883 . </Li> <Li> Williams , Lillian Serence ( 1999 ) . Strangers in the land of paradise : the creation of an African American community , Buffalo , New York , 1900 - 1940 . Indiana University Press . ISBN 9780253335524 . </Li> <Li> Leary , Thomas E ; Sholes , Elizabeth C ( 1997 ) . Buffalo 's waterfront . Charleston , SC : Arcadia . ISBN 0752408291 . </Li> <Li> Myers , Stephen G ( 2012 ) . Buffalo . ISBN 9780738591650 . </Li> <Li> Kraus , Neil ( 2000 ) . Race , neighborhoods , and community power : Buffalo politics , 1934 - 1997 . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 079144743X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NYPL Digital Gallery , Items related to Buffalo , NY </Li> <Li> Library of Congress , Prints & Photos Division , Items related to Buffalo , NY </Li> <Li> SkyscraperPage , Diagram of skyscrapers in Buffalo , NY </Li> <Li> Buffalo travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> News stories from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Source texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Buffalo , New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Grand Island </Td> <Td> Kenmore , Tonawanda </Td> <Td> Amherst </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Erie , Niagara River </Td> <Td> Buffalo </Td> <Td> Sloan , Cheektowaga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Erie </Td> <Td> Lackawanna </Td> <Td> West Seneca </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> City of Buffalo , New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> History - Economy - People from Buffalo - Buffalo -- Niagara Falls metropolitan area - Mayor : Byron Brown ( list of mayors ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transportation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo Niagara International Airport </Li> <Li> Niagara Falls International Airport </Li> <Li> Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center </Li> <Li> Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority </Li> <Li> Buffalo Metro Rail <Ul> <Li> Stations </Li> <Li> NFTA Rail Maintenance Yard </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Empire Corridor <Ul> <Li> Buffalo -- Exchange Street </Li> <Li> Buffalo -- Depew </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Buffalo Central Terminal ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arts and entertainment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo History Museum </Li> <Li> Buffalo Museum of Science </Li> <Li> Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra </Li> <Li> Shea 's Performing Arts Center </Li> <Li> North Park Theatre </Li> <Li> Albright -- Knox Art Gallery </Li> <Li> Kleinhans Music Hall </Li> <Li> Buffalo Zoo </Li> <Li> Explore & More Children 's Museum </Li> <Li> Friendship Festival </Li> <Li> World 's Largest Disco </Li> <Li> Thursday at the Square </Li> <Li> Shakespeare in Delaware Park </Li> <Li> Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino </Li> <Li> Fantasy Island </Li> <Li> Darien Lake Theme Park Resort </Li> <Li> Erie County Fair </Li> <Li> Buffalo Niagara Convention Center </Li> <Li> Dyngus Day Festival </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo Bills </Li> <Li> Buffalo Sabres </Li> <Li> UB Bulls </Li> <Li> KeyBank Center </Li> <Li> Sahlen Field </Li> <Li> HarborCenter </Li> <Li> New Era Field </Li> <Li> Defunct <Ul> <Li> War Memorial Stadium </Li> <Li> Buffalo Memorial Auditorium </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo City Hall </Li> <Li> Buffalo Common Council </Li> <Li> FBI Buffalo Field Office </Li> <Li> Broadway Barns </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neighborhoods </Th> <Td> Allentown , Black Rock , Broadway - Fillmore , Canalside , Central Park , Cold Springs , Delaware District , Downtown , East Side , Elmwood Village , Fillmore - Leroy , First Ward , Fruit Belt , Hamlin Park , Hospital Hill , Humboldt Park , Kaisertown , Kensington , Kensington Heights , Lovejoy , Lower West Side , Masten Park , North Buffalo , North Park , Park Meadow , Parkside , Riverside , Schiller Park , South Buffalo , Theatre District , University District , University Heights , Vernon Triangle , West Village , Upper West Side , Willert Park . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Research and education </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> University at Buffalo </Li> <Li> Buffalo Public Schools </Li> <Li> Buffalo State College </Li> <Li> Bryant & Stratton College </Li> <Li> Canisius College </Li> <Li> D'Youville College </Li> <Li> Erie Community College </Li> <Li> Medaille College </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medicine and healthcare </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erie County Medical Center </Li> <Li> Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus <Ul> <Li> Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center </Li> <Li> Kaleida Health ( Buffalo General Medical Center , John R. Oshei Children 's Hospital ) </Li> <Li> University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences </Li> <Li> Gates Vascular Institute </Li> <Li> Hauptman - Woodward Medical Research Institute </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Catholic Health <Ul> <Li> Sisters of Charity Hospital </Li> <Li> Mount St. Mary 's Hospital & Health Center </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area shopping </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walden Galleria </Li> <Li> Boulevard Mall </Li> <Li> McKinley Mall </Li> <Li> Eastern Hills Mall </Li> <Li> Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls </Li> <Li> Defunct <Ul> <Li> Rainbow Centre Factory Outlet </Li> <Li> Seneca Mall </Li> <Li> The Summit </Li> <Li> Lockport Mall </Li> <Li> Thruway Mall </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parks and public spaces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park </Li> <Li> Buffalo Harbor State Park </Li> <Li> Delaware Park -- Front Park System </Li> <Li> Cazenovia Park -- South Park System </Li> <Li> Martin Luther King Jr . Park </Li> <Li> Riverside Park </Li> <Li> Broderick Park </Li> <Li> Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens </Li> <Li> Forest Lawn Cemetery </Li> <Li> Lafayette Square </Li> <Li> Niagara Square </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Food </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo wings <Ul> <Li> Anchor Bar </Li> <Li> Duff 's Famous Wings </Li> <Li> National Buffalo Wing Festival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beef on weck </Li> <Li> Loganberry drink </Li> <Li> Taste of Buffalo </Li> <Li> Tops Friendly Markets </Li> <Li> Mighty Taco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo Turkey Trot </Li> <Li> Architecture ( Tallest Buildings ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles relating to Buffalo , New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Municipalities and communities of Erie County , New York , United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Buffalo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Lackawanna </Li> <Li> Tonawanda </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alden </Li> <Li> Amherst </Li> <Li> Aurora </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Brant </Li> <Li> Cheektowaga </Li> <Li> Clarence </Li> <Li> Colden </Li> <Li> Collins </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Eden </Li> <Li> Elma </Li> <Li> Evans </Li> <Li> Grand Island </Li> <Li> Hamburg </Li> <Li> Holland </Li> <Li> Lancaster </Li> <Li> Marilla </Li> <Li> Newstead </Li> <Li> North Collins </Li> <Li> Orchard Park </Li> <Li> Sardinia </Li> <Li> Tonawanda </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> <Li> West Seneca </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Villages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akron </Li> <Li> Alden </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Blasdell </Li> <Li> Depew </Li> <Li> East Aurora </Li> <Li> Farnham </Li> <Li> Gowanda ‡ </Li> <Li> Hamburg </Li> <Li> Kenmore </Li> <Li> Lancaster </Li> <Li> North Collins </Li> <Li> Orchard Park </Li> <Li> Sloan </Li> <Li> Springville </Li> <Li> Williamsville </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CDPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angola on the Lake </Li> <Li> Billington Heights </Li> <Li> Cheektowaga </Li> <Li> Clarence </Li> <Li> Clarence Center </Li> <Li> Eden </Li> <Li> Eggertsville </Li> <Li> Elma Center </Li> <Li> Grandyle Village </Li> <Li> Harris Hill </Li> <Li> Holland </Li> <Li> Lake Erie Beach </Li> <Li> North Boston </Li> <Li> Tonawanda </Li> <Li> Town Line </Li> <Li> University at Buffalo </Li> <Li> Wanakah </Li> <Li> West Seneca </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other hamlets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akron Junction </Li> <Li> Alden Center </Li> <Li> Armor </Li> <Li> Athol Springs </Li> <Li> Bagdad </Li> <Li> Bellevue </Li> <Li> Big Tree </Li> <Li> Blakeley </Li> <Li> Blossom </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Bowmansville </Li> <Li> Brant </Li> <Li> Brighton </Li> <Li> Carnegie </Li> <Li> Chaffee </Li> <Li> Clarksburg </Li> <Li> Cleveland Hill </Li> <Li> Clifton Heights </Li> <Li> Collins Center </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Creekside </Li> <Li> Crittenden </Li> <Li> Dellwood </Li> <Li> Derby </Li> <Li> Doyle </Li> <Li> Duells Corner </Li> <Li> Dutchtown </Li> <Li> East Amherst </Li> <Li> East Concord </Li> <Li> East Eden </Li> <Li> East Elma </Li> <Li> East Seneca </Li> <Li> Ebenezer </Li> <Li> Eden Valley </Li> <Li> Ellicott </Li> <Li> Elma </Li> <Li> Evans Center </Li> <Li> Ferry Village </Li> <Li> Footes </Li> <Li> Forks </Li> <Li> Fowlerville </Li> <Li> Gardenville </Li> <Li> Getzville </Li> <Li> Glenwood </Li> <Li> Green Acres Valley </Li> <Li> Griffins Mills </Li> <Li> Holland </Li> <Li> Hunts Corners </Li> <Li> Jerusalem Corners </Li> <Li> Jewettville </Li> <Li> Kenilworth </Li> <Li> Lake View </Li> <Li> Langford </Li> <Li> Lawtons </Li> <Li> Locksley Park </Li> <Li> Looneyville </Li> <Li> Loveland </Li> <Li> Marilla </Li> <Li> Marshfield </Li> <Li> Millersport </Li> <Li> Millgrove </Li> <Li> Morton Corners </Li> <Li> Mount Vernon </Li> <Li> Murrays Corner </Li> <Li> New Ebenezer </Li> <Li> New Oregon </Li> <Li> North Bailey </Li> <Li> North Evans </Li> <Li> Oakfield </Li> <Li> Patchin </Li> <Li> Peters Corners </Li> <Li> Pine Hill </Li> <Li> Pinehurst </Li> <Li> Pontiac </Li> <Li> Porterville </Li> <Li> Protection </Li> <Li> Sand Hill </Li> <Li> Sandy Beach </Li> <Li> Scranton </Li> <Li> Sheenwater </Li> <Li> Shirley </Li> <Li> Snyder </Li> <Li> South Cheektowaga </Li> <Li> South Newstead </Li> <Li> South Wales </Li> <Li> Spring Brook </Li> <Li> Swifts Mills </Li> <Li> Taylor Hollow </Li> <Li> Town Line Station </Li> <Li> Swormville </Li> <Li> Walden Cliffs </Li> <Li> Wales Center </Li> <Li> Wales Hollow </Li> <Li> Water Valley </Li> <Li> Webster Corners </Li> <Li> Wende </Li> <Li> West Alden </Li> <Li> West Falls </Li> <Li> Weyer </Li> <Li> Williston </Li> <Li> Windom </Li> <Li> Wolcottsburg </Li> <Li> Woodlawn </Li> <Li> Woodside </Li> <Li> Wyandale </Li> <Li> Zoar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian reservations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cattaraugus Reservation </Li> <Li> Tonawanda Reservation ‡ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Footnotes </Th> <Td> ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Buffalo -- Niagara Falls metropolitan area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Principal city </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other major cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Niagara Falls </Li> <Li> North Tonawanda </Li> <Li> Lockport </Li> <Li> Lackawanna </Li> <Li> Tonawanda </Li> <Li> Olean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erie </Li> <Li> Niagara </Li> <Li> Cattaraugus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Albany ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Healthcare </Li> <Li> Museums </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Nickname </Li> <Li> Parks </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Law </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adirondack Mountains </Li> <Li> Allegheny Plateau </Li> <Li> Capital District </Li> <Li> Catskill Mountains </Li> <Li> Central Region ( formerly Central - Leatherstocking ) </Li> <Li> Central New York </Li> <Li> Champlain Valley </Li> <Li> New York City </Li> <Li> Finger Lakes </Li> <Li> Holland Purchase </Li> <Li> Hudson Highlands </Li> <Li> Hudson Valley </Li> <Li> Long Island </Li> <Li> Mohawk Valley </Li> <Li> Niagara Frontier </Li> <Li> North Country </Li> <Li> Ridge and Valley </Li> <Li> Saint Lawrence Seaway </Li> <Li> Shawangunks </Li> <Li> Ski country </Li> <Li> Southern Tier </Li> <Li> Southtowns </Li> <Li> Tech Valley </Li> <Li> Thousand Islands </Li> <Li> Tug Hill </Li> <Li> Upstate </Li> <Li> Western </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albany / Schenectady / Troy </Li> <Li> Binghamton </Li> <Li> Buffalo / Niagara Falls </Li> <Li> Elmira / Corning </Li> <Li> Glens Falls </Li> <Li> Ithaca </Li> <Li> Kingston </Li> <Li> New York City </Li> <Li> Rochester </Li> <Li> Syracuse </Li> <Li> Utica / Rome </Li> <Li> Watertown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albany </Li> <Li> Allegany </Li> <Li> Bronx </Li> <Li> Broome </Li> <Li> Cattaraugus </Li> <Li> Cayuga </Li> <Li> Chautauqua </Li> <Li> Chemung </Li> <Li> Chenango </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Cortland </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Dutchess </Li> <Li> Erie </Li> <Li> Essex </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Fulton </Li> <Li> Genesee </Li> <Li> Greene </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Herkimer </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Kings </Li> <Li> Lewis </Li> <Li> Livingston </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Montgomery </Li> <Li> Nassau </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Niagara </Li> <Li> Oneida </Li> <Li> Onondaga </Li> <Li> Ontario </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Orleans </Li> <Li> Oswego </Li> <Li> Otsego </Li> <Li> Putnam </Li> <Li> Queens </Li> <Li> Rensselaer </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Rockland </Li> <Li> Saint Lawrence </Li> <Li> Saratoga </Li> <Li> Schenectady </Li> <Li> Schoharie </Li> <Li> Schuyler </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Steuben </Li> <Li> Suffolk </Li> <Li> Sullivan </Li> <Li> Tioga </Li> <Li> Tompkins </Li> <Li> Ulster </Li> <Li> Warren </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wayne </Li> <Li> Westchester </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> <Li> Yates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Indian reservations </Li> <Li> Villages </Li> <Li> Census - designated places </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Bill de Blasio ( New York City ) </Li> <Li> Byron Brown ( Buffalo ) </Li> <Li> Lovely Warren ( Rochester ) </Li> <Li> Mike Spano ( Yonkers ) </Li> <Li> Ben Walsh ( Syracuse ) </Li> <Li> Kathy Sheehan ( Albany ) </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> New York , NY </Li> <Li> Los Angeles , CA </Li> <Li> Chicago , IL </Li> <Li> Dallas , TX </Li> <Li> Houston , TX </Li> <Li> Washington , DC </Li> <Li> Philadelphia , PA </Li> <Li> Miami , FL </Li> <Li> Atlanta , GA </Li> <Li> Boston , MA </Li> <Li> San Francisco , CA </Li> <Li> Phoenix , AZ </Li> <Li> Riverside , CA </Li> <Li> Detroit , MI </Li> <Li> Seattle , WA </Li> <Li> Minneapolis , MN </Li> <Li> San Diego , CA </Li> <Li> Tampa , FL </Li> <Li> Denver , CO </Li> <Li> St. Louis , MO </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Baltimore , MD </Li> <Li> Charlotte , NC </Li> <Li> San Juan , PR </Li> <Li> Orlando , FL </Li> <Li> San Antonio , TX </Li> <Li> Portland , OR </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh , PA </Li> <Li> Sacramento , CA </Li> <Li> Cincinnati , OH </Li> <Li> Las Vegas , NV </Li> <Li> Kansas City , MO </Li> <Li> Austin , TX </Li> <Li> Columbus , OH </Li> <Li> Cleveland , OH </Li> <Li> Indianapolis , IN </Li> <Li> San Jose , CA </Li> <Li> Nashville , TN </Li> <Li> Virginia Beach , VA </Li> <Li> Providence , RI </Li> <Li> Milwaukee , WI </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Jacksonville , FL </Li> <Li> Memphis , TN </Li> <Li> Oklahoma City , OK </Li> <Li> Louisville , KY </Li> <Li> Richmond , VA </Li> <Li> New Orleans , LA </Li> <Li> Hartford , CT </Li> <Li> Raleigh , NC </Li> <Li> Birmingham , AL </Li> <Li> Buffalo , NY </Li> <Li> Salt Lake City , UT </Li> <Li> Rochester , NY </Li> <Li> Grand Rapids , MI </Li> <Li> Tucson , AZ </Li> <Li> Honolulu , HI </Li> <Li> Tulsa , OK </Li> <Li> Fresno , CA </Li> <Li> Bridgeport , CT </Li> <Li> Worcester , MA </Li> <Li> Albuquerque , NM </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Omaha , NE </Li> <Li> Albany , NY </Li> <Li> New Haven , CT </Li> <Li> Bakersfield , CA </Li> <Li> Knoxville , TN </Li> <Li> Greenville , SC </Li> <Li> Oxnard , CA </Li> <Li> El Paso , TX </Li> <Li> Allentown , PA </Li> <Li> Baton Rouge , LA </Li> <Li> McAllen , TX </Li> <Li> Dayton , OH </Li> <Li> Columbia , SC </Li> <Li> Greensboro , NC </Li> <Li> Sarasota , FL </Li> <Li> Little Rock , AR </Li> <Li> Stockton , CA </Li> <Li> Akron , OH </Li> <Li> Charleston , SC </Li> <Li> Colorado Springs , CO </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Syracuse , NY </Li> <Li> Winston - Salem , NC </Li> <Li> Cape Coral , FL </Li> <Li> Boise , ID </Li> <Li> Wichita , KS </Li> <Li> Springfield , MA </Li> <Li> Madison , WI </Li> <Li> Lakeland , FL </Li> <Li> Ogden , UT </Li> <Li> Toledo , OH </Li> <Li> Deltona , FL </Li> <Li> Des Moines , IA </Li> <Li> Jackson , MS </Li> <Li> Augusta , GA </Li> <Li> Scranton , PA </Li> <Li> Youngstown , OH </Li> <Li> Harrisburg , PA </Li> <Li> Provo , UT </Li> <Li> Palm Bay , FL </Li> <Li> Chattanooga , TN </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Northeastern United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> History </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allentown </Li> <Li> Baltimore </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Bridgeport </Li> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Burlington </Li> <Li> Cambridge </Li> <Li> Elizabeth </Li> <Li> Erie </Li> <Li> Hartford </Li> <Li> Jersey City </Li> <Li> Lowell </Li> <Li> Manchester </Li> <Li> New Haven </Li> <Li> New York City </Li> <Li> Newark </Li> <Li> Paterson </Li> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh </Li> <Li> Portland </Li> <Li> Providence </Li> <Li> Quincy </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Rochester </Li> <Li> Scranton </Li> <Li> Springfield </Li> <Li> Stamford </Li> <Li> Syracuse </Li> <Li> Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Waterbury </Li> <Li> Wilmington </Li> <Li> Worcester </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State capitals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albany </Li> <Li> Annapolis </Li> <Li> Augusta </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Dover </Li> <Li> Hartford </Li> <Li> Harrisburg </Li> <Li> Montpelier </Li> <Li> Providence </Li> <Li> Trenton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WorldCat Identities </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12649673b ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4080569 - 4 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79075597 </Li> <Li> NARA : 10045397 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 237260009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&oldid=866075141 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Buffalo , New York </Li> <Li> Western New York </Li> <Li> New York State Heritage Areas </Li> <Li> Cities in New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> Erie Canal </Li> <Li> Populated places on the Underground Railroad </Li> <Li> Populated places on the Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Inland port cities and towns of the United States </Li> <Li> County seats in New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> Populated places established in 1804 </Li> <Li> Cities in Erie County , New York </Li> <Li> 1804 establishments in New York ( 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how do i get to buffalo new york from here
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Buffalo,_New_York&amp;oldid=866075141
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Halal - wikipedia <H1> Halal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the 2016 film , see Halal ( film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on Islam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Usul al - fiqh </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fiqh </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ijazah </Li> <Li> Ijma </Li> <Li> Ijtihad </Li> <Li> Ikhtilaf </Li> <Li> Istihlal </Li> <Li> Istihsan </Li> <Li> Madhhab </Li> <Li> Madrasah </Li> <Li> Maslaha </Li> <Li> Qiyas </Li> <Li> Taqlid </Li> <Li> Urf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ahkam </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batil </Li> <Li> Bid'ah </Li> <Li> Fard </Li> <Li> Fasiq </Li> <Li> Fitna </Li> <Li> Gunah </Li> <Li> Halal </Li> <Li> Haram </Li> <Li> Istishhad </Li> <Li> Jihad </Li> <Li> Makruh </Li> <Li> Moharebeh </Li> <Li> Mubah </Li> <Li> Mustahabb </Li> <Li> Taghut </Li> <Li> Taqiya </Li> <Li> Thawab </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theological titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caliph </Li> <Li> Shaykh al - Islām </Li> <Li> Sayyid </Li> <Li> Sharif </Li> <Li> Ashraf </Li> <Li> Ulama </Li> <Li> Faqīh </Li> <Li> Grand Imam of al - Azhar </Li> <Li> Allamah </Li> <Li> Mufti </Li> <Li> Grand Mufti </Li> <Li> Hujjat al - Islam </Li> <Li> Da'i al - Mutlaq </Li> <Li> Mujtahid </Li> <Li> Ayatollah </Li> <Li> Marja ' ( Grand Ayatollah ) </Li> <Li> Hafiz </Li> <Li> Hujja </Li> <Li> Hakim </Li> <Li> Imam </Li> <Li> Mullah </Li> <Li> Khatib </Li> <Li> Khawaja </Li> <Li> Mawlānā </Li> <Li> Mawlawi </Li> <Li> Mawla </Li> <Li> Mufassir </Li> <Li> Murshid </Li> <Li> Pir </Li> <Li> Akhoond </Li> <Li> Muhaddith </Li> <Li> Mujaddid </Li> <Li> Qadi </Li> <Li> Sheikh </Li> <Li> Marabout </Li> <Li> Ustad </Li> <Li> Muezzin </Li> <Li> Murid </Li> <Li> Mujahideen </Li> <Li> Ghazi </Li> <Li> Shahid </Li> <Li> Hajji </Li> <Li> Ansar </Li> <Li> Salaf </Li> <Li> Sahabah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> A halal ( حلال ) sign at a butcher 's shop in Paris , France . <P> Halāl ( Arabic : حلال ‎ ‎ ḥalāl , `` permissible '' ) , also spelled hallal or halaal , refers to what is permissible or lawful in traditional Islamic law . It is frequently applied to permissible food and drinks . </P> <P> In the Quran , the word halal is contrasted with haram ( forbidden ) . In Islamic jurisprudence this binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification known as `` the five decisions '' : mandatory , recommended , neutral , reprehensible , and forbidden . Islamic jurists disagree on whether the term halal covers the first three or the first four of these categories . In recent times , Islamic movements seeking to mobilize the masses and authors writing for a popular audience have emphasized the simpler distinction of halal and haram . </P> <P> The term halal is particularly associated with Islamic dietary laws . The Dubai Chamber of Commerce estimated the global industry value of halal food consumer purchases to be $1.1 trillion in 2013 , accounting for 16.6 percent of the global food and beverage market , with an annual growth of 6.9 percent . Growth regions include Indonesia ( $197 million market value in 2012 ) and Turkey ( $100 million ) . The European Union market for halal food has an estimated annual growth of around 15 percent and is worth an estimated $30 billion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 In the Quran <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Vocabulary </Li> <Li> 1.2 Content </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Foods <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Food certification </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Method of slaughter <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Meat offered by non-Muslims </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Lifestyle and tourism </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> In the Quran ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Vocabulary ( edit ) </H3> <P> The words halal and haram are the usual terms used in the Quran to designate the categories of lawful or allowed and unlawful or forbidden . </P> <P> In the Quran , the root h-l-l denotes lawfulness and may also indicate exiting the ritual state of a pilgrim and entering a profane state . In both these senses , it has an opposite meaning to that conveyed by the root h-r-m ( cf . haram and ihram ) . In a literal sense , the root h-l-l may refer to dissolution ( e.g. , breaking of an oath ) or alighting ( e.g. , of God 's wrath ) . Lawfulness is usually indicated in the Quran by means of the verb ahalla ( to make lawful ) , with God as the stated or implied subject . </P> <P> The terms halal and haram parallel the Hebrew terms mutar ( permitted , loosened ) and asur ( forbidden ) , and -- particularly with respect to dietary rules -- the Old Testament categories of clean and unclean . </P> <H3> Content ( edit ) </H3> <P> Quranic statements on ( un ) lawfulness are mostly limited to ritual , family law , and dietary matters . For example , in the area of family law , the Quran declares certain types of women as lawful or unlawful for marriage . In matters of ritual , hunting land animals while in the ritual state for pilgrimage is made unlawful , while fishing is allowed ( 5 : 96 ) . In commerce , sales are made lawful while usury is forbidden ( 2 : 275 ) . The best known dietary rule is the prohibition on eating carrion , blood , swine flesh , and what is consecrated to anyone or anything besides God ( 2 : 173 , 16 : 115 and elsewhere ) . </P> <P> Other passages involving the lawful / unlawful dichotomy suggest that Muslims are subject to fewer restrictions than earlier religious communities . Several passages suggest that Jewish laws are more onerous than those imposed by the Quran , and that the process of repealing some of these laws began with Jesus ( 3 : 50 ) . Certain verses , such as 5 : 5 ( `` Today the good things have been made lawful for you '' ) , indicate that the category of lawful things is being expanded further . </P> <H2> Foods ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Islamic dietary laws A halal sign in Chinese ( 清真 ) at a restaurant in Taipei , Taiwan . <P> Several food companies offer halal processed foods and products , including halal foie gras , spring rolls , chicken nuggets , ravioli , lasagna , pizza , and baby food . Halal ready meals are a growing consumer market for Muslims in Britain and America and are offered by an increasing number of retailers . Vegetarian cuisine is halal if it does not contain alcohol . </P> <P> The most common example of non-halal ( or haram ) food is pork ( pig meat products ) . While pork is the only meat that categorically may not be consumed by Muslims ( the Quran forbids it Sura 16 : 115 ) , other foods not in a state of purity are also considered haram . The criteria for non-pork items include their source , the cause of the animal 's death , and how it was processed . It also depends on the Muslim 's madhab . </P> <P> Muslims must also ensure that all foods ( particularly processed foods ) , as well as non-food items like cosmetics and pharmaceuticals , are halal . Frequently , these products contain animal by - products or other ingredients that are not permissible for Muslims to eat or use on their bodies . Foods which are not considered halal for Muslims to consume include blood and intoxicants such as alcoholic beverages . If there is no halal food available and a Muslim is forced by necessity , then a Muslim is allowed to eat non-halal food in order to prevent death due to starvation . </P> <H3> Food certification ( edit ) </H3> <P> Globally , halal food certification has been criticized by anti-Halal lobby groups and individuals using social media . The critics argue that the practice results in added costs , a requirement to officially certify intrinsically - halal foods , leads to consumers subsidising a particular religious belief . Australian Federation of Islamic Councils spokesman Keysar Trad told a journalist in July 2014 that this was an attempt to exploit anti-Muslim sentiments . </P> <H2> Method of slaughter ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Dhabihah <P> The food must come from a supplier that uses halal practices . Dhabīḥah ( ذَبِيْحَة ) is the prescribed method of slaughter for all meat sources , excluding fish and other sea - life , per Islamic law . This method of slaughtering animals consists of using a well - sharpened knife to make a swift , deep incision that cuts the front of the throat , the carotid artery , trachea , and jugular veins . The head of an animal that is slaughtered using halal methods is aligned with the qiblah . In addition to the direction , permitted animals should be slaughtered upon utterance of the Islamic prayer ' Bismillah ' `` in the name of God '' . </P> <P> The slaughter must be performed by a Muslim . Blood must be drained from the veins . Carrion ( carcasses of dead animals , such as animals who died in the wild ) can not be eaten . Additionally , an animal that has been strangled , beaten ( to death ) , killed by a fall , gored ( to death ) , savaged by a beast of prey ( unless finished off by a human ) , or sacrificed on a stone altar can not be eaten . </P> <P> The animal may be stunned prior to having its throat cut . The UK Food Standards Agency figures from 2011 suggest that 84 % of cattle , 81 % of sheep and 88 % of chickens slaughtered for halal meat were stunned before they died . Supermarkets selling halal products also report that all animals are stunned before they are slaughtered . Tesco , for example , says `` the only difference between the halal meat it sells and other meat is that it was blessed as it was killed . '' The British Veterinary Association , along with citizens who have assembled a petition with 100,000 signatures , have raised concerns regarding a proposed halal abattoir in Wales , in which animals are not to be stunned prior to killing . Concerns about animal suffering from slaughter without prior stunning has resulted in the ban of slaughter of unstunned animals in Denmark , Luxembourg , The Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . Generally , killing animals in Islam is only permissible for two main reasons , to be eaten and to eliminate a danger , e.g. a rabid dog . </P> <H3> Meat offered by non-muslims ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Islamic and Jewish dietary laws compared and Christian dietary laws <P> In Sunni Islam , animals slaughtered by Christians or Jews is halal only if the slaughter is carried out by jugular slice and mentioned before slaughter that the purpose is of permissible consumption and the slaughter is carried out following the name of the God ( indicating that you are grateful for God 's blessings ) , unless explicitly prohibited , like pork . The requirement to invoke Allah 's name is a must . In other words , the word ṭaʻām refers to dhabīḥah meat ; i.e. , the meat prepared after the slaughter of an animal by cutting the throat ( i.e. , the jugular vein , the carotid arteries , and the trachea ) and during slaughter Allâh 's name is invoked ( Ibn ʻAbbās , Mujāhid , ʻIkrimah‍ -- ‌all quoted by Ṭabarī , Ibn Kathīr ) . </P> <P> Kosher meats , which are consumed by Jews , are permitted to be eaten by Muslims . This is due to the similarity between both methods of slaughter and the similar principles of kosher meat which are still observed by some Jews today . </P> <H2> Lifestyle and Tourism ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Halal tourism and Islamic banking and finance <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Halal lifestyle can include travel , finance , clothing , media , recreation , and cosmetics as well as halal food and diet . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Al - Jamia , Shia text which contains all the details of halal things . </Li> <Li> Beurgeois </Li> <Li> Christian dietary laws </Li> <Li> Dhabīḥah </Li> <Li> DIALREL </Li> <Li> Halal certification in Australia </Li> <Li> Islamic dietary laws </Li> <Li> Istiḥlāl </Li> <Li> Ital </Li> <Li> Jhatka </Li> <Li> Kashrut ( kosher ) </Li> <Li> List of foods </Li> <Li> Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura </Li> <Li> Makrūh </Li> <Li> Mubāḥ </Li> <Li> Sattvic diet </Li> <Li> Scottish pork taboo </Li> <Li> Taboo food and drink </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Juan Eduardo Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Halal '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . Infobase Publishing . p. 284 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vikør , Knut S. ( 2014 ) . `` Sharīʿah '' . In Emad El - Din Shahin . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Joseph E ( 2006 ) . `` Lawful and Unlawful '' . In Jane Dammen McAuliffe . Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān . Brill . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dubai Chamber Report shows increasing preference for halal food as global market grows to US $1.1 trn Zawya '' . www.zawya.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REPORT : Consumer Demand for Halal is On the Rise '' . www.fdfworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` USDA Foreign Agricultural Service -- Halal Food Market '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved Aug 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halal la carte '' . The Economist . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pork ( لَحم الخنزير ) From the Quranic Arabic Corpus -- Ontology of Quranic Concepts '' . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Surah Al - Baqarah -- The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quran 5 : 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 90 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maqsood , Rubaiyat Waris ( 2004 ) . Islam . Teach Yourself World Faiths . London : Hodder & Stoughton . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 60901 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen , Damien ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Halal Certification Stamp -- Today Tonight ( Australia ) '' . Today Tonight . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris ( 28 December 2014 ) . `` Why halal certification is in turmoil '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masanauskas , John ( 18 July 2014 ) . `` Halal food outrage from anti-Islam critics '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : www.halalcertification.ie . `` Islamic Method of Slaughtering -- Department of Halal Certification '' . halalcertification.ie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eardley , Nick ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` What is halal meat ? '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Ben ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Millions more animals are slaughtered for halal food : Numbers rise 60 per cent amid calls for them to be stunned before death '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rahman , Khaleda ( 25 January 2015 ) . `` Fury over plans to use taxpayers ' money to fund halal abattoir that refuses to stun its animals before killing them '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sekularac , Ivana ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` Dutch vote to ban religious slaughter of animals '' . Reuters . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comment : Danish halal , kosher ban leaves religious groups with nowhere to turn '' . Special Broadcasting Service . 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sunan an - Nasa'i 4349 , Book : 42 , Hadith : 87 ; Quran ( 40 : 79 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari 3314 , Book : 59 , Hadith : 120 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lawful Foods '' . Just Islam . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Now in the case of Jews this is very easy . As long as the Jew is a practising Jew and the meat is slaughtered in accordance with Jewish law ( Torat Moshe ) then this meat and other Kosher food is lawful ( Halal ) and can be eaten by Muslims . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Islamic ruling on Christian food '' . islamqa . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halal Lifestyle in Indonesia -- UN World Tourism Organization '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved Aug 30 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Yungman , Limor , `` Food '' , in Muhammad in History , Thought , and Culture : An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God ( 2 vols . ) , Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker , Santa Barbara , ABC - CLIO , 2014 , Vol I . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halal . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on <Ul> <Li> Halal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Halal International Authority ( HIA ) - Halal Certification </Li> <Li> Laws of Islam concerning food </Li> <Li> Halal Knowledge Centre </Li> <Li> Halal World certificate </Li> <Li> ASIDCOM report . 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where does halal meat come from in us
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Halal&amp;oldid=804052537
-8,261,187,392,785,672,000
Beauty and the Beast - wikipedia <H1> Beauty and the Beast </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fairy tale . For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Illustration for Beauty and the Beast by Walter Crane . <P> Beauty and the Beast ( French : La Belle et la Bête ) is a traditional fairy tale written by French novelist Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins ( The Young American and Marine Tales ) . Her lengthy version was abridged , rewritten , and published first by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1756 in Magasin des enfants ( Children 's Collection ) and by Andrew Lang in the Blue Fairy Book of his Fairy Book series in 1889 , to produce the version ( s ) most commonly retold . It was influenced by some earlier stories , such as `` Cupid and Psyche '' , written by Lucius Apuleius Madaurensi in The Golden Ass in the 2nd century AD , and `` The Pig King '' . an Italian fairytale published by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . </P> <P> Variants of the tale are known across Europe . In France , for example , Zémire and Azor is an operatic version of the story , written by Marmontel and composed by Grétry in 1771 , which had enormous success well into the 19th century ; it is based on the second version of the tale . Amour pour amour ( Love for love ) , by Nivelle de la Chaussée , is a 1742 play based on de Villeneuve 's version . According to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon , the story originated around 4,000 years ago . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Villeneuve 's version </Li> <Li> 3 Commentary </Li> <Li> 4 Modern uses and adaptations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Literature </Li> <Li> 4.2 Film </Li> <Li> 4.3 Television </Li> <Li> 4.4 Theatre </Li> <Li> 4.5 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> A widower merchant lives in a mansion with his six children , three sons and three daughters . All his daughters are very beautiful , but the youngest , Beauty , is the most lovely , as well as kind , well - read , and pure of heart ; while the two elder sisters , in contrast , are wicked , selfish , vain , and spoiled . They secretly taunt Beauty and treat her more like a servant than a sister . The merchant eventually loses all of his wealth in a tempest at sea which sinks most of his merchant fleet . He and his children are consequently forced to live in a small farmhouse and work for their living . </P> <P> Some years later , the merchant hears that one of the trade ships he had sent has arrived back in port , having escaped the destruction of its compatriots . Before leaving , he asks his children if they wish for him to bring any gifts back for them . The sons ask for weaponry and horses to hunt with , whereas his oldest daughters ask for clothing , jewels , and the finest dresses possible as they think his wealth has returned . Beauty is satisfied with the promise of a rose as none grow in their part of the country . The merchant , to his dismay , finds that his ship 's cargo has been seized to pay his debts , leaving him penniless and unable to buy his children 's presents . </P> <P> During his return , the merchant becomes lost during a storm . Seeking shelter , he enters a dazzling palace . A hidden figure opens the giant doors and silently invites him in . The merchant finds tables inside laden with food and drink , which seem to have been left for him by the palace 's invisible owner . The merchant accepts this gift and spends the night there . The next morning , as the merchant is about to leave , he sees a rose garden and recalls that Beauty had desired a rose . Upon picking the loveliest rose he can find , the merchant is confronted by a hideous `` Beast '' which tells him that for taking his most precious possession after accepting his hospitality , the merchant must die . The merchant begs to be set free , arguing that he had only picked the rose as a gift for his youngest daughter . The Beast agrees to let him give the rose to Beauty , but only if the merchant or one of his daughters will return . </P> Beauty dines with the Beast in an illustration by Anne Anderson . <P> The merchant is upset but accepts this condition . The Beast sends him on his way , with wealth , jewels and fine clothes for his sons and daughters , and stresses that Beauty must never know about his deal . The merchant , upon arriving home , tries to hide the secret from Beauty , but she pries it from him . Her brothers say they will go to the castle and fight the Beast , but the merchant dissuades them , saying they will stand no chance against the monster . Beauty then agrees to go to the Beast 's castle . The Beast receives her graciously and informs her that she is now mistress of the castle , and he is her servant . He gives her lavish clothing and food and carries on lengthy conversations with her . Every night , the Beast asks Beauty to marry him , only to be refused each time . After each refusal , Beauty dreams of a handsome prince who pleads with her to answer why she keeps refusing him , to which she replies that she can not marry the Beast because she loves him only as a friend . Beauty does not make the connection between the handsome prince and the Beast and becomes convinced that the Beast is holding the prince captive somewhere in the castle . She searches and discovers multiple enchanted rooms , but never the prince from her dreams . </P> <P> For several months , Beauty lives a life of luxury at the Beast 's palace , having every whim catered to by invisible servants , with no end of riches to amuse her and an endless supply of exquisite finery to wear . Eventually , she becomes homesick and begs the Beast to allow her to go see her family . He allows it on the condition that she returns exactly a week later . Beauty agrees to this and sets off for home with an enchanted mirror and ring . The mirror allows her to see what is going on back at the Beast 's castle , and the ring allows her to return to the castle in an instant when turned three times around her finger . Her older sisters are surprised to find her well fed and dressed in finery . Beauty tries to share the magnificent gowns and jewels the Beast gave her with her sisters , but they turn into rags at her sisters ' touch , and are restored to their splendour when returned to Beauty , as the Beast meant them only for her . Her sisters are envious when they hear of her happy life at the castle , and , hearing that she must return to the Beast on a certain day , beg her to stay another day , even putting onion in their eyes to make it appear as though they are weeping . They hope that the Beast will be angry with Beauty for breaking her promise and eat her alive . Beauty 's heart is moved by her sisters ' false show of love , and she agrees to stay . </P> Illustration by Warwick Goble . <P> Beauty begins to feel guilty about breaking her promise to the Beast and uses the mirror to see him back at the castle . She is horrified to discover that the Beast is lying half - dead from heartbreak near the rose bushes from which her father plucked the rose , and she immediately uses the ring to return to the Beast . </P> <P> Beauty weeps over the Beast , saying that she loves him . When her tears strike him , the Beast is transformed into the handsome prince from Beauty 's dreams . The Prince informs her that long ago a fairy turned him into a hideous beast after he refused to let her in from the rain and that only by finding true love , despite his ugliness , could the curse be broken . He and Beauty are married and they live happily ever after together . </P> <H2> Villeneuve 's version ( edit ) </H2> <P> Villeneuve 's original tale includes several elements that Beaumont 's omits . Chiefly , the backstory of both Beauty and the Beast is given . The Beast was a prince who lost his father at a young age , and whose mother had to wage war to defend his kingdom . The queen left him in care of an evil fairy , who tried to seduce him when he became an adult ; when he refused , she transformed him into a beast . Beauty 's story reveals that she is not really a merchant 's daughter but the offspring of a king and a good fairy . A wicked fairy had tried to murder Beauty so she could marry her father the king , and Beauty was put in the place of the merchant 's dead daughter to protect her . Villeneuve also gave the castle elaborate magic , which obscured the more vital pieces of it . Beaumont greatly pared down the cast of characters and simplified the tale to an almost archetypal simplicity . </P> <H2> Commentary ( edit ) </H2> Painting of Petrus Gonsalvus ( c. 1580 ) <P> Tatar ( 2017 ) compares the tale to the theme of `` animal brides and grooms '' found in folklore throughout the world , pointing out that the French tale was specifically intended for the preparation of young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages . The urban opening is unusual in fairy tales , as is the social class of the characters , neither royal nor peasants . It may reflect the social changes occurring at the time of its first writing . </P> <P> Hamburger ( 2015 ) points out that the design of the Beast in the 1946 film adaptation by Jean Cocteau was inspired by the portrait of Petrus Gonsalvus , a native of Tenerife who suffered from hypertrichosis , causing an abnormal growth of hair on his face and other parts , and who came under the protection of the French king and married a beautiful Parisian woman named Catherine . </P> <H2> Modern uses and adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The tale has been notably adapted for screen , stage , prose , and television over the years . </P> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Pig King , by Giovanni Francesco Straparola , an Italian fairytale published in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . </Li> <Li> The Scarlet Flower , a Russian fairy tale published in 1858 by Sergey Aksakov . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ... The Story Retold . Laura E. Richards . London : Blickie & Son , 1886 . Also , Boston : Roberts Brothers , 1886 . </Li> <Li> Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast , 1978 and Rose Daughter , 1997 ( both by author Robin McKinley ) . </Li> <Li> `` The Courtship of Mr. Lyon '' , a story from Angela Carter 's The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) , is based on Madame Le Prince de Beaumont 's version . </Li> <Li> `` Beauty '' , a short story by Tanith Lee , is a science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It appeared in Lee 's anthology , Red as Blood , or Tales from the Sisters Grimmer , published in 1983 . The heroine is named Estár ; the Beast , a catlike telepathic alien , is never given a name that can be written or spoken in any human language . </Li> <Li> Fashion Beast , a 1985 screenplay by Alan Moore , was adapted into a graphic novel in 2012 . </Li> <Li> In The Last Wish ( 1993 ) by Andrzej Sapkowski , the story `` A Grain of Truth '' is very similar to `` Beauty and the Beast '' , though the beast enjoys being a beast and the daughters of various merchants willingly live with him in exchange for money . </Li> <Li> Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) by Loretta Chase , a Regency romance and retelling of Beauty and the Beast </Li> <Li> The Fire Rose ( 1995 ) by Mercedes Lackey , part of the Elementals series . </Li> <Li> The Quantum Rose by Catherine Asaro is another science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It won the 2002 Nebula Award for Best Novel and the 2001 Affaire de Coeur Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . The first third of the novel appeared as a three - part serialization in Analog magazine in the 1999 May , June , and July / August issues . Tor Books published the full novel in 2000 . </Li> <Li> Beastly , written in 2007 by Alex Flinn , sets the story in modern - day Manhattan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A French version entitled La Belle et la Bête was made in 1946 , directed by Jean Cocteau , starring Jean Marais as the Beast and Josette Day as the Beauty . This version adds a subplot involving Belle 's suitor Avenant , also played by Marais . </Li> <Li> A 1952 animated feature film , The Scarlet Flower , based upon Aksakov 's aforementioned tale , was directed by Lev Atamanov and produced at the Soyuzmultfilm . It was restored at the Gorky Film Studio in 1987 , and is now widely available on several video and DVD editions in Russia ( an English - subtitled version has not been released ) . </Li> <Li> A 1962 version directed by Edward L. Cahn , starring Joyce Taylor and Mark Damon , had the Beast as a prince who transformed into a werewolf at night , with makeup by Universal 's Jack Pierce . </Li> <Li> In 1987 , The Cannon Group and Golan - Globus Productions released Beauty and the Beast , a musical live - action version , directed by Eugene Marner , starring John Savage as Beast , and Rebecca De Mornay as Beauty , with original music by Lori McKelvey . It was released on VHS in 1988 by Cannon Video , and on DVD in 2005 by MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> In 1991 , Walt Disney Feature Animation produced a musical animated film entitled Beauty and the Beast , directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton , and songs by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman . Like the 1946 version , the Disney version also names Beauty `` Belle '' and gives her a handsome suitor ( here named Gaston ) who eventually plots to kill the Beast . The Beast is depicted to having the head structure and horns of a bison , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the eyebrow of a gorilla , the tusks of a wild boar , the arms and body of a bear , and the hind legs and tail of a wolf . </Li> <Li> Children 's film producer Diane Eskenazi produced Beauty and the Beast , directed by Masakazu Higuchi and Chinami Namba , for Golden Films in 1993 . The film , which relied on moderate animation techniques but was mostly faithful to the original tale , featured classical compositions as opposed to an original soundtrack , featuring the works of many well - known popular composers . This film 's version of the Beast has the body of a gorilla , the mane of a lion , the snout and tusks of a common warthog , and the tail of a bull . </Li> <Li> The theme of the music video `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf , released in 1993 , is adapted from Beauty and the Beast . </Li> <Li> A 2005 Viking period film directed by David Lister was alternately known as Beauty and the Beast and Blood of Beasts . </Li> <Li> A dark version of the fairy tale updated to modern times , director Robert Beaucage 's 2008 film Spike , was described ( at its premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival where it was chosen as part of the Best of the Fest ) as `` Angela Carter rewriting La Belle et la Bête as an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . </Li> <Li> Another modern take is Beastly starring Alex Pettyfer as the beast ( named Kyle ) and Vanessa Hudgens as the love interest ( named Lindy ) . Directed by Daniel Barnz it is based on the book Beastly mentioned above . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , a French - German film , released in 2014 . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , a Disney live - action remake of the 1991 animated film , starring Emma Watson and Dan Stevens , was released on March 17 , 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> George C. Scott appeared as the Beast in a made - for - TV rendition in 1976 , with his second wife , Patricia `` Trish '' Van Devere , co-starring alongside him as Belle in the film , which aired as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame . Scott was nominated for an Emmy for his performance . </Li> <Li> In 1984 , Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre aired `` Beauty and the Beast '' , starring Klaus Kinski and Susan Sarandon . The script , sets , makeup , and costumes were based on the 1946 film . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , a television series which owed as much to detective shows and fantasy fiction as to the fairy tale , was originally broadcast from 1987 to 1989 . This was centered around the relationship between Catherine ( played by Linda Hamilton ) , an attorney who lived in New York City , and Vincent ( played by Ron Perlman ) , a gentle but lion - faced `` beast '' who dwells in the tunnels beneath the city . Wendy Pini created two issues of a comic - book adaptation of the TV series . The series was cancelled when ratings fell after Hamilton decided to leave the show at the end of the second season . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast was featured in Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics . In this version , the Beast had an ogre - like appearance and appeared at the Merchant 's house when his time to give him Beauty came . Outside of Beauty breaking the spell on the Beast enough to turn him back into a prince , the two of them sent birds to carry messages of their marriage . The narrator commented that he learned of this story because `` a little birdie told '' him . </Li> <Li> A version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' was featured in Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child . The story is set in Africa and features the voices of Vanessa L. Williams as the Beauty , Gregory Hines as the Beast , Debbie Allen as Precious , Terrence C. Carson as the Tree , and Paul Winfield as the Father . </Li> <Li> A loose adaption of the story was featured in the animated series Stories from My Childhood . The voice cast included Amy Irving as the Beauty , Tim Curry as the Beast and Robert Loggia as the Beauty 's father . </Li> <Li> Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) is a reworking of the 1987 TV series with Jay Ryan and Kristin Kreuk reprising the roles that Perlman and Hamilton , respectively , had originated in that production . </Li> <Li> A variation of the story was incorporated into an episode of the ABC TV series Once Upon a Time entitled `` Skin Deep '' , in which Beauty / Belle is played by Emilie de Ravin and the Beast is Rumpelstiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) . </Li> <Li> While Belle had appeared in Sofia the First , the Beast was n't featured . Instead , a variation of the story is used in the episode `` Beauty is the Beast '' where Princess Charlotte of Isleworth ( voiced by Megan Hilty ) was turned into a Beast by the powerful enchantress Zinessa ( voiced by Meredith Roberts Quill ) because she was rude and insensitive to Zinessa 's friend Morris the Goblin ( voiced by Andrew Rannells ) . The description of her Beast form is a cross between a human and a wild boar with a wolf - like tail . Once Princess Charlotte vouched for Morris the Goblin upon the royal guards arresting him and became friends with him in front of her parents King Philip and Queen Everly ( voiced by Fritz Sperburg and Jamie Denbo ) upon being encouraged by Sofia , the spell on Princess Charlotte was broken and Zinessa left in cat form while quoting to Princess Charlotte `` well done . '' After thanking Sofia who was transported back to Enchancia , Princess Charlotte invited Morris to the Summer Ball . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Theatre ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In 1994 , Philip Glass wrote an opera , La Belle et la Bête , based on Cocteau 's film . Glass 's composition follows the film scene by scene , effectively providing a new original soundtrack for the movie . </Li> <Li> The Disney film was adapted for the stage as Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton and Alan Menken , who had worked on the film . Howard Ashman , the original lyricist , had died , and additional lyrics were written by Tim Rice . </Li> <Li> In 2011 , a new ballet adaptation of Beauty and the Beast was created by choreographer David Nixon for Northern Ballet . Works by several composers , including Bizet and Poulenc , were used for the score . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A hidden object game , Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast , was released in 2012 . </Li> <Li> The narrative of the Sierra Entertainment adventure game King 's Quest VI follows several fairy tales , and Beauty and the Beast is the focus of one multiple part quest . </Li> <Li> Stevie Nicks recorded a song based on the fairy tale for her 1983 solo album , The Wild Heart . </Li> <Li> Real Life based the video for their signature hit `` Send Me an Angel '' on the fairy story . </Li> <Li> Disco producer Alec R. Costandinos released a twelve inch by his side project Love & Kisses with the theme of the fairy - tale set to a disco melody in 1978 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Damsel in distress </Li> <Li> Eros and Psyche </Li> <Li> Noble savage </Li> <Li> Shapeshifting </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Windling , Terri . `` Beauty and the Beast , Old and New '' . The Journal of Mythic Arts . The Endicott Studio . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stouff , Jean . `` La Belle et la Bête '' . Biblioweb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , `` Cupid and Psyche '' , Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome ' , ' p. 339 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Beauty and the Beast '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Downing . Aesthetics of Opera in the Ancien Régime , 1647 -- 1785 . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC . `` Fairy tale origins thousands of years old , researchers say '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 22 -- 23 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 25 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tatar , Maria ( March 7 , 2017 ) . Beauty and the Beast : Classic Tales of Animal Brides and Grooms from Around the World . Random House Penguin . ISBN 9780143111696 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Morality of Fairy - Tale Animal Brides '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . `` Maria Tatar points ( ... ) the story of Beauty and the Beast was meant for girls who would likely have their marriages arranged '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , p 45 , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreas Hamburger in : Andreas Hamburger ( ed . ) Women and Images of Men in Cinema : Gender Construction in La Belle et La Bete by Jean Cocteau chapter 3 ( 2015 ) . see also : `` La Bella y la Bestia '' : Una historia real inspirada por un hombre de carne y hueso ( difundir.org 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crunelle - Vanrigh , Anny . `` The Logic of the Same and Différance : ' The Courtship of Mr. Lyon ' '' . In Roemer , Danielle Marie , and Bacchilega , Cristina , eds. ( 2001 ) . Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale , p. 128 . Wayne State University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wherry , Maryan ( 2015 ) . `` More than a Love Story : The Complexities of the Popular Romance '' . In Berberich , Christine . The Bloomsbury Introduction to Popular Fiction . Bloomsbury . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1441172013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David J. Hogan ( 1986 ) . Dark Romance : Sexuality In the Horror Film . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0474 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 's and 60 's Horror Movies B '' . The Missing Link . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell A. Peck . `` Cinderella Bibliography : Beauty and the Beast '' . The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( 13 November 1991 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Updated In Form and Content '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Movie Review Film . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GNhdQRbXhc </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . `` Beauty and the Beast : Overview '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason Buchanan . `` Spike '' . All Movie Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calum Waddell . `` Spike '' . Total Sci - Fi . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast + Blood and Guts = Spike '' . HorrorMovies.ca. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Festival Highlights : 2008 Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . Variety . 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of the Fest Programme at Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . The List . 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Hope . `` Spike '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens And Alex Pettyfer Get ' Intense ' In ' Beastly ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/Christophe-Gans-decrypte-sa-version-de-La-Belle-et-la-Bete </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alternate Versions for La Belle et la Bête '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tale as Old as Time : The Making of Beauty and the Beast . ( VCD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Laura ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast , Northern Ballet , Grand Theatre , Leeds , review '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast Collector 's Edition ( PC DVD ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KQ6 Game Play video </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and Beast . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast : folktales of Aarne - Thompson type 425C </Li> <Li> Cinderella Bibliography -- includes an exhaustive list of B&tB productions in books , TV and recordings </Li> <Li> Original version and psychological analysis of Beauty and the Beast </Li> <Li> ( in French ) La Belle et la Bête , audio version </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Beastly ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Exile ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Beastly ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zémire et Azor ( opera ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney Characters </Li> <Li> Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast&oldid=808480523 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Shapeshifting in fiction </Li> <Li> Literary duos </Li> <Li> 1740 works </Li> <Li> French fairy tales </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast </Li> <Li> Love stories </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles containing French - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with French - language external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ລາວ </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 03 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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who owns the rights to beauty and the beast
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast&amp;oldid=808480523
-1,925,375,007,265,298,700
I 'm in Love with a German Film Star - wikipedia <H1> I 'm in Love with a German Film Star </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Passions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Thirty Thousand Feet Over China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` ( Do n't Talk To Me ) I 'm Shy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 23 January 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Post-punk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Polydor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Passions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Peter Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Passions singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Swimmer '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Skin Deep '' ( 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Swimmer '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Skin Deep '' ( 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' is a post-punk song by the British band the Passions . It was released as a single by Polydor Records on 23 January 1981 , and reached No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart . It was the band 's only charting single . The song was later included on the band 's second album , Thirty Thousand Feet Over China ( 1981 ) . </P> <P> The lyrics were written by the band 's vocalist Barbara Gogan about Steve `` Roadent '' Connelly , a one - time roadie for the Clash and Sex Pistols , who had minor roles in several German films and played the Joker in the 1978 miniseries Das Ding . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 2 Track listings <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Passions </Li> <Li> 2.2 Linoleum </Li> <Li> 2.3 Sam Taylor - Wood </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Linoleum covered the song on their second album and also released it as a single in 2000 on the Fierce Panda label . </P> <P> The American rock band Foo Fighters covered `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' as the B - side to their 2005 single `` Best of You '' . </P> <P> The British electronic duo Kish Mauve recorded a version for the B - side of their 2006 single `` Modern Love '' . </P> <P> It was also recorded by the American singer - songwriter Chris Whitley for his 2006 album Reiter In . </P> <P> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' was also covered by the British artist and filmmaker Sam Taylor - Wood , who released it as a single on 20 October 2008 on the German Kompakt label . It was produced by Pet Shop Boys , who also contributed a full length `` Symphonic Mix '' . Other remixes were provided by Gui Boratto , Mark Reeder and Jürgen Paape . The single reached No. 1 on the UK Dance Singles Charts in November 2008 . </P> <P> On 12 April 2010 , the band Dubstar released a cover version of the song for an Amnesty International project . The track appeared on the Peace compilation , available via download . </P> <H2> Track listings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Passions ( edit ) </H3> <P> All tracks written by the Passions . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 7 '' single ( POSP 222 ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' </Li> <Li> `` ( Do n't Talk To Me ) I 'm Shy '' </Li> </Ol> <H3> Linoleum ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> 7 '' single ( NING 093 ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' </Li> <Li> `` Sirens '' </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sam Taylor - Wood ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> 7 '' single ( KOMPAKT POP 13 / 7 ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Original Radio Edit ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Mark Reeder 's Rundfunk Mix ) '' </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> 12 '' single ( KOMPAKT POP 13 ) and download </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Gui Boratto Mix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( PSB Symphonic Mix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Mark Reeder 's Stuck in the 80 's Mix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Jürgen Paape Mix ) '' </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> CD single ( KOMPAKT POP MAXI CD 3 ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Original Radio Edit ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( PSB Symphonic Mix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( PSB Symphonic Instrumental Mix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Mark Reeder 's Stuck in the 80 's Mix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star ( Gui Boratto Mix ) '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gleadell , Colin ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Pamela Anderson , art collector : art market news '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Post Punk Diary : 1980 - 1982 by George Gimarc </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passions : Top 75 Releases '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved on 29 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Marcus . The Clash : Return of the Last Gang in Town . Hall Leonard Corporation . 2004 . P. 128 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 04673 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I 'm In Love With A German Film Star by The Passions Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2003 ) The Great Indie Discography , Canongate , ISBN 1 - 84195 - 335 - 0 , p. 837 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kompakt press release '' . Petshopboys.co.uk ( 20 September 2008 ) . Retrieved on 29 April 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> The Passions </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' at The Passions ' official website </Li> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Sam Taylor - Wood </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_in_Love_with_a_German_Film_Star&oldid=857466494 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1981 songs </Li> <Li> 1981 singles </Li> <Li> 2008 singles </Li> <Li> Post-punk songs </Li> <Li> UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Polydor Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs about films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 August 2018 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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i am in love with a german film star
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Annabeth Gish - wikipedia <H1> Annabeth Gish </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Annabeth Gish </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Anne Elizabeth Gish ( 1971 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1971 ( age 47 ) Albuquerque , New Mexico , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Duke University </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1984 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Wade Allen ( m . 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Annabeth Gish ( born March 13 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She has played roles in films Shag , Hiding Out , Mystic Pizza , SLC Punk ! , The Last Supper and Double Jeopardy . On television , she played Special Agent Monica Reyes on The X-Files , Elizabeth Bartlet Westin on The West Wing , Eileen Caffee on Brotherhood , Charlotte Millwright on The Bridge and Sheriff Althea Jarry on the final season of Sons of Anarchy . </P> <P> In 2016 , she reprised her role as Monica Reyes in the tenth season of The X-Files , and then again in the eleventh season starting in January 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and education </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Humanitarian efforts </Li> <Li> 4 Personal life </Li> <Li> 5 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Film </Li> <Li> 5.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life and education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gish was born Anne Elizabeth Gish in Albuquerque , New Mexico , the daughter of Judy and Robert Gish . When she was two , her family moved to Cedar Falls , Iowa , where she grew up with her brother Tim and her sister Robin . Her father was an English professor at the University of Northern Iowa ; her mother was an elementary school teacher . </P> <P> Gish went to Northern University High School in Cedar Falls , Iowa , where she graduated in 1989 . She attended Duke University , where she was a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and focused her energies on the Drama program , Film Studies and Women 's Studies . She received a B.A. in English in July 1993 . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gish 's first starring role was in the 1986 teen film Desert Bloom . In 1987 , she starred in the film Hiding Out with Jon Cryer . She played `` Kat '' , the sister of Julia Roberts ' character , in 1988 's Mystic Pizza . In 1989 , Gish got her first major TV film role in When He 's Not a Stranger as rape victim Lyn McKenna . Gish portrayed Anne Hampton , the doomed second wife of Rhett Butler , in 1994 in the TV mini series Scarlett . </P> <P> Gish also had a major part in the 1989 comedy Shag starring Bridget Fonda , Phoebe Cates , Page Hannah , Jeff Yagher and Scott Coffey . The film 's title refers to 1960s Carolina shag dancing and beach life in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . </P> <P> In 1994 's Wyatt Earp , starring Kevin Costner , she played Urilla Sutherland , Wyatt 's childhood sweetheart and eventual wife . The next year , she appeared in Oliver Stone 's Nixon as Julie Nixon . In 1996 , Gish played the girlfriend Tracey in Beautiful Girls . In 1997 , Gish received her first starring role in a movie , portraying Susan Sparks opposite Shaquille O'Neal in the movie adaptation of DC Comics superhero Steel . In 1997 , she starred in the TV movie True Women as Euphemia Ashby alongside Dana Delany and Angelina Jolie . In 1998 , Gish starred in SLC Punk ! as a head shop owner named Trish . </P> <P> In 2001 , Gish joined the cast of The X-Files as Special Agent Monica Reyes after series star David Duchovny announced his intention to leave the show . During the eighth and ninth seasons , Gish and fellow newcomer Robert Patrick became the show 's principal characters and it was presumed that the two could carry on the show even after Gillian Anderson left . While it is generally agreed their performances were good , ratings continued to drop with the departure of Duchovny and his dynamic partnership with Gillian Anderson ; the ninth season of The X-Files became the show 's last until 2016 . </P> <P> In 2003 , Gish guest - starred on The West Wing playing Elizabeth Bartlet Westin , eldest daughter of President Josiah Bartlet ( Martin Sheen ) . She appeared several times over the following seasons . </P> <P> In 2006 , Gish played the role of Julia in the independent movie The Celestine Prophecy and costarred in Candles on Bay Street alongside Eion Bailey and Alicia Silverstone . </P> <P> Also in 2006 , Gish began a major role in the Showtime drama Brotherhood as Eileen Caffee . She appeared in 29 of the 33 episodes in the series 's three - season run . </P> <P> Gish played Jo Noonan in the A&E TV miniseries Stephen King 's Bag of Bones in 2011 . Also in 2011 , she played the role of Anne Sullivan , a mysterious therapist in Pretty Little Liars . </P> <P> In 2012 , Gish made a guest appearance in 12th season of the CBS crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . </P> <P> In 2012 , Gish co-starred on the ABC drama pilot Americana as the mother of Ashley Greene 's character . However , the pilot was not picked up . </P> <P> From 2013 to 2014 , Gish was part of the main cast in the FX series The Bridge , in which she played Charlotte Millwright , a widow who discovers that her recently deceased husband had secrets on both sides of the US - Mexican border . </P> <P> In 2014 , she had a guest - starring role on Sons of Anarchy as Lt. Althea Jarry of the San Joaquin County Sheriff 's Department . In summer 2015 , it was announced Gish would return as Monica Reyes in the upcoming The X Files revival . She appeared in episode 6 of season 10 . She will also reprise her role as Agent Reyes for the 11th season of the show for the 2017 - 2018 TV season . She co-starred with Kate Bosworth , Thomas Jane and Dash Mihok in the 2016 thriller film Before I Wake . </P> <H2> Humanitarian efforts ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gish is a supporter of CARE International and , more recently , of Students Rebuild and One Million Bones . On behalf of these organizations , she filmed a short public service announcement video in April 2012 . She is on the board of non-profit organization The Unusual Suspects Theatre Company . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gish is not , as has been sometimes reported , related to the early silent film actress sisters Lillian Gish and Dorothy Gish . When Gish first became interested in acting , she wrote a letter to Lillian Gish , who replied by encouraging Annabeth to stay away from the business . Lillian wrote , `` There 's too much talent and not enough work in the movies ! '' </P> <P> Gish started dating The X-Files stunt man Wade Allen in December 2001 . They married in October 2003 . The couple 's first son , Cash Alexander Allen , was born January 12 , 2007 . The couple 's second son , Enzo Edward Allen , was born October 25 , 2008 . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Hero in the Family </Td> <Td> Jessie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Desert Bloom </Td> <Td> Rose Chismore </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hiding Out </Td> <Td> Ryan Campbell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mystic Pizza </Td> <Td> Kat Arujo </Td> <Td> Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Shag </Td> <Td> Caroline `` Pudge '' Carmichael </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> When He 's Not a Stranger </Td> <Td> Lyn McKenna </Td> <Td> Television film Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Coupe de Ville </Td> <Td> Tammy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> The Last to Go </Td> <Td> Lydia </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lady Against the Odds </Td> <Td> Sylvia Raffray </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Silent Cries </Td> <Td> Hazel Hampton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Wyatt Earp </Td> <Td> Urilla Sutherland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> The Last Supper </Td> <Td> Paulie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Nixon </Td> <Td> Julie Nixon Eisenhower </Td> <Td> Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beautiful Girls </Td> <Td> Tracy Stover </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Do n't Look Back </Td> <Td> Michelle </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> What Love Sees </Td> <Td> Jean Treadway Holly </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> True Women </Td> <Td> Euphemia Ashby </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Mayday -- Flug in den Tod </Td> <Td> Maria Philips </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Steel </Td> <Td> Susan Sparks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> SLC Punk ! </Td> <Td> Trish </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> To Live Again </Td> <Td> Karen Holmes </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Double Jeopardy </Td> <Td> Angie Green / Angie Ryder </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> God 's New Plan </Td> <Td> Claire Hutton </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Different </Td> <Td> Hope Goodell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Sealed with a Kiss </Td> <Td> Robbie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> No Higher Love </Td> <Td> Claire Hutton / Young </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> The Way She Moves </Td> <Td> Amie </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Pursuit of Happiness </Td> <Td> Marissa </Td> <Td> Slamdunk Film Festival for Best Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Morning </Td> <Td> Lily </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Race to Space </Td> <Td> Dr. Donni McGuinness </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Buying the Cow </Td> <Td> Nicole </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> A Death in the Family </Td> <Td> Mary Follet </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Knots </Td> <Td> Greta Siegel </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Life on Liberty Street </Td> <Td> Denise Di Fiori </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> Cynthia Ernst </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Gillery 's Little Secret </Td> <Td> Gillery </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> The Celestine Prophecy </Td> <Td> Julia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Mojave Phone Booth </Td> <Td> Beth </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Desperation </Td> <Td> Mary Jackson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Candles on Bay Street </Td> <Td> Lydia </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Of Murder and Memory </Td> <Td> Sally Linden </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> An American Girl Chrissa Stands Strong </Td> <Td> Meg Maxwell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> At Risk </Td> <Td> Det . Delma Sykes </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Letter </Td> <Td> Beth </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Chaperone </Td> <Td> Lynne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Commerce </Td> <Td> Beth </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Texas Killing Fields </Td> <Td> Gwen Heigh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Home Run Showdown </Td> <Td> Michelle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> A Mother 's Nightmare </Td> <Td> Maddie </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Before I Wake </Td> <Td> Natalie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Grass Stains </Td> <Td> Mrs. Turner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Term Life </Td> <Td> Lucy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Charlie Says </Td> <Td> Virginian Carlson </Td> <Td> Filming </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Scarlett </Td> <Td> Anne Hampton </Td> <Td> 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Courthouse </Td> <Td> Lenore Laderman </Td> <Td> 11 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago Hope </Td> <Td> Amy Peletier </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Three Men and a Lady '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2002 , 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> The X-Files </Td> <Td> Monica Reyes </Td> <Td> 25 episodes Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> CSI : Miami </Td> <Td> Wendy Decker </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Not Landing '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 06 </Td> <Td> The West Wing </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Bartlet Westin </Td> <Td> 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Cleaner </Td> <Td> Barbara Hoffler </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Meet the Joneses '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Brotherhood </Td> <Td> Eileen Caffee </Td> <Td> 29 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Criminal Minds </Td> <Td> Rebecca Hodges </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Parasite '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> FlashForward </Td> <Td> Lita </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Lie to Me </Td> <Td> Ilene </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Saved '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Against the Wall </Td> <Td> Chief Julie Carmen </Td> <Td> Episode : `` A Good Cop '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Bag of Bones </Td> <Td> Jo Noonan </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> CSI : Crime Scene Investigation </Td> <Td> Laura Gabriel </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Americana </Td> <Td> Rachel Clarke </Td> <Td> Unsold TV pilot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Once Upon a Time </Td> <Td> Anita </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Child of the Moon '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Pretty Little Liars </Td> <Td> Dr. Anne Sullivan </Td> <Td> 9 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> The Bridge </Td> <Td> Charlotte Millwright </Td> <Td> 18 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Parks and Recreation </Td> <Td> Stephanie Wyatt </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Partridge '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Parenthood </Td> <Td> Ms. York </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Pontiac '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Betrayal </Td> <Td> Violet </Td> <Td> Episode : `` ... The Karsten Way '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Sons of Anarchy </Td> <Td> Sheriff Althea Jarry </Td> <Td> 10 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Scandal </Td> <Td> Lillian Forrester </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Rizzoli & Isles </Td> <Td> Alice Sands </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Flaked </Td> <Td> Alicia Wiener </Td> <Td> Episode : `` 7th '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Halt and Catch Fire </Td> <Td> Diane Gould </Td> <Td> 17 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> Carolyn Rivers </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Contrapasso '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> The Haunting of Hill House </Td> <Td> Mrs. Dudley </Td> <Td> Upcoming series </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Caron , Nathalie . `` The X-Files adds 2 female directors , Annabeth Gish to return for Season 11 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yahoo . `` Annabeth Gish - Biography '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annabeth Gish joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' April 8 , 2011 , Digital Spy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CASTING : Annabeth Gish Guest Stars '' Archived October 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . October 18 , 2011 , CSI blog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nellie andreeva ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Cougar Town 's Dan Byrd Gets Lead In CBS Comedy Pilot , Two ABC Dramas Add Casts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Demian Bichir , Annabeth Gish , Ted Levine Join FX Drama Pilot ' The Bridge ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) , My Struggle II , David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson , Mitch Pileggi , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annabeth Gish Returns To `` The X-Files '' As Agent Reyes ! `` . bloody-disgusting.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dozens of ' Before I Wake ' Images Flutter In ! - Bloody Disgusting '' . bloody-disgusting.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Students Rebuild . `` Annabeth Gish makes a bone '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Unusual Suspects Theatre Company to Honor MY CRAZY EX-GIRLFIEND's Rachel Bloom & Former Executive Director '' . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , `` Annabeth Gish plays it smart with ' Mystic ' role '' , Roger Ebert.com , October 16 , 1998 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Annabeth Gish Dec 10 , 2016 at 1 : 25am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Annabeth Gish Oct 11 , 2013 at 4 : 18pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People , `` Annabeth Gish and Husband Have a Son '' , People , January 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People , `` Brotherhood star Annabeth Gish Has a Boy '' , People , October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Annabeth Gish on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 12515634 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no95015350 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1946 6941 </Li> <Li> GND : 140792090 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb141817581 ( data ) </Li> <Li> NKC : xx0172851 </Li> <Li> BNE : XX1341534 </Li> <Li> SNAC : w6tg5p3m </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annabeth_Gish&oldid=834218567 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1971 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from Albuquerque , New Mexico </Li> <Li> Actresses from Iowa </Li> <Li> Actresses from New Mexico </Li> <Li> American child actresses </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> Duke University alumni </Li> <Li> Lillian Gish </Li> <Li> People from Cedar Falls , Iowa </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 17 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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who plays the therapist on pretty little liars
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Annabeth_Gish&amp;oldid=834218567
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Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our place in Canada - Wikipedia <H1> Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our place in Canada </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador announced the Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada on 19 March 2002 , in the Speech from the Throne . On 19 April 2002 , the appointment of Commissioners Vic Young , ( Chair ) , Sister Elizabeth Davis and Judge James Igloliorte , were announced . The Commissioners formally assumed their duties on 3 June 2002 and filed its final report on 30 June 2003 . </P> <P> The mandate of the Royal Commission was to conduct a critical assessment of Newfoundland and Labrador 's strengths and weaknesses and to bring forward recommendations as to how they can renew and strengthen their place in Canada . </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Royal Commission website </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This Canada - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Commission_on_Renewing_and_Strengthening_Our_Place_in_Canada&oldid=800011190 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador </Li> <Li> Canadian commissions and inquiries </Li> <Li> Canada stubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 03 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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royal commission on renewing and strengthening our place in canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Royal_Commission_on_Renewing_and_Strengthening_Our_Place_in_Canada&amp;oldid=800011190
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Data type - wikipedia <H1> Data type </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> In computer science and computer programming , a data type or simply type is a classification of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data . Most programming languages support various types of data , for example : real , integer or Boolean . A data type provides a set of values from which an expression ( i.e. variable , function ... ) may take its values . This data type defines the operations that can be done on the data , the meaning of the data , and the way values of that type can be stored . A type of value from which an expression may take its value . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Concept </Li> <Li> 2 Definition </Li> <Li> 3 Classes of data types <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Primitive data types <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Machine data types </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Boolean type </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Numeric types </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Composite types <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Enumerations </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 String and text types </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Other types <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Pointers and references </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Function types </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Abstract data types </Li> <Li> 3.5 Utility types </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Type systems </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Concept ( edit ) </H2> <P> Data types are used within type systems , which offer various ways of defining , implementing and using them . Different type systems ensure varying degrees of type safety . </P> <P> Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of data type , though different languages may use different terminology . Common data types include : </P> <Ul> <Li> integers </Li> <Li> booleans </Li> <Li> characters </Li> <Li> floating - point numbers </Li> <Li> alphanumeric strings </Li> </Ul> <P> For example , in the Java programming language , the type int represents the set of 32 - bit integers ranging in value from - 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 , as well as the operations that can be performed on integers , such as addition , subtraction , and multiplication . Colors , on the other hand , are represented by three bytes denoting the amounts each of red , green , and blue , and one string representing that color 's name ; allowable operations include addition and subtraction , but not multiplication . </P> <P> Most programming languages also allow the programmer to define additional data types , usually by combining multiple elements of other types and defining the valid operations of the new data type . For example , a programmer might create a new data type named `` complex number '' that would include real and imaginary parts . A data type also represents a constraint placed upon the interpretation of data in a type system , describing representation , interpretation and structure of values or objects stored in computer memory . The type system uses data type information to check correctness of computer programs that access or manipulate the data . </P> <P> Most data types in statistics have comparable types in computer programming , and vice versa , as shown in the following table : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistics </Th> <Th> Programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> real - valued ( interval scale ) </Td> <Td> floating - point </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> real - valued ( ratio scale ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> count data ( usually non-negative ) </Td> <Td> integer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> binary data </Td> <Td> Boolean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> categorical data </Td> <Td> enumerated type </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> random vector </Td> <Td> list or array </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> random matrix </Td> <Td> two - dimensional array </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> random tree </Td> <Td> tree </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> ( Parnas , Shore & Weiss 1976 ) identified five definitions of a `` type '' that were used -- sometimes implicitly -- in the literature . Types including behavior align more closely with object - oriented models , whereas a structured programming model would tend to not include code , and are called plain old data structures . </P> <P> The five types are : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Syntactic </Dt> <Dd> A type is a purely syntactic label associated with a variable when it is declared . Such definitions of `` type '' do not give any semantic meaning to types . </Dd> <Dt> Representation </Dt> <Dd> A type is defined in terms of its composition of more primitive types -- often machine types . </Dd> <Dt> Representation and behaviour </Dt> <Dd> A type is defined as its representation and a set of operators manipulating these representations . </Dd> <Dt> Value space </Dt> <Dd> A type is a set of possible values which a variable can possess . Such definitions make it possible to speak about ( disjoint ) unions or Cartesian products of types . </Dd> <Dt> Value space and behaviour </Dt> <Dd> A type is a set of values which a variable can possess and a set of functions that one can apply to these values . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The definition in terms of a representation was often done in imperative languages such as ALGOL and Pascal , while the definition in terms of a value space and behaviour was used in higher - level languages such as Simula and CLU . </P> <H2> Classes of data types ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Primitive data types ( edit ) </H3> <P> Primitive data types are typically types that are built - in or basic to a language implementation . </P> Machine data types ( edit ) <P> All data in computers based on digital electronics is represented as bits ( alternatives 0 and 1 ) on the lowest level . The smallest addressable unit of data is usually a group of bits called a byte ( usually an octet , which is 8 bits ) . The unit processed by machine code instructions is called a word ( as of 2011 , typically 32 or 64 bits ) . Most instructions interpret the word as a binary number , such that a 32 - bit word can represent unsigned integer values from 0 to 2 32 − 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( 32 ) - 1 ) or signed integer values from − 2 31 ( \ displaystyle - 2 ^ ( 31 ) ) to 2 31 − 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( 31 ) - 1 ) . Because of two 's complement , the machine language and machine does n't need to distinguish between these unsigned and signed data types for the most part . </P> <P> There is a specific set of arithmetic instructions that use a different interpretation of the bits in word as a floating - point number . </P> <P> Machine data types need to be exposed or made available in systems or low - level programming languages , allowing fine - grained control over hardware . The C programming language , for instance , supplies integer types of various widths , such as short and long . If a corresponding native type does not exist on the target platform , the compiler will break them down into code using types that do exist . For instance , if a 32 - bit integer is requested on a 16 bit platform , the compiler will tacitly treat it as an array of two 16 bit integers . </P> <P> In higher level programming , machine data types are often hidden or abstracted as an implementation detail that would render code less portable if exposed . For instance , a generic numeric type might be supplied instead of integers of some specific bit - width . </P> Boolean type ( edit ) <P> The Boolean type represents the values true and false . Although only two values are possible , they are rarely implemented as a single binary digit for efficiency reasons . Many programming languages do not have an explicit Boolean type , instead interpreting ( for instance ) 0 as false and other values as true . Boolean data simply refers to the logical structure of how the language is interpreted to the machine language . In this case a Boolean 0 refers to the logic False . True is always a non zero , especially a one which is known as Boolean 1 . </P> Numeric types ( edit ) <P> Such as : </P> <Ul> <Li> The integer data types , or `` non-fractional numbers '' . May be sub-typed according to their ability to contain negative values ( e.g. unsigned in C and C++ ) . May also have a small number of predefined subtypes ( such as short and long in C / C++ ) ; or allow users to freely define subranges such as 1 ... 12 ( e.g. Pascal / Ada ) . </Li> <Li> Floating point data types , usually represent values as high - precision fractional values ( rational numbers , mathematically ) , but are sometimes misleadingly called reals ( evocative of mathematical real numbers ) . They usually have predefined limits on both their maximum values and their precision . Output of these values are often represented in a decimal number format . </Li> <Li> Fixed point data types are convenient for representing monetary values . They are often implemented internally as integers , leading to predefined limits . </Li> <Li> Bignum or arbitrary precision numeric types lack predefined limits . They are not primitive types , and are used sparingly for efficiency reasons . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Composite types ( edit ) </H3> <P> Composite types are derived from more than one primitive type . This can be done in a number of ways . The ways they are combined are called data structures . Composing a primitive type into a compound type generally results in a new type , e.g. array - of - integer is a different type to integer . </P> <Ul> <Li> An array stores a number of elements of the same type in a specific order . They are accessed randomly using an integer to specify which element is required ( although the elements may be of almost any type ) . Arrays may be fixed - length or expandable . <Ul> <Li> A list is similar to an array , but its contents are strung together by a series of references to the next element . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Record ( also called tuple or struct ) Records are among the simplest data structures . A record is a value that contains other values , typically in fixed number and sequence and typically indexed by names . The elements of records are usually called fields or members . </Li> <Li> Union . A union type definition will specify which of a number of permitted primitive types may be stored in its instances , e.g. `` float or long integer '' . Contrast with a record , which could be defined to contain a float and an integer ; whereas , in a union , there is only one type allowed at a time . <Ul> <Li> A tagged union ( also called a variant , variant record , discriminated union , or disjoint union ) contains an additional field indicating its current type for enhanced type safety . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> A set is an abstract data structure that can store certain values , without any particular order , and no repeated values . Values themselves are not retrieved from sets , rather one tests a value for membership to obtain a boolean `` in '' or `` not in '' . </Li> <Li> An object contains a number of data fields , like a record , and also a number of subroutines for accessing or modifying them , called methods . </Li> </Ul> <P> Many others are possible , but they tend to be further variations and compounds of the above . </P> Enumerations ( edit ) <P> The enumerated type has distinct values , which can be compared and assigned , but which do not necessarily have any particular concrete representation in the computer 's memory ; compilers and interpreters can represent them arbitrarily . For example , the four suits in a deck of playing cards may be four enumerators named CLUB , DIAMOND , HEART , SPADE , belonging to an enumerated type named suit . If a variable V is declared having suit as its data type , one can assign any of those four values to it . Some implementations allow programmers to assign integer values to the enumeration values , or even treat them as type - equivalent to integers . </P> String and text types ( edit ) <P> Such as : </P> <Ul> <Li> Alphanumeric character . A letter of the alphabet , digit , blank space , punctuation mark , etc . </Li> <Li> Alphanumeric strings , a sequence of characters . They are typically used to represent words and text . </Li> </Ul> <P> Character and string types can store sequences of characters from a character set such as ASCII . Since most character sets include the digits , it is possible to have a numeric string , such as `` 1234 '' . However , many languages treat these as belonging to a different type to the numeric value 1234 . </P> <P> Character and string types can have different subtypes according to the required character `` width '' . The original 7 - bit wide ASCII was found to be limited , and superseded by 8 and 16 - bit sets , which can encode a wide variety of non-Latin alphabets ( Hebrew , Chinese ) and other symbols . Strings may be either stretch - to - fit or of fixed size , even in the same programming language . They may also be subtyped by their maximum size . </P> <P> Note : strings are not primitive in all languages , for instance C : they may be composed from arrays of characters . </P> <H3> Other types ( edit ) </H3> <P> Types can be based on , or derived from , the basic types explained above . In some languages , such as C , functions have a type derived from the type of their return value . </P> Pointers and references ( edit ) <P> The main non-composite , derived type is the pointer , a data type whose value refers directly to ( or `` points to '' ) another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its address . It is a primitive kind of reference . ( In everyday terms , a page number in a book could be considered a piece of data that refers to another one ) . Pointers are often stored in a format similar to an integer ; however , attempting to dereference or `` look up '' a pointer whose value was never a valid memory address would cause a program to crash . To ameliorate this potential problem , pointers are considered a separate type to the type of data they point to , even if the underlying representation is the same . </P> Function types ( edit ) Main article : Function type <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Abstract data types ( edit ) </H3> <P> Any type that does not specify an implementation is an abstract data type . For instance , a stack ( which is an abstract type ) can be implemented as an array ( a contiguous block of memory containing multiple values ) , or as a linked list ( a set of non-contiguous memory blocks linked by pointers ) . </P> <P> Abstract types can be handled by code that does not know or `` care '' what underlying types are contained in them . Programming that is agnostic about concrete data types is called generic programming . Arrays and records can also contain underlying types , but are considered concrete because they specify how their contents or elements are laid out in memory . </P> <P> Examples include : </P> <Ul> <Li> A queue is a first - in first - out list . Variations are Deque and Priority queue . </Li> <Li> A set can store certain values , without any particular order , and with no repeated values . </Li> <Li> A stack is a last - in , first out data structure . </Li> <Li> A tree is a hierarchical structure . </Li> <Li> A graph . </Li> <Li> A hash , dictionary , map or associative array is a more flexible variation on a record , in which name - value pairs can be added and deleted freely . </Li> <Li> A smart pointer is the abstract counterpart to a pointer . Both are kinds of references . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Utility types ( edit ) </H3> <P> For convenience , high - level languages may supply ready - made `` real world '' data types , for instance times , dates and monetary values and memory , even where the language allows them to be built from primitive types . </P> <H2> Type systems ( edit ) </H2> <P> A type system associates types with computed values . By examining the flow of these values , a type system attempts to prove that no type errors can occur . The type system in question determines what constitutes a type error , but a type system generally seeks to guarantee that operations expecting a certain kind of value are not used with values for which that operation does not make sense . </P> <P> A compiler may use the static type of a value to optimize the storage it needs and the choice of algorithms for operations on the value . In many C compilers the float data type , for example , is represented in 32 bits , in accord with the IEEE specification for single - precision floating point numbers . They will thus use floating - point - specific microprocessor operations on those values ( floating - point addition , multiplication , etc . ) . </P> <P> The depth of type constraints and the manner of their evaluation affect the typing of the language . A programming language may further associate an operation with varying concrete algorithms on each type in the case of type polymorphism . Type theory is the study of type systems , although the concrete type systems of programming languages originate from practical issues of computer architecture , compiler implementation , and language design . </P> <P> Type systems may be variously static or dynamic , strong or weak typing , and so forth . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> C data types </Li> <Li> Data dictionary </Li> <Li> Functional programming </Li> <Li> Kind </Li> <Li> Type theory for the mathematical models of types </Li> <Li> Type system for different choices in programming language typing </Li> <Li> Type conversion </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ type at the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaffer , C.A. Data Structures and Algorithms , 1.2 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Parnas , David L. ; Shore , John E. ; Weiss , David ( 1976 ) . `` Abstract types defined as classes of variables '' . Proceedings of the 1976 conference on Data : Abstraction , definition and structure : 149 -- 154 . doi : 10.1145 / 800237.807133 . </Li> <Li> Cardelli , Luca ; Wegner , Peter ( December 1985 ) . `` On Understanding Types , Data Abstraction , and Polymorphism '' ( PDF ) . ACM Computing Surveys . New York , NY , USA : ACM. 17 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 523 . doi : 10.1145 / 6041.6042 . ISSN 0360 - 0300 . </Li> <Li> Cleaveland , J. Craig ( 1986 ) . An Introduction to Data Types . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0201119404 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Data types </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uninterpreted </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bit </Li> <Li> Byte </Li> <Li> Trit </Li> <Li> Tryte </Li> <Li> Word </Li> <Li> Bit array </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Numeric </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arbitrary - precision or bignum </Li> <Li> Complex </Li> <Li> Decimal </Li> <Li> Fixed point </Li> <Li> Floating point <Ul> <Li> Double precision </Li> <Li> Extended precision </Li> <Li> Half precision </Li> <Li> Long double </Li> <Li> Minifloat </Li> <Li> Octuple precision </Li> <Li> Quadruple precision </Li> <Li> Single precision </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Integer <Ul> <Li> signedness </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Interval </Li> <Li> Rational </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pointer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Address <Ul> <Li> physical </Li> <Li> virtual </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Reference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Text </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Character </Li> <Li> String <Ul> <Li> null - terminated </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composite </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algebraic data type <Ul> <Li> generalized </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Array </Li> <Li> Associative array </Li> <Li> Class </Li> <Li> Dependent </Li> <Li> Equality </Li> <Li> Inductive </Li> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Object <Ul> <Li> metaobject </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Option type </Li> <Li> Product </Li> <Li> Record </Li> <Li> Set </Li> <Li> Union <Ul> <Li> tagged </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boolean </Li> <Li> Bottom type </Li> <Li> Collection </Li> <Li> Enumerated type </Li> <Li> Exception </Li> <Li> Function type </Li> <Li> Opaque data type </Li> <Li> Recursive data type </Li> <Li> Semaphore </Li> <Li> Stream </Li> <Li> Top type </Li> <Li> Type class </Li> <Li> Unit type </Li> <Li> Void </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abstract data type </Li> <Li> Data structure </Li> <Li> Generic </Li> <Li> Kind <Ul> <Li> metaclass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parametric polymorphism </Li> <Li> Primitive data type </Li> <Li> Protocol <Ul> <Li> interface </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Subtyping </Li> <Li> Type constructor </Li> <Li> Type conversion </Li> <Li> Type system </Li> <Li> Type theory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See also platform - dependent and independent units of information </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4011149 - 0 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_type&oldid=843003859 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Data types </Li> <Li> Programming language concepts </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from October 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles with example C code </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 36 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 05 : 45 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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why is it important to assign data types in programming
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Data_type&amp;oldid=843003859
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The Ed Sullivan show - wikipedia <H1> The Ed Sullivan show </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Ed Sullivan Show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ed Sullivan in 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Toast of the Town </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Variety Sketch Comedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Ed Sullivan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bern Bennett ( 1948 -- 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Art Hannes ( 1949 -- 1959 & 1961 -- 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Ralph Paul ( 1959 -- 1961 & 1964 -- 1971 ) </Li> </Ul> ( announcer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Ray Bloch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Toast of the Town '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 1,068 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ed Sullivan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marlo Lewis ( 1948 -- 1960 ) ( cofounder and coproducer with Sullivan ) </Li> <Li> Bob Precht </Li> <Li> Chester Feldman </Li> <Li> Jack McGeehan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ed Sullivan Theater New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 50 -- 53 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black - and - white ( 1948 -- 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Color ( 1965 -- 1971 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Monaural </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> June 20 , 1948 ( 1948 - 06 - 20 ) -- June 6 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Ed Sullivan Show was an American television variety show that ran on CBS from June 20 , 1948 , to June 6 , 1971 , and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan . It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie . </P> <P> In 2002 , The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked # 15 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , the series finished No. 31 in TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Ed Sullivan Show Orchestra </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Famous performances / notable guest stars <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Itzhak Perlman </Li> <Li> 3.2 Elvis Presley <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Initial appearance </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Second and third appearances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Beatles </Li> <Li> 3.4 African - American artists <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 The Supremes </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 Opportunity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.5 The Muppets </Li> <Li> 3.6 Broadway </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Mental illness program </Li> <Li> 5 Film clips </Li> <Li> 6 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Bo Diddley </Li> <Li> 6.2 A Short Vision </Li> <Li> 6.3 Buddy Holly and the Crickets </Li> <Li> 6.4 Jackie Mason </Li> <Li> 6.5 Bob Dylan </Li> <Li> 6.6 The Doors </Li> <Li> 6.7 The Rolling Stones </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Ratings history </Li> <Li> 8 Primetime specials </Li> <Li> 9 Parodies </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Carmen Miranda and Ed Sullivan on Toast of the Town , 1953 . <P> From 1948 until its cancellation in 1971 , the show ran on CBS every Sunday night from 8 -- 9 p.m. E.T. , and is one of the few entertainment shows to have run in the same weekly time slot on the same network for more than two decades ( during its first season , it ran from 9 to 10 p.m. E.T. ) . Virtually every type of entertainment appeared on the show ; classical musicians , opera singers , popular recording artists , songwriters , comedians , ballet dancers , dramatic actors performing monologues from plays , and circus acts were regularly featured . The format was essentially the same as vaudeville and , although vaudeville had undergone a slow demise for a generation , Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show . </P> <P> Originally co-created and produced by Marlo Lewis , the show was first titled Toast of the Town , but was widely referred to as The Ed Sullivan Show for years before September 25 , 1955 , when that became its official name . In the show 's June 20 , 1948 debut , Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis performed along with singer Monica Lewis and Broadway composers Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II previewing the score to their then - new show South Pacific , which opened on Broadway in 1949 . </P> <P> From 1948 through 1962 , the program 's primary sponsor was the Lincoln - Mercury Division of the Ford Motor Company ; Sullivan read many commercials for Mercury vehicles live on the air during this period . </P> <P> The Ed Sullivan Show was originally broadcast via live television from CBS - TV studio 51 , the Maxine Elliott Theatre , at Broadway and 39th St. before moving to its permanent home at CBS - TV Studio 50 in New York City ( 1697 Broadway , at 53rd Street ) , which was renamed the Ed Sullivan Theater on the occasion of the program 's 20th anniversary in June 1968 . The last original Sullivan show telecast ( # 1068 ) was on March 28 , 1971 , with guests Melanie , Joanna Simon , Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass and Sandler and Young . Repeats were scheduled through June 6 , 1971 . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Along with the new talent Sullivan booked each week , he also had recurring characters appear many times a season , such as his `` Little Italian Mouse '' puppet sidekick Topo Gigio , who debuted December 9 , 1962 , and ventriloquist Señor Wences debuted December 31 , 1950 . While most of the episodes aired live from New York City , the show also aired live on occasion from other nations , such as the United Kingdom , Australia , and Japan . For many years , Ed Sullivan was a national event each Sunday evening , and was the first exposure for foreign performers to the American public . On the occasion of the show 's tenth anniversary telecast , Sullivan commented on how the show had changed during a June 1958 interview syndicated by the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) : </P> <P> The chief difference is mostly one of pace . In those days , we had maybe six acts . Now we have 11 or 12 . Then , each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so . Now they do two or three minutes . And in those early days I talked too much . Watching these kines I cringe . I look up at me talking away and I say `` You fool ! Keep quiet ! '' But I just keep on talking . I 've learned how to keep my mouth shut . </P> <P> The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . As had occurred with the annual telecasts of The Wizard of Oz in the 1960s and ' 70s , the family ritual of gathering around the television set to watch Ed Sullivan became almost a U.S. cultural universal . He was regarded as a kingmaker , and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom , although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case . The show 's iconic status is illustrated by the song `` Hymn for a Sunday Evening '' from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie . In the song , a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones . </P> <P> In September 1965 , CBS started televising the program in compatible color , as all three major networks began to switch to 100 percent color prime time schedules . CBS had once backed its own color system , developed by Peter Goldmark , and resisted using RCA 's compatible process until 1954 . At that time , it built its first New York City color TV studio , Studio 72 , in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway ( 81st Street ) . One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22 , 1954 , from the new studio , but it was mostly used for one - time - only specials such as Rodgers and Hammerstein 's March 31 , 1957 Cinderella . ( The facility was later acquired by TeleTape Productions and notably became the first studio where the PBS children 's program Sesame Street was produced . ) CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house . CBS Studio 50 was finally `` colorized '' in 1965 . The 1965 -- 66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12 , which was the last episode to air in black and white . This occurred because the episode was taped at the Beatles ' convenience on August 14 , the eve of their Shea Stadium performance and a two - week tour of North America , slightly before the program was ready for color transmission . </P> <P> In the late 1960s , Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on . He realized that to keep viewers , the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen , or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel . Along with declining viewership , Ed Sullivan attracted a higher median age for the average viewer ( which most sponsors found undesirable ) as the seasons went on . These two factors were the reason the show was canceled by CBS as part of a mass cancellation of advertiser - averse programming after the end of the 1970 -- 1971 season . Because there was no notice of cancellation , Sullivan 's landmark program ended without a proper finale . Sullivan would produce one - off specials for CBS until his death in 1974 . </P> <P> In 1990 , television documentary producer Andrew Solt formed SOFA Entertainment , Inc. and purchased the exclusive rights to the complete library of The Ed Sullivan Show from Ed Sullivan 's daughter Elizabeth and her husband Bob Precht . The collection consists of 1,087 hours of kinescopes and videotapes broadcast by CBS on Sunday nights from 1948 to 1971 . </P> <P> Since acquiring the rights to The Ed Sullivan Show library , SOFA Entertainment has catalogued , organized and cleared performance rights for the original shows . Starting in 1991 , SOFA Entertainment has re-introduced The Ed Sullivan Show to the American public by producing numerous network specials , half - hour series ( airing on TV Land , PBS , VH1 and Decades ) and home video compilations . Some of these compilations include The 4 Complete Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Beatles , All 6 Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Rolling Stones , Elvis : The Ed Sullivan Shows , Motown Gold from the Ed Sullivan Show , Ed Sullivan 's Rock ' n Roll Classics , and 115 half - hour The Best of The Ed Sullivan Show specials , among others . The legendary performances of this show are also available as video and audio downloads and as an app on iTunes . '' </P> <H3> The Ed Sullivan show orchestra ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the early years of television , both CBS and NBC networks had their own symphony orchestras . NBC 's was conducted by Arturo Toscanini and CBS 's by Alfredo Antonini . The Ed Sullivan Show was basically a musical variety show , and thus members of the CBS orchestra were folded into the Ed Sullivan Show Orchestra , conducted by Ray Bloch . During the early days of television , the demands on studio musicians were many - tiered . They needed to be proficient in all genres of music , from classical , to jazz and to rock and roll . The Ed Sullivan Show would regularly feature singers from the Metropolitan Opera and the staff orchestra would accompany divas such as Eileen Farrell , Maria Callas or Joan Sutherland . The musicians needed to be prepared to switch gears for Ella Fitzgerald , Diahann Carroll or Sammy Davis , Jr. and then onto The Jackson Five , Stevie Wonder or Tom Jones or Itzhak Perlman . They also needed to perform with some of the greatest dancers and ballerinas of the time , from Gregory Hines , Juliet Prowse , Maria Tallchief or Margo Fonteyn to the Peter Genarro dancers . In the process , the musicians collaborated with several internationally recognized ballet troupes including : Ruth Page 's Chicago Opera Ballet , the London Festival Ballet , Roland Petit 's Ballets de Paris and Russia 's Igor Moiseyev Ballet . Few musicians are capable of crossing over from one genre to another . However , each member of the Ed Sullivan Show Orchestra was a specialist and more than capable of covering the complete spectrum of music . </P> <P> Music Hall Of Fame inductee Gordon Chris Griffin ( formerly with the trumpet section of Harry James , Ziggy Elman and Chris Griffin of The Benny Goodman Band ) was Ray Bloch 's lead trumpet player for the many radio and television shows that he conducted , including the Ed Sullivan Show . `` Chris '' remained the lead trumpet player with The Ed Sullivan show from the first show in 1948 to the last show in 1971 . Milton Schlesinger was a percussionist who similarly played from the first to last show . John Serry Sr. often augmented the orchestra as the lead accordionist during the 1950s . Unlike NBC 's The Tonight Show , which celebrated the notoriety of their musicians in Skitch Henderson 's or Doc Severinsen 's `` Tonight Show Band '' , the CBS producers of The Ed Sullivan Show decided to hide their famed musicians behind a curtain . Occasionally , CBS would broadcast specials and call upon the orchestra to perform . When Robert Kennedy was assassinated , music was hastily composed for the orchestra in a special tribute that also featured Bill Evans , who had recently composed an Elegy To His Father . In 1971 , The Ed Sullivan Show came to an abrupt end . The CBS board of directors chose this occasion to terminate any and all contracts with their musicians as they were unceremoniously shown the door . </P> <H2> Famous performances / notable guest stars ( edit ) </H2> Sullivan and The Beatles , February 1964 <P> The Ed Sullivan Show is especially known to the World War II and baby boomer generations for introducing acts and airing breakthrough performances by popular 1950s and 1960s musicians such as Elvis Presley , The Beatles , The Supremes , The Dave Clark Five , The Animals , The Beach Boys , The Jackson 5 , Janis Joplin , The Rolling Stones , The Mamas & the Papas , The Lovin ' Spoonful , Herman 's Hermits , The Doors and The Band . The Canadian comedy duo Wayne and Shuster appeared on the program 67 times , a record for any performer . </P> <H3> Itzhak Perlman ( edit ) </H3> <P> The American public 's first exposure to Itzhak Perlman was on the show in 1958 , when he was just 13 . This performance was a breakthrough not only for classical music , but also for Perlman , who rode the waves of admiration that came with performing on the show to new heights of fame and has remained one of the most famous violinists for decades . </P> <H3> Elvis Presley ( edit ) </H3> Initial appearance ( edit ) <P> On September 9 , 1956 , Presley made his first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show ( after earlier appearances on shows hosted by the Dorsey Brothers , Milton Berle , and Steve Allen ) , even though Sullivan had previously vowed never to allow Presley on the show . According to biographer Michael David Harris , `` Sullivan signed Presley when the host was having an intense Sunday - night rivalry with Steve Allen . Allen had the singer on July 1 and trounced Sullivan in the ratings . When asked to comment , the CBS star said that he would n't consider presenting Presley before a family audience . Less than two weeks later he changed his mind and signed a contract . The newspapers asked him to explain his reversal . ' What I said then was off the reports I 'd heard . I had n't even seen the guy . Seeing the kinescopes , I do n't know what the fuss was all about . For instance , the business about rubbing the thighs . He rubbed one hand on his hip to dry off the perspiration from playing his guitar . ' '' </P> <P> Sullivan 's reaction to Presley 's performance on The Milton Berle Show was , `` I do n't know why everybody picked on Presley , I thought the whole show was dirty and vulgar . '' </P> <P> Elvis mythology states that Sullivan censored Presley by only shooting him from the waist up . Sullivan may have helped create the myth when he told TV Guide , `` as for his gyrations , the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots . '' In truth Presley 's whole body was shown in the first and second shows . </P> <P> At the time , Presley was filming Love Me Tender , so Sullivan 's producer , Marlo Lewis , flew to Los Angeles to supervise the two segments telecast that night from CBS Television City in Hollywood . Sullivan , however , was not able to host his show in New York City because he was recovering from a near fatal automobile accident . Charles Laughton guest - hosted in Sullivan 's place . Laughton appeared in front of plaques with gold records and stated , `` These gold records , four of them ... are a tribute to the fact that four of his recordings have sold , each sold , more than a million copies . And this , by the way , is the first time in record - making history that a singer has hit such a mark in such a short time ... And now , away to Hollywood to meet Elvis Presley . '' </P> <P> However , according to Greil Marcus , Laughton was the main act of Sullivan 's show . `` Presley was the headliner , and a Sullivan headliner normally opened the show , but Sullivan was burying him . Laughton had to make the moment invisible : to act as if nobody was actually waiting for anything . He did it instantly , with complete command , with the sort of television presence that some have and some -- Steve Allen , or Ed Sullivan himself -- do n't . '' </P> <P> Host Laughton introduced the singer from New York . Once on camera , Elvis cleared his throat and said , `` Thank you , Mr. Laughton , ladies and gentlemen . Wow '' , and wiped his brow . `` This is probably the greatest honor I 've ever had in my life . Ah . There 's not much I can say except , it really makes you feel good . We want to thank you from the bottom of our heart . And now ... '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , which was , after a short introduction by Elvis , followed by `` Love Me Tender '' . According to Elaine Dundy , Presley sang `` Love Me Tender '' `` straight , subdued and tender ... -- a very different Elvis from the one on The Steve Allen Show three months before '' . </P> <P> When the camera returned to Laughton , he stated , `` Well , well , well well well . Ladies and gentlemen , Elvis Presley . And Mr. Presley , if you are watching this in Hollywood , and I may address myself to you . It has been many a year since any young performer has captured such a wide , and , as we heard tonight , devoted audience . '' </P> Elvis Presley performing `` Ready Teddy '' <P> Elvis 's second set in the show consisted of `` Ready Teddy '' and a short on - air comment to Sullivan , `` Ah , Mr. Sullivan . We know that somewhere out there you are looking in , and , ah , all the boys and myself , and everybody out here , are looking forward to seeing you back on television . '' Next , Elvis declared , `` Friends , as a great philosopher once said , ' You ai n't nothin ' but a Hound Dog ... , ' '' as he launched into a short ( 1 : 07 ) version of the song . </P> <P> According to Marcus , `` For the first of his two appearances that night , as a performer Elvis had come on dressed in grandma 's nightgown and nightcap . '' Concerning the singer 's second set in the show , the author adds that there were `` Elvis , Scotty Moore on guitar , Bill Black on stand - up bass , D.J. Fontana on drums , three Jordanaires on their feet , one at a piano . They were shown from behind ; the camera pulled all the way back . They went into ' Ready Teddy . ' It was Little Richard 's most thrilling record '' , however , `` there was no way Elvis was going to catch him , but he did n't have to -- the song is a wave and he rode it . Compared to moments on the Dorsey shows , on the Berle show , it was ice cream -- Elvis 's face unthreatening , his legs as if in casts ... '' When `` he sang Little Richard 's ' Reddy Teddy ' and began to move and dance , the camera pulled in , so that the television audience saw him from the waist up only . '' </P> <P> Although Laughton was the main star and there were seven other acts on the show , Elvis was on camera for more than a quarter of the time allotted to all acts . The show was viewed by a record 60 million people which at the time was 82.6 percent of the television audience , and the largest single audience in television history . `` In the New York Times '' , however , `` Jack Gould began his review indignantly : Elvis Presley had ' injected movements of his tongue and indulged in wordless singing that were singularly distasteful . ' Overstimulating the physical impulses of the teenagers was ' a gross national disservice . ' '' </P> Second and third appearances ( edit ) `` Hound Dog '' , October 28 , 1956 <P> Sullivan hosted a second appearance by Presley on October 28 , 1956 . Elvis performed `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , then `` Love Me Tender '' . Sullivan then addressed the audience as he stood beside Elvis , who began shaking his legs , eliciting screams from the audience . By the time Sullivan turned his head , Elvis was standing motionless . After Presley left the stage , Sullivan stated , `` I ca n't figure this darn thing out . You know . He just does this ( Ed shakes his legs ) and everybody yells . '' Elvis appeared a second time in the show and sang `` Love Me '' . Later on , he sang a nearly four - minute - long version of `` Hound Dog '' and was shown in full the entire song . </P> <P> For the third and final appearance on January 6 , 1957 , Presley performed a medley of `` Hound Dog '' , `` Love Me Tender '' , and `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , followed by a full version of `` Do n't Be Cruel '' . For a second set later in the show he did `` Too Much '' and `` When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again '' . For his last set he sang `` Peace in the Valley '' . According to Sullivan 's co-producer Marlo Lewis , the rumor had it that `` Elvis has been hanging a small soft - drink bottle from his groin underneath his pants , and when he wiggles his leg it looks as though his pecker reaches down to his knee ! '' It was decided to shoot the singer only from the waist while he performed . Although much has been made of the fact that Elvis was shown only from the waist up , except for the short section of `` Hound Dog '' , all of the songs on this show were ballads . `` Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows '' , Greil Marcus says , Elvis `` stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha , if not a harem girl . From the make - up over his eyes , the hair falling in his face , the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth , he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik , with all stops out . That he did so in front of the Jordanaires , who this night appeared as the four squarest - looking men on the planet , made the performance even more potent . '' </P> <P> Sullivan praised Elvis at the end of the show , saying `` This is a real decent , fine boy . We 've never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we 've had with you ... You 're thoroughly all right '' -- a remark that could either be interpreted as a `` ringing endorsement '' that `` legitimized the singer with an adult audience '' or as `` a somewhat hypocritical statement considering what the CBS censors had just done to his performance on that show . '' Eyewitness Jerry Schilling writes , `` The way Elvis looked out at us at that moment , I thought I could see a mix of hurt over the attacks he 'd been subjected to in the press , and a deep pride in who he was and what he was doing . '' ( According to historian Tim Parrish , Presley 's manager , Colonel Parker , `` had threatened to remove Elvis from the show if Sullivan did not apologize for telling the press that Elvis 's ' gyrations ' were immoral . '' ) Reflecting on the event in 1969 , Presley claimed that Sullivan had expressed a very different opinion off - camera : `` So they arranged to put me on television . At that particular time there was a lot of controversy -- you did n't see people moving -- out in public . They were gettin ' it on in the back rooms , but you did n't see it out in public too much . So there was a lot of controversy ... and I went to the Ed Sullivan Show . They photographed me from the waist up . And Sullivan 's standing over there saying , ' Sumbitch . ' I said , ' Thank you , Ed , thank you . ' I did n't know what he was calling me , at the time . '' </P> <P> Years later , Sullivan `` tried to sign the singer up again ... He phoned Presley 's manager , Col. Tom Parker , and asked about a price . Parker came up with a list of instructions and conditions and after hearing the demands Sullivan said , ' Give Elvis my best -- and my sympathy , ' and he hung up . '' The singer never again appeared in Sullivan 's show , although in February 1964 at the start of the first of three broadcasts featuring the Beatles ( see below ) , Sullivan announced that a telegram had been received from Presley and Parker wishing the British group luck . </P> <H3> The Beatles ( edit ) </H3> The Beatles performing `` Help ! '' in August 1965 . <P> In late 1963 , Sullivan and his entourage happened also to be passing through Heathrow and witnessed how The Beatles ' fans greeted the group on their return from Stockholm , where they had performed a television show as warmup band to local stars Suzie and Lill Babs . Sullivan was intrigued , telling his entourage it was the same thing as Elvis all over again . He initially offered Beatles manager Brian Epstein top dollar for a single show but the Beatles manager had a better idea -- he wanted exposure for his clients : the Beatles would instead appear three times on the show , at bottom dollar , but receive top billing and two spots ( opening and closing ) on each show . </P> <P> The Beatles appeared on three consecutive Sundays in February 1964 to great anticipation and fanfare as `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' had swiftly risen to No. 1 in the charts . Their first appearance on February 9 is considered a milestone in American pop culture and the beginning of the British Invasion in music . The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers , at the time a record for US television which would be broken three years later by the series finale of The Fugitive . The Beatles followed Ed 's show opening intro , performing `` All My Loving '' ; `` Till There Was You '' , which featured the names of the group members superimposed on closeup shots , including the famous `` SORRY GIRLS , HE 'S MARRIED '' caption on John Lennon ; and `` She Loves You '' . The act that followed Beatles in the broadcast , magician Fred Kaps , was pre-recorded in order to allow time for an elaborate set change . The group returned later in the program to perform `` I Saw Her Standing There '' and `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . </P> <P> The following week 's show was broadcast from Miami Beach where Muhammad Ali ( then Cassius Clay ) was in training for his first title bout with Sonny Liston . The occasion was used by both camps for publicity . On the evening of the television show ( February 16 ) a crush of people nearly prevented the band from making it onstage . A wedge of policemen were needed and the band began playing `` She Loves You '' only seconds after reaching their instruments . They continued with `` This Boy '' , and `` All My Loving '' and returned later to close the show with `` I Saw Her Standing There '' , `` From Me to You '' and `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . </P> <P> They were shown on tape February 23 ( this appearance had been taped earlier in the day on February 9 before their first live appearance ) . They followed Ed 's intro with `` Twist and Shout '' and `` Please Please Me '' and closed the show once again with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . </P> <P> The Beatles appeared live for the final time on August 14 , 1965 . The show was broadcast September 12 , 1965 , and earned Sullivan a 60 - percent share of the nighttime audience for one of the appearances . This time they followed three acts before coming out to perform `` I Feel Fine '' , `` I 'm Down '' , and `` Act Naturally '' and then closed the show with `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Yesterday '' , and `` Help ! '' Although this was their final live appearance on the show , the group would , for several years , provide filmed promotional clips of songs to air exclusively on Sullivan 's program such as the 1966 and 1967 clips of `` Paperback Writer '' , `` Rain '' , `` Penny Lane '' , and `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' . </P> <P> Although the appearances by The Beatles , Elvis and The Supremes are considered the most famous rock and roll performances on Ed Sullivan , several months before Elvis debuted , Sullivan invited Bill Haley & His Comets to perform their then - current hit `` Rock Around the Clock '' in early August 1955 . This was later recognized by CBS and others ( including music historian Jim Dawson in his book on `` Rock Around the Clock '' ) as the first performance of a rock and roll song on a national television program . </P> <H3> African - American artists ( edit ) </H3> The Supremes ( edit ) The Supremes singing `` My World Is Empty Without You '' . L-R Florence Ballard , Mary Wilson and Diana Ross ( Feb. 20 , 1966 ) <P> The Supremes were a special act for The Ed Sullivan Show . In addition to 14 appearances , they were a personal favorite of Sullivan , whom he affectionately called `` The Girls '' . Over the five years they performed on the program , the Supremes performed 15 of their hit singles , and numerous Broadway showtunes and other non-Motown songs . The group featuring the most popular lineup of Diana Ross , Mary Wilson , and Florence Ballard appeared 15 times from December 1964 through May 1967 . </P> <P> The group reappeared on the series in October 1967 as the newly rebilled `` Diana Ross & the Supremes '' , with Ballard replacement Cindy Birdsong and Ross more prominently featured . The Supremes ' final appearance on the show , shortly before it ended , served as the platform to introduce America to Ross 's replacement , Jean Terrell , in March 1970 . </P> Opportunity ( edit ) <P> In an era when few opportunities existed for African American performers on national television , Sullivan was a champion of black talent . He launched the careers of many performers by presenting them to a nationwide TV audience and ignored the criticism . In an NEA interview , Sullivan commented : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> The most important thing ( during the first ten years of the program ) is that we 've put on everything but bigotry . When the show first started in ' 48 , I had a meeting with the sponsors . There were some Southern dealers present and they asked if I intended to put on Negroes . I said yes . They said I should n't , but I convinced them I was n't going to change my mind . And you know something ? We 've gone over very well in the South . Never had a bit of trouble . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The show included entertainers such as Frankie Lymon , The Supremes , Marian Anderson , Louis Armstrong , Pearl Bailey , LaVern Baker , Harry Belafonte , James Brown ( and The Famous Flames ) , Cab Calloway , Godfrey Cambridge , Diahann Carroll , Ray Charles , Nat King Cole , Bill Cosby , Count Basie , Dorothy Dandridge , Sammy Davis , Jr. , Bo Diddley , Duke Ellington , Lola Falana , The 5th Dimension , Ella Fitzgerald , The Four Tops , Dick Gregory , W.C. Handy , Lena Horne , The Jackson 5 , Mahalia Jackson , Bill Kenny , George Kirby , Eartha Kitt , Gladys Knight & the Pips , Little Anthony and the Imperials , Moms Mabley , Johnny Mathis , The Miracles , Melba Moore , The Platters , Leontyne Price , Richard Pryor , Lou Rawls , Della Reese , Nipsey Russell , Nina Simone , Sly and the Family Stone , The Temptations , Martha and the Vandellas , Ike & Tina Turner , Leslie Uggams , Sarah Vaughan , William Warfield , Dionne Warwick , Dinah Washington , Ethel Waters , Flip Wilson , Jackie Wilson , Nancy Wilson , and Stevie Wonder . </P> <P> Before his death in a plane crash in December 1967 , soul singer Otis Redding had been booked to appear on the show the following year . One telecast included African - American bass - baritone Andrew Frierson singing `` Ol ' Man River '' from Kern and Hammerstein 's Show Boat , a song that , at that time , was usually sung on television by white singers , although it was written for a black character in the musical . </P> <P> However , Sullivan featured `` rockers '' , and gave prominence to black musicians `` not without censorship '' . For instance , he scheduled Fats Domino `` at the show 's end in case he had to cancel a guest '' . He presented Domino alone at his piano singing as if he were a young Nat ' King ' Cole or Fats Waller , as he performed `` Blueberry Hill '' . On March 4 , 1962 , Sullivan presented Domino and his band , who did `` Jambalaya '' , Hank Williams ' `` You Win Again '' , and `` Let the Four Winds Blow '' . All seven of Domino 's band members were visible to millions of viewers . On December 1 , 1957 , Sam Cooke performed a complete version of `` For Sentimental Reasons '' . Cooke had been cut off four weeks earlier during a live performance of `` You Send Me '' as the show 's allotted time expired , causing an outrage among television audiences . Sullivan rebooked Cooke for the December 1 show to overwhelming success . </P> <H3> The Muppets ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( February 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Between 1966 and 1971 , Jim Henson performed some of his Muppet characters on the show . The characters made a total of 25 appearances . </P> <P> Henson 's Muppets were introduced on The Ed Sullivan Show on September 18 , 1966 . Sullivan introduced the characters as `` Jim , uh ... Newsom 's puppets . '' The act featured a small ball of fur growing into the Rock and Roll Monster ( performed by Jim Henson , Jerry Nelson , and Frank Oz ) with three heads and six arms lip - syncing to the unreleased song `` Rock It to Me '' by The Bruthers . After the act was done , the Rock and Roll Monster shrunk back into the ball of fur which is then eaten by Sour Bird ( who was previously used in a commercial for Royal Crown Cola ) . </P> <P> Over the next few years , Henson 's Muppets would make more appearances , with performances including : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Art of Visual Thinking ( October 2 , 1966 ) -- A remake of the skit of the same name from Sam and Friends . Kermit ( performed by Jim Henson ) teaches Grump ( performed by Frank Oz and voiced by Jerry Juhl ) about the concept of visualizing thoughts through drawings shown on the TV screen . This sketch was reprised on June 4 , 1967 . </Li> <Li> Monster Family ( October 23 , 1966 ) -- Fred ( performed by Jim Henson ) appears as a father monster talks to his son ( performed by Jerry Juhl ) about being a monster . A blue version of Splurge ( performed by Frank Oz ) appears as the mother . </Li> <Li> Java ( November 27 , 1966 ) -- Two tube - like Muppets ( which were designed by Frank Oz ) dance to the Al Hirt song `` Java . '' Jim Henson and Frank Oz performed the two puppets and the explosion that provides the punchline was achieved by Jerry Juhl shooting off a fire extinguisher . It should be noted that as the three of them prepared to go onstage that night right before Ed Sullivan introduced them , Jerry Juhl suddenly realized that he left the fire extinguisher in their dressing room which was up on the second floor . Jerry Juhl raced to the elevator hearing the `` Java '' music through the speakers in the elevator so he knew exactly how much time he had left until it was too late . Jerry Juhl managed to grab the fire extinguisher , run back to the elevator , and make the trip back down to the stage just in time for the climax . This sketch was reprised on May 26 , 1968 . The act even was done on Stuffed and Unstrung ( an evolved counterpart of Puppet Up ! ) . </Li> <Li> Inchworm ( November 27 , 1966 ) -- Kermit sits on a wall and hums `` Glow Worm '' . Kermit also eats some worms that interrupt him . When it comes to the last one , Kermit grabs it and pulls it , showing how long it is , until it turns out that it happens to be the nose of Big V who ends up eating Kermit . </Li> <Li> Music Hath Charms ( January 15 , 1967 ) -- Kermit plays the piano with some Muppet Monsters dancing to the music . After the song , the piano comes to life and eats Kermit . </Li> <Li> I 've Grown Accustomed to Your Face ( February 5 , 1967 ) -- Kermit and Yorick from Sam and Friends are featured in this act . Kermit ( dressed as a girl ) lip - synchs to Rosemary Clooney 's cover version as Yorick eats his way out of the handkerchief he is under and then tries to eat Kermit . This was previously done on The Jack Paar Show and later reprised on this show April 21 , 1968 , and reprised on August 29 , 2011 , at the D23 Expo by Leslie Carrara - Rudolph ( who was operating a rebuilt version of Kermit 's pre-frog form ) and Brian Henson ( who was operating a rebuilt and redesigned version of Yorick ) . The act was even done on Stuffed and Unstrung ( an evolved counterpart of Puppet Up ! ) . Clooney 's cover was used for that event . </Li> <Li> I Feel Pretty ( April 30 , 1967 ) -- The story of an ugly girl named Amanda ( performed by Jim Henson ) who tries to become beautiful and tries to change her looks using a self - help book in order to gain the affection of Conrad Love ( also performed by Jim Henson ) . Mert from the La Choy commercials and Fred from the Kern 's Bakery commercials appear as Amanda 's friends where they were performed by Jim Henson and Jerry Juhl ( who also voices the narrator ) while Frank Oz does the puppeteering . </Li> <Li> Monster Eats Machine ( October 8 , 1967 ) -- A prototype version of Cookie Monster ( performed by Jim Henson ) finds a talking machine ( voiced by Jim Henson ) and eats it while it explains its various parts . After the monster is done eating the machine , its voice is heard from within the monster as it states that nothing can stop it from performing its function , which is to be the most powerful exploding device known to man . On a related note with this sketch , the prototype version of Cookie Monster was previously used as the Wheel - Stealer from the commercial for Wheels , Crowns , and Flutes . The sketch later appeared on The Muppet Show where the Luncheon Counter Monster also ate a machine explaining its functions . </Li> <Li> Rowlf and Jimmy Dean ( October 8 , 1967 ) -- Jimmy Dean and Rowlf the Dog appear together for the last time and perform `` Friendship '' while doing the `` herd of cows '' gag . </Li> <Li> Santa Claus Routine with Arthur Godfrey ( December 24 , 1967 ) -- Arthur Godfrey plays Santa Claus and gets a visit from a group of monsters consisting of Thudge ( performed by Jim Henson ) , Gleep ( a prototype of Grover performed by Frank Oz ) , Scudge ( performed by Jerry Juhl ) , Snerk and Snork ( performed by Frank Oz ) . They attempt to steal the toys only to learn that Santa Claus has given them the toys . They then sing `` It 's Christmas Tomorrow '' . </Li> <Li> Business , Business ( February 18 , 1968 ) -- Two mean - looking creatures with tube - like necks scat about business while two friendlier creatures scat about values . The Blue Monster and the Orange Creature were performed by Jim Henson while the Green Monster and the Purple Creature were performed by Jerry Juhl . A goof is seen where some hands are shown holding the neck of the creatures . </Li> <Li> The Monster Trash Can Dance ( October 13 , 1968 ) -- Parts of a monster hide in a trash can as an increasingly suspicious Little Girl Sue wanders by . </Li> <Li> Sclrap Flyapp ( November 24 , 1968 ) -- A weird - looking creature seen from the neck up randomly blurts out Sclrap Flyapp and uses its nose blast on any creature that does not say `` Sclarp Flyapp '' . A goof is seen when the Sclrap Flyapp creature is blasted at the end , an opening between its head and neck revealed the puppeteer 's hand . This sketch was reworked into the Hugga Wugga sketch on The Muppet Show . </Li> <Li> Christmas Reindeer ( December 22 , 1968 ) -- A bunch of reindeer want snow to fall on Christmas . Dasher and Donner were performed by Jim Henson , Prancer was performed by Frank Oz , Blitzen was performed by Jerry Juhl , and Dancer was performed by Bob Payne . All the reindeer were built by Don Sahlin . </Li> <Li> A Change of Face ( March 30 , 1969 ) -- Rex Robbins changes the face and personality of the Southern Colonel from the Southern Bread commercials . A similar routine was used with the same puppet on The Muppets on Puppets . </Li> <Li> Happy Girl Meets a Monster ( May 11 , 1969 ) -- The Beautiful Day Monster ( performed by Jim Henson ) does all he can to ruin a beautiful day for Little Girl Sue ( performed by Jim Henson ) . Beautiful Day Monster was first seen here before his appearances on Sesame Street and The Muppet Show . </Li> </Ul> <P> Later performances by the Muppets include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Mah Nà Mah Nà ( November 30 , 1969 ) -- Mahna Mahna ( performed by Jim Henson ) and the Snowths were featured in this song before it was repeated on The Muppet Show . A goof is seen when Jim Henson 's head and arm are seen when Mahna Mahna backs away from the camera . </Li> <Li> Big Bird 's Dance ( December 14 , 1969 ) -- Big Bird dances to `` Minuet of the Robots '' by Jean - Jacques Perrey while bird watchers watch him . Danny Seagren performed Big Bird here , but had no dialogue , even when Sullivan talked to him . </Li> <Li> Octopus 's Garden ( March 1 , 1970 ) -- An octopus ( performed by Frank Oz ) constantly interrupts the singing of `` Octopus 's Garden '' by a diver ( performed by Jim Henson ) by giving out a bunch of bad puns until he receives comeuppance from a hungry giant clam ( performed by Frank Oz ) . </Li> <Li> Come Together ( April 12 , 1970 ) -- A strange Muppet band sings the classic song by the Beatles while a giant blue and green dancing cowboy slowly falls apart . </Li> <Li> What Kind of Fool Am I ? ( May 31 , 1970 ) -- Kermit tries to sing the song on the piano while Grover continues to interrupt him . Several older Muppets make cameo appearances in the finale of the sketch . </Li> <Li> The Wild String Quartet ( January 17 , 1971 ) -- Mahna Mahna ( performed by Jim Henson ) fills in for a violinist named Beagleman , but ends up playing the drums instead , much to the dismay of Harrison ( performed by Richard Hunt ) , Twill ( performed by Jerry Nelson ) and Grump ( performed by Frank Oz ) . Twill 's puppet was recycled from Fred from the Munchos commercials and later used for Zelda Rose in The Muppet Show . </Li> <Li> The Glutton ( February 21 , 1971 ) -- An incredibly fat man called the Glutton ( performed by Jim Henson and assisted by Frank Oz ) kept eating things , before being shrunken by a small purple creature and then eaten by a duplicate of himself . After the sketch was over , the Glutton attempted to swallow Ed Sullivan 's hand after giving him a handshake . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Broadway ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show is also noteworthy for showcasing performances from numerous classic Broadway musicals of the era , often featuring members of the original Broadway casts . These include : </P> <Ul> <Li> West Side Story -- Carol Lawrence and Larry Kert singing `` Tonight '' ; the members of the Jets gang performing `` Cool '' . </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady -- Julie Andrews singing `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' and `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' ; Rex Harrison performing `` Why Ca n't the English ? '' ; Stanley Holloway performing `` With a Little Bit of Luck ; John Michael King singing `` On the Street Where You Live '' </Li> <Li> Camelot -- Richard Burton and Julie Andrews performing an extended scene including the title song and `` What Do the Simple Folk Do ? '' ; Robert Goulet singing `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' and `` C'est Moi '' . </Li> <Li> Show Boat ( 1961 New York City Center revival ) -- Andrew Frierson singing `` Ol ' Man River '' , and Carol Bruce , from the 1946 Broadway revival , singing `` Bill '' . </Li> <Li> Carnival ! -- Anna Maria Alberghetti singing `` Love Makes the World Go ' Round '' . </Li> <Li> Bye Bye Birdie -- Dick Van Dyke singing `` Put On A Happy Face '' , Chita Rivera singing `` Spanish Rose '' , Paul Lynde singing `` Kids '' and `` Hymn for a Sunday Evening ( Ed Sullivan ) '' . </Li> <Li> Oliver ! -- Georgia Brown singing `` As Long as He Needs Me '' ; Davy Jones singing `` Consider Yourself '' ; Georgia Brown , Davy Jones , Alice Playten , Bruce Prochnik , Clive Revill and the boys singing `` I 'd Do Anything '' . The performance was on February 9 , 1964 -- on the same telecast as The Beatles ' first live performance . </Li> <Li> Oklahoma ! -- John Raitt , Celeste Holm , Florence Henderson and Barbara Cook performing the title song ; Celeste Holm ( from the original Broadway cast ) performing `` I Ca n't Say No '' . </Li> <Li> Sweet Charity -- Gwen Verdon performing `` I 'm A Brass Band '' and `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' . </Li> <Li> The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd -- Anthony Newley singing `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' . </Li> <Li> Flora the Red Menace -- Liza Minnelli singing `` All I Need Is One Good Break '' and `` Sing Happy '' </Li> <Li> Flower Drum Song -- Pat Suzuki performing `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' . </Li> <Li> Gentlemen Prefer Blondes -- Carol Channing singing `` Diamonds Are A Girl 's Best Friend '' . </Li> <Li> Hair -- the cast ( including Diane Keaton , Melba Moore , Paul Jabara and co-authors Gerome Ragni and James Rado ) performing `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' . </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! -- Pearl Bailey ( from the all - black 1967 revamping of the show ) performing `` Before the Parade Passes By '' with the ensemble . </Li> <Li> A performance by Broadway dancer Wayne Lamb </Li> <Li> I Do ! I Do ! -- Gordon MacRae and Carol Lawrence ( Broadway replacements for Mary Martin and Robert Preston ) singing the title song from the show , and MacRae singing `` I Love My Wife '' and `` My Cup Runneth Over '' . </Li> <Li> Kiss Me , Kate -- Alfred Drake , Patricia Morison , Lisa Kirk , and Harold Lang singing `` Another Op'nin ' Another Show '' , `` We Open In Venice '' , and `` Wunderbar '' </Li> <Li> Man of La Mancha -- Richard Kiley singing the title song and `` The Impossible Dream '' ; Joan Diener in a rare television appearance in her stage role as Aldonza / Dulcinea singing `` What Does He Want of Me ? '' , most of the cast singing the show 's final reprise of `` The Impossible Dream '' </Li> <Li> Cabaret -- Joel Grey singing part of `` Wilkommen '' ( a song probably considered too suggestive for family viewing ) and Jill Haworth in her stage role as Sally Bowles singing the title song </Li> <Li> Purlie -- Melba Moore singing `` I Got Love '' and `` Purlie '' . </Li> <Li> Wildcat -- Lucille Ball and Paula Stewart singing `` Hey , Look Me Over '' </Li> <Li> You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown -- Gary Burghoff , Reva Rose , Bob Balaban , Skip Hinnant , Karen Johnson , and Bill Hinnant singing the title song and `` Happiness '' . </Li> <Li> Ethel Merman would also occasionally appear singing hit songs from the shows that she starred in , including Annie Get Your Gun , Gypsy , Happy Hunting , Panama Hattie , and Anything Goes . </Li> <Li> Hermione Gingold and Maurice Chevalier performed their duet , I Remember It Well , from the 1958 film Gigi , on the show . </Li> </Ul> <P> Most of these artists performed in the same makeup and costumes that they wore in the shows , often providing the only visual recordings of these legendary performances by the original cast members , since there were no network telecasts of the Tony Awards until 1967 . ( There are traditionally no Broadway performances on Sunday nights , allowing the actors to perform without impacting the Broadway show . ) Many performances have been compiled and released on DVD as The Best of Broadway Musicals -- Original Cast Performances from The Ed Sullivan Show . </P> <H2> Mental illness program ( edit ) </H2> <P> In that same 1958 NEA interview , Sullivan noted his pride about the role that the show had had in improving the public 's understanding of mental illness . Sullivan considered his May 17 , 1953 , telecast to be the single most important episode in the show 's first decade . During that show , a salute to the popular Broadway director Joshua Logan , the two men were watching in the wings , and Sullivan asked Logan how he thought the show was doing . According to Sullivan , Logan told him that the show was dreadfully becoming `` another one of those and - then - I - wrote shows '' ; Sullivan asked him what he should do about it , and Logan volunteered to talk about his experiences in a mental institution . </P> <P> Sullivan took him up on the offer , and in retrospect believed that several advances in the treatment of mental illness could be attributed to the resulting publicity , including the repeal of a Pennsylvania law about the treatment of the mentally ill and the granting of funds for the construction of new psychiatric hospitals . </P> <H2> Film clips ( edit ) </H2> <P> Occasionally Sullivan would feature a Hollywood actor introducing a clip from a film in which he or she currently starred . Burt Lancaster made an appearance in 1962 , speaking about Robert Stroud , the character he portrayed in Birdman of Alcatraz , and introducing a clip from the film . And although Olivier personally did not appear on the show , in 1966 Sullivan showed a clip from the Laurence Olivier Othello , the film version of which was then currently showing in New York . </P> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Bo Diddley ( edit ) </H3> <P> On November 20 , 1955 , African - American rock ' n ' roll singer and guitarist Bo Diddley appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show , only to infuriate Sullivan ( `` I did two songs and he got mad '' ) . Diddley had been asked to sing Tennessee Ernie Ford 's hit `` Sixteen Tons '' , which he agreed . But when he appeared on stage , he forgot his cue and instead sang his # 1 R&B hit song that bears his name . Diddley later recalls , `` Ed Sullivan says to me in plain words : ' You are the first black boy -- quote -- that ever double crossed me ! ' I was ready to fight , because I was a little young dude off the streets of Chicago , an ' him callin ' me ' black ' in them days was as bad as sayin ' ' nigger ' . My manager says to me ' That 's Mr. Sullivan ! ' I said : ' I do n't give a shit about Mr. Sullivan , ( h ) e do n't talk to me like that ! ' An ' so he told me , he says , ' I 'll see that you never work no more in show business . You 'll never get another TV show in your life ! ' '' Indeed , Diddley seems to have been banned from further appearances , as `` the guitarist never did appear on The Ed Sullivan Show again . '' </P> <H3> A short Vision ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 27 1956 , The Ed Sullivan Show showed an animated short film entitled A Short Vision . The short film showcased a unidentified object which is only known as it by the narrator . The object flies over Earth . When it passes , the people are asleep except the leaders and the wise men who look up at the object . As the leaders and wise men look up and predators and prey hide in fear , it produces a mushroom cloud in the sky , killing everyone and everything ; vaporizing the people , the animals and Earth . After the cloud there is only a moth and a flame left , the moth flies in to the flame , gets vaporized and the flame dies ; thus marking the end of humanity . The short is narrated in the style of the Bible and the animation is derived from still images which produces a terrifying and horrifying outlast of man 's last moments . Just before the short , Ed Sullivan instructed children to leave the room . The film gained notoriety from the show ; but it also gained controversy because of it , due in nature for the graphic way it depicted the horrors of a nuclear confrontation . It also got into controversy for its graphic visuals . One of the visuals in the short including a terrifying and graphic of an animated person eyes imploding and the remains running down their cheeks and then they get destroyed by the object . According to some sources it produced a reaction as big as Welles ' `` War of the Worlds '' radio broadcast 20 years prior. Because of the popularity of the short , it was screened again on June 10 of the same year . However , Ed became significantly stricter for his warning to children not to watch the short . </P> <H3> Buddy Holly and the Crickets ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 26 , 1958 , for their second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , Buddy Holly and The Crickets were scheduled to perform two songs . Sullivan wanted the band to substitute a different song for their record hit `` Oh , Boy ! '' , which he felt was too raucous . Holly had already told his hometown friends in Texas that he would be singing `` Oh , Boy ! '' for them , and told Sullivan as much . During the afternoon the Crickets were summoned to rehearsal at short notice , but only Holly was in their dressing room . When asked where the others were , Holly replied , `` I do n't know . No telling . '' Sullivan then turned to Holly and said `` I guess The Crickets are not too excited to be on The Ed Sullivan Show '' to which Holly caustically replied , `` I hope they 're damn more excited than I am . '' </P> <P> Sullivan , already bothered by the choice of songs , was now even angrier . He cut the Crickets ' act from two songs to one , and when introducing them mispronounced Holly 's name , so it came out vaguely as `` Hollered '' or `` Holland . '' In addition , Sullivan saw to it that the microphone for Holly 's electric guitar was turned off . Holly tried to compensate by singing as loudly as he could , and repeatedly trying to turn up the volume on his guitar . For the instrumental break he cut loose with a dramatic solo , making clear to the audience that the technical fault was not his . The band was received so well that Sullivan was forced to invite them back for a third appearance . Holly 's response was that Sullivan did not have enough money . Film of the performance survives ; photographs taken that day show Sullivan looking angry and Holly smirking and perhaps ignoring Sullivan . </P> <H3> Jackie Mason ( edit ) </H3> <P> On October 18 , 1964 , Jackie Mason allegedly gave Sullivan the finger on air . A tape of the incident shows Mason doing his stand - up comedy act and then looking toward Sullivan , commenting that Sullivan was signaling him . Sullivan was reportedly letting Mason know ( by pointing two fingers ) that he had only two minutes left , as CBS was about to cut away to show a speech by President Lyndon Johnson . Mason began working his own fingers into his act and pointed toward Sullivan with his middle finger slightly separated . After Mason left the stage , the camera then cut to a visibly angry Sullivan . Sullivan argued with Mason backstage , then terminated his contract . Mason denied knowingly giving Sullivan the middle finger , and Mason later claimed that he had never even heard of the gesture at that time . In retaliation , to protect the perceived threat to his career , Mason filed a libel suit at the New York Supreme Court , which he won . Sullivan publicly apologized to Mason when he appeared on the show two years later , in 1966 . At that time , Mason opened his monologue by saying , `` It 's a great thrill and a fantastic opportunity to see me in person again , '' and impersonated Sullivan during his act . Mason later appeared on the show five times : April 23 , 1967 ; Feb. 25 , 1968 ; Nov. 24 , 1968 ; Jul. 22 , 1969 ; and Aug. 31 , 1969 . </P> <H3> Bob Dylan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bob Dylan was slated to make his first nationwide television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on May 12 , 1963 , and intended to perform `` Talkin ' John Birch Paranoid Blues '' , a song he wrote lampooning the John Birch Society and the red - hunting paranoia associated with it . During the afternoon rehearsal that day , CBS officials told Dylan they had deemed the song unacceptable for broadcast and wanted him to substitute another . `` No ; this is what I want to do , '' Dylan responded . `` If I ca n't play my song , I 'd rather not appear on the show . '' He then left the studio , rather than altering the act . </P> <H3> The Doors ( edit ) </H3> The Doors performing `` Light My Fire '' , September 17 , 1967 . <P> The Doors were notorious for their appearance on the show . CBS network censors demanded that lead singer Jim Morrison change the lyrics to their hit single `` Light My Fire '' by altering the line , `` Girl , we could n't get much higher '' , before the band performed the song live on September 17 , 1967 . However , Morrison sang the original line , and on live television with no delay , CBS was powerless to stop it . They were never invited back to the show . According to Ray Manzarek , the band was told , `` Mr. Sullivan liked you boys . He wanted you on six more times ... You 'll never do the Sullivan show again . '' Morrison replied with glee , `` Hey man , we just did the Sullivan show . '' -- at the time , an appearance was a hallmark of success . Manzarek has given differing accounts of what happened . He has said that the band only pretended to agree to change the line but also that Morrison was nervous and simply forgot to change the line . The performance and incident was re-enacted in the 1991 biographical film , The Doors , albeit in a more dramatic fashion , with Morrison portrayed as emphasizing the word `` higher '' . </P> <P> Sullivan apparently felt the damage had been done and relented on bands using the word `` higher '' . The following year , Sly & the Family Stone sang a medley where Sly repeated the lyric `` Wanna take you higher ! '' </P> <H3> The Rolling Stones ( edit ) </H3> <P> In contrast , the Rolling Stones were instructed to change the title of their `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' single for the band 's January 15 , 1967 , appearance . The band complied , with Mick Jagger and Bill Wyman ostentatiously rolling their eyes heavenward whenever they reached the song 's one - night - only , clean refrain , `` Let 's spend some time together '' . Mick Jagger did not wear a jacket on their first appearance on the show ( October 25 , 1964 ) and this annoyed Sullivan . They were asked to appear again , but they were asked to wear jackets for their 1965 appearance . The Stones would ultimately play on the Ed Sullivan Show six times . </P> <P> In contrast , Diana Ross & the Supremes , frequent guests on Sullivan 's show , debuted their then - release and eventually controversial # 1 hit song `` Love Child '' on Sullivan 's show , but nothing about its title or its content about a woman in poverty having a child out of wedlock ( which was exceptionally taboo to mention on television at the time ) seemed to faze Sullivan , the show 's producers , or the network . </P> <H2> Ratings history ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1948 -- 1949 : N / A </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 1950 : N / A </Li> <Li> 1950 -- 1951 : # 15 , 3,723,000 viewers </Li> <Li> 1951 -- 1952 : N / A </Li> <Li> 1952 -- 1953 : N / A </Li> <Li> 1953 -- 1954 : # 17 , 8,580,000 viewers </Li> <Li> 1954 -- 1955 : # 5 , 12,157,200 viewers </Li> <Li> 1955 -- 1956 : # 3 , 13,785,500 viewers </Li> <Li> 1956 -- 1957 : # 2 , 14,937,600 viewers </Li> <Li> 1957 -- 1958 : # 27 , 11,444,160 viewers </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 1959 : N / A </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 1960 : # 12 , 12,810,000 viewers </Li> <Li> 1960 -- 1961 : # 15 , 11,800,000 viewers </Li> <Li> 1961 -- 1962 : # 19 , 11,381,525 viewers </Li> <Li> 1962 -- 1963 : # 14 , 12,725,900 viewers </Li> <Li> 1963 -- 1964 : # 8 , 14,190,000 viewers </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 1965 : # 16 , 13,280,400 viewers </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 1966 : # 18 , 12,493,200 viewers </Li> <Li> 1966 -- 1967 : # 13 , 12,569,640 viewers </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 1968 : # 13 , 13,147,440 viewers </Li> <Li> 1968 -- 1969 : # 23 , 12,349,000 viewers </Li> <Li> 1969 -- 1970 : # 27 , 11,875,500 viewers </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 1971 : N / A </Li> </Ul> <P> Highlights : </P> <P> 9 / 09 / 1956 : Elvis Presley 's first appearance yielding an 82.6 percentage share , the highest in television history for any program up to 2015 . Viewers : 60.2 million Source : Trendex , the precursor of Nielsen . </P> <P> 2 / 09 / 1964 : The Beatles 's first appearance yielding a 45.3 rating . Viewers : 73.7 million Source : Nielsen . </P> <P> Other noteworthy ratings </P> <P> 02 / 16 / 1964 : 43.8 rating The Beatles 's second appearance . Source : Nielsen . </P> <P> 09 / 09 / 1956 : 43.2 rating Elvis Presley 's first appearance . Source : Trendex . </P> <H2> Primetime specials ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Network </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 / 02 / 1975 </Td> <Td> The Sullivan Years : A Tribute To Ed </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 / 17 / 1991 </Td> <Td> The Very Best of Ed Sullivan </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 21.3 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11pm ( Competition : Love , Lies and Murder : Part 1 got a 15.5 rating ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 / 24 / 1991 </Td> <Td> The Very Best of Ed Sullivan 2 </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 17.1 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 / 07 / 1992 </Td> <Td> The Very Best of the Ed Sullivan Show </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11pm ( The Mary Tyler Moore Show : The 20th Anniversary Show got a 6.1 rating at 8pm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 / 20 / 1992 </Td> <Td> Holiday Greetings from the Ed Sullivan Show </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 / 19 / 1995 </Td> <Td> The Ed Sullivan All - Star Comedy Special </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 / 14 / 1995 </Td> <Td> The Very Best of Ed Sullivan </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 / 18 / 1998 </Td> <Td> Ed Sullivan 's 50th Anniversary </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 11pm </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Parodies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show 's immense popularity has been the target of numerous parodies . These include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Numerous music videos , such as Billy Joel 's `` Tell Her About It '' ( featuring Will Jordan as Sullivan ) , Nirvana 's `` In Bloom '' , Grinspoon 's `` Hold On Me '' , Outkast 's `` Hey Ya ! '' , the Red Hot Chili Peppers 's `` Dani California '' and Bring Me The Horizon 's `` Drown '' have all parodied the show 's visual style . </Li> <Li> Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles open their concerts with prerecorded footage of a man doing an intentionally poor Sullivan impression in black and white and then introducing the band , which plays the first part of the show with an exact recreation of the set the Beatles used . </Li> <Li> All You Need Is Cash ( 1978 ) , a mockumentary about a fictional group , The Rutles . The film contains original footage of Sullivan introducing The Beatles with some audio redubbed for comedic effect . </Li> <Li> The Fab Four , a Beatles tribute act hosted by an Ed Sullivan impressionist . </Li> <Li> One of the characters in Lancelot Link , Secret Chimp , a children 's live action TV series with a cast of chimpanzees dubbed by actors ' speaking voices , is `` Ed Simian '' , a parody of Sullivan . </Li> <Li> Will Jordan , best known for his uncanny impersonation of Sullivan as the show 's host . </Li> <Li> Comedian George Carlin included a routine titled Ed Sullivan Self Taught on his 1972 album FM & AM . </Li> <Li> On an episode of The Colgate Comedy Hour , Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis did a parody called The Toast of the Colgate Town , with Lewis wearing fake teeth and slicked - back hair as `` Ed Solomon '' . </Li> <Li> In the episode `` Harry Canary '' in the animated series Dumb and Dumber , it was named `` The Earvin Mulligan Show '' as Lloyd 's family were performing in the late 60s as `` The Happy Dunne Family '' . </Li> <Li> The first episode of the Late Show with David Letterman on August 30 , 1993 , featured clips of Ed Sullivan spliced together to make it look as though he was introducing host David Letterman , while a segment later in the episode featured David channeling the `` ghost '' of Ed Sullivan , this time an archive clip of Sullivan introducing actor Paul Newman , who was live in the Letterman audience that night . Since moving to CBS from NBC , Letterman taped his show in the Ed Sullivan Theater , the studio where Sullivan also staged his program , until his 2015 retirement . </Li> <Li> The Tom Hanks -- directed film That Thing You Do ! has the Beatles-esque band The Wonders performing in The Hollywood Television Showcase , complete with a caption over the band 's lead singer similar to Lennon 's `` Sorry Girls ! He 's Married ! '' The scene was shot at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , which Sullivan used for his West Coast shows . </Li> <Li> The 1954 film White Christmas features a pivotal scene that occurs on `` The Ed Harrison Show '' , which was intentionally similar to Sullivan 's show . </Li> <Li> The 1960s animated television series The Flintstones featured a parody of Sullivan as `` Ed Sulleystone '' on the episode `` Itsy Fred . '' On the episode called `` Lola Brickada , '' Sullivan was referred to as `` Ed Stonevan . '' Sullivan is also seen introducing `` Roc Roll '' in another episode , but his name is not mentioned . And in the episode where Fred brings home a lion cub , Barney performs a trick with the now grown up lion and mentioned that he saw a similar stunt on the `` Ed Shalevan '' show . </Li> <Li> Gabe Kaplan did a comedy skit in the 1970s ( also featured on his 1974 album Holes and Mellow Rolls ) , that had him impersonate a drunken Ed Sullivan on his final show , being nasty in general , and finally saying good night to the audience . </Li> <Li> The 1994 film Pulp Fiction features a scene in a 50s -- 60s - themed restaurant where Jerome Patrick Hoban does an imitation of Ed Sullivan introducing acts . </Li> <Li> The direct - to - video children 's film The Wiggles : You Make Me Feel Like Dancing ! includes a video for the song `` Shimmy Shake '' which depicts the group appearing on The Ed Sullivan Show . Paul Paddick portrayed Sullivan for the video . </Li> <Li> In the manga series One Piece , an omake was drawn in which the Straw Hat Pirates , along with other prominent characters , are all tied into one large fiasco that ends with a party . It is called The Ed Sullivan Show only in name . </Li> <Li> The hit Broadway musical Jersey Boys features a scene where Four Seasons band member Tommy DeVito imitates Sullivan introducing `` Topo Gigio and the Vienna Boys Choir '' before bringing Franki Valli on stage for the first time . </Li> <Li> The Ramones used a segment of the Ed Sullivan shaking Buddy Holly 's hand on the Ed Sullivan Show for their music video for `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' </Li> <Li> On South Park , in the episode `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' , black and white footage is shown of Terrance and Philip appearing on the show as children . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sullivan Biography Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prime Time TV Schedule : 1967 Season '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original ( TXT ) on 2008 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Cbsnews.com. 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( 2013 - 12 - 23 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Ed Sullivan Show Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com. 1964 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sullivan Theater Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com. 1950 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comic Icons Pay Tribute to The Ed Sullivan Show '' . United Press International . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Owns the Live Music of Days Gone By ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SOFA Entertainment '' . edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones Really Big Ed Sullivan Shows '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Motown Gold From The Ed Sullivan Show '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Six Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Rolling Stones '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elvis : The Ed Sullivan Shows '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` iTunes The Ed Sullivan Show '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halzack , Sarah ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` Maria Tallchief , ballet star who was inspiration for Balanchine , dies at 88 '' -- via www.washingtonpost.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Television and the Performing Arts - A Handbook and Reference Guide to American Cultural Programming Greenwood Press , New York , 1986 , p. 35 Rose , Brian Jeffrey . The Ed Sullivan Show , Ruth Page Chicago opera Baller , Roland Petit 's Ballet and Igor Moiseyev Ballet on books.google.com ISBN 0 - 313 - 24159 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wayne and Shuster '' The Canadian Encyclopedia . Charles Dougall , 02 / 07 / 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Michael David ( 1968 ) . Always on Sunday : Ed Sullivan , An Inside View . New York : Meredith Press . p. 116 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : TV A-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol . Jake Austen. 2005 . Chicago Review Press , Inc . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 572 - 9 . page 16 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Mavis ( Director ) ( 2006 ) . Elvis Presley -- Ed Sullivan Shows ( DVD ) . Image Entertainment . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Official Press Release -- Elvis Presley : The Ed Sullivan Shows '' . Elvis Australia . October 6 , 2006 . References DVD liner notes by Greil Marcus . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dundy , Elaine , Elvis and Gladys ( University Press of Mississippi , 2004 ) , p. 259 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Altschuler , Glenn C. ( 2003 ) . All Shook Up : How Rock ' n ' Roll Changed America . Oxford University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517749 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Content Elvis Episodes Of ' The Ed Sullivan Show ' DVD Box By : Elvis Australia -- Aug 9 , 2006 Source : EPE . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Altschuler , p. 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Marlo Lewis and Mina Beth Lewis , Prime Time ( 1979 ) , p. 146 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcus , `` Elvis Presley : The Ed Sullivan Shows '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Content Elvis Episodes Of ' The Ed Sullivan Show ' DVD Box '' . Elvis.com.au. 2006 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Altschuler , Glenn C. , All Shook Up : How Rock ' n ' Roll Changed America ( 2003 ) , p. 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Susan Doll , Understanding Elvis : Southern Roots vs. Star Image ( 1998 ) , p. 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jerry Schilling , Me and a Guy Named Elvis : My Lifelong Friendship with Elvis Presley ( 2006 ) , p. 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tim Parrish , Walking Blues : Making Americans from Emerson to Elvis ( 2001 ) , p. 214 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elvis Talks About His Career '' , on `` Live in Las Vegas '' ( RCA ) , cited by Greil Marcus , `` Real Life Rock Top 10 '' , Salon.com , August 26 , 2002 Archived June 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce . The Beatles Are Coming : The Birth Of Beatlemania In America . New Orleans , Louisiana : 498 Productions , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 8 - 3 ( paperback ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kooijman , Jaap ( 2002 ) . `` From Elegance to Extravaganza : The Supremes on The Ed Sullivan Show as a Presentation of Beauty '' . The Velvet Light Trap . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Negroes '' was the commonly accepted reference to African Americans at the time . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JAMES BROWN `` Please Please Please '' on The Ed Sullivan Show `` . YouTube.com . October 30 , 1966 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1956 Fats Domino - Blueberry Hill - Sullivan Show '' . YouTube.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rick Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( 2007 ) , p. 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rick Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( 2007 ) , p. 217 , 218 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Cooke - For Sentimental Reasons ' The Ed Sullivan Show 12 01 1957 '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Most Controversial Performances From The Ed Sullivan Show '' . EdSullivan.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com. 1961 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Nathan ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Fun Facts About the Beatles ' Ed Sullivan Debut '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big As All Outdoors '' Time , 17 October 1955 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ed Sullivan Show ( 1948 -- 1971 ) : Episode # 19.20 '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Jake Austen , TV A-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol ( 2005 ) , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Austen , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geerhart , Bill ( 2011 - 06 - 26 ) . `` CONELRAD Adjacent : A SHORT VISION : Ed Sullivan 's Atomic Show Stopper '' . CONELRAD Adjacent . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter Foldes '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 10 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sullivan Biography '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When the Doors Went on Sullivan '' . CNN . October 3 , 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` video Sly The Family Stone -- Ed Sullivan Show ( 1968 ) '' . Kewego.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uslan , Michael and Bruce Solomon . Dick Clark 's The First 25 Years of Rock and Roll . New York : Dell , 1981 . p. 181 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1950 -- 1951 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1953 -- 1954 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1954 -- 1955 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1955 -- 1956 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1956 -- 1957 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1957 -- 1958 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1959 -- 1960 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1960 -- 1961 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1961 -- 1962 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1962 -- 1963 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1963 -- 1964 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1964 -- 1965 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1965 -- 1966 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1966 -- 1967 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1967 -- 1968 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1968 -- 1969 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1969 -- 1970 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) YouTube -- First ( Late ) Show -- Part 1 of 9 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments . Kansas City : Andrews McMeel Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Kaplan , Fred ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` Teen Spirit : What Was So Important About the Beatles ' Appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show ? '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Nachman , Gerald . Right Here on Our Stage Tonight ! : Ed Sullivan 's America . Berkeley , California : University of California Press ; 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25867 - 9 p. 331 . </Li> <Li> Ilson , Bernie . Sundays with Sullivan : How the Ed Sullivan Show brought Elvis , the Beatles and Culture to America . Lanham , Maryland : Taylor Trade Publishing , ( 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 390 - 3 pp. 115 -- 118 ( entire chapter devoted to Marlo Lewis ) . </Li> <Li> John Leonard ; Claudia Falkenburg & Andrew Solt , eds ... A Really Big Show : A Visual History of the Ed Sullivan Show . New York : Sarah Lazin / Viking Studio Books ; 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 84246 - 9 . </Li> <Li> James Maguire . Impresario : the life and times of Ed Sullivan . New York : Billboard Books ; 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7962 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ed Sullivan Show . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Official Ed Sullivan Show Website </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show 's channel on YouTube </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show at the Museum of Broadcast Communications </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Monica Lewis on the very first 1948 telecast </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show at TV Guide </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show at TV.com </Li> <Li> Sofa Entertainment </Li> <Li> Ed Sullivan : 40 Incredible Guests -- a slideshow by Life magazine </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1951 -- 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Alan Young Show ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Your Show of Shows ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Your Show of Shows ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Omnibus ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Disneyland ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show / Your Hit Parade ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Caesar 's Hour ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Fabulous Fifties ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Astaire Time ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Garry Moore Show ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Andy Williams Show ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Danny Kaye Show ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Andy Williams Show ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Andy Williams Show ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The David Frost Show ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Flip Wilson Show / The David Frost Show ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Carol Burnett Show / The Dick Cavett Show ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Julie Andrews Hour ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Carol Burnett Show ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saturday Night Live ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Van Dyke and Company ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Show ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Steve & Eydie Celebrate Irving Berlin ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Baryshnikov on Broadway ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Lily : Sold Out ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Night of 100 Stars ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Motown Returns to the Apollo ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> 41st Tony Awards ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Tracey Ullman Show ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> In Living Color ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Saturday Night Live ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Dennis Miller Live ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Tracey Takes On ... ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Late Show with David Letterman ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Late Show with David Letterman ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Late Show with David Letterman ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- 2014 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Late Show with David Letterman ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Late Show with David Letterman ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Colbert Report ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Colbert Report ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Muppets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Muppets Studio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kermit the Frog </Li> <Li> Miss Piggy </Li> <Li> Fozzie Bear </Li> <Li> Gonzo </Li> <Li> Rowlf the Dog </Li> <Li> Scooter </Li> <Li> Pepe the King Prawn </Li> <Li> Rizzo the Rat </Li> <Li> Animal </Li> <Li> Walter </Li> <Li> Sam Eagle </Li> <Li> Dr. Bunsen Honeydew </Li> <Li> Beaker </Li> <Li> Swedish Chef </Li> <Li> Statler and Waldorf </Li> <Li> Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cast performers </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill Barretta </Li> <Li> Dave Goelz </Li> <Li> Eric Jacobson </Li> <Li> Peter Linz </Li> <Li> David Rudman </Li> <Li> Matt Vogel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kevin Clash </Li> <Li> Brian Henson </Li> <Li> Jane Henson </Li> <Li> Jim Henson </Li> <Li> John Henson </Li> <Li> Richard Hunt </Li> <Li> Jerry Juhl </Li> <Li> Kathryn Mullen </Li> <Li> Jerry Nelson </Li> <Li> Frank Oz </Li> <Li> Steve Whitmire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Muppet Babies ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Segments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) </Li> <Li> The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) </Li> <Li> The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) </Li> <Li> NBC 's Saturday Night ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Elmo Saves Christmas ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Feature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Direct - to - video </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Rainbow Connection '' </Li> <Li> `` Bein ' Green '' </Li> <Li> `` Mahna Mahna '' </Li> <Li> `` When the River Meets the Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' </Li> <Li> `` Man or Muppet '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Web series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Disney Universe ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Comics series </Li> <Li> Before You Leap </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Puppet Heap </Li> <Li> The Jim Henson Company <Ul> <Li> Creature Shop </Li> <Li> Fraggle Rock characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sesame Workshop <Ul> <Li> Sesame Street Muppets </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Muppets portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ed_Sullivan_Show&oldid=833155472 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1948 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 1971 American television series endings </Li> <Li> 1940s American television series </Li> <Li> 1950s American television series </Li> <Li> 1960s American television series </Li> <Li> 1970s American television series </Li> <Li> American music television series </Li> <Li> American variety television series </Li> <Li> Bill Haley </Li> <Li> Black - and - white television programs </Li> <Li> CBS network shows </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Peabody Award - winning television programs </Li> <Li> The Beatles and television </Li> <Li> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners </Li> <Li> Live television programs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with too many examples </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 11 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 23 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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knight who hosts a country music radio show
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Ed_Sullivan_Show&amp;oldid=833155472
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Anatomical terms of muscle - wikipedia <H1> Anatomical terms of muscle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anatomical terminology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microanatomy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Muscle </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neuroanatomy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Muscles are described using unique anatomical terminology according to their actions and structure . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Skeletal muscle </Li> <Li> 1.2 Smooth muscle </Li> <Li> 1.3 Cardiac muscle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Actions of skeletal muscle <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Agonists and antagonists </Li> <Li> 2.2 Agonist - antagonist pairs </Li> <Li> 2.3 Synergistic action </Li> <Li> 2.4 Neutralizer Action <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Composite muscle </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Form <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Insertion and origin </Li> <Li> 3.2 Muscle fibres </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 State <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Hypertrophy and atrophy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body : skeletal , smooth , and cardiac . </P> <H3> Skeletal muscle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Skeletal striated muscle , or `` voluntary muscle '' , primarily joins to bone with tendons . Skeletal muscle enables movement of the bones of the human skeleton and maintains posture . </P> <H3> Smooth muscle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Smooth muscle tissue is found in parts of the body where it conveys action without conscious intent . The majority of this type of muscle tissue is found in the digestive and urinary systems where it acts by propelling forward food , chyme , and feces in the former and urine in the latter . Other places smooth muscle can be found are within the uterus , where it helps facilitate birth , and the eye , where the pupillary sphincter controls pupil size . </P> <H3> Cardiac muscle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cardiac muscle is specific to the heart . It is also involuntary in its movement , and is additionally self - excitatory , contracting without outside stimuli . </P> <H2> Actions of skeletal muscle ( edit ) </H2> <P> As well as anatomical terms of motion , which describe the motion made by a muscle , unique terminology is used to describe the action of a set of muscles . </P> <H3> Agonists and antagonists ( edit ) </H3> <P> Agonist muscles and antagonist muscles refer to muscles that cause or inhibit a movement . </P> <P> Agonist muscles cause a movement to occur through their own activation . For example , the triceps brachii contracts , producing a shortening contraction , during the up phase of a push - up ( elbow extension ) . During the down phase of a push - up , the same triceps brachii actively controls elbow flexion while producing a lengthening contraction . It is still the agonist , because while resisting gravity during relaxing , the triceps brachii continues to be the prime mover , or controller , of the joint action . Agonists are also interchangeably referred to as `` prime movers , '' since they are the muscles considered primarily responsible for generating or controlling a specific movement . </P> <P> Another example is the dumbbell curl at the elbow . The `` elbow flexor '' group is the agonist , shortening during the lifting phase ( elbow flexion ) . During the lowering phase the `` elbow flexor '' muscles lengthen , remaining the agonists because they are controlling the load and the movement ( elbow extension ) . For both the lifting and lowering phase , the `` elbow extensor '' muscles are the antagonists ( see below ) . They lengthen during the dumbbell lifting phase and shorten during the dumbbell lowering phase . Here it is important to understand that it is common practice to give a name to a muscle group ( e.g. elbow flexors ) based on the joint action they produce during a shortening ( concentric ) contraction . However , this naming convention does not mean they are only agonists during shortening . This term typically describes the function of skeletal muscles . </P> <P> Antagonist muscles are simply the muscles that produce an opposing joint torque to the agonist muscles . This torque can aid in controlling a motion . The opposing torque can slow movement down - especially in the case of a ballistic movement . For example , during a very rapid ( ballistic ) discrete movement of the elbow , such as throwing a dart , the triceps muscles will be activated very briefly and strongly ( in a `` burst '' ) to rapidly accelerate the extension movement at the elbow , followed almost immediately by a `` burst '' of activation to the elbow flexor muscles that decelerates the elbow movement to arrive at a quick stop . To use an automotive analogy , this would be similar to pressing your gas pedal rapidly and then immediately pressing the brake . Antagonism is not an intrinsic property of a particular muscle or muscle group ; it is a role that a muscle plays depending on which muscle is currently the agonist . During slower joint actions that involve gravity , just as with the agonist muscle ( mentioned above ) , the antagonist muscle can shorten and lengthen . Using the example above of the triceps brachii during a push - up , the elbow flexor muscles are the antagonists at the elbow during both the up phase and down phase of the movement . During the dumbbell curl , the elbow extensors are the antagonists for both the lifting and lowering phases . </P> <H3> Agonist - antagonist pairs ( edit ) </H3> The antagonistic pair of biceps and triceps working to flex the elbow . <P> Antagonist and agonist muscles often occur in pairs , called antagonistic pairs . As one muscle contracts , the other relaxes . An example of an antagonistic pair is the biceps and triceps ; to contract - the triceps relaxes while the biceps contracts to lift the arm . `` Reverse motions '' need antagonistic pairs located in opposite sides of a joint or bone , including abductor - adductor pairs and flexor - extensor pairs . These consist of an extensor muscle , which `` opens '' the joint ( by increasing the angle between the two bones ) and a flexor muscle , which does the opposite by decreasing the angle between two bones . </P> <P> However muscles do n't always work this way - sometimes agonists and antagonists contract at the same time to produce force , as per Lombard 's paradox . Also , sometimes during a joint action controlled by an agonist muscle ( see above definition of agonist ) , the antagonist will be slightly activated , naturally . This occurs normally and is not considered to be a problem unless it is excessive or uncontrolled and disturbs the control of the joint action . This is called agonist / antagonist co-activation and serves to mechanically stiffen the joint . </P> <P> Not all muscles are paired in this way . An example of exception is the deltoid . </P> <H3> Synergistic action ( edit ) </H3> The biceps brachii flexes the lower arm . The brachioradialis , in the forearm , and brachialis , located deep to the biceps in the upper arm , are both synergists that aid in this motion . <P> Synergist muscles perform , or help perform , the same set of joint motion as the agonists . Synergists muscles act on movable joints . Synergists are sometimes referred to as `` neutralizers '' because they help cancel out , or neutralize , extra motion from the agonists to make sure that the force generated works within the desired plane of motion . </P> <P> Muscle fibers can only contract up to 40 % of their fully stretched length . Thus the short fibers of pennate muscles are more suitable where power rather than range of contraction is required . This limitation in the range of contraction affects all muscles , and those that act over several joints may be unable to shorten sufficiently to produce the full range of movement at all of them simultaneously ( active insufficiency , e.g. , the fingers can not be fully flexed when the wrist is also flexed ) . Likewise , the opposing muscles may be unable to stretch sufficiently to allow such movement to take place ( passive insufficiency ) . For both these reasons , it is often essential to use other muscles , called fixators or synergists , in this type of action to fix certain of the joints so that others can be moved effectively , e.g. , fixation of the wrist during full flexion of the fingers in clenching the fist . Synergists are muscles that facilitate the fixation action . </P> <P> There is an important difference between a helping synergist muscle and a true synergist muscle . A true synergist muscle is one that only neutralizes an undesired joint action , whereas a helping synergist is one that neutralizes an undesired action but also assists with the desired action . </P> <H3> Neutralizer action ( edit ) </H3> <P> A muscle that fixes or holds a bone so that the agonist can carry out the intended movement is said to have a neutralising action . A good famous example of this are the hamstrings ; the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles perform knee flexion and knee internal rotation whereas the biceps femoris carries out knee flexion and knee external rotation . For the knee to flex while not rotating in either direction , all three muscles contract to stabilize the knee while it moves in the desired way . </P> Composite muscle ( edit ) <P> Composite or hybrid muscles have more than one set of fibers that perform the same function , and are usually supplied by different nerves for different set of fibers . For example , the tongue itself is a composite muscle made up of various components like longitudinal , transverse , horizontal muscles with different parts innervated having different nerve supply . </P> <H2> Form ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Insertion and origin ( edit ) </H3> The seven general types of skeletal muscle <P> The insertion and origin of a muscle are the two places where it is anchored , one at each end . The tissue of the attachment is called an enthesis . </P> <P> The origin of a muscle is the bone , typically proximal , which has greater mass and is more stable during a contraction than a muscle 's insertion . For example , with the latissimus dorsi muscle , the origin site is the torso , and the insertion is the arm . When this muscle contracts , normally the arm moves due to having less mass than the torso . This is the case when grabbing objects lighter than the body , as in the typical use of a lat pull down machine . This can be reversed however , such as in a chin up where the torso moves up to meet the arm . </P> <P> The insertion of a muscle is the structure that it attaches to and tends to be moved by the contraction of the muscle . This may be a bone , a tendon or the subcutaneous dermal connective tissue . Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone . The insertion is a bone that tends to be distal , have less mass , and greater motion than the origin during a contraction . </P> <H3> Muscle fibres ( edit ) </H3> Different skeletal muscle types : A : fusiform . B : unipennate. C : bipennate . ( P.C.S. , physiological cross-section ) <P> Muscles may also be described by the direction that the muscle fibres run in . </P> <Ul> <Li> Fusiform muscles have fibres that run parallel to the length of the muscle , and are spindle - shaped . For example , the pronator teres muscle of the forearm . </Li> <Li> Unipennate muscles have fibres that run the entire length of only one side of a muscle , like a quill pen . For example , the fibularis muscles . </Li> <Li> Bipennate muscles consist of two rows of oblique muscle fibres , facing in opposite diagonal directions , converging on a central tendon . Bipennate muscle is stronger than both unipennate muscle and fusiform muscle , due to a larger physiological cross-sectional area . Bipennate muscle shortens less than unipennate muscle but develops greater tension when it does , translated into greater power but less range of motion . Pennate muscles generally also tire easily . Examples of bipennate muscles are the rectus femoris muscle of the thigh , and the stapedius muscle of the middle ear . </Li> </Ul> <H2> State ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hypertrophy and atrophy ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Hypertrophy and Atrophy Example of an atrophied muscle <P> Hypertrophy is increase in muscle size from an increase in size of individual muscle cells . This usually occurs as a result of exercise . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Reciprocal inhibition </Li> <Li> Anatomical terms of location </Li> <Li> Anatomical terms of motion </Li> <Li> Anatomical terms of bone </Li> <Li> Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Skeletal Muscle </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smooth Muscle </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cardiac Muscle </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taber 2001 , pp. `` Agonist '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baechle , Thomas ( 2008 ) . Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning . USA : National Strength and Conditioning Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 8465 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taber 2001 , pp. `` Antagonist '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ OED 1989 , `` origin '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taber 2001 , `` insertion '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martini , Frederic ; William C. Ober ; Claire W. Garrison ; Kathleen Welch ; Ralph T. Hutchings ( 2001 ) . Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology , 5th Ed . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0130172928 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taber 2001 , `` Fusiform '' . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Books </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Willert , editor Donald Venes , Coeditor Clayton L. Thomas , Managing Editor Elizabeth J. Egan , Assistant Editors Nancee A. Morelli and Alison D. Nell . / copy Editor Ann Houska Proofreaders Joy Matkowski and Christopher Muldor . Dictionary Illustrator Beth Anne ( 2001 ) . Taber 's cyclopedic medical dictionary ( Ed . 19 , illustrated in full color ed . ) . Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Co . ISBN 0 - 8036 - 0655 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> J.A. Simpson , ed. ( 1989 ) . The Oxford English dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 9780198611868 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Muscular system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tissue </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muscle tissue <Ul> <Li> Cardiac muscle </Li> <Li> Skeletal muscle </Li> <Li> Smooth muscle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fascia <Ul> <Li> Superficial </Li> <Li> Deep </Li> <Li> Visceral </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fascial compartment </Li> <Li> Tendon / Aponeurosis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shape </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fusiform </Li> <Li> Pennate muscle <Ul> <Li> Unipennate </Li> <Li> Bipennate </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anatomical terms of muscle <Ul> <Li> Origin </Li> <Li> Insertion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> List of muscles of the human body </Li> <Li> Composite muscle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anatomy portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_muscle&oldid=824972641 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Human anatomy </Li> <Li> Muscular system </Li> <Li> Lists of human anatomical features </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 18 : 35 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where would the muscles be located that are considered antagonists to the wrist flexors
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_muscle&amp;oldid=824972641
1,541,029,783,928,482,600
History of East Germany - wikipedia <H1> History of East Germany </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The flag of the German Democratic Republic , 1959 -- 90 <P> The German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik ( DDR ) , often known in English as East Germany , existed from 1949 to 1990 . It covered the area of the present - day German states of Mecklenburg - Vorpommern , Brandenburg , Berlin ( excluding West Berlin ) , Sachsen , Sachsen - Anhalt , and Thüringen . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Creation , 1945 -- 1949 <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Division of Germany <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 The Yalta Conference </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 The Potsdam Conference </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Reparations </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Agrarian reforms </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Political tensions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 Political developments </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early years , 1949 -- 55 <Ul> <Li> 2.1 SED as leading party </Li> <Li> 2.2 The uprising of June 1953 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Growing Sovereignty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Economic policy , 1956 -- 75 <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry , 1956 -- 63 </Li> <Li> 3.2 New Economic System , 1963 -- 70 </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Main Task </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Foreign policy , 1967 -- 75 <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ulbricht versus détente </Li> <Li> 4.2 Honecker and East - West Rapprochement </Li> <Li> 4.3 Two German states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Domestic policy , 1970s <Ul> <Li> 5.1 GDR identity </Li> <Li> 5.2 Dissidents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 10th Party Congress , 1981 </Li> <Li> 7 Decline and fall of the GDR , 1975 -- 89 <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Coffee crisis , 1976 -- 79 </Li> <Li> 7.2 Developing international debt crisis </Li> <Li> 7.3 Regime collapse , 1989 </Li> <Li> 7.4 Financial situation in 1990 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Reunification </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Creation , 1945 -- 1949 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Division of Germany ( edit ) </H3> Occupation zone borders in Germany , 1947 . The territories east of the Oder - Neisse line , under Polish and Soviet administration / annexation , are shown as white , as is the likewise detached Saar protectorate . Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone . The Yalta Conference ( edit ) <P> At the Yalta Conference , held in February 1945 , the United States , United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union agreed on the division of Germany into occupation zones . Estimating the territory that the converging armies of the western Allies and the Soviet Union would overrun , the Yalta Conference determined the demarcation line for the respective areas of occupation . It was also decided that a `` Committee on Dismemberment of Germany '' was to be set up . The purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into several nations , and if so , what borders and inter-relationships the new German states were to have . Following Germany 's surrender , the Allied Control Council , representing the United States , Britain , France , and the Soviet Union , assumed governmental authority in postwar Germany . Economic demilitarization however ( especially the stripping of industrial equipment ) was the responsibility of each zone individually . </P> The Oder - Neisse Line The Potsdam Conference ( edit ) <P> The Potsdam Conference of July / August 1945 officially recognized the zones and confirmed jurisdiction of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany ( German : Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland , SMAD ) from the Oder and Neisse rivers to the demarcation line . The Soviet occupation zone included the former states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg - Vorpommern , Saxony , Saxony - Anhalt , and Thuringia . The city of Berlin was placed under the control of the four powers . The German territory east of the Oder - Neisse line , equal in size to the Soviet occupation zone , was handed over to Poland and the Soviet Union for de facto annexation . This territory transfer was seen as a compensation for Nazi German military occupation of Poland and parts of the Soviet Union . The millions of Germans still remaining in these areas under the Potsdam Agreement were over a period of several years expelled and replaced by Polish settlers ( see Expulsion of Germans after World War II ) . </P> Map showing the different borders and territories of Poland and Germany during the 20th century , with the current areas of Germany and Poland in dark gray 1951 East German stamp commemorating the Treaty of Zgorzelec establishing the Oder - Neisse line as a `` border of peace '' , featuring the presidents Wilhelm Pieck ( GDR ) and Bolesław Bierut ( Poland ) <P> Russian soldiers systematically humiliated the Germans in 1945 by raping large numbers of women , many of them repeatedly . Soviets raped an estimated two million women and girls in East Germany alone immediately after occupation . Naimark states that not only did each victim have to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her life , it inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation that affected the acceptability of Soviet control . </P> Reparations ( edit ) Allocation policy for `` surplus '' German heavy industry under the `` '' Level of Industry '' plans . <P> Each occupation power assumed rule in its zone by June 1945 . The powers originally pursued a common German policy , focused on denazification and demilitarization in preparation for the restoration of a democratic German nation - state . Over time , however , the western zones and the Soviet zone drifted apart economically , not least because of the Soviets ' much greater use of disassembly of German industry under its control as a form of reparations . Reparations were officially agreed among the Allies from 2 August 1945 , with ' removals ' prior to this date not included . According to Soviet Foreign Ministry data , Soviet troops , organised in specialised `` trophy '' battalions , removed 1.28 m tons of materials and 3.6 m tons of equipment , as well as large quantities of agricultural produce ) . No agreement on reparations could be reached at the Potsdam Conference , but by December 1947 it was clear that Western governments were unwilling to accede to the Soviet request for $10 bn in reparations ( which the Soviets placed into perspective by calculating total war damage of $128 bn ) . ( In contrast the Germans estimate a total loss of German property , due to the border changes promoted by the USSR and the population expulsions , of 355.3 billion Deutschmarks ) . As a result , the Soviets sought to extract the $10 bn from its occupation zone in eastern Germany , in addition to the trophy removals ; Naimark ( 1995 ) estimates that $10 bn was transferred in material form by the early 1950s , including in 1945 and 1946 over 17,000 factories , amounting to a third of the productive capital of the eastern occupation zone . </P> <P> In the western zones , dismantling and / or destruction of German industry continued until 1951 in accordance to the ( several times modified ) `` German level of industry '' agreement connected with the Potsdam conference whereby Germany was to be treated as a single unit and converted into an `` agricultural and light industry economy '' . By the end of 1948 the US had dismantled or destroyed all war - related manufacturing capability in its occupation zone. ( 3 ) In accordance with the agreements with the USSR , shipment of dismantled industrial installations from the west began on March 31 , 1946 . Under the terms of the agreement the Soviet Union would in return ship raw materials such as food and timber to the western zones . When the Soviets did not fulfil their side of the agreement , the US temporarily halted shipments east , and they were never resumed . It was later shown that although utilized for cold war propaganda reasons , the main reason for halting shipments east was not the behavior of the USSR but rather the recalcitrant behavior of France . Material received by the USSR included equipment from the Kugel - Fischer ballbearing plant at Schweinfurt , the Daimler - Benz underground aircraft - engine plant at Obrigheim , the Deschimag shipyards at Bremen - Weser , and the Gendorf powerplant. ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) </P> <P> Military industries and those owned by the state , by Nazi activists , and by war criminals were confiscated by the Soviet occupation authority . These industries amounted to about 60 % of total industrial production in the Soviet zone . Most heavy industry ( constituting 20 % of total production ) was claimed by the Soviet Union as reparations , and Soviet joint stock companies ( German : Sowjetische Aktiengesellschaften - SAG - ) were formed . The remaining confiscated industrial property was nationalized , leaving 40 % of total industrial production to private enterprise . </P> Agrarian reforms ( edit ) <P> The agrarian reform ( Bodenreform ) expropriated all land belonging to owners of more than 100 hectares of land as well as former Nazis and war criminals and generally limited ownership to 1 square kilometre ( 0.39 sq mi ) . Some 500 Junker estates were converted into collective people 's farms ( German : Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft - LPG - ) , and more than 30,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) were distributed among 500,000 peasant farmers , agricultural laborers , and refugees . State farms were also set up , called Volkseigenes Gut ( State - owned Property ) . </P> Political tensions ( edit ) <P> Growing economic differences combined with developing political tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union ( which would eventually develop into the Cold War ) were manifested in the refusal in 1947 of the SMAD to take part in the USA 's Marshall Plan . In March 1948 , the United States , Britain and France met in London and agreed to unite the Western zones and to establish a West German republic . The Soviet Union responded by leaving the Allied Control Council , and prepared to create an East German state . The division of Germany was made clear with the currency reform of 20 June 1948 , which was limited to the western zones . Three days later a separate currency reform was introduced in the Soviet zone . The introduction of the Deutsche Mark to the western sectors of Berlin , against the will of the Soviet supreme commander , led the Soviet Union to introduce the Berlin Blockade to try to gain control of the whole of Berlin . The Western Allies decided to supply Berlin via an airbridge . This lasted 11 months until the Soviet Union lifted the blockade on 12 May 1949 . </P> Political developments ( edit ) <P> An SMAD decree of June 10 1945 allowed the formation of antifascist democratic political parties in the Soviet zone ; elections to new state legislatures were scheduled for October 1946 . A democratic - antifascist coalition , which included the KPD , the SPD , the new Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich - Demokratische Union -- CDU ) , and the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany ( Liberal Demokratische Partei Deutschlands -- LDPD ) , was formed in July 1945 . The KPD ( with 600,000 members , led by Wilhelm Pieck ) and the SPD in East Germany ( with 680,000 members , led by Otto Grotewohl ) , which was under strong pressure from the Communists , merged in April 1946 to form the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands -- SED ) under pressure from the occupation authorities . In the October 1946 elections , the SED polled approximately 50 % of the vote in each state in the Soviet zone . However , a truer picture of the SED 's support was revealed in Berlin , which was still undivided . The Berlin SPD managed to preserve its independence and , running on its own , polled 48.7 % of the vote while the SED , with 19.8 % , was third in the voting behind the SPD and the CDU . </P> <P> In May 1949 , elections were held in the Soviet zone for the German People 's Congress to draft a constitution for a separate East German state . However , voters were only allowed to approve or reject slates of candidates drawn from the so - called anti-fascist coalition . Communists dominated this slate , thus allowing the SED to predetermine the composition of the People 's Congress . According to official results , two - thirds of voters approved the unity lists . </P> <P> The SED modelled itself as a Soviet - style `` party of the new type '' . To that end , German communist Walter Ulbricht became first secretary of the SED , and the Politburo , Secretariat , and Central Committee were formed . According to the Leninist principle of democratic centralism , each party body was controlled by its members . Ulbricht , as party chief , carried out the will of the members of his party . The SED committed itself ideologically to Marxism - Leninism and the international class struggle . </P> <P> Many former members of the SPD and some communist advocates of a social - democratic road to socialism were purged from the SED . The middle - class CDU and LDPD were weakened by the creation of two new parties , the National Democratic Party of Germany ( Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands -- NDPD ) and the Democratic Peasants ' Party of Germany ( Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands -- DBD ) . The SED accorded political representation to mass organizations and , most significant , to the party - controlled Free German Trade Union Federation ( Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund -- FDGB ) . </P> <P> Incidentally , the party system was designed to allow reentry of only those former NSDAP adherents who had earlier decided to join the National Front , which was originally formed by emigrants and prisoners of war in the Soviet Union during World War II . Political denazification in the Soviet zone was thus handled rather more transparently than in the Western zones , where the issue soon came second to considerations of practicality or even just privacy . </P> <P> In November 1948 , the German Economic Commission ( Deutsche Wirtschaftskomission -- DWK ) , including antifascist bloc representation , assumed administrative authority . Five months after declaration of the western Federal Republic of Germany ( better known as West Germany ) , on October 7 , 1949 , the DWK formed a provisional government and proclaimed establishment of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Wilhelm Pieck , a party leader , was elected first president . On October 9 , the Soviet Union withdrew her East Berlin headquarters , and subsequently it outwardly surrendered the functions of the military government to the new German state . </P> <H2> Early years , 1949 -- 55 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> SED as leading party ( edit ) </H3> The logo of the SED . <P> The SED controlled the National Front coalition , a federation of all political parties and mass organizations that preserved political pluralism . The 1949 constitution formally established a democratic federal republic and created an upper house called the Länderkammer ( States Chamber ) and the Volkskammer ( People 's Chamber ) . The Volkskammer , according to the East German constitution the highest state body , was vested with legislative sovereignty . The SED controlled the Council of Ministers and reduced the legislative function of the Volkskammer to that of acclamation . Election to the Volkskammer and the state legislatures ( later replaced by district legislatures ) was based on a joint ballot prepared by the National Front : voters could register their approval or disapproval . </P> <P> All members of the SED who were active in state organs carried out party resolutions . The State Security Service ( Staatssicherheitsdienst , better known as the Stasi ) and the Ministry of State Security had a role similar to Western intelligence agencies . </P> <P> The Third SED Party Congress convened in July 1950 and emphasized industrial progress . The industrial sector , employing 40 % of the working population , was subjected to further nationalization , which resulted in the formation of the People 's Enterprises ( Volkseigener Betrieb -- VEB ) . These enterprises incorporated 75 % of the industrial sector . The First Five - Year Plan ( 1951 -- 55 ) introduced centralized state planning ; it stressed high production quotas for heavy industry and increased labor productivity . The pressures of the plan caused an exodus of East German citizens to West Germany . The second Party Conference ( less important than Party Congress ) convened in July 9 -- 12 , 1952 . 1565 delegates , 494 guest - delegates , and over 2500 guests from the GDR and from many other countries in the world participated in it . In the conference a new economic policy was adpoted , `` Planned Construction of Socialism '' . The plan called to strengthen the state - owned sector of the economy , further to implement the principles of uniform socialist planning , and to use the economic laws of socialism systematically . </P> <P> Under a law passed by the Volkskammer in 1950 , the age at which Germany 's youth may reject parental supervision was lowered from 21 to 18 . The churches , while nominally assured of religious freedom , were , nevertheless , subjected to considerable pressure . To retaliate , Cardinal von Preysing , Bishop of Berlin , put the SED in East Germany under an Episcopal ban . There were also other indications of opposition , even from within the government itself . In the fall of 1950 several prominent members of the SED were expelled and arrested as `` saboteurs '' or `` for lacking trust in the Soviet Union . '' Among them were the Deputy Minister of Justice , Helmut Brandt ; the Vice-President of the Volkskammer , Joseph Rambo ; Bruno Foldhammer , the deputy to Gerhard Eisler ; and the editor , Lex Ende . At the end of 1954 the draft of a new family code was published which aimed at destroying all parental influence . </P> <P> In 1951 monthly emigration figures fluctuated between 11,500 and 17,000 . By 1953 an average of 37,000 men , women , and children were leaving each month . </P> <H3> The uprising of June 1953 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Uprising of 1953 in East Germany <P> Stalin died in March 1953 . In June the SED , hoping to give workers an improved standard of living , announced the New Course which replaced the Planned Construction of Socialism . The New Course in East Germany was based on the economic policy initiated by Georgi Malenkov in the Soviet Union . Malenkov 's policy , which aimed at improvement in the standard of living , stressed a shift in investment toward light industry and trade and a greater availability of consumer goods . The SED , in addition to shifting emphasis from heavy industry to consumer goods , initiated a program for alleviating economic hardships . This led to a reduction of delivery quotas and taxes , the availability of state loans to private business , and an increase in the allocation of production material . </P> <P> While the New Course increased the consumer goods workers could get , there were still high production quotas . When work quotas were raised in 1953 , it led to the 1953 Uprising . Strikes and demonstrations happened in major industrial centers . The workers demanded economic reforms . The Volkspolizei and the Soviet Army suppressed the uprising , in which approximately 100 participants were killed . </P> <H3> Growing sovereignty ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1954 the Soviet Union granted East Germany sovereignty , and the Soviet Control Commission in Berlin was disbanded . By this time , reparations payments had been completed , and the SAGs had been restored to East German ownership . The five states formerly constituting the Soviet occupation zone also had been dissolved and replaced by fifteen districts ( Bezirke ) in 1952 ; the United States , Britain , and France did not recognize the fifteenth district , East Berlin . East Germany began active participation in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( Comecon ) in 1950 . In 1955 Prime Minister Grotewohl was invited to Moscow and , between September 17 and 20 , concluded a treaty with the Soviet Union which entered into force on October 6 . According to its terms the German Democratic Republic was henceforth `` free to decide questions of its internal and foreign policy , including its relations with the German Federal Republic as well as with other states . '' Although Soviet forces would temporarily remain in the country on conditions to be agreed upon , they would not interfere in the internal conditions of its social and political life . The two governments would strengthen the economic , scientific - technical , and cultural relations between them and would consult with each other on questions affecting their interests . On 14th May 1955 , East Germany became a member of the Warsaw Pact and in 1956 the National People 's Army ( Nationale Volksarmee -- NVA ) was created . </P> <H2> Economic policy , 1956 -- 75 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry , 1956 -- 63 ( edit ) </H3> Economic activity in the GDR . <P> In 1956 , at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev repudiated Stalinism . Around this time , an academic intelligentsia within the SED leadership demanded reform . To this end , Wolfgang Harich issued a platform advocating radical changes in East Germany . In late 1956 , he and his associates were quickly purged from the SED ranks and imprisoned . </P> <P> An SED party plenum in July 1956 confirmed Ulbricht 's leadership and presented the Second Five - Year Plan ( 1956 -- 60 ) . The plan employed the slogan `` modernization , mechanization , and automation '' to emphasize the new focus on technological progress . At the plenum , the regime announced its intention to develop nuclear energy , and the first nuclear reactor in East Germany was activated in 1957 . The government increased industrial production quotas by 55 % and renewed emphasis on heavy industry . </P> <P> The Second Five - Year Plan committed East Germany to accelerated efforts toward agricultural collectivization and nationalization and completion of the nationalization of the industrial sector . By 1958 the agricultural sector still consisted primarily of the 750,000 privately owned farms that comprised 70 % of all arable land ; only 6,000 Agricultural Cooperatives ( Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften -- LPGs ) had been formed . In 1958 -- 59 the SED placed quotas on private farmers and sent teams to villages in an effort to encourage voluntary collectivization . In November and December 1959 some law - breaking farmers were arrested by the SSD . </P> <P> By mid-1960 nearly 85 % of all arable land was incorporated in more than 19,000 LPGs ; state farms comprised another 6 % . By 1961 the socialist sector produced 90 % of East Germany 's agricultural products . An extensive economic management reform by the SED in February 1958 included the transfer of a large number of industrial ministries to the State Planning Commission . In order to accelerate the nationalization of industry , the SED offered entrepreneurs 50 - percent partnership incentives for transforming their firms into VEBs . At the close of 1960 , private enterprise controlled only 9 % of total industrial production . Production Cooperatives ( Produktionsgenossenschaften -- PGs ) incorporated one - third of the artisan sector during 1960 - 61 , a rise from 6 % in 1958 . </P> <P> The Second Five - Year Plan encountered difficulties , and the regime replaced it with the Seven - Year Plan ( 1959 -- 65 ) . The new plan aimed at achieving West Germany 's per capita production by the end of 1961 , set higher production quotas , and called for an 85 % increase in labor productivity . Emigration again increased , totaling 143,000 in 1959 and 199,000 in 1960 . The majority of the emigrants were white collar workers , and 50 % were under 25 years of age . The labour drain exceeded a total of 2.5 million citizens between 1949 and 1961 . </P> <H3> New economic system , 1963 -- 70 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : New Economic System <P> The annual industrial growth rate declined steadily after 1959 . The Soviet Union therefore recommended that East Germany implement the reforms of Soviet economist Evsei Liberman , an advocate of the principle of profitability and other market principles for communist economies . In 1963 Ulbricht adapted Liberman 's theories and introduced the New Economic System ( NES ) , an economic reform program providing for some decentralization in decision - making and the consideration of market and performance criteria . The NES aimed at creating an efficient economic system and transforming East Germany into a leading industrial nation . </P> <P> Under the NES , the task of establishing future economic development was assigned to central planning . Decentralization involved the partial transfer of decision - making authority from the central State Planning Commission and National Economic Council to the Associations of People 's Enterprises ( Vereinigungen Volkseigener Betriebe -- VVBs ) , parent organizations intended to promote specialization within the same areas of production . The central planning authorities set overall production goals , but each VVB determined its own internal financing , utilization of technology , and allocation of manpower and resources . As intermediary bodies , the VVBs also functioned to synthesize information and recommendations from the VEBs . The NES stipulated that production decisions be made on the basis of profitability , that salaries reflect performance , and that prices respond to supply and demand . </P> <P> The NES brought forth a new elite in politics as well as in management of the economy , and in 1963 Ulbricht announced a new policy regarding admission to the leading ranks of the SED . Ulbricht opened the Politburo and the Central Committee to younger members who had more education than their predecessors and who had acquired managerial and technical skills . As a consequence of the new policy , the SED elite became divided into political and economic factions , the latter composed of members of the new technocratic elite . Because of the emphasis on professionalization in the SED cadre policy after 1963 , the composition of the mass membership changed : in 1967 about 250,000 members ( 14 % ) of the total 1.8 million SED membership had completed a course of study at a university , technical college , or trade school . </P> <P> The SED emphasis on managerial and technical competence also enabled members of the technocratic elite to enter the top echelons of the state bureaucracy , formerly reserved for political dogmatists . Managers of the VVBs were chosen on the basis of professional training rather than ideological conformity . Within the individual enterprises , the number of professional positions and jobs for the technically skilled increased . The SED stressed education in managerial and technical sciences as the route to social advancement and material rewards . In addition , it promised to raise the standard of living for all citizens . From 1964 until 1967 , real wages increased , and the supply of consumer goods , including luxury items , improved much . </P> <P> Ulbricht in 1968 launched a spirited campaign to convince the Comecon states to intensify their economic development `` by their own means . '' Domestically the East German regime replaced the NES with the Economic System of Socialism ( ESS ) , which focused on high technology sectors in order to make self - sufficient growth possible . Overall , centralized planning was reintroduced in the so - called structure - determining areas , which included electronics , chemicals , and plastics . Industrial combines were formed to integrate vertically industries involved in the manufacture of vital final products . Price subsidies were restored to accelerate growth in favored sectors . The annual plan for 1968 set production quotas in the structure - determining areas 2.6 % higher than in the remaining sectors in order to achieve industrial growth in these areas . The state set the 1969 -- 70 goals for high - technology sectors even higher . Failure to meet ESS goals resulted in the conclusive termination of the reform effort in 1970 . </P> <H3> The Main Task ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Main Task , introduced by Honecker in 1971 , formulated domestic policy for the 1970s . The program re-emphasized Marxism - Leninism and the international class struggle . During this period , the SED launched a massive propaganda campaign to win citizens to its Soviet - style socialism and to restore the `` worker '' to prominence . The Main Task restated the economic goal of industrial progress , but this goal was to be achieved within the context of centralized state planning . Consumer socialism -- the new program featured in the Main Task -- was an effort to magnify the appeal of socialism by offering special consideration for the material needs of the working class . The state extensively revamped wage policy and gave more attention to increasing the availability of consumer goods . </P> <P> The regime also accelerated the construction of new housing and the renovation of existing apartments ; 60 % of new and renovated housing was allotted to working - class families . Rents , which were subsidized , remained extremely low . Because women constituted nearly 50 % of the labor force , child - care facilities , including nurseries and kindergartens , were provided for the children of working mothers . Women in the labor force received salaried maternity leave which ranged from six months to one year . The state also increased retirement annuities . </P> <H2> Foreign policy , 1967 -- 75 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ulbricht versus détente ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ulbricht 's foreign policy from 1967 to 1971 responded to the beginning of the era of détente with the West . Although détente offered East Germany the opportunity to overcome its isolation in foreign policy and to gain Western recognition as a sovereign state , the SED leader was reluctant to pursue a policy of rapprochement with West Germany . Both German states had retained the goal of future unification ; however , both remained committed to their own irreconcilable political systems . The 1968 East German Constitution proclaimed the victory of socialism and restated the country 's commitment to unification under communist leadership . </P> <P> However , the SED leadership , although successful in establishing socialism in East Germany , had limited success in winning popular support for the repressive social system . In spite of the epithet `` the other German miracle '' , the democratic politics and higher material progress of West Germany continued to attract East German citizens . Ulbricht feared that hopes for a democratic government or a reunification with West Germany would cause unrest among East German citizens , who since 1961 appeared to have come to terms with social and living conditions . </P> <P> In the late 1960s , Ulbricht made the Council of State as main governmental organ . The 24 - member , multiparty council , headed by Ulbricht and dominated by its fifteen SED representatives , generated a new era of political conservatism . Foreign and domestic policies in the final years of the Ulbricht era reflected strong commitment to an aggressive strategy toward the West and toward Western ideology . Ulbricht 's foreign policy focused on strengthening ties with Warsaw Pact countries and on organizing opposition to détente . In 1967 he persuaded Czechoslovakia , Poland , Hungary , and Bulgaria to conclude bilateral mutual assistance treaties with East Germany . The Ulbricht Doctrine , subsequently signed by these states , committed them to reject the normalization of relations with West Germany unless Bonn formally recognized East German sovereignty . </P> <P> Ulbricht also encouraged the abrogation of Soviet bloc relations with the industrialized West , and in 1968 he launched a spirited campaign to convince the Comecon states to intensify their economic development `` by their own means . '' Considering claims for freedom and democracy within the Soviet bloc a danger to its domestic policies , the SED , from the beginning , attacked Prague 's new political course , which resulted in intervention by the Soviet military and other Warsaw Pact contingents in 1968 . </P> <P> In August 1970 , the Soviet Union and West Germany signed the Moscow Treaty , in which the two countries pledged nonaggression in their relations and in matters concerning European and international security and confirmed the Oder - Neisse line . Moscow subsequently pressured East Germany to begin bilateral talks with West Germany . Ulbricht resisted , further weakening his leadership , which had been damaged by the failure of the ESS . In May 1971 , the SED Central Committee chose Erich Honecker to succeed Ulbricht as the party 's first secretary . Although Ulbricht was allowed to retain the chairmanship of the Council of State until his death in 1973 , the office had been reduced in importance . </P> <H3> Honecker and East - West rapprochement ( edit ) </H3> <P> Honecker combined loyalty to the Soviet Union with flexibility toward détente . At the Eighth Party Congress in June 1971 , he presented the political program of the new regime . In his reformulation of East German foreign policy , Honecker renounced the objective of a unified Germany and adopted the `` defensive '' position of ideological Abgrenzung ( demarcation or separation ) . Under this program , the country defined itself as a distinct `` socialist state '' and emphasized its allegiance to the Soviet Union . Abgrenzung , by defending East German sovereignty , in turn contributed to the success of détente negotiations that led to the Four Power Agreement on Berlin ( Berlin Agreement ) in 1971 and the Basic Treaty with West Germany in December 1972 . </P> <P> The Berlin Agreement and the Basic Treaty normalized relations between East Germany and West Germany . The Berlin Agreement ( effective June 1972 ) , signed by the United States , Britain , France , and the Soviet Union , protected trade and travel relations between West Berlin and West Germany and aimed at improving communications between East Berlin and West Berlin . The Soviet Union stipulated , however , that West Berlin would not be incorporated into West Germany . The Basic Treaty ( effective June 1973 ) politically recognized two German states , and the two countries pledged to respect one another 's sovereignty . Under the terms of the treaty , diplomatic missions were to be exchanged and commercial , tourist , cultural , and communications relations established . In September 1973 , both countries joined the United Nations , and thus East Germany received its long - sought international recognition . </P> <H3> Two German states ( edit ) </H3> Inter-German Border Strip at the Berlin Wall <P> From the mid-1970s , East Germany remained poised between East and West . The 1974 amendment to the Constitution deleted all references to the `` German nation '' and `` German unity '' and designated East Germany `` a socialist nation - state of workers and peasants '' and `` an inseparable constituent part of the socialist community of states . '' However , the SED leadership had little success in inculcating East Germans with a sense of ideological identification with the Soviet Union . Honecker , conceding to public opinion , devised the formula `` citizenship , GDR ; nationality , German . '' In so doing , the SED first secretary acknowledged the persisting psychological and emotional attachment of East German citizens to German traditions and culture and , by implication , to their German neighbors in West Germany . </P> <P> Although Abgrenzung constituted the foundation of Honecker 's policy , détente strengthened ties between the two German states . Between 5 and 7 million West Germans and West Berliners visited East Germany each year . Telephone and postal communications between the two countries were significantly improved . Personal ties between East German and West German families and friends were being restored , and East German citizens had more direct contact with West German politics and material affluence , particularly through radio and television . West Germany was East Germany 's supplier of high - quality consumer goods , including luxury items , and the latter 's citizens frequented both the Intershops , which sold goods for Western currency , and the Exquisit and Delikat shops , which sold imported goods for East German currency . </P> <P> As part of the general détente between East and West , East Germany participated in the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe in Europe and in July 1975 signed the Helsinki Final Act , which was to guarantee the regime 's recognition of human rights . The Final Act 's provision for freedom of movement elicited approximately 120,000 East German applications for permission to emigrate , but the applications were rejected . </P> <H2> Domestic policy , 1970s ( edit ) </H2> <H3> GDR identity ( edit ) </H3> GDR era Karl Marx monument in Chemnitz ( renamed Karl - Marx - Stadt from 1953 to 1990 ) . <P> From the beginning , the newly formed GDR tried to establish its own separate identity . Because of Marx 's abhorrence of Prussia , the SED repudiated continuity between Prussia and the GDR . The SED destroyed the Junker manor houses , wrecked the Berlin city palace , and removed the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great from East Berlin . Instead the SED focused on the progressive heritage of German history , including Thomas Müntzer 's role in the German Peasants ' War and the role played by the heroes of the class struggle during Prussia 's industrialization . Nevertheless , as early as 1956 East Germany 's Prussian heritage asserted itself in the NVA . </P> <P> As a result of the Ninth Party Congress in May 1976 , East Germany after 1976 -- 77 considered its own history as the essence of German history , in which West Germany was only an episode . It laid claim to reformers such as Karl Freiherr vom Stein , Karl August von Hardenberg , Wilhelm von Humboldt , and Gerhard von Scharnhorst . The statue of Frederick the Great was meanwhile restored to prominence in East Berlin . Honecker 's references to the former Prussian king in his speeches reflected East Germany 's official policy of revisionism toward Prussia , which also included Bismarck and the resistance group Red Band . East Germany also laid claim to the formerly maligned Martin Luther and to the organizers of the Spartacus League , Karl Liebknecht , and Rosa Luxemburg . </P> <H3> Dissidents ( edit ) </H3> See also : State Secretary for Church Affairs <P> In spite of détente , the Honecker regime remained committed to Soviet - style socialism and continued a strict policy toward dissidents . Nevertheless , a critical Marxist intelligentsia within the SED renewed the plea for democratic reform . Among them was the poet - singer Wolf Biermann , who with Robert Havemann had led a circle of artists and writers advocating democratization ; he was expelled from East Germany in November 1976 for dissident activities . Following Biermann 's expulsion , the SED leadership disciplined more than 100 dissident intellectuals . </P> <P> Despite the government 's actions , East German writers began to publish political statements in the West German press and periodical literature . The most prominent example was Rudolf Bahro 's Die Alternative , which was published in West Germany in August 1977 . The publication led to the author 's arrest , imprisonment , and deportation to West Germany . In late 1977 , a manifesto of the `` League of Democratic Communists of Germany '' appeared in the West German magazine Der Spiegel . The league , consisting ostensibly of anonymous middle - to high - ranking SED functionaries , demanded democratic reform in preparation for reunification . </P> <P> Even after an exodus of artists in protest against Biermann 's expulsion , the SED continued its repressive policy against dissidents . The state subjected literature , one of the few vehicles of opposition and nonconformism in East Germany , to ideological attacks and censorship . This policy led to an exodus of prominent writers , which lasted until 1981 . The Lutheran Church also became openly critical of SED policies . Although in 1980 - 81 the SED intensified its censorship of church publications in response to the Polish Solidarity movement , it maintained , for the most part , a flexible attitude toward the church . The consecration of a church building in May 1981 in Eisenhüttenstadt , which according to the SED leadership was not permitted to build a church owing to its status as a `` socialist city '' , demonstrated this flexibility . </P> <H2> 10th party Congress , 1981 ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 10th Party Congress , which took place in April 1981 , focused on improving the economy , stabilizing the socialist system , achieving success in foreign policy , and strengthening relations with West Germany . Presenting the SED as the leading power in all areas of East German society , General Secretary ( the title changed from First Secretary in 1976 ) Honecker emphasized the importance of educating loyal cadres in order to secure the party 's position . He announced that more than one - third of all party members and candidates , nearly two - third of the party secretaries had completed a course of study at a university , technical college , or trade school , and that four - fifths of the party secretaries had received training in a party school for more than a year . </P> <P> Stating that a relaxation of `` democratic centralism '' was unacceptable , Honecker emphasized rigid centralism within the party . Outlining the SED 's general course , the congress confirmed the unity of East Germany 's economic and social policy on the domestic front and its absolute commitment to the Soviet Union in foreign policy . In keeping with the latter pronouncement , the SED approved the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan . The East German stance differed from that taken by the Yugoslav , Romanian , and Italian communists , who criticized the Soviet action . </P> <P> The SED 's Central Committee , which during the 1960s had been an advisory body , was reduced to the function of an acclamation body during the Tenth Party Congress . The Politburo and the Secretariat remained for the most part unchanged . In addition to policy issues , the congress focused on the new Five - Year Plan ( 1981 -- 85 ) , calling for higher productivity , more efficient use of material resources , and better quality products . Although the previous five - year plan had not been fulfilled , the congress once again set very high goals . </P> <H2> Decline and fall of the GDR , 1975 -- 89 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Coffee crisis , 1976 -- 79 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : East German coffee crisis <P> Due to the strong German tradition of drinking coffee , coffee imports were one of the most important for consumers . A massive rise in coffee prices in 1976 -- 77 led to a quadrupling of the annual costs of importing coffee compared to 1972 -- 75 . This caused severe financial problems for the GDR , which perennially lacked hard currency . </P> <P> As a result , in mid-1977 the Politburo withdrew most cheaper brands of coffee from sale , limited use in restaurants , and effectively withdrew its provision in public offices and state enterprises . In addition , an infamous new type of coffee was introduced , Mischkaffee ( mixed coffee ) , which was 51 % coffee and 49 % a range of fillers , including chicory , rye , and sugar beet . </P> <P> Unsurprisingly , the new coffee was generally detested for its awful taste , and the whole episode is informally known as the `` coffee crisis '' . The crisis passed after 1978 as world coffee prices began to fall again , as well as increased supply through an agreement between the GDR and Vietnam - the latter becoming one of the world 's largest coffee producers in the 1990s . However , the episode vividly illustrated the structural economic and financial problems of the GDR . </P> <H3> Developing international debt crisis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although in the end political circumstances led to the collapse of the SED regime , the GDR 's growing international ( hard currency ) debts were leading towards an international debt crisis within a year or two . Debts continued to grow in the course of the 1980s to over DM40 bn owed to western institutions , a sum not astronomical in absolute terms ( the GDR 's GDP was perhaps DM250bn ) but much larger in relation to the GDR 's capacity to export sufficient goods to the west to provide the hard currency to service these debts . An October 1989 paper prepared for the Politburo ( Schürer - Papier , after its principal author Gerhard Schürer ) projected a need to increase export surplus from around DM2bn in 1990 to over DM11bn by 1995 in order to stabilise debt levels . </P> <P> Much of the debt originated from attempts by the GDR to export its way out of its international debt problems , which required imports of components , technologies , and raw materials ; as well as attempts to maintain living standards through imports of consumer goods . The GDR was internationally competitive in some sectors such as mechanical engineering and printing technology . However the attempt to achieve a competitive edge in microchips not only failed , but swallowed increasing amounts of internal resources and hard currency . Another significant factor was the elimination of a ready source of hard currency through re-export of Soviet oil , which until 1981 was provided below world market prices . The resulting loss of hard currency income produced a noticeable dip in the otherwise steady improvement of living standards . ( It was precisely this continuous improvement which was at risk due to the impending debt crisis ; the Schürer - Papier 's remedial plans spoke of a 25 -- 30 % reduction . ) </P> <H3> Regime collapse , 1989 ( edit ) </H3> See also : Monday demonstrations in East Germany and Die Wende <P> In May 1989 , local government elections were held . The public reaction was one of anger , when it was revealed that National Front candidates had won the majority of seats , with ' only ' 98.5 % of the vote . In other words , despite larger - than - ever numbers of voters rejecting the single candidate put forward by the Front ( an exercise of defiance that carried great risk -- including being sacked from a job or expelled from university ) , the vote had been flagrantly rigged . Increasing numbers of citizens applied for exit visas or left the country illegally . In August 1989 , Hungary 's reformist government removed its border restrictions with Austria -- the first breach in the so - called `` Iron Curtain '' . In September 1989 , more than 13,000 East Germans managed to escape to the West through Hungary . The Hungarian government told their furious East German counterparts that international treaties on refugees took precedence over a 1969 agreement between the two countries restricting freedom of movement . Thousands of East Germans also tried to reach the West by staging sit - ins at West German diplomatic facilities in other East European capitals , especially in Prague , Czechoslovakia . The GDR subsequently announced that it would provide special trains to carry these refugees to West Germany , claiming it was expelling `` irresponsible antisocial traitors and criminals . '' Meanwhile , mass demonstrations in Dresden and Leipzig demanded the legalization of opposition groups and democratic reforms . </P> Logo for the 40th anniversary of the German Democratic Republic in 1989 . <P> Virtually ignoring the problems facing the country , Honecker and the rest of the Politburo celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Republic in East Berlin on October 7 . As in past celebrations , soldiers marched on parade and missiles were displayed on large trucks to showcase the Republic 's weaponry . However , the parade proved to be a harbinger . With Mikhail Gorbachev and most of the Warsaw Pact leaders in attendance , members of the FDJ were heard chanting , `` Gorby , help us ! Gorby , save us ! '' That same night , the first of many large demonstrations occurred in East Berlin , the first mass demonstration in the capital itself . Similar demonstrations for freedom of speech and of the press erupted across the country and increased pressure on the regime to reform . One of the largest occurred in Leipzig . Troops had been sent there -- almost certainly on Honecker 's orders -- only to be pulled back by local party officials . In an attempt to ward off the threat of popular uprising , the Politburo ousted Honecker on October 18 . </P> <P> Honecker 's replacement was Egon Krenz , the regime 's number - two man for most of the second half of the 1980s . Although he was almost as detested as Honecker himself , he made promises to open up the regime from above . Few East Germans were convinced , however ; the demonstrations continued unabated . Additionally , people continued to flee to West Germany in increasing numbers , first through Hungary and later through Czechoslovakia . At one point , several schools had to close because there were not enough students or teachers to have classes . </P> <P> On November 9 , in an effort to stave off the protests and the mass exodus , the government crafted new travel regulations that allowed East Germans who wanted to go to West Germany ( either permanently or for a visit ) to do so directly through East Germany . However , no one on the Politburo told the government 's de facto spokesman , East Berlin party chief Günter Schabowski , that the new regulations were due to take effect the next day . When a reporter asked when the regulations were to take effect , Schabowski assumed they were already in force and replied , `` As far as I know ... immediately , without delay . '' When excerpts from the press conference were broadcast on West German television , it prompted large crowds to gather at the checkpoints near the Berlin Wall . Unprepared , outnumbered , and unwilling to use force to keep them back , the guards finally let them through . In the following days increasing numbers of East Germans took advantage of this to visit West Germany or West Berlin ( where they were met by West German government gifts of DM100 each , called `` greeting money '' ) . </P> <P> The fall of the Berlin Wall was , for all intents and purposes , the death certificate for Communist rule in East Germany . On December 1 , the Volkskammer deleted the provisions of the Constitution giving the SED a monopoly of power . Krenz , the Politburo , and the Central Committee resigned two days later . Hans Modrow , who had been appointed prime minister only two weeks earlier , now became the de facto leader of a country in a state of utter collapse . </P> <H3> Financial situation in 1990 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Little of the structural economic and financial problems identified by the Schürer - Papier were widely known until late 1989 ( although in 1988 -- 89 the GDR 's creditworthiness was declining slightly ) . At this time , the government , aware of the impending problems from the October 1989 Schürer - Papier , asked the West German government for new billion - Deutschmark loans . Although the financial problems probably played no role in the opening of the borders on November 9 , opening the borders eliminated any West German interest in further supporting the East German state , as West Germany immediately began to work towards a reunification . As a result , the new East German transitional government faced massive medium - term financial problems , which might -- as the Schürer - Papier had even suggested -- lead to the International Monetary Fund being called in , although in the short - term gold and other reserves ensured that bills continued to be paid . In the event , massive West German financial support ( around half East Germany 's budget in 1990 ) following the March 1990 elections prevented a financial collapse in the months leading up to reunification . </P> <H2> Reunification ( edit ) </H2> See also : German reunification and die Wende <P> Although there were some small attempts to create a non-socialist East Germany , these were soon overwhelmed by calls for reunification with West Germany . There were two main legal routes for this . The Basic Law for the Federal Republic explicitly stated that it was only intended for temporary use until a permanent constitution could be adopted by the German people . This was largely out of necessity , because at the time it was written ( 1949 ) it could not extend its authority to the East . The Basic Law therefore provided a means ( Article 146 ) for a new constitution to be written for a united and democratic Germany . The other route was Article 23 , under which prospective states could accede to the Federal Republic by simple majority vote , in the process accepting its existing laws and institutions . This had been used in 1957 for the accession of the state of Saarland . Whilst Article 146 had been expressly designed for the purpose of German reunification , it was apparent in 1990 that employing it would require a vastly longer and more complex process of negotiation - and one which would open up many political issues in West Germany , where constitutional reform ( particularly to respond to changing economic circumstances ) was a longstanding concern . Even without this to consider , East Germany was virtually prostrate economically and politically . </P> <P> With these factors in mind , it was decided to use the quicker process in Article 23 . Under this route , reunification could be implemented in just six months , and completely sidestep the West German political conflicts involved in writing a new constitution . Under the pressure of an increasing financial crisis ( driven partly by mass emigration to West Germany in early 1990 and partly by the Federal Republic 's refusal to grant the loans that would have been needed to underpin a longer transition period ) , the Article 23 route rapidly became the frontrunner . The cost of this , however , was that East Germany 's nascent democracy died less than a year after it was born , with a set of laws and institutions imposed from outside replacing a set of laws and institutions imposed from above . Any debate , for example , about the value of the various social institutions ( such as the childcare , education , and healthcare systems , which had implemented policy ideas discussed in West Germany for decades , and still today ) was simply ruled out by this legal route . </P> <P> East Germany held its first free elections in March 1990 . The SED had reorganized as the Party of Democratic Socialism ( PDS ) and pushed out most of its hardline Communist members in hopes of rehabilitating its image . It was to no avail ; as expected , the PDS was heavily defeated by the Alliance for Germany , a centre - right coalition dominated by the East German branch of the CDU and running on a platform of speedy reunification with West Germany . A `` grand coalition '' of the Alliance and the revived Social Democrats elected the CDU 's Lothar de Maizière as Prime Minister on April 12 . Following negotiations between the two German states , a Treaty on Monetary , Economic , and Social Union was signed on May 18 and came into effect on July 1 , among things replacing the East German mark with the Deutsche Mark ( DM ) . The treaty also declared the intention for East Germany to join the Federal Republic by way of the Basic Law 's Article 23 and indeed laid much of the ground for this by providing for the swift and wholesale implementation of West German laws and institutions in East Germany . </P> <P> In mid July most state property - covering a large majority of the East German economy - was transferred to the Treuhand , which was given the responsibility of overseeing the transformation of East German state - owned business into market - oriented privatised companies . On July 22 a law was passed recreating the five original federal states of East Germany , to take effect on October 14 ; and on August 31 the Unification Treaty set an accession date of October 3 ( modifying the State Creation Law to come into effect on that date ) . The Unification Treaty declared that ( with few exceptions ) at accession the laws of East Germany would be replaced overnight by those of West Germany . The Volkskammer approved the treaty on September 20 by a margin of 299 - 80 -- in effect , voting East Germany out of existence . </P> <P> In September , after some negotiations which involved the United States , the Soviet Union , France , and the United Kingdom , conditions for German reunification were agreed on , with the Allies of World War II renouncing their former rights in Germany and agreeing to remove all occupying troops by 1994 . In separate negotiations between Gorbachev and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl , it was agreed that a reunified Germany would be free to choose whatever alliance it wanted , though Kohl made no secret that a reunified Germany would inherit the West German seats at NATO and the European Community . With the 12 September signing of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , Germany became fully sovereign once more from March 15 , 1991 . On October 3 , 1990 , East Germany formally ceased to exist . The five recreated states in its former territory acceded to the Federal Republic , while East and West Berlin reunited to form the third city - state of the Federal Republic . Thus the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the EC as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany ( see German reunification ) . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> East Germany portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> History of Germany </Li> <Li> Leaders of East Germany </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffrey Burds , `` Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II , 1939 - 1945 , '' Politics & Society ( 2009 ) 37 # 1 pp 35 - 73 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman M. Naimark . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 - 1949 . Harvard University Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 pp. 132 , 133 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naimark ( 1995 ) , The Russians in Germany , p167 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naimark ( 1995 ) , The Russians in Germany , p168 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manfred Görtemaker , Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart , C.H. Beck , 1999 , p. 171 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 44554 - 3 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naimark ( 1995 ) , The Russians in Germany , p169 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Gimbel , `` The American Reparations Stop in Germany : An Essay on the Political Uses of History '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sebetsyen , Victor ( 2009 ) . Revolution 1989 : The Fall of the Soviet Empire . New York City : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2015 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Treaty on Monetary , Economic and Social Union </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> End of East Germany and Following Problems from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives </Li> <Li> LOC Country studies ( public domain text ) </Li> <Li> RFE / RL East German Subject Files Open Society Archives , Budapest </Li> <Li> Der Demokrat ( German ) </Li> <Li> DDR Wissen ( German ) </Li> <Li> Tillis Story </Li> <Li> Memories of the former FRG Ambassador in Prague of the exodus of GDR citizens through the West German Prague embassyin 1989 ( German ) </Li> <Li> Time line of East German history </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their Communist period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> East Germany </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Soviet Russia / Soviet Union : 1917 -- 27 </Li> <Li> 1927 -- 53 </Li> <Li> 1953 -- 64 </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 82 </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 91 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Byelorussia </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact </Li> <Li> Comecon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_East_Germany&oldid=841878017 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> History of East Germany </Li> <Li> Germany -- Soviet Union relations </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking in - text citations </Li> <Li> Articles containing German - language text </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Rumantsch </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 17 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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the gdr's debt to western banks increased between 1970 and 1989 from
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_East_Germany&amp;oldid=841878017
38,549,125,395,008,904
Eddie Steeples - wikipedia <H1> Eddie Steeples </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Eddie Steeples </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1973 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1973 ( age 44 ) Spring , Texas , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2001 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Eddie Steeples ( born November 25 , 1973 ) is an American actor known for his roles as the `` Rubberband Man '' in an advertising campaign for OfficeMax , the `` Distinguished Dog '' in Would You Rather and as Darnell Turner on the NBC sitcom My Name Is Earl . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography </Li> <Li> 2 Personal life </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Steeples was born and raised in Spring , Texas , the oldest of eight children . After graduating from Klein Oak High School in 1992 , he moved to Santa Cruz , California , where he took acting classes at a community college . He later studied with the St. Louis Black Repertory Theatre and briefly at Howard University , eventually settling in New York City . There Steeples joined the experimental film group Mo - Freek , and a hip hop group , No Surrender . Among the Mo - Freek productions he has starred in are Lost in the Bush , Caravan Summer , and People Are Dead . He also starred in the short film Whoa and appeared as a guest on The Chris Rock Show . </P> <P> Steeples became nationally known when he was cast as the `` Rubberband Man '' in a series of commercials for OfficeMax . He has also appeared in feature films . </P> <P> Steeples played the role of Darnell Turner on the NBC comedy series My Name Is Earl , which premiered on September 20 , 2005 and ran for four seasons . Steeples on the show was known as Darnell Turner ( witness protection name ) aka Harry Monroe ( real name ) a.k.a. `` Crab Man '' . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Steeples has discredited what he calls false Internet claims saying he was married to a `` Marinas Suela '' in 2008 . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Whoa </Td> <Td> P . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> People Are Dead </Td> <Td> Cop # 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Torque </Td> <Td> Rasan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> The Best of Robbers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wristcutters : A Love Story </Td> <Td> Josh </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Akeelah and the Bee </Td> <Td> Derrick - T </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Lost </Td> <Td> Stevie - Ray </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roman </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> When Is Tomorrow </Td> <Td> Ron </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I Know Who Killed Me </Td> <Td> Saeed the Prosthetic Tech </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Reel Life </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Legs </Td> <Td> ' Legs ' Johnson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zombie Apocalypse </Td> <Td> Billy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Home Alone : The Holiday Heist </Td> <Td> Hughes </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Would You Rather </Td> <Td> Cal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip </Td> <Td> Barry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 - 2009 </Td> <Td> My Name Is Earl </Td> <Td> Darnell Turner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Raising Hope </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> The Guest Book </Td> <Td> Eddie </Td> <Td> Recurring Role </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eddie Steeples '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Steeples '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eddie Steeples '' . My Name Is Earl official site ( TBS ) . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steeples Baffled By Marriage Reports '' . ContactMusic.com . World Entertainment News Network . December 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Eddie Steeples on IMDb </Li> <Li> Eddie Steeples ' talks about his tattoos at Inked Magazine </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 4901 6100 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2006109026 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 39138815 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Steeples&oldid=855423983 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1973 births </Li> <Li> Male actors from Houston </Li> <Li> African - American male actors </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American male television actors </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Male actors from St. Louis </Li> <Li> People from Spring , Texas </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 05 : 40 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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who plays darnell in my name is earl
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Eddie_Steeples&amp;oldid=855423983
197,815,680,533,602,020
Jack in the Box - Wikipedia <H1> Jack in the Box </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the restaurant . For the toy , see Jack - in - the - box . For other uses , see Jack - in - the - box ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Jack in the Box , Inc . <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The current logo , first used on March 15 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Public </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traded as </Th> <Td> NASDAQ : JACK S&P 400 Component </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Restaurants </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fast food </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> February 21 , 1951 ; 66 years ago ( 1951 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> Robert Oscar Peterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> San Diego , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> 21 states in the U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Leonard A. Comma , Chairman & CEO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Hamburgers chicken sandwiches salads breakfast desserts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revenue </Th> <Td> $2.25 billion USD ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total assets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US $ 1.319209 billion ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> US $ 1.463725 billion ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> > 22,000 ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> jackinthebox.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jack in the Box is an American fast - food restaurant chain founded February 21 , 1951 , by Robert O. Peterson in San Diego , California , where it is headquartered . The chain has 2,200 locations , primarily serving the West Coast of the United States and selected large urban areas in the eastern portion of the US including Texas . Food items include a variety of hamburger and cheeseburger sandwiches along with selections of internationally themed foods such as tacos and egg rolls . The company also operates the Qdoba Mexican Grill chain . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 JBX Grill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Products </Li> <Li> 3 Advertising <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Logo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 4.1 E. coli outbreak </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Locations </Li> <Li> 6 Restatement </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Robert Oscar Peterson already owned several successful restaurants when he opened Topsy 's Drive - In at 6270 El Cajon Boulevard in San Diego in 1941 . Several more Topsy 's were opened and eventually renamed Oscar 's ( after Peterson 's middle name ) . By the late 1940s , the Oscar 's locations had developed a circus - like décor featuring drawings of a starry - eyed clown . In 1947 , Peterson obtained rights for the intercom ordering concept from George Manos who owned one location named Chatterbox in Anchorage , Alaska , the first known location to use the intercom concept for drive - up windows . In 1951 , Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box , a hamburger stand focused on drive - through service . While the drive - through concept was not new , Jack in the Box innovated a two - way intercom system , the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive - through . The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive - up window ; while one customer was being served at the window , a second and even a third customer 's order could be taken and prepared . A giant clown projected from the roof , and a smaller clown head sat atop the intercom , where a sign said , `` Pull forward , Jack will speak to you . '' The Jack in the Box restaurant was conceived as a `` modern food machine , '' designed by La Jolla , California master architect Russell Forester . Quick service made the new location very popular , and soon all of Oscar 's locations were redesigned with intercoms and rechristened Jack in the Box restaurants . </P> <P> Peterson formed Foodmaker , Inc. as a holding company for Jack in the Box in 1960 . At this time , all Jack in the Box locations -- over 180 , mainly in California and the Southwest -- were company - owned . Location sites , food preparation , quality control , and the hiring and training of on - site managers and staff in each location were subject to rigorous screening and strict performance standards . </P> <P> In 1968 , Peterson sold Foodmaker to Ralston Purina Company . In the 1970s , Foodmaker led the Jack in the Box chain toward its most prolific growth ( television commercials in the early 1970s featured child actor Rodney Allen Rippy ) and began to franchise locations . The chain began to increasingly resemble its larger competitors , particularly industry giant McDonald 's . Jack in the Box began to struggle in the latter part of the decade ; its expansion into East Coast markets was cut back , then halted . By the end of the decade , Jack in the Box restaurants was sold in increasing numbers . </P> <P> Around 1980 , Foodmaker dramatically altered Jack in the Box 's marketing strategy by literally blowing up the chain 's symbol , the jack in the box , in television commercials with the tagline , `` The food is better at the Box '' . Jack in the Box announced that it would no longer compete for McDonald 's target customer base of families with young children . Instead , Foodmaker targeted older , more affluent `` yuppie '' customers with a higher - quality , more upscale menu and a series of whimsical television commercials featuring Dan Gilvezan , who attempted to compare the new menu items to that of McDonald 's and other fast - food chains , to no avail ; hence `` There 's No Comparison '' , their slogan at the time . Jack in the Box restaurants were remodeled and redecorated with decorator pastel colors and hanging plants ; the logo , containing a clown 's head in a red box with the company name in red text to or below the box ( signs in front of the restaurant displayed the clown 's head only ) , was modified , stacking the words in a red diagonal box while still retaining the clown 's head ; by about 1981 or 1982 , the clown 's head was removed from the logo , which would remain until 2009 . </P> <P> Television advertising from about 1985 onward featured minimalistic music by a small chamber - like ensemble ( specifically a distinctive seven - note plucked musical signature ) . The menu , previously focused on hamburgers led by the flagship Jumbo Jack , became much more diverse , including salads , chicken sandwiches , finger foods , and Seasoned Curly Fries ( at least two new menu items were introduced per year ) , at a time when few fast - food operations offered more than standard hamburgers . Annual sales increased through the 1980s . Ralston Purina tried further to mature the restaurant 's image , renaming it `` Monterey Jack 's '' in late 1985 . The name change proved to be a disaster , and the Jack in the Box name was restored in early 1986 . </P> <P> After 18 years , Ralston Purina decided in 1985 that Foodmaker was a non-core asset and sold it to management . By 1987 , sales reached $655 million , the chain boasted 897 restaurants , and Foodmaker became a publicly traded company . </P> <H3> JBX Grill ( edit ) </H3> <P> JBX Grill was a line of fast casual restaurants introduced in 2004 by Jack in the Box Inc . They featured high - quality , cafe - style food , avoiding most of the cheaper fast - food items typically served at Jack in the Box . The architecture and decor maintained an upbeat , positive atmosphere , and the customer service was comparable to most dine - in restaurants . Two of the Jack in the Box restaurants in San Diego , California ( where Jack in the Box is headquartered ) were converted to JBX Grill restaurants to test the concept . ( The locations in Hillcrest and Pacific Beach still retain many of the JBX elements , including an indoor / outdoor fireplace and modern architecture . ) There were also restaurants in Bakersfield , California , Boise , Idaho , and Nampa , Idaho . However , the concept later proved unsuccessful , and the last stores were reconverted to Jack in the Box in 2006 . </P> <H2> Products ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Although best known for its hamburgers , Jack in the Box 's most popular product is its taco , which it has sold since the first restaurant in the 1950s . As of 2017 , the company sells 554 million a year manufactured in three factories in Texas and Kansas to `` a legion of fans who swear by the greasy vessels even as they sometimes struggle to understand their appeal '' , The Wall Street Journal reported . The newspaper quoted one fan who compared it to `` ' a wet envelope of cat food ' '' and observed that `` there are two kinds of people : those who think they 're disgusting and those who agree they 're disgusting but are powerless to resist them '' . A Los Angeles restaurateur praised it , however , as `` the most underrated taco of all time '' ; celebrity fans include Tom Hanks , Chelsea Handler , Selena Gomez , and Chrissy Teigen . What makes the taco unusual is that it is created with the meat and hard taco shell in the Texas and Kansas facilities , then frozen for transport and storage . At the restaurant , it is then deep fried , then prepared with lettuce , cheese and mild taco sauce before serving . </P> <P> Besides tacos , other Americanized foods from ethnic cuisines that Jack in the Box offers include egg rolls , breakfast burritos , and poppers . New items come in on a rotation every three to four months , including the Philly cheesesteak and the deli style pannidos ( deli trio , ham & turkey , zesty turkey ) which were replaced by Jack 's ciabatta burger and included the original ciabatta burger and the bacon ' n ' cheese ciabatta . Jack in the Box also carries seasonal items such as pumpkin pie shakes , Oreo mint shakes , and eggnog shakes during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays . In some locations , local delicacies are a regular part of the menu . Locations in Hawaii , for example , include the Paniolo Breakfast ( Portuguese sausage , eggs , and rice platter ) and teriyaki chicken and rice bowl . In the Southern United States , the company offers biscuits and sweet tea . In Imperial County , California , some locations sell date shakes , reflecting the crop 's ubiquity in the region 's farms . In the spring of 2007 , Jack in the Box also introduced its sirloin burger and followed this up recently with the sirloin steak melt . Its more recent foray into the deli market was the less - popular Ultimate Club Sandwich which was initially removed in Arizona due to poor sales and has since been phased out at all locations . </P> <P> The Bonus Jack was first released in 1970 and has been reintroduced to Jack in the Box menus at times throughout the years . In November 2009 , the company discontinued their popular ciabatta sandwiches / burgers . In 2012 , Jack in the Box introduced a bacon milkshake as part of its `` Marry Bacon '' campaign . </P> <P> In October 2016 , `` Brunchfast '' items were introduced . Those are Bacon & Egg Chicken Sandwich , Blood Orange Fruit Cooler , Brunch Burger , Cranberry Orange Muffins , Homestyle Potatoes , and Southwest Scrambler Plate . </P> <H2> Advertising ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The restaurant rebounded in popularity in 1994 after a highly successful marketing campaign that featured the fictitious Jack in the Box chairman Jack character ( formerly voiced by the campaign 's creator Dick Sittig ) , who has a ping pong ball - like head , a yellow clown cap , two blue eyes , a pointy black nose , and a linear red smile that changes with his emotions , and is dressed in a business suit . </P> <P> Jack was reintroduced specifically to signal the new direction the company was taking to refocus and regroup after the E. coli disaster . In the original spot that debuted in Fall 1994 , Jack ( `` through the miracle of plastic surgery '' , he says as he confidently strides into the office building ) reclaims his rightful role as founder and CEO , and , apparently as revenge for being blown up in 1980 , approaches the closed doors of the Jack in the Box boardroom ( a fictionalized version , shown while the aforementioned minimalist theme music from the 1980s Jack in the Box commercials plays ) , activates a detonation device , and the boardroom explodes in a shower of smoke , wood , and paper . The spot ends with a close - up shot of a small white paper bag , presumably filled with Jack in the Box food , dropping forcefully onto a table ; the bag is printed with the words `` Jack 's Back '' in bold red print , then another bag drops down with the Jack in the Box logo from that period . Later ads feature the first bag showing the text of the food item or offer the commercial is promoting . </P> <P> A commercial was released where Jack goes to the house of a man who has records of calling Jack in the Box `` Junk in the Box '' . When the man shoves Jack yelling `` Beat it clown ! '' , Jack chases him outside , tackles him to the ground , and forces him to try Jack 's food and confess his deed . The commercial ends with Jack saying `` I 'm sorry for the grass stains . '' `` Really ? '' `` No '' . </P> <P> The commercials in the `` Jack 's Back '' campaign ( which has won several advertising industry awards ) tend to be lightly humorous and often involve Jack making business decisions about the restaurant chain 's food products , or out in the field getting ideas for new menu items . While a series of ads claiming to ask when Burger King and McDonald 's will change their ways about making their hamburgers featured a phone number , it is unknown whether the caller would actually be connected to Jack himself . In addition , many commercials have advertised free car antenna balls with every meal , thus increasing brand awareness . Often different types of antenna balls were available during a holiday or major event or themed toward a sports team local to the restaurant . The antenna balls have since been discontinued due to the demise of the mast - type car antenna . </P> Popular Jack antenna ball ( Christmas version ) Jack in the Box restaurant in Willits , California Jack in the Box headquarters in San Diego , California ( February 2008 ) <P> During the height of the now - defunct XFL , one of the continuing ad series involved a fictitious professional American football team owned by Jack . The team , called the Carnivores , played against teams such as the Tofu Eaters and the Vegans . </P> <P> In 1997 , a successful advertising campaign was launched using a fictional musical group called the Spicy Crispy Girls ( a take off of the Spice Girls , a British pop music girl group - at the time one of the most popular groups in the world ) , in comedic national television commercials . The commercials were used to promote the new Jack in the Box Spicy Crispy Chicken Sandwich ( now known as Jack 's Spicy Chicken ) , with the girls dancing in `` the Jack groove . '' The Spicy Crispy Girls concept was used as a model for another successful advertising campaign called the ' Meaty Cheesy Boys ' to promote the Ultimate Cheeseburger ( see below ) . At the 1998 Association of Independent Commercial Producers ( AICP ) Show , one of the Spicy Crispy Girls commercials won the top award for humor . </P> <P> The Meaty Cheesy Boys , a mock boy band to promote the Ultimate Cheeseburger , were created during an ad campaign featuring an out - of - control advertising executive previously fired by Jack . The same ad exec featured in a spot where a medical doctor made exaggerated claims of the benefits of fast food that it would cure baldness , help trim extra pounds , and remove wrinkles . Jack asks the ad exec incredulously , `` Where did you find this guy ? '' The ad exec responds proudly , `` Tobacco company . '' </P> <P> In 2000 , an ad involved a man washed up on a remote island with only a Jack in the Box antenna ball as company . Later that year , director Robert Zemeckis , claiming the agency had appropriated elements of his Oscar - nominated film Cast Away for the ad , had his lawsuit against the ad agency thrown out . </P> <P> In April 2006 , Jack in the Box launched an ad campaign called Bread is Back , taking a stab at the low carbohydrate diets of recent years . </P> <P> In 2006 , Jack in the Box took use of this perception creating a commercial featuring a typical stoner who is indecisive about ordering . When faced with a decision , the Jack in the Box figurine in his car tells him to `` stick to the classics '' and order 30 tacos implying that he has the `` munchies '' . This ad later stirred up controversy among a San Diego teen group who claimed that the ad was irresponsible showing a teenager who was under the influence of drugs . To protest , they presented the company with 2000 postcards protesting the ad , despite the fact that it had not aired since the beginning of the previous month . This commercial was redone in 2009 to feature the new logo and the new Campaign . </P> <P> Another ad touting the chain 's milkshakes aired circa 2003 and was shot in the stilted style of a 1970s - era anti-drug spot , urging kids to `` say no to fake shakes '' and featured `` Larry The Crime Donkey , '' a parody of McGruff the Crime Dog . </P> <P> In 2007 , Jack in the Box began a commercial campaign for their new 100 % sirloin beef hamburgers , implying that they were of higher quality than the Angus beef used by Carl 's Jr. , Hardee 's , Wendy 's , and Burger King . That May , CKE Restaurants , Inc. , the parent company of Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's , filed a lawsuit against Jack in the Box , Inc . CKE claimed , among other things , that the commercials tried to give the impression that Carl 's Jr. / Hardee 's Angus beef hamburgers contained cow anuses by having an actor swirl his finger in the air in a circle while saying `` Angus '' in one commercial and having other people in the second commercial laugh when the word `` Angus '' was mentioned . They also attacked Jack in the Box 's claim that sirloin , a cut found on all cattle , was of higher quality than Angus beef , which is a breed of cattle . </P> <P> During Super Bowl XLIII on February 1 , 2009 , a commercial depicted Jack in a Full Body Cast after getting hit by a bus . In October 2009 , Jack in the Box debuted a popular commercial to market their `` Teriyaki Bowl '' meals . The commercial features employees getting `` bowl cut '' haircuts . At the end of the commercial , Jack reveals that his `` bowl cut '' is a wig , to the dismay of the employees . </P> <H3> Logo ( edit ) </H3> The official Jack in the Box logo used from March 2 , 1980 , until March 15 , 2009 . <P> The One variation has a miniature clown hat ( dating back to 1978 ) with three dots in the upper left - hand corner ; the clown head was removed in 1980 . In the 1970s , the clown head was in a red box all by itself , with the company name either below or next to the box ; signs in front of the restaurants had the clown head only . The ' clown head ' can be seen on several YouTube videos depicting Jack in the Box commercials from the 1970s and 1980s . Most Jack in the Box locations opened before late 2008 had this logo , although the company is slowly replacing them with the newer logo , along with general updating of the locations ' decor . Some locations continue to use this logo as their `` Open / Closed '' sign . </P> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1981 , horse meat labeled as beef was discovered at a Foodmaker plant that supplied hamburger and taco meat to Jack in the Box . The meat was originally from Profreeze of Australia , and during their checks on location , the food inspectors discovered other shipments destined for the United States which included kangaroo meat . </P> <H3> E. coli Outbreak ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak <P> In 1993 , Jack in the Box suffered a major corporate crisis involving E. coli O157 : H7 bacteria . Four children died of hemolytic uremic syndrome and 600 others were reported sick after eating undercooked patties contaminated with fecal material containing the bacteria at a location in Tacoma , Washington and other parts of the Pacific Northwest . The chain was faced with several lawsuits , each of which was quickly settled ( but left the chain nearly bankrupt and losing customers ) . At the time , Washington state law required that hamburgers be cooked to an internal temperature of at least 155 ° F ( 68 ° C ) , the temperature necessary to kill E. coli bacteria , although the FDA requirement at that time was only 140 ° F ( 60 ° C ) , which was the temperature Jack in the Box cooked . After the incident , Jack in the Box mandated that in all nationwide locations , their hamburgers be cooked to at least 155 ° F ( 68 ° C ) . Additionally , all meat products produced in the United States are required to comply with HACCP ( Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ) regulations . Every company that produces meat products is required to have a HACCP plan that is followed continuously . Jack in the Box also worked with food safety experts from manufacturing companies and created a comprehensive program to test for bacteria in every food product . </P> <H2> Locations ( edit ) </H2> Second Colorado location in Arvada , showing off the 1980s logo . New Jack in the Box in Scottsdale , Arizona , showing the new logo . <P> In 2005 , Jack in the Box announced plans for nationwide expansion by 2010 . </P> <P> In support of this objective , the chain began airing ads in states several hundred miles from the nearest location . </P> This Jack in the Box off U.S. Highway 83 is one of five company outlets in Laredo , Texas . Notice the 1980s logo . <P> The expansion strategy at that time was targeted at Colorado , Delaware , Florida and Texas . In 2007 , the first new Colorado store opened in Golden , Colorado , marking an end to Jack in the Box 's 11 - year - long absence from the state . </P> <P> In Albuquerque , New Mexico , several locations opened in June 2009 . Jack in the Box restaurants last made an appearance in the Albuquerque market approximately two decades ago . </P> <P> In September 2010 , it was announced that 40 under - performing company - owned Jack in the Box restaurants located mostly in Texas and the Southeast would close . </P> <P> In March 2011 , Jack in the Box launched the Munchie Mobile in San Diego , a food truck that will serve Jack 's burgers and fries . In June 2012 , Jack in the Box launched their second food truck in the southeast region of the United States . Another truck was launched for the Northern Texas area in April 2013 . </P> <P> In January 2012 , Jack in the Box opened its first of three locations in the Indianapolis area . A few months later , the first Ohio location opened in September 2012 in West Chester . </P> <H2> Restatement ( edit ) </H2> <P> On December 16 , 2004 , the company restated three years of results due to an accounting change that prompted the company to cut first - quarter and 2005 earnings expectations . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of hamburger restaurants </Li> <Li> Companies portal </Li> <Li> Food portal </Li> <Li> San Diego portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JACK IN THE BOX INC / NEW / 2013 Q1 Quarterly Report Form ( 10 - Q ) '' ( XBRL ) . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . February 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JACK IN THE BOX INC / NEW / 2012 Annual Report Form ( 10 - K ) '' ( XBRL ) . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . November 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Inc about - us '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotlandville , SU welcomes Jack in the Box franchise '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lemons , Stephen ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Bottom Feeding '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History '' . Jack in the Box . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Langdon , Philip ( 1986 ) . Orange Roofs , Golden Arches : The architecture of American chain restaurants . Knopf . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 54401 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Furlonger , Jaye E. ( July 2009 ) . The Robert O. Peterson - Russell Forester Residence ( PDF ) ( Report ) . California Department of Parks and Recreation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack In The Box 1980 '' . YouTube . 2007 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Russell ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Americans Eat 554 Million Jack in the Box Tacos a Year , and No One Knows Why '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . A1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Alternate Link via ProQuest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Debuts Sirloin Burger '' . QSR Magazine . May 3 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box adds steak sandwich '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . December 17 , 2007 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bacon Milkshake : Jack In The Box Adds Absurd Indulgence To Menu '' . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pham , Peter ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jack In The Box Now Serves All - Day Brunch '' . Foodbeast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Other Works for Lisa Joann Thompson '' . IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Spots and Commercial . `` Jack in the Box , Spicy Crispy Chicks '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Spots and Commercials . `` Wholesale TV Spots '' . TV Spots . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spicy Crispy Chicks '' . Jack in the Box Commercials Archive . AvertToLog . January 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Millie , Takaki . `` Top honor roll at AICP Show '' . Highbeam Business . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Art & Technique of the American Commercial '' . AICP Show Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack In The Box '' . Breadisback.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gentile , Gary ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Jack in the Box Ads Called Misleading '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Meat Will Be Inspected '' . New York Times . August 26 , 1981 . p . A14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Federal Report '' . Washington Post . August 14 , 1981 . p . A27 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Alternate Link via ProQuest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilma , David ( 2004 - 04 - 08 ) . `` HistoryLink Essay : Food contamination by ' ' E. coli ' ' bacteria kills three children in Western Washington in January and February 1993 '' . Historylink.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thirteen Years Since Jack in the Box '' . Marler Blog . Marler Clark , LLP . July 28 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box E. coli Outbreak '' . About E. coli . Marler Clark , LLP . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Joyzelle ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Jack in the Box pops up again '' . Rocky Mountain News . p. 4 Business . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Inc . Reports Third Quarter Earnings ; Raises Fiscal 2007 Earnings Forecast ; Plans 2 - For - 1 Stock Split '' ( PDF ) . Jack in the Box Inc . ( Press release ) . August 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box popping up , again , in Albuquerque '' . Albuquerque Business First . August 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forbes , Paula ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Jack in the Box Closing 40 Stores '' . Eater . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulcahy , James ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Jack in the Box Launches Food Truck '' . Zagat . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shatkin , Elina ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Jack in the Box Launches Food Truck '' . LA Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson - jacobs , Karen ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` New Jack in the Box food truck will be popping out free burgers at Rangers ' home opener , other Dallas - area events '' . Dallas Morning News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack In The Box Opens To Crowd : Fast - Food Chain Opens Indiana Restaurant '' . WRTV . January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indiana 's first Jack in the Box to open Monday '' . Louisville Business First . January 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren , Jay ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Traffic snarls in front of New Jack in the Box '' . WCPO - TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box comes to Ohio , but Columbus will have to wait '' . Columbus Business First . September 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack in the Box Inc . Announces Adjustments to Historical Financial Statements '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . December 16 , 2004 -- via The Free Library . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack in the Box . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Official corporate website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chicken chains </Li> <Li> Coffeehouse chains </Li> <Li> Pizza chains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hamburgers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A&W </Li> <Li> Arctic Circle </Li> <Li> Back Yard </Li> <Li> Big Boy </Li> <Li> BurgerFi </Li> <Li> Burger King </Li> <Li> Carl 's Jr . </Li> <Li> Checkers / Rally 's </Li> <Li> Cook Out </Li> <Li> Cheeburger Cheeburger </Li> <Li> Dairy Queen </Li> <Li> Fatburger </Li> <Li> Five Guys </Li> <Li> Freddy 's </Li> <Li> Fuddruckers </Li> <Li> The Habit </Li> <Li> Hardee 's </Li> <Li> Hwy 55 </Li> <Li> In - N - Out </Li> <Li> Jack in the Box </Li> <Li> Johnny Rockets </Li> <Li> Krystal </Li> <Li> McDonald 's </Li> <Li> Red Robin </Li> <Li> Roy Rogers </Li> <Li> Shake Shack </Li> <Li> Smashburger </Li> <Li> Sonic </Li> <Li> Steak ' n Shake </Li> <Li> Wayback </Li> <Li> Wendy 's </Li> <Li> Whataburger </Li> <Li> White Castle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> L&L Hawaiian Barbecue </Li> <Li> Manchu Wok </Li> <Li> Panda Express </Li> <Li> Pei Wei Asian Diner </Li> <Li> P.F. 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Cinnamons </Li> <Li> Wetzel 's </Li> <Li> Winchell 's </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beverages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argo Tea </Li> <Li> Biggby Coffee </Li> <Li> Caribou </Li> <Li> Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf </Li> <Li> Coffee Beanery </Li> <Li> Dunn Bros </Li> <Li> Gloria Jean 's </Li> <Li> Jamba Juice </Li> <Li> Juice It Up ! </Li> <Li> Orange Julius </Li> <Li> Peet 's </Li> <Li> Planet Smoothie </Li> <Li> Robeks </Li> <Li> Seattle 's Best Coffee </Li> <Li> Smoothie King </Li> <Li> Starbucks </Li> <Li> Teavana </Li> <Li> Tropical Smoothie Cafe </Li> <Li> Tully 's </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frozen desserts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baskin - Robbins </Li> <Li> Ben & Jerry 's </Li> <Li> Braum 's </Li> <Li> Bruster 's </Li> <Li> Carvel </Li> <Li> Cold Stone </Li> <Li> Culver 's </Li> <Li> Dairy Queen </Li> <Li> Dippin ' Dots </Li> <Li> Fosters Freeze </Li> <Li> Friendly 's </Li> <Li> Golden Spoon </Li> <Li> Graeter 's </Li> <Li> Häagen - Dazs </Li> <Li> Handel 's </Li> <Li> Kiwi Yogurt </Li> <Li> MaggieMoo 's </Li> <Li> Marble Slab </Li> <Li> Menchie 's </Li> <Li> Pinkberry </Li> <Li> Red Mango </Li> <Li> Rita 's </Li> <Li> Sweet Frog </Li> <Li> Tastee - Freez </Li> <Li> TCBY </Li> <Li> Tropical Sno </Li> <Li> Tutti Frutti </Li> <Li> Yogen Früz </Li> <Li> Yogurtland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hot dogs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hot Dog on a Stick </Li> <Li> Nathan 's Famous </Li> <Li> Portillo 's </Li> <Li> Wienerschnitzel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexican - style / Tex - Mex </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baja Fresh </Li> <Li> Cafe Rio </Li> <Li> Chipotle </Li> <Li> Del Taco </Li> <Li> El Pollo Loco </Li> <Li> Freebirds </Li> <Li> Green / Red Burrito </Li> <Li> La Salsa </Li> <Li> Moe 's </Li> <Li> Pancheros </Li> <Li> Qdoba </Li> <Li> Rubio 's </Li> <Li> Taco Bell </Li> <Li> Taco Bueno </Li> <Li> Taco Cabana </Li> <Li> Taco del Mar </Li> <Li> Taco John 's </Li> <Li> Taco Mayo </Li> <Li> Taco Time </Li> <Li> Tijuana Flats </Li> <Li> Wahoo 's Fish Taco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Noodles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fazoli 's </Li> <Li> Noodles & Company </Li> <Li> Skyline Chili </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sandwiches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arby 's </Li> <Li> Atlanta Bread </Li> <Li> Blimpie </Li> <Li> Capriotti 's </Li> <Li> Charley 's </Li> <Li> Così </Li> <Li> Cousins </Li> <Li> D'Angelo </Li> <Li> Daphne 's </Li> <Li> Erbert & Gerbert 's </Li> <Li> Firehouse Subs </Li> <Li> Great Wraps </Li> <Li> Jason 's </Li> <Li> Jerry 's Subs </Li> <Li> Jersey Mike 's </Li> <Li> Jimmy John 's </Li> <Li> Lee 's Sandwiches </Li> <Li> Lenny 's Sub </Li> <Li> McAlister 's Deli </Li> <Li> Miami Subs </Li> <Li> Newk 's Eatery </Li> <Li> Penn Station </Li> <Li> Port of Subs </Li> <Li> Potbelly </Li> <Li> Quiznos </Li> <Li> Rax </Li> <Li> Sandella 's </Li> <Li> Schlotzsky 's </Li> <Li> Steak Escape </Li> <Li> Subway </Li> <Li> Togo 's </Li> <Li> Tubby 's </Li> <Li> Tudor 's Biscuit World </Li> <Li> Which Wich ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seafood </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arthur Treacher 's </Li> <Li> Captain D 's </Li> <Li> H. Salt Esquire </Li> <Li> Ivar 's </Li> <Li> Long John Silver 's </Li> <Li> Skippers Seafood & Chowder House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bresler 's </Li> <Li> Brigham 's </Li> <Li> Burger Chef </Li> <Li> Carrols </Li> <Li> D'Lites </Li> <Li> Druther 's </Li> <Li> Henry 's Hamburgers </Li> <Li> Hot ' n Now </Li> <Li> Hot Sam Pretzels </Li> <Li> Naugles </Li> <Li> Red Barn </Li> <Li> Sandy 's </Li> <Li> White Tower </Li> <Li> Zantigo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_in_the_Box&oldid=819171085 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Jack in the Box </Li> <Li> Fast - food chains of the United States </Li> <Li> Fast - food chains of Australia </Li> <Li> Fast - food franchises </Li> <Li> Fast - food hamburger restaurants </Li> <Li> Regional restaurant chains in the United States </Li> <Li> Restaurants established in 1951 </Li> <Li> 1951 establishments in California </Li> <Li> Companies based in San Diego </Li> <Li> Companies listed on NASDAQ </Li> <Li> Economy of the Midwestern United States </Li> <Li> Economy of the Southeastern United States </Li> <Li> Economy of the Western United States </Li> <Li> Restaurants in San Diego County , California </Li> <Li> Ralston Purina </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Chi - Chewa </Li> <Li> ChiShona </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 贛 語 </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hawaiʻi </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Igbo </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Kurdî </Li> <Li> ລາວ </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> Māori </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> नेपाल भाषा </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> पालि </Li> <Li> پښتو </Li> <Li> ភាសា ខ្មែរ </Li> <Li> Ποντιακά </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sesotho </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Soomaaliga </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Тоҷикӣ </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 吴语 </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> <Li> डोटेली </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 21 : 42 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where does jack in the box meat come from
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Jack_in_the_Box&amp;oldid=819171085
-3,279,322,263,347,141,000
Izzie Stevens - wikipedia <H1> Izzie Stevens </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Izzie Stevens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Season 6 Promotional Photo of Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01 , March 27 , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' 6x12 , January 21 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Katherine Heigl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td> Isobel Katherine Stevens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dr. Model Cricket Izz Izzie Barbie Tinkerbell Stevens Patient X Bethany Whisper Blondie Cancer Wife </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Robbie Stevens ( Mother ) Hannah Klein ( Daughter ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Alex Karev ( divorced ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hank Denny Duquette ( fiancé , deceased ) George O'Malley ( deceased ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion </Th> <Td> Catholicism </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Isobel Katherine `` Izzie '' Stevens , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actress Katherine Heigl from 2005 to 2010 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Izzie worked her way up to resident level , while her relationships with her colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . </P> <P> Heigl garnered critical acclaim for her performance as Izzie and received numerous awards and nominations for her role , winning the `` Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series '' at the 2007 Emmy Awards . She was critical of the character 's development during the show 's fourth season , particularly her romance with George . She declined to put herself forward for the 2008 Emmy Awards , citing insufficient material in the role . After speculation that Izzie would be killed off in the fifth season , the character was diagnosed with Stage 4 metastatic melanoma . She married Alex in the series ' one - hundredth episode , and afterwards , her tumor was successfully removed . Izzie made her final appearance in the sixth season , leaving Seattle after Alex refused to resume their marriage . Heigl requested to be released from her contract 18 months early , in order to spend more time with her family . In January 2012 , Heigl reported that she would like to return to Grey 's Anatomy to give closure to her character , however , Rhimes confirmed that there were no plans to have the character return at that time and has since stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie 's storyline again . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Storylines </Li> <Li> 2 Development <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Casting and creation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Characterization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> <P> Izzie appears in the first episode of Grey 's Anatomy , meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Alex Karev , and George O'Malley . She and George move in with Meredith and become best friends . Izzie 's boyfriend , hockey player Hank ( Jonathan Scarfe ) , struggles to accept her new role as a surgeon , and the two break up . Izzie is hurt when Alex exposes her past as a lingerie model . However , the two later go on to begin a friendship and then a romance . Alex experiences sexual dysfunction with Izzie and cheats on her with nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) . When Izzie finds out , she breaks up with him , though they briefly reunite following a bomb incident at the hospital . Izzie reveals while treating a pregnant teenager that she had a daughter at the age of 16 and gave up for adoption . Izzie falls in love with cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , and the two become engaged . When Denny 's condition deteriorates , Izzie deliberately worsens his health further by cutting his LVAD wire to move him up the donor register . Although Denny receives a new heart , he has a stroke hours later and dies . Izzie is the sole beneficiary of Denny 's will , inheriting $8.7 million . She uses the money to open a free clinic at the hospital : the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic . </P> <P> Izzie disapproves of George 's relationship and marriage to orthopedic resident Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . She and George sleep together , and attempt to keep their liaison a secret . George and resident Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) are the only people aware that Izzie gave birth to a daughter at the age of sixteen ; ultimately the child was given up for adoption . He supports Izzie when her daughter Hannah ( Liv Hutchings ) , diagnosed with leukemia , arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital in need of a bone marrow transplant from Izzie . Izzie 's feelings for George grow , and she reveals that she has fallen in love with him . When Callie discovers George has been unfaithful , the two separate , and George and Izzie embark on a short - lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them . </P> <P> Izzie supports Alex when he discovers his new girlfriend has psychiatric problems , and convinces him to have her committed . She is also handed primary responsibility for the clinic , as Bailey cuts back on her responsibilities . Izzie and Alex go on to rekindle their relationship , though Izzie is concerned when she begins hallucinating Denny . She discovers she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which has spread to her liver , skin , and brain , causing the hallucinations . Her survival chances are estimated at only 5 % . She is admitted to Seattle Grace as a patient , and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) successfully removes a tumor from her brain . Izzie spends her time in the hospital planning Meredith and Derek 's wedding , but when her condition worsens and Derek discovers a second brain tumor , they give the ceremony to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . The procedure to remove the second tumor from Izzie 's brain causes her to lose her short - term memory , and although she soon regains it , she flatlines moments later . The fifth season ends with her friends ignoring her DNR order and attempting to resuscitate her , transposed with images of Izzie in an elevator encountering George , who has been in an accident and is also currently flatlining . Though George dies , Izzie is resuscitated and recovers enough to return to work . </P> <P> Izzie makes a treatment error that endangers the life of a patient , and is fired from the hospital 's surgical program . Believing Alex is partially to blame , she writes him a Dear John letter and leaves . Izzie later learns that Alex was not responsible for her lost job , and returns to make amends with him , but Meredith informs her that Alex is moving on . Izzie informs Alex that she no longer has cancer . Although he is pleased , Alex officially breaks up with Izzie , telling her that he loves her but deserves better . She leaves Seattle to start fresh . Several episodes later , Alex informs Meredith that Izzie sent divorce papers , which he signs in the episode `` How Insensitive '' . In the sixth - season finale , Alex is shot and asks for Izzie . Imagining that Meredith 's half - sister Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Izzie , he apologizes and asks her never to leave him again . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Casting and creation ( edit ) </H3> Heigl refused to be considered for the 2008 Emmy Awards due to insufficient material on Grey 's Anatomy . <P> Izzie was created by Grey 's Anatomy producer Shonda Rhimes , with actress Katherine Heigl cast in the role . Heigl originally wanted to play Izzie as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blond for the part . Heigl 's comprehension of medical procedures and terminology is slight ; the actress explained that while she has an admiration for doctors , she is not as fascinated by medicine as other cast members . When Kate Walsh 's character Addison Montgomery left Grey 's Anatomy to launch the spin - off show Private Practice , Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Izzie . </P> <P> Heigl declined to put her name forward for consideration at the 2008 Emmy Awards , claiming that she had been given insufficient material on the series to warrant a nomination . Following Heigl 's statement , speculation arose that her character would suffer a brain tumor and be killed off Grey 's Anatomy , substantiated by the announcement Jeffrey Dean Morgan would return to the series as Denny , who died at the end of season two . ABC 's entertainment president Steve McPherson denied the rumor , stating : `` There is an unbelievable storyline for her this year , which is really central to everything that 's going to go on this season '' . </P> <P> Speculation resumed , however , when Dean Morgan returned to the show for a second time in its fifth season . Cast member James Pickens , Jr. announced that both Heigl and T.R. Knight were set to depart from the show , but he later retracted his comment . During the course of the fifth season , Izzie was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which spread to her liver , skin and brain . Following the show 's one - hundredth episode wrap party , Heigl revealed she did not know if Izzie would survive , as no one on the production team would disclose her character 's fate to her . It was confirmed in June 2009 that Heigl would return as Izzie for the show 's sixth season . Heigl 's appearances in the season were sporadic , seeing Izzie depart and return twice . Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season , Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early , and made her final appearance on January 21 , 2010 . Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family , and did not think it would be respectful to Grey 's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again . Michael Ausiello spoke further on Katherine Heigl 's perspective on Izzie 's departure . He said , `` ( Katherine ) thinks her Jan. 21 farewell - while not originally intended to be her last episode - oddly works as a bookend to Izzie 's story . `` Even though there 's a part of me that would like to go back and do the quick Izzie farewell , '' she says , `` I also think that my last scene - where Meredith says to Izzie , ' Do n't go , we 're your family , ' and Izzie 's response was , ' No you 're not , you 're just a bunch of people I worked with , and I can find that anywhere ' - was kind of tragic and appropriate all at the same time . When I was playing the scene I was really trying to convey that , for Izzie , that was a lie that she had to tell herself to have the courage to have to move on . '' </P> <P> In August 2010 , Rhimes stated that she did not feel Izzie 's character arc -- specifically her relationship with Alex -- had fully concluded , and hoped to give proper closure to their relationship in the seventh season . She later confirmed that she had intended to kill off Izzie off - screen , but opted against this a day later as she felt that it would destroy Alex , rather than give him closure . Instead , she concluded : `` I 'm open to seeing Izzie again . So if she ( Katherine ) were to come back , we would be thrilled to ( wrap up her story ) . But if she does n't , we 'll just move on . '' Heigl also went on to say in October 2010 that the character returning to show looks bleak because , `` that chapter is closed , and it 's sad . And it 's hard . '' She also felt that Izzie coming back to the show would , `` just feel manipulative . '' </P> <P> However , in January 2012 , Heigl stated in an interview that she has asked the producers if she could return to the show to give closure to Izzie 's storyline : `` I 've told them I want to ( return ) , '' she said . `` I really , really , really want to see where ( Izzie ) is . I just want to know what happened to her and where she went and what she 's doing now . My idea is that she actually like figures it out , and finds some success and does really well in a different hospital . She was always floundering you know , and so she was always one step behind the eight ball and I want to see that girl take some power back . '' She later went on to say that she regrets leaving the show , `` Oh yeah , sometimes , yeah . You miss it . I miss my friends . It was a great work environment ... and it becomes a family . I spent six years together with these people every day ... you grow up together , in a way , '' and again commented on Izzie possibly returning to the show , `` I always felt that if they wanted me to come back and sort of wrap up that storyline ... I want them to know that I 'm down with it if they want me to , but I completely understand if it does n't necessarily work ... They 've got a lot of story lines going on there . '' But in March 2012 , Shonda Rhimes said that there are no plans at the moment for the character to return , `` I think it was really nice to hear her appreciating the show . At the same time we are on a track we have been planning . The idea of changing that track is not something we are interested in right now . '' Three years later , Rhimes said she has completely moved on from the idea of Izzie coming back , `` I 'm done with that story . I 've turned that idea over in my mind a thousand times and thought about how it would go . And I do n't think so . '' </P> <H3> Characterization ( edit ) </H3> <P> Heigl believes that the Grey 's Anatomy writers incorporate much of the actors ' personalities into their roles , and that Izzie is a `` super moral '' version of herself . Episode `` Bring the Pain '' , which aired as the fifth episode of the second season , was originally intended to be the final episode of the first season . Rhimes explained that Izzie 's character in this episode came `` full circle '' from her role in the pilot : `` Izzie , so vulnerable and underestimated when we first meet her , is the girl who removes her heart from her sleeve in `` Bring the Pain '' . '' Discussing Izzie 's personality in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that she is `` immensely kind '' and patient . When Denny died in the season two episode `` Losing My Religion '' , Rhimes discussed the impact it had on Izzie , noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism , which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine . In the aftermath of Denny 's death , Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor . Executive producer Betsy Beers explained , however , that Denny 's death served to make Izzie more mature , and Heigl affirmed that `` At the beginning of the ( third ) season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was . She lost her optimism . She realizes now that life is difficult , but she still tries very hard to see the best in people . '' In order to demonstrate Izzie 's dislike of George 's love - interest Callie , Rhimes penned a scene which she deemed one of her favorite moments on the show , in which Callie urinates in front of a stunned Izzie and Meredith . Rhimes assessed that : `` I love that Mer and Izzie respond with all the trauma of having viewed a car crash ( ... ) the point is Callie pees and Izzie tortures her a tiny bit about the hand washing and that made me overjoyed because that 's the kind of thing people do . '' </P> <P> Discussing Izzie 's relationship with Alex in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that `` Even when Alex was a complete dirtbag to her ( Izzie ) , she forgave him and gave him another chance . And he really screwed her over . ( ... ) To go for a guy like that is to say I want to be damaged . ' '' Writer Stacy McKee deemed Izzie 's moving on from Alex to patient Denny Duquette `` karma '' , as Alex previously treated Izzie badly , yet as he begins to realize his true feelings , he is forced to watch her embark on a romance with `` the undeniably handsome - and totally charming '' Denny . Series writer Blythe Robe commented on Izzie and Denny : `` I love the way Izzie lights up when she 's around him . I love their relationship because it 's so pure and honest and completely game free . '' Writer Elizabeth Klaviter noted at this time the way Izzie `` seems to be sacrificing her reputation because of her feelings for Denny . '' When Izzie deliberately worsened Denny 's condition to move him up the transplant list , series writer Mark Wilding questioned the morality of the actions , asking : `` is Izzie bad for doing it ? Is she tremendously irresponsible ? She cut the LVAD wire for love so does that make her action understandable ? '' </P> Heigl was critical of Izzie 's relationship with George ( T.R. Knight ) , deeming it `` a ratings ploy '' . <P> Rhimes discussed costuming choices in the scene which saw the interns gather around Denny 's deathbed , explaining : `` Meredith and George and Cristina and Callie and Alex are all dressed , not for a prom , but for a funeral . Everyone in dark colors , everyone dressed somberly . As if they were in mourning . Only Izzie is in happy pink . Only Izzie looks like she did n't know this was coming . '' Following Denny 's death , Heigl approached Rhimes to ask when her character would next have a romantic liaison . Rhimes explained that `` Izzie does n't sleep around '' . Heigl expressed a desire for Izzie to reunite with Alex , explaining : `` I believe on some level , there 's a connection between Izzie and Alex . He can do honorable things even though he 's cutting and sarcastic . I would like to ultimately see them together , if not this season , then next . '' </P> <P> Yahoo ! Voices wrote that Stevens in the third season `` has become more condescending and passive aggressive herself , more than anyone else . '' Heigl was critical of her character 's development in the show 's fourth season , particularly her affair with George , which she deemed `` a ratings ploy '' . Heigl explained : `` They really hurt somebody , and they did n't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . I do n't really know Izzie very well right now . She 's changed a lot . '' Attempting to rationalise Izzie 's actions , Heigl later assessed that : </P> <P> People who are so infallible , perfect and moral tend to be the first to slip and fall . But I would love to see how she deals with the consequences of what she 's done , because what 's interesting is when people make decisions that shake their world , they suddenly have to go , ' Woo , I did n't know I was capable of this . ' I 'd like to see Izzie take some culpability . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Heigl was nominated for the `` Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series '' award at the 2007 and 2008 Golden Globe Awards for her role as Izzie . She was named `` Favorite Female TV Star '' at the 34th People 's Choice Awards , and awarded `` Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series '' at the 2007 Emmy Awards . Prior to the ceremony , considering Heigl 's chances of winning the Emmy , Variety 's Stuart Levine assessed of her performance : `` Heigl has little difficulty reaching Izzie 's highest highs and lowest lows . Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines , and she 's up to the challenge . '' Levine also noted , however : `` There are times when Izzie becomes completely irrational during crisis situations , which may bother some . '' Fox News included Izzie in its list of `` The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General '' . The character was listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . </P> Heigl at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards where she won the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Award . <P> During the show 's third season , the New York Post 's Robert Rorke deemed Izzie to be `` the heart and soul '' of Grey 's Anatomy . He deemed her the show 's heroine , and wrote that : `` Izzie is a welcome , calming presence , despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiance Denny Duquette . ( ... ) Besides the formidable Dr. Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , Izzie seems to be the only adult intern at Seattle Grace ; the character has achieved a depth lacking in her fellow interns . '' Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle was critical of Izzie 's ethics in cutting Denny 's LVAD wire , writing that she `` should not be practising medicine '' and stating : `` That 's the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy , anymore , because the super hot blond chick can make an earth - shattering , fatal decision and she does n't get canned . '' </P> <P> The season four romance between Izzie and George proved unpopular with viewers , and resulted in a fan backlash among Alex and Izzie fans . The return of Izzie 's deceased fiancé Denny and the resumption of their romance during the show 's fifth season also proved unpopular with fans , and was deemed `` the world 's worst storyline '' by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times . McNamara was also critical of the episode `` Now or Never '' , which saw Izzie flatline following neurosurgery , opining that Izzie ought to die . The episode in which Izzie married long - term love Alex received 15.3 million viewers , the largest television audience of the night . </P> <P> Izzie 's cancer storyline received a mixed response from the medical community . Otis Brawley , chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society , commented that Izzie 's treatment options were unrealistic . Whereas in the show she was offered the drug interleukin - 2 , in reality the drug is never recommended to patients when melanoma has spread to the brain , as it can cause bleeding and strokes . Brawley explained that such patients would instead be offered radiosurgery . Conversely however , Tim Turnham , executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation , praised Grey 's Anatomy for bringing about greater public awareness of melanoma , stating : `` We welcome the national spotlight Grey 's Anatomy has created for melanoma and its efforts to encourage viewers to learn more about the importance of prevention , early detection and research . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Specific </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Peter Horton ( director ) ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Peter Horton ( director ) ( April 3 , 2005 ) . `` The First Cut is the Deepest '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ann Hamilton ( writer ) , John David Coles ( director ) ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 5 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James D. 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Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` The power of Heroes worship '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Katherine Heigl & T.R. Knight : Are they really set to exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ? ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dead or alive on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toff , Benjamin ; Itzkoff , David ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` ABC 's Wedding Gift '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szabo , Liz ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Doctors , patients say ' Grey 's ' cancer story is n't accurate '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brien , Ben ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and melanoma '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <P> General </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy portal </Li> <Li> Fictional characters portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Izzie Stevens on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grey 's Anatomy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters ( cast members ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meredith Grey </Li> <Li> Cristina Yang </Li> <Li> Izzie Stevens </Li> <Li> Alex Karev </Li> <Li> George O'Malley </Li> <Li> Miranda Bailey </Li> <Li> Richard Webber </Li> <Li> Derek Shepherd </Li> <Li> Preston Burke </Li> <Li> Addison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Mark Sloan </Li> <Li> Callie Torres </Li> <Li> Lexie Grey </Li> <Li> Erica Hahn </Li> <Li> Owen Hunt </Li> <Li> Sadie Harris </Li> <Li> Arizona Robbins </Li> <Li> Teddy Altman </Li> <Li> Jackson Avery </Li> <Li> April Kepner </Li> <Li> Amelia Shepherd </Li> <Li> Stephanie Edwards </Li> <Li> Maggie Pierce </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Video game </Li> <Li> Private Practice </Li> <Li> A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) </Li> <Li> A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izzie_Stevens&oldid=808143113 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy characters </Li> <Li> Fictional models </Li> <Li> Fictional surgeons </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2005 </Li> <Li> Fictional characters with cancer </Li> <Li> Fictional female doctors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 03 : 46 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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grey's anatomy when does izzie get cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Izzie_Stevens&amp;oldid=808143113
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List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes - wikipedia <H1> List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes </H1> <P> Sherlock Holmes is the most portrayed literary character in film and television history , having appeared on screen 254 times as of 2012 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Radio and audio dramas </Li> <Li> 2 Stage plays </Li> <Li> 3 Television and DTV films </Li> <Li> 4 Television series </Li> <Li> 5 Theatrical films </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Radio and audio dramas ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Gillette </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes - `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Radio ( NBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lux Radio Theater -- `` Sherlock Holmes '' </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> Radio ( NBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Gordon </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes - 34 stories adapted from Doyle </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Radio ( NBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clive Brook </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes : `` Scandal In Bohemia & The Red - Headed League '' </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Radio ( NBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Gordon </Td> <Td> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1930 -- 1933 </Td> <Td> Radio ( NBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> Radio ( Mutual , NBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis Hector </Td> <Td> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1934 - 1935 </Td> <Td> Radio ( NBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orson Welles </Td> <Td> The Mercury Theater on the Air -- `` The Immortal Sherlock Holmes '' </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> Radio ( CBS ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basil Rathbone </Td> <Td> The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 1946 </Td> <Td> Radio ( Blue Network & Mutual ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur Wontner </Td> <Td> The Boscombe Valley Mystery </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> BBC Home Service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Cheatle </Td> <Td> My Dear Watson </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> BBC Home Service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cedric Hardwicke </Td> <Td> The Speckled Band </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Radio ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Conway </Td> <Td> The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1947 </Td> <Td> Radio ( ABC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carleton Hobbs </Td> <Td> 56 stories from the Sherlock Holmes canon </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Radio ( BBC series ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Gielgud </Td> <Td> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Radio ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Hurndall </Td> <Td> The Sign Of Four Parts 1 - 5 </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Radio ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Powell </Td> <Td> A Study in Scarlet </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kevin McCarthy </Td> <Td> CBS Radio Mystery Theater - `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Graham Armitage </Td> <Td> The Stories of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1979 - 1985 </Td> <Td> Springbok Radio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clive Merrison </Td> <Td> The entire canon -- the only actor to do so </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Radio series ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 2002 - 2010 </Td> <Td> Radio series ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Hudd </Td> <Td> The Newly Discovered Casebook of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Radio series ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Llewellyn </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes -- The Death and Life , Sherlock Holmes -- The Last Act </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Audio dramas ( Big Finish Productions ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicholas Briggs </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2018 </Td> <Td> Audio dramas ( Big Finish Productions ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Stage plays ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> C.H.E. Brookfield </Td> <Td> Under The Clock </Td> <Td> 1893 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Royal Court Theatre ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Webb </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1894 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Royalty Theatre , Glasgow ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Gillette </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Broadway ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Painful Predicament of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Metropolitan Opera House ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John F. Preston </Td> <Td> The Bank of England : An Adventure in the Life of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Clapham ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walter Edwards </Td> <Td> The Sign of the Four </Td> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> Stage ( West End Theater ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry Arthur Saintsbury </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1903 -- 1910 </Td> <Td> Stage ( London ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Speckled Band </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> Stage ( London ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> H. Hamilton Stewart </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1906 - 1918 </Td> <Td> Stage ( England ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ferdinand Bonn </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Berliner Theatre ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Der Hund Von Baskerville </Td> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Berliner Theatre ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis Neilson - Terry </Td> <Td> The Crown Diamond </Td> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> Stage ( London ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eille Norwood </Td> <Td> The Return of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> Stage ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamilton Deane </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1923 - 1932 </Td> <Td> Stage ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tod Slaughter </Td> <Td> The Return of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> Stage ( England ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Felix Aylmer </Td> <Td> The Holmeses of Baker Street </Td> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Lyceum Theatre ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tod Slaughter </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1930 ( ~ ) </Td> <Td> Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basil Rathbone </Td> <Td> `` Sherlock Holmes '' by Ouida Bergère </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Stage play </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fritz Weaver </Td> <Td> Baker Street </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Stage musical ( Broadway Theatre , NYC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Neville </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1973 ( ~ ) </Td> <Td> Stage ( Royal Shakespeare Company ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Wood </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Broadway ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leonard Nimoy </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Royal Shakespeare Company ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Langella </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1977 , 1980 ( filmed for HBO ) </Td> <Td> Stage revival ( Williamstown Theater Festival ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock 's Last Case </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stage ( Nederlander Theatre ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paxton Whitehead </Td> <Td> The Crucifer of Blood </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Broadway ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Michell </Td> <Td> The Crucifer of Blood </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Stage ( London ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Baxter </Td> <Td> The Penultimate Problem of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Off - Broadway ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murder , My Dear Watson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Singleton </Td> <Td> Grit in a Sensitive Instrument </Td> <Td> 1980 , 1982 </Td> <Td> Stage ( regional theatre , Off - Broadway ) , cable TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Blue Carbuncle </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Off Broadway , Los Angeles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlton Heston </Td> <Td> The Crucifer of Blood </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Los Angeles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock 's Last Case </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Broadway ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Baker </Td> <Td> The Mask of Moriarty </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Dublin ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeremy Brett </Td> <Td> The Secret of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> <Td> Stage ( touring , British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Time Winters </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Hands of Othello </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stage ( Off - Off Broadway , NY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ron Moody </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes : The Musical </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Javier Marzan </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Stage ( West Yorkshire Playhouse ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Julien Masdoua </Td> <Td> Le Cabaret Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Stage ( France ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Lawlor </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Stage ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simon Michael Morgan </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Christmas Carol </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Stage ( Britain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gregory Wooddell </Td> <Td> Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Arena Stage in Southwest , Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Euan Morton </Td> <Td> Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Andrew Goldsmith </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes & the Case of the Christmas Carol </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> UK theatre tour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Taylor </Td> <Td> Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery </Td> <Td> 2017 - 2018 </Td> <Td> Liverpool Playhouse </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Television and DTV films ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis Hector </Td> <Td> The Three Garridebs </Td> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> Television play on NBC ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Longden </Td> <Td> `` Sherlock Holmes : The Man Who Disappeared '' </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Television short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Osborn </Td> <Td> The Mazarin Stone </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Television film for BBC ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stewart Granger </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Television film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Cleese </Td> <Td> Comedy Playhouse series 13 -- `` Elementary , My Dear Watson '' </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Television film ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Moore </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes in New York </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Television film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Plummer </Td> <Td> Silver Blaze </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Television film ( Canadian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algimantas Masiulis </Td> <Td> Blue Carbuncle </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> ( Belarusfilm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Langella </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Television film adaptation of the play ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Baker </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Television film ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter O'Toole </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Animated television film ( Australian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Sign of Four </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Animated television film ( Australian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Animated television film ( Australian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and a Study in Scarlet </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Animated television film ( Australian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ian Richardson </Td> <Td> The Sign of Four </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Television film ( British - American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Television film ( British - American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Cushing </Td> <Td> The Masks of Death </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Television film ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Pennington </Td> <Td> The Return of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Television film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Bedford </Td> <Td> `` My Dear Watson '' </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward Woodward </Td> <Td> Hands of a Murderer </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Television film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlton Heston </Td> <Td> The Crucifer of Blood </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Television film adaptation of the play ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> Incident at Victoria Falls </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Macnee </Td> <Td> The Hound of London </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Television film ( Luxembourgian / Canadian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthony Higgins </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes Returns </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Television film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Frewer </Td> <Td> The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Television film ( Canadian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Sign of Four </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Television film ( Canadian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Royal Scandal </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Television film ( Canadian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Television film ( Canadian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James D'Arcy </Td> <Td> Sherlock : Case of Evil </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Television film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Roxburgh </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Television film ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rupert Everett </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Television film ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonathan Pryce </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Television film ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael York </Td> <Td> Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Animated DTV film . Voice only . ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ben Syder </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DTV film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Television series ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan Napier </Td> <Td> Your Show Time - `` The Speckled Band '' </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan Wheatley </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> TV series ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basil Rathbone </Td> <Td> Suspense - `` The Adventure of the Black Baronet '' </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronald Howard </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boris Karloff </Td> <Td> The Elgin Hour - `` Sting of Death '' </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Based on H.F. Heard 's A Taste for Honey ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas Wilmer </Td> <Td> Detective - `` The Speckled Band '' </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Backdoor pilot for the 1965 series ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erich Schellow </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> TV series ( Germany ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Cushing </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nando Gazzolo </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> TV series ( Italy ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vasily Livanov </Td> <Td> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> TV film series ( USSR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geoffrey Whitehead </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Lawford </Td> <Td> Fantasy Island - `` The Case Against Mr. Roarke / Save Sherlock Holmes '' </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guy Henry </Td> <Td> Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeremy Brett </Td> <Td> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Return of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ross Bagdasarian , Jr . </Td> <Td> Alvin and the Chipmunks - `` Elementary , My Dear Simon '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taichirō Hirokawa ( Japanese version ) Larry Moss ( English version ) Elio Pandolfi ( Italian version ) </Td> <Td> Sherlock Hound </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> TV anime series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Bedford </Td> <Td> Alfred Hitchcock Presents -- `` My Dear Watson '' </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jason Gray - Stanford </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> TV series ( animated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Webb </Td> <Td> That Mitchell and Webb Look - `` Holmes and Watson '' </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Mitchell </Td> <Td> That Mitchell and Webb Look - `` Old Sherlock Holmes '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benedict Cumberbatch </Td> <Td> Sherlock </Td> <Td> 2010 -- present </Td> <Td> TV series ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander Armstrong </Td> <Td> The Armstrong and Miller Show </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> TV skit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonny Lee Miller </Td> <Td> Elementary </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> TV series ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Igor Petrenko </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> TV series ( Russian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis Oliver Moffat </Td> <Td> Sherlock -- Flashbacks of Holmes as a child </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> TV series ( BBC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kōichi Yamadera </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 2014 -- present </Td> <Td> TV series ( puppetry , Japan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ewan Bremner </Td> <Td> Houdini & Doyle -- `` Bedlam '' </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Caven </Td> <Td> Houdini & Doyle -- `` The Pall of LaPier '' </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Theatrical films ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alwin Neuß </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> ( Germany ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Stolen Legacy ( Den stjaalne millionobligation ) </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> ( Germany ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detektiv Braun </Td> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> ( Germany ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Der Hund von Baskerville </Td> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> ( Germany ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viggo Larsen </Td> <Td> Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> ( Germany ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Otto Lagoni </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes i Bondefangerklør </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> ( Denmark ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Bogus Governess ( Den forklædte barnepige ) </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> ( Denmark ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Black Hand ( Den sorte Haand ) </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> ( Denmark ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Confidence Trick </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> ( Denmark ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Einar Zangenberg </Td> <Td> Hotel Thieves </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> ( Denmark ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lauritz Olsen </Td> <Td> Den sorte hætte </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> ( Denmark ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mack Sennett </Td> <Td> The $500 Reward </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georges Tréville </Td> <Td> The Speckled Band </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silver Blaze </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Beryl Coronet </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Musgrave Ritual </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Reigate Squares </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Stolen Papers </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Mystery of Boscombe Valley </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Copper Beeches </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Short film ( British - French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry Benham </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes Solves The Sign of the Four </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> Two reel film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Bragington </Td> <Td> A Study in Scarlet </Td> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francis Ford </Td> <Td> A Study in Scarlet </Td> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Gillette </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td> Silent adaptation of the play of the same name ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry Arthur Saintsbury </Td> <Td> The Valley of Fear </Td> <Td> 1916 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hugo Flink </Td> <Td> Der Erdstrommotor </Td> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> ( German ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Der Schlangenring </Td> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> ( German ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Kassette </Td> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> ( German ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eille Norwood </Td> <Td> Stoll Film series </Td> <Td> 1921 -- 1923 </Td> <Td> Consists of 45 live - action shorts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Sign of the Four </Td> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Barrymore </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> Silent adaptation of the play of the same name ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carlyle Blackwell </Td> <Td> Der Hund von Baskerville </Td> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clive Brook </Td> <Td> The Return of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paramount on Parade : `` Murder Will Out '' </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Anthology Film ( Sherlock appears in 4th Sequence ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur Wontner </Td> <Td> The Sleeping Cardinal </Td> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Missing Rembrandt </Td> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Sign of Four </Td> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silver Blaze </Td> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raymond Massey </Td> <Td> The Speckled Band </Td> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Rendel </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reginald Owen </Td> <Td> A Study in Scarlet </Td> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bruno Güttner </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( Der Hund von Baskerville ) </Td> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basil Rathbone </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes in Washington </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes Faces Death </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crazy House </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> ( Cameo ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Spider Woman </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Scarlet Claw </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Pearl of Death </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The House of Fear </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Woman in Green </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pursuit to Algiers </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Terror by Night </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dressed to Kill </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Great Mouse Detective </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Animated film ( Archive ; Voice only ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Cushing </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace ( Sherlock Holmes und das Halsband des Todes ) </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> ( West German - French - Italian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Neville </Td> <Td> A Study in Terror </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Jeffrey </Td> <Td> The Best House in London </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Stephens </Td> <Td> The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas Wilmer </Td> <Td> The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Cleese </Td> <Td> The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicol Williamson </Td> <Td> The Seven - Per - Cent Solution </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Cook </Td> <Td> The Hound of the Baskervilles </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> ( British ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Plummer </Td> <Td> Murder by Decree </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> ( British - Canadian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicholas Rowe </Td> <Td> Young Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Holmes </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Cameo as Holmes in a film - within - the - film ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joaquim de Almeida </Td> <Td> The Xango from Baker Street ( O Xangô de Baker Street ) </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> ( Brazil / Portugal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Downey Jr . </Td> <Td> Sherlock Holmes </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> ( British - American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> ( British - American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gary Piquer </Td> <Td> Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> ( Spanish ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ian McKellen </Td> <Td> Mr. Holmes </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yoshimitsu Takasugi Chuck Huber </Td> <Td> The Empire of Corpses </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Anime film ( Japanese and English dub , respectively ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Will Ferrell </Td> <Td> Holmes and Watson </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> ( American ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of actors who have played Dr. Watson </Li> <Li> List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade </Li> <Li> List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes </Li> <Li> List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes awarded title for most portrayed literary human character in film & TV '' . Guinness World Records . 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen Eyles ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Redmond , Christopher ( 2009 ) . Sherlock Holmes Handbook : Second Edition . Dundurn . p. 229 . ISBN 9781459718982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes ( 1955 Radio Series ) John Gielgud & Ralph Richardson '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Payton , Gordon ; Grams Jr. , Martin ( 2012 ) . The CBS Radio Mystery Theater : An Episode Guide and Handbook to Nine Years of Broadcasting , 1974 -- 1982 . McFarland & Company . p. 216 . ISBN 9780786492282 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Redmond , Christopher ( 2009 ) . Sherlock Holmes Handbook : Second Edition . Dundurn . pp. 231 -- 232 . ISBN 9781459718982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Big Finish -- 1.02 Sherlock Holmes -- The Death and Life </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Big Finish -- 1.01 Sherlock Holmes -- The Last Act </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ -- Big Finish -- Sherlock Holmes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kabatchnik , Amnon ( 2008 ) . Sherlock Holmes on the Stage . Scarecrow Press . p. 33 . ISBN 9781461707226 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kabatchnik , Amnon ( 2008 ) . Sherlock Holmes on the Stage . Scarecrow Press . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9781461707226 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . pp. 21 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Sir Arthur ; Klinger , Leslie S. ( 2005 ) . The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes , Vol. 1 . W.W. Norton & Company . p. xxxiv . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 5304 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 131 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . p. 131 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kabatchnik , Amnon ( 2008 ) . Sherlock Holmes on the Stage . Scarecrow Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9781461707226 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor , John ( November 19 , 1981 ) . `` HBO offers Sherlock Holmes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Stage : Langella In ' Sherlock 's Last ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kabatchnik , Amnon ( 2012 ) . Blood on the Stage , 1975 - 2000 : Milestone Plays of Crime , Mystery , and Detection : an Annotated Repertoire . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 98 . ISBN 9780810883543 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eyles , Allen ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hickling , Alfred ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Hound of the Baskervilles '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wren , Celia ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery ' charges into Arena Stage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verini , Bob ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Regional Theater Review : ' Baskerville , ' Ken Ludwig 's Sherlock Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Christmas Carol 2015 '' . Baroque Theatre Company . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baskerville - A Sherlock Holmes Mystery '' . Liverpool Playhouse . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haining , Peter ( 1994 ) . The Television Sherlock Holmes . Virgin Books . pp. 44 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 86369 - 793 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haining , Peter ( 1994 ) . The Television Sherlock Holmes . Virgin Books . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 86369 - 793 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen Eyles ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barber , Nicholas ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : Mr Holmes is a whole new spin on Sherlock '' . BBC . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holmes and Watson '' . IMDB. 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Silent films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) </Li> <Li> Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) </Li> <Li> A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) </Li> <Li> The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Stoll series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wontner series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) </Li> <Li> The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rathbone -- Bruce series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The House of Fear ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Terror by Night ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By actor </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Clive Brook </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Cushing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) ( TV ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christopher Plummer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christopher Lee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) ( TV ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Robert Downey Jr . </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ian Richardson </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maslennikov series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Matt Frewer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ian Hart ( as Watson ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Three Garridebs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Longing of Sherlock Holmes ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of London ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comedies , pastiches , and parodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Without a Clue ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Zero Effect ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> other articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes </Li> <Li> List of actors who have played Dr. Watson </Li> <Li> List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade </Li> <Li> List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes </Li> <Li> List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty </Li> <Li> Minor Sherlock Holmes characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_who_have_played_Sherlock_Holmes&oldid=841348591 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sherlock Holmes lists </Li> <Li> Lists of actors by role </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 09 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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actors who played sherlock holmes and dr. watson
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_who_have_played_Sherlock_Holmes&amp;oldid=841348591
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Technological and industrial history of the United States - Wikipedia <H1> Technological and industrial history of the United States </H1> Main article : Economic history of the United States <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The cotton gin , invented by Eli Whitney , revolutionized Southern agriculture . <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Science and technology of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apollo 11 in the orbit of the Moon , July 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Before 1890 </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1991 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1991 - present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Development </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discoveries </Li> <Li> NASA spin - off technologies </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Technological and industrial history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contributions by ethnicity ( show ) <Ul> <Li> African - Americans </Li> <Li> Native Americans </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Puerto Ricans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States ' emergence as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world . The availability of land and literate labor , the absence of a landed aristocracy , the prestige of entrepreneurship , the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America 's rapid industrialisation . The availability of capital , development by the free market of navigable rivers , and coastal waterways , and the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America 's rapid industrialization . Fast transport by the very large railroad built in the mid-19th century , and the Interstate Highway System built in the late 20th century , enlarged the markets and reducing shipping and production costs . The legal system facilitated business operations and guaranteed contracts . Cut off from Europe by the embargo and the British blockade in the War of 1812 ( 1807 -- 15 ) , entrepreneurs opened factories in the Northeast that set the stage for rapid industrialization modeled on British innovations . </P> <P> From its emergence as an independent nation , the United States has encouraged science and innovation . As a result , the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica 's 321 Greatest Inventions , including items such as the airplane , internet , microchip , laser , cellphone , refrigerator , email , microwave , personal computer , Liquid - crystal display and light - emitting diode technology , air conditioning , assembly line , supermarket , bar code , automated teller machine , and many more . </P> <P> The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical , social , and economic factors . The relative lack of workers kept United States wages nearly always higher than corresponding British and European workers and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks . The United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former British subjects , had high English literacy skills , for that period ( over 80 % in New England ) , had strong British institutions , with some minor American modifications , of courts , laws , right to vote , protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts among the British innovators of the Industrial Revolution . They had a good basic structure to build on . Another major advantage , which the British lacked , was no inherited aristocratic institutions . The eastern seaboard of the United States , with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard , provided many potential sites for constructing textile mills necessary for early industrialization . The technology and information on how to build a textile industry was largely provided by Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) who emigrated to New England in 1789 . He had studied and worked in British textile mills for a number of years and immigrated to the United States , despite restrictions against it , to try his luck with U.S. manufacturers who were trying to set up a textile industry . He was offered a full partnership if he could succeed -- he did . A vast supply of natural resources , the technological knowledge on how to build and power the necessary machines along with a labor supply of mobile workers , often unmarried females , all aided early industrialization . The broad knowledge of the Industrial Revolution and Scientific revolution helped facilitate understanding for the construction and invention of new manufacturing businesses and technologies . A limited government that would allow them to succeed or fail on their own merit helped . </P> <P> After the close of the American Revolution in 1783 , the new government continued the strong property rights established under British rule and established a rule of law necessary to protect those property rights . The idea of issuing patents was incorporated into Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution authorizing Congress `` to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries . The invention of the Cotton Gin by American Eli Whitney made cotton potentially a cheap and readily available resource in the United States for use in the new textile industry . </P> <P> One of the real impetuses for United States entering the Industrial Revolution was the passage of the Embargo Act of 1807 , the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 14 ) and the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 15 ) which cut off supplies of new and cheaper Industrial revolution products from Britain . The lack of access to these goods all provided a strong incentive to learn how to develop the industries and to make their own goods instead of simply buying the goods produced by Britain . </P> <P> Modern productivity researchers have shown that the period in which the greatest economic and technological progress occurred was between the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th . During this period the nation was transformed from an agricultural economy to the foremost industrial power in the world , with more than a third of the global industrial output . This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production , which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913 , an increase of 460 times ( base year 1850 -- 100 ) . </P> <P> American colonies gained independence in 1783 just as profound changes in industrial production and coordination were beginning to shift production from artisans to factories . Growth of the nation 's transportation infrastructure with internal improvements and a confluence of technological innovations before the Civil War facilitated an expansion in organization , coordination , and scale of industrial production . Around the turn of the 20th century , American industry had superseded its European counterparts economically and the nation began to assert its military power . Although the Great Depression challenged its technological momentum , America emerged from it and World War II as one of two global superpowers . In the second half of the 20th century , as the United States was drawn into competition with the Soviet Union for political , economic , and military primacy , the government invested heavily in scientific research and technological development which spawned advances in spaceflight , computing , and biotechnology . </P> <P> Science , technology , and industry have not only profoundly shaped America 's economic success , but have also contributed to its distinct political institutions , social structure , educational system , and cultural identity . American values of limited government , meritocracy , entrepreneurship , and self - sufficiency are drawn from its legacy of pioneering technical advances . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Pre-European technology </Li> <Li> 2 Colonial era <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Agriculture </Li> <Li> 2.2 Artisanship </Li> <Li> 2.3 Silver working </Li> <Li> 2.4 Factories and mills </Li> <Li> 2.5 Turnpikes and canals </Li> <Li> 2.6 Steamboats </Li> <Li> 2.7 Mining </Li> <Li> 2.8 Civil War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Technological systems and infrastructure <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Railroads </Li> <Li> 3.2 Iron and steel - making </Li> <Li> 3.3 Telegraph and telephone </Li> <Li> 3.4 Petroleum </Li> <Li> 3.5 Electricity </Li> <Li> 3.6 Automobiles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Effects of industrialization <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Agricultural production </Li> <Li> 4.2 Urbanization </Li> <Li> 4.3 Labor issues and immigration </Li> <Li> 4.4 Banking , trading , and financial services </Li> <Li> 4.5 Regulation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Military - industrial - academic complex <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Research universities </Li> <Li> 5.2 World War I and World War II </Li> <Li> 5.3 Cold War and Space Race </Li> <Li> 5.4 Computers and information networks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Service industry <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Health care and biotechnology </Li> <Li> 6.2 News , media , and entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Technology and society </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Pre-european technology ( edit ) </H2> See also : Native Americans in the United States Monk 's Mound is a large structure built by the indigenous peoples in the Plains . <P> North America has been inhabited continuously since approximately 10,000 BC . The earliest inhabitants were nomadic , big - game hunter - gatherers who crossed the Bering land bridge . These first Native Americans relied upon chipped - stone spearheads , rudimentary harpoons , and boats clad in animal hides for hunting in the Arctic . As they dispersed within the continent , they encountered the varied temperate climates in the Pacific northwest , central plains , Appalachian woodlands , and arid Southwest , where they began to make permanent settlements . The peoples living in the Pacific northwest built wooden houses , used nets and weirs to catch fish , and practiced food preservation to ensure longevity of their food sources , although substantial agriculture was not developed . Peoples living on the plains remained largely nomadic ( some practiced agriculture for parts of the year ) and became adept leather workers as they hunted buffalo while people living in the arid southwest built adobe buildings , fired pottery , domesticated cotton , and wove cloth . Tribes in the eastern woodlands and Mississippian Valley developed extensive trade networks , built pyramid - like mounds , and practiced substantial agriculture while the peoples living in the Appalachian Mountains and coastal Atlantic practiced highly sustainable forest agriculture and were expert woodworkers . However , the populations of these peoples were small and their rate of technological change was very low . Indigenous peoples did not domesticate animals for drafting or husbandry , develop writing systems , or create bronze or iron - based tools like their European / Asian counterparts . </P> <H2> Colonial era ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Agriculture ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Agricultural history of the United States <P> In the 17th century , Pilgrims , Puritans , and Quakers fleeing religious persecution in Europe brought with them plowshares , guns , and domesticated animals like cows and pigs . These immigrants and other European colonists initially farmed subsistence crops like corn , wheat , rye , and oats as well as rendering potash and maple syrup for trade . Due to the more temperate climate , large - scale plantations in the American South grew labor - intensive cash crops like sugarcane , rice , cotton , and tobacco requiring native and imported African slave labor to maintain . Early American farmers were not self - sufficient ; they relied upon other farmers , specialized craftsman , and merchants to provide tools , process their harvests , and bring them to market . </P> <H3> Artisanship ( edit ) </H3> <P> Colonial artisanship emerged slowly as the market for advanced craftsmanship was small . American artisans developed a more relaxed ( less regulated ) version of the Old World apprenticeship system for educating and employing the next generation . Despite the fact that mercantilist , export - heavy economy impaired the emergence of a robust self - sustaining economy , craftsman and merchants developed a growing interdependence on each other for their trades . In the mid-18th century , attempts by the British to subdue or control the colonies by means of taxation sowed increased discontent among these artisans , who increasingly joined the Patriot cause . </P> <H3> Silver working ( edit ) </H3> <P> Colonial Virginia provided a potential market of rich plantations . At least 19 silversmiths worked in Williamsburg between 1699 and 1775 . The best - known were James Eddy ( 1731 -- 1809 ) and his brother - in - law William Wadill , also an engraver . Most planters , however , purchased English - made silver . </P> <P> In Boston , goldsmiths and silversmiths were stratified . The most prosperous were merchant - artisans , with a business outlook and high status . Most craftsmen were laboring artisans who either operated small shops or , more often , did piecework for the merchant artisans . The small market meant there was no steady or well - paid employment ; many lived in constant debt . </P> <P> Colonial silver working was pre-industrial in many ways : many pieces made were `` bespoke , '' or uniquely made for each customer , and emphasized artistry as well as functionality . Silver ( and other metal ) mines were scarcer in North America than in Europe , and colonial craftsmen had no consistent source of materials with which to work . For each piece of silver they crafted , raw materials had to be collected and often reused from disparate sources , most commonly Spanish coins . The purity of these sources was not regulated , nor was there an organized supply chain through which to obtain silver . As silver objects were sold by weight , manufacturers who could produce silver objects cheaply by mass had an advantage . Many of these unique , individual aspects to silver working kept artisan practices in place through the late 18th century . </P> <P> As demand for silver increased and large - scale manufacturing techniques emerged , silver products became much more standardized . For special - order objects that would likely only be made once , silversmiths generally used lost - wax casting , in which a sculpted object was carved out of wax , an investment casting was made , and the wax was melted away . The molds produced in this manner could only be used once , which made them inconvenient for standard objects like handles and buckles . Permanent mold casting , an industrial casting technique focused on high - volume production , allowed smiths to reuse molds to make exact replicas of the most commonly used items they sold . In creating these molds and developing standardized manufacturing processes , silversmiths could begin delegating some work to apprentices and journeymen . For instance , after 1780 , Paul Revere 's sons took on more significant roles in his shop , and his silver pieces often included wooden handles made by carpenters more experienced with woodwork . For even some of the most successful artisans like Revere , artisan was not a profitable enterprise compared to mass - production using iron or bronze casting . Creating products that could be replicated for multiple customers , adopting new business practices and labor policies , and new equipment made manufacturing more ultimately efficient . These changes , in tandem with new techniques and requirements defined by changing social standards , led to the introduction of new manufacturing techniques in Colonial America that preceded and anticipated the industrial revolution . </P> <P> Late in the colonial era a few silversmiths expanded operations with manufacturing techniques and changing business practices They hired assistants , subcontracted out piecework and standardized output . One individual in the vanguard of America 's shift towards more industrial methods was Paul Revere , who emphasized the production of increasingly standardized items later in his career with the use of a silver flatting mill , increased numbers of salaried employees , and other advances . Still , traditional methods of artisan remained , and smiths performed a great deal of work by hand . The coexistence of the craft and industrial production styles prior to the industrial revolution is an example of proto - industrialization . </P> <H3> Factories and mills ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the mid-1780s , Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill that included a grain elevator and hopper boy . Evans ' design eventually displaced the traditional gristmills . By the turn of the century , Evans also developed one of the first high - pressure steam engines and began establishing a network of machine workshops to manufacture and repair these popular inventions . In 1789 , the widow of Nathanael Greene recruited Eli Whitney to develop a machine to separate the seeds of short fibered cotton from the fibers . The resulting cotton gin could be made with basic carpentry skills but reduced the necessary labor by a factor of 50 and generated huge profits for cotton growers in the South . While Whitney did not realize financial success from his invention , he moved on to manufacturing rifles and other armaments under government contract that could be made with `` expedition , uniformity , and exactness '' -- the foundational ideas for interchangeable parts . However , Whitney 's vision of interchangeable parts would not be achieved for over two decades with firearms and even longer for other devices . </P> <P> Between 1800 and 1820 , new industrial tools that rapidly increased the quality and efficiency of manufacturing emerged . Simeon North suggested using division of labor to increase the speed with which a complete pistol could be manufactured which led to the development of a milling machine in 1798 . In 1819 , Thomas Blanchard created a lathe that could reliably cut irregular shapes , like those needed for arms manufacture . By 1822 , Captain John H. Hall had developed a system using machine tools , division of labor , and an unskilled workforce to produce a breech - loading rifle -- a process that came to be known as `` Armory practice '' in the U.S. and the American system of manufacturing in England . </P> Lowell 's Boston Manufacturing Company revolutionized the role of factories . <P> The textile industry , which had previously relied upon labor - intensive production methods , was also rife with potential for mechanization . In the late 18th century , the English textile industry had adopted the spinning jenny , water frame , and spinning mule which greatly improved the efficiency and quality of textile manufacture , but were closely guarded by the British government which forbade their export or the emigration of those who were familiar with the technology . The 1787 Beverly Cotton Manufactory was the first cotton mill in the United States , but it relied on horse power . Samuel Slater , an apprentice in one of the largest textile factories in England , immigrated to the United States in 1789 upon learning that American states were paying bounties to British expatriates with a knowledge of textile machinery . With the help of Moses Brown of Providence , Slater established America 's oldest currently existing cotton - spinning mill with a fully mechanized water power system at the Slater Mill in Pawtucket , Rhode Island in 1793 . </P> <P> Hoping to harness the ample power of the Merrimack River , another group of investors began building the Middlesex Canal up the Mystic River , both Mystic Lakes and generally following stream valleys ( near to today 's MA 38 ) reached the Merrimack in Chelmsford 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Boston Harbor , establishing limited operations by 1808 , and a system of navigations and canals reaching past Manchester by mid-1814 -- and spawning commercial activities , and especially new clothing mills throughout the region . At nearly the same time as the canal was completed , Francis Cabot Lowell and a consortium of businessmen set up the clothing mills in Waltham , Massachusetts making use of water power from the Charles River with the concept of housing together production of feedstocks complete consumer processes so raw materials entered , and dyed fabrics or clothing left . For a few decades , it seemed that every lock along the canal had mills and water wheels . In 1821 , Boston Manufacturing Company built a major expansion in East Chelmsford , which was soon incorporated as Lowell , Massachusetts -- which came to dominate the cloth production and clothing industry for decades . </P> <P> Slater 's Mill was established in the Blackstone Valley , which extended into neighboring Massachusetts , ( Daniel Day 's Woolen Mill , 1809 at Uxbridge ) , and became one of the earliest industrialized region in the United States , second to the North Shore of Massachusetts . Slater 's business model of independent mills and mill villages ( the `` Rhode Island System '' ) began to be replaced by the 1820s by a more efficient system ( the `` Waltham System '' ) based upon Francis Cabot Lowell 's replications of British power looms . Slater went on to build several more cotton and wool mills throughout New England , but when faced with a labor shortage , resorted to building housing , shops , and churches for the workers and their families adjacent to his factories . The first power looms for woolens were installed in 1820 , at Uxbridge , Massachusetts , by John Capron , of Cumberland , Rhode Island . These added automated weaving under the same roof , a step which Slater 's system outsourced to local farms . Lowell looms were managed by specialized employees , many of the employed were unmarried young women ( `` Lowell Mill Girls '' ) , and owned by a corporation . Unlike the previous forms of labor ( apprenticeship , family labor , slavery , and indenture ) , the Lowell system popularized the concept of wage laborer who sells his labor to an employer under contract -- a socio - economic system which persists in many modern countries and industries . The corporation also looked out for the health and well being of the young women , including their spiritual health , and the hundreds of women employed by it culturally established the pattern of a young woman going off to work a few years and saving monies before returning home to school and marriage . It created an independent breed of women uncommon in most of the world . </P> <H3> Turnpikes and canals ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of turnpikes and canals in the United States A lock on the Erie Canal . USA canals circa 1825 Highways in the USA circa 1825 <P> Even as the country grew even larger with the admission of Kentucky , Tennessee , and Ohio by 1803 , the only means of transportation between these landlocked western states and their coastal neighbors was by foot , pack animal , or ship . Recognizing the success of Roman roads in unifying that empire , political and business leaders in the United States began to construct roads and canals to connect the disparate parts of the nation . </P> <P> Early toll roads were constructed and owned by joint - stock companies that sold stock to raise construction capital like Pennsylvania 's 1795 Lancaster Turnpike Company . In 1808 , Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin 's Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals suggested that the federal government should fund the construction of interstate turnpikes and canals . While many Anti-Federalists opposed the federal government assuming such a role , the British blockade in the War of 1812 demonstrated the United States ' reliance upon these overland roads for military operations as well as for general commerce . Construction on the National Road began in 1815 in Cumberland , Maryland and reached Wheeling , Virginia in 1818 , but political strife thereafter ultimately prevented its western advance to the Mississippi River . Nevertheless , the road became a primary overland conduit through Appalachian Mountains and was the gateway for thousands of antebellum westward - bound settlers . </P> <P> Numerous canal companies had also been chartered ; but of all the canals projected , only three had been completed when the War of 1812 began : the Dismal Swamp Canal in Virginia , the Santee Canal in South Carolina , and the Middlesex Canal in Massachusetts . It remained for New York to usher in a new era in internal communication by authorizing in 1817 the construction of the Erie Canal . This bold bid for Western trade alarmed the merchants of Philadelphia , particularly as the completion of the national road threatened to divert much of their traffic to Baltimore . In 1825 , the legislature of Pennsylvania grappled with the problem by projecting a series of canals which were to connect its great seaport with Pittsburgh on the west and with Lake Erie and the upper Susquehanna on the north . The Blackstone Canal , ( 1823 -- 1828 ) in Rhode Island and Massachusetts , and the Morris Canal across northern New Jersey ( 1824 -- 1924 ) soon followed , along with the Illinois and Michigan Canal from Chicago to the Illinois River ( 1824 -- 1848 ) . </P> <P> Like the turnpikes , the early canals were constructed , owned , and operated by private joint - stock companies but later gave way to larger projects funded by the states . The Erie Canal , proposed by Governor of New York De Witt Clinton , was the first canal project undertaken as a public good to be financed at the public risk through the issuance of bonds . When the project was completed in 1825 , the canal linked Lake Erie with the Hudson River through 83 separate locks and over a distance of 363 miles ( 584 km ) . The success of the Erie Canal spawned a boom of other canal - building around the country : over 3,326 miles ( 5,353 km ) of artificial waterways were constructed between 1816 and 1840 . Small towns like Syracuse , New York , Buffalo , New York , and Cleveland , Ohio that lay along major canal routes boomed into major industrial and trade centers , while canal - building pushed some states like Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Indiana to the brink of bankruptcy . </P> <P> The magnitude of the transportation problem was such , however , that neither individual states nor private corporations seemed able to meet the demands of an expanding internal trade . As early as 1807 , Albert Gallatin had advocated the construction of a great system of internal waterways to connect East and West , at an estimated cost of $20,000,000 ( $334,272,727 in 2017 consumer dollars ) . But the only contribution of the national government to internal improvements during the Jeffersonian era was an appropriation in 1806 of two percent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands in Ohio for the construction of a national road , with the consent of the states through which it should pass . By 1818 the road was open to traffic from Cumberland , Maryland , to Wheeling , West Virginia . </P> <P> In 1816 , with the experiences of the war before him , no well - informed statesman could shut his eyes to the national aspects of the problem . Even President Madison invited the attention of Congress to the need of establishing `` a comprehensive system of roads and canals '' . Soon after Congress met , it took under consideration a bill drafted by Calhoun which proposed an appropriation of $1,500,000 ( $21,629,412 in 2017 consumer dollars ) for internal improvements . Because this appropriation was to be met by the moneys paid by the National Bank to the government , the bill was commonly referred to as the `` Bonus Bill '' . But on the day before he left office , President Madison vetoed the bill because it was unconstitutional . The policy of internal improvements by federal aid was thus wrecked on the constitutional scruples of the last of the Virginia dynasty . Having less regard for consistency , the House of Representatives recorded its conviction , by close votes , that Congress could appropriate money to construct roads and canals , but had not the power to construct them . As yet the only direct aid of the national government to internal improvements consisted of various appropriations , amounting to about $1,500,000 for the Cumberland Road . </P> <P> As the country recovered from financial depression following the Panic of 1819 , the question of internal improvements again forged to the front . In 1822 , a bill to authorize the collection of tolls on the Cumberland Road had been vetoed by the President . In an elaborate essay , Monroe set forth his views on the constitutional aspects of a policy of internal improvements . Congress might appropriate money , he admitted , but it might not undertake the actual construction of national works nor assume jurisdiction over them . For the moment , the drift toward a larger participation of the national government in internal improvements was stayed . Two years later , Congress authorized the President to institute surveys for such roads and canals as he believed to be needed for commerce and military defense . No one pleaded more eloquently for a larger conception of the functions of the national government than Henry Clay . He called the attention of his hearers to provisions made for coast surveys and lighthouses on the Atlantic seaboard and deplored the neglect of the interior of the country . Of the other presidential candidates , Jackson voted in the Senate for the general survey bill ; and Adams left no doubt in the public mind that he did not reflect the narrow views of his section on this issue . Crawford felt the constitutional scruples which were everywhere being voiced in the South , and followed the old expedient of advocating a constitutional amendment to sanction national internal improvements . </P> <P> In President Adams ' first message to Congress , he advocated not only the construction of roads and canals but also the establishment of observatories and a national university . President Jefferson had recommended many of these in 1806 for Congress to consider for creation of necessary amendments to the Constitution . Adams seemed oblivious to the limitations of the Constitution . In much alarm , Jefferson suggested to Madison the desirability of having Virginia adopt a new set of resolutions , bottomed on those of 1798 , and directed against the acts for internal improvements . In March 1826 , the general assembly declared that all the principles of the earlier resolutions applied `` with full force against the powers assumed by Congress '' in passing acts to protect manufacturers and to further internal improvements . That the administration would meet with opposition in Congress was a foregone conclusion . </P> <H3> Steamboats ( edit ) </H3> Fulton 's North River Steamboat on the Hudson . <P> Despite the new efficiencies introduced by the turnpikes and canals , travel along these routes was still time - consuming and expensive . The idea of integrating a steam boiler and propulsion system can be first attributed to John Fitch and James Rumsey who both filed for patents or state monopolies on steamboats in the late 1780s . However , these first steamboats were complicated , heavy , and expensive . It would be almost 20 years until Robert R. Livingston contracted a civil engineer named Robert Fulton to develop an economical steamboat . Fulton 's paddle steamer , The North River Steamboat ( erroneously referred to as the Clermont ) , made its first trip from New York City north on the Hudson River to Albany on August 17 , 1807 . By 1820 , steamboat services had been established on all the Atlantic tidal rivers and Chesapeake Bay . The shallow - bottomed boats were also ideally suited navigating the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and the number of boats on these rivers increased from 17 boats to 727 boats between 1817 and 1855 . The speed of the steamboats decreased travel times between coastal ports and upstream cities by weeks and costs for transporting goods along these rivers by as much as 90 % . </P> <P> Steamboats profoundly altered the relationships between the federal government , state governments , and private property owners . Livingston and Fulton had obtained monopoly rights to operate a steamboat service within the state of New York , but Thomas Gibbons , who operated a competing New Jersey ferry service , was enjoined from entering New York waters under the terms of the monopoly . In 1824 , the Supreme Court ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden that Congress could regulate commerce and transportation under the Commerce Clause which compelled the state of New York to allow steamboat services from other states . </P> <P> Because the physics and metallurgy of boilers were poorly understood , steamboats were prone to boiler explosions that killed hundreds of people between the 1810s and 1840s . In 1838 , legislation was enacted that mandated boiler inspections by federal agents under the threat of revocation of the operator 's navigation licenses and lowered the threshold for liability in suits arising from such accidents . While Americans long resisted any government 's power to regulate private property , these new rules demonstrated that many Americans believed that property rights did not override civil rights and set the precedent for future federal safety regulations . </P> <H3> Mining ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of coal mining <H3> Civil War ( edit ) </H3> <P> Role of industry & technology in causes , conduct & operations , reconstruction </P> <Ul> <Li> Samuel Colt -- Invented the revolver , the first repeating pistol </Li> <Li> John Browning - guns </Li> </Ul> <H2> Technological systems and infrastructure ( edit ) </H2> See also : Second Industrial Revolution Progress of America by Domenico Tojetti . <P> The period after the Civil War was marked by increasing intense and pervasive industrialization and successive technological advances like the railroad , telegraph & telephone , and internal combustion engine . This facilitated America 's westward expansion and economic development by connecting the frontier with the industrial , financial , and political centers of the East . Americans increasingly relied upon technological infrastructures like the railroad , electric , and telecommunications systems for economic and social activities . </P> <H3> Railroads ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of rail transport in the United States The DeWitt Clinton was one of the first locomotives in the United States . <P> Between 1820 and 1830 , many inventors and entrepreneurs began to apply emerging steamboat technology to engines that could travel on land . The earliest proposal came in 1813 from Oliver Evans ' idea of a railway to connect New York and Philadelphia with `` carriages drawn by steam engines . '' Many individuals and companies have a claim to being the first railroad in the United States , but by the mid-1830s several companies were using steam - powered locomotives to move train cars on rail tracks . Between 1840 and 1860 the total length of railroad trackage increased from 3,326 miles ( 5,353 km ) to 30,600 miles ( 49,250 km ) . The efficiency of railroad to move large , bulk items contributed enabled further drops in cost of transporting goods to market but in so doing undermined the profitability of the earlier turnpikes and canals which began to fold and fall into disrepair . However , the early railroads were poorly integrated ; there were hundreds of competing companies using different gauges for their track requiring cargo to be trans - shipped -- rather than traveling directly -- between cities . </P> <P> The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 and its attendant profit and efficiency had the effect of stimulating a period of intense consolidation and technological standardization that would last another 50 years . It was during this time that railroad magnates such as Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt amassed great power and fortunes from consolidation of smaller rail lines into national corporations . By 1920 , 254,000 miles ( 408,800 km ) of standard - gauge railroad track had been laid in the United States , all of it owned or controlled by seven organizations . The need to synchronize train schedules and the inefficiencies introduced by every city having its own local time , also led to introduction of Standard time by railway managers in 1883 . Railroads began using diesel locomotives in the 1930s , and they completely replaced steam locomotives by the 1950s , which reduced costs and improved reliability . </P> <H3> Iron and steel - making ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of ferrous metallurgy and History of the steel industry Molten steel being poured from an electric arc furnace . <P> Because iron occurs in nature commonly as an oxide , it must be smelted to drive off the oxygen to obtain the metallic form . Bloomery forges were prevalent in the colonies and could produce small batches of iron to be smithed for local needs ( horseshoes , axeblades , plowshares ) but were unable to scale production for exporting or larger - scale industry ( gunmaking , shipbuilding , wheelmaking ) . Blast furnaces creating cast iron and pig iron emerged on large self - sufficient plantations in the mid-17th century to meet these demands , but production was expensive and labor - intensive : forges , furnaces , and waterwheels had to be constructed , huge swaths of forest had to be cleared and the wood rendered into charcoal , and iron ore and limestone had to be mined and transported . By the end of the 18th century , the threat of deforestation forced the English to use coke , a fuel derived from coal , to fire their furnaces . This shift precipitated a drop in iron prices since the process no longer required charcoal , the production of which was labor - intensive . This was a practice that was later adopted in the US as well . </P> <P> Although steel is an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon , historically steel and iron - making were intended for different products given the high costs of steel over wrought iron . The main difficulty with making steel is that its higher melting point than pig or cast iron was not easily achievable in large - scale production until methods that introduced air or oxygen to oxidize the carbon in the molten pig iron were developed , allowing the direct conversion of molten pig iron to molten steel . </P> <P> Throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries , the English steelmakers produced blister and crucible steel which required specialized equipment like finery forges and puddling furnaces and cost over £ 50 per long ton . In the 18th century , innovations like steamboats , railroads , and guns increased demand for wrought iron and steel . The Mount Savage Iron Works in Maryland was the largest in the United States in the late 1840s , and the first in the nation to produce heavy rails for the construction of railroads . In the 1850s , American William Kelly and Englishman Henry Bessemer independently discovered that air blown through the molten iron increases its temperature by oxidizing the carbon and separating additional impurities into the slag . The Kelly - Bessemer process , because it reduces the amount of coke needed for blasting and increases the quality of the finished iron , revolutionized the mass production of high - quality steel and facilitated a drastic drop in steel prices and expansion of its availability . </P> <P> In 1868 , Andrew Carnegie saw an opportunity to integrate new coke - making methods with the recently developed Kelly - Bessemer process to supply steel for railroads . In 1872 , he built a steel plant in Braddock , Pennsylvania at the junction of several major railroad lines . Carnegie earned enormous profits by pioneering vertical integration ; he owned the iron ore mines in Minnesota , the transport steamboats on the Great Lakes , the coal mines and coke ovens , and the rail lines delivering the coke and ore to his Pennsylvania mills . By 1900 , the Carnegie Steel Company was producing more steel than all of Britain and in 1901 Carnegie sold his business to J.P. Morgan 's U.S. Steel earning Carnegie $480 million personally . </P> <H3> Telegraph and telephone ( edit ) </H3> See also : Invention of the telephone <P> The ability to quickly transmit information over long distances would prove to have an enormous impact on many diverse fields like journalism , banking , and diplomacy . Between 1837 and 1844 , Samuel F.B. Morse and Alfred Vail developed a transmitter that could send `` short '' or `` long '' electric currents which would move an electromagnetic receiver to record the signal as dots and dashes . Morse established the first telegraph line ( between Baltimore and Washington D.C. ) in 1844 and by 1849 almost every state east of the Mississippi had telegraph service . Between 1850 and 1865 , the telegraph business became progressively more consolidated and the 1866 incorporation of Western Union emerged with a near - monopoly over 22,000 telegraph offices and 827,000 miles ( 1,330,900 km ) of cable throughout the country . The telegraph was used to dispatch news from the fronts of the Mexican -- American War , coordinate Union troop movements during the Civil War , relay stock and commodity prices and orders between markets on ticker tape , and conduct diplomatic negotiations after the Transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in 1866 . </P> <P> Alexander Graham Bell obtained a patent in 1876 to a device that could transmit and reproduce the sound of a voice over electrical cables . Bell realized the enormous potential for his telephone and formed the Bell Telephone Company which would control the whole system from the manufacture the telephones and exchange equipment to leasing the equipment to customers and operators . Between 1877 and 1893 ( the term of Bell 's patent coverage ) the number of phones leased by Bell 's company increased from 3,000 to 260,000 , although these were largely limited to businesses and government offices that could afford the relatively high rates . After the Bell patents expired , thousands of independent operators became incorporated and their competition for services to middle and low - class households as well as rural farmers drove prices down significantly . By 1920 , there were 13 million phones in the United States providing service to 39 percent of all farm households and 34 percent of non-farm households . </P> <H3> Petroleum ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of the petroleum industry and Pennsylvania oil rush Drilling and refining petroleum would become major industries . <P> The 1859 discovery of crude oil in western Pennsylvania set off an `` oil rush '' reminiscent of the 1849 California Gold Rush and would prove to be a valuable resource on the eve of the Civil War . Because crude oil needs to be distilled to extract usable fuel oils , oil refining quickly became a major industry in the area . However , the rural and mountainous terrain of these Pennsylvania oilfields allowed neither economical in - situ refining nor efficient railroad transportation of extracted oil . Beginning in 1865 , the construction of oil pipelines to connect the oilfields with railroads or oil refineries alleviated this geographical bottleneck but also put thousands of coopers and teamsters ( who made the barrels and drove the wagons to transport oil ) out of business . As the network of oil pipelines expanded , they became more integrated with both the railway and telegraph systems which enabled even greater coordination in production , scheduling , and pricing . </P> <P> John D. Rockefeller was a forceful driver of consolidation in the American oil industry . Beginning in 1865 , he bought refineries , railroads , pipelines , and oilfields and ruthlessly eliminated competition to his Standard Oil . By 1879 , he controlled 90 % of oil refined in the US . Standard Oil used pipelines to directly connect the Pennsylvanian oilfields with the refineries in New Jersey , Cleveland , Philadelphia , and Baltimore , rather than loading and unloading railroad tank cars , which enabled huge gains in efficiency and profitability . Given the unprecedented scale of Standard Oil 's network , the company developed novel methods for managing , financing , and organizing its businesses . Because laws governing corporations limited their ability to do business across state lines , Standard Oil pioneered the use of a central trust that owned and controlled the constituent companies in each state . The use of trusts by other industries to stifle competition and extract monopoly prices led to the 1890 passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act . In the 1911 case of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States , the Supreme Court ordered the Standard Oil Trust be disbanded into competing companies that would become Exxon ( Standard Oil of New Jersey ) , Mobil ( Standard Oil of New York ) , and Chevron ( Standard Oil of California ) . </P> <P> The demand for petroleum products increased rapidly after the turn of the century as families relied upon kerosene to heat and light their houses , industries relied upon lubricants for machinery , and the ever - more prevalent internal combustion engine demanded gasoline fuel . Between 1880 and 1920 , the amount of oil refined annually jumped from 26,000,000 barrels ( 4,100,000 m ) to 442 million . The discovery of large oil fields in Texas , Oklahoma , Louisiana , and California in the early 20th century touched off `` oil crazes '' and contributed to these states ' rapid industrialization . Because these previously agrarian western states lay outside of the various Standard Oil 's production and refining networks , cities like Long Beach , California , Dallas , Texas , and Houston , Texas emerged as major centers for refining and managing these new fields under companies like Sunoco , Texaco , and Gulf Oil . </P> <H3> Electricity ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Electrification See also : History of electromagnetism and War of currents Electrification revolutionized American industry and commerce . <P> Benjamin Franklin pioneered the study of electricity by being the first to describe positive and negative charges , as well as advancing the principle of conservation of charge . Franklin is best known for the apocryphal feat of flying a kite in thunderstorm to prove that lightning is a form of electricity which , in turn , led to the invention of the lightning rod to protect buildings . </P> <P> Electricity would remain a novelty through the early to mid 19th century but advances in battery storage , generating , and lighting would turn it into a domestic business . By the late 1870s and early 1880 central generating plants supplying power to arc lamps , first in Europe and then in the US , began spreading rapidly , replacing oil and gas for outdoor lighting , systems that ran on very high voltage ( 3,000 -- 6,000 volt ) direct current or alternating current . In 1880 , Thomas Edison developed and patented a system for indoor lighting that competed with gas lighting , based on a long - lasting high resistance incandescent light bulb that ran on relatively low voltage ( 110 volt ) direct current . Commercializing this venture was a task far beyond what Edison 's small laboratory could handle , requiring the setup of a large investor backed utility that involving companies that would manufacture the whole technological system upon which the `` light bulb '' would depend -- generators ( Edison Machine Company ) , cables ( Edison Electric Tube Company ) , generating plants and electric service ( Edison Electric Light Company ) , sockets , and bulbs . </P> <P> In addition to lighting , electric motors ( analogous to generators operating in reverse , or using a current to spin a magnet to perform work ) became extremely important to industry . Speed control of early DC motors limited their use . Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor ( ca . 1886 ) by solving the problem of varying speed with load . Within a few years DC motors were used in electric street railways . In 1888 , a Serbian immigrant , Nikola Tesla , a former employee of Edison 's , patented an AC induction motor and licensed it to the Westinghouse Corporation . Electric motors eventually replaced steam engines in factories around the nation as they required neither complex mechanical transmissions from a central engine nor water sources for steam boilers in order to operate . </P> <P> Edison 's direct current generation dominated the initial years of indoor commercial and residential electric lighting and electric power distribution . However , DC transmission was hampered by the difficulty in changing voltages between industrial generation and residential / commercial consumption and the low voltages used suffered from poor transmission efficiency . The mid 1880s saw the introduction of the transformer , allowing alternating current to be transmitted at high voltage long distances with greater efficiency and then `` stepped down '' to supply commercial and domestic indoor lighting , resulting in AC going from being the outdoor `` arc lighting current '' to taking over the domestic lighting utility market Edison 's DC system was designed to supply . The rapid spread of AC and haphazard instillation of power lines , especially in the city of New York , led to a series of deaths attributed to high voltage AC and an eventual media backlash against the current . Starting in 1888 the Edison company played up the dangers of AC power in their literature and assisted self - appointed anti-AC crusader Harold P. Brown in a parallel goal to limit , to the point of ineffectiveness , the voltages in AC power systems , a market then dominated by Westinghouse Electric . This series of events came to be known as the War of Currents . Brown / Edison 's lobbying in state legislatures went nowhere and the Edison company continued to lose market share and profitability to the AC based companies . In 1892 the `` war '' ended with Thomas Edison losing any remaining control of his own company when it was merged with Westinghouse 's chief AC rival , the Thomson - Houston Electric Company , to form General Electric , creating a company that controlled three quarters of the US electrical business . Westinghouse 's lead in AC development would allow them to win a contract in 1893 to build an AC based power station at the Niagara Falls but the transmission contract was awarded to General Electric , who would come to dominate the US electrical business for many years afterwards . </P> <P> As in other industries of the era , these companies achieved greater efficiencies by eventually merging to form conglomerated companies , with over a dozen electric companies in the 1880s merging down to just two , General Electric and Westinghouse . Lighting was immensely popular : between 1882 and 1920 the number of generating plants in the US increased from one in downtown Manhattan to nearly 4,000 . While the earliest generating plants were constructed in the immediate vicinity of consumers , plants generating electricity for long - distance transmissions were in place by 1900 . To help finance this great expansion , the utility industry exploited a financial innovation known as the `` holding company '' ; a favorite holding company investment among many was the Electric Bond and Share Company ( later much - changed , and known as Ebasco ) , created by the General Electric company in 1905 . The abuse of holding companies , like trusts before it , led to the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 , but by 1920 , electricity had surpassed petroleum - based lighting sources that had dominated the previous century . </P> <H3> Automobiles ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of the automobile and Interstate Highway System The Model T revolutionized transportation in the 1900s as well as increased production by use of the assembly line . Shown is a test of mounting the body on the chassis , which was actually done inside the factory by using an overhead crane . <P> The technology for creating an automobile emerged in Germany in the 1870 and 1880s : Nicolaus Otto created a four - stroke internal combustion engine , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach modified the Otto engine to run at higher speeds , and Karl Benz pioneered the electric ignition . The Duryea brothers and Hiram Percy Maxim were among the first to construct a `` horseless carriage '' in the US in the mid-1890s , but these early cars proved to be heavy and expensive . </P> <P> Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile manufacturing process by employing interchangeable parts on assembly lines -- the beginning of industrial mass production . In 1908 , the Ford Motor Company released the Ford Model T which could generate 20 horsepower , was lightweight , and easy to repair . Demand for the car was so great , he had to relocate his assembly plant to Highland Park , Michigan in 1912 . The new plant was a model of industrial efficiency for the time : it was well lit and ventilated , employed conveyors to move parts along an assembly line , and workers ' stations were orderly arranged along the line . The efficiency of the assembly line allowed Ford to realize great gains in economy and productivity ; in 1912 , Ford sold 6,000 cars for approximately $900 and by 1916 approximately 577,000 Model T automobiles were sold for $360 . Ford was able to scale production rapidly because assembly - line workers were unskilled laborers performing repetitive tasks . Ford hired European immigrants , African - Americans , ex-convicts , and the disabled and paid comparatively high wages , but was quick to dismiss anyone involved in labor unions or radical political associations . </P> California , like much of the United States , is dependent on the Interstate Highway System , which , with larger junctions like this stack interchange , is quite complicated and expensive . <P> With growth of American automobile usage , urban and rural roads were gradually upgraded for the new traffic . Local automobile clubs formed the American Automobile Association to lobby city , state , and federal governments to widen and pave existing roads and build limited - access highways . Some federal road aid was passed in the 1910s and 20s ( resulting in highways like U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 66 ) . The coverage and quality of many roads would greatly improve following Depression - era Works Progress Administration investment in road infrastructure . New Automobile sales were temporarily slowed during World War II when wartime rationing and military production lines limited the number of automobiles that could be manufactured -- the largest companies like Ford , GM , and Chrysler would survive those lean years . After the war , rising family sizes , increasing affluence , and government - subsidized mortgages for veterans fueled a boom in single - family homes . Many were automobile - owners . In 1956 , Congress passed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 which provided funding for the construction of 41,000 miles ( 66,000 km ) of toll - free expressways throughout the country laying the legislative and infrastructural foundations for the modern American highway system . </P> <H2> Effects of industrialization ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Agricultural production ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Agricultural history of the United States ( Gleaner ) Mechanical combine harvester . <P> In the 1840s , as more and more western states joined the Union , many poor and middle - class Americans increasingly agitated for free land in these large , undeveloped areas . Early efforts to pass a Homestead Act by George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley were stymied by Southern states who feared that free land would threaten the plantation system . The Homestead Act was passed in 1862 after the opposing Southern states had seceded . The Homestead Act granted 160 acres ( 65 hectares ) to farmers who lived on the land for 5 years or allowed the farmer to purchase the land after 6 months for $1.25 per acre ( $3 / ha ) . </P> <P> Even as America 's westward expansion allowed over 400 million acres ( 1,600,000 km2 ) of new land to be put under cultivation , between 1870 and 1910 the number of Americans involved in farming or farm labor dropped by a third . New farming techniques and agricultural mechanization facilitated both processes . Cyrus McCormick 's reaper ( invented in 1834 ) allowed farmers to quadruple their harvesting efficiency by replacing hand labor with a mechanical device . John Deere invented the steel plow in 1837 , keeping the soil from sticking to the plow and making it easier to farm in the rich prairies of the Midwest . The harvester , self - binder , and combine allowed even greater efficiencies : wheat farmers in 1866 achieved an average yield of 9.9 bushels per acre but by 1898 yields had increased to 15.3 bushels per acre even as the total area had tripled . </P> <P> Railroads allowed harvests to reach markets more quickly and Gustavus Franklin Swift 's refrigerated railroad car allowed fresh meat and fish to reach distant markets . Food distribution also became more mechanized as companies like Heinz and Campbell distributed previously perishable foods by canning and evaporation . Commercial bakeries , breweries , and meatpackers replaced locally owned operators and drove demand for raw agricultural goods . Despite increasing demand , rising production caused a drop in prices , creating substantial discontent among farmers . Organizations like The Grange and Farmers Alliance emerged to demand monetary policy that allowed for money supply expansion ( as most farmers carried significant debt from planting time to harvest time ) , railroad regulations , and protective tariffs . </P> <H3> Urbanization ( edit ) </H3> <P> The period between 1865 and 1920 was marked by the increasing concentration of people , political power , and economic activity in urban areas . In 1860 , there were nine cities with populations over 100,000 and by 1910 there were fifty . These new large cities were not coastal port cities ( like New York , Boston , and Philadelphia ) but laid inland along new transportation routes ( like Denver , Chicago , and Cleveland ) . The first twelve presidents of the United States had all been born into farming communities , but between 1865 and 1912 the Presidency was filled by men with backgrounds of representing businesses and cities . </P> <P> Industrialization and urbanization reinforced each other and urban areas became increasingly congested . As a result of unsanitary living conditions , diseases like cholera , dysentery , and typhoid fever struck urban areas with increasing frequency . Cities responded by paving streets , digging sewers , sanitizing water , constructing housing , and creating public transportation systems . </P> <H3> Labor issues and immigration ( edit ) </H3> See also : Labor unions in the United States and Immigration to the United States <P> As the nation deepened its technological base , old - fashioned artisans and craftsmen became `` deskilled '' and replaced by specialized workers and engineers who used machines to replicate in minutes or hours work that would require a journeyman hours or days to complete . Frederick W. Taylor , recognizing the inefficiencies introduced by some production lines , proposed that by studying the motions and processes necessary to manufacture each component of a product , reorganizing the factory and manufacturing processes around workers , and paying workers piece rates would allow great gains in process efficiency . Scientific management , or `` Taylorism '' as it came to be known , was soon being applied by progressive city governments to make their urban areas more efficient and by suffragettes to home economics . </P> <P> Increasing industrialization outpaced the supply of laborers able or willing to work in dangerous , low - paying , and dead - end jobs . However , the demand for low or unskilled jobs drove wages up and attracted waves of Irish , Italian , Polish , Russian , and Jewish immigrants who could earn more in America than in their homelands . </P> <P> The earliest unions emerged before the Civil War as trade guilds composed of journeyman carpenters , masons , and other artisans who would engage in strikes to demand better hours and pay from their masters . All branches of government generally sought to stop labor from organizing into unions or from organizing strikes . </P> <H3> Banking , trading , and financial services ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of banking The floor of the New York Stock Exchange . <P> To finance the larger - scale enterprises required during this era , the Stockholder Corporation emerged as the dominant form of business organization . Corporations expanded by combining into trusts , and by creating single firms out of competing firms , known as monopolies . Banking , investment , insurance , consulting , corporations , speculation , business cycle </P> <H3> Regulation ( edit ) </H3> See also : Philanthropy <P> The Progressive movement and the Progressive Era that emerged from it was in part a reaction to excesses of the new industrial age . `` Muckraking '' journalists reported on a wide array of social issues , and the reaction of the public lent urgency to reforms that led to increased government regulation , such as the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act ( 1906 ) . </P> The Hoover Dam on the Arizona - California border was one of many large - scale water - power projects <H2> Military - industrial - academic complex ( edit ) </H2> See also : Military - industrial complex <P> In the 20th century , the pace of technological developments increasingly became tied into a complex set of interactions between Congress , the industrial manufacturers , university research , and the military establishment . This set of relations , known more popularly as the `` military - industrial complex , '' emerged because the military 's unique technological demands , concentration of funding , large - scale application , and highly centralized control played a dominant role in driving technological innovation . Fundamental advances in medicine , physics , chemistry , computing , aviation , material science , naval architecture , and meteorology , among other fields , can be traced back to basic and applied research for military applications . Smokestack America became a nickname applied to traditional manufacturing core of U.S. industry , used to represent particular industries , regions , or towns . </P> <H3> Research universities ( edit ) </H3> See also : Land - grant university and Education in the United States Land grant universities expanded access to post-secondary education for many Americans . <P> The first universities in the United States were modeled on the liberal curricula of the great English universities and were meant to educate clergymen and lawyers rather than teach vocational skills or conduct scientific research . The U.S. Military Academy , established in 1811 , broke the mold of traditional universities and military academies alike by including practical engineering - related subjects in its earliest curricula . By the middle of the 19th century , polytechnic institutes were being founded in increasing numbers to train students in the scientific and technical skills needed to design , build , and operate increasingly complex machines . In 1824 , Stephen van Rensselaer established the first American institute granting a bachelor 's degree in technical subjects and in the 1850s several Ivy League schools began to offer courses of study in scientific fields . </P> <P> Congressional legislators , recognizing the increasing importance and prevalence of these eastern polytechnic schools , passed the 1862 Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Act providing large grants of land that were to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions that would teach courses on military tactics , engineering , and agriculture . Many of the United States ' noted public research universities can trace their origins back to land grant colleges . Between 1900 and 1939 , enrollments in post-secondary institutes increased from 238,000 to 1,494,000 and higher education had become so available and affordable that a college degree was increasingly required for scientific , engineering , and government jobs that previously only required only vocational or secondary education . </P> <P> After World War II , the GI Bill caused university enrollments to explode as millions of veterans earned college degrees . </P> <H3> World War I and World War II ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Technology during World War I and Technology during World War II Strategic aerial bombing caused massive damage to cities . <P> Great White fleet , Spanish -- American War , tanks , machine gun , medicine , chemical weapons , </P> <Ul> <Li> Richard Jordan Gatling - Gatling gun </Li> <Li> John T. Thompson - Tommy gun </Li> </Ul> <P> The introduction of the airplane to the battlefield was one of the most radical changes in the history of warfare . The history of flight spans hundreds of years and the distinction of building the first flying machine is complicated , but in December 1903 the Wright Brothers achieved sustained , manned , and controlled heavier - than - air flight . The Wright brothers had difficulty raising funding from the government and military , but after World War I began in 1914 , airplanes quickly assumed great tactical importance for both sides ( see Aviation in World War I ) ; the US government appropriated $640 million in 1917 to procure 20,000 airplanes for the war for aerial reconnaissance , dogfighting , and aerial bombing . After the close of the war in 1918 , the US government continued to fund peacetime aeronautical activities like airmail and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics . Throughout the 1920s and 1930s , industrial , university , and military research continued to realize gains in the power , maneuverability , and reliability of airplanes : Charles Lindbergh completed a solo non-stop transatlantic flight in 1927 , Wiley Post flew around the world in nine days in 1931 , and Howard Hughes shattered flight airspeed records throughout the decade . In the 1930s , passenger airlines boomed as a result of the Kelley Act , state and local governments began constructing airports to attract airlines , and the federal government began to regulate air traffic control and investigate aviation accidents and incidents . </P> <H3> Cold War and space race ( edit ) </H3> See also : Space Race , History of nuclear weapons , Manhattan Project , procurement , government R&D , and technology gap Nuclear test Buzz Aldrin on the surface of the moon . <P> The American physicist Robert Goddard was one of the first scientists to experiment with rocket propulsion systems . In his small laboratory in Worcester , Massachusetts , Goddard worked with liquid oxygen and gasoline to propel rockets into the atmosphere , and in 1926 successfully fired the world 's first liquid - fuel rocket which reached a height of 12.5 meters . Over the next 10 years , Goddard 's rockets achieved modest altitudes of nearly two kilometers , and interest in rocketry increased in the United States , Britain , Germany , and the Soviet Union . </P> <P> At the close of World War II , both the American and Russian forces recruited or smuggled top German scientists like Wernher von Braun back to their respective countries to continue defense - related work . Expendable rockets provided the means for launching artificial satellites , as well as manned spacecraft . In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first satellite , Sputnik I , and the United States followed with Explorer I in 1958 . The first manned space flights were made in early 1961 , first by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin and then by American astronaut Alan Shepard . </P> <P> From those first tentative steps , to the 1969 Apollo program landing on the Moon , to the reusable Space Shuttle , the American space program has brought forth a breathtaking display of applied science . Communications satellites transmit computer data , telephone calls , and radio and television broadcasts . Weather satellites furnish the data necessary to provide early warnings of severe storms . </P> <H3> Computers and information networks ( edit ) </H3> A modern web browser and web page . See also : History of computing hardware and History of the Internet <P> American researchers made fundamental advances in telecommunications and information technology . For example , AT&T 's Bell Laboratories spearheaded the American technological revolution with a series of inventions including the light emitting diode ( LED ) , the transistor , the C programming language , and the UNIX computer operating system . SRI International and Xerox PARC in Silicon Valley helped give birth to the personal computer industry , while ARPA and NASA funded the development of the ARPANET and the Internet . Companies like IBM and Apple Computer developed personal computers while Microsoft created operating systems and office productivity software to run on them . With the growth of information on the World Wide Web , search companies like Yahoo ! and Google developed technologies to sort and rank web pages based on relevance . The web also has become a site for computer - mediated social interactions and web services like MySpace , Facebook , and Twitter are used by millions to communicate . Miniaturization of computing technology and the increasing pervasiveness and speed of wireless networks had led to substantial adoption of mobile phones and increasingly powerful smartphones based on software platforms like Apple 's iOS and Google 's Android . </P> <H2> Service industry ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Health care and biotechnology ( edit ) </H3> See also : Health care in the United States and History of biotechnology A transmission tower for radio and television . <P> As in physics and chemistry , Americans have dominated the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine since World War II . The private sector has been the focal point for biomedical research in the United States , and has played a key role in this achievement . As of 2000 , for - profit industry funded 57 % , non-profit private organizations funded 7 % , and the tax - funded National Institutes of Health funded 36 % of medical research in the U.S. Funding by private industry increased 102 % from 1994 to 2003 . </P> <P> The National Institutes of Health consists of 24 separate institutes supporting the prevention , detection , diagnosis , and treatment of diseases and disabilities . At any given time , grants from the NIH support the research of about 35,000 principal investigators , working in every US state and several foreign countries . Between 1971 and 1991 , mortality from heart disease dropped 41 percent , strokes decreased by 59 percent , and today more than 70 percent of children who get cancer are cured . </P> <P> Molecular genetics and genomics research have revolutionized biomedical sciences . In the 1980s and 1990s , researchers performed the first trial of gene therapy in humans and are now able to locate , identify , and describe the function of many genes in the human genome . </P> <P> Research conducted by universities , hospitals , and corporations also contributes to improvement in diagnosis and treatment of disease . NIH funded the basic research on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( HIV / AIDS ) , for example . Many of the drugs used to treat this disease have emerged from the laboratories of the American pharmaceutical industry . </P> <H3> News , media , and entertainment ( edit ) </H3> See also : Media of the United States <P> Radio , television , newspapers , movies , music , games </P> <H2> Technology and society ( edit ) </H2> See also : Technology and society <P> This section discusses technology , scientific studies , engineering , and overall impact . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of United States inventions </Li> <Li> Timeline of United States discoveries </Li> <Li> Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering </Li> <Li> List of African American inventors and scientists </Li> <Li> History of medicine in the United States </Li> <Li> Industrial Revolution in the United States </Li> <Li> National Inventors Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> NASA spinoff </Li> <Li> Science and technology in the United States </Li> <Li> United States Patent and Trademark Office </Li> <Li> Yankee ingenuity </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Britannica `` Greatest Inventions '' , Britannica Corporate , Published 5 / 13 / 2006 . Retrieved 7 / 10 / 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kendrick , John ( 1991 ) . `` U.S. Productivity Performance in Perspective , Business Economics , October 1 , 1991 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Field , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Field , Alezander J. ( 2007 ) . `` U.S. Economic Growth in the Gilded Age , Journal of Macroeconomics 31 '' : 173 -- 190 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Industrial Production Index '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan , Ruth Schwartz ( 1997 ) , A Social History of American Technology , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 7 -- 8 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504606 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 40 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 63 -- 65 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold Gill , `` Colonial Silver and Silversmiths , '' Virginia Cavalcade ( 1970 ) 18 # 3 pp 5 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbara McLean Ward , `` Hierarchy and Wealth Distribution in the Boston Goldsmiths Trade , 1690 - 1760 , '' Essex Institute Historical Collections ( 1990 ) 126 # 3 pp 129 -- 147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Tunis 1965 , pp. 4 , 82 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Waters 1977 , pp. 20 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Sperry 1988 , pp. 41 -- 63 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Sperry 1988 , pp. 43 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Marcello 2010 , pp. 128 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Bartlett 1984 , pp. 25 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Marcello 2010 , pp. 7 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Marcello 2010 , pp. 107 -- 114 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 77 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 81 -- 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 83 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 94 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Allen ( 1915 ) , Union and Democracy , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Company , pp. 255 -- 256 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 102 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cowan 1997 , pp. 104 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 1915 , pp. 256 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 1915 , pp. 257 -- 258 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 1915 , pp. 309 -- 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 1915 , pp. 319 -- 320 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 110 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burke , John G. ( 1997 ) , `` Bursting Boilers and the Federal Power '' , in S. Cutcliffe & T. Reynolds , Technology and American History , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , pp. 109 -- 116 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 71028 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burke 1997 , pp. 105 -- 106 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 115 -- 117 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 154 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stover , John F. ( 1997 ) . American Railroads ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 77658 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 58 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert B ( 1996 ) . American Iron 1607 - 1900 . Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6816 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dilts , James D. ( 1996 ) . The Great Road : The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio , the Nation 's First Railroad , 1828 -- 1853 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . p. 305 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2629 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cowan 1997 , pp. 152 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 161 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cowan 1997 , pp. 158 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography . `` Benjamin Franklin ( 1706 -- 1790 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Institute of Physics . `` Benjamin Franklin 1706 - 1790 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cowan 1997 , pp. 163 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nye , David E. ( 1990 ) . Electrifying America : Social Meanings of a New Technology . Cambridge , MA , USA and London , England : The MIT Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes , Empires Of Light : Edison , Tesla , Westinghouse , And The Race To Electrify The World , Random House , 2004 , page 143 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maury Klein , The Power Makers : Steam , Electricity , and the Men Who Invented Modern America , Bloomsbury Publishing USA , 2010 , page 280 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mark Essig , Edison and the Electric Chair : A Story of Light and Death , Bloomsbury Publishing USA , 2009 , page 268 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert L. Bradley , Jr. , Edison to Enron : Energy Markets and Political Strategies , John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , pages 28 -- 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powering A Generation : Power History # 2 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 229 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 230 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 236 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 237 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cowan 1997 , pp. 166 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 170 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 212 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forbes 132 : ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UAW Washington Report v. 22 ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stansfield , Charles A. , and Charles A. Stansfield . A Geography of New Jersey : The City in the Garden . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 1998 . p. 206 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charnov , Bruce H. ; Patrick J. Montana . Management . Barron 's Educational Series , Inc. p. 493 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1276 - 8 . The historic industrial base is popularly called smokestack America </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilpin , Alan , and Alan Gilpin . Dictionary of Economics and Financial Markets . London : Butterworths , 1986 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Twilight of smokestack America '' by Peter T. Kilborn ( New York Times , May 8 , 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Can Smokestack America Rise Again ? '' by Gene Bylinsky Fortune Feb. 6 , 1984 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swinney , Dan , David Bensman , and Jack Metzgar . Fighting Rust : Labor - Community Struggles in Smokestack America . Labor research review , 3 . East Chicago , Ind : Midwest Center for Labor Research , 1983 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 30,000 acres ( 120 km2 ) of federal land , either within or contiguous to its boundaries , for each member of Congress the state had as of the census of 1860 - a minimum of 90,000 acres ( 360 km2 ) . `` Backgrounder on the Morrill Act '' . International Information Programs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No . HS - 21 . Education Summary -- High School Graduates , and College Enrollment and Degrees : 1900 to 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 140 -- 141 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan 1997 , pp. 252 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Benefits of Medical Research and the Role of the NIH '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neil Osterweil ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` Medical Research Spending Doubled Over Past Decade '' . MedPage Today . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cowan , Ruth Schwartz ( 1997 ) , A Social History of American Technology , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504605 - 6 </Li> <Li> Cross , Gary ; Szostak , Rich ( 2004 ) , Technology and American Society , New York : Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 189643 - 1 </Li> <Li> Cutcliffe , Stephen H. ; Reynolds , Terry S. ( 1997 ) , Technology & American History , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , ISBN 0 - 226 - 71027 - 0 </Li> <Li> Deitch , Joanne Weisman ( 2001 ) , A Nation of Inventors , Carlisle , Massachusetts : Discovery Enterprises Ltd. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57960 - 077 - 8 </Li> <Li> Hindle , Brooke ; Lubar , Steven ( 1986 ) , Engines of Change : the American Industrial Revolution , 1790 - 1860 , Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press , ISBN 0 - 87474 - 539 - X </Li> <Li> Hughes , Thomas Parke ( 1989 ) , American Genesis : A History of the American Genius for Invention , New York : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 009741 - 4 </Li> <Li> Marcus , Alan I. ; Segal , Howard P. ( 1998 ) , Technology in America , New York : Wadsworth Publishing , ISBN 0 - 15 - 505531 - 3 </Li> <Li> McGaw , Judith A. ( 1994 ) , Early American Technology : Making and Doing Things from the Colonial Era to 1850 , Charlottesville : University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4484 - 5 </Li> <Li> Mowery , David C. ; Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1998 ) , Paths of Innovation : Technological Change in 20th Century America , Cambridge , Eng. , New York : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 64653 - 7 </Li> <Li> Pursell , Carroll ( 1995 ) , The Machine in America : A Social History of Technology , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4818 - 0 </Li> <Li> Servos , John W. , Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling : the making of a science in America , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08566 - 8 </Li> <Li> Smith , Merrit Roe ; Clancey , Gregory ( 1996 ) , Major Problems in the History of American Technology , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 669 - 35472 - 4 </Li> <Li> Martello , Robert ( 2010 ) , Midnight Ride , Industrial Dawn : Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise , Balitimore : Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology </Li> <Li> Bartlett , Louisa ( 1984 ) , American Silver , St. Louis : St. Louis Art Museum , JSTOR 40716254 </Li> <Li> Waters , Deborah ( 1977 ) , From Pure Coin : The Manufacture of American Silver Flatware 1800 - 1860. , JSTOR 1180578 </Li> <Li> Skerry , Janine ( 1988 ) , The Revolutionary Revere : A Critical Assessment of the Silver of Paul Revere , Boston : Paul Revere Memorial Association </Li> <Li> Tunis , E. ( 1965 ) , Colonial craftsmen and the beginnings of American industry ( 1st ed . ) , Cleveland : World Pub. Co </Li> <Li> Taylor , George Rogers ( 1951 ) , The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 , New York , Toronto : Rinehart & Co. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 101 - 3 </Li> <Li> Field , Alexander J. 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what innovation has had the most influence on expanding the american economy
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States&amp;oldid=854359213
-2,653,536,299,694,444,000
List of Pokémon : Sun & Moon : Ultra Adventures episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Pokémon : Sun & Moon : Ultra Adventures episodes </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pokémon : Sun & Moon : Ultra Adventures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pokémon : Sun & Moon : Ultra Adventures international logo . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 36 ( ongoing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> TV Tokyo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Sun & Moon </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The twenty - first season of the long running Pokémon animated series is known as Pocket Monsters : Sun & Moon ( ポケットモンスター サン & ムーン , Poketto Monsutā : San & Mūn ) in Japan and internationally as Pokémon Sun and Moon : Ultra Adventures ( advertised as Pokémon the Series : Sun & Moon : Ultra Adventures ) . This season follows the continuing adventures of Ash and his classmates at the Pokémon school in the Alola region . </P> <P> The season premiered in Japan on October 5 , 2017 on TV Tokyo . The season premiered in the United States on March 24 , 2018 on Disney XD . </P> <P> The Japanese opening song is `` Alola ! ! '' ( アローラ ! ! , Arōra ! ! ) by Rica Matsumoto with Ikue Otani . The Japanese ending song is `` Pose '' ( ポーズ , Pōzu ) by Taiiku Okazaki . The Japanese second opening is `` Future Connection '' ( 未来 コネクション , Mirai Konekushon ) by Japanese Band , ReaL . The second Japanese ending song is `` Twerp , Twerpette '' ( ジャリ ボーイ ・ ジャリ ガール , Jari - boy , Jari - girl ) , again by Taiiku Okazaki . The opening for the English dub is `` Under the Alolan Moon '' by Haven Paschall and Ben Dixon . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Season 21 : Sun & Moon : Ultra Adventures ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 2 Notes </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Season 21 : Sun & Moon : Ultra Adventures ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> EP # </Th> <Th> English title Japanese title </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> J# </Th> <Th> E# </Th> <Th> Japan </Th> <Th> United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 985 </Th> <Td> 979 </Td> <Td> `` A Dream Encounter ! '' ( Satoshi and Hoshigumo ! Strange Meetings ! ! ) `` Satoshi to Hoshigumo ! Fushigina deai ! ! '' ( サトシ と ほし ぐも ! 不思議 な 出会い ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash has a dream in which he and Pikachu enter an ancient temple and encounter two mysterious Pokémon . Ash makes a promise to them , after which another Pokemon appears . The next morning , he , Pikachu and Rotom - Dex are led by Tapu Koko to a spot in the forest where they find a sleeping Cosmog , a Pokémon that Rotom can not identify but which Ash recognizes from his dream . Ash takes it to the Pokémon school , with both interesting and unfortunate results . Ash decides to care for the Cosmog and Lillie names it `` Nebby '' . Lillie 's mother Lusamine , the President of the Aether Foundation , re-enters her daughter 's life with her associates Professor Burnet , Faba and Wicke , but Lillie is not happy to see her . Lusamine and the Aether Foundation have a powerful interest in the temple from Ash 's dream and what they call Ultra Beasts . They are shocked when Ash tells them about his dream , and Lusamine asks Ash to let Aether look after Nebby , who may be an Ultra Beast . Ash turns down the offer , saying he will keep his promise to look after Nebby . Lusamine accepts his decision , but Faba is not pleased . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 986 </Th> <Td> 980 </Td> <Td> `` Now You See Them , Now You Do n't ! '' ( Hoshigumo Panic ! A Sudden Teleport ! ! ) `` Hoshigumo panikku ! Terepōto wa totsuzen ni ! ! '' ( ほし ぐも パニック ! テ レポート は 突然 に ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Nebby seems to be settling in nicely with Ash and his Pokémon , but things start to turn sinister when Team Rocket notice Nebby with Ash . Since it 's a Pokémon they 've never seen before , they naturally start making plans . At school , the class are working on Pokémon sculpture ( with varying results ) when Nebby starts manifesting the ability to teleport class members to various locations they happened to be thinking about at the time . Nebby teleports Ash , Pikachu and itself to Jigglypuff 's location , with the usual / expected results when Jigglypuff starts singing . It then teleports them all to all the previous locations , then finally to Team Rocket 's location . When Ash refuses to surrender Nebby , Jessie sends out Mimikyu to battle Pikachu , with the others grabbing Nebby while Ash and Pikachu are distracted . However , just as Team Rocket are celebrating , Nebby teleports them and itself to Bewear 's den and then teleports itself back to Ash . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 987 </Th> <Td> 981 </Td> <Td> `` Deceiving Appearances ! '' ( The Shapeshifting Metamon , Find that ' Mon ! ) `` Henshin Metamon , sagasundamon ! '' ( 変身 メタモン 、 探す ん だ モン ! ) </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and the gang visit Aether Paradise , where they are greeted by Wicke and Faba ; however , while Faba is eager to see Nebby , he treats Rowlet very badly . Also on Aether Paradise is Team Rocket , disguised as Aether employees ( hired by Faba ) . Ash and friends are given a tour which includes Lusamine 's mansion , where Lusamine is constantly too distracted by phone calls and business to even try to be a proper hostess and Team Rocket is forced to serve snacks . At Professor Burnet 's research area , they meet a group of Ditto , one of which does not like Professor Burnet 's medical treatment and runs off , assuming the forms of other Pokémon in the facility ( including Rotom ! ) . Naturally , Ash and friends give chase and Ditto is finally nabbed when it disguises itself as Snowy but is spotted by Lillie as a fake . Faba is worried that Lillie may remember why she ca n't touch Pokémon , and Team Rocket stumbles across secret information about Aether 's research in Faba 's lab . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 988 </Th> <Td> 982 </Td> <Td> `` A Masked Warning ! '' ( Glazio and Silvady ! The Mask of Punishment ! ! ) `` Gurajio to Shiruvadi ! imashime no kamen ! ! '' ( グラジオ と シルヴァ ディ ! 戒め の 仮面 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> It 's bath time for Ash 's Pokémon , but an accident caused by Litten gets Lycanroc dirty again , making it very angry ! While giving Lycanroc a second bath , Ash starts thinking about Gladion , causing Nebby to teleport him , Pikachu and Lycanroc to Gladion 's location . Nebby is terrified by Gladion 's frightening helmeted Type : Null Pokémon Silvally . Gladion gets very upset that Nebby may be an Ultra Beast and explains that he saw part of the incident that emotionally damaged Lillie : an attack by an Ultra Beast . When Gladion demands to know what makes Ash so special , Ash asks Gladion for a resumption of their unfinished battle , since he believes trainers get to know each other through battling . It 's Ash 's Lycanroc versus Gladion 's Silvally . Lycanroc is knocked into a pond and gets dirty again , which makes it angry and out of control . Ash tries to stop Lycanroc , but it 's Nebby 's crying that calms Lycanroc down . The battle resumes , and Silvally defeats Lycanroc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 989 </Th> <Td> 983 </Td> <Td> `` Night of a Thousand Poses ! '' ( Full - Force Pose Sleepover ! ) `` Zenryoku pozu deo tomarikai ! '' ( ゼン リョク ポーズ で お 泊まり 会 ! ) </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Lillie 's day does not begin well , as Lusamine has instructed Hobbes to videotape all of her interactions with Snowy and other Pokémon . Lillie complains to Lusamine , but things end badly when Lusamine takes another call in the middle of Lillie 's call . At Professor Kukui 's house , Professor Burnet is giving Nebby an examination when Kiawe , Mallow , Lana , Lillie , Sophocles and their Pokémon arrive for a sleep - over . Ash invites Professor Burnet to stay over as well , and she accepts . A game of Nebby Hide - and - Seek decides whether the boys or the girls get to sleep up in the loft where Ash usually sleeps , and a fast - paced game of Z - Move Pose , One - Two - Three literally goes up in flames when Kiawe gets over-excited and uses his Z - move . Professor Burnet offers to cook dinner , but her Munchlax ruins her efforts by devouring everyone 's food . While waiting for the second attempt at dinner , Ash , Kiawe and their Pokémon go outside to train and are joined by the others . Later while everyone else is asleep , Lillie goes outside . Professor Burnet follows , and Lillie tells her about her quarrel with Lusamine . The next morning , Lillie wishes that she could talk to her brother , and Nebby immediately teleports her to Gladion 's cave . Before Gladion can stop it , Gladion 's Type : Null Silvally appears before Lillie , causing her to flash back to the Ultra Beast attack on her , which involved Silvally . Nebby teleports her back to the others , but the experience has caused Lillie to regress and she can no longer bear to touch or be touched by Snowy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 990 </Th> <Td> 984 </Td> <Td> `` Mission : Total Recall ! '' ( Lilie and Silvady , the Resurrected Memory ! ) `` Rīrie to Shiruvadi yomi ga eru kioku ! '' ( ゼン リョク ポーズ で お 泊まり 会 ! ) </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Gladion is furious about what has happened to Lillie and blames Ash . Later that same night at his motel room , he confronts Faba , who wants Silvally returned to him . Faba unleashes a Hypno and a Alakazam , both of whom easily defeat Gladion 's Lycanroc and Umbreon . Before Gladion can unleash Silvally , Hypno hypnotizes Gladion and Faba takes Silvally 's Pokéball . The next day , with the help of Ash , the gang and Professors Kukui and Burnet , Lillie tries to overcome her regression but fails . After school , Lillie tells Ash about her experience at Gladion 's cave . In response to Lillie 's feelings , Nebby teleports her , Ash , Pikachu , Snowy and Rotom to places where Lillie has happy memories of when she and Gladion were children . They are finally transported to the lab level on Aether Paradise , where their arrival is spotted by both Faba and Team Rocket , while in Lusamine 's office Gladion confronts his mother about Sivally and Faba . After Team Rocket refuses to help him , Faba sends Hypno and Alakazam to attack Ash and Lillie , and Faba kidnaps Lillie . Before Hypno can hypnotize Lillie , Nebby teleports Ash and the other Pokémon to their location , and Gladion and Lusamine arrive during the battle . Gladion , who has recovered Silvally from Faba 's lab , unleashes him . Silvally 's helmet shatters and when it rescues Lillie from Alakazam , she remembers how Faba had released an Ultra Beast from a wormhole which had attacked her and how Silvally had saved her then . Silvally easily defeats Hypno and Alakazam and Faba sneaks away . Now , with her memories restored , Lillie is able to touch Silvally , as well as other Pokémon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 991 </Th> <Td> 985 </Td> <Td> `` Faba 's Revenge ! '' ( Sauboh 's Counterattack ! The Kidnapped Hoshigumo ! ! ) `` Zaobo no gyakushu ! sarawareta Hoshigumo ! '' ( ザオボー の 逆襲 ! さら われ た ほし ぐも ! ) </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Everyone ( with the exception of Litten ) is delighted that Lillie can now touch Pokémon , but Faba now has a plan to kidnap Nebby . While the gang is distracted , he tricks Nebby with sugar stars and gets Nebby to teleport them both to his lab , but is spotted by Lana before they disappear . Lillie orders a jet to take her , Ash and Gladion to Aether Paradise , where they tell Lusamine what has happened . Faba uses Nebby to open a wormhole into Ultra Space , and the others arrive in time to free Nebby , who evolves into a Cosmoem , but too late to prevent Nihilego , the Ultra Beast that had attacked Lillie , from appearing in the lab . Silvally , Pikachu and Lusamine 's Clefable try to battle Nihilego , but are easily driven back . Nihilego tries to attack Lillie again , but Gladion and Lusamine throw themselves in front of her . When Nihilego goes for Gladion , Lusamine pushes him out of the way and is captured . As the others watch in helpless horror , Lusamine is taken away into Ultra Space . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 992 </Th> <Td> 986 </Td> <Td> `` Family Determination ! '' ( Effortful Lilie ! A Determined Runaway Act ! ) `` Ganba Ririe ! Ketsui no iede ! '' ( が ん ば リーリエ ! 決意 の 家出 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As everyone tries to come to grips with Lusamine 's disappearance , Ash is worried that the newly evolved Nebby is completely dormant . That night , after Gladion tells her of his plans , Lillie both comes to a momentous decision and undergoes a transformation . The next day when Lillie does n't show up for school , Hobbes tells Ash that Lillie has run away from home with Gladion . Ash , Professor Kukui and the gang go to Melemele Island Kahuna Hala for help . Hala guesses that Gladion and Lillie may have gone to Poni Island , and everyone goes in pursuit . On Poni Island , Gladion and Lillie penetrate an ancient temple , avoiding death traps and battling hostile Pokémon , and barely manage to escape thanks to some unexpected arrivals and help . After the gang reach The Altar of the Sun , the temple from Ash 's dream , all four Island Guardian Pokémon appear . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 993 </Th> <Td> 987 </Td> <Td> `` Revealing the Stuff of Legend ! '' ( The Altar of the Sun ! Solgaleo Descends ! ! ) `` Nichirin no saidan ! Sorugareo kōrin ! '' ( 日輪 の 祭壇 ! ソルガレオ 降臨 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The Island Guardians show the gang how , after Nebby was born , they had taken it and left for Ash to find . Ash shows them the dormant Nebby and they begin a mysterious ritual . Professor Kukui leaves to rescue Professor Burnet , who is on Poni Island and being threatened by the hostile Jangmo - o and Hakamo - o guarding the Altar , using his Braviary to battle them . The Guardians activate the altar , causing Nebby to evolve into Solgaleo , who still remembers everybody . A Solganium Z - crystal appears and is given to Ash , but its unusual shape wo n't fit in his Z - ring . Tapu Koko takes Ash 's Z - ring and with the help of the other Guardians reforges it into a Z - Power Ring . It then teaches Ash the Z - move Searing Sunraze Smash , which empowers Solgaleo and enables it to open a wormhole and carry the gang into Ultra Space . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 994 </Th> <Td> 988 </Td> <Td> `` Rescuing the Unwilling ! '' ( Hurry Up ! Operation : Rescue Lusamine ! ! ) `` Isoge ! Ruzamīne kyūshutsu dai sakusen ! ! '' ( 急げ ! ルザミーネ 救出 大 作戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Thanks to Solgaleo , Ash and the others have passed through the wormhole into Ultra Space , while back at the Altar of the Sun Professors Kukui and Burnet try to monitor the wormhole . The gang attempt to rescue Lusamine , but find that she is merging with the Nihilego that kidnapped her and does not want to be rescued . They chase after her as she throws up barriers to block their way , but Solgaleo is able to smash through them . As she flees , Lusamine sends out her own Pokémon to stop them . The gang and their Pokémon battle the possessed Pokémon until only Ash , Pikachu and Solgaleo are left to pursue Lusamine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 995 </Th> <Td> 989 </Td> <Td> `` 10,000,000 Reasons to Fight ! '' ( Shine , Z - Power Ring ! Super Full - Force 10,000,000 Volts ! ! ) `` Kagayake Z pawa ringu ! cho zenryoku no 1000 man boruto ! ! '' ( 輝け Z パワー リング ! 超 ゼンリョク の 1000 まん ボルト ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The battle in Ultra Space to free Lusamine from Nihilego continues with Lusamine 's possessed Pokémon being defeated by the gang 's trust in their Pokémon and Gladion , Kiawe and Lana 's Z - moves ; however , Lusamine 's Pokémon continue to battle . Despite Lusamine 's conjuring a lake of poison , Ash , Pikachu and Solgaleo continue to pursue her until joined by Gladion , Lillie , Snowy , Silvally and the freed Clefable . Lillie finally confronts her mother , but just as it looks like her words have reached Lusamine , Nihilego refuses to let Lusamine go and fights back . Ash 's Electrium Z - crystal transforms into a Pikashunium Z - crystal , and he and Pikachu use the Z - move 10,000,000 Volt Thunderbolt to defeat Nihilego and free Lusamine and her Pokémon . Lusamine and her children are reunited at last , and Solgaleo brings everyone back to Poni Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 996 </Th> <Td> 990 </Td> <Td> `` The Professors ' New Adventure ! '' ( Thank You , Solgaleo ! You are Our Hoshigumo ! ! ) `` Arigato Sorugareo ! oretachi no Hoshigumo ! ! '' ( ありがとう ソルガレオ ! 俺 たち の ほし ぐも ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Now that Lusamine has been rescued and the threat from Ultra Space has been removed , it 's time to celebrate . However , Ash does n't feel like celebrating because immediately after their return Solgaleo mysteriously disappeared . After a very heart - to - heart talk , Professors Kukui and Burnet have something very important to tell Ash ... something that delights not only him but all the others ( especially the girls ! ) . The spreading of the good news causes various reactions among the Alolan grown - ups as well . That night , Gladion tells Ash that he is leaving to go on an Island Pilgrimage in order to grow stronger . The next day , Professor Kukui is unceremoniously awakened to a stunning surprise - a beach - side wedding prepared and attended by everyone and presided over by Principal Oak ! The lady who actually catches the bride 's bouquet is a total surprise , and Ash is finally able to say thank you and goodbye to Solgaleo . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 997 </Th> <Td> 991 </Td> <Td> `` Let Sleeping Pokémon Lie ! '' ( The Strong Sleeper , Nekkoala 's Secret ! ) `` Neru ko wa tsuyoi , nekkoala no himitsu ! '' ( 寝る 子 は 強い 、 ネッコアラ の 秘密 ! ) </Td> <Td> December 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Professor Burnet and her Munchlax have settled in perfectly with Professor Kukui , Ash and their Pokémon . During a lesson on Pokémon battling , Komala , the school 's bell - ringer , literally drops into the class , and Ash and his friends learn more from Principal Oak about it and how it came to the school . Both Ash and Kiawe try battling Komala , but even asleep it proves more than a match for their Pokémon . Jigglypuff shows up and after singing everyone to sleep , angrily doodles on their faces , but when it tries to do the same to Komala , Komala is able to dodge Jigglypuff 's attacks even while still asleep ! Things start to turn ugly as Jigglypuff gets angrier and angrier , but Komala keeps dodging . The class tries to prevent the squabble between the lullaby - singing Pokémon and the already - and - always - sleeping Pokémon from getting worse by teaching Komala Jigglypuff 's Sing move , and the results are amazing ... but not at all as they expected ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 998 </Th> <Td> 992 </Td> <Td> `` The Dex Ca n't Help It ! '' ( Rotom , Ca n't Stop the Form Change ! ) `` Rotomu , Forumu Chenji Ga Tomaranai ! '' ( ロトム 、 フォルム チェンジ が 止まら ない ! ) </Td> <Td> January 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While Ash and Professors Kukui and Burnet are out , Rotom - Dex is left in charge at home to watch over the other Pokémon , who were napping . A new Rotom - powered washing machine is delivered , the noise causing the others to wake up and start getting rambunctious and ending with Pikachu accidentally using thunderbolt on everybody , zapping the two Rotom out of their respective forms and making them switch each other 's forms ! After the humans return , the deliveryman returns to take back the washing machine ( now containing the Rotom - Dex 's Rotom ) and deliver it to the Pokémon Center , while the washing - machine 's Rotom is activated inside the Pokédex . During a malfunction , Rotom manages to escape from the washing machine into the island 's electrical system and tries to find its way back to Ash and its Pokédex form , while its multiple Form Changes ( in each of which it ca n't vocally communicate ) cause havoc at the homes of Ash 's friends . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 999 </Th> <Td> 993 </Td> <Td> `` Fighting Back The Tears ! '' ( Do n't Cry , Hidoide ! ) `` Nakanaide Hidoide ! '' ( 泣か ない で ヒドイデ ! ) </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Team Rocket are returning from Jessie 's major shopping spree when they spot a cute Frillish which James decides to catch , but his jealous Mareanie drives it away and bursts into tears when James scolds her . Just then , a male Mareanie appears , but Mareanie is not pleased to see it . It seems that even Pokémon can have mysterious pasts : this male was Mareanie 's first love after it saved her from a Tentacruel , but apparently cheated on her . It wants Mareanie back , in anger evolves into a Toxapex and attacks James , seriously poisoning him . Thinking she 's causing James trouble , Mareanie runs away . Later , while alone on the beach , Mareanie is attacked by another Tentacruel ; however , James , who had been searching for her , arrives in time to save her . Toxapex reappears and James chooses to let Mareanie go to be with Toxapex , but Toxapex challenges James to a battle for Mareanie . James is poisoned again , but fights off the poison , and the battle ends in a draw , with each winning the other 's respect . Toxapex is about to leave when Tentacruel attacks again , but James drives it off again , winning Toxapex 's friendship but making Mareanie jealous again ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1000 </Th> <Td> 994 </Td> <Td> `` Mao and Suiren : Bittersweet Memories ! '' `` Mao soshite Suiren : Amai omoide ! '' ( マオ そして スイレン : 甘い 思い出 ! ) </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Suiren 's little sisters Hō and Sui return home with a story about having met a mysterious Pokémon in the forest , and each has an unusual berry to show for it . When Mao sees the berry , she immediately recognizes it from a strange incident that happened to her and Suiren long ago when they first met . Satoshi and Pikachu accompany the girls back to the forest , and as they search for the mysterious Pokémon , which turns out to be a Jijilong , the girls tell him the story about how they were lost in the woods and helped by Jijilong . However , Rocket - Dan have overheard part of the story and they decide to go after Jijilong as well . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1001 </Th> <Td> 995 </Td> <Td> `` Lilie is Soaring Through The Air ! The PokéSled Jump Tournament ! '' `` kūki o tsukinuketeimasu ! pokeddojanputōnamento ! '' ( 空気 を 突き抜け てい ます ! ポケッ ド ジャンプ トーナメント ! ) </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Satoshi , Pikachu , the gang , their Pokémon are visiting the snow - covered Lanakila Mountain on Ula'ula Island with Professor Kukui and kahuna Hala ( some of them enjoying the snow and cold weather more than the others ) and learning about Alolan ice - type Pokémon . Lilie is almost run over by a PokéSled ridden by a girl named Sara and her Alolan Kyukon . After a battle with another Pokémon , Hala 's Makenkani evolves into a Kekenkani . Lilie tells them about meeting Sara and Kukui and Hala tells the gang about a sport called `` Poké - sledding '' , which excites their interest . They meet Sara at the PokéSled course and , with her coaching , try Poké - sledding , but Lilie is thrown from her sled . However , with everyone 's encouragement , she keeps trying and succeeds , and Shiron learns to perform Kyukon 's Aurora Veil move . The next day at the PokéSled Jump Tournament , Kaki / Bakugames , Hala / Kekenkani , Satoshi / Pikachi and Lilie / Shiron are among the competitors . Musashi / Mimikkyu also try to compete , but Kiteruguma grabs Rocket - Dan and leaves , and the Hala / Kekenkani team wins the competition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1002 </Th> <Td> 996 </Td> <Td> `` Set Off ! You Are Our Ultra Guardians ! '' `` shuppatsu suru ! anata wa watashitachi no urutora gadiandesu ! '' ( 出発 する ! あなた は 私 たち の ウルトラ ガーディアン です ! ) </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A wormhole from Ultra-Space opens at Melemele Flower Garden where an episode of Alola Detective Laki is being shot , and a Massivoon emerges , while another Ultra-Beast ( later learned to be Bevenom ) also emerges from another wormhole elsewhere . The newly - formed Ultra Guardians ( consisting of Satoshi and the gang , who are amazed that a secret base has been constructed beneath the Pokémon School ) receive their first assignment from Lusamine : to stop Massivoon , who has been going on a rampage across Melemele Island . The team and their Pokémon partners are supplied with special Ultra Balls and Ride Pokémon to capture Massivoon . Lusamine alerts the team about Massivoon 's location and the team investigates , to find it draining the energy from a Kabigon . Kaki , Satoshi and Pikachu confront Massivoon while Lilie and the others help Kabigon , the battle attracting Bevenom 's attention . While Massivoon is busy posing with Kaki , Satoshi captures it in an Ultra Ball , and it is later returned to Ultra Space . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1003 </Th> <Td> 997 </Td> <Td> `` The Evil Nyarth is an Alolan Nyarth ! ? '' `` aku no nyasu wa arora nyasu ! ? '' ( 悪 の ニャース は アローラ ニャース ! ? ) </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> After Musashi eats an ice cream that Nyarth was saving for himself , he becomes so angry that he runs away and ( not looking where he 's going ) falls into a muddy swamp , where he meets an Alolan Nyarth . Musashi and Kojiro , searching for Nyarth , mistake the Alolan Nyarth for their Nyarth and take it back to their base . The newcomer starts ingratiating itself with the other Rocket - Dan members , although it 's obvious to Nyarth that the Alolan Nyarth is trying to take his place in Rocket - Dan . At the Pokémon School , a lesson on teamwork is interrupted when Nyarth kidnaps Mokuroh and delivers him to the Alolan Nyarth . However , the Alolan Nyarth has a hidden plan and actually succeeds in capturing Pikachu . Mokuroh leads the gang to Rocket - Dan and a battle begins , but Mimikkyu 's hatred for Pikachu causes it to accidentally release Pikachu , the Alolan Nyarth deliberately flees from the battle , and Satoshi 's `` Sparking Gigavolt '' sends Rocket - Dan flying . Later , Rocket - Dan is shocked to find that the Alolan Nyarth has arrived at Rocket - Dan Headquarters , ingratiated itself with their boss and has more nefarious and self - serving plans up its sleeve . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1004 </Th> <Td> 998 </Td> <Td> `` Blaze , Nyabby ! Overthrow Gaogaen ! ! '' `` moeagare nyabby ! dato gaogaen ! ! '' ( 燃え上がれ ニャビー ! 打倒 ガオガエン ! ! ) </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Satoshi and his Pokémon are watching a Pokémon Battle Royale on TV , and Nyabby seems particularly interested when one of the four combatants is a Gaogaen partnered with the champion Royal Mask ( who suspiciously resembles Professor Kukui ) . Royal Mask uses Z - move Hyper Dark Crusher and Gaogaen wins the match . After Royal Mask issues an open challenge , Satoshi heads to the arena , where he meets up with the gang . Nyabby leaps into the arena and challenges Gaogaen . Royal Mask agrees to let Nyabby participate , and Satoshi and Nyabby become part of the Battle Royale along with Kaki / Garagara and Māmane / Dendimushi . Gaogaen easily overpowers the other Pokémon , and in a one - on - one versus Nyabby its size and strength prove too much and Nyabby is defeated . With Satoshi and his other Pokémon 's help , Nyabby starts special training . Royal Mask and Gaogaen appear and announce that Gaogaen wants to challenge Nyabby to a battle , and Nyabby accepts . Just when it looks like Nyabby is about to be defeated again , Satoshi inspires Nyabby , and Nyabby evolves into Nyaheat and attacks with Raging Flames , actually succeeding in injuring Gaogaen . In a final head - to - head clash , Nyaheat is defeated , but is determined to defeat Gaogaen someday . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1005 </Th> <Td> 999 </Td> <Td> `` Satoshi and Nagetukesaru ! A Touchdown of Friendship ! ! '' `` Satoshi to nagetsukesaru ! yujo no tacchidaun ! ! '' ( サトシ と ナゲツケサル ! 友情 の タッチ ダウン ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Satoshi has gone to the marketplace to shop when he runs into a group of the `` Teamwork Pokémon '' Nagetukesaru . It appears that groups of Nagetukesaru living on different islands have started arguing and are now fighting over who will be the boss of the entire troop , with the Akala Island Red Buns being currently both the strongest and the meanest ! The Nagetukesaru Satoshi met , the Melemele Greens , live on Melemele Island and have lost to the Red Buns , and when Satoshi looks at them he feels he ca n't just ignore them , so he does his best to cheer them on ... including disguising himself as a Nagetukesaru and teaming up with them in a rematch against the Red Buns ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1006 </Th> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> `` Ilima and Eievui Make Their Entrance ! ! '' `` Irima to ibui ma irima su ! ! '' ( イリマ と イーブイ ま イリマ す ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Satoshi and his friends are doing battle practice at the Pokémon School when graduate student Ilima and his Pokémon partner Eievui visit . Mao and the others know who he is and explain that he is the greatest prodigy that has ever attended the school , one that left behind numerous legends of his prowess ( it also appears that he is super-popular with girls ! ) . Satoshi and the others go to see Ilima and check if the legends are true and Satoshi asks for a battle against Ilima , but before the battle can get underway Skull - Dan also shows up , and their leader Tupper seems to have a personal grudge against Ilima ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1007 </Th> <Td> 1001 </Td> <Td> `` Smash with Sketch ! The Fierce Poké - Ping Pong ! ! '' `` Sukecchi de sumasshu ! gekito pokepinpon ! '' ( スケッチ で スマッシュ ! 激闘 ポケピンポン ! ) </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Today 's lesson consists of `` Poké - Ping Pong '' , where Trainer and Pokémon play ping pong together . Satoshi and his friends get really interested in Poké - Ping Pong after being taught by guest lecturer Ilima ( with each game having unusual finishes ) , and decide to go watch the tournament he 's going to participate in . Ilima has signed up for this tournament in order to defeat Ikari `` The Dragon '' , the current Poké - Ping Pong champion and the player he lost to last time . Ikari smashes through his competition with Kojondo as his partner . A disguised Rocket - Dan gets involved when Musashi enters the tournament with Sonans as her partner , but they 're barely getting started against Ilima and his partner Doble when Kiteruguma arrives and snatches Rocket - Dan away again . Imima and Doble make it to the finals to face Ikari and Kojondo , but Ikari keeps blaming Kojondo for every point lost even when it 's his own fault . Tied at one game each , the final game of the match reaches deuce with Ilima and Doble 's teamwork against Ikari 's ruthless and selfish atittude </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1008 </Th> <Td> 1002 </Td> <Td> `` The Lover of Light ! Bevenom Spins Round and Round ! ! '' `` Pikapika dai suki ! kurukuru bebenomu ! ! '' ( ピカピカ だいすき ! くるくる ベベノム ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> One day during class at the school , the Bevenom from Episode 1002 / 996 appears and lures Pikachu away while Satoshi and the others are busy . When they finally notice that Pikachu is missing , an agitated Satoshi and his Pokémon start searching for Pikachu . Mokuroh spots Pikachu and Bevenom playing , but , thinking that Pikachu is being attacked , charges in . Frightened , Bevenom disables Mokuroh with a Poison attack . When Pikachu gets angry at its friend being hurt , Bevenom is sorry and carries Mokuroh to get help , with Pikachu leading . Rocket - Dan spots the trio and , realizing that Bevenom may be an Ultra-Beast , chases after them . Just as Rocket - Dan is about to capture them , Satoshi , Lugarugan and Nyaheat appear and the battle is on , only to be interrupted by Kiteraguma once again carrying Rocket - Dan off . Back at the Ultra Guardians base , Bevenom is identified as an Ultra-Beast and Satoshi agrees to look after it . After playfully dodging every attempt to capture it , Bevenom finally enters the Ultra-Ball on its own and happily settles in with Satoshi and his Pokémon ... especially Pikachu ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1009 </Th> <Td> 1003 </Td> <Td> `` Work Experience ! 24 - Hour Pokémon Center ! ! '' `` O shigoto taiken ! pokemonsenta 24 ji ! '' ( お 仕事 体験 ! ポケモン センター 24 時 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Satoshi is on his way to the Pokémon Center with Pikachu , Rotom and Bevenom for the school 's work experience program when he is stopped by the Skull - Dan grunts , who challenge him to a battle . The 3 - on - 1 battle backfires when something goes wrong with Zip 's Dustdas ' Venom Shock and Skull - Dan is forced to retreat . Satoshi races to the Center to meet up with the rest of the class ; however , the Nurse Joy that works there is in bad shape due to a cold . Satoshi and the others decide to do her duties for her ( complete with uniforms ) . With some minor hiccups ( such as a mix - up about Pokémon Center uniforms and an unexpected delivery to Rocket - Dan 's food truck ) , things go well , but then Zip keeps showing up , apparently seeking treatment for his Dustdas , who is suffering from Poison Clog . The gang are n't sure how to help Dustdas , but Nurse Joy appears and takes change of treating Dustdas with their help . By evening , Dustdas has been cured , but it turns out that the Nurse Joy who treated Dustdas is a sister of the now - recovered Nurse Joy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1010 </Th> <Td> 1004 </Td> <Td> `` The Shining Starship Tekkaguya ! '' `` Kagayake hoshi fune tekkaguya ! '' ( 輝け 星 舟 テッカグヤ ! ) </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Māmane is out camping with his parents and Pokémon at Bamboo Hill when he finds a strange metallic object buried in the ground . Remembering a folktale , he believes it to be the legendary spaceship Kaguya . After telling his classmates about it the next day , they go there and see it for themselves . After an unsuccessful attempt to dig it out of the ground , they return to school , where they are contacted by Lusamine about an Ultra Beast having been detected . Māmane is surprised to discover that the Pokémon he discovered is a Tekkaguya , and they determine to return it home . Attempts to catch it in a Beast Ball prove unsuccessful as it is firmly rooted down . Rocket - Dan attempts to catch Tekkaguya as the Ultra Guardians try to protect it , and Rocket - Dan is almost incinerated as Tekkaguya begins to launch itself . After the Ultra Guardians create a safe area for Celesteela to launch , they watch it fly home . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1011 </Th> <Td> 1005 </Td> <Td> `` Protect the Ranch ! The Blue Flame 's Counterattack ! ! '' `` Bokujo o mamore gyakushu no aoki hono ! ! '' ( 牧場 を 守れ ! 逆襲 の 蒼き 炎 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Kaki and his family are doing their daily chores when a limousine comes roaring up and a large crude - talking man named Bourgain emerges with his Elekible , announcing that he wants to buy the farm and turn it into a resort ! Naturally , his offer is refused and he leaves , promising that they 'll change their minds . Later , the family find that Bourgain 's corporation has bought the nearby land and dammed up the stream that provides water to the farm ! When Satoshi and the others find out , they immediately want to help and leave for Akala Island . At the farm , they find that the farm 's fences have been deliberately broken and the farm 's Miltank are loose . Kaki accuses Bourgain of sabotage and challenges him to a battle with Kaki 's Gargara against Bourgain 's Elekible . However , after Bakugames is injured protecting Hoshi and Kaki 's Z - Move with Gargara fails , Elekible defeats Gargara . That night , Kaki confesses to Gargara that the Z - Move failed because Kaki did n't believe in Gargara , and he promises to trust in Gargara . The next day , Bourgain returns and Kaki challenges him again , with the farm on the line . This time , the Z - Move Dynamic Full Flame succeeds and Gargara defeats Elekible . Bourgain is about to have his bulldozers destroy the farm when Officer Junsar of Akala Island arrives and arrests Bourgain for fraud , trespassing , and malicious destruction of property . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1012 </Th> <Td> 1006 </Td> <Td> `` Shizukumo , Get Suiren ! '' `` Shizukumo , daze ! '' ( シズクモ 、 スイレン ゲット だ ぜ ! ) </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A school of Shizukumo on Melemele Island have set out from their nesting pool on a journey to find new homes , but one of them ca n't keep up with the others and is left behind . Wandering about the forest on its own , it gets into some scary situations until it reaches the beach , but it finds the ocean a very scary place too . Wandering along the beach , it comes across Suiren and Ashimari with Satoshi , Pikachu , Bebenomu and Rotom , and because Suiren is wearing one of Ashimari 's bubbles around her head ( resembling the water bubble Shizukumo uses to exist on dry land ) , it falls in love with her ! When Bebenomu accidentally bursts Shizukumo 's bubble , Suiren dives into the ocean with it to save it . When it follows her back onto dry land , she brings it to the Pokémon school to show everybody . When she pops her own bubble , Shizukumo does n't recognize her , becomes scared and runs away to find a new home . Everyone wants to help , but Suiren and Professor Kukui agree that Shizukumo has to do it on its own , so they all follow and observe Shizukumo . After some mishaps , it finally finds a pond it likes , but runs into an Ametama that already lives there , and the two battle . During the battle , Ametama evolves into an Amemoth and flies happily away , leaving the pond to Shizukomo to make it its new home . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1013 </Th> <Td> 1007 </Td> <Td> `` Ta - Dough ! Fire it Up , Mao 's Family ! ! '' `` Panpakapan ! Moeyo mao famiri ! ! '' ( パンパカパーン ! 燃えよ マオ ファミリー ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mao 's older brother Ulu returns with his partner Beroringa just in time , as their father Abe has strained his back before he can compete in a baking festival . Ulu takes over for his father , but he may be distracted by Noa , the waitress from the Alolan Pancake Race , on whom he has a major crush and who is also entering the festival . Unfortunately , Ulu suffers a setback when his over-active feelings for Noa cause his major ingredients to get devoured by a Kabigon ! However , Mao has a plan to save the situation , and Satoshi and the gang are ready to back her up ! With her special recipe and the gang 's help , the baked goods are a huge success , but Ulu 's happiness is dashed when he learns Noa has a fiance ! The day ends on a happy note when Mao is awarded the festival trophy , and Ulu and Beroringa leave to continue their cooking journey . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1014 </Th> <Td> 1008 </Td> <Td> `` Rocket - Dan 's Island - Visiting ! ? Get the Z - Ring ! ! '' `` Rokettodan no shima meguri ! ? Z ringu o getto seyo ! ! '' ( ロケット 団 の 島 めぐり ! ? Z リング を ゲット せよ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Rocket - Dan are in such a slump they 're reduced to making paper bags , but when Hidiode shows it can use Knock Off , a Dark - type move , they realize that now they 'll be able to do a Dark - type Z - move with their Evil - Z crystal ... if they only had a Z - ring ! Rocket - Dan boss Sakaki tells them to go to Ula'ula Island and see the Island Kahuna Kuchinashi , who is an old acquaintance of his , but when they get there ( having left behind talking dummies of themselves to fool Kiteraguma ) they 're told by a grumpy old man that Kuchinashi has gone on a training pilgrimage and wo n't be back for a long time ! When Musashi , in her anger , smashes an old tombstone , she releases a giant Gangar , who steals their Evil - Z crystal . Later at the local library , a girl named Acerola , after reading a scary story about a wicked Pokémon to two children , is kidnapped by the giant Gangar , who flies off with her stealing everything . Her Mimmikyu flies after them and tries to rescue Acerola , but fails . Gangar offers all of the stolen items to Acerola as gifts , but she refuses to accept them , as they are stolen , and Gangar in a temper tries to possess Acerola , but Rocket - Dan has been following and Musashi 's Mimikkyu attacks Gangar ( with Kojiro secretly retrieving their Evil - Z crystal ) . Rocket - Dan teases Gangar into losing then runs off with Gangar in pursuit ; when it catches up to them , the battle gets very confusing and is only halted when the grumpy old man and Acerola appear . The old man ( who is actually Island Kahuna Kuchinashi ) gives Kojiro a Z - ring and he uses the Z - move Black Hole Eclipse with Hidiode to defeat Gangar . As a reward for helping her , Acerola ( Kuchinashi 's niece ) gives Musashi a Mimikkyu Z - crystal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1015 </Th> <Td> 1009 </Td> <Td> `` The Super Mean Old Man is an Island King ! ? '' `` Cho waru oyaji wa shima kingu ! ? '' ( ちょ ーワル おやじ は しま キング ! ? ) </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Rocket - Dan ( especially Musashi ) are celebrating getting a Z - ring and a Mimikkyu Z - crystal , but they are shocked to see Satoshi , Pikachu , Rotom - Dex and Bevenom arriving on Ula'ula Island . Satoshi is ready to undergo his third Island Trial , but first he has to find Island Kahuna Kuchinashi . At the stationhouse , Kuchinashi is in the middle of an unwelcome phone call from Sakaki when Satoshi arrives . Kuchinashi pretends to be someone else and tricks Satoshi into looking after all of the Alolan Nyarths while he sneaks away , and they nearly prove too much for Satoshi to handle , even with his Pokémon 's help . After they all finally fall asleep , Acerola arrives and exposes Kuchinashi as the Island Kahuna . At the Island Library where Acerola works , she tells Satoshi the legend of the Alolan Lord of Light ( which is overheard by Rocket - Dan ) . Finally , Kuchinashi shows up and Satoshi begs to undergo the Island and Grand Trials . Although initially refusing , Kuchinashi reluctantly agrees to a battle to see if Satoshi is skilled enough . It 's Satoshi 's Lugarugan versus Kuchinashi 's Waruvial , but Lugarugan is continually overpowered . Eventually , Lugarugan loses its temper again and is badly defeated . Despite the devastating loss , Satoshi is determined to stay on Ula'ula Island and train with Lugarugan to get stronger and overcome Kuchinashi 's Trials . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1016 </Th> <Td> 1010 </Td> <Td> `` Kapu - Bulul ! Intense Lazy Training ! ! '' `` Kapu - Bulul ! Gu tara mō tokkun ! ! '' ( カプ ・ ブルル ! ぐーたら モー 特訓 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Satoshi wants to undergo some special training , so Acerola suggests that he go to see Ula'ula Island Guardian Pokémon Kapu - Bulul at the Ruins of Harvest . Riding on a Banbadoro , they reach the mountainside where Kapu - Bulul resides and climb up the mountain , where , beside a small lake , they find Kapu - Bulul . Satoshi asks Kapu - Bulul to train him and his Pokémon , but it seems more interested in napping . Bebenomu wakes it up with its Paint Attack and it creates a great tree which emits a sweet odor and a powerful aura that causes Mokuroh to learn and use Leaf Cutter ! Satoshi is delighted and plays with his Pokémon in a sudden rain storm ( watched by Kapu - Bulul ) , but when Mokuroh accidentally splashes Lugarugan with mud , it loses its temper again and almost attacks Satoshi 's other Pokémon . Satoshi holds Lugarugan back and reminds it of good times they had together when it was an Iwanko , and eventually Lugarugan calms down . Impressed , Kapu - Bulul agrees to train them . During the battle , Lugarugan is knocked into the lake , but keeps its temper and learns Stone Edge ! Pleased at Lugarugan 's progress , Kapu - Bulul has its new tree grow Oran berries and shares them with everyone ... then returns to its nap ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1017 </Th> <Td> 1011 </Td> <Td> `` Super Decisive Battle ! Pikachu VS Mimikkyu ! ! '' `` Sūpā kessen ! Pikachū VS Mimikkyu ! ! '' ( スーパー 決戦 ! ピカチュウ VS ミミッキュ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Now that Rocket - Dan has both a Z - crystal and a Z - ring and can perform Z - moves , this may be the ideal time for them to finally capture Pikachu . An unenthusiastic Kuchinashi tells them Satoshi and Pikachu are at an abandoned shopping mall . No sooner have Rocket - Dan raced off than Satoshi appears , asking for an Island Trial . Kuchinashi sends him off to the abandoned mall , telling him that the Trial , with Acerola as the judge , will be to battle the trainers waiting for him there . Satoshi and Rocket - Dan come face to face in the ultimate showdown battle with Mimikkyu battling Pikachu ! It 's a tough battle , with Mimikkyu keeping the upper hand , and Rocket - Dan seems on the verge of finally capturing Pikachu ! Rocket - Dan unleashes their new Z - move , Bip - Bop Friend Time , which traps Pikachu inside Mimikkyu 's disguise ; however , Pikachu uses the newly - learned move ElecNet to protect itself . A second ElecNet traps Mimikkyu , and Satoshi and Pikachu use their Z - move 10,000,000 Volts to defeat Mimikkyu . As Acerola proclaims Satoshi and Pikachu the winners , Kiteraguma ( who had discovered that Rocket - Dan had secretly left Melemele Island ) collects Rocket - Dan ( in a shopping cart ) and take them back home . With Satoshi having passed the Island Trial , Kuchinashi agrees to grant Satoshi a Grand Trial ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1018 </Th> <Td> 1012 </Td> <Td> `` Kuchinashi 's Grand Trial ! Lugarugan Awakens ! ! '' `` Kuchinashi no dai shiren ! Lugarugan kakusei ! ! '' ( クチナシ の 大 試練 ! ルガルガン 覚醒 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The time has come for Satoshi to undergo the Ula'ula Grand Trial against Island Kahuna Kuchinashi , but this time it 's not like anything he 's ever done before ... he must face three Pokémon in a row using only one of his own ! Satoshi chooses Lugarugan as his Pokémon , and Kuchinashi brings out his first Pokémon ... Waruvial . Waruvial deliberately dirties Lugarugan , but Lugarugan keeps its temper , takes Waruvial down with the newly - learned move Counter after several unsuccessful Accel Rocks and finally defeats it . Kuchinashi 's second Pokémon is Yamirami , who has a powerful Shadow Claw move but is eventually defeated by Lugarugan 's Stone Edge , the whole battle being watched by Kapu - Bulul who drops a berry to give Lugarugan needed energy . Kuchinashi 's final Pokémon is an Alolan Persian , but this time both Satoshi and Lugarugan are goaded to the point where Lugarugan loses its temper again and attacks Satoshi ! Satoshi calms Lugarugan and Lugarugan uses its rage to give it extra power . Kuchinashi powers Persian up with the Evil Z - Move Black Hole Eclipse , but Satoshi counters with his own Rock Z - crystal and Lugarugan uses World 's End Fall to defeat Persian . With Satoshi having won the Grand Trial , Kuchinashi gives him a Lugarugan Z - crystal . Kapu - Bulul , delighted , gives Lugarugan another power berry , and Satoshi and his team return to Melemele Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1019 </Th> <Td> 1013 </Td> <Td> `` Ultra Beast Clash ! The Great Rumble Crash Operation ! ! '' `` Gekitotsu urutorabīsuto ! Dondonbachibachi dai sakusen ! ! '' ( 激 激突 ウルトラ ビースト ! ドンドン バチバチ 大 作戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Satoshi and the gang are watching a fireworks display when a mysterious Pokémon appears and begins its own fireworks performance , to everyone 's delight ( especially Bevenom ) . Just as its performance ends , a wormhole opens and an Ultra Beast appears . The next day , the Ultra Guardians are summoned , and Lusamine briefs them on the first stranger , an Ultra Beast designated Zugadoon . Suddenly the power goes off ; when the Ultra Guardians arrive at the power sub-station where the drain is coming from , they find the trouble is being caused by the second Ultra Beast , designated Denjyumoku , which attacks them . Zugadoon appears and the two Ultra Beasts begin battling . Because the fighting styles look like performances , Satoshi comes up with an unusual plan : to combine all their Pokémon 's attacks into one fireworks performance ! With the Ultra Beasts distracted , Satoshi unleashes Lugarugan 's new Z - move Radial Edgestorm and both Ultra Beasts are weakened enough to be captured . The next day , worm holes are opened and the two Ultra Beasts return home . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1020 </Th> <Td> 1014 </Td> <Td> `` Meteno and Bevenom , the Promise that Disappeared into the Starry Sky ! '' `` Meteno to bevenom , hoshizora ni kieta yakusoku ! '' ( メテノ と ベベノム 、 星空 に 消え た 約束 ! ) </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While visiting the Hōkūlani Observatory on Ula - ula Island , which is run by Māmane 's cousin Mullein , the classmates meet a new Pokémon , Meteno , that makes a connection with Satoshi 's Bevenom . However , while everyone is having a great time playing with Meteno , a painful memory regarding another Meteno haunts Māmane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1021 </Th> <Td> 1015 </Td> <Td> `` Sand 's Storm ! Ice Cave Double Battle ! ! '' `` Sando no arashi ! Kori ana no daburu batoru ! ! '' ( サンド の 嵐 ! 氷 穴 の ダブル バトル ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While exploring a strange cave on Ula'ula Island , Lilie and Shiron become separated from the rest of the gang . They meet an Alolan Sand , who needs their help with battling another Pokémon . Meanwhile , while trying to find Lilie , the others become lost . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication on Disney XD . Other English - speaking nations largely follow either this order or the Japanese order . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Nickandmore ! . `` '' # Pokémon the Series : Sun & Moon -- Ultra Adventures '' will premiere Saturday , March 24 at 9 : 00 a.m. ET / PT `` . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://the-pokemonjesus.tumblr.com/post/170648291979/ ジャリ ボーイ ジャリ ガール - twerp - twerpette </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` テレビ 東京 ・ あにてれ ポケットモンスター サン & ムーン '' . Pokémon . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pokémon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Nintendo </Li> <Li> Game Freak <Ul> <Li> Satoshi Tajiri </Li> <Li> Ken Sugimori </Li> <Li> Junichi Masuda </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Creatures Inc . </Li> <Li> The Pokémon Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games ( Video games list ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Red and Blue <Ul> <Li> Yellow </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gold , Silver , and Crystal </Li> <Li> Ruby and Sapphire <Ul> <Li> Emerald </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Diamond and Pearl <Ul> <Li> Platinum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Black and White <Ul> <Li> Black 2 and White 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> X and Y </Li> <Li> Sun and Moon <Ul> <Li> Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FireRed and LeafGreen </Li> <Li> HeartGold and SoulSilver </Li> <Li> Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire </Li> <Li> Let 's Go , Pikachu ! and Let 's Go , Eevee ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snap </Li> <Li> Stadium </Li> <Li> Stadium 2 </Li> <Li> Colosseum </Li> <Li> XD : Gale of Darkness </Li> <Li> Battle Revolution </Li> <Li> Pokkén Tournament </Li> <Li> Quest </Li> <Li> Go </Li> <Li> Mystery Dungeon </Li> <Li> TCG Online </Li> <Li> Shuffle </Li> <Li> Duel </Li> <Li> Detective Pikachu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indigo League <Ul> <Li> `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adventures on the Orange Islands </Li> <Li> The Johto Journeys </Li> <Li> Johto League Champions </Li> <Li> Master Quest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Advanced Generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advanced </Li> <Li> Advanced Challenge </Li> <Li> Advanced Battle </Li> <Li> Battle Frontier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diamond and Pearl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diamond and Pearl </Li> <Li> DP : Battle Dimension </Li> <Li> DP : Galactic Battles </Li> <Li> DP : Sinnoh League Victors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Wishes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black & White </Li> <Li> BW : Rival Destinies </Li> <Li> BW : Adventures in Unova </Li> <Li> BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> XY </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XY </Li> <Li> Kalos Quest </Li> <Li> XY & Z </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sun and Moon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sun and Moon </Li> <Li> Ultra Adventures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mewtwo Returns </Li> <Li> Chronicles </Li> <Li> The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon </Li> <Li> Origins </Li> <Li> Generations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The First Movie </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 4Ever </Li> <Li> Heroes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Advanced Generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jirachi -- Wish Maker </Li> <Li> Destiny Deoxys </Li> <Li> Lucario and the Mystery of Mew </Li> <Li> Ranger and the Temple of the Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diamond and Pearl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rise of Darkrai </Li> <Li> Giratina and the Sky Warrior </Li> <Li> Arceus and the Jewel of Life </Li> <Li> Zoroark : Master of Illusions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Wishes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom </Li> <Li> Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice </Li> <Li> Genesect and the Legend Awakened </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> XY </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction </Li> <Li> Hoopa and the Clash of Ages </Li> <Li> Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reboot series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Choose You ! </Li> <Li> Everyone 's Story </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Detective Pikachu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manga series ( volume list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pocket Monsters </Li> <Li> Pokémon Adventures </Li> <Li> Magical Pokémon Journey </Li> <Li> The Electric Tale of Pikachu </Li> <Li> Battle Frontier </Li> <Li> Ginji 's Rescue Team </Li> <Li> Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! </Li> <Li> Pocket Monsters RéBURST </Li> <Li> Pokémon Black and White </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> TV series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ash Ketchum </Li> <Li> Pikachu </Li> <Li> Brock </Li> <Li> Misty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pokémon Adventures </Li> <Li> Pokémon species </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Controversies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burger King recall </Li> <Li> Black and Blue </Li> <Li> Controversial episodes <Ul> <Li> `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fandom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pokémon Apokélypse </Li> <Li> Pokémon Sage </Li> <Li> Pokémon Uranium </Li> <Li> Twitch Plays Pokémon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gameplay of Pokémon </Li> <Li> Pikachu ( sculpture ) </Li> <Li> Pokémon Live ! </Li> <Li> Trading Card Game </Li> <Li> Trading Figure Game </Li> <Li> Universe </Li> <Li> Theme songs <Ul> <Li> `` Pokémon Theme '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lavender Town </Li> <Li> Play ! Pokémon </Li> <Li> Poképark </Li> <Li> Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary </Li> <Li> Pokémon Junior </Li> <Li> Super Smash Bros . </Li> <Li> Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions </Li> <Li> `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' </Li> <Li> World Championships <Ul> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_Pokémon : _Sun_ % 26_Moon : _Ultra_Adventures_episodes&oldid = 846464785 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 Japanese television seasons </Li> <Li> 2018 Japanese television seasons </Li> <Li> Lists of Pokémon episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter </Li> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 23 : 05 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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sun and moon ultra adventures episode 10 english dub
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon:_Sun_%26_Moon:_Ultra_Adventures_episodes&amp;oldid=846464785
3,857,033,790,064,498,000
Selective Service System - wikipedia <H1> Selective Service System </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Selective Service System <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formed </Th> <Td> May 18 , 1917 ; 100 years ago ( 1917 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Employees </Th> <Td> ( 2008 ) : 136 full - time civilians , 57 part - time civilian directors , 200 part - time reserve force officers ( in peacetime ) , up to 10,830 part - time volunteers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual budget </Th> <Td> $24 million ( FY 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agency executive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Donald M. Benton , Director </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.sss.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription . Virtually all male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays and must notify Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards , like a change of address . A 2010 Government Accountability Office report estimated the registration rate at 92 % with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file . However , the only audit of the addresses of registrants on file with the Selective Service System , in 1982 , found that 20 -- 40 % of the addresses on file with the Selective Service System for registrants in the age groups that would be drafted first were already outdated , and up to 75 % for those registrants in their last year of potential eligibility to be drafted would be invalid . </P> <P> Registration with Selective Service is also required for various federal programs and benefits , including Free Application for Federal Student Aid ( FAFSA ) , such as student loans and Pell Grants , job training , federal employment , and naturalization . </P> <P> The Selective Service System provides the names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies ( JAMRS ) program for inclusion in the JAMRS Consolidated Recruitment Database . The names are distributed to the Services for recruiting purposes on a quarterly basis . </P> <P> Regulations are codified at Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations , Chapter XVI . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1917 to 1920 </Li> <Li> 1.2 1940 to 1947 </Li> <Li> 1.3 1948 to 1969 </Li> <Li> 1.4 1969 to 1975 </Li> <Li> 1.5 1980 to present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Who must register </Li> <Li> 3 Failure to register </Li> <Li> 4 Alien or dual - national registrant status </Li> <Li> 5 Legal issues </Li> <Li> 6 Exemption of women </Li> <Li> 7 Structure and operation </Li> <Li> 8 Mobilization ( draft ) procedures </Li> <Li> 9 Lottery procedures </Li> <Li> 10 Classifications <Ul> <Li> 10.1 1948 -- 1976 </Li> <Li> 10.2 Present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Directors </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The former seal of the Selective Service System <H3> 1917 to 1920 ( edit ) </H3> World War I - era draft card . Lower left corner to be removed by men of African ancestry in order to keep military segregated <P> Owing to very slow enlistment following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6 , the Selective Service Act of 1917 ( 40 Stat. 76 ) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18 , 1917 , creating the Selective Service System to raise an army to fight in Europe . The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service . All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months . As of mid-November 1917 , all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications . Men in Class I were the first to be drafted , and men in lower classifications were deferred . Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread . The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45 . The military draft was discontinued in 1920 . </P> <H3> 1940 to 1947 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Conflict </Th> <Th> Dates active </Th> <Th> Number of wartime draftees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> World War I </Td> <Td> September 1917 -- November 1918 </Td> <Td> 2,810,296 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> World War II </Td> <Td> November 1940 -- October 1946 </Td> <Td> 10,110,104 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean War </Td> <Td> June 1950 -- June 1953 </Td> <Td> 1,529,539 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam War </Td> <Td> August 1964 -- February 1973 </Td> <Td> 1,857,304 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16 , 1940 , establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history . It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service . It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months . In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months ; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37 . Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday , December 7th , 1941 , and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and then a few days later against Nazi Germany , the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war plus a six - month service in the Organized Reserves . </P> <P> The Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31 , 1947 . </P> <H3> 1948 to 1969 ( edit ) </H3> See also : Berry Plan <P> The Selective Service Act of 1948 , enacted in June of that year , created a new and separate system , the basis for the modern system . All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service . All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months . This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves , with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total . Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years . Due to deep postwar budget cuts , only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948 . In 1950 , the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . </P> <P> The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) . This lowered the draft age from 19 to ​ 18 ⁄ , increased active - duty service time from 21 to 24 months , and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years . Students attending a college or training program full - time could request an exemption , which was extended as long as they were students . A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation . Despite successive attempts over the next several years , however , such legislation was never passed . </P> <P> 35th President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 ( signed on September 10 , 1963 ) , granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26 . His Vice President and successor as 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 ( signed on August 26 , 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date ) . However , married men with children or other dependents and men married before the Executive Order went into effect were still exempt . 40th President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 ( signed on February 25 , 1986 ) . </P> <P> The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35 . It still granted student deferments , but ended them upon either the student 's completion of a four - year degree or his 24th birthday , whichever came first . </P> <H3> 1969 to 1975 ( edit ) </H3> <P> On November 26 , 1969 , 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) that established conscription based on random selection ( lottery ) . The first draft lottery was held on December 1 , 1969 ; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970 , for registrants born between January 1 , 1944 , and December 31 , 1950 . The second lottery , on July 1 , 1970 , pertained to men born in 1951 . The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125 . The third was on August 5 , 1971 , pertaining to men born in 1952 ; the highest lottery number called was 95 . </P> <P> In 1971 , the Military Selective Service Act ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) was further amended to make registration compulsory ; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday . Registrants were classified 1 - A ( eligible for military service ) , 1 - AO ( Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service ) , and 1 - O ( Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service ) . Student deferments were ended , except for divinity students , who received a 2 - D Selective Service classification . Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1 - N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4 - F. Draft classifications of 1 - A were changed to 1 - H ( registrant not currently subject to processing for induction ) for men not selected for service after the calendar year they were eligible for the draft . Also , draft board membership requirements were reformed : minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18 , members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire , and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community . </P> <P> The seventh and final lottery drawing was held on March 12 , 1975 , pertaining to men born in 1956 , who would have been called to report for induction in 1976 . But no new draft orders were issued after 1972 . On January 27 , 1973 , Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all - volunteer armed forces , negating the need for the military draft . </P> <P> On March 29 , 1975 , 38th President Gerald R. Ford , whose own son , Steven Ford , had earlier failed to register for the draft as required , signed Proclamation 4360 ( Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act ) , eliminating the registration requirement for all 18 - to 25 - year - old male citizens . </P> <H3> 1980 to present ( edit ) </H3> <P> On July 2 , 1980 , 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 ( Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act ) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979 , retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18 - to 26 - year - old male citizens born on or after January 1 , 1960 . As a result , only men born between March 29 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1959 , were completely exempt from Selective Service registration . </P> <P> The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21 , 1980 , for men born in calendar year 1960 . Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation , all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week . Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week . Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5 , 1981 . Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday . </P> <P> In 2014 , due to a clerical error at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation , information about 14,250 men born in the years 1893 -- 97 ( in addition to 1993 -- 97 ) was provided to the Selective Service System . Draft registration notices were then sent to the men . </P> <P> A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 10 , 2016 . H.R. 4523 would ( a ) end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register for the draft , ( b ) abolish the Selective Service System , and ( c ) effectively repeal the `` Solomon Amendments '' making registration for the draft a condition of Federal student aid , jobs , and job training . The bill would leave in place , however , laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits . On June 9 , 2016 , a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate , called the `` Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act '' . </P> <P> On April 27 , 2016 , the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 to extend the authority for draft registration to women . On May 12 , 2016 , the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add a similar provision to its version of the bill . If the bill including this provision would have been enacted into law , it would authorize ( but not require ) the President to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System . </P> <H2> Who must register ( edit ) </H2> <P> Under current law , all male US citizens between 18 -- 25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday . In addition , non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 ( inclusive ) living in the United States must register . This includes permanent residents , refugees , asylum seekers , and illegal aliens . Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants , such as international students , visitors , and diplomats , are not required to register . Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status . If an alien 's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States , he will be required to register . Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship . Currently , citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system . </P> <P> In the current registration system , a man can not indicate that he is a conscientious objector ( CO ) to war when registering , but he can make such a claim when being drafted . Some men choose to write on the registration card `` I am a conscientious objector to war '' to document their conviction , even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft . A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs . </P> <P> In 1987 , Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting `` persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation '' in case such a special - skills draft should be ordered by Congress . In response , the Selective Service published plans for the `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System '' ( HCPDS ) in 1989 , and has had them ready ever since . The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998 , followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999 . The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20 -- 54 in 57 job categories . </P> <P> Women as well as female - to - male transgender individuals who identify as male or have had sexual reassignment surgery are not required to register . Failure to register can cause problems such as denial of Pell Grants , even when registration would not have been allowed . </P> <P> Until their 26th birthday , registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding his status , such as name , current mailing address , permanent residence address , and `` all information concerning his status ... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor . '' </P> <H2> Failure to register ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Total draftees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> World War I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1917 </Th> <Td> 516,212 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1918 </Th> <Td> 2,294,084 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Td> 18,633 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1941 </Th> <Td> 923,842 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1942 </Th> <Td> 3,033,361 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1943 </Th> <Td> 3,323,970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1944 </Th> <Td> 1,591,942 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1945 </Th> <Td> 945,862 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Post-World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1946 </Th> <Td> 183,383 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1947 </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1948 </Th> <Td> 20,348 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1949 </Th> <Td> 9,781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Korean War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Td> 219,771 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1951 </Th> <Td> 551,806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1952 </Th> <Td> 438,479 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1953 </Th> <Td> 473,806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Post-Korean War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1954 </Th> <Td> 253,230 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1955 </Th> <Td> 152,777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1956 </Th> <Td> 137,940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1957 </Th> <Td> 138,504 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1958 </Th> <Td> 142,246 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1959 </Th> <Td> 96,143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> 86,602 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1961 </Th> <Td> 118,586 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1962 </Th> <Td> 82,060 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1963 </Th> <Td> 119,265 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vietnam War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1964 </Th> <Td> 112,386 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1965 </Th> <Td> 230,991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1966 </Th> <Td> 382,010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1967 </Th> <Td> 228,263 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Td> 296,406 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1969 </Th> <Td> 283,586 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> 162,746 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 </Th> <Td> 94,092 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1972 </Th> <Td> 49,514 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1973 </Th> <Td> 646 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1980 , men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison and / or a fine up to $50,000 if convicted . The potential fine was later increased to $250,000 . Despite these possible penalties , government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only 20 indictments , of which 19 were instigated in part by self - publicized and self - reported non-registration . </P> <P> A principal element for conviction under the Act is proving a violation of the Act was intentional , i.e. knowing and willful . In the opinion of legal experts , this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally chosing not to do so . Or , for example , when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction , he was given an opportunity to comply , and the prospective defendant chose not to do so . </P> <P> The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986 . In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016 , current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988 , the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants . No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess , carry , or show a draft card , and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card . </P> <P> As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration , laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid , federal grants and loans , certain government benefits , eligibility for most federal employment , and ( if the person is an immigrant ) eligibility for citizenship , a young man had to be registered ( or had to have been registered , if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26 ) with Selective Service . Those who were required to register , but failed to do so before they turn 26 , are no longer allowed to register , and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits , unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful . There is a procedure to provide an `` information letter '' to the Selective Service for those in these situations , for example recent citizens who entered the US after their 26th birthday . </P> <P> Most states , as well as the District of Columbia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Virgin Islands , have passed laws requiring registration for men 18 -- 25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per - jurisdiction basis but typically include driver 's licenses , state - funded higher education benefits , and state government jobs . Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend . Eight states ( Connecticut , Indiana , Nebraska , Oregon , Vermont , Washington , and Wyoming ) as well as Puerto Rico have no such requirements , though Indiana does give men 18 -- 25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a drivers license or an identification card . The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18 -- 25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses , learner permits , or non-driver identification cards . </P> <P> There are some third - party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits , including the Fund for Education and Training ( FEAT ) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants . </P> <H2> Alien or dual - national registrant status ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some registrants are not U.S. citizens , or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country ; they fall instead into one of the following categories : </P> <Ul> <Li> Alien or Dual National : An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States . A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country . They are defined in four classes . <Ul> <Li> A registrant who has resided in the United States for less than one year . When two or more periods of U.S. residency are involved which total one year or more , the registrant will be deemed to have resided in the United States for one year and will be ineligible for Class 4 - C. In computing the length of such periods , any portion of one day shall be counted as a day . He will be eligible for this class only until he has resided in the United States for one year . To support this claim he must submit his Immigration and Naturalization Service Form 1 - 151 ( Alien Registration Receipt Card ) , showing his date of entry into the United States . If he has resided in the United States for two or more periods , he must furnish documentation for each period of residence . A registrant who receives this classification will be exempt from military training and service during his first year 's residence in the US , but will become liable for service following his cumulative one year residence . </Li> <Li> A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled . He may be classified in Class 4 - C only for the period he resides outside of the United States . Upon his return to the United States , he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office . </Li> <Li> A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration . He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status . To support this claim , the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status . </Li> <Li> A registrant , lawfully admitted for permanent residence , as defined in Paragraph ( 2 ) of Section 101 ( a ) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 , as amended ( 66 Stat. 163 , 8 U.S.C. 1101 ) who , by reason of their occupational status , is subject to adjustment to non-immigrant status under paragraph ( 15 ) ( A ) , ( 15 ) ( E ) , or ( 15 ) ( G ) or section 101 ( a ) . In this case , the person must also have executed a waiver of all rights , privileges , exemptions , and immunities which would otherwise accrue to him as a result of his occupational status . To support this claim , the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his occupational status . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dual national : The person is a citizen of both the United States and another country at the same time . The country must be one that allows its citizens dual citizenship and the registrant must be able to obtain and produce the proper papers to affirm this status . </Li> <Li> Treaty alien : Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien 's country of origin , the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States . However , once this exemption is taken , he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national . Nevertheless , an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors may still override this kind of bar to naturalization . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legal issues ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I , Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress `` shall have Power To ... raise and support Armies ( and ) To provide and maintain a Navy ; '' The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions . </P> <P> The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits `` involuntary servitude '' . These challenges , however , have not been supported by the courts ; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry ( 1916 ) : </P> <P> The amendment was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government , and the term ' involuntary servitude ' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which , in practical operation , would tend to produce like undesirable results . It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional , and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state , such as services in the army , militia , on the jury , etc . </P> <P> During the First World War , the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States ( 1918 ) , also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases , that the draft did not violate the Constitution . </P> <P> Later , during the Vietnam War , a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States ( 1968 ) . </P> <P> Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the constitutionality of the `` Solomon Amendment '' , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' non-registrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants . </P> <H2> Exemption of women ( edit ) </H2> <P> Selective Service law as it is written now refers specifically to `` male persons '' in stating who must register and who would be drafted . For women to be required to register with the Selective Service , Congress would have to amend the law , which currently exempts women from registration . </P> <P> The constitutionality of excluding women was decided in 1981 by the United States Supreme Court in Rostker v. Goldberg , with the Court holding that requiring only men to register did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment . </P> <P> The existence of the combat restrictions clearly indicates the basis for Congress ' decision to exempt women from registration . The purpose of registration was to prepare for a draft of combat troops . Since women are excluded from combat , Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft , and therefore decided not to register them . </P> <P> At the request of President Bill Clinton , the Department of Defense reviewed the issue in 1994 , noting that because women are excluded by policy from front - line combat positions , excluding them from the draft process remains justifiable in DoD 's view . Although no conclusions were reached , DoD recognized that policies regarding women need to be reviewed periodically because the role of women in the military continues to expand . The Selective Service System takes the position that it would be able to register and draft women with its existing infrastructure , if given the mission and additional funding . </P> <P> On January 23 , 2013 , the Pentagon decided to end its policy of excluding women from combat positions . Military and legal analysts speculate that this will open the door for Congress to begin the process to amend the law and remove the exemption from registration requirements . In July 2015 , a 17 - year - old girl in New Jersey sued the Selective Service System for the right to register for the draft . </P> <P> The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft . The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4 , 2013 , Case Number 2 : 13 - cv - 02391 - DSF - MAN . The case was dismissed on July 29 , 2013 , and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25 , 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . Oral argument before a 3 - judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8 , 2015 . On February 19 , 2016 , the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness , and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues . Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male - only draft registration , Kyle v. Selective Service System , is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey . </P> <P> Bills have been introduced in Congress or announced as planned to be introduced to require women to register whenever the President orders women to register , to prohibit the President from ordering women to register , and to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and thereby eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register . </P> <P> On June 15 , 2016 , the United States Senate passed a bill to include women in Selective Service registration . 2016 Democratic candidate for President Hillary Clinton announced her support for the measure . </P> <H2> Structure and operation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States . The Director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the President of the United States . </P> <P> During peacetime , the agency comprises a National Headquarters , three Regional Headquarters and a Data Management Center . Even during peacetime , the agency is also aided by 11,000 volunteers serving on local boards and district appeal boards . During a mobilization ( draft ) , the agency would greatly expand by activating an additional 56 State Headquarters , 400 + Area Offices as well as 40 + Alternative Service Offices . </P> <P> The agency 's budget for the 2015 -- 2016 fiscal year was about $23 million . In early 2016 , the agency said that if women were required to register , its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year , and slightly less in subsequent years . This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the Military Selective Service Act . Costs of investigating , prosecuting , and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the Department of Justice . </P> <H2> Mobilization ( draft ) procedures ( edit ) </H2> <P> The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations . Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions , or through separate legislation , so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work . Different procedures would be followed for a special - skills draft , such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System ( HCPDS ) . </P> <Ol> <Li> Congress and the President authorize a draft : The president claims a crisis has occurred which requires more troops than the volunteer military can supply . Congress passes and the President signs legislation which revises the Military Selective Service Act to initiate a draft for military manpower . </Li> <Li> The Lottery : A lottery based on birthdays determines the order in which registered men are called up by Selective Service . The first to be called , in a sequence determined by the lottery , will be men whose 20th birthday falls during the calendar year the induction takes place , followed , if needed , by those aged 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 19 and 18 year olds ( in that order ) . </Li> <Li> All parts of the Selective Service System are activated : The Agency activates and orders its State Directors and Reserve Force Officers to report for duty . </Li> <Li> Physical , mental and moral evaluation of registrants : Registrants with low lottery numbers receive examination orders and are ordered to report for a physical , mental , and moral evaluation at a Military Entrance Processing Station ( MEPS ) to determine whether they are fit for military service . Once he is notified of the results of the evaluation , a registrant will be given 10 days to file a claim for exemption , postponement , or deferment . </Li> <Li> Local and appeal boards activated and induction notices sent : Local and Appeal Boards will begin processing registrant claims / appeals . Those who passed the military evaluation will receive induction orders . An inductee will have 10 days to report to a local Military Entrance Processing Station for induction . </Li> <Li> First draftees are inducted : According to current plans , Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Lottery procedures ( edit ) </H2> <P> If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft , a lottery would be held in full view of the public . First , all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random . Second , the numbers 1 -- 365 ( 1 -- 366 for lotteries held with respect to a leap year ) are placed into a second capsule . These two capsules are certified for procedure , sealed in a drum , and stored . </P> <P> In the event of a draft , the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with . The lottery then takes place , and each date is paired with a number at random . For example , if January 19 is picked from the `` date '' capsule and the number 59 picked from the `` number '' capsule , all men of age 20 born on January 19 will be the 59th group to receive induction notices . This process continues until all dates are matched with a number . </P> <P> Should all dates be used , the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20 , then 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 19 , and 18 . Once all dates are paired , the dates will be sent to Selective Service System 's Data Management Center . </P> <H2> Classifications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1948 -- 1976 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Categories ( 1948 -- 1975 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - A </Th> <Td> Available for unrestricted military service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - A-O </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - C </Th> <Td> Member of the Armed Forces of the United States , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , or the Public Health Service . Enlisted ( Enl . ) : member who volunteered for service . Inducted ( Ind . ) : member who was conscripted into service . Discharged ( Dis . ) : member released after completing service ; later changed to Class 4 - A. Separated ( Sep . ) : member released before completing service ; may be recalled to service if their status has changed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - D </Th> <Td> Members of a reserve component ( Reserves or National Guard ) , students taking military training ( Service Academy , Senior Military College , or ROTC ) , or accepted Aviation Cadet applicants ( 1942 -- 1975 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - D-D </Th> <Td> Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - D-E </Th> <Td> Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - H </Th> <Td> Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service . <P> Note : Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976 , all registrants ( except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act ) were classified 1 - H regardless of any previous classification . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - O </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector to all military service . A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral , ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war . The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - O-S </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector to all military service ( Separated ) . A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces . The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - S ( H ) </Th> <Td> Student deferred by statute ( High School ) . Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - S ( C ) </Th> <Td> Student deferred by statute ( College ) . Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student 's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a Senior . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - W </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service . They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service ( currently 24 consecutive months ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - W-R </Th> <Td> ( Released ) Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service . This was later changed to Class 4 - W . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - Y </Th> <Td> Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency . <P> Note : The 1 - Y classification was abolished December 10 , 1971 . Local boards were subsequently instructed to reclassify all 1 - Y registrants by administrative action . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 - A </Th> <Td> Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation . Also includes deferments due to full - time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school , community or junior college , or an approved apprenticeship program . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 - B </Th> <Td> Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense : ( Defense contractor or reserved occupation ) . This exemption was discontinued in 1951 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 - C </Th> <Td> Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 - D </Th> <Td> Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry . Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24 . Exemption was created in December 1971 . Previously considered part of Class 4 - D . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 - S </Th> <Td> Registrant deferred because of collegiate study . Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24 . Exemption was discontinued in December 1971 . It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine , dentistry , veterinary medicine , osteopathy and optometry , and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree . The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3 - A </Th> <Td> Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3 - A-S </Th> <Td> Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents ( Separated ) . Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status . The registrant 's deferment can last no longer than six months , after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - A </Th> <Td> Registrant who has completed military service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - A-A </Th> <Td> Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - B </Th> <Td> Official deferred by law . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - C </Th> <Td> Alien or dual national . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - D </Th> <Td> Minister of religion , formally ordained by a recognized religion , and serving as a full - time minister with a church and congregation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - E </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service . Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required . Created in 1948 ; changed to Class 1 - O in 1951 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - F </Th> <Td> Registrant not acceptable for military service . To be eligible for Class 4 - F , a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by a Military Entrance Processing Station ( MEPS ) under the established physical , mental , or moral standards . The standards of physical fitness that would be used in a future draft would come from AR 40 - 501 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - G </Th> <Td> Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has Prisoner of War or Missing In Action status . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - T </Th> <Td> Treaty Alien . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - W </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 - A </Th> <Td> Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken ( currently 26 + years ) or ( where applicable ) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken ( currently 35 + years ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Present ( edit ) </H3> <P> If a draft were authorized by Congress , without any other changes being made in the law , local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service . According to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 32 , Chapter XVI , Sec . 1630.2 , men would be sorted into the following categories : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Present categories </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - A </Th> <Td> Available for unrestricted military service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - A-0 </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - C </Th> <Td> Member of the Armed Forces of the United States , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , or the Public Health Service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - D-D </Th> <Td> Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - D-E </Th> <Td> Exemption for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - H </Th> <Td> Registrant Not Subject to Processing for Induction . Registrant is not subject to processing for induction until a draft is enacted . All current registrants are classified 1 - H until they reach the age of exemption , when they then receive the classification of 5 - A . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - O </Th> <Td> Conscientious objectors opposed to both combatant & noncombatant military training & service . Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - O-S </Th> <Td> Any registrant who has been separated from the Armed Forces ( including their reserve components ) by reason of conscientious objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces . Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 - W </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service . They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service ( currently 24 consecutive months ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2 - D </Th> <Td> Divinity student ; deferred from military service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3 - A </Th> <Td> Hardship deferment ; deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3 - A-S </Th> <Td> Hardship deferment ; separated from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - A </Th> <Td> Registrant who has completed military service ; may be recalled to service in time of war or national emergency . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - B </Th> <Td> Official deferred by law . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - C </Th> <Td> Alien or dual national ; sometimes exempt from military service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - D </Th> <Td> Ministers of religion ; exempted from military service . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - F </Th> <Td> Registrant not acceptable for military service . This maybe because of learning disabilities , drug abuse or alcoholism , criminal record or mental health problems , being an amputee / tetraplegia , etc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - G </Th> <Td> Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - T </Th> <Td> Treaty Alien . Registrant is alien exempt from military service under a treaty between the United States and his country , and has applied to be exempted from liability for training and service in the Armed Forces of the United States . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - W </Th> <Td> Conscientious objector who has satisfactorily completed their alternative service ( currently a period of 24 consecutive months ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4 - A-A </Th> <Td> Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Directors ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Director </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> <Th> Appointed by </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Clarence Addison Dykstra </Td> <Td> 1940 - 10 - 15 -- 1941 - 04 - 01 </Td> <Td> Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Lewis Blaine Hershey </Td> <Td> 1941 - 07 - 31 -- 1970 - 02 - 15 </Td> <Td> Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dee Ingold </Td> <Td> 1970 - 02 - 15 -- 1970 - 04 - 06 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Curtis W. Tarr </Td> <Td> 1970 - 04 - 06 -- 1972 - 05 - 01 </Td> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Byron V. Pepitone </Td> <Td> 1972 - 05 - 01 -- 1973 - 04 - 01 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Byron V. Pepitone </Td> <Td> 1973 - 04 - 02 -- 1977 - 07 - 31 </Td> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert E. Shuck </Td> <Td> 1977 - 08 - 01 -- 1979 - 11 - 25 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Bernard D. Rostker </Td> <Td> 1979 - 11 - 26 -- 1981 - 07 - 31 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Carter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> James G. Bond </Td> <Td> 1981 - 08 - 01 -- 1981 - 10 - 30 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Thomas K. Turnage </Td> <Td> 1981 - 10 - 30 -- 1986 - 03 - 23 </Td> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilfred L. Ebel </Td> <Td> 1986 - 03 - 24 -- 1987 - 07 - 08 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry D. Jennings </Td> <Td> 1987 - 07 - 09 -- 1987 - 12 - 17 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Samuel K. Lessey Jr . </Td> <Td> 1987 - 12 - 18 -- 1991 - 03 - 07 </Td> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Robert W. Gambino </Td> <Td> 1991 - 03 - 08 -- 1994 - 01 - 31 </Td> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> G. Huntington Banister </Td> <Td> 1994 - 02 - 01 -- 1994 - 10 - 06 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Gil Coronado </Td> <Td> 1994 - 10 - 07 -- 2001 - 05 - 23 </Td> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Alfred V. Rascon </Td> <Td> 2001 - 05 - 24 -- 2003 - 01 - 02 </Td> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lewis C. Brodsky </Td> <Td> 2003 - 01 - 03 -- 2004 - 04 - 28 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack Martin </Td> <Td> 2004 - 04 - 29 -- 2004 - 11 - 28 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> William A. Chatfield </Td> <Td> 2004 - 11 - 29 -- 2009 - 05 - 29 </Td> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernest E. Garcia </Td> <Td> 2009 - 05 - 29 -- 2009 - 12 - 04 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> Lawrence Romo </Td> <Td> 2009 - 12 - 04 -- 2017 - 01 - 20 </Td> <Td> Barack Obama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adam J. Copp </Td> <Td> 2017 - 01 - 20 -- 2017 - 04 - 13 </Td> <Td> ( Acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> Donald M. Benton </Td> <Td> 2017 - 04 - 13 -- present </Td> <Td> Donald Trump </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of the United States portal </Li> <Li> Military of the United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Advanced Service Rating Score , the demobilization points system employed by the US Army at the conclusion of World War II </Li> <Li> Civilian Public Service </Li> <Li> Conscription in the United States </Li> <Li> Draft - card burning </Li> <Li> Draft evasion </Li> <Li> Lodge - Philbin Act </Li> <Li> Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations </Li> <Li> Registering for the draft in China , a similar system in mainland China . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quick Facts and Figures Archived 2009 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . from the Selective Service System website </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Who must register ? , When to register , Selective Service System . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.sss.gov:80/Status.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Change of Information '' . Selective Service System . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , Andrea ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Selective Service Lacks Staff To Carry Out Military Draft , GAO Reports '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Failure Of Registrants To Report Address Changes Would Diminish Fairness Of Induction Processing , GAO report FPCD - 82 - 45 ( PDF ) . General Accounting Office . September 24 , 1982 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Benefits and Programs Linked to Registration Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , from the Selective Service System website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jamrs Affiliations '' . Jamrs.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , Subtitle B , Chapter XVI , Code of Federal Regulations '' . Office of the Federal Register ( OFR ) and the Government Publishing Office . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Records of the Selective Service System ( World War I ) '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geva , Dorit ( October 2011 ) . `` Different and Unequal ? Breadwinning , Dependency Deferments , and the Gendered Origins of the U.S. Selective Service System '' . Armed Forces & Society . 37 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://www.sss.gov/About/History-And-Records/Induction-Statistics , accessed 4 July 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holbrook , Heber A . `` The Crisis Years : 1940 and 1941 '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review , 4 July 2001 . p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pub. L. 80 -- 26 , 61 Stat. 31 , enacted March 31 , 1947 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : United States v. Groupp , 459 F. 2d 178 , at para 4 ( 1st Cir. 26 April 1972 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . ( Pub. L. 91 -- 124 , 83 Stat. 220 , enacted November 26 , 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1971 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1972 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1973 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janowitz , Morris and Charles C. Moskos , Jr . `` Five Years of the All - Volunteer Force : 1973 -- 1978 '' . Armed Forces & Society , January 1979 ; vol. 5 : pp. 171 -- 218 . http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/steve-ford/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford : Proclamation 4360 - Selective Service Registration '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Background of Selective Service '' . Selective Service System . United States Government . April 30 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation 4771 -- Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Military Selective Service Act '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US sends military draft notices to men born in the 1800s '' . BBC News . 2014 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4523 - To repeal the Military Selective Service Act , and thereby terminate the registration requirements of such Act and eliminate civilian local boards , civilian appeal boards , and similar local agencies of the Selective Service System . '' Congress.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4523 -- To repeal the Military Selective Service Act ... '' Thomas . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S. 3041 - Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act '' . US Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amendment to H.R. 4909 offered by Mr. Hunter of California '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4909 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lardner , Richard ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` The GOP - led Senate Armed Services Committee has seconded a call by its counterpart in the House to require women to register for a military draft '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` House Committee votes to extend draft registration to women '' . The Practical Nomad . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Segal , Alexander . `` Male Immigrants and Selective Service '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brethren Witness , Peace and Justice , `` Conscientious Objection '' . brethren.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jewish Peace Fellowship '' . Jewish Peace Fellowship . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oym Generic Page '' . Ohioyearlymeeting.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` objector.org '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Registry for Conscientious Objection Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MedicalDraft.info '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System regulations '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How does the Military Selective Service Act apply to individuals who have had a sex change ? '' . sss.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hudson 's Guide : Selective Service and Trans Men '' . ftmguide.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 32 C.F.R. 1621.1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gender - Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons : It 's unlikely any would face prison , but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SSS Information Letter procedure '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : State / Commonwealth Information Archived 2009 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . from the Selective Service System website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Applications for Driver License or Non-Driver ID Card '' . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.sss.gov/Registration/State-Commonwealth-Legislation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fund for Education and Training '' . CenteronConscience.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student Aid Fund for Nonregistrants '' . mennolink.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( Class 4 - C ) Selective Service System : Information for Registrants Booklet '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Aliens and Dual Nationals '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1426 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Title 8 , Code of Federal Regulations , Section 315.2 ( b ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Butler v Perry ( 1916 ) '' . Law.umkc.edu. 1916 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler v. Perry 240 U.S. 328 ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arver v. United States 245 U.S. 366 ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holmes v. United States , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Women Are n't Required to Register '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Military to open combat jobs to women '' . CNN . 2013 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Legal Implications of Lifting the Combat Restrictions '' . 2013 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPINION : Women in the draft ? It could happen '' . Daily Record . 31 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/04/action/ncfm-sues-selective-service-for-requiring-only-men-to-register-for-the-draft/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/07/action/ncfms-opposition-to-the-federal-governments-motion-to-dismiss-ncfms-lawsuit-against-the-selective-service-system/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/3981235/1983029408/name/04-04-13%20Court%26%2339%3Bs%20Docket%20for%20NCFM%20v.%20SSS%20Lawsuit%25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Coalition for Men et al v. Selective Service System et al '' . Justia Dockets & Filings . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2014/06/action/ncfm-files-opening-appellate-brief-in-ncfm-v-selective-service-system/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Extend draft registration to women -- or end it ? '' . The Practical Nomad . Edward Hasbrouck . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress '' . WorldBeyonfdWar.org . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plott , Elaina . `` Senator Mike Lee Pushes to Definitively Bar Women from the Draft '' . NationalReview.com . National Review . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plott , Elaina . `` Rubio and Cruz to Co-Sponsor Legislation to Leave Draft Changes to Congress '' . NationalReview.com . National Review . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/senate-passes-defense-bill-including-women-in-draft-224316 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/283631-clinton-backs-mandatory-draft-for-women </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Director 's Biography '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : About the Agency '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Publications '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Draft Registration for Women Would Stir a Sleepy Government Agency '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Return to the Draft - Sequence of Events '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Selective Service Lottery '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Classifications '' . www.sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r40_501.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , Subtitle B , Chapter XVI , Part 1630 , Code of Federal Regulations '' . Office of the Federal Register ( OFR ) and the Government Publishing Office . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Directors Of The Selective Service System '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Selective Service System in the Federal Register </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 152430368 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79059877 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 0727 298X </Li> <Li> NLA : 41689432 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_Service_System&oldid=836662206 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Civil registries </Li> <Li> Independent agencies of the United States government </Li> <Li> Conscription in the United States </Li> <Li> Government agencies established in 1917 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 02 : 56 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who is exempt from registering for selective service
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Selective_Service_System&amp;oldid=836662206
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Making out - wikipedia <H1> Making out </H1> `` Snog '' redirects here . For the Australian band , see Snog ( band ) . `` Petting '' and `` Heavy petting '' redirect here . For stroking an animal , see Social grooming . For other uses , see Heavy Petting ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Making out ( disambiguation ) . A silhouette of a couple making out <P> Making out is a term of American origin , dating back to at least 1949 , and is used variously to refer to kissing , petting , and necking , but may also refer to non-penetrative sex acts such as heavy petting . Snogging has roughly the same meaning in British English and in some related varieties of English , except in Hiberno - English ( spoken in Ireland ) , where it is more commonly known as shifting . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Characteristics </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The sexual connotations of the phrase `` make out '' appear to have developed in the 1930s and 1940s from the phrase 's other meanings of `` to succeed '' . Originally , it meant `` to seduce '' or `` to have sexual intercourse with '' . When performed in a car , it may be euphemistically referred to as parking . </P> <P> Studies indicate that at the beginning of the 20th century , premarital sex increased , and with it , petting behavior in the 1920s . The Continental experience at that time is amusingly illustrated by a letter that Sigmund Freud wrote to Sándor Ferenczi in 1931 playfully admonishing him to stop kissing his patients , in which Freud warned lest `` a number of independent thinkers in matters of technique will say to themselves : Why stop at a kiss ? Certainly one gets further when one adopts ' pawing ' as well , which , after all , does n't make a baby . And then bolder ones will come along who will go further , to peeping and showing -- and soon we shall have accepted in the technique of analysis the whole repertoire of demi - viergerie and petting parties '' . </P> <P> By the postwar period , necking and petting became accepted behavior in mainstream American culture , as long as the partners were dating . </P> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Making out is usually considered an expression of affection or sexual attraction . An episode of making out is frequently referred to as a `` make - out session '' or simply `` making out , '' depending on the speaker 's vernacular . It covers a wide range of sexual behavior , and means different things to different age groups in different parts of the United States . It typically refers to kissing , including prolonged , passionate , open - mouth kissing ( also known as French kissing ) , and intimate skin - to - skin contact . The term can also refer to other forms of foreplay such as heavy petting , which typically involves some genital stimulation , but usually not the direct act of penetrative sexual intercourse . </P> <P> The perceived significance of making out may be affected by the age and relative sexual experience of the participants . Teenagers sometimes play party games in which making out is the main activity as an act of exploration . Games in this category include seven minutes in heaven and spin the bottle . </P> <P> Teenagers may have had social gatherings in which making out was the predominant event . In the United States , these events were referred to as `` make - out parties '' and would sometimes be confined to a specific area , called the `` make - out room '' . These make - out parties were generally not regarded as sex parties , though heavy petting may have been involved , depending on the group . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sexual slang </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lief , Harold I. ( 1975 ) . Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality : 750 Questions Answered by 500 Authorities . Williams & Wilkins . p. 242 . Among the city kids of 13 to 17 who live along the Boston , New York , Philadelphia string , `` making out '' is heavy petting . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bolin , Anne ( 1999 ) . Perspectives on Human Sexuality . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4133 - 4 . Making out usually refers to kissing or passionate physical contact , but it also may escalate into petting . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Partridge , Eric ( 2006 ) . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English . New York : Routledge . p. 1259 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25938 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jennifer ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Do n't mind us : Jennifer O'Connell on the marvels of Hiberno - English '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moe , Albert F. ( 1966 ) `` ' Make out ' and Related Usages '' . American Speech 41 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindeke , Bill ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` The unwritten rules of making out in parks '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Olsen , Hannah Brooks . `` How to Hook Up in Public '' . CityLab . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ quoted in Malcolm , Janet . Psychoanalysis : The Impossible Profession ( London 1988 ) p. 37 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breines , Wini ( 2001 ) . Young , White , and Miserable : Growing Up Female in the Fifties . University of Chicago Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 07261 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cann , Kate . Hard Cash ( London 2000 ) p. 262 and p. 237 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lafollette , Hugh ( 2002 ) . Ethics in Practice . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22834 - 9 . `` making out , '' which can comprise a rather wide variety of activities </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` heavy petting - definition of heavy petting in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crownover , Richard ( 2005 ) . Making out in English . Boston : Tuttle Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3681 - 7 . `` Making out , '' used in the title of this book is a colloquialism that can mean engaging in sexual intercourse , ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notes From the State of Virginia , '' with Wesley Hogan , in First of the Year , vol. II , edited by Benj DeMott ( New York : Transaction Publishers , 2010 ) p. 121 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century by Mansour , David . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0740751189 . p. 110 </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Making_out&oldid=849387542 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Euphemisms </Li> <Li> Sexual acts </Li> <Li> Kissing </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 11 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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i want to make out with you meaning in hindi
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Making_out&amp;oldid=849387542
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Radar for Europa Assessment and sounding : ocean to Near - surface - wikipedia <H1> Radar for Europa Assessment and sounding : ocean to Near - surface </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Artist 's impression of the Europa Clipper 's REASON instrument in action , using dual - frequency radar to map Europa 's ice layer . <P> The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding : Ocean to Near - surface ( REASON ) is a multi-frequency , multi-channel ice penetrating radar system that will be flown on board the Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter 's moon Europa . REASON investigation will provide the first direct measurements of Europa 's ice shell surface character and subsurface structure . </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The REASON instrument makes innovative use of radar sounding , altimetry , reflectometry , plasma and particles analyses . These investigations will use a dual - frequency radar emitting HF ( 9 MHz ) and VHF ( 60 MHz ) with concurrent shallow and deep sounding . Both VHF and HF radiating elements are mounted on a single boom , reducing antenna mass . The mission plan also includes using REASON as a nadir altimeter capable of measuring tides to test ice shell and ocean hypotheses as well as characterizing roughness across the surface to identify potential landing sites for a future Europa Lander . </P> <P> The REASON instrument will also be able to spot pockets of water within the ice shell that could serve as a passageway for chemicals on the moon 's surface to the ocean below -- an environment where life could potentially develop . </P> <P> The instrument was developed by the Jackson School of Geosciences , and its Principal Investigator is Donald Blankenship . REASON will be fabricated by engineers from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Iowa . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Units / performance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electronics mass </Td> <Td> 17.5 kg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antenna mass </Td> <Td> 14.7 kg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total mass </Td> <Td> 32.2 kg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operating power </Td> <Td> 55 W </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antenna length </Td> <Td> 16 m ( 52 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> VHF ( shallow sounding ) </Td> <Td> 300 m to 4.5 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HF ( deep sounding ) </Td> <Td> 1 km to 30 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pulse length </Td> <Td> 30 - 100 μs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operational altitude </Td> <Td> 10 - 1000 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Radar potential </Td> <Td> HF : 63 dB VHF : 72 dB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Data rate </Td> <Td> 5 - 80 Mbps </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Data volume per flyby </Td> <Td> 24 Gbits </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Objectives ( edit ) </H2> <P> The scientific objectives of the REASON investigation are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Characterize the distribution of any shallow subsurface water </Li> <Li> Search for an ice - ocean interface and characterize the ice shell 's global structure </Li> <Li> Investigate the processes governing material exchange among the ocean , ice shell , surface , and atmosphere </Li> <Li> Constrain the amplitude and phase of gravitational tides </Li> <Li> Characterize scientifically compelling sites , and hazards , for a potential future Europa Lander mission </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : REASON for Europa . Moussessian , A. ; Blankenship , D.D. ; Plaut , J.J. ; Patterson , G.W. ; Gim , Y. ; Schroeder , D.M. ; Soderlund , K.M. ; Grima , C. ; Young , D.A. ; Chapin , E. American Geophysical Union , Fall Meeting 2015 , abstract # P13E - 05 . December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grima , Cyril ; Blankenship , Donald ; Shroeder , Dustin M. ( November 2015 ) . `` Radar signal propagation through the ionosphere of Europa '' . Planetary and Space Science . 117 : 421 -- 428 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2015.08. 017 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aglyamov , Yury ; Shroeder , Dustin M. ; Vance , Steven D. ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` Bright prospects for radar detection of Europa 's ocean '' . Icarus . 281 : 334 -- 337 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2016.08. 014 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caputo , Anton ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Radar Techniques Used in Antarctica Will Scour Europa for Life - Supporting Environments '' . UT News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding : Ocean to Near - surface ( REASON ) ( PDF ) . D. 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radar for europa assessment and sounding ocean to near-surface (reason)
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface&amp;oldid=809192698
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Coral reef - wikipedia <H1> Coral reef </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Marine habitats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Biodiversity of a coral reef </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Littoral zone </Li> <Li> Intertidal zone </Li> <Li> Estuaries </Li> <Li> Kelp forests </Li> <Li> Coral reefs </Li> <Li> Ocean banks </Li> <Li> Continental shelf </Li> <Li> Neritic zone </Li> <Li> Straits </Li> <Li> Pelagic zone </Li> <Li> Oceanic zone </Li> <Li> Seamounts </Li> <Li> Hydrothermal vents </Li> <Li> Cold seeps </Li> <Li> Demersal zone </Li> <Li> Benthic zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals . Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine water that contain few nutrients . Most coral reefs are built from stony corals , which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups . The polyps belong to a group of animals known as Cnidaria , which also includes sea anemones and jellyfish . Unlike sea anemones , corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons which support and protect the coral polyps . Most reefs grow best in warm , shallow , clear , sunny and agitated water . </P> <P> Often called `` rainforests of the sea '' , shallow coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth . They occupy less than 0.1 % of the world 's ocean surface , about half the area of France , yet they provide a home for at least 25 % of all marine species , including fish , mollusks , worms , crustaceans , echinoderms , sponges , tunicates and other cnidarians . Paradoxically , coral reefs flourish even though they are surrounded by ocean waters that provide few nutrients . They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters , but deep water and cold water corals also exist on smaller scales in other areas . </P> <P> Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services to tourism , fisheries and shoreline protection . The annual global economic value of coral reefs is estimated between US $30 -- 375 billion . However , coral reefs are fragile ecosystems , partly because they are very sensitive to water temperature . They are under threat from climate change , oceanic acidification , blast fishing , cyanide fishing for aquarium fish , sunscreen use , overuse of reef resources , and harmful land - use practices , including urban and agricultural runoff and water pollution , which can harm reefs by encouraging excess algal growth . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Formation <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Materials </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Types </Li> <Li> 3 Zones </Li> <Li> 4 Locations </Li> <Li> 5 Biology </Li> <Li> 6 Darwin 's paradox <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Explanations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Biodiversity <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Algae </Li> <Li> 7.2 Sponges </Li> <Li> 7.3 Fish </Li> <Li> 7.4 Invertebrates </Li> <Li> 7.5 Seabirds </Li> <Li> 7.6 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Importance </Li> <Li> 9 Threats </Li> <Li> 10 Protection </Li> <Li> 11 Restoration </Li> <Li> 12 Reefs in the past </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further references </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Formation ( edit ) </H2> See also : Fringing reef , Atoll , and The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs <P> Most of the coral reefs we can see today were formed after the last glacial period when melting ice caused the sea level to rise and flood the continental shelves . This means that most modern coral reefs are less than 10,000 years old . As communities established themselves on the shelves , the reefs grew upwards , pacing rising sea levels . Reefs that rose too slowly could become drowned reefs . They are covered by so much water that there was insufficient light . Coral reefs are found in the deep sea away from continental shelves , around oceanic islands and as atolls . The vast majority of these islands are volcanic in origin . The few exceptions have tectonic origins where plate movements have lifted the deep ocean floor on the surface . </P> <P> In 1842 in his first monograph , The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs , Charles Darwin set out his theory of the formation of atoll reefs , an idea he conceived during the voyage of the Beagle . He theorized uplift and subsidence of the Earth 's crust under the oceans formed the atolls . Darwin 's theory sets out a sequence of three stages in atoll formation . It starts with a fringing reef forming around an extinct volcanic island as the island and ocean floor subsides . As the subsidence continues , the fringing reef becomes a barrier reef , and ultimately an atoll reef . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Darwin 's theory starts with a volcanic island which becomes extinct </P> </Li> <Li> <P> As the island and ocean floor subside , coral growth builds a fringing reef , often including a shallow lagoon between the land and the main reef . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> As the subsidence continues , the fringing reef becomes a larger barrier reef further from the shore with a bigger and deeper lagoon inside . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ultimately , the island sinks below the sea , and the barrier reef becomes an atoll enclosing an open lagoon . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Darwin predicted that underneath each lagoon would be a bed rock base , the remains of the original volcano . Subsequent drilling proved this correct . Darwin 's theory followed from his understanding that coral polyps thrive in the clean seas of the tropics where the water is agitated , but can only live within a limited depth range , starting just below low tide . Where the level of the underlying earth allows , the corals grow around the coast to form what he called fringing reefs , and can eventually grow out from the shore to become a barrier reef . </P> A fringing reef can take ten thousand years to form , and an atoll can take up to 30 million years . <P> Where the bottom is rising , fringing reefs can grow around the coast , but coral raised above sea level dies and becomes white limestone . If the land subsides slowly , the fringing reefs keep pace by growing upwards on a base of older , dead coral , forming a barrier reef enclosing a lagoon between the reef and the land . A barrier reef can encircle an island , and once the island sinks below sea level a roughly circular atoll of growing coral continues to keep up with the sea level , forming a central lagoon . Barrier reefs and atolls do not usually form complete circles , but are broken in places by storms . Like sea level rise , a rapidly subsiding bottom can overwhelm coral growth , killing the coral polyps and the reef , due to what is called coral drowning . Corals that rely on zooxanthellae can drown when the water becomes too deep for their symbionts to adequately photosynthesize , due to decreased light exposure . </P> <P> The two main variables determining the geomorphology , or shape , of coral reefs are the nature of the underlying substrate on which they rest , and the history of the change in sea level relative to that substrate . </P> <P> The approximately 20,000 - year - old Great Barrier Reef offers an example of how coral reefs formed on continental shelves . Sea level was then 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than in the 21st century . As sea level rose , the water and the corals encroached on what had been hills of the Australian coastal plain . By 13,000 years ago , sea level had risen to 60 m ( 200 ft ) lower than at present , and many hills of the coastal plains had become continental islands . As the sea level rise continued , water topped most of the continental islands . The corals could then overgrow the hills , forming the present cays and reefs . Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years , and the age of the modern living reef structure is estimated to be between 6,000 and 8,000 years . Although the Great Barrier Reef formed along a continental shelf , and not around a volcanic island , Darwin 's principles apply . Development stopped at the barrier reef stage , since Australia is not about to submerge . It formed the world 's largest barrier reef , 300 -- 1,000 m ( 980 -- 3,280 ft ) from shore , stretching for 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) . </P> <P> Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm ( 0.39 to 1.18 in ) per year , and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm ( 0.39 to 9.84 in ) per year ; however , they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m ( 490 ft ) because of their need for sunlight , and can not grow above sea level . </P> <H3> Materials ( edit ) </H3> <P> As the name implies , the bulk of coral reefs is made up of coral skeletons from mostly intact coral colonies . As other chemical elements present in corals become incorporated into the calcium carbonate deposits , aragonite is formed . However , shell fragments and the remains of calcareous algae such as the green - segmented genus Halimeda can add to the reef 's ability to withstand damage from storms and other threats . Such mixtures are visible in structures such as Eniwetok Atoll . </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <P> The three principal reef types are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fringing reef -- directly attached to a shore , or borders it with an intervening shallow channel or lagoon </Li> <Li> Barrier reef -- reef separated from a mainland or island shore by a deep channel or lagoon </Li> <Li> Atoll reef -- more or less circular or continuous barrier reef extends all the way around a lagoon without a central island </Li> </Ul> A small atoll in the Maldives Inhabited cay in the Maldives <P> Other reef types or variants are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Patch reef -- common , isolated , comparatively small reef outcrop , usually within a lagoon or embayment , often circular and surrounded by sand or seagrass </Li> <Li> Apron reef -- short reef resembling a fringing reef , but more sloped ; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore </Li> <Li> Bank reef -- linear or semicircular shaped - outline , larger than a patch reef </Li> <Li> Ribbon reef -- long , narrow , possibly winding reef , usually associated with an atoll lagoon </Li> <Li> Table reef -- isolated reef , approaching an atoll type , but without a lagoon </Li> <Li> Habili -- reef specific to the Red Sea ; does not reach the surface near enough to cause visible surf ; may be a hazard to ships ( from the Arabic for `` unborn '' ) </Li> <Li> Microatoll -- community of species of corals ; vertical growth limited by average tidal height ; growth morphologies offer a low - resolution record of patterns of sea level change ; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels </Li> <Li> Cays -- small , low - elevation , sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up , forming an area above sea level ; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable ; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific , Atlantic and Indian Oceans ( including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef ) , where they provide habitable and agricultural land </Li> <Li> Seamount or guyot -- formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides ; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat ; flat tops of guyots , or tablemounts , are due to erosion by waves , winds , and atmospheric processes </Li> </Ul> <H2> Zones ( edit ) </H2> The three major zones of a coral reef : the fore reef , reef crest , and the back reef <P> Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that represent different kinds of habitats . Usually , three major zones are recognized : the fore reef , reef crest , and the back reef ( frequently referred to as the reef lagoon ) . </P> <P> All three zones are physically and ecologically interconnected . Reef life and oceanic processes create opportunities for exchange of seawater , sediments , nutrients , and marine life among one another . </P> <P> Thus , they are integrated components of the coral reef ecosystem , each playing a role in the support of the reefs ' abundant and diverse fish assemblages . </P> <P> Most coral reefs exist in shallow waters less than 50 m deep . Some inhabit tropical continental shelves where cool , nutrient rich upwelling does not occur , such as Great Barrier Reef . Others are found in the deep ocean surrounding islands or as atolls , such as in the Maldives . The reefs surrounding islands form when islands subside into the ocean , and atolls form when an island subsides below the surface of the sea . </P> <P> Alternatively , Moyle and Cech distinguish six zones , though most reefs possess only some of the zones . </P> Water in the reef surface zone is often agitated . This diagram represents a reef on a continental shelf . The water waves at the left travel over the off - reef floor until they encounter the reef slope or fore reef . Then the waves pass over the shallow reef crest . When a wave enters shallow water it shoals , that is , it slows down and the wave height increases . <P> The reef surface is the shallowest part of the reef . It is subject to the surge and the rise and fall of tides . When waves pass over shallow areas , they shoal , as shown in the diagram at the right . This means the water is often agitated . These are the precise condition under which corals flourish . Shallowness means there is plenty of light for photosynthesis by the symbiotic zooxanthellae , and agitated water promotes the ability of coral to feed on plankton . However , other organisms must be able to withstand the robust conditions to flourish in this zone . </P> <P> The off - reef floor is the shallow sea floor surrounding a reef . This zone occurs by reefs on continental shelves . Reefs around tropical islands and atolls drop abruptly to great depths , and do not have a floor . Usually sandy , the floor often supports seagrass meadows which are important foraging areas for reef fish . </P> <P> The reef drop - off is , for its first 50 m , habitat for many reef fish who find shelter on the cliff face and plankton in the water nearby . The drop - off zone applies mainly to the reefs surrounding oceanic islands and atolls . </P> <P> The reef face is the zone above the reef floor or the reef drop - off . This zone is often the most diverse area of the reef . Coral and calcareous algae growths provide complex habitats and areas which offer protection , such as cracks and crevices . Invertebrates and epiphytic algae provide much of the food for other organisms . A common feature on this forereef zone is spur and groove formations which serve to transport sediment downslope . </P> <P> The reef flat is the sandy - bottomed flat , which can be behind the main reef , containing chunks of coral . This zone may border a lagoon and serve as a protective area , or it may lie between the reef and the shore , and in this case is a flat , rocky area . Fishes tend to prefer living in that flat , rocky area , compared to any other zone , when it is present . </P> <P> The reef lagoon is an entirely enclosed region , which creates an area less affected by wave action that often contains small reef patches . </P> <P> However , the `` topography of coral reefs is constantly changing . Each reef is made up of irregular patches of algae , sessile invertebrates , and bare rock and sand . The size , shape and relative abundance of these patches changes from year to year in response to the various factors that favor one type of patch over another . Growing coral , for example , produces constant change in the fine structure of reefs . On a larger scale , tropical storms may knock out large sections of reef and cause boulders on sandy areas to move . '' </P> <H2> Locations ( edit ) </H2> Locations of coral reefs Boundary for 20 ° C isotherms . Most corals live within this boundary . Note the cooler waters caused by upwelling on the southwest coast of Africa and off the coast of Peru . This map shows areas of upwelling in red . Coral reefs are not found in coastal areas where colder and nutrient - rich upwellings occur . See also : List of reefs <P> Coral reefs are estimated to cover 284,300 km ( 109,800 sq mi ) , just under 0.1 % of the oceans ' surface area . The Indo - Pacific region ( including the Red Sea , Indian Ocean , Southeast Asia and the Pacific ) account for 91.9 % of this total . Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3 % of that figure , while the Pacific including Australia accounts for 40.8 % . Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs account for 7.6 % . </P> <P> Although corals exist both in temperate and tropical waters , shallow - water reefs form only in a zone extending from approximately 30 ° N to 30 ° S of the equator . Tropical corals do not grow at depths of over 50 meters ( 160 ft ) . The optimum temperature for most coral reefs is 26 -- 27 ° C ( 79 -- 81 ° F ) , and few reefs exist in waters below 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . However , reefs in the Persian Gulf have adapted to temperatures of 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) in winter and 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) in summer . There are 37 species of scleractinian corals identified in such harsh environment around Larak Island . </P> <P> Deep - water coral can exist at greater depths and colder temperatures at much higher latitudes , as far north as Norway . Although deep water corals can form reefs , very little is known about them . </P> <P> Coral reefs are rare along the west coasts of the Americas and Africa , due primarily to upwelling and strong cold coastal currents that reduce water temperatures in these areas ( respectively the Peru , Benguela and Canary streams ) . Corals are seldom found along the coastline of South Asia -- from the eastern tip of India ( Chennai ) to the Bangladesh and Myanmar borders -- as well as along the coasts of northeastern South America and Bangladesh , due to the freshwater release from the Amazon and Ganges Rivers respectively . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Great Barrier Reef -- largest , comprising over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,600 kilometers ( 1,600 mi ) off Queensland , Australia </Li> <Li> The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System -- second largest , stretching 1,000 kilometers ( 620 mi ) from Isla Contoy at the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula down to the Bay Islands of Honduras </Li> <Li> The New Caledonia Barrier Reef -- second longest double barrier reef , covering 1,500 kilometers ( 930 mi ) </Li> <Li> The Andros , Bahamas Barrier Reef -- third largest , following the east coast of Andros Island , Bahamas , between Andros and Nassau </Li> <Li> The Red Sea -- includes 6000 - year - old fringing reefs located around a 2,000 km ( 1,240 mi ) coastline </Li> <Li> The Florida Reef Tract -- largest continental US reef and the third largest coral barrier reef system in the world , extends from Soldier Key , located in Biscayne Bay , to the Dry Tortugas in the Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Pulley Ridge -- deepest photosynthetic coral reef , Florida </Li> <Li> Numerous reefs scattered over the Maldives </Li> <Li> The Philippines coral reef area , the second largest in Southeast Asia , is estimated at 26,000 square kilometers and holds an extraordinary diversity of species . Scientists have identified 915 reef fish species and more than 400 scleractinian coral species , 12 of which are endemic . </Li> <Li> The Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia 's West Papua province offer the highest known marine diversity . </Li> <Li> Bermuda is known for its northernmost coral reef system , located at 32.4 ° N and 64.8 ° W . The presence of coral reefs at this high latitude is due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream . Bermuda has a fairly consistent diversity of coral species , representing a subset of those found in the greater Caribbean . </Li> <Li> The world 's northernmost individual coral reef so far discovered is located within a bay of Japan 's Tsushima Island in the Korea Strait . </Li> <Li> The world 's southernmost coral reef is at Lord Howe Island , in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Australia . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Biology ( edit ) </H2> Anatomy of a coral polyp See also : Coral <P> Alive corals are colonies of small animals embedded in calcium carbonate shells . It is a mistake to think of coral as plants or rocks . Coral heads consist of accumulations of individual animals called polyps , arranged in diverse shapes . Polyps are usually tiny , but they can range in size from a pinhead to 12 inches ( 30 cm ) across . </P> <P> Reef - building or hermatypic corals live only in the photic zone ( above 50 m ) , the depth to which sufficient sunlight penetrates the water , allowing photosynthesis to occur . Coral polyps do not photosynthesize , but have a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae of the genus Symbiodinium , commonly referred to as zooxanthellae . These organisms live within the tissues of polyps and provide organic nutrients that nourish the polyp . Because of this relationship , coral reefs grow much faster in clear water , which admits more sunlight . Without their symbionts , coral growth would be too slow to form significant reef structures . Corals get up to 90 % of their nutrients from their symbionts . </P> <P> Reefs grow as polyps and other organisms deposit calcium carbonate , the basis of coral , as a skeletal structure beneath and around themselves , pushing the coral head 's top upwards and outwards . Waves , grazing fish ( such as parrotfish ) , sea urchins , sponges , and other forces and organisms act as bioeroders , breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons . Many other organisms living in the reef community contribute skeletal calcium carbonate in the same manner . Coralline algae are important contributors to reef structure in those parts of the reef subjected to the greatest forces by waves ( such as the reef front facing the open ocean ) . These algae strengthen the reef structure by depositing limestone in sheets over the reef surface . </P> <P> Typical shapes for coral species are wrinkled brains , cabbages , table tops , antlers , wire strands and pillars . These shapes can depend on the life history of the coral , like light exposure and wave action , and events such as breakages . </P> Table coral Close up of polyps are arrayed on a coral , waving their tentacles . There can be thousands of polyps on a single coral branch . <P> Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually . An individual polyp uses both reproductive modes within its lifetime . Corals reproduce sexually by either internal or external fertilization . The reproductive cells are found on the mesenteries , membranes that radiate inward from the layer of tissue that lines the stomach cavity . Some mature adult corals are hermaphroditic ; others are exclusively male or female . A few species change sex as they grow . </P> <P> Internally fertilized eggs develop in the polyp for a period ranging from days to weeks . Subsequent development produces a tiny larva , known as a planula . Externally fertilized eggs develop during synchronized spawning . Polyps release eggs and sperm into the water en masse , simultaneously . Eggs disperse over a large area . The timing of spawning depends on time of year , water temperature , and tidal and lunar cycles . Spawning is most successful when there is little variation between high and low tide . The less water movement , the better the chance for fertilization . Ideal timing occurs in the spring . Release of eggs or planula usually occurs at night , and is sometimes in phase with the lunar cycle ( three to six days after a full moon ) . The period from release to settlement lasts only a few days , but some planulae can survive afloat for several weeks . They are vulnerable to predation and environmental conditions . The lucky few planulae which successfully attach to substrate next confront competition for food and space . </P> <P> There are eight clades of Symbiodinium phylotypes . Most research has been completed on the Symbiodinium clades A -- D. Each one of the eight contributes their own benefits as well as less compatible attributes to the survival of their coral hosts . Each photosynthetic organism has a specific level of sensitivity to photodamage of compounds needed for survival , such as proteins . Rates of regeneration and replication determine the organism 's ability to survive . Phylotype A is found more in the shallow regions of marine waters . It is able to produce mycosporine - like amino acids that are UV resistant , using a derivative of glycerin to absorb the UV radiation and allowing them to become more receptive to warmer water temperatures . In the event of UV or thermal damage , if and when repair occurs , it will increase the likelihood of survival of the host and symbiont . This leads to the idea that , evolutionarily , clade A is more UV resistant and thermally resistant than the other clades . </P> <P> Clades B and C are found more frequently in the deeper water regions , which may explain the higher susceptibility to increased temperatures . Terrestrial plants that receive less sunlight because they are found in the undergrowth can be analogized to clades B , C , and D. Since clades B through D are found at deeper depths , they require an elevated light absorption rate to be able to synthesize as much energy . With elevated absorption rates at UV wavelengths , the deeper occurring phylotypes are more prone to coral bleaching versus the more shallow clades . Clade D has been observed to be high temperature - tolerant , and as a result it has a higher rate of survival than clades B and C . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Brain coral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Staghorn coral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Spiral wire coral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pillar coral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mushroom coral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Maze coral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Black coral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Fluorescent coral </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Darwin 's paradox ( edit ) </H2> Darwin 's paradox `` Coral ... seems to proliferate when ocean waters are warm , poor , clear and agitated , a fact which Darwin had already noted when he passed through Tahiti in 1842 . This constitutes a fundamental paradox , shown quantitatively by the apparent impossibility of balancing input and output of the nutritive elements which control the coral polyp metabolism . <P> Recent oceanographic research has brought to light the reality of this paradox by confirming that the oligotrophy of the ocean euphotic zone persists right up to the swell - battered reef crest . When you approach the reef edges and atolls from the quasidesert of the open sea , the near absence of living matter suddenly becomes a plethora of life , without transition . So why is there something rather than nothing , and more precisely , where do the necessary nutrients for the functioning of this extraordinary coral reef machine come from ? '' </P> -- Francis Rougerie <P> In The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs , published in 1842 , Darwin described how coral reefs were found in some areas of the tropical seas but not others , with no obvious cause . The largest and strongest corals grew in parts of the reef exposed to the most violent surf and corals were weakened or absent where loose sediment accumulated . </P> <P> Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an `` oasis in the desert '' . This has given rise to the ecosystem conundrum , sometimes called `` Darwin 's paradox '' : `` How can such high production flourish in such nutrient poor conditions ? '' </P> <P> Coral reefs cover less than 0.1 % of the surface of the world 's ocean , about half the land area of France , yet they support over one - quarter of all marine species . This diversity results in complex food webs , with large predator fish eating smaller forage fish that eat yet smaller zooplankton and so on . However , all food webs eventually depend on plants , which are the primary producers . Coral reefs ' primary productivity is very high , typically producing 5 -- 10 grams of carbon per square meter per day ( gC m day ) biomass . </P> <P> One reason for the unusual clarity of tropical waters is they are deficient in nutrients and drifting plankton . Further , the sun shines year - round in the tropics , warming the surface layer , making it less dense than subsurface layers . The warmer water is separated from deeper , cooler water by a stable thermocline , where the temperature makes a rapid change . This keeps the warm surface waters floating above the cooler deeper waters . In most parts of the ocean , there is little exchange between these layers . Organisms that die in aquatic environments generally sink to the bottom , where they decompose , which releases nutrients in the form of nitrogen ( N ) , phosphorus ( P ) and potassium ( K ) . These nutrients are necessary for plant growth , but in the tropics , they do not directly return to the surface . </P> <P> Plants form the base of the food chain , and need sunlight and nutrients to grow . In the ocean , these plants are mainly microscopic phytoplankton which drift in the water column . They need sunlight for photosynthesis , which powers carbon fixation , so they are found only relatively near the surface . But they also need nutrients . Phytoplankton rapidly use nutrients in the surface waters , and in the tropics , these nutrients are not usually replaced because of the thermocline . </P> Coral polyps <H3> Explanations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Around coral reefs , lagoons fill in with material eroded from the reef and the island . They become havens for marine life , providing protection from waves and storms . </P> <P> Most importantly , reefs recycle nutrients , which happens much less in the open ocean . In coral reefs and lagoons , producers include phytoplankton , as well as seaweed and coralline algae , especially small types called turf algae , which pass nutrients to corals . The phytoplankton are eaten by fish and crustaceans , who also pass nutrients along the food web . Recycling ensures fewer nutrients are needed overall to support the community . </P> <P> Coral reefs support many symbiotic relationships . In particular , zooxanthellae provide energy to coral in the form of glucose , glycerol , and amino acids . Zooxanthellae can provide up to 90 % of a coral 's energy requirements . In return , as an example of mutualism , the corals shelter the zooxanthellae , averaging one million for every cubic centimeter of coral , and provide a constant supply of the carbon dioxide they need for photosynthesis . </P> The color of corals depends on the combination of brown shades provided by their zooxanthellae and pigmented proteins ( reds , blues , greens , etc . ) produced by the corals themselves . <P> Corals also absorb nutrients , including inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus , directly from water . Many corals extend their tentacles at night to catch zooplankton that brush them when the water is agitated . Zooplankton provide the polyp with nitrogen , and the polyp shares some of the nitrogen with the zooxanthellae , which also require this element . The varying pigments in different species of zooxanthellae give them an overall brown or golden - brown appearance , and give brown corals their colors . Other pigments such as reds , blues , greens , etc. come from colored proteins made by the coral animals . Coral which loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white ( or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are richly pigmented with their own colorful proteins ) and is said to be bleached , a condition which , unless corrected , can kill the coral . </P> <P> Sponges are another key : they live in crevices in the coral reefs . They are efficient filter feeders , and in the Red Sea they consume about 60 % of the phytoplankton that drifts by . The sponges eventually excrete nutrients in a form the corals can use . </P> Most coral polyps are nocturnal feeders . Here , in the dark , polyps have extended their tentacles to feed on zooplankton . <P> The roughness of coral surfaces is the key to coral survival in agitated waters . Normally , a boundary layer of still water surrounds a submerged object , which acts as a barrier . Waves breaking on the extremely rough edges of corals disrupt the boundary layer , allowing the corals access to passing nutrients . Turbulent water thereby promotes reef growth and branching . Without the nutritional gains brought by rough coral surfaces , even the most effective recycling would leave corals wanting in nutrients . </P> <P> Studies have shown that deep nutrient - rich water entering coral reefs through isolated events may have significant effects on temperature and nutrient systems . This water movement disrupts the relatively stable thermocline that usually exists between warm shallow water to deeper colder water . Leichter et al. ( 2006 ) found that temperature regimes on coral reefs in the Bahamas and Florida were highly variable with temporal scales of minutes to seasons and spatial scales across depths . </P> <P> Water can be moved through coral reefs in various ways , including current rings , surface waves , internal waves and tidal changes . Movement is generally created by tides and wind . As tides interact with varying bathymetry and wind mixes with surface water , internal waves are created . An internal wave is a gravity wave that moves along density stratification within the ocean . When a water parcel encounters a different density it will oscillate and create internal waves . While internal waves generally have a lower frequency than surface waves , they often form as a single wave that breaks into multiple waves as it hits a slope and moves upward . This vertical break up of internal waves causes significant diapycnal mixing and turbulence . Internal waves can act as nutrient pumps , bringing plankton and cool nutrient - rich water up to the surface . </P> <P> The irregular structure characteristic of coral reef bathymetry may enhance mixing and produce pockets of cooler water and variable nutrient content . Arrival of cool , nutrient - rich water from depths due to internal waves and tidal bores has been linked to growth rates of suspension feeders and benthic algae as well as plankton and larval organisms . Leichter et al. proposed that the seaweed Codium isthmocladum reacts to deep water nutrient sources due to their tissues having different concentrations of nutrients dependent upon depth . Wolanski and Hamner noted aggregations of eggs , larval organisms and plankton on reefs in response to deep water intrusions . Similarly , as internal waves and bores move vertically , surface - dwelling larval organisms are carried toward the shore . This has significant biological importance to cascading effects of food chains in coral reef ecosystems and may provide yet another key to unlocking `` Darwin 's Paradox '' . </P> <P> Cyanobacteria provide soluble nitrates for the reef via nitrogen fixation . </P> <P> Coral reefs also often depend on surrounding habitats , such as seagrass meadows and mangrove forests , for nutrients . Seagrass and mangroves supply dead plants and animals which are rich in nitrogen and also serve to feed fish and animals from the reef by supplying wood and vegetation . Reefs , in turn , protect mangroves and seagrass from waves and produce sediment in which the mangroves and seagrass can root . </P> <H2> Biodiversity ( edit ) </H2> Tube sponges attracting cardinal fishes , glassfishes and wrasses Over 4,000 species of fish inhabit coral reefs . Organisms can cover every square inch of a coral reef . <P> Coral reefs form some of the world 's most productive ecosystems , providing complex and varied marine habitats that support a wide range of other organisms. Fringing reefs just below low tide level have a mutually beneficial relationship with mangrove forests at high tide level and sea grass meadows in between : the reefs protect the mangroves and seagrass from strong currents and waves that would damage them or erode the sediments in which they are rooted , while the mangroves and sea grass protect the coral from large influxes of silt , fresh water and pollutants . This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals , which , for example , may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding . </P> <P> Reefs are home to a large variety of animals , including fish , seabirds , sponges , cnidarians ( which includes some types of corals and jellyfish ) , worms , crustaceans ( including shrimp , cleaner shrimp , spiny lobsters and crabs ) , mollusks ( including cephalopods ) , echinoderms ( including starfish , sea urchins and sea cucumbers ) , sea squirts , sea turtles and sea snakes . Aside from humans , mammals are rare on coral reefs , with visiting cetaceans such as dolphins being the main exception . A few of these varied species feed directly on corals , while others graze on algae on the reef . Reef biomass is positively related to species diversity . </P> <P> The same hideouts in a reef may be regularly inhabited by different species at different times of day . Nighttime predators such as cardinalfish and squirrelfish hide during the day , while damselfish , surgeonfish , triggerfish , wrasses and parrotfish hide from eels and sharks . </P> <H3> Algae ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reefs are chronically at risk of algal encroachment . Overfishing and excess nutrient supply from onshore can enable algae to outcompete and kill the coral . Increased nutrient levels can be a result of sewage or chemical fertilizer runoff from nearby coastal developments . Runoff can carry nitrogen and phosphorus which promote excess algae growth . Algae can sometimes out - compete the coral for space . The algae can then smother the coral by decreasing the oxygen supply available to the reef . Decreased oxygen levels can slow down coral 's calcification rates weakening the coral and leaving it more susceptible to disease and degradation . In surveys done around largely uninhabited US Pacific islands , algae inhabit a large percentage of surveyed coral locations . The algal population consists of turf algae , coralline algae , and macro algae . </P> <H3> Sponges ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sponges are essential for the functioning of the coral reef 's ecosystem . Algae and corals in coral reefs produce organic material . This is filtered through sponges which convert this organic material into small particles which in turn are absorbed by algae and corals . </P> <H3> Fish ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Coral reef fish <P> Over 4,000 species of fish inhabit coral reefs . The reasons for this diversity remain unclear . Hypotheses include the `` lottery '' , in which the first ( lucky winner ) recruit to a territory is typically able to defend it against latecomers , `` competition '' , in which adults compete for territory , and less - competitive species must be able to survive in poorer habitat , and `` predation '' , in which population size is a function of postsettlement piscivore mortality . Healthy reefs can produce up to 35 tons of fish per square kilometer each year , but damaged reefs produce much less . </P> <H3> Invertebrates ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sea urchins , Dotidae and sea slugs eat seaweed . Some species of sea urchins , such as Diadema antillarum , can play a pivotal part in preventing algae from overrunning reefs . Nudibranchia and sea anemones eat sponges . </P> <P> A number of invertebrates , collectively called `` cryptofauna , '' inhabit the coral skeletal substrate itself , either boring into the skeletons ( through the process of bioerosion ) or living in pre-existing voids and crevices . Those animals boring into the rock include sponges , bivalve mollusks , and sipunculans . Those settling on the reef include many other species , particularly crustaceans and polychaete worms . </P> <H3> Seabirds ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coral reef systems provide important habitats for seabird species , some endangered . For example , Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds , including two - thirds ( 1.5 million ) of the global population of Laysan albatross , and one - third of the global population of black - footed albatross . Each seabird species has specific sites on the atoll where they nest . Altogether , 17 species of seabirds live on Midway . The short - tailed albatross is the rarest , with fewer than 2,200 surviving after excessive feather hunting in the late 19th century . </P> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sea snakes feed exclusively on fish and their eggs . Marine birds , such as herons , gannets , pelicans and boobies , feed on reef fish . Some land - based reptiles intermittently associate with reefs , such as monitor lizards , the marine crocodile and semiaquatic snakes , such as Laticauda colubrina . Sea turtles , particularly hawksbill sea turtles , feed on sponges . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Schooling reef fish </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Caribbean reef squid </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Banded coral shrimp </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Whitetip reef shark </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Green turtle </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Giant clam </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Soft coral , cup coral , sponges and ascidians </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Banded sea krait </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The shell of Latiaxis wormaldi , a coral snail </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Importance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services to tourism , fisheries and coastline protection . The global economic value of coral reefs has been estimated to be between US $29.8 billion and $375 billion per year . Coral reefs protect shorelines by absorbing wave energy , and many small islands would not exist without their reefs to protect them . According to the environmental group World Wide Fund for Nature , the economic cost over a 25 - year period of destroying one kilometer of coral reef is somewhere between $137,000 and $1,200,000 . About six million tons of fish are taken each year from coral reefs . Well - managed coral reefs have an annual yield of 15 tons of seafood on average per square kilometer . Southeast Asia 's coral reef fisheries alone yield about $2.4 billion annually from seafood . </P> <P> To improve the management of coastal coral reefs , another environmental group , the World Resources Institute ( WRI ) developed and published tools for calculating the value of coral reef - related tourism , shoreline protection and fisheries , partnering with five Caribbean countries . As of April 2011 , published working papers covered St. Lucia , Tobago , Belize , and the Dominican Republic , with a paper for Jamaica in preparation . The WRI was also `` making sure that the study results support improved coastal policies and management planning '' . The Belize study estimated the value of reef and mangrove services at $395 -- 559 million annually . </P> <P> Bermuda 's coral reefs provide economic benefits to the Island worth on average $722 million per year , based on six key ecosystem services , according to Sarkis et al ( 2010 ) . </P> <H2> Threats ( edit ) </H2> Island with fringing reef off Yap , Micronesia See also : Environmental issues with coral reefs and Coral bleaching <P> Coral reefs are dying around the world . In particular , coral mining , agricultural and urban runoff , pollution ( organic and inorganic ) , overfishing , blast fishing , disease , and the digging of canals and access into islands and bays are localized threats to coral ecosystems . Broader threats are sea temperature rise , sea level rise and pH changes from ocean acidification , all associated with greenhouse gas emissions . A 2014 study lists factors such as population explosion along the coast lines , overfishing , the pollution of coastal areas , global warming and invasive species among the main reasons that have put reefs in danger of extinction . </P> <P> A study released in April 2013 has shown that air pollution can also stunt the growth of coral reefs ; researchers from Australia , Panama and the UK used coral records ( between 1880 and 2000 ) from the western Caribbean to show the threat of factors such as coal - burning and volcanic eruptions . Pollutants , such as Tributyltin , a biocide released into water from in anti-fouling paint can be toxic to corals . </P> <P> In 2011 , researchers suggested that `` extant marine invertebrates face the same synergistic effects of multiple stressors '' that occurred during the end - Permian extinction , and that genera `` with poorly buffered respiratory physiology and calcareous shells '' , such as corals , were particularly vulnerable . </P> <P> Rock coral on seamounts across the ocean are under fire from bottom trawling . Reportedly up to 50 % of the catch is rock coral , and the practice transforms coral structures to rubble . With it taking years to regrow , these coral communities are disappearing faster than they can sustain themselves . </P> <P> Another cause for the death of coral reefs is bioerosion . Various fishes graze corals , dead or alive and change the morphology of coral reefs making them more susceptible to other physical and chemical threats . It has been generally observed that only the algae growing on dead corals is eaten and the live ones are not . However , this act still destroys the top layer of coral substrate and makes it harder for the reefs to sustain . </P> <P> In El Niño - year 2010 , preliminary reports show global coral bleaching reached its worst level since another El Niño year , 1998 , when 16 % of the world 's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature . In Indonesia 's Aceh province , surveys showed some 80 % of bleached corals died . Scientists do not yet understand the long - term impacts of coral bleaching , but they do know that bleaching leaves corals vulnerable to disease , stunts their growth , and affects their reproduction , while severe bleaching kills them . In July , Malaysia closed several dive sites where virtually all the corals were damaged by bleaching . </P> <P> To find answers for these problems , researchers study the various factors that impact reefs . The list includes the ocean 's role as a carbon dioxide sink , atmospheric changes , ultraviolet light , ocean acidification , viruses , impacts of dust storms carrying agents to far - flung reefs , pollutants , algal blooms and others . Reefs are threatened well beyond coastal areas . Coral reefs with one type of zooxanthellae are more prone to bleaching than are reefs with another , more hardy , species . </P> <P> General estimates show approximately 10 % of the world 's coral reefs are dead . About 60 % of the world 's reefs are at risk due to destructive , human - related activities . The threat to the health of reefs is particularly high in Southeast Asia , where 95 % of reefs are at risk from local threats . By the 2030s , 90 % of reefs are expected to be at risk from both human activities and climate change ; by 2050 , all coral reefs will be in danger . </P> <P> Current research is showing that ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef is contributing to coral disease , and that chemicals in sunscreens may contribute to the impact of viruses on zooxanthellae . </P> <P> Some scientists , including those associated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , posit that US coral reefs are likely to disappear within a few decades as a result of global warming . </P> <H2> Protection ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Coral reef protection A diversity of corals <P> Marine protected areas ( MPAs ) have become increasingly prominent for reef management . MPAs promote responsible fishery management and habitat protection . Much like national parks and wildlife refuges , and to varying degrees , MPAs restrict potentially damaging activities . MPAs encompass both social and biological objectives , including reef restoration , aesthetics , biodiversity , and economic benefits . However , there are very few MPAs that have actually made a substantial difference . Research in Indonesia , Philippines and Papua New Guinea shows that there is no significant difference between an MPA site and an unprotected site . Conflicts surrounding MPAs involve lack of participation , clashing views of the government and fisheries , effectiveness of the area , and funding . In some situations , as in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area , MPAs can also provide revenue , potentially equal to the income they would have generated without controls , as Kiribati did for its Phoenix Islands . </P> <P> According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 1970 - 2012 made by the IUCN . States that ; stopping overfishing especially key fishes to coral reef like parrotfish , coastal zone management which reduce human pressure on reef , ( for example restricting the coastal settlement , development and tourism in coastal reef ) and controlling pollution specially sewage wastage , may not only reduce coral declining but also reverse it and may let to coral reef more adaptable to changes relates to climate and acidification . The report shows that healthier reef in the Caribbean are those with large population of parrotfish in countries which protect these key fishes and sea urchins , banning fish trap and Spearfishing creating `` resilient reefs '' . </P> <P> To help combat ocean acidification , some laws are in place to reduce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide . The Clean Water Act puts pressure on state government agencies to monitor and limit runoff of pollutants that can cause ocean acidification . Stormwater surge preventions are also in place , as well as coastal buffers between agricultural land and the coastline . This act also ensures that delicate watershed ecosystems are intact , such as wetlands . The Clean Water Act is funded by the federal government , and is monitored by various watershed groups . Many land use laws aim to reduce CO emissions by limiting deforestation . Deforestation causes erosion , which releases a large amount of carbon stored in the soil , which then flows into the ocean , contributing to ocean acidification . Incentives are used to reduce miles traveled by vehicles , which reduces the carbon emissions into the atmosphere , thereby reducing the amount of dissolved CO in the ocean . State and federal governments also control coastal erosion , which releases stored carbon in the soil into the ocean , increasing ocean acidification . High - end satellite technology is increasingly being employed to monitor coral reef conditions . </P> <P> Biosphere reserve , marine park , national monument and world heritage status can protect reefs . For example , Belize 's barrier reef , Sian Ka'an , the Galapagos islands , Great Barrier Reef , Henderson Island , Palau and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument are world heritage sites . </P> <P> In Australia , the Great Barrier Reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority , and is the subject of much legislation , including a biodiversity action plan . They have compiled a Coral Reef Resilience Action Plan . This detailed action plan consists of numerous adaptive management strategies , including reducing our carbon footprint , which would ultimately reduce the amount of ocean acidification in the oceans surrounding the Great Barrier Reef . An extensive public awareness plan is also in place to provide education on the `` rainforests of the sea '' and how people can reduce carbon emissions , thereby reducing ocean acidification . </P> <P> Inhabitants of Ahus Island , Manus Province , Papua New Guinea , have followed a generations - old practice of restricting fishing in six areas of their reef lagoon . Their cultural traditions allow line fishing , but no net or spear fishing . The result is both the biomass and individual fish sizes are significantly larger than in places where fishing is unrestricted . </P> <H2> Restoration ( edit ) </H2> Coral fragments growing on nontoxic concrete See also : Aquaculture of coral , Artificial reef , and Restoration ecology <P> Coral aquaculture , also known as coral farming or coral gardening , is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs , which have been declining around the world . The process bypasses the early growth stages of corals when they are most at risk of dying . Coral seeds are grown in nurseries , then replanted on the reef . Coral is farmed by coral farmers who live locally to the reefs and farm for reef conservation or for income . </P> <P> Efforts to expand the size and number of coral reefs generally involve supplying substrate to allow more corals to find a home . Substrate materials include discarded vehicle tires , scuttled ships , subway cars , and formed concrete , such as reef balls . Reefs also grow unaided on marine structures such as oil rigs . In large restoration projects , propagated hermatypic coral on substrate can be secured with metal pins , superglue or milliput . Needle and thread can also attach A-hermatype coral to substrate . </P> <P> A substrate for growing corals referred to as Biorock is produced by running low voltage electrical currents through seawater to crystallize dissolved minerals onto steel structures . The resultant white carbonate ( aragonite ) is the same mineral that makes up natural coral reefs . Corals rapidly colonize and grow at accelerated rates on these coated structures . The electrical currents also accelerate formation and growth of both chemical limestone rock and the skeletons of corals and other shell - bearing organisms . The vicinity of the anode and cathode provides a high - pH environment which inhibits the growth of competitive filamentous and fleshy algae . The increased growth rates fully depend on the accretion activity . </P> <P> During accretion , the settled corals display an increased growth rate , size and density , but after the process is complete , growth rate and density return to levels comparable to natural growth , and are about the same size or slightly smaller . </P> <P> One case study with coral reef restoration was conducted on the island of Oahu in Hawaii . The University of Hawaii has come up with a Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program to help relocate and restore coral reefs in Hawaii . A boat channel on the island of Oahu to the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology was overcrowded with coral reefs . Also , many areas of coral reef patches in the channel had been damaged from past dredging in the channel . Dredging covers the existing corals with sand , and their larvae can not build and thrive on sand ; they can only build on to existing reefs . Because of this , the University of Hawaii decided to relocate some of the coral reef to a different transplant site . They transplanted them with the help of the United States Army divers , to a relocation site relatively close to the channel . They observed very little , if any , damage occurred to any of the colonies while they were being transported , and no mortality of coral reefs has been observed on the new transplant site , but they will be continuing to monitor the new transplant site to see how potential environmental impacts ( i.e. ocean acidification ) will harm the overall reef mortality rate . While trying to attach the coral to the new transplant site , they found the coral placed on hard rock is growing considerably well , and coral was even growing on the wires that attached the transplant corals to the transplant site . This gives new hope to future research on coral reef transplant sites . As a result of this coral restoration project , no environmental effects were seen from the transplantation process , no recreational activities were decreased , and no scenic areas were affected by the project . This is a great example that coral transplantation and restoration can work and thrive under the right conditions , which means there may be hope for other damaged coral reefs . </P> <P> Another possibility for coral restoration is gene therapy . Through infecting coral with genetically modified bacteria , it may be possible to grow corals that are more resistant to climate change and other threats . </P> <H2> Reefs in the past ( edit ) </H2> Ancient coral reefs <P> Throughout Earth history , from a few thousand years after hard skeletons were developed by marine organisms , there were almost always reefs . The times of maximum development were in the Middle Cambrian ( 513 -- 501 Ma ) , Devonian ( 416 -- 359 Ma ) and Carboniferous ( 359 -- 299 Ma ) , owing to order Rugosa extinct corals , and Late Cretaceous ( 100 -- 66 Ma ) and all Neogene ( 23 Ma -- present ) , owing to order Scleractinia corals . </P> <P> Not all reefs in the past were formed by corals : those in the Early Cambrian ( 542 -- 513 Ma ) resulted from calcareous algae and archaeocyathids ( small animals with conical shape , probably related to sponges ) and in the Late Cretaceous ( 100 -- 66 Ma ) , when there also existed reefs formed by a group of bivalves called rudists ; one of the valves formed the main conical structure and the other , much smaller valve acted as a cap . </P> <P> Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of the aragonitic skeleton of coral reefs , such as Porites , can indicate changes in the sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity conditions of the ocean during the growth of the coral . 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National Geographic News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrego D , Ulstrup KE , Willis BL , van Oppen MJH ( 2008 ) Species -- specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress . Proc Biol Sci 275 : 2273 -- 2282 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kleypas , J.A. ; Feely , R.A. ; Fabry , V.J. ; Langdon , C. ; Sabine , C.L. ; Robbins , L.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers : A guide for Future Research '' ( PDF ) . National Science Foundation , NOAA , & United States Geological Survey . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tun , K. ; Chou , L.M. ; Cabanban , A. ; Tuan , V.S. ; Philreefs ; Yeemin , T. ; Suharsono ; Sour , K. ; Lane , D. ( 2004 ) . `` Status of Coral Reefs , Coral Reef Monitoring and Management in Southeast Asia , 2004 '' . In Wilkinson , C. Status of Coral Reefs of the world : 2004 ( PDF ) . Townsville , Queensland , Australia : Australian Institute of Marine Science . pp. 235 -- 276 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reefs at Risk Revisited : Southeast Asia '' ( PDF ) . World Resources Institute . February 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reefs at Risk Revisited '' . World Resources Institute . February 2011 . pp. 45 -- 46 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lamb , Joleah ; Bette Willis ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Using coral disease prevalence to assess the effects of concentrating tourism activities on offshore reefs in a tropical marine park '' . Conservation Biology . 25 ( 5 ) : 1044 -- 1052 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2011. 01724. x . PMID 21848962 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Scientists warn US coral reefs are on course to disappear within decades '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClanahan , Timothy ; Marnane , Michael ; Cinner , Joshua E. ; Kiene , William E. ( 2006 ) . `` A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral - Reef Management '' . Current Biology . 16 ( 14 ) : 1408 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2006.05. 062 . PMID 16860739 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christie , P. ( 2004 ) . `` Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in Southeast Asia '' . American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2004 ( 42 ) : 155 -- 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClanahan , Timothy ; Davies , Jamie ; Maina , Joseph ( 2005 ) . `` Factors influencing resource users and managers ' perceptions towards marine protected area management in Kenya '' . Environmental Conservation. 32 : 42 -- 49 . doi : 10.1017 / S0376892904001791 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , Gregory ( January 2011 ) . `` Phoenix Rising '' . National Geographic Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ewa Magiera ; Sylvie Rockel ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` From despair to repair : Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed '' . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly , R.P ; Foley ; Fisher , WS ; Feely , RA ; Halpern , BS ; Waldbusser , GG ; Caldwell , MR ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Mitigating local causes of ocean acidification with existing laws '' ( PDF ) . Science . 332 ( 6033 ) : 1036 -- 1037 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 332.1036 K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1203815 . PMID 21617060 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Satellites to assess coral reef health '' . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Heritage List '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A biodiversity strategy for the Great Barrier Reef '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority , Australian Government . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Climate Change Action Plan 2007 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cinner , Joshua E. ; Marnane , Michael J. ; McClanahan , Tim R. ( 2005 ) . `` Conservation and community benefits from traditional coral reef management at Ahus Island , Papua New Guinea '' . Conservation Biology . 19 ( 6 ) : 1714 -- 1723 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005. 00209. x-i1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coral Reef Management , Papua New Guinea '' . Nasa 's Earth Observatory . Retrieved November 2 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horoszowski - Fridman , YB , Izhaki , I & Rinkevich , B ; Izhaki ; Rinkevich ( 2011 ) . `` Engineering of coral reef larval supply through transplantation of nursery - farmed gravid colonies '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 399 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 166 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2011.01. 005 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pomeroy , RS , Parks , JE and Balboa , CM ( 2006 ) . `` Farming the reef : is aquaculture a solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs ? '' . Marine Policy . 30 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 130 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpol. 2004.09. 001 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rinkevich , B ( 2008 ) . `` Management of coral reefs : We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration '' ( PDF ) . Marine pollution bulletin. 56 ( 11 ) : 1821 -- 1824 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2008.08. 014 . PMID 18829052 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferse , SCA ( 2010 ) . `` Poor Performance of Corals Transplanted onto Substrates of Short Durability '' . Restoration Ecology. 18 ( 4 ) : 399 -- 407 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1526 - 100X. 2010.00682. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Superglue used for placement of coral . coralgarden.co.uk ( May 8 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Needle and thread use with soft coral . coralgarden.co.uk ( May 8 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sabater , Marlowe G. ; Yap , Helen T. ( 2004 ) . `` Long - term effects of induced mineral accretion on growth , survival , and corallite properties of Porites cylindrica Dana '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 311 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 374 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2004.05. 013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jokeil , P.L. ; Ku'lei , S.R ( 2004 ) . `` Coral Relocation Project in Kaneohe Bay , Oahu , Hawaii : Report on Phase 1 '' ( PDF ) . University of Hawaii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gene Therapy Could Help Corals Survive Climate Change '' . Scientific American . February 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cobb , K. ; Charles , Christopher D. ; Cheng , Hai ; Edwards , R. Lawrence ( 2003 ) . `` El Nino / Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the past millennium '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 424 ( 6946 ) : 271 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 424 ... 271C . doi : 10.1038 / nature01779 . PMID 12867972 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 11 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further references ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Coral Reef Protection : What Are Coral Reefs ? . US EPA . </Li> <Li> UNEP. 2004 . Coral Reefs in the South China Sea . UNEP / GEF / SCS Technical Publication No. 2 . </Li> <Li> UNEP. 2007 . Coral Reefs Demonstration Sites in the South China Sea . UNEP / GEF / SCS Technical Publication No. 5 . </Li> <Li> UNEP , 2007 . National Reports on Coral Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea . UNEP / GEF / SCS Technical Publication No. 11 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> External image <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coral Reefs : Rainforests of the Sea ORG Educational films . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Reefs </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coral reefs . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Coral - reefs . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Coral Reef Factsheet '' . Waitt Institute . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Corals and Coral Reefs overview at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal </Li> <Li> About Corals Australian Institute of Marine Science . </Li> <Li> International Coral Reef Initiative </Li> <Li> Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research Site ( US NSF ) </Li> <Li> ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies </Li> <Li> NOAA 's Coral - List Listserver for Coral Reef Information and News </Li> <Li> NOAA 's Coral Reef Conservation Program </Li> <Li> NOAA 's Coral Reef Information System </Li> <Li> ReefBase : A Global Information System on Coral Reefs </Li> <Li> National Coral Reef Institute Nova Southeastern University </Li> <Li> Marine Aquarium Council </Li> <Li> NCORE National Center for Coral Reef Research University of Miami </Li> <Li> Science and Management of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> Microdocs : 4 kinds of Reef & Reef structure </Li> <Li> Reef Relief Active Florida environmental non-profit focusing on coral reef education and protection </Li> <Li> Global Reef Record -- Catlin Seaview Survey of reef , a database of images and other information </Li> <Li> Corals and Coral Reefs Nancy Knowlton , iBioSeminars , 2011 . </Li> <Li> About coral reefs Living Reefs Foundation , Bermuda </Li> <Li> Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 1970 - 2012 by the IUCN . - Video on YouTube , featuring the report . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Corals and coral reefs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stony corals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Brain </Li> <Li> Elegance </Li> <Li> Elkhorn </Li> <Li> Hermatypic </Li> <Li> Chalice </Li> <Li> Pillar </Li> <Li> Staghorn </Li> <Li> Table </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soft corals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bamboo </Li> <Li> Black </Li> <Li> Organ pipe </Li> <Li> Sea fans </Li> <Li> Sea pens </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coral reefs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atoll </Li> <Li> Cay </Li> <Li> Coral </Li> <Li> Fringing </Li> <Li> Microatoll </Li> <Li> Coral reef fish </Li> <Li> Census of Coral Reefs </Li> <Li> The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs </Li> <Li> Catlin Seaview Survey </Li> <Li> Spur and groove formation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coral regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of reefs </Li> <Li> Deep - 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where are coral reefs located in the world
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Coral_reef&amp;oldid=815961061
398,426,721,088,437,600
Mood swing - wikipedia <H1> Mood swing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings , usually between mania and depression <P> A mood swing is an extreme or rapid change in mood . Such mood swings can play a positive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning . However , when mood swings are so strong that they are disruptive , they may be the main part of a bipolar disorder . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Speed and extent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Causes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Brain chemistry </Li> <Li> 2.2 List of conditions known to cause mood swings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Treatment </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Speed and extent ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mood swings can happen any time at any place , varying from the microscopic to the wild oscillations of manic depression , so that a continuum can be traced from normal struggles around self - esteem , through cyclothymia , up to a depressive disease . However most people 's mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs . </P> <P> The duration of mood swings also varies . They may last a few hours - ultrarapid - or extend over days - ultradian : clinicians maintain that only when four continuous days of hypomania , or seven days of mania , occur , is a diagnosis of bipolar disorder justified . </P> <P> In such cases , mood swings can extend over several days , even weeks : these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria . </P> <H2> Causes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Changes in a person 's energy level , sleep patterns , self - esteem , concentration , drug or alcohol use can be signs of an oncoming mood disorder . </P> <P> Many different things might trigger mood swings , from unhealthy diet or lifestyle to drug abuse or hormonal imbalance . </P> <P> Other major causes of mood swings ( besides bi-polar disorder and major depression ) include diseases / disorders which interfere with nervous system function . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , epilepsy , and autism are three such examples . </P> <P> The hyperactivity sometimes accompanied by inattentiveness , impulsiveness , and forgetfulness are cardinal symptoms associated with ADHD . As a result , ADHD is known to bring about usually short - lived ( though sometimes dramatic ) mood swings . The communication difficulties associated with autism , and the associated changes in neurochemistry , are also known to cause autistic fits ( autistic mood swings ) . The seizures associated with epilepsy involve changes in the brain 's electrical firing , and thus may also bring about striking and dramatic mood swings . If the mood swing is not associated with a mood disorder , treatments are harder to assign . Most commonly , however , mood swings are the result of dealing with stressful and / or unexpected situations in daily life . </P> <P> Degenerative diseases of the human central nervous system such as Parkinson 's disease , Alzheimer 's disease , multiple sclerosis , and Huntington 's disease may also produce mood swings . Celiac disease can also affect the nervous system and mood swings can appear . </P> <P> Not eating on time can contribute , or eating too much sugar , can cause fluctuations in blood sugar , which can cause mood swings . </P> <H3> Brain chemistry ( edit ) </H3> <P> If a person has an abnormal level of one or several of certain neurotransmitters ( NTs ) in their brain , it may result in having mood swings or a mood disorder . Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter that is involved with sleep , moods , and emotional states . A slight imbalance of this NT could result in depression . Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved with learning , memory , and physical arousal . Like serotonin , an imbalance of norepinephrine may also result in depression . </P> <H3> List of conditions known to cause mood swings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anabolic steroid abuse </Li> <Li> Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder </Li> <Li> Autism or other pervasive developmental disorder </Li> <Li> Bipolar disorder or cyclothymia </Li> <Li> Borderline personality disorder </Li> <Li> Dementia , including Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease and Huntington 's disease </Li> <Li> Epilepsy </Li> <Li> Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism </Li> <Li> Intermittent explosive disorder </Li> <Li> Major depression </Li> <Li> Post traumatic stress disorder </Li> <Li> Pregnancy </Li> <Li> Premenstrual syndrome </Li> <Li> Schizoaffective disorder </Li> <Li> Schizophrenia </Li> <Li> Seasonal affective disorder </Li> <Li> XXYY syndrome </Li> </Ul> <H2> Treatment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cognitive behavioral therapy recommends using emotional dampeners to break the self - reinforcing tendencies of either manic or depressive mood swings . Exercise , treats , seeking out small ( and easily attainable ) triumphs , and using vicarious distractions like reading or watching TV , are among the techniques found to be regularly used by people in breaking depressive swings . </P> <P> Learning to bring oneself down from grandiose states of mind , or up from exaggerated shame states , is part of taking a proactive approach to managing one 's own moods and varying sense of self - esteem . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Depression ( mood ) </Li> <Li> Dysthymia </Li> <Li> Euthymia </Li> <Li> Self - medication </Li> <Li> Splitting ( psychology ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Salovey et al , Emotional Intelligence ( 2004 ) p. 1974 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Science - When does your mental health become a problem ? '' . BBC Science . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud , Civilization , Society and Religion ( PFL 12 ) p. 164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otto Fenichel , The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis ( 1946 ) p. 406 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Goleman ( 1995 ) . Emotional Intelligence : Why it Can Matter More Than IQ . Bloomsbury Publishing PLC . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0747528302 . ASIN 0747528306 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S , Nassir Ghaemi , Mood Disorder ( 2007 ) p. 243 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hockenbury , Don and Sandra ( 2011 ) . Discovering Psychology Fifth Edition . New York , NY : Worth Publishers . p. 549 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 1650 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bipolar Mood Swings , Stabilizers , Triggers , and Mania . '' WebMD . WebMD , 3 May 0000 . Web . 29 Feb. 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` epilepsymatters.com - Home of the Canadian Epilepsy Alliance '' . Epilepsymatters.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Autism spectrum disorder '' . Nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chat for Adults with HFA and Aspergers : Mood Swings in Adults on the Autism Spectrum '' . Adultaspergerschat.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donna Williams . `` Donna Williams : Autism , Puberty and Possibility of Seizures '' . Donnawilliams.net . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stern RA ( 1996 ) . `` Assessment of Mood States in Neurodegenerative Disease : Methodological Issues and Diagnostic Recommendations '' . Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 1 ( 4 ) : 315 -- 324 . doi : 10.1053 / SCNP00100315 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . PMID 10320434 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Definition & Facts for Celiac Disease . What are the complications of celiac disease ? '' . NIDDK . June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angela Haupt . `` Food and Mood : 6 Ways Your Diet Affects How You Feel '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Can food affect your mood ? - CNN.com '' . CNN . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neurobiology of Mood Disorders . '' ( PDF ) . Turner-white.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert , Paul ( 1999 ) . Overcoming Depression . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01508 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goleman , pp. 73 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Terence Real ( 1997 ) . I Do n't Want to Talk About It . Newleaf . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 0717127108 . ASIN 0717127109 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ronald R. Fieve , Moodswing ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Susanne P. Schad - Somers , On mood swings ( 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Understanding mood swings </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Borderline personality disorder </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dimensional models of personality disorders </Li> <Li> Impulse control disorders </Li> <Li> Trauma model of mental disorders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symptoms and behaviors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dissociation </Li> <Li> Eating disorders </Li> <Li> Dysregulation </Li> <Li> Feelings of emptiness </Li> <Li> Hypersexuality </Li> <Li> Idealization and devaluation </Li> <Li> Impulsivity </Li> <Li> Mood swings </Li> <Li> Projection </Li> <Li> Self - harm </Li> <Li> Splitting </Li> <Li> Suicidal ideation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dialectical behavior therapy </Li> <Li> Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy </Li> <Li> McLean Hospital </Li> <Li> Mentalization - based treatment </Li> <Li> Schema therapy </Li> <Li> Social psychiatry </Li> <Li> Transference focused psychotherapy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family challenges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BPDFamily ( support group ) </Li> <Li> Codependency </Li> <Li> Complex PTSD </Li> <Li> Emotional blackmail </Li> <Li> Family estrangement </Li> <Li> Personal boundaries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mood disorder ( F30 -- F39 , 296 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emil Kraepelin </Li> <Li> Karl Leonhard </Li> <Li> John Cade </Li> <Li> Mogens Schou </Li> <Li> Frederick K. Goodwin </Li> <Li> Kay Redfield Jamison </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symptoms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hallucination </Li> <Li> Delusion </Li> <Li> Emotional dysregulation <Ul> <Li> Anhedonia </Li> <Li> Dysphoria </Li> <Li> Suicidal ideation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mood swing </Li> <Li> sleep disorder <Ul> <Li> Hypersomnia </Li> <Li> Insomnia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Psychosis </Li> <Li> Racing thoughts </Li> <Li> Reduced affect display </Li> <Li> Depression ( differential diagnoses ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spectrum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bipolar disorder <Ul> <Li> Bipolar I </Li> <Li> Bipolar II </Li> <Li> Cyclothymia </Li> <Li> Bipolar NOS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Depression </Li> <Li> ( Major depressive disorder </Li> <Li> Dysthymia </Li> <Li> Seasonal affective disorder </Li> <Li> Atypical depression </Li> <Li> Melancholic depression ) </Li> <Li> Schizoaffective disorder </Li> <Li> Mania </Li> <Li> Mixed affective state </Li> <Li> Hypomania </Li> <Li> Major depressive episode </Li> <Li> Rapid cycling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treatment </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Anticonvulsants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carbamazepine </Li> <Li> Lamotrigine </Li> <Li> Oxcarbazepine </Li> <Li> Valproate <Ul> <Li> Sodium valproate </Li> <Li> Valproate semisodium </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sympathomimetics , SSRIs & similar </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dextroamphetamine </Li> <Li> Methylphenidate </Li> <Li> Bupropion </Li> <Li> Sertraline </Li> <Li> Fluoxetine </Li> <Li> Escitalopram </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other mood stabilizers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antipsychotics </Li> <Li> Lithium <Ul> <Li> Lithium carbonate </Li> <Li> Lithium citrate </Li> <Li> Lithium sulfate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Atypical antipsychotics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-pharmaceutical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clinical psychology </Li> <Li> Electroconvulsive therapy </Li> <Li> Involuntary commitment </Li> <Li> Light therapy </Li> <Li> Psychotherapy </Li> <Li> Transcranial magnetic stimulation </Li> <Li> Cognitive behavioral therapy </Li> <Li> Dialectical behavior therapy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&oldid=843265410 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Abnormal psychology </Li> <Li> Borderline personality disorder </Li> <Li> Mood disorders </Li> <Li> Symptoms and signs : Cognition , perception , emotional state and behaviour </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 </Li> <Li> CS1 errors : dates </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 00 : 31 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is it called when you have sudden mood changes
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&amp;oldid=843265410
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Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) - wikipedia <H1> Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Time After Time '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Front sleeve for European releases </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Cyndi Lauper </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album She 's So Unusual </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` I 'll Kiss You '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> January 27 , 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 '' </Li> <Li> 7 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> June 1983 at The Record Plant ( New York City , New York ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soft rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Epic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cyndi Lauper </Li> <Li> Rob Hyman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rick Chertoff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cyndi Lauper singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A-side label of U.S. vinyl release </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Time After Time '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Time After Time '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Cyndi Lauper . It was recorded by Lauper for her debut studio album , She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) , with Rob Hyman ( co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters ) contributing backing vocals . The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27 , 1984 . It was the second single to be released from the album and became Lauper 's first # 1 hit in the U.S. The song was written in the album 's final stages , after `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' had been written . The writing began with the title , which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine , referring to the 1979 science fiction film Time After Time . </P> <P> `` Time After Time '' is composed of simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock - ticking percussion , and elastic bassline , and lyrically is a love song of devotion . Most music critics gave the song positive reviews , with most commending the song for being a solid and memorable love song , as well as considering the track Lauper 's best song . The song has been selected as one of the Best Love Songs of All Time by many media outlets , including Rolling Stone , Nerve , MTV and many others . `` Time After Time '' was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 1985 edition . The song was a success on the charts , becoming her first number - one single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 9 , 1984 , and remaining there for two weeks . The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the ARIA Singles Chart . </P> <P> The song is also known for its numerous covers by a wide range of artists , including Miles Davis , who recorded an instrumental version for his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest , and Eva Cassidy , whose cover of the song appears on her posthumous album of the same name . R&B singer Lil Mo also covered the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . An acoustic version was sung by Lauper with Sarah McLachlan on her 2005 album The Body Acoustic . Lauper has performed the song live with Patti LaBelle twice in 1985 and 2004 and with Sarah McLachlan at the American Music Awards of 2005 , as well as with rapper Lil ' Kim in 2009 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and recording </Li> <Li> 2 Composition and lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Accolades </Li> <Li> 3.2 Awards and nominations <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Lists of best songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 5 Music video </Li> <Li> 6 Usage in media </Li> <Li> 7 Track listing </Li> <Li> 8 Personnel </Li> <Li> 9 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 9.2 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> 9.3 US Re-release ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 9.4 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 9.5 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Cover versions <Ul> <Li> 10.1 INOJ version <Ul> <Li> 10.1. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 10.1. 2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 10.1. 3 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.2 Novaspace version <Ul> <Li> 10.2. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 10.2. 2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.3 Quietdrive version <Ul> <Li> 10.3. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 10.3. 2 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.4 Javier Colon version <Ul> <Li> 10.4. 1 Weekly charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Other versions and samples </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and recording ( edit ) </H2> Rob Hyman ( pictured ) co-wrote and sings background vocals on the track . <P> While writing for her debut studio album , in the spring of 1983 , Cyndi Lauper was introduced to American musician Rob Hyman , who was recommended by Rick Chertoff , the album 's producer . Lauper had already recorded the majority of the album , including the songs `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' , but Chertoff insisted that she and Hyman needed to record just `` one more song '' . Therefore , she and Hyman sat at a piano and started working on `` Time After Time '' . The inspiration for the song came after both songwriters were going through similar things with their relationships ; he was coming out of a long and hard relationship , while she was having difficulties with her boyfriend , David Wolff . One of the first lines Rob wrote was `` suitcase of memories '' , which according to Lauper , `` struck her '' , claiming it was a `` wonderful line '' , while other lines came from Lauper 's life . The song 's title was inspired after Lauper started writing for the song and needed a fake title as a placeholder for the time being . Thus , Lauper was looking in the TV Guide and saw a lot of movie titles , with the 1979 science fiction movie Time After Time being chosen . Although trying to remove the title later , Lauper claimed she could n't take it out without the song falling apart . </P> <P> Initially , Epic Records wanted `` Time After Time '' as the album 's lead - single . However , Lauper claimed that releasing a ballad first defines an artist in a certain way , noting that she could have been known as a balladeer and that it could have killed her career . Therefore , her manager Dave Wolff convinced that `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' could be an anthem , and ultimately her label agreed and released it as the lead - single . `` Time After Time '' eventually became the album 's second single , being released on January 27 , 1984 . </P> <H2> Composition and lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Written by Cyndi Lauper and Rob Hyman and produced by Rick Chertoff , `` Time After Time '' is built over simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , the track is a love song of devotion . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics speculates that , `` In ' Time After Time , ' Lauper believes she is a difficult person , unworthy of love . She runs away and shuts people out . However , her devoted boyfriend who loves her unconditionally is willing to help her through anything . The relationship is given depth . The couple 's intimacy and history is apparent . They 've been together for a long time . They love and have seen each other through every tough part of their life . '' </P> <P> `` Time After Time '' is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in common time . Lauper 's vocals span from G to C in the song . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song received critical acclaim from most music critics . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the track , calling it `` the album 's finest moment , if not Lauper 's greatest moment period . '' Susan Glen of PopMatters also called it a standout track , naming it `` gorgeous '' , while Bryan Lee Madden of Sputnikmusic simply called it `` a masterpiece '' and `` the best and most significant song she ever wrote or recorded . '' Brenon Veevers of Renowned for Sound labeled it `` sentimental '' and `` gorgeous '' . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics described the song as `` a sure - fire classic , '' while Scott Floman , music critic for Goldmine magazine , described the song as `` gorgeously heartfelt '' and `` one of the decade 's finest ballads '' . Chris Gerard of Metro Weekly summarized the song as a `` beautiful and bittersweet ballad . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Time After Time '' has entered many lists of `` Best Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Best Ballads from the 80 's '' and others . Steve Peake of About.com listed the song at number 6 on her `` Top Songs of the ' 80s '' , writing that the song `` stands tall among the music of the entire rock era as one of its all - time great timeless ballads , '' noting that `` it probably still functions impeccably as a properly emotionally wrenching slow - dance favorite . '' Bill Lamb , also from About.com , placed the song at number 21 on his `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' list . On Nerve 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Time After Time '' was placed at number 5 , being called `` Lauper 's most enduring masterpiece hits at the very essence of commitment , '' with the article pointing out that `` she captures real romance in the most simple and straightforward of lines : ' If you 're lost , you can look and you will find me , time after time ' . '' The song also entered the Rolling Stone & MTV 's `` 100 Greatest Pop Songs '' at number 66 . The song also entered VH1 's `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years and `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' lists , at numbers 22 and 19 respectively . The song was also present on NME 's 100 Best Songs of the 1980s , being ranked at number 79 . The website declared that `` ' Time After Time ' was a change in tack for Lauper , whose musical persona had previously been unstoppably light and frothy . ' Time After Time ' was demoed quickly in time for inclusion on her debut ' She 's So Unusual ' , and ended up being a key song for both Lauper 's career and the decade itself . '' </P> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Won </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Female Performance </Li> <Li> 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Pop Video </Li> <Li> 1984 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award </Li> <Li> 1984 -- Billboard Awards for Best Female Performance </Li> <Li> 1985 -- Pro Canada Awards for Most Performed Foreign Song </Li> <Li> 2008 -- BMI Millionaire Award for 5 Million Spins on US Radio </Li> <Li> 2009 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Nominations </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist </Li> <Li> 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video </Li> <Li> 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction </Li> <Li> 1985 -- Grammy Award for Song of the Year </Li> </Ul> Lists of best songs ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> By </Th> <Th> List </Th> <Th> Work </Th> <Th> Ranked </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Rolling Stone </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Pop Songs </Td> <Td> `` Time After Time '' </Td> <Td> # 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> VH1 </Td> <Td> 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years </Td> <Td> `` Time After Time '' </Td> <Td> # 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> VH1 </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s </Td> <Td> `` Time After Time '' </Td> <Td> # 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Time After Time '' became Lauper 's first number - one single on the Billboard charts , reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1984 . It also reached the top of the Adult Contemporary and Canadian Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Time After Time '' first peaked at number 54 on March 24 , 1984 , while peaking later at number 3 , on June 16 , 1984 . In New Zealand , the song reached number 3 , in Austria it reached number 5 , in Switzerland it reached number 7 , in France it peaked at number 9 and in Sweden it reached a peak of number 10 . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> Morristown , NJ , train station , seen at the end of the video . <P> The video for `` Time After Time '' was directed by Edd Griles , and its storyline is about a young woman leaving her lover behind when she becomes homesick and worried about her mother . Lauper 's mother , brother , and then - boyfriend , David Wolff , appear in the video , and Lou Albano , who played her father in the `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' video , can be seen as a cook . Portions of the video were filmed at the now - closed Tom 's Diner in Roxbury Township , New Jersey , the intersection of Route 46 and Route 10 and at the Morristown train station . Portions of the video were also shot in front of Betty 's Department Store in Wharton , NJ , which was a staple of the community in the 1970s . According to Lauper , `` It was important to me that we were natural and human in the video . I wanted to convey somebody who walked her own path and did not always get along with everyone and did not always marry the guy . '' The video opens with Lauper watching the 1936 film The Garden of Allah and the final scene , where she gets on the train and waves goodbye to David , has Lauper crying for real . </P> <H2> Usage in media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The song has been featured numerous times in popular culture including the films Napoleon Dynamite , View from the Top , Strictly Ballroom , Up In the Air , John Tucker Must Die , Prom Night , Clockstoppers , Ghosts of Girlfriends Past , Sunny , Paranoia , Good Deeds , Nebraska , Irresistible , This Is Where I Leave You , Brown Sugar , and Romy and Michele 's High School Reunion as well as the television shows Cold Case , Stars in Their Eyes , Smallville , Veronica Mars , The Simpsons , The New Adventures of Old Christine , Ugly Betty , EastEnders , Accused , Parks and Recreation , Atop The Fourth Wall , Psych , Defiance , Grey 's Anatomy , Glee , My Name Is Earl , and Supergirl . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> European single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Time After Time '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 5 : 02 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Rob Hyman ) </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Kiss You '' -- 4 : 12 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Jules Shear ) </Li> <Li> `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 08 ( Robert Hazard ) </Li> <Li> `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 ( Robert Hazard ) </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> US Vinyl , 7 `` , Single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Time After Time '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Kiss You '' </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Written by Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman </Li> <Li> Produced by Rick Chertoff </Li> <Li> Executive producer : Lennie Petze </Li> <Li> Associate producer : William Wittman </Li> <Li> Engineered by William Wittman </Li> <Li> Arranged by Cyndi Lauper , Rick Chertoff , Rob Hyman , Eric Bazilian </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1984 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( CHUM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2012 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2005 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> US Re-release ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1984 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Single Charts ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Digital </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Order of precedence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` The Longest Time '' by Billy Joel </Td> <Td> Billboard Adult Contemporary number one single 2 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Believe in Me '' by Dan Fogelberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot 100 number one single 9 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` The Reflex '' by Duran Duran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cash Box Top 100 number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Hello '' by Lionel Richie </Td> <Td> RPM Top Singles number one single 9 June 1984 - 23 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Do n't Answer Me '' by The Alan Parsons Project </Td> <Td> RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> American R&B Duo Changing Faces recorded the song as an album track for their 1997 Album `` All Day , All Night '' . Their version was not released as a single . </Li> <Li> American R&B singer INOJ recorded the song in 1998 . Her version peaked at number six on Billboard Hot 100 Charts in the U.S. The music video of this version first aired on BET and The Box . </Li> <Li> Novaspace : The German Eurodance project covered the song on their album Novaspace ( 2002 ) . It reached # 6 in Germany , # 7 in Austria and # 15 in Australia . </Li> <Li> American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006 . The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow . The cover is their only charting song , hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown . The cover was certified gold by the RIAA . </Li> <Li> In April 2011 , on the premiere of the American version of the reality competition television series The Voice , Javier Colon performed an acoustic version of the song during the `` blind audition '' phase . The studio recording of his cover peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart , number 41 on the Digital Songs chart , number 16 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart , and number 4 on the Top Heatseekers chart . </Li> </Ul> <H3> INOJ version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1998 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Year - end charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1998 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Certifications ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Novaspace version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2002 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2003 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Year - end charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2002 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Quietdrive version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Certifications ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Javier Colon version ( edit ) </H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2011 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Heatseekers Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other versions and samples ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kids Incorporated covered `` Time After Time '' in 1984 in the Season 1 episode `` X Marks the Spot '' and in 1987 in the Season 4 episode `` You 've Got the Wrong Date '' . </Li> <Li> American Dance / Hi NRG artist Paul Parker released a cover of `` Time After Time '' in 1985 . </Li> <Li> Miles Davis recorded the song on his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest . </Li> <Li> New Zealand singer Mark Williams and Australian actress / singer Tara Morice recorded the song as a duet for the soundtrack of the movie Strictly Ballroom in 1992 . </Li> <Li> Everything But The Girl included a cover of the song on their acoustic album Acoustic ( Everything but the Girl album ) </Li> <Li> Eva Cassidy 's version of the song was published on her album Time After Time in 2000 , four years after her death in 1996 . </Li> <Li> American girl group Blaque covered `` Time After Time '' on their debut album Blaque in 1999 . </Li> <Li> American R&B singer Lil Mo recorded the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . </Li> <Li> English garage act Distant Soundz recorded a version of the song in 2002 featuring Robbie Beaumont , which reached number 20 in the UK charts . </Li> <Li> Willie Nelson covered the song on his album The Great Divide in 2002 . </Li> <Li> French singer Nolwenn Leroy covered the song for her 2007 live album Histoires Naturelles Tour . </Li> <Li> Irish singer / songwriter Ronan Keating rendered the song in 2008 . The rendition is the first single released from Keating 's fifth solo album , Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) . The single was released on February 8 , 2009 , and became Keating 's first single to be released in three years . The song was produced by Keating himself . The song peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Actress and singer , Anna Kendrick performed a cover of the song on the soundtrack to the film Up in the Air , in which she starred . </Li> <Li> In June 2016 , Ben Weighill covered the song in an advert for bed company Dreams . </Li> <Li> The Lovelocks , a Canadian CCMA ® nominated female roots - country duo consisting of Ali Raney and Zoe Neuman released their cover of `` Time After Time '' in July , 2016 </Li> <Li> U96 : `` Heaven '' ( 1996 ) . It reached # 2 in Austria , # 7 in Finland , # 4 in Germany , # 15 in the Netherlands , # 5 in Norway , # 5 in Sweden and # 16 in Switzerland . </Li> <Li> In 2006 , Alison Pill covered this song in the seventh episode of the short lived NBC series The Book of Daniel ( TV series ) . </Li> <Li> In 2008 , American actress / singer Ashley Tisdale covered this song as a promotion for Degree Girl antiperspirant . </Li> <Li> Sung by Chrissy Metz on the This Is Us episode `` Kyle . '' </Li> <Li> American singer - songwriter and pianist Merry Ellen Kirk covered this song on her 2015 album , We are the Dreamers . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of RPM number - one singles of 1984 </Li> <Li> List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1984 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Myers , Marc ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` How Cyndi Lauper Wrote Her First No. 1 Hit , ' Time After Time ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City , NY , U.S . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stone & MTV : 100 Greatest Pop Songs : 51 -- 100 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Leading Cyndi Lauper News Site on the Net '' . cyndilaupernews.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moser , John J. ( December 3 , 2005 ) . `` Time after time , Cyndi Lauper ready to defend her body of work '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Returns '' . IGN Music . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster , . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( 29 September 2003 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peake , Steve . `` Top Cyndi Lauper Songs of the ' 80s '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Avoledo , Pam ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Single Review : Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' `` . Blogcritics . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' time - after - time ' by cyndi - lauper songbpm.com '' . songbpm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi . `` Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' Sheet Music in C Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glen , Susan . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madden , Bryan Lee ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ( album review ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Veevers , Brendon ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Album Review : Cyndi Lauper -- She 's So Unusual ( A 30th Anniversary Celebration ) '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Album Reviews '' . Sfloman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerard , Chris ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper 's `` She 's So Unusual '' 30 Years Later `` . Metro Weekly . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' . Nerve . February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 1980s NME '' . NME . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi. `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6753 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archive Chart : 1984 - 07 - 14 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuste . ISBN 9781471114274 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ( US Single ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 2016 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 '' . Top 30 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6749 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1432 -- Saturday , June 09 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Time After Time '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 26 , 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts L '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 9 , 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - January 14 , 2006 '' . Billboard Adult Contemporary . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Songs for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' . Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9638 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1984 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1984 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official New Zealand Music Chart - End of Year Charts 1984 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984 '' . Swiss Singles Chart ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1984 in British music # Best - selling singles </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Volume 96 No. 51 , DECEMBER 22 . 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 22 December 1984 . p . TA - 19 , TA - 25 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Enter Time After Time in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Inoj -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hay , Carly ( March 20 , 1999 ) . `` Popular Uprisings : Billboard 's Weekly Coverage of Hot Prospects for the Heatseekers Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Quietdrive -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Quietdrive . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' Billboard Digital Songs for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard Heatseekers Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' Billboard Radio Songs for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DECEMBER 26 . 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 26 December 1998 . p . YE - 44 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2002 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 7 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2003 - 02 - 22 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2002 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quietdrive -- Chart history '' Billboard Digital Songs for Quietdrive . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nolwenn Leroy - Histoires Naturelles Tour ( Album ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Ronan Keating -- Time After Time '' . Chartstats.com. 2009 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dreams unveils latest Replace Every Eight campaign - Furniture News Magazine '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Lovelocks ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` The Lovelocks - Time After Time ( Official HD ) '' -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` hitparade.ch U96 -- Heaven '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . </Li> <Li> Myers , Marc ( 2016 ) . Anatomy of a Song : The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock , R&B and Pop . Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61185 - 959 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Video on VH1 Classic website </Li> <Li> Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time -- Uploaded by CyndiLauperVEVO on YouTube </Li> <Li> `` Time after Time '' Songfacts </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cyndi Lauper singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> She 's So Unusual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' </Li> <Li> `` Time After Time '' </Li> <Li> `` She Bop '' </Li> <Li> `` All Through the Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Money Changes Everything '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Were Mine '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> True Colors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` True Colors '' </Li> <Li> `` Change of Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` What 's Going On '' </Li> <Li> `` Boy Blue '' </Li> <Li> `` Maybe He 'll Know '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A Night to Remember </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Drove All Night '' </Li> <Li> `` My First Night Without You '' </Li> <Li> `` A Night to Remember '' </Li> <Li> `` Heading West '' </Li> <Li> `` Primitive '' </Li> <Li> `` Unconditional Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hat Full of Stars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Who Let In the Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's What I Think '' </Li> <Li> `` Sally 's Pigeons '' </Li> <Li> `` Hat Full of Stars '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` ( Hey Now ) Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' </Li> <Li> `` Come on Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sisters of Avalon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You Do n't Know '' </Li> <Li> `` Sisters of Avalon '' </Li> <Li> `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Early Christmas Morning '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Shine '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> At Last </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` At Last '' </Li> <Li> `` Walk On By '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Body Acoustic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Time After Time '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bring Ya to the Brink </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Set Your Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Same Ol ' Story '' </Li> <Li> `` Into the Nightlife '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Memphis Blues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Just Your Fool '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Detour </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hard Candy Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Funnel of Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You Make Loving Fun '' </Li> <Li> `` We Are the World '' </Li> <Li> `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' </Li> <Li> `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Another Brick in the Wall '' </Li> <Li> `` The World Is Stone '' </Li> <Li> `` Disco Inferno '' </Li> <Li> `` A Christmas Duel '' </Li> <Li> `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Hooters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Eric Bazilian </Li> <Li> Rob Hyman </Li> <Li> David Uosikkinen </Li> <Li> John Lilley </Li> <Li> Fran Smith , Jr . </Li> <Li> Tommy Williams </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bobby Woods </Li> <Li> John Kuzma </Li> <Li> Rob Miller </Li> <Li> Andy King </Li> <Li> Mindy Jostyn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amore </Li> <Li> Nervous Night </Li> <Li> One Way Home </Li> <Li> Zig Zag </Li> <Li> Out of Body </Li> <Li> Time Stand Still </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hooters Live </Li> <Li> Both Sides Live </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Hooterization : A Retrospective </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Ultimate Clip Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mark Williams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Williams ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Sweet Trials ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Taking It All In Stride ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Life After Dark ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Mark Williams ZNZ ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Mind over Matter ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Very Best of ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Wine '' </Li> <Li> `` If It Rains '' </Li> <Li> `` Taking It All in Stride '' </Li> <Li> `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' </Li> <Li> `` A House for Sale '' </Li> <Li> `` Home and Away '' </Li> <Li> `` Show No Mercy </Li> <Li> `` Fix of Love </Li> <Li> `` Time After Time '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EMI Music </Li> <Li> Albert Productions </Li> <Li> Dragon ( 2006 + ) </Li> <Li> New Zealand Music Hall of Fame ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ronan Keating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ronan ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Destination ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Turn It On ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Bring You Home ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Fires ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Time of My Life ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Winter Songs ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Duet ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` These Days '' ( with Brian Kennedy ) </Li> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Li> <Li> `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' </Li> <Li> `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' </Li> <Li> `` In This Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Lovin ' Each Day '' </Li> <Li> `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' </Li> <Li> `` I Love It When We Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Je T'aime Plus Que Tout '' ( featuring Cécilia Cara ) </Li> <Li> `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( featuring Lulu ) </Li> <Li> `` The Long Goodbye '' </Li> <Li> `` Lost for Words '' </Li> <Li> `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Thing on My Mind '' ( featuring LeAnn Rimes ) </Li> <Li> `` I Hope You Dance '' </Li> <Li> `` Father and Son '' ( featuring Yusuf Islam ) </Li> <Li> `` Baby Can I Hold You '' </Li> <Li> `` All Over Again '' ( featuring Kate Rusby ) </Li> <Li> `` Iris '' </Li> <Li> `` This I Promise You '' </Li> <Li> `` Time After Time '' </Li> <Li> `` This Is Your Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Stay '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Only Christmas '' ( featuring Kate Ceberano ) </Li> <Li> `` Believe Again '' ( featuring Paulini ) </Li> <Li> `` What The World Needs Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Fires '' </Li> <Li> `` Wasted Light '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Boyzone </Li> <Li> The X Factor ( Australian TV series ) <Ul> <Li> season 2 </Li> <Li> season 3 </Li> <Li> season 4 </Li> <Li> season 5 </Li> <Li> season 6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Voice ( Australian TV series ) <Ul> <Li> season 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&oldid=800977318 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1984 singles </Li> <Li> 1980s ballads </Li> <Li> 2009 singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles </Li> <Li> Cyndi Lauper songs </Li> <Li> INOJ songs </Li> <Li> Ronan Keating songs </Li> <Li> Mark Williams ( singer ) songs </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Cyndi Lauper </Li> <Li> Songs written by Rob Hyman </Li> <Li> Willie Nelson songs </Li> <Li> The Hooters songs </Li> <Li> Nana Mouskouri songs </Li> <Li> 1983 songs </Li> <Li> Epic Records singles </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2016 </Li> <Li> All 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what movie is time after time song in
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&amp;oldid=800977318
-5,842,486,119,235,139,000
Princely state - Wikipedia <H1> Princely state </H1> <Table> Colonial India <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Imperial entities of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutch India </Th> <Td> 1605 -- 1825 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Danish India </Th> <Td> 1620 -- 1869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French India </Th> <Td> 1668 -- 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Casa da Índia </Th> <Td> 1434 -- 1833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portuguese East India Company </Th> <Td> 1628 -- 1633 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East India Company </Th> <Td> 1612 -- 1757 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Company rule in India </Th> <Td> 1757 -- 1858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> British Raj </Th> <Td> 1858 -- 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> British rule in Burma </Th> <Td> 1824 -- 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Princely states </Th> <Td> 1721 -- 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partition of India </Th> <Td> 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Princely state </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Salute state </Li> <Li> British paramountcy </Li> <Li> Chamber of Princes </Li> <Li> Jagir </Li> <Li> Agencies of British India </Li> <Li> Residencies of British India ‎ </Li> <Li> Doctrine of lapse </Li> <Li> Political pensioner </Li> <Li> Privy Purse </Li> <Li> Standstill agreement </Li> <Li> Instrument of Accession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Individual residencies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hyderabad </Li> <Li> Indore ( Holkar ) </Li> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Mysore ( Maisur ) </Li> <Li> Quilon </Li> <Li> Sikkim </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agencies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bagelkhand </Li> <Li> Baluchistan </Li> <Li> Baroda and Gujarat States </Li> <Li> Baroda , Western India and Gujarat States </Li> <Li> Bhopawar </Li> <Li> Bundelkhand </Li> <Li> Central India </Li> <Li> Deccan States </Li> <Li> Eastern States </Li> <Li> Gilgit </Li> <Li> Gwalior Residency </Li> <Li> Jaipur Residency </Li> <Li> Madras States </Li> <Li> Mahi Kantha </Li> <Li> Malwa </Li> <Li> Mewar ( Udaipur ) Residency and Western Rajputana Agency </Li> <Li> North - West Frontier </Li> <Li> Palanpur </Li> <Li> Punjab States </Li> <Li> Rajputana </Li> <Li> Rewa Kantha </Li> <Li> Western India States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> States by region </Li> <Li> States by name </Li> <Li> Rajput States </Li> <Li> Maratha States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> A princely state , also called native state ( legally , under the British ) or Indian state ( for those states on the subcontinent ) , was a vassal state under a local or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj . Though the history of the princely states of the subcontinent dates from at least the classical period of Indian history , the predominant usage of the term princely state specifically refers to a semi-sovereign principality on the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj that was not directly governed by the British , but rather by a local ruler , subject to a form of indirect rule on some matters ; similar political entities also existed on or in the region of the Arabian Peninsula , in Africa and in Malaya , and which were similarly recognised under British rule , subject to a subsidiary alliance and the suzerainty or paramountcy of the British Crown . Oman , Zanzibar and the Trucial States were also under the Viceroy of India , and were administered by their rulers in the same manner as the Indian princely states , as part of the Persian Gulf Residency ; they were officially categorised as British protectorates , with differing degrees of autonomy . </P> <P> At the time of the British withdrawal , 565 princely states were officially recognised in the Indian subcontinent , apart from thousands of thakurs , taluqdars , zamindaris and jagirs . In 1947 , princely states numbering 555 covered 48 % of area of pre-Independent India and constituted 28 % of its population . The most important states had their own British Political Residencies : Hyderabad , Mysore and Travancore in the South followed by Jammu and Kashmir and Sikkim in the Himalayas , and Indore in Central India . Gun - salutes were often given for personal distinctions of the ruler rather than the importance of the state and varied from time to time . The most prominent among those -- roughly a quarter of the total -- had the status of a salute state , one whose ruler was honoured by receiving a set number of gun salutes on ceremonial occasions , ranging from nine to 21 . Rulers of salute states entitled to a gun salute of eleven guns and above received from the British the style of His / Her Highness ; while the Nizam of Hyderabad had the unique style of His Exalted Highness . </P> <P> The princely states varied greatly in status , size , and wealth ; the premier 21 - gun salute states of Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir were each over 200,000 km in size , or slightly larger than the whole of Great Britain . In 1941 , Hyderabad had a population of over 16 million , comparable to the population of Romania at the time , while Jammu and Kashmir had a population of slightly over 4 million , comparable to that of Switzerland . At the other end of the scale , the non-salute principality of Lawa covered an area of 49 km , or smaller than Bermuda , with a population of just below 3,000 . Some two hundred of the lesser states had an area of less than 25 km ( 10 mi ) . At the time of Indian independence in 1947 , Hyderabad had annual revenues of over Rs. 9 crore ( roughly £ 6.75 million / $27.2 million in 1947 values , approximately £ 240 million / $290 million in 2014 values ) , and its own army , airline , telecommunication system , railway , postal system , currency , radio service and a major public university ; the tiny state of Lawa had annual revenues of just Rs. 28,000 ( £ 2100 / $8463 in 1947 values , £ 73,360 / $89,040 in 2014 values ) . </P> <P> The era of the princely states effectively ended with Indian independence in 1947 . By 1950 , almost all of the principalities had acceded to either India or Pakistan . The accession process was largely peaceful , except in the cases of Jammu and Kashmir ( whose ruler opted for independence but decided to accede to India following an invasion by Pakistan - based forces ) , Hyderabad ( whose ruler opted for total independence in 1947 , followed a year later by the police action and annexation of the state by India ) , Junagadh ( whose ruler acceded to Pakistan , but was annexed by India ) . and Kalat ( whose ruler opted for independence in 1947 , followed in 1948 by the state 's annexation ) . </P> <P> As per the terms of accession , the erstwhile Indian princes received privy purses ( government allowances ) , and initially retained their statuses , privileges , and autonomy in internal matters during a transitional period which lasted until 1956 . During this time , the former princely states were merged into unions , each of which was headed by a former ruling prince with the title of Rajpramukh ( ruling chief ) , equivalent to a state governor . In 1956 , the position of Rajpramukh was abolished and the federations dissolved , the former principalities becoming part of Indian states . The states which acceded to Pakistan retained their status until the promulgation of a new constitution in 1956 , when most became part of the province of West Pakistan ; a few of the former states retained their autonomy until 1969 when they were fully integrated into Pakistan . The Indian Government formally derecognised the princely families in 1971 , followed by the Government of Pakistan in 1972 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 British relationship with the princely states </Li> <Li> 3 Princely status and titles </Li> <Li> 4 Precedence and prestige <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Salute states </Li> <Li> 4.2 Non-salute states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Doctrine of lapse </Li> <Li> 6 Imperial governance </Li> <Li> 7 Principal princely states in 1947 <Ul> <Li> 7.1 In direct relations with the Central Government </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Burma </Li> <Li> 9 State military forces </Li> <Li> 10 Political integration of princely states in 1947 and after <Ul> <Li> 10.1 India </Li> <Li> 10.2 Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Gazetteers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Though principalities and chiefdoms existed on the Indian subcontinent from at least the Iron Age , the history of princely states on the Indian subcontinent dates to at least the 5th -- 6th centuries C.E. , during the rise of the middle kingdoms of India following the collapse of the Gupta Empire . Many of the future ruling clan groups -- notably the Rajputs -- began to emerge during this period ; by the 13th -- 14th centuries , many of the Rajput clans had firmly established semi-independent principalities in the north - west , along with several in the north - east . The widespread expansion of Islam during this time brought many principalities into tributary relations with Islamic sultanates , notably the Delhi Sultanate and Bahmani Sultanate . In the south , however , the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire remained dominant until the mid-17th century ; among its tributaries was the future Mysore Kingdom . </P> <P> The Turco - Mongol Mughal Empire brought a majority of the existing Indian kingdoms and principalities under its suzerainty by the 17th century , beginning with its foundation in the early 16th century . The advent of Sikhism resulted in the creation of the Sikh Empire in the north by the early 18th century , by which time the Mughal Empire was in full decline . At the same time , the Marathas carved out their own states to form the Maratha Empire . Through the 18th century , former Mughal governors formed their own independent states . In the north - west , some of those -- such as Tonk -- allied themselves with various groups , including the Marathas and the Durrani Empire , itself formed in 1747 from a loose agglomeration of tribal chiefdoms that composed former Mughal territories . In 1768 , Prithvi Narayan Shah , ruler of a small principality in Gorkha likewise established the Kingdom of Nepal from a federation of small states , expanding its influence over much of north - eastern India ; in the south , the principalities of Hyderabad and Arcot were fully established by the 1760s , though they nominally remained vassals of the Mughal Emperor . </P> <H2> British relationship with the princely states ( edit ) </H2> <P> India under the British Raj ( the `` Indian Empire '' ) consisted of two types of territory : British India and the Native states or Princely states . In its Interpretation Act 1889 , the British Parliament adopted the following definitions : </P> <P> ( 4 . ) The expression `` British India '' shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty 's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor - General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor - General of India . ( 5 . ) The expression `` India '' shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor - General of India , or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor - General of India . </P> <P> In general the term `` British India '' had been used ( and is still used ) also to refer to the regions under the rule of the East India Company in India from 1774 to 1858 . The term has also been used to refer to the `` British in India '' . </P> <P> The British Crown 's suzerainty over 175 princely states , generally the largest and most important , was exercised in the name of the British Crown by the central government of British India under the Viceroy ; the remaining approximately 400 states were influenced by Agents answerable to the provincial governments of British India under a Governor , Lieutenant - Governor , or Chief Commissioner . A clear distinction between `` dominion '' and `` suzerainty '' was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law : the law of British India rested upon the legislation enacted by the British Parliament , and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India , both central and local ; in contrast , the courts of the princely states existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states . </P> <H2> Princely status and titles ( edit ) </H2> His Highness Sayajirao Gaekwad III Sena Khas Khel Shamsher Bahadur GCSI , GCIE , KIH ( 21 - gun salute ) -- the Maratha Maharaja of Baroda <P> The Indian rulers bore various titles -- including Chhatrapati ( exclusively used by the 3 Bhonsle dynasty of the Marathas ) ( `` emperor '' ) , Maharaja or Raja ( `` king '' ) , Sultan , Nawab , Emir , Raje , Nizam , Wadiyar ( by the Maharajas of Mysore ) , Agniraj Maharaj for the rulers of Bhaddaiyan Raj , Chogyal , Nawab ( `` governor '' ) , Nayak , Wāli , Inamdar , Saranjamdar and many others . Whatever the literal meaning and traditional prestige of the ruler 's actual title , the British government translated them all as `` prince , '' to avoid the implication that the native rulers could be `` kings '' with status equal to that of the British monarch . </P> An old image of the British Residency in the city of Quilon , Kerala <P> More prestigious Hindu rulers ( mostly existing before the Mughal Empire , or having split from such old states ) often used the title `` Raja , '' Raje '' or a variant such as Rai , `` Rana , '' `` Rao , '' `` Rawat '' or Rawal . Also in this ' class ' were several Thakurs or Thai ores and a few particular titles , such as Sardar , Mankari ( or Mānkari / Maankari ) , Deshmukh , Sar Desai , Raja Inamdar , Saranjamdar . </P> <P> The most prestigious Hindu rulers usually had the prefix `` maha '' ( `` great '' , compare for example Grand Duke ) in their titles , as in Maharaja , Maharana , Maharao , etc . The states of Travancore and Cochin had queens regnant styled Maharani , generally the female forms applied only to sisters , spouses and widows , who could however act as regents . </P> <P> There were also compound titles , such as ( Maha ) rajadhiraj , Raj - i - rajgan , often relics from an elaborate system of hierarchical titles under the Mughal emperors . For example , the addition of the adjective Bahadur raised the status of the titleholder one level . </P> <P> Furthermore , most dynasties used a variety of additional titles , such as Varma in South India . This should not be confused with various titles and suffixes not specific to princes but used by entire ( sub ) castes . </P> <P> The Sikh princes concentrated at Punjab usually adopted Hindu type titles when attaining princely rank ; at a lower level Sardar was used . </P> <P> Muslim rulers almost all used the title `` Nawab '' ( the Arabic honorific of naib , `` deputy , '' used of the Mughal governors , who became de facto autonomous with the decline of the Mughal Empire ) , with the prominent exceptions of the Nizam of Hyderabad & Berar , the Wāli / Khan of Kalat and the Wāli of Swat . Other less usual titles included Darbar Sahib , Dewan , Jam , Mehtar ( unique to Chitral ) and Mir ( from Emir ) . </P> <H2> Precedence and prestige ( edit ) </H2> <P> However , the actual importance of a princely state can not be read from the title of its ruler , which was usually granted ( or at least recognised ) as a favour , often in recognition for loyalty and services rendered to the Mughal Empire . Although some titles were raised once or even repeatedly , there was no automatic updating when a state gained or lost real power . In fact , princely titles were even awarded to holders of domains ( mainly jagirs ) and even taluqars and zamindars ( tax collectors ) , which were not states at all . Various sources give significantly different numbers of states and domains of the various types . Even in general , the definition of titles and domains are clearly not well - established . </P> An 1895 group photograph of the eleven - year - old Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV , ruler of the princely state of Mysore in South India , with his brothers and sisters . In 1799 , his grandfather , then aged five , had been granted dominion of Mysore by the British and forced into a subsidiary alliance . The British later directly governed the state between 1831 and 1881 . The Govindgarh Palace of the Maharaja of Rewa . The palace which was built as a hunting lodge later became famous for the first white tigers that were found in the adjacent jungle and raised in the palace zoo . The Nawab of Junagadh Bahadur Khan III ( seated centre in an ornate chair ) shown in an 1885 photograph with state officials and family . Photograph ( 1900 ) of the Maharani of Sikkim . Sikkim was under the suzerainty of the Provincial government of Bengal ; its ruler received a 15 - gun salute . <P> In addition to their titles all princely rulers were eligible to be appointed to certain British orders of chivalry associated with India , the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India and the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire . Women could be appointed as `` Knights '' ( instead of Dames ) of these orders . Rulers entitled to 21 - gun and 19 - gun salutes were normally appointed to the highest rank , Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India . </P> <P> Many Indian princes served in the British Army , the Indian Army , or in local guard or police forces , often rising to high ranks ; some even served while on the throne . Many of these were appointed as an Aide de camp , either to the ruling prince of their own house ( in the case of relatives of such rulers ) or indeed to the British King - Emperor . Many saw active service , both on the subcontinent and on other fronts , during both World Wars . </P> <P> Apart from those members of the princely houses who entered military service and who distinguished themselves , a good number of princes received honorary ranks as officers in the British and Indian Armed Forces . Those ranks were conferred based on several factors , including their heritage , lineage , gun - salute ( or lack of one ) as well as personal character or martial traditions . After the First and Second World Wars , the princely rulers of several of the major states , including Gwalior , Patiala , Bikaner , Jaipur , Jodhpur , Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad , were given honorary general officer ranks as a result of their states ' contributions to the war effort . </P> <Ul> <Li> Lieutenant / Captain / Flight Lieutenant or Lieutenant - Commander / Major / Squadron Leader ( for junior members of princely houses or for minor princes ) </Li> <Li> Commander / Lieutenant - Colonel / Wing Commander or Captain / Colonel / Group Captain ( granted to princes of salute states , often to those entitled to 15 - guns or more ) </Li> <Li> Commodore / Brigadier / Air Commodore ( conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to gun salutes of 15 - guns or more ) </Li> <Li> Major - General / Air Vice-Marshal ( conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to 15 - guns or more ; conferred upon rulers of the major princely states , including Baroda , Kapurthala , Travancore , Bhopal and Mysore ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant - General ( conferred upon the rulers of the largest and most prominent princely houses after the First and Second World Wars for their states ' contributions to the war effort . ) </Li> <Li> General ( very rarely awarded ; the Maharajas of Gwalior and Jammu & Kashmir were created honorary Generals in the British Army in 1877 , the Maharaja of Bikaner was made one in 1937 , and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1941 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> It was also not unusual for members of princely houses to be appointed to various colonial offices , often far from their native state , or to enter the diplomatic corps . </P> <H3> Salute states ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Salute state <P> The gun salute system was used to set unambiguously the precedence of the major rulers in the area in which the British East India Company was active , or generally of the states and their dynasties . As heads of a state , certain princely rulers were entitled to be saluted by the firing of an odd number of guns between three and 21 , with a greater number of guns indicating greater prestige . Generally , the number of guns remained the same for all successive rulers of a particular state , but individual princes were sometimes granted additional guns on a personal basis . Furthermore , rulers were sometimes granted additional gun salutes within their own territories only , constituting a semi-promotion . The states of all these rulers ( about 120 ) were known as salute states . </P> <P> After Indian Independence , the Maharana of Udaipur displaced the Nizam of Hyderabad as the most senior prince in India , because Hyderabad State had not acceded to the new Dominion of India , and the style Highness was extended to all rulers entitled to 9 - gun salutes . When the princely states had been integrated into the Indian Union their rulers were promised continued privileges and an income ( known as the Privy Purse ) for their upkeep . Subsequently , when the Indian government abolished the Privy Purse in 1971 , the whole princely order ceased to be recognised under Indian law , although many families continue to retain their social prestige informally ; some descendants of the rulers are still prominent in regional or national politics , diplomacy , business and high society . </P> <P> At the time of Indian independence , only five rulers -- the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir state , the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda and the Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior -- were entitled to a 21 - gun salute . Five more -- the Nawab of Bhopal , the Maharaja Holkar of Indore , the Maharana of Udaipur , the Maharaja of Kolhapur and the Maharaja of Travancore -- were entitled to 19 - gun salutes . The most senior princely ruler was the Nizam of Hyderabad , who was entitled to the unique style Exalted Highness . Other princely rulers entitled to salutes of 11 guns ( soon 9 guns too ) or more were entitled to the style Highness . No special style was used by rulers entitled to lesser gun salutes . </P> <P> As paramount ruler , and successor to the Mughals , the British King - Emperor of India , for whom the style of Majesty was reserved , was entitled to an ' imperial ' 101 - gun salute -- in the European tradition also the number of guns fired to announce the birth of an heir ( male ) to the throne . </P> <H3> Non-salute states ( edit ) </H3> <P> There was no strict correlation between the levels of the titles and the classes of gun salutes , the real measure of precedence , but merely a growing percentage of higher titles in classes with more guns . As a rule the majority of gun - salute princes had at least nine , with numbers below that usually the prerogative of Arab Sheikhs of the Aden protectorate , also under British protection . </P> <P> There were many so - called non-salute states of lower prestige . Since the total of salute states was 117 and there were more than 500 princely states , most rulers were not entitled to any gun salute . Not all of these were minor rulers -- Surguja State , for example , was both larger and more populous than Karauli State , but the Maharaja of Karauli was entitled to a 17 - gun salute and the Maharaja of Surguja was not entitled to any gun salute at all . </P> <P> A number of princes , in the broadest sense of the term , were not even acknowledged as such . On the other hand , the dynasties of certain defunct states were allowed to keep their princely status -- they were known as political pensioners , such as the Nawab of Oudh . There were also certain estates of British India which were rendered as political saranjams , having equal princely status . Though none of these princes were awarded gun salutes , princely titles in this category were recognised as a form of vassals of salute states , and were not even in direct relation with the paramount power . </P> <H2> Doctrine of lapse ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Doctrine of lapse <P> A controversial aspect of East India Company rule was the doctrine of lapse , a policy under which lands whose feudal ruler died ( or otherwise became unfit to rule ) without a male biological heir ( as opposed to an adopted son ) would become directly controlled by the Company and an adopted son would not become the ruler of the princely state . This policy went counter to Indian tradition where , unlike Europe , it was far more the accepted norm for a ruler to appoint his own heir . </P> <P> The doctrine of lapse was pursued most vigorously by the Governor - General Sir James Ramsay , 10th Earl ( later 1st Marquess ) of Dalhousie . Dalhousie annexed seven states , including Awadh ( Oudh ) , whose Nawabs he had accused of misrule , and the Maratha states of Nagpur , Jhansi and Satara and Sambalpur and Thanjavur . Resentment over the annexation of these states turned to indignation when the heirlooms of the Maharajas of Nagpur were auctioned off in Calcutta . Dalhousie 's actions contributed to the rising discontent amongst the upper castes which played a large part in the outbreak of the Indian mutiny of 1857 . The last Mughal Badshah ( emperor ) , whom many of the mutineers saw as a figurehead to rally around , was deposed following its suppression . </P> <P> In response to the unpopularity of the doctrine , it was discontinued with the end of Company rule and the British Parliament 's assumption of direct power over India . </P> <H2> Imperial governance ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Agencies of British India and Residencies of British India Photograph ( 1894 ) of the 19 - year - old Shahaji II Bhonsle Maharajah of Kolhapur visiting the British resident and his staff at the Residency <P> By treaty , the British controlled the external affairs of the princely states absolutely . As the states were not British possessions , they retained control over their own internal affairs , subject to a degree of British influence which in many states was substantial . </P> <P> By the beginning of the 20th century , relations between the British and the four largest states -- Hyderabad , Mysore , Jammu and Kashmir , and Baroda -- were directly under the control of the Governor - General of India , in the person of a British Resident . Two agencies , for Rajputana and Central India , oversaw twenty and 148 princely states respectively . The remaining princely states had their own British political officers , or Agents , who answered to the administrators of India 's provinces . The Agents of five princely states were then under the authority of Madras , 354 under Bombay , 26 of Bengal , two under Assam , 34 under Punjab , fifteen under Central Provinces and Berar and two under United Provinces . </P> Chamber of Princes meeting in March 1941 <P> The Chamber of Princes ( Narender Mandal or Narendra Mandal ) was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of the King - Emperor to provide a forum in which the rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . It survived until the end of the British Raj in 1947 . </P> <P> By the early 1930s , most of the princely states whose Agencies were under the authority of India 's provinces were organised into new Agencies , answerable directly to the Governor - general , on the model of the Central India and Rajputana agencies : the Eastern States Agency , Punjab States Agency , Baluchistan Agency , Deccan States Agency , Madras States Agency and the Northwest Frontier States Agency . The Baroda Residency was combined with the princely states of northern Bombay Presidency into the Baroda , Western India and Gujarat States Agency . Gwalior was separated from the Central India Agency and given its own Resident , and the states of Rampur and Benares , formerly with Agents under the authority of the United Provinces , were placed under the Gwalior Residency in 1936 . The princely states of Sandur and Banganapalle in Mysore Presidency were transferred to the agency of the Mysore Resident in 1939 . </P> <H2> Principal princely states in 1947 ( edit ) </H2> <P> The native states in 1947 included five large states that were in `` direct political relations '' with the Government of India . For the complete list of princely states in 1947 , see List of princely states of India . </P> <H3> In direct relations with the Central government ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Five large Princely states in direct political relations with the Central Government in India <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baroda State </Td> <Td> 13,866 </Td> <Td> 3,343,477 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 323.26 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Maratha , Hindu </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Resident at Baroda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hyderabad State </Td> <Td> 82,698 </Td> <Td> 16,338,534 ( mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim minority ) </Td> <Td> 1582.43 </Td> <Td> Nizam , Turkic , Sunni Muslim </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Resident in Hyderabad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jammu and Kashmir </Td> <Td> 84,471 </Td> <Td> 4,021,616 including Gilgit , Baltistan ( Skardu ) , Ladakh , and Punch ( mostly Muslim , with sizeable Hindu and Buddhist populations ) </Td> <Td> 463.95 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Dogra , Hindu </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Resident in Jammu & Kashmir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Mysore </Td> <Td> 29,458 </Td> <Td> 7,328,896 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 1001.38 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Kannadiga , Hindu </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Resident in Mysore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gwalior State </Td> <Td> 26,397 </Td> <Td> 4,006,159 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 356.75 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Maratha , Hindu </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Resident at Gwalior </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 236,890 </Th> <Th> 35,038,682 </Th> <Th> 3727.77 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Central India Agency , Gwalior Residency , Baluchistan Agency , Rajputana Agency , Eastern States Agency </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Please expand to view the tables for the Agencies under the Central government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> 88 Princely states forming the Central India Agency <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indore State </Td> <Td> 9,341 </Td> <Td> 1,513,966 ( mainly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 304.9 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Maratha , Hindu </Td> <Td> 19 ( plus 2 local ) </Td> <Td> Resident at Indore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhopal </Td> <Td> 6,924 </Td> <Td> 785,322 ( mostly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 119.82 </Td> <Td> Nawab ( m ) / Begum ( f ) , Afghan , Muslim </Td> <Td> 19 ( plus 2 local ) </Td> <Td> Political Agent in Bhopal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rewah </Td> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> 1,820,445 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Baghel Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Political agent in Baghelkhand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 smaller and minor states ( 1941 ) </Td> <Td> 22,995 ( 1901 ) </Td> <Td> 2.74 million ( Chiefly Hindu , 1901 ) </Td> <Td> 129 ( 1901 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 77,395 ( 1901 ) </Th> <Th> 8.51 million ( 1901 ) </Th> <Th> 421 ( 1901 ) </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 42 Princely states forming the Eastern States Agency <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cooch Behar </Td> <Td> 1,318 </Td> <Td> 639,898 ( chiefly Hindu and Muslim ) </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Kshattriya , Brahmo </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Resident for the Eastern States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tripura State </Td> <Td> 4,116 </Td> <Td> 513,010 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Kshattriya , Hindu </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Resident for the Eastern States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayurbhanj State </Td> <Td> 4,243 </Td> <Td> 990,977 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Kshattriya , Hindu </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Resident for the Eastern States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 smaller and minor states ( 1941 ) </Td> <Td> 56,253 </Td> <Td> 6,641,991 </Td> <Td> 241.31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 65,930 </Th> <Th> 8,785,876 </Th> <Th> 435.31 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Gwalior Residency ( 2 states ) </Dt> </Dl> <Table> Two states under the suzerainty of the Resident at Gwalior , Gwalior having direct relations with the central government . <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rampur </Td> <Td> 893 </Td> <Td> 464,919 ( chiefly Hindu and Muslim , in 1931 ) </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Nawab , Pathan , Muslim </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Political Agent at Rampur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benares State </Td> <Td> 875 </Td> <Td> 391,165 ( chiefly Hindu , 1931 ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Bhumihar , Hindu </Td> <Td> 13 ( plus 2 local ) </Td> <Td> Political Agent at Benares </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 1,768 </Th> <Th> 856,084 ( 1941 , approx . ) </Th> <Th> 70 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 23 Princely states forming the Rajputana Agency , with the Resident for Rajputana at Abu <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Udaipur ( Mewar ) </Td> <Td> 13,170 </Td> <Td> 1,926,698 ( chiefly Hindu and Bhil ) </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Maharana , Sisodia Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 19 ( plus 2 personal ) </Td> <Td> Political Agent for the Mewar and Southern Rajputana States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaipur </Td> <Td> 15,610 </Td> <Td> 3,040,876 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 188.6 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Kachwaha Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 17 ( plus 2 personal ) </Td> <Td> Political Agent at Jaipur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jodhpur ( Marwar ) </Td> <Td> 36,120 </Td> <Td> 2,555,904 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 208.65 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Rathor Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Political Agent for the Western States of Rajputana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bikaner </Td> <Td> 23,181 </Td> <Td> 1,292,938 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 185.5 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Rathor Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Political agent for the Western States of Rajputana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 salute states , 1 chiefship , 1 zamindari </Td> <Td> 42,374 </Td> <Td> 3.64 million ( chiefly Hindu , 1901 ) </Td> <Td> 155 ( 1901 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 128,918 ( 1901 ) </Th> <Th> 9.84 million ( 1901 ) </Th> <Th> 320 ( 1901 ) </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 3 Princely states forming the Baluchistan Agency <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalat </Td> <Td> 73,278 </Td> <Td> 250,211 ( chiefly Sunni Muslim ) </Td> <Td> 21.3 </Td> <Td> Khan or Wali , Brahui , Sunni Muslim </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Political Agent in Kalat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Las Bela </Td> <Td> 7,132 </Td> <Td> 68,972 ( chiefly Sunni Muslim ) </Td> <Td> 6.1 </Td> <Td> Jam , Kureshi Arab , Sunni Muslim </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Political Agent in Kalat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kharan </Td> <Td> 14,210 </Td> <Td> 33,763 ( chiefly Sunni Muslim ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nawab , Sunni Muslim </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Political Agent in Kalat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 94,620 </Th> <Th> 352,946 </Th> <Th> 29.4 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Sikkim , as a Protectorate of the British Government <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sikkim </Td> <Td> 2,818 </Td> <Td> 121,520 ( chiefly Buddhist and Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Tibetan , Buddhist </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Political Officer , Sikkim </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Other states under provincial governments </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Please expand to view the tables for other states under Provincial Governments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Madras ( 5 States ) </Dt> </Dl> <Table> 5 States under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Madras <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1901 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand ) Rupees </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Travancore </Td> <Td> 7,091 </Td> <Td> 2,952,157 ( chiefly Hindu and Christian ) </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Kshatriya - Samanthan , Hindu </Td> <Td> 21 ( including two guns personal to the then ruler ) </Td> <Td> Resident in Travancore and Cochin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cochin </Td> <Td> 1,362 </Td> <Td> 812,025 ( chiefly Hindu and Christian ) </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Raja , Samanta - Kshatriya , Hindu </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Resident in Travancore and Cochin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Padukkottai </Td> <Td> 1,100 </Td> <Td> 380,440 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Raja , Kallar , Hindu </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Collector of Trichinopoly ( ex officio Political Agent ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 minor states ( Banganapalle and Sandur ) </Td> <Td> 416 </Td> <Td> 43,464 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 9,969 </Th> <Th> 4,188,086 </Th> <Th> 141 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Bombay ( 354 States ) </Dt> </Dl> <Table> 354 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Bombay <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1901 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kolhapur </Td> <Td> 2,855 </Td> <Td> 910,011 ( chiefly Hindus ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Kshatriya , Hindu </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Political Agent for Kolhapur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cutch </Td> <Td> 7,616 </Td> <Td> 488,022 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Maharao , Jadeja Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Political Agent in Cutch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Junagarh </Td> <Td> 3,284 </Td> <Td> 395,428 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Nawab , Pathan , Muslim </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navanagar </Td> <Td> 3,791 </Td> <Td> 336,779 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Jam Sahib , Jadeja Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 349 other states </Td> <Td> 42,165 </Td> <Td> 4,579,095 </Td> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 65,761 </Th> <Th> 6,908,648 </Th> <Th> 420 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Central Provinces ( 15 States ) </Dt> </Dl> <Table> 15 States under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the Central Provinces <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1901 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalahandi </Td> <Td> 3,745 </Td> <Td> 284,465 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raja , Rajput , Hindu </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Political Agent for the Chhattisgarh Feudatories </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bastar </Td> <Td> 13,062 </Td> <Td> 306,501 ( chiefly Animist ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raja , Kshatriya , Hindu </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Political Agent for the Chhattisgarh Feudatories </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 other states </Td> <Td> 12,628 </Td> <Td> 1,339,353 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 29,435 </Th> <Th> 1,996,383 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Punjab ( 45 States ) </Dt> </Dl> <Table> 45 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the Punjab <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the State ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahawalpur </Td> <Td> 16,434 </Td> <Td> 1,341,209 ( chiefly Muslim ) </Td> <Td> 335 </Td> <Td> Nawab , Daudputra , Muslim </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patiala </Td> <Td> 5,942 </Td> <Td> 1,936,259 ( chiefly Hindu and Sikh ) </Td> <Td> 302.6 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Sidhu Jat , Sikh </Td> <Td> 17 ( and 2 personal ) </Td> <Td> Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nabha </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> <Td> 340,044 ( chiefly Hindu and Sikh ) </Td> <Td> 38.7 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Sidhu Jat , Sikh </Td> <Td> 13 ( and 2 local ) </Td> <Td> Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jind </Td> <Td> 1,299 </Td> <Td> 361,812 ( chiefly Hindu and Sikh ) </Td> <Td> 37.4 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Sidhu Jat , Sikh </Td> <Td> 13 ( and 2 personal ) </Td> <Td> Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kapurthala </Td> <Td> 645 </Td> <Td> 378,380 ( chiefly Muslim and Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 40.5 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Ahluwalia Kolal , Sikh </Td> <Td> 13 ( and 2 personal ) </Td> <Td> Commissioner of the Jullundur Division ( ex officio Political Agent ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faridkot </Td> <Td> 638 </Td> <Td> 199,283 ( Sikh , Hindu , and Muslim ) </Td> <Td> 22.7 </Td> <Td> Raja , Barar Jat , Sikh </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Commissioner of the Jullundur Division ( ex officio Political Agent ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tehri ( Garhwal ) </Td> <Td> 4,500 </Td> <Td> 397,369 ( chiefly Hindu ) </Td> <Td> 26.9 </Td> <Td> Maharaja , Rajput Hindu </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Kumaun ( ex officio Political Agent ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khairpur </Td> <Td> 6,050 </Td> <Td> 305,387 ( chiefly Muslim ) </Td> <Td> 15 ( plus 2 local ) </Td> <Td> Mir , Talpur Baloch , Muslim </Td> <Td> 37.8 </Td> <Td> Political Agent for Khairpur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 other states </Td> <Td> 12,661 ( in 1901 ) </Td> <Td> 1,087,614 ( in 1901 ) </Td> <Td> 30 ( in 1901 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 36,532 ( in 1901 ) </Th> <Th> 4,424,398 ( in 1901 ) </Th> <Th> 155 ( in 1901 ) </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Assam ( 26 states ) </Dt> </Dl> <Table> 26 States under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Assam <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1941 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manipur </Td> <Td> 8,638 </Td> <Td> 512,069 ( chiefly Hindu and Animist ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Raja , Kshatriya , Hindu </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Political Agent in Manipur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 Khasi States </Td> <Td> 3,778 </Td> <Td> 213,586 ( Khasi and Christian ) </Td> <Td> ~ 1 ( 1941 , approx . ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deputy Commissioner , Khasi and Jaintia Hills </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 12,416 </Th> <Th> 725,655 </Th> <Th> 20 ( 1941 ; approx . ) </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Burma ( edit ) </H2> See also : Shan States and Wa States <Dl> <Dt> Burma ( 52 states ) </Dt> </Dl> <Table> 52 States in Burma : all except Kantarawadi , one of the Karenni States , were included in British India until 1937 <Tr> <Th> Name of Princely state </Th> <Th> Area in square miles </Th> <Th> Population in 1901 </Th> <Th> Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) </Th> <Th> Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler </Th> <Th> Gun - Salute for ruler </Th> <Th> Designation of local political officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hsipaw ( Thibaw ) </Td> <Td> 5,086 </Td> <Td> 105,000 ( Buddhist ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Superintendent , Northern Shan States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kengtung </Td> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> 190,000 ( Buddhist ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Superintendent Southern Shan States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yawnghwe </Td> <Td> 865 </Td> <Td> 95,339 ( Buddhist ) </Td> <Td> 2.13 </Td> <Td> Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Superintendent Southern Shan States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongnai </Td> <Td> 2,717 </Td> <Td> 44,000 ( Buddhist ) </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Superintendent Southern Shan States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 Karenni States </Td> <Td> 3,130 </Td> <Td> 45,795 ( Buddhist and Animist ) </Td> <Td> 0,035 </Td> <Td> Sawbwa , Red Karen , Buddhist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Superintendent Southern Shan States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 Other States </Td> <Td> 42,198 </Td> <Td> 792,152 ( Buddhist and Animist ) </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 67,011 </Th> <Th> 1,177,987 </Th> <Th> 13.5 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> State military forces ( edit ) </H2> <P> See article : Indian State Forces </P> <P> The armies of the Native States were bound by many restrictions that were imposed by subsidiary alliances . They existed mainly for ceremonial use and for internal policing , although certain units designated as Imperial Service Troops , were available for service alongside the regular Indian Army upon request by the British government . </P> <P> According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 85 , </P> <P> Since a chief can neither attack his neighbour nor fall out with a foreign nation , it follows that he needs no military establishment which is not required either for police purposes or personal display , or for cooperation with the Imperial Government . The treaty made with Gwalior in 1844 , and the instrument of transfer given to Mysore in 1881 , alike base the restriction of the forces of the State upon the broad ground of protection . The former explained in detail that unnecessary armies were embarrassing to the State itself and the cause of disquietude to others : a few months later a striking proof of this was afforded by the army of the Sikh kingdom of Lahore . The British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within : its army is organised for the defence not merely of British India , but of all the possessions under the suzerainty of the King - Emperor . </P> <P> In addition , other restrictions were imposed : </P> <P> The treaties with most of the larger States are clear on this point . Posts in the interior must not be fortified , factories for the production of guns and ammunition must not be constructed , nor may the subject of other States be enlisted in the local forces ... They must allow the forces that defend them to obtain local supplies , to occupy cantonments or positions , and to arrest deserters ; and in addition to these services they must recognise the Imperial control of the railways , telegraphs , and postal communications as essential not only to the common welfare but to the common defence . </P> <P> The Imperial Service Troops were routinely inspected by British army officers and generally had the same equipment as soldiers in the Indian Army . Although their numbers were relatively small , the Imperial Service Troops were employed in China and British Somaliland in the first decade of the 20th century , and later saw action in the First World War and Second World War . </P> <H2> Political integration of princely states in 1947 and after ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Political integration of India and Princely states of Pakistan <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with India and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Pakistan and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the time of Indian independence in August 1947 , India was divided into two sets of territories , the first being the territories of `` British India , '' which were under the direct control of the India Office in London and the Governor - General of India , and the second being the `` Princely states , '' the territories over which the Crown had suzerainty , but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers . In addition , there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal . The integration of these territories into Dominion of India , that had been created by the Indian Independence Act 1947 by the British parliament , was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress , which the Government of India pursued over the years 1947 to 1949 . Through a combination of tactics , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon in the months immediately preceding and following the independence convinced the rulers of almost all of the hundreds of princely states to accede to India . In a speech in January 1948 , Vallabhbhai Patel said : </P> <P> As you are all aware , on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity and our first task of consolidating about 550 States was on the basis of accession to the Indian Dominion on three subjects . Barring Hyderabad and Junagadh all the states which are contiguous to India acceded to Indian Dominion . Subsequently , Kashmir also came in ... Some Rulers who were quick to read the writing on the wall , gave responsible government to their people ; Cochin being the most illustrious example . In Travancore , there was a short struggle , but there , too , the Ruler soon recognised the aspiration of his people and agreed to introduce a constitution in which all powers would be transferred to the people and he would function as a constitutional Ruler . </P> <P> Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India , it was not as successful in relation to a few states , notably the former princely state of Kashmir , whose Maharaja delayed signing the instrument of accession into India until his territories were under the threat of invasion by Pakistan , the state of Hyderabad , whose ruler decided to remain independent and was subsequently defeated by the Operation Polo invasion , and the states of Tripura and Manipur , whose rulers agreed to accession only in late 1949 , after the Indian conquest of Hyderabad . </P> <P> Having secured their accession , Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon then proceeded , in a step - by - step process , to secure and extend the central government 's authority over these states and to transform their administrations until , by 1956 , there was little difference between the territories that had formerly been part of British India and those that had been princely states . Simultaneously , the Government of India , through a combination of diplomatic and military means , acquired control over the remaining European colonial enclaves , such as Goa , which were also integrated into India . </P> <P> As the final step , in 1971 , the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India withdrew official recognition of all official symbols of princely India , including titles and privileges , and abolished the remuneration of the princes by privy purses . As a result , even titular heads of the former princely states ceased to exist . </P> <H3> Pakistan ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the period of the British Raj , there were four princely states in Balochistan : Makran , Kharan , Las Bela and Kalat . The first three acceded to Pakistan . However , the ruler of the fourth princely state , the Khan of Kalat Ahmad Yar Khan , declared Kalat 's independence as this was one of the options given to all princely states . The state remained independent until it was acceded on 27 March 1948 . The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan , led his brother , Prince Abdul Karim , to revolt against his brother 's decision in July 1948 , causing an ongoing and still unresolved insurgency . </P> <P> Bahawalpur from the Punjab Agency joined Pakistan on 5 October 1947 . The Princely states of the North - West Frontier States Agencies . included the Dir Swat and Chitral Agency and the Deputy Commissioner of Hazara acting as the Political Agent for Amb and Phulra . These states joined Pakistan on independence from the British . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jagirdar </Li> <Li> Salute state </Li> <Li> List of Indian Princely states </Li> <Li> List of Maratha dynasties and states </Li> <Li> List of Rajput dynasties and states </Li> <Li> List of Indian monarchs </Li> <Li> List of Zaildars by Zail </Li> <Li> Principality worldwide </Li> <Li> Maratha Empire </Li> <Li> Indian feudalism </Li> <Li> Indian honorifics </Li> <Li> Maratha titles </Li> <Li> Oudh Bequest </Li> <Li> Rajputana </Li> <Li> Vorstenlanden , princely states in the Netherlands Indies </Li> <Li> Praja Mandal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Values are from the last imperial Indian census in 1941 . Until 1966 , when India left the British sterling area , the Indian rupee was pegged to the British pound sterling and had a value of 1s . 6d ( 1 shilling and 6d. , equal to 18 old pence ) . The pre-decimal pound was subdivided into 20s . ( shillings ) and valued at $4.03 in 1947 . One shilling was therefore worth $0.20 U.S. , so a rupee was worth $0.30 U.S. In 1947 , 1s . 6d had an estimated purchasing power of £ 2.62 in 2014 , while $0.30 in 1947 had an estimated purchasing power of $3.18 ( in 2014 values ). ( Schedule of Par Values , Currencies of Metropolitan Areas , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg xxiii , Macmillan & Co. ; measuringworth.com ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , pp. 85 Quote : `` The British did not create the Indian princes . Before and during the European penetration of India , indigenous rulers achieved dominance through the military protection they provided to dependents and their skill in acquiring revenues to maintain their military and administrative organisations . Major Indian rulers exercised varying degrees and types of sovereign powers before they entered treaty relations with the British . What changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is that the British increasingly restricted the sovereignty of Indian rulers . The Company set boundaries ; it extracted resources in the form of military personnel , subsidies or tribute payments , and the purchase of commercial goods at favourable prices , and limited opportunities for other alliances . From the 1810s onwards as the British expanded and consolidated their power , their centralised military despotism dramatically reduced the political options of Indian rulers . '' ( p. 85 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , p. 87 Quote : `` The British system of indirect rule over Indian states ... provided a model for the efficient use of scarce monetary and personnel resources that could be adopted to imperial acquisitions in Malaya and Africa . ( p. 87 ) '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who betrayed Sardar Patel ? '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coen , Sir Terence Bernard Creagh , KBE , CIE . The Indian Political Service : A Study in Indirect Rule . London : Chatto & Windus , 1971 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude ( 2004 ) . A history of modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . pp. 386 -- 409 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The India Office and Burma Office List : 1945 . Harrison & Sons , Ltd. 1945 . pp. 33 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ravi Kumar Pillai of Kandamath in the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs , pages 316 -- 319 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bajwa , Kuldip Singh ( 2003 ) . Jammu and Kashmir War , 1947 -- 1948 : Political and Military Perspectiv . New Delhi : Hari - Anand Publications Limited . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aparna Pande ( 16 March 2011 ) . Explaining Pakistan 's Foreign Policy : Escaping India . Taylor & Francis . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 81893 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jalal , Ayesha ( 2014 ) , The Struggle for Pakistan : A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics , Harvard University Press , p. 72 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 74499 - 8 : `` Equally notorious was his high - handed treatment of the state of Kalat , whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samad , Yunas ( 2014 ) . `` Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan '' . Commonwealth & Comparative Politics . 52 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 320 . doi : 10.1080 / 14662043.2014. 894280 . : `` When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch - Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre 's response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan . By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela , Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states , which promptly merged with Pakistan , the State of Kalat became land locked and reduced to a fraction of its size . Thus Ahmed Yar Khan was forced to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948 , which immediately led to the brother of the Khan , Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948 , starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Selig S. ( 1981 ) , In Afghanistan 's Shadow : Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , p. 24 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 029 - 1 : `` Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration , touching off a nine - month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat ... it is clear that Baluch leaders , including the Khan , were bitterly opposed to what happened . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilhelm von Pochhammer , India 's road to nationhood : a political history of the subcontinent ( 1981 ) ch 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agarwal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 , pp. 264 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Interpretation Act 1889 ( 52 & 53 Vict . c. 63 ) , s . 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1 . Imperial Gazetteer of India , volume IV , published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India - in - Council , 1909 , Oxford University Press. page 5 . Quote : `` The history of British India falls , as observed by Sir C.P. Ilbert in his Government of India , into three periods . From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation , existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France . During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion , shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown , and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions . After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown , and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress . '' 2 . The Statutes : From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ... by Robert Harry Drayton , Statutes of the Realm -- Law -- 1770 Page 211 ( 3 ) `` Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act , the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ... '' 3 . Edney , M.E. ( 1997 ) Mapping an Empire : The Geographical Construction of British India , 1765 -- 1843 , University of Chicago Press . 480 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 18488 - 3 4 . Hawes , C.J. ( 1996 ) Poor Relations : The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India , 1773 -- 1833 . Routledge , 217 pages . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0425 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , pp. 463 , 470 Quote1 : `` Before passing on to the political history of British India , which properly begins with the Anglo - French Wars in the Carnatic , ... ( p. 463 ) '' Quote2 : `` The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic . ( p. 471 ) '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 60 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Great Britain . Indian Statutory Commission ; Viscount John Allsebrook Simon Simon ( 1930 ) . Report of the Indian Statutory Commission ... H.M. Stationery Office . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ All India reporter . D.V. Chitaley. 1938 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Royalark.net : `` Salute States '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Govindlal Dalsukhbhai Patel ( 1957 ) . The land problem of reorganized Bombay state . N.M. Tripathi . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vapal Pangunni Menon ( 1956 ) The Story of the Integration of the Indian States , Macmillan Co. , pp. 17 -- 19 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 92 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mysore , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 173 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jammu and Kashmir , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 171 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 170 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 93 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Central India Agency , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 168 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eastern States , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 168 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gwalior Residency , '' , Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 170 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , pp. 94 -- 95 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rajputana , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 175 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baluchistan States , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 160 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sikkim , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 175 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 102 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 100 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Punjab States , '' , Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 174 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 103 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assam States , '' , Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 160 , Macmillan & Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 101 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lt. Gen. Sir George MacMunn , page 198 `` The Armies of India '' , ISBN 0 - 947554 - 02 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 85 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , pp. 85 -- 86 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.P. Bhargava ( 1992 ) The Chamber of Princes , p. 313 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( 26 Amendment ) Act , 1971 '' , indiacode.nic.in , Government of India , 1971 , archived from the original on 6 December 2011 , retrieved 9 November 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1 . Ramusack , Barbara N. ( 2004 ) . The Indian princes and their states . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26727 - 4 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . , `` Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971 , Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles , privy purses and regal privileges which her father 's government had granted . '' ( p 278 ) . 2 . Naipaul , V.S. ( 8 April 2003 ) , India : A Wounded Civilisation , Random House Digital , Inc. , pp. 37 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3075 - 0 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` The princes of India -- their number and variety reflecting to a large extent the chaos that had come to the country with the break up of the Mughal empire -- had lost real power in the British time . Through generations of idle servitude they had grown to specialise only in style . A bogus , extinguishable glamour : in 1947 , with Independence , they had lost their state , and Mrs. Gandhi in 1971 had , without much public outcry , abolished their privy purses and titles . '' ( pp 37 -- 38 ) . 3 . Schmidt , Karl J. ( 1995 ) , An atlas and survey of South Asian history , M.E. Sharpe , p. 78 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 334 - 9 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan , the real death of princely India came when the Twenty - sixth Amendment Act ( 1971 ) abolished the princes ' titles , privileges , and privy purses . '' ( page 78 ) . 4 . Breckenridge , Carol Appadurai ( 1995 ) , Consuming modernity : public culture in a South Asian world , U of Minnesota Press , pp. 84 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2306 - 8 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` The third stage in the political evolution of the princes from rulers to citizens occurred in 1971 , when the constitution ceased to recognise them as princes and their privy purses , titles , and special privileges were abolished . '' ( page 84 ) . 5 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 5 August 2008 ) , India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy , HarperCollins , pp. 441 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095858 - 9 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` Her success at the polls emboldened Mrs. Gandhi to act decisively against the princes . Through 1971 , the two sides tried and failed to find a settlement . The princes were willing to forgo their privy purses , but hoped at least to save their titles . But with her overwhelming majority in Parliament , the prime minister had no need to compromise . On 2 December she introduced a bill to amend the constitution and abolish all princely privileges . It was passed in the Lok Sabha by 381 votes to six , and in the Rajya Sabha by 167 votes to seven . In her own speech , the prime minister invited ' the princes to join the elite of the modern age , the elite which earns respect by its talent , energy and contribution to human progress , all of which can only be done when we work together as equals without regarding anybody as of special status . ' '' ( page 441 ) . 6 . Cheesman , David ( 1997 ) . Landlord power and rural indebtedness in colonial Sind , 1865 -- 1901 . London : Routledge . pp. 10 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0470 - 5 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Quote : `` The Indian princes survived the British Raj by only a few years . The Indian republic stripped them of their powers and then their titles . '' ( page 10 ) . 7 . Merriam - Webster , Inc ( 1997 ) , Merriam - Webster 's geographical dictionary , Merriam - Webster , pp. 520 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 546 - 9 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` Various ( formerly ) semi-independent areas in India ruled by native princes ... Under British rule ... administered by residents assisted by political agents . Titles and remaining privileges of princes abolished by Indian government 1971 . '' ( page 520 ) . 8 . Ward , Philip ( September 1989 ) , Northern India , Rajasthan , Agra , Delhi : a travel guide , Pelican Publishing , pp. 91 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88289 - 753 - 0 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` A monarchy is only as good as the reigning monarch : thus it is with the princely states . Once they seemed immutable , invincible . In 1971 they were `` derecognised , '' their privileges , privy purses and titles all abolished at a stroke '' ( page 91 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pervaiz I Cheema ; Manuel Riemer ( 22 August 1990 ) . Pakistan 's Defence Policy 1947 -- 58 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 60 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 20942 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farhan Hanif Siddiqi ( 2012 ) . The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan : The Baloch , Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements . Routledge . pp. 71 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 68614 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T.V. Paul ( February 2014 ) . The Warrior State : Pakistan in the Contemporary World . OUP USA . pp. 133 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932223 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bangash , Y.K. ( 2015 ) , `` Constructing the state : Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan '' , in Roger D. Long ; Gurharpal Singh ; Yunas Samad ; Ian Talbot , State and Nation - Building in Pakistan : Beyond Islam and Security , Routledge , pp. 82 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 44820 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholas Schmidle ( 2 March 2010 ) . To Live or to Perish Forever : Two Tumultuous Years in Pakistan . Henry Holt and Company . pp. 86 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 8590 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syed Farooq Hasnat ( 26 May 2011 ) . Global Security Watch -- Pakistan . ABC - CLIO . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34698 - 9 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bhagavan , Manu . `` Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary : Exploring the Cartography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India '' Journal of Asian Studies , ( Aug 2008 ) 67 # 3 pp 881 -- 915 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Bhagavan , Manu . Sovereign Spheres : Princes , Education and Empire in Colonial India ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Copland , Ian ( 2002 ) , Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire , 1917 -- 1947 , ( Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society ) . Cambridge and London : Cambridge University Press . Pp. 316 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 89436 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Ernst , W. and B. Pati , eds . India 's Princely States : People , Princes , and Colonialism ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , Chs. 4 & 5. , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jeffrey , Robin . People , Princes and Paramount Power : Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States ( 1979 ) 396pp </Li> <Li> Kooiman , Dick . Communalism and Indian Princely States : Travancore , Baroda & Hyderabad in the 1930s ( 2002 ) , 249pp </Li> <Li> Markovits , Claude ( 2004 ) . `` ch 21 : `` Princely India ( 1858 -- 1950 ) '' . A history of modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . pp. 386 -- 409 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 152 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Ramusack , Barbara ( 2004 ) , The Indian Princes and their States , The New Cambridge History of India , Cambridge and London : Cambridge University Press . Pp. 324 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 03989 - 4 </Li> <Li> Pochhammer , Wilhelm von India 's Road to Nationhood : A Political History of the Subcontinent ( 1973 ) ch 57 excerpt </Li> <Li> Zutshi , Chitralekha . `` Re-visioning princely states in South Asian historiography : A review '' Indian Economic & Social History Review ( 2009 ) 46 # 3 pp 301 -- 313 . doi : 10.1177 / 001946460904600302 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gazetteers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire , Historical , Published under the authority of His Majesty 's Secretary of State for India in Council , Oxford at the Clarendon Press . Pp . xxxv , 1 map , 573 . online </Li> <Li> Imperial Gazetteer of India vol . III ( 1907 ) , The Indian Empire , Economic ( Chapter X : Famine , pp. 475 -- 502 , Published under the authority of His Majesty 's Secretary of State for India in Council , Oxford at the Clarendon Press . Pp . xxxvi , 1 map , 520 . online </Li> <Li> Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV ( 1907 ) , The Indian Empire , Administrative , Published under the authority of His Majesty 's Secretary of State for India in Council , Oxford at the Clarendon Press . Pp . xxx , 1 map , 552 . online </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princely states of India . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Indian Princely states and their History and detailed Genealogy -- Royalark </Li> <Li> Sir Roper Lethbridge ( 1893 ) . The Golden Book of India : A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes , Chiefs , Nobles , and Other Personages , Titled or Decorated , of the Indian Empire ( Full text ) . Macmillan And Co. , New York . </Li> <Li> Exhaustive lists of rulers and heads of government , and some biographies . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gun salute Princely states during the British Raj </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 - gun salute </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baroda </Li> <Li> Gwalior </Li> <Li> Hyderabad </Li> <Li> Jammu & Kashmir </Li> <Li> Mysore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 - gun salute </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bhopal </Li> <Li> Indore </Li> <Li> Kalat </Li> <Li> Kolhapur </Li> <Li> Travancore </Li> <Li> Udaipur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 - gun salute </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bahawalpur </Li> <Li> Bharatpur </Li> <Li> Bikaner </Li> <Li> Bundi </Li> <Li> Cochin </Li> <Li> Cutch </Li> <Li> Jaipur </Li> <Li> Jodhpur </Li> <Li> Karauli </Li> <Li> Kota </Li> <Li> Patiala </Li> <Li> Pudukkottai </Li> <Li> Rewa </Li> <Li> Tonk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 - gun salute </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alwar </Li> <Li> Banswara </Li> <Li> Datia </Li> <Li> Dewas </Li> <Li> Dhar </Li> <Li> Dholpur </Li> <Li> Dungarpur </Li> <Li> Idar </Li> <Li> Jaisalmer </Li> <Li> Khairpur </Li> <Li> Kishangarh </Li> <Li> Orchha </Li> <Li> Pratapgarh </Li> <Li> Rampur </Li> <Li> Sikkim </Li> <Li> Sirohi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 - gun salute </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benares </Li> <Li> Bhavnagar </Li> <Li> Cooch Behar </Li> <Li> Dhrangadhra </Li> <Li> Jaora </Li> <Li> Jhalawar </Li> <Li> Jind </Li> <Li> Junagadh </Li> <Li> Kapurthala </Li> <Li> Nabha </Li> <Li> Nawanagar </Li> <Li> Palanpur </Li> <Li> Porbandar </Li> <Li> Rajpipla </Li> <Li> Ratlam </Li> <Li> Tripura </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 - gun salute </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ajaigarh </Li> <Li> Alirajpur </Li> <Li> Baoni </Li> <Li> Barwani </Li> <Li> Bijawar </Li> <Li> Bilaspur </Li> <Li> Cambay </Li> <Li> Chamba </Li> <Li> Charkhari </Li> <Li> Chhatarpur </Li> <Li> Chitral </Li> <Li> Faridkot </Li> <Li> Tehri Garhwal </Li> <Li> Gondal </Li> <Li> Janjira / Jafrabad </Li> <Li> Jhabua </Li> <Li> Malerkotla </Li> <Li> Mandi </Li> <Li> Manipur </Li> <Li> Morvi </Li> <Li> Narsinghgarh </Li> <Li> Panna </Li> <Li> Radhanpur </Li> <Li> Rajgarh </Li> <Li> Sailana </Li> <Li> Samthar </Li> <Li> Sirmur </Li> <Li> Sitamau </Li> <Li> Suket </Li> <Li> Wankaner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 - gun salute </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balasinor </Li> <Li> Banganapalle </Li> <Li> Bansda </Li> <Li> Baraundha </Li> <Li> Baria </Li> <Li> Bhor </Li> <Li> Chhota Udaipur </Li> <Li> Danta </Li> <Li> Dharampur </Li> <Li> Dhrol </Li> <Li> Jawhar </Li> <Li> Kalahandi </Li> <Li> Khilchipur </Li> <Li> Limbdi </Li> <Li> Loharu </Li> <Li> Lunavada </Li> <Li> Maihar </Li> <Li> Mayurbhanj </Li> <Li> Mudhol </Li> <Li> Nagod </Li> <Li> Palitana </Li> <Li> Patna </Li> <Li> Rajkot </Li> <Li> Sachin </Li> <Li> Sangli </Li> <Li> Sant </Li> <Li> Sawantwadi </Li> <Li> Shahpura </Li> <Li> Sonepur </Li> <Li> Wadhwan </Li> <Li> Yawnghwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of princely states of British India ( alphabetical ) </Li> <Li> Salute state </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&oldid=852149860 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Princely states of India </Li> <Li> Types of country subdivisions </Li> <Li> States by power status </Li> <Li> Hindu dynasties </Li> <Li> Former British protectorates </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from June 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2014 </Li> <Li> India - 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describe the two types of state found in india before 1947
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Princely_state&amp;oldid=852149860
3,089,565,164,590,335,500
Equal Rights Amendment - wikipedia <H1> Equal Rights Amendment </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and Articles of the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments to the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> <Li> VIII </Li> <Li> IX </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> XI </Li> <Li> XII </Li> <Li> XIII </Li> <Li> XIV </Li> <Li> XV </Li> <Li> XVI </Li> <Li> XVII </Li> <Li> XVIII </Li> <Li> XIX </Li> <Li> XX </Li> <Li> XXI </Li> <Li> XXII </Li> <Li> XXIII </Li> <Li> XXIV </Li> <Li> XXV </Li> <Li> XXVI </Li> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unratified Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> D.C. Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drafting and ratification timeline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Convention </Li> <Li> Signing </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federalism </Li> <Li> Republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full text of the Constitution and Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments I -- X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Amendments XI -- XXVII </Li> <Li> Unratified Amendments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> U.S. Government portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> <Li> Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA ) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of sex ; it seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce , property , employment , and other matters . The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman . The amendment was introduced in Congress for the first time in 1923 and has prompted conversations about the meaning of equality for women and men . In its early history , middle - class women were largely supportive , while those speaking for the working class were often opposed , arguing that employed women needed special protections regarding working conditions and employment hours . With the rise of the women 's movement in the United States in the 1960s , the ERA garnered increasing support , and , after being reintroduced by Representative Martha Griffiths ( D - MI ) , in 1971 , it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification . </P> <P> Congress had originally set a ratification deadline of March 22 , 1979 . Through 1977 , the amendment received 35 of the necessary 38 state ratifications . With wide , bipartisan support ( including that of both major political parties , both houses of Congress , and Presidents Ford and Carter ) it seemed headed for ratification until Phyllis Schlafly mobilized conservative women in opposition , arguing that the ERA would disadvantage housewives and cause women to be drafted into the military . Four states rescinded their ratifications before the 1979 deadline ; however , there is no precedent or mechanism within the US Constitution for rescinding , and , thus , it becomes a legal question . In 1978 , a joint resolution of Congress extended the ratification deadline to June 30 , 1982 , but no further states ratified the amendment before that revised deadline . </P> <P> On March 22 , 2017 , the 45th anniversary of Congress 's submission of the amendment to the states , the Nevada Legislature was the first to ratify the ERA after the expiration of the original deadline . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Feminists split </Li> <Li> 2.2 Hayden rider and protective labor legislation </Li> <Li> 2.3 1960s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Congressional passage </Li> <Li> 4 Actions in the state legislatures <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ratifications </Li> <Li> 4.2 Ratifications rescinded </Li> <Li> 4.3 Refusal to recognize deadline extension to June 30 , 1982 </Li> <Li> 4.4 Non-ratifying states with one - house approval </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Congressional extension of ratification deadline </Li> <Li> 6 In the courts </Li> <Li> 7 Support for the ERA <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Black Women and the ERA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Opposition to the ERA </Li> <Li> 9 Post-deadline ratifications </Li> <Li> 10 Subsequent congressional action <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Proposed removal of ratification deadline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 State Equal Rights Amendments </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> Section 1 . Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex . </P> <P> Section 2 . The Congress shall have the power to enforce , by appropriate legislation , the provisions of this article . </P> <P> Section 3 . This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Alice Paul toasting ( with grape juice ) the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment . August 26 , 1920 <P> On the 75th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention , July 1 , 1923 , feminist and advocate for women 's rights Alice Paul announced that she planned on promoting and initiating an amendment to the United States Constitution that would give the same rights to men and women . She believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex . Paul wrote a draft and in honor of Lucretia Mott , a female abolitionist who fought for women 's rights and attended the First Women 's Rights Convention , Paul named the amendment Mott 's Amendment . The original amendment stated : </P> <P> Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . </P> <P> In 1943 , Alice Paul further revised the amendment 's wording ; this text became Section 1 in the version passed by Congress in 1972 . </P> <P> That wording was based on that of the Fifteenth Amendment and Nineteenth Amendments . </P> <P> As a result , in the 1940s , ERA opponents proposed an alternative , which provided that `` no distinctions on the basis of sex shall be made except such as are reasonably justified by differences in physical structure , biological differences , or social function . '' It was quickly turned down by both pro and anti-ERA coalitions . </P> <H3> Feminists split ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the 1920s , the Equal Rights Amendment has caused a sharp debate among feminists about the meaning of women 's equality . It was `` feminist against feminist '' , said historian Judith Sealander . Alice Paul and her National Woman 's Party was the leading proponent , arguing that women should be on equal terms with men in all regards , even if that means sacrificing certain benefits given to women through protective legislation , such as shorter work hours and no night work or heavy lifting . Opponents of the amendment , such as the Women 's Joint Congressional Committee , believed that these gender - based benefits protected women and that the loss of such protection would not be worth the supposed gain in equality . In general , middle - class elements supported the ERA , and working - class elements ( and the labor movement ) opposed it . In 1924 , The Forum hosted a debate between Doris Stevens and Alice Hamilton concerning these two perspectives on the proposed amendment . Their debate reflected the wider tension in the developing feminist movement of the early 20th century between two approaches towards the equality of gender . One approach emphasized shared similarities between the sexes and demanded rights based on women 's humanity . The other approach emphasized women 's unique experiences and how they were different from men to obtain recognition for their specific needs . The crusade against the ERA on behalf of working class women was led by Mary Anderson and the Women 's Bureau beginning in 1923 . These feminists argued that legislation including mandated minimum wages , safety regulations , restricted daily and weekly hours , lunch breaks , and maternity provisions would be more beneficial to the majority of women who were forced to work out of economic necessity , not personal fulfillment . The debate over the ERA also drew from struggles between working class and professional women . Alice Hamilton said , in her speech `` Protection for Women Workers , '' that the ERA would strip working women of the small protections they had achieved , and leave them powerless to further improve their condition in the future , or attain necessary protections in the present . </P> <P> The National Woman 's Party already had tested its approach in Wisconsin , where it won passage of the Wisconsin Equal Rights Law in 1921 . It then took the ERA to Congress in the 1920s , where Senator Charles Curtis , a future Vice President , and Representative Daniel R. Anthony , Jr. -- Susan B. Anthony 's nephew , both Kansas Republicans , introduced it for the first time as Senate Joint Resolution No. 21 on December 10 , 1923 , and as House Joint Resolution No. 75 on December 13 , 1923 , respectively . Though the ERA was introduced in every congressional session between 1923 and 1970 , it almost never reached the floor of either the Senate or the House for a vote -- instead , it was usually blocked in committee ; except in 1946 , when it was defeated in the Senate by a vote of 38 to 35 -- not receiving the required two - thirds vote . </P> <H3> Hayden rider and protective labor legislation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1950 and 1953 , the ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as `` the Hayden rider '' , introduced by Arizona Senator Carl Hayden . The Hayden rider added a sentence to the ERA to keep special protections for women : `` The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights , benefits , or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of the female sex . '' By allowing women to keep their existing and future special protections , it was expected that the ERA would be more appealing to its opponents . Though opponents were marginally more in favor of the ERA with the Hayden rider , supporters of the original ERA believed it negated the amendment 's original purpose -- causing the amendment not to be passed in the House . </P> <P> ERA supporters were hopeful that the second term of Dwight Eisenhower would advance their agenda . Eisenhower had publicly promised to `` assure women everywhere in our land equality of rights , '' and in 1958 , President Dwight Eisenhower asked a joint session of Congress to pass the Equal Rights Amendment , the first president to show such a level of support for the amendment . However , the National Woman 's Party found the amendment to be unacceptable and asked it to be withdrawn whenever the Hayden rider was added to the ERA . </P> <P> The Republican Party included support of the ERA in its platform beginning in 1940 , renewing the plank every four years until 1980 . The ERA was strongly opposed by the American Federation of Labor and other labor unions , who feared the amendment would invalidate protective labor legislation for women . The Equal Rights Amendment was also opposed by Eleanor Roosevelt and most New Dealers . They felt that ERA was designed for middle class women but that working class women needed government protection . They also feared that the ERA would undercut the male - dominated labor unions that were a core component of the New Deal coalition . Most northern Democrats , who aligned themselves with the anti-ERA labor unions , opposed the amendment . The ERA was supported by southern Democrats and almost all Republicans . </P> <P> At the 1944 Democratic National Convention , the Democrats made the divisive step of including the ERA in their platform , but the Democratic Party did not become united in favor of the amendment until congressional passage in 1972 . The main support base for the ERA until the late 1960s was among middle class Republican women . The League of Women Voters , formerly the National American Woman Suffrage Association , opposed the Equal Rights Amendment until 1972 , fearing the loss of protective labor legislation . </P> <H3> 1960s ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the Democratic National Convention in 1960 , a proposal to endorse the ERA was rejected after it met explicit opposition from liberal groups including the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , the AFL -- CIO , labor unions such as the American Federation of Teachers , Americans for Democratic Action ( ADA ) , the American Nurses Association , the Women 's Division of the Methodist Church , and the National Councils of Jewish , Catholic , and Negro Women . The losing side then demanded that presidential candidate John F. Kennedy announce his support of the ERA ; he did so in an October 21 , 1960 , letter to the chairman of the National Woman 's Party . When Kennedy was elected , he made Esther Peterson the highest - ranking woman in his administration as an Assistant Secretary of Labor . Peterson publicly opposed the Equal Rights Amendment based on her belief that it would weaken protective labor legislation . Peterson referred to the National Woman 's Party members , most of them veteran suffragists and preferred the `` specific bills for specific ills '' approach to equal rights . Ultimately , Kennedy 's ties to labor unions meant he and his administration did not support the ERA . </P> <P> As a concession to feminists , Kennedy appointed a blue - ribbon commission on women , the President 's Commission on the Status of Women , to investigate the problem of sex discrimination in the United States . The commission was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt who opposed the ERA but no longer spoke against it . In the early 1960s , Roosevelt announced that , due to unionization , she believed the ERA was no longer a threat to women as it once may have been and told supporters that they could have the amendment if they wanted it . However , she never endorsed the ERA . The commission she chaired reported ( after her death ) that no ERA was needed . The commission helped win passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which banned sex discrimination in wages in a number of professions ( it would later be amended in the early 1970s to include the professions it initially excluded ) and secured an executive order from Kennedy eliminating sex discrimination in the civil service . The commission , made largely of anti-ERA feminists with ties to labor , proposed remedies to the widespread sex discrimination it unearthed and in its 1963 final report held that on the issue of equality `` a constitutional amendment need not now be sought '' . </P> <P> The commission established state and local commissions on the status of women and arranged for follow - up conferences in the years to come . The following year , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned workplace discrimination not only on the basis of race , religion , and national origin , but also on the basis of sex , thanks to the lobbying of Alice Paul and Coretta Scott King and the skillful politicking of Representative Martha Griffiths of Michigan . </P> <P> A new women 's movement gained ground in the later 1960s as a result of a variety of factors : Betty Friedan 's bestseller The Feminine Mystique ; the network of women 's rights commissions formed by Kennedy 's national commission ; the frustration over women 's social and economic status ; and anger over the lack of government and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcement of the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act . In June 1966 , at the Third National Conference on the Status of Women in Washington , D.C. , Betty Friedan and a group of activists frustrated with the lack of government action in enforcing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act formed the National Organization for Women to act as an `` NAACP for women '' , demanding full equality for American women and men . In 1967 , at the urging of Alice Paul , NOW endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment . The decision caused some union Democrats and social conservatives to leave the organization and form the Women 's Equity Action League ( within a few years WEAL also endorsed the ERA ) , but the move to support the amendment benefited NOW , bolstering its membership . By the late 1960s NOW had made significant political and legislative victories and was gaining enough power to become a major lobbying force . In 1969 , newly elected Representative Shirley Chisholm of New York gave her famous speech `` Equal Rights for Women '' on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives . </P> <H2> Congressional passage ( edit ) </H2> U.S. Representative Martha Griffiths championed the ERA <P> In February 1970 , NOW picketed the United States Senate , a subcommittee of which was holding hearings on a constitutional amendment to lower the voting age to eighteen . NOW disrupted the hearings and demanded a hearing on the Equal Rights Amendment and won a meeting with Senators to discuss the ERA . That August , over 20,000 American women held a nationwide Women 's Strike for Equality protest to demand full social , economic , and political equality . Said Friedan of the strike , `` All kinds of women 's groups all over the country will be using this week on August 26 particularly , to point out those areas in women 's life which are still not addressed . For example , a question of equality before the law ; we are interested in the Equal Rights Amendment . '' Despite being centered in New York City -- which was regarded as one of the biggest strongholds for NOW and other groups sympathetic to the women 's liberation movement such as Redstockings -- and having a small number of participants in contrast to the large - scale anti-war and civil rights protests that had occurred in the recent time prior to the event , the strike was credited as one of the biggest turning points in the rise of second - wave feminism . </P> <P> In Washington , D.C. , protesters presented a sympathetic Senate leadership with a petition for the Equal Rights Amendment at the U.S. Capitol . Influential news sources such as Time also supported the cause of the protestors . Soon after the strike took place , activists distributed literature across the country as well . In 1970 , congressional hearings began on the ERA . </P> <P> On August 10 , 1970 , Michigan Democrat Martha Griffiths successfully brought Alice Paul 's ERA to the House Floor , after fifteen years of bringing the bill to the House Judiciary Committee without success . The bill passed in the House and continued on to the Senate , which voted for the ERA with an added clause that women would be exempt from the military . The session of Congress ended before the bill could go any further . </P> <P> Griffiths reintroduced the ERA , and achieved success on Capitol Hill with her House Joint Resolution No. 208 , which was adopted by the House on October 12 , 1971 , with a vote of 354 yeas ( For ) , 24 nays ( Against ) and 51 not voting . Griffiths 's joint resolution was then adopted by the Senate on March 22 , 1972 , with a vote of 84 yeas , 8 nays and 7 not voting . The Senate version , drafted by Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana , passed after the defeat of an amendment proposed by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina that would have exempted women from the draft . President Richard Nixon immediately endorsed the ERA 's approval upon its passage by the 92nd Congress . </P> <P> Contemporary movement on the ERA began in 2013 , when Senators Ben Cardin of Maryland and Mark Kirk of Illinois , along with Congresswoman Jackie Speier of California , introduced identical bills in both the US Senate and House chambers to remove the ratification deadline altogether . Currently , the legislation continues to gain co-sponsors in both chambers in anticipation of completion of the amendment . </P> <H2> Actions in the state legislatures ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ratifications ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1972 , the ERA was sent to the states , with a seven - year deadline to get 38 states to ratify the amendment . Most states were eager to pass the legislation ; in 1972 , 22 states ratified the amendment and eight more joined in 1973 . Between 1974 and 1977 , only five states approved the ERA , and advocates became worried about the approaching March 22 , 1979 deadline . At the same time , the legislatures of four states which had ratified the ERA then adopted legislation purporting to rescind those ratifications . If , indeed , a state legislature has power to rescind , then the ERA actually had ratifications by only 31 states -- not 35 -- when March 22 , 1979 arrived . </P> <P> The ERA has been ratified by the following states : </P> <Ol> <Li> Hawaii ( March 22 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> New Hampshire ( March 23 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Delaware ( March 23 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Iowa ( March 24 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Idaho ( March 24 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Kansas ( March 28 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Nebraska ( March 29 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Texas ( March 30 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Tennessee ( April 4 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Alaska ( April 5 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Rhode Island ( April 14 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> New Jersey ( April 17 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Colorado ( April 21 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> West Virginia ( April 22 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Wisconsin ( April 26 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> New York ( May 18 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Michigan ( May 22 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Maryland ( May 26 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Massachusetts ( June 21 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Kentucky ( June 26 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania ( September 27 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> California ( November 13 , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Wyoming ( January 26 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> South Dakota ( February 5 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Oregon ( February 8 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Minnesota ( February 8 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> New Mexico ( February 28 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Vermont ( March 1 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Connecticut ( March 15 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Washington ( March 22 , 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Maine ( January 18 , 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Montana ( January 25 , 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Ohio ( February 7 , 1974 ) </Li> <Li> North Dakota ( March 19 , 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana ( January 18 , 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Nevada ( March 22 , 2017 ) , despite the ratification deadline expiring decades earlier . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Ratifications rescinded ( edit ) </H3> <P> Legislators in the following states voted to rescind their earlier ratification of the ERA : </P> <Ol> <Li> Nebraska ( March 15 , 1973 -- Legislative Resolution No. 9 ) </Li> <Li> Tennessee ( April 23 , 1974 -- House Joint Resolution No. 371 and Senate Joint Resolution No. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Idaho ( February 8 , 1977 -- Senate Joint Resolution No. 133 and House Concurrent Resolution No. 10 ) </Li> <Li> Kentucky ( March 17 , 1978 -- House ( Joint ) Resolution No. 2 and House ( Joint ) Resolution No. 20 ) The Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky , Thelma Stovall , who was acting as governor in the governor 's absence , vetoed the rescinding resolution . </Li> </Ol> <P> The Constitution is silent regarding whether the governor of a state has any authority regarding whether that state ratifies an amendment to the Constitution . The Constitution is likewise silent regarding a state 's authority to rescind its ratification of a proposed , but not yet adopted , constitutional amendment . </P> <H3> Refusal to recognize deadline extension to June 30 , 1982 ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 1 , 1979 , the South Dakota Legislature approved Senate Joint Resolution No. 2 which , while not going quite so far as to rescind South Dakota 's 1973 ratification of ERA , stipulated that the ERA 's opportunity for ratification -- by any state of the Union -- would expire on March 22 , 1979 . Furthermore , Senate Joint Resolution No. 2 made clear that South Dakota 's own ratification of the ERA would no longer be valid after March 22 , 1979 , and that any ratification of the ERA after that date in any other state would be considered by South Dakota to be null and void . </P> <H3> Non-ratifying states with one - House approval ( edit ) </H3> <P> At various times , in 8 of the 14 non-ratifying states , one house of the legislature approved the ERA . It failed in those states because both houses of a state 's legislature must approve during the same session for that state to ratify . </P> <Ol> <Li> Florida -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on March 24 , 1972 , with a tally of 91 to 4 ; a second time on April 10 , 1975 , with a tally of 62 to 58 ; a third time on May 17 , 1979 , with a tally of 66 to 53 ; and a fourth time on June 21 , 1982 , with a tally of 60 to 58 . </Li> <Li> Illinois -- whose Senate voted to ratify the ERA in May 1972 with a tally of 30 to 21 , and again on May 22 , 2014 ( Senate Joint Resolution Constitutional Amendment No. 75 ) with a tally of 39 to 11 ; and whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on May 1 , 1975 with a tally of 113 to 62 , and again on May 21 , 2003 with a tally of 76 to 41 ( House Joint Resolution Constitutional Amendment No. 1 ) . At various times , votes were conducted in both houses of the Illinois General Assembly on the question of ratifying the ERA and while most members voted in favor of ratification , the result was always less than the three - fifths supermajority vote in each house of the Illinois General Assembly for ratification as required by the internal parliamentary rules of both the Illinois Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives . A provision of the Illinois State Constitution , which had required a supermajority of three - fifths in both legislative chambers , was found to be unconstitutional by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in the 1975 case of Dyer v. Blair . Since then , the ERA has been voted on multiple times , but has only ever passed in one of the chambers . The most recent vote in favor of the ERA was in the state senate in May 2014 with a tally of 39 to 11 , and 6 voting present . </Li> <Li> Louisiana -- whose Senate voted to ratify the ERA on June 7 , 1972 , with a tally of 25 to 13 . </Li> <Li> Missouri -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on February 7 , 1975 , with a tally of 82 to 75 . </Li> <Li> North Carolina -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on February 9 , 1977 , with a tally of 61 to 55 . </Li> <Li> Oklahoma -- whose Senate voted to ratify the ERA on March 23 , 1972 , by a voice vote . </Li> <Li> South Carolina -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on March 22 , 1972 , with a tally of 83 to zero . </Li> <Li> Virginia -- whose Senate voted to ratify the ERA on February 7 , 2011 , with a tally of 24 to 16 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 357 ) ; a second time on February 14 , 2012 , with a tally of 24 to 15 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 130 ) ; a third time on February 5 , 2014 , with a tally of 25 to 8 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 78 ) ; a fourth time on February 5 , 2015 , with a tally of 20 to 19 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 216 ) ; and a fifth time on January 26 , 2016 , with a tally of 21 to 19 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 1 ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> Over the past twenty years , ratification resolutions have also been defeated in Arizona , Arkansas , and Mississippi . </P> <H2> Congressional extension of ratification deadline ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1978 -- as the 1979 deadline approached -- the 95th Congress adopted House Joint Resolution No. 638 ( H.J. Res. 638 ) , by Representative Elizabeth Holtzman of New York , which purported to extend the ERA 's ratification deadline to June 30 , 1982 . H.J. Res. 638 received less than two - thirds of the vote ( a simple majority , not a supermajority ) in both the House of Representatives and the Senate ; for that reason , ERA supporters deemed it necessary that H.J. Res. 638 be transmitted to then President Jimmy Carter for signature as a safety precaution . Carter signed the joint resolution , though he questioned -- on procedural grounds -- the propriety of his doing so . During this disputed extension , no additional states ratified or rescinded . </P> President Carter signing the extension <P> No additional states ratified the ERA during that extra period of slightly more than three years . On June 18 , 1980 , a resolution in the Illinois House of Representatives resulted in a vote of 102 - 71 in favor , but Illinois required a three - fifths majority on constitutional amendments and so the measure failed by five votes . In 1982 , seven female ERA supporters went on a fast and seventeen chained themselves to the door of the Illinois senate chamber ; none of this resulted in any state ratifications . The closest the ERA came to gaining an additional ratification between the original deadline of March 22 , 1979 and the revised June 30 , 1982 , expiration date was when it was approved by the Florida House of Representatives on June 21 , 1982 . In the final week before the deadline , that ratifying resolution was defeated in the Florida Senate by a vote of 16 yeas and 22 nays . Even if Florida had ratified the ERA , the proposed amendment would still have been two states short of the required 38 ( seven states short if the rescissions were valid ) . </P> <P> According to research by Professor Jules B. Gerard , professor of law at Washington University in St. Louis , of the 35 legislatures that passed ratification resolutions , 24 explicitly referred to the 1979 deadline . </P> <H2> In the courts ( edit ) </H2> <P> On December 23 , 1981 , in Idaho v. Freeman , the United States District Court for the District of Idaho ruled that the rescissions -- all of which occurred before the original 1979 ratification deadline -- were valid and that the ERA 's deadline extension was unconstitutional . The National Organization for Women appealed both rulings . On October 4 , 1982 , in NOW v. Idaho , 459 U.S. 809 ( 1982 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court vacated the ruling in Idaho v. Freeman and declared the entire matter moot on the grounds that the ERA was dead for the reason given by the Administrator of General Services that the ERA had not received the required number of ratifications ( 38 ) , so that `` the Amendment has failed of adoption no matter what the resolution of the legal issues presented here . '' </P> <H2> Support for the ERA ( edit ) </H2> <P> Supporters of the ERA point to the lack of a specific guarantee in the Constitution for equal rights protections on the basis of sex . In 1973 , future Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg summarized a supporting argument for the ERA in the American Bar Association Journal : </P> <P> The equal rights amendment , in sum , would dedicate the nation to a new view of the rights and responsibilities of men and women . It firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes as constitutionally tolerable . Instead , it looks toward a legal system in which each person will be judged on the basis of individual merit and not on the basis of an unalterable trait of birth that bears no necessary relationship to need or ability . </P> <P> In the early 1940s both the Democratic and Republican parties added support for the ERA to their platforms . </P> <P> The National Organization for Women ( NOW ) and ERAmerica , a coalition of almost 80 organizations , led the pro-ERA efforts . Between 1972 and 1982 , ERA supporters held rallies , petitioned , picketed , went on hunger strikes , and performed acts of civil disobedience . On July 9 , 1978 , NOW and other organizations hosted a national march in Washington D.C. , which garnered over 100,000 supporters , and was followed by a Lobby Day on July 10 . On June 6 , 1982 , NOW sponsored marches in states that had not passed the ERA including Florida , Illinois , North Carolina , and Oklahoma . Key feminists of the time , such as Gloria Steinem , spoke out in favor of the ERA , arguing that ERA opposition was based on gender myths that overemphasized difference and ignored evidence of unequal treatment between men and women . </P> <H3> Black women and the ERA ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many black women supported the ERA since they felt impacted by both race and sex discrimination . One prominent black female supporter was black Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm . On August 10 , 1970 , she gave a speech on the ERA called `` For the Equal Rights Amendment '' in Washington D.C. In her speech , she talked about how widespread sex discrimination had become and how the ERA would address that . She also said that laws to protect women in the workforce from unsafe working conditions would also be needed by men , and thus the ERA would help all people . </P> <P> Other black women at the time supported the ERA for similar reasons . By 1976 , 60 % of black women and 63 % of black men were in favor of the ERA , and the legislation was supported by black organizations such as the NAACP , National Council of Negro Women , Coalition of Black Trade Unionists , National Association of Negro Business , and the National Black Feminist Organization . </P> <H2> Opposition to the ERA ( edit ) </H2> Anti-ERA women watching a committee meeting of the Florida Senate in 1979 , where consideration of the ERA was postponed , thus effectively killing the resolution for the 1979 session <P> Opponents of the ERA focused on traditional gender roles , such as how men do the fighting in wartime . They argued that the amendment would eliminate the men - only draft requirement and guarantee the possibility that women would be subject to conscription and be required to have military combat roles in future wars if it were passed . Defense of traditional gender roles proved to be a useful tactic . In Illinois , supporters of Phyllis Schlafly , a conservative Republican activist from Illinois , used traditional symbols of the American housewife . They took homemade bread , jams , and apple pies to the state legislators , with the slogans , `` Preserve us from a congressional jam ; Vote against the ERA sham '' and `` I am for Mom and apple pie . '' They appealed to married women by stressing that the amendment would repeal protective laws such as alimony and eliminate the tendency for mothers to obtain custody over their children in divorce cases . It was suggested that single - sex bathrooms would be eliminated and same - sex couples would be able to get married if the amendment were passed . Traditional women started to oppose the ERA . Schlafly said the ERA was designed for the benefit of young career women and warned that if men and women had to be treated identically it would threaten the security of middle - aged housewives with no job skills . They could no longer count on alimony or Social Security . Opponents also argued that men and women were already equal enough with the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and that women 's colleges would have to admit men . Her argument that protective laws would be lost resonated with working - class women . </P> Phyllis Schlafly , a conservative activist , organized opposition to the ERA and argued that it `` would lead to women being drafted by the military and to public unisex bathrooms '' <P> At the 1980 Republican National Convention , the Republican Party platform was amended to end its support for the ERA . The most prominent opponent of the ERA was Schlafly . Leading the Stop ERA campaign , Schlafly defended traditional gender roles and would often bait feminists by opening her speeches with lines like , `` I 'd like to thank my husband for letting me be here tonight -- I always like to say that , because it makes the libs so mad . '' When Schlafly began her campaign in 1972 , public polls showed support for the amendment was widely popular and thirty states had ratified the amendment by 1973 . After 1973 , the number of ratifying states slowed to a trickle . Support in the states that had not ratified fell below 50 % . Critchlow and Stachecki argue that public opinion in key states shifted against the ERA as opponents , operating on the local and state levels , won over the public . The state legislators in battleground states followed public opinion in rejecting the ERA . </P> <P> Experts agree that Phyllis Schlafly was a key player in the defeat . Political scientist Jane Mansbridge in her history of the ERA argues that the draft issue was the single most powerful argument used by Schlafly and the other opponents to defeat ERA . She concludes , `` Many people who followed the struggle over the ERA believed -- rightly in my view -- that the Amendment would have been ratified by 1975 or 1976 had it not been for Phyllis Schlafly 's early and effective effort to organize potential opponents . '' Legal scholar Joan C. Williams argues , `` ERA was defeated when Schlafly turned it into a war among women over gender roles . '' Historian Judith Glazer - Raymo argues : </P> <P> As moderates , we thought we represented the forces of reason and goodwill but failed to take seriously the power of the family values argument and the single - mindedness of Schlafly and her followers . The ERA 's defeat seriously damaged the women 's movement , destroying its momentum and its potential to foment social change ... Eventually , this resulted in feminist dissatisfaction with the Republican Party , giving the Democrats a new source of strength that when combined with overwhelming minority support , helped elect Bill Clinton to the presidency in 1992 and again in 1996 . </P> <P> Many ERA supporters blamed their defeat on special interest forces , especially the insurance industry and conservative organizations , suggesting they funded an opposition that subverted the democratic process and the will of the pro-ERA majority . They argued that while the public face of the anti-ERA movement was Phyllis Schlafly and her STOP ERA organization , there were other important groups in the opposition as well , such as the powerful National Council of Catholic Women , labor feminists , and ( until 1973 ) the AFL -- CIO . Opposition to the amendment was particularly high among religious conservatives , who argued that the amendment would guarantee universal abortion rights and the right for homosexual couples to marry . Critchlow and Stachecki say the anti-ERA movement was based on strong support among Southern whites , Evangelical Christians , Mormons , Orthodox Jews , and Roman Catholics , including both men and women . Sonia Johnson , a traditionally raised Mormon housewife whose eventual feminist advocacy for the ERA 's passage led to her excommunication by the LDS church , subsequently wrote about her experiences in the memoir From Housewife to Heretic . ( Johnson and others led a hunger strike / fast at the Illinois state senate building in an effort to push Illinois toward ratification before the deadline of 1982 . ) </P> <H2> Post-deadline ratifications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Beginning in the mid 1990s , ERA proponents began an effort to win ratification of the ERA by the legislatures of states that did not ratify it between 1972 and 1982 . These proponents claim that Congress can remove the ERA 's ratification deadline despite the deadline having expired , allowing the states again to ratify it . They also claim that the ratifications ERA previously received remain valid . Proponents of the three - state strategy have promoted ratification resolutions in the legislatures of most of the 15 states that never ratified the ERA before the time limit on its ratification expired . </P> <P> On June 21 , 2009 , the National Organization for Women decided to support both efforts to obtain new ratifications and any strategy to submit a new ERA to the states for ratification . </P> <P> In 2013 , the Library of Congress 's Congressional Research Service issued a report saying that ratification deadlines are a political question : </P> <P> ERA proponents claim that the Supreme Court 's decision in Coleman v. Miller gives Congress wide discretion in setting conditions for the ratification process . </P> <P> It also says : </P> <P> Revivification opponents caution ERA supporters against an overly broad interpretation of Coleman v. Miller , which , they argue , may have been be ( sic ) a politically influenced decision . </P> <P> However , most recently , ERA Action has both led and brought renewed vigor to the movement by instituting what has become known as the `` three state strategy '' . It was in 2013 that ERA Action began to gain traction with this strategy through their coordination with Senate and House members not only to introduce legislation in both chambers to remove the ratification deadline , but also in gaining legislative sponsors . The Congressional Research Service then issued a report on the `` three state strategy '' on April 8 , 2013 entitled `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' , stating that the approach was viable . </P> <P> In 2014 , under the auspices of ERA Action and their coalition partners , both the Virginia and Illinois state senates voted to ratify the ERA ; however , votes were blocked in both states ' House chambers . In the meantime , the ERA ratification movement continued with the resolution being introduced in 10 state legislatures . Then , on March 22 2017 , the Nevada legislature became the first state in 40 years to ratify the ERA , and Illinois began to see movement again as well . </P> <H2> Subsequent congressional Action ( edit ) </H2> <P> The amendment has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982 . Senator Ted Kennedy ( D - MA ) championed it in the Senate from the 99th Congress through the 110th Congress . Senator Robert Menendez ( D - NJ ) introduced the amendment symbolically at the end of the 111th Congress and has supported it in the 112th Congress . In the House of Representatives , Carolyn B. Maloney ( D - NY ) has sponsored it since the 105th Congress , most recently in August 2013 . </P> <P> In 1983 , the ERA passed through House committees with the same text as in 1972 ; however , it failed by six votes to achieve the necessary two - thirds vote on the House floor . That was the last time that the ERA received a floor vote in the Congress . </P> <P> At the start of the 112th Congress on January 6 , 2011 , Senator Menendez , along with Representatives Maloney , Jerrold Nadler and Gwen Moore , held a press conference advocating for the Equal Rights Amendment 's adoption . </P> <P> The 113th Congress had a record number of women . On March 5 , 2013 , the ERA was reintroduced by Senator Menendez as S.J. RES. 10 . </P> <P> The `` New ERA '' introduced in 2013 , sponsored by Representative Carolyn B. Maloney , adds an additional sentence to the original text : `` Women shall have equal rights in the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction . '' </P> <H3> Proposed removal of ratification deadline ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 8 , 2011 , the 100th anniversary of International Women 's Day , Representative Tammy Baldwin ( D - WI ) introduced legislation ( H.J. Res. 47 ) to remove the congressionally imposed deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment . Bill co-sponsors include Representatives Robert Andrews ( D - NJ ) , Jackie Speier ( D - CA ) , Luis Gutierrez ( D - IL ) , Chellie Pingree ( D - ME ) and Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D - FL ) . On March 22 , 2012 , the 40th anniversary of the ERA 's congressional approval , Senator Benjamin L. Cardin ( D - MD ) introduced ( S.J. Res. 39 ) -- which is worded with slight differences from Representative Baldwin 's ( H.J. Res. 47 ) . Senator Cardin was joined by ten other Senators who added their names to the Senate Joint Resolution . </P> <P> On February 24 , 2013 , the New Mexico House of Representatives passed a resolution asking that the congressionally imposed deadline for ERA ratification be removed . The resolution was officially received by the U.S. House of Representatives on April 25 , 2013 , and was referred to the House 's Committee on the Judiciary , as noted in the Congressional Record . </P> <H2> State Equal Rights amendments ( edit ) </H2> Further information : State Equal Rights Amendments <P> Twenty - four states have adopted constitutions or constitutional amendments providing that equal rights under the law shall not be denied because of sex . Most of these provisions mirror the broad language of the ERA , while the wording in others resembles the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Of course , the state actions do not change the federal draft laws that proved one of the stumbling blocks to passage of the national ERA . The 1879 Constitution of California contains the earliest state equal rights provision on record . Narrowly written , it limits the equal rights conferred to `` entering or pursuing a business , profession , vocation , or employment '' . Near the end of the 19th century two more states , Wyoming ( 1890 ) and Utah ( 1896 ) , included equal rights provisions in their constitutions . These provisions were broadly written to ensure political and civil equality between women and men . Several states crafted and adopted their own equal rights amendments during the 1970s and 1980s , while the ERA was before the states , or afterward . </P> <P> Some state Equal Rights Amendments and original constitutional equal rights provisions are : </P> <P> Alaska -- No person is to be denied the enjoyment of any civil or political right because of race , color , creed , sex or national origin . The legislature shall implement this section . Alaska Constitution , Article I , § 3 ( 1972 ) </P> <P> California -- A person may not be disqualified from entering or pursuing a business , profession , vocation , or employment because of sex , race , creed , color , or national or ethnic origin . California Constitution , Article I , § 8 ( 1879 ) </P> <P> Colorado -- Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the state of Colorado or any of its political subdivisions because of sex . Colorado Constitution , Article II , § 29 ( 1973 ) </P> <P> Connecticut - No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law nor be subjected to segregation or discrimination in the exercise or enjoyment of his or her civil or political rights because of religion , race , color , ancestry , national origin , sex or physical or mental disability . Connecticut Constitution , Article I , § 20 ( 1984 ) </P> <P> Illinois - The equal protection of the laws shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex by the State or its units of local government and school districts . Illinois Constitution , Article I , § 18 ( 1970 ) </P> <P> Iowa -- All men and women are , by nature , free and equal and have certain inalienable rights -- among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness . Iowa Constitution , Article I , § 1 ( 1998 ) </P> <P> Maryland -- Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged or denied because of sex . Maryland Constitution , Declaration of Rights , Article 46 ( 1972 ) </P> <P> Massachusetts - All people are born free and equal , and have certain natural , essential , and unalienable rights ; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties ; that of acquiring , possessing and protecting property ; in fine , that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness . Equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of sex , race , color , creed or national origin . Massachusetts Constitution , Part 1 , Article 1 as amended by Article CVI by vote of the People , ( 1976 ) </P> <P> Montana -- Individual dignity . The dignity of the human being is inviolable . No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws . Neither the state nor any person , firm , corporation , or institution shall discriminate against any person in the exercise of his civil or political rights on account of race , color , sex , culture , social origin or condition , or political or religious ideas . Montana Constitution , Article II , § 4 ( 1973 ) </P> <P> Oregon - Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the state of Oregon or by any political subdivision in this state on account of sex . Oregon Constitution , Article I , § 46 ( 2014 ) </P> <P> Utah -- The rights of citizens of the State of Utah to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex . Both male and female citizens of this State shall enjoy all civil , political and religious rights and privileges . Utah Constitution , Article IV , § 1 ( 1896 ) </P> <P> Wyoming -- In their inherent right to life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness , all members of the human race are equal . Since equality in the enjoyment of natural and civil rights is only made sure through political equality , the laws of this state affecting the political rights and privileges of its citizens shall be without distinction of race , color , sex , or any circumstance or condition whatsoever other than the individual incompetency or unworthiness duly ascertained by a court of competent jurisdiction . The rights of citizens of the state of Wyoming to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex . Both male and female citizens of this state shall equally enjoy all civil , political and religious rights and privileges . 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( May 9 , 2013 ) , The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues ( PDF ) , Congressional Research Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Held , Herndon , and Stager , Allsion , Sheryl , and Danielle ( 1997 ) . `` The Equal Rights Amendment : Why the ERA Remains Legally Viable And Properly Before the States '' ( PDF ) . William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law . 3 : 113 : 113 -- 136 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Congressional Research Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ERA : Home '' . www.equalrightsamendment.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nevada Ratifies The Equal Rights Amendment ... 35 Years After The Deadline '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Matthew Hay . `` As women march in D.C. , Cardin co-sponsors new Equal Rights Amendment '' . baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ says , Quora . `` Let 's Ratify the ERA : A Look at Where We Are Now '' . AAUW : Empowering Women Since 1881 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Illinois at center of revived Equal Rights Amendment fight '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Equal Rights Amendment : 111th Congress '' ( PDF ) . maloney.house.gov . July 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status 113th Congress ( 2013 - 2014 ) H.J. RES. 56 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Randall , Vicky ( 1987 ) . Women and Politics : An International Perspective . University of Chicago Press . p. 308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Constitution is read aloud , Maloney , Menendez , Nadler , Moore cite need for Equal Rights Amendment '' . maloney.house.gov ( Press release ) . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Text 113th Congress ( 2013 - 2014 ) S.J. RES.10.IS '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Kaili Joy ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Democrats re-re - re-reintroduce Equal Rights Amendment ... but shhhh , do n't tell anyone '' . dailykos.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Jessica ( 2015 ) . Equal Means Equal . New York : The New Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62097 - 039 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Rep. Baldwin : Seeks to speed ratification of Equal Rights Amendment '' . wispolitics.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Bill Information ( Except Text ) for S.J. Res. 39 - A joint resolution removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment '' . congress.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 51st Legislature , State of New Mexico , First Session , 2013 , House Memorial 7 ( PDF ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roundhouse roundup , Feb. 11 , 2013 '' . Las Cruces Sun - News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 113th Congress , 1st Session , `` Congressional Record '' ( PDF ) , congress.gov ( Vol. 159 , No. 58 ) , p . H2352 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gladstone , Leslie ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Equal Rights Amendment : State Provisions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leslie W. Gladstone ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Equal Rights Amendments : State Provisions '' . CRS Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service - The Library of Congress . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women 's Full Equality '' . VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women 's Full Equality . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Baldez , Lisa ; Epstein , Lee ; Martin , Andrew D. ( 2006 ) . `` Does the U.S. Constitution Need an Equal Rights Amendment ? '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 35 ( 1 ) : 243 -- 283 . doi : 10.1086 / 498836 . </Li> <Li> Bradley , Martha S. ( 2005 ) . Pedestals and Podiums : Utah Women , Religious Authority , and Equal Rights . Salt Lake City , UT : Signature Books . ISBN 1 - 56085 - 189 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Critchlow , Donald T. ( 2005 ) . Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07002 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Critchlow , Donald T. , and Stachecki , Cynthia L. ( 2008 ) . `` The Equal Rights Amendment Reconsidered : Politics , Policy , and Social Mobilization in a Democracy '' , Journal of Policy History Volume 20 , Number 1 online </Li> <Li> Dunlap , Mary C. ( 1976 ) `` The Equal Rights Amendment and the Courts '' . Pepperdine Law Review Volume 3 , Number 1 online </Li> <Li> Hatch , Orrin G. ( 1983 ) . The Equal Rights Amendment : Myths and Realities , Savant Press . </Li> <Li> Kempker , Erin M. ( 2013 ) `` Coalition and Control : Hoosier Feminists and the Equal Rights Amendment '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies 34.2 ( 2013 ) : 52 - 82 . online </Li> <Li> Lee , Rex E. ( 1980 ) . A Lawyer Looks at the Equal Rights Amendment . Provo , UT : Brigham Young University Press . ISBN 0 - 8425 - 1883 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Mansbridge , Jane J. ( 1986 ) . Why We Lost the ERA . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 50358 - 5 . </Li> <Li> McBride , Genevieve G. ( 2005 ) . `` ' Forward ' Women : Winning the Wisconsin Campaign for the Country 's First ERA , 1921 . '' . In Peter Watson Boone ( ed . ) . The Quest for Social Justice III . Milwaukee , WI : UW - Milwaukee . ISBN 1 - 879281 - 26 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Neale , T.H. ( 2013 ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary ratification issues ( Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service ) online </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Equal Rights Amendment . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Equal Rights Amendment </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Alice Paul Institute </Li> <Li> United4Equality </Li> <Li> VoteERA.org/ </Li> <Li> Eagle Forum </Li> <Li> Women Matter </Li> <Li> ERA Coalition </Li> <Li> Katrina 's Dream </Li> <Li> ERA Action </Li> <Li> 2015 article on attempts to revive the amendment in Virginia </Li> <Li> Ginsburg , Ruth Bader ( 7 April 1975 ) . `` Opinion : The Fear of the Equal Rights Amendment '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . But opponents continue a campaign appealing to our insecurity . 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what was the result of the attempt to pass the equal rights amendment
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Equal_Rights_Amendment&amp;oldid=799661842
-5,899,499,913,856,947,000
Topkapi manuscript - Wikipedia <H1> Topkapi manuscript </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Quran </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Text ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chapter <Ul> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Meccan </Li> <Li> Medinan </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Verse </Li> <Li> Section </Li> <Li> Muqatta'at </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Content ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Animals </Li> <Li> Eschatology </Li> <Li> Female figures </Li> <Li> God </Li> <Li> Legends </Li> <Li> Miracles </Li> <Li> Parables </Li> <Li> Prophets </Li> <Li> Science </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reading ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Elocution </Li> <Li> Memorized </Li> <Li> Reciter </Li> <Li> School </Li> <Li> Speed </Li> <Li> Style </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Translations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> List </Li> <Li> English translations </Li> <Li> by Ahmadis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Samarkand Kufic Quran </Li> <Li> Sana'a manuscript </Li> <Li> Topkapi manuscript </Li> <Li> Birmingham manuscript </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exegesis ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Abrogation </Li> <Li> Biblical narratives </Li> <Li> Esoteric interpretation </Li> <Li> Hermeneutics </Li> <Li> Persons related to verses <Ul> <Li> mentioned by name </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Revelation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Createdness </Li> <Li> Criticism </Li> <Li> Inimitability </Li> <Li> Infallibility </Li> <Li> Quran and tradition </Li> <Li> Quranism </Li> <Li> Shi'a view </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Islam portal </Li> <Li> Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Uthman Quran replica at the Grand Mosque in Kuwait <P> The Topkapi manuscript is an early manuscript of the Quran dated to the late 1st century / early 2nd century AH ( i.e. early to mid 8th century AD ) </P> <P> This manuscript is kept in the Topkapi Palace Museum , Istanbul , Turkey . It is attributed to Uthman Ibn Affan ( d . 656 ) Similar illuminations can be found in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem , the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and other Umayyad monuments . The size of this manuscript is 41 cm x 46 cm . It contains more than 99 % of the text of the Qur'an . With only two pages ( 23 verses ) lacking , this manuscript is the closest to the complete text of the Quran . Mehmed Ali Pasha , Governor of Egypt , sent this manuscript to the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II as a gift in the 19th century ( CE ) . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Quran </Li> <Li> History of the Quran </Li> <Li> Sana'a manuscript </Li> <Li> Codex Parisino - petropolitanus </Li> <Li> Samarkand Kufic Quran </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The `` Qur'ān Of ʿUthmān '' At The Topkapi Museum , Istanbul , Turkey , From 1st / 2nd Century Hijra `` . Islamic Awareness. 2008 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kodex Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi at corpus coranicum </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mushaf Topkapi Archived 2013 - 05 - 23 at WebCite </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This Islam - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topkapi_manuscript&oldid=849024055 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Quranic manuscripts </Li> <Li> Topkapı Palace </Li> <Li> Islam stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template webcite links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 23 : 54 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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where is the original quran kept in turkey
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Topkapi_manuscript&amp;oldid=849024055
-993,806,878,531,755,400
Wright brothers - wikipedia <H1> Wright brothers </H1> For other uses , see Wright brothers ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Wright brothers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> inventing , building , and flying the world 's first successful airplane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Signatures </P> Orville Wright </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Born </Th> <Td> ( 1871 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1871 Dayton , Ohio , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Died </Th> <Td> January 30 , 1948 ( 1948 - 01 - 30 ) ( aged 76 ) Dayton , Ohio , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Td> 3 years high school </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Printer / publisher , bicycle retailer / manufacturer , airplane inventor / manufacturer , pilot trainer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Wilbur Wright </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Born </Th> <Td> ( 1867 - 04 - 16 ) April 16 , 1867 Millville , Indiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Died </Th> <Td> May 30 , 1912 ( 1912 - 05 - 30 ) ( aged 45 ) Dayton , Ohio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Td> 4 years high school </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Editor , bicycle retailer / manufacturer , airplane inventor / manufacturer , pilot trainer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Wright brothers , Orville ( August 19 , 1871 -- January 30 , 1948 ) and Wilbur ( April 16 , 1867 -- May 30 , 1912 ) , were two American aviators , engineers , inventors , and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing , building , and flying the world 's first successful airplane . They made the first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier - than - air aircraft on December 17 , 1903 , four miles south of Kitty Hawk , North Carolina . In 1904 -- 05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed - wing aircraft . Although not the first to build experimental aircraft , the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed - wing powered flight possible . </P> <P> The brothers ' fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three - axis control , which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium . This method became and remains standard on fixed - wing aircraft of all kinds . From the beginning of their aeronautical work , the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving `` the flying problem '' . This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put more emphasis on developing powerful engines . Using a small homebuilt wind tunnel , the Wrights also collected more accurate data than any before , enabling them to design and build wings and propellers that were more efficient than any before . Their first U.S. patent , 821,393 , did not claim invention of a flying machine , but rather , the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulated a flying machine 's surfaces . </P> <P> They gained the mechanical skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses , bicycles , motors , and other machinery . Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that an unstable vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice . From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903 , they conducted extensive glider tests that also developed their skills as pilots . Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team , building their first airplane engine in close collaboration with the brothers . </P> <P> The Wright brothers ' status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties . Much controversy persists over the many competing claims of early aviators . Edward Roach , historian for the Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park argues that they were excellent self - taught engineers who could run a small company , but they did not have the business skills or temperament to dominate the growing aviation industry . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Childhood </Li> <Li> 2 Early career and research <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Ideas about control </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Flights <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Toward flight </Li> <Li> 3.2 Gliders <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 1900 </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 1901 </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 1902 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Adding power </Li> <Li> 3.4 First powered flight </Li> <Li> 3.5 Establishing legitimacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 European skepticism </Li> <Li> 5 Contracts and return to Kitty Hawk <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Return to glider flights </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Public showing <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Family flights </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Patent war <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Lawsuits begin </Li> <Li> 7.2 Victory and cooperation </Li> <Li> 7.3 Public reactions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 In business <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Army accidents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Smithsonian feud </Li> <Li> 10 Last years <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Wilbur </Li> <Li> 10.2 Orville </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Competing claims </Li> <Li> 12 Rivalry </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links <Ul> <Li> 16.1 Biographical </Li> <Li> 16.2 Patents </Li> <Li> 16.3 Museums </Li> <Li> 16.4 Image collections </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Childhood </H2> Wilbur ( left ) and Orville as children in 1876 <P> The Wright brothers were two of seven children born to Milton Wright ( 1828 -- 1917 ) , of English and Dutch ancestry , and Susan Catherine Koerner ( 1831 -- 1889 ) , of German and Swiss ancestry . Milton Wright 's mother , Catherine Reeder , was descended from the progenitor of the Vanderbilt family and the Huguenot Gano family of New Rochelle , New York . Wilbur was born near Millville , Indiana , in 1867 ; Orville in Dayton , Ohio , in 1871 . The brothers never married . The other Wright siblings were Reuchlin ( 1861 -- 1920 ) , Lorin ( 1862 -- 1939 ) , Katharine ( 1874 -- 1929 ) , and twins Otis and Ida ( born 1870 , died in infancy ) . In elementary school , Orville was given to mischief and was once expelled . The direct paternal ancestry goes back to a Samuel Wright ( b . 1606 in Essex , England ) who sailed to America and settled in Massachusetts in 1636 . </P> <P> In 1878 their father , who traveled often as a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ , brought home a toy helicopter for his two younger sons . The device was based on an invention of French aeronautical pioneer Alphonse Pénaud . Made of paper , bamboo and cork with a rubber band to twirl its rotor , it was about a foot long . Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke , and then built their own . In later years , they pointed to their experience with the toy as the spark of their interest in flying . </P> <H2> Early career and research </H2> Wright brothers ' home at 7 Hawthorn Street , Dayton about 1900 . Wilbur and Orville built the covered wrap - around porch in the 1890s . <P> Both brothers attended high school , but did not receive diplomas . The family 's abrupt move in 1884 from Richmond , Indiana , to Dayton , Ohio , where the family had lived during the 1870s , prevented Wilbur from receiving his diploma after finishing four years of high school . The diploma was awarded posthumously to Wilbur on April 16 , 1994 , which would have been his 127th birthday . </P> <P> In late 1885 or early 1886 Wilbur was struck in the face by a hockey stick while playing an ice - skating game with friends , resulting in the loss of his front teeth . He had been vigorous and athletic until then , and although his injuries did not appear especially severe , he became withdrawn . He had planned to attend Yale . Instead , he spent the next few years largely housebound . During this time he cared for his mother who was terminally ill with tuberculosis , read extensively in his father 's library and ably assisted his father during times of controversy within the Brethren Church , but also expressed unease over his own lack of ambition . </P> <P> Orville dropped out of high school after his junior year to start a printing business in 1889 , having designed and built his own printing press with Wilbur 's help . Wilbur joined the print shop , and in March the brothers launched a weekly newspaper , the West Side News . Subsequent issues listed Orville as publisher and Wilbur as editor on the masthead . In April 1890 they converted the paper to a daily , The Evening Item , but it lasted only four months . They then focused on commercial printing . One of their clients was Orville 's friend and classmate , Paul Laurence Dunbar , who rose to international acclaim as a ground - breaking African - American poet and writer . For a brief period the Wrights printed the Dayton Tattler , a weekly newspaper that Dunbar edited . </P> Wright brothers ' bicycle at the National Air and Space Museum <P> Capitalizing on the national bicycle craze ( spurred by the invention of the safety bicycle and its substantial advantages over the penny - farthing design ) , in December 1892 the brothers opened a repair and sales shop ( the Wright Cycle Exchange , later the Wright Cycle Company ) and in 1896 began manufacturing their own brand . They used this endeavor to fund their growing interest in flight . In the early or mid-1890s they saw newspaper or magazine articles and probably photographs of the dramatic glides by Otto Lilienthal in Germany . </P> <P> 1896 brought three important aeronautical events . In May , Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Langley successfully flew an unmanned steam - powered fixed - wing model aircraft . In mid-year , Chicago engineer and aviation authority Octave Chanute brought together several men who tested various types of gliders over the sand dunes along the shore of Lake Michigan . In August , Lilienthal was killed in the plunge of his glider . These events lodged in the minds of the brothers , especially Lilienthal 's death . The Wright brothers later cited his death as the point when their serious interest in flight research began . Wilbur said , `` Lilienthal was without question the greatest of the precursors , and the world owes to him a great debt . '' In May 1899 Wilbur wrote a letter to the Smithsonian Institution requesting information and publications about aeronautics . Drawing on the work of Sir George Cayley , Chanute , Lilienthal , Leonardo da Vinci , and Langley , they began their mechanical aeronautical experimentation that year . </P> <P> The Wright brothers always presented a unified image to the public , sharing equally in the credit for their invention . Biographers note that Wilbur took the initiative in 1899 -- 1900 , writing of `` my '' machine and `` my '' plans before Orville became deeply involved when the first person singular became the plural `` we '' and `` our '' . Author James Tobin asserts , `` it is impossible to imagine Orville , bright as he was , supplying the driving force that started their work and kept it going from the back room of a store in Ohio to conferences with capitalists , presidents , and kings . Will did that . He was the leader , from the beginning to the end . '' </P> <H3> Ideas about control </H3> Wright 1899 kite : front and side views , with control sticks . Wing - warping is shown in lower view . ( Wright brothers drawing in Library of Congress ) <P> Despite Lilienthal 's fate , the brothers favored his strategy : to practice gliding in order to master the art of control before attempting motor - driven flight . The death of British aeronaut Percy Pilcher in another hang gliding crash in October 1899 only reinforced their opinion that a reliable method of pilot control was the key to successful -- and safe -- flight . At the outset of their experiments they regarded control as the unsolved third part of `` the flying problem '' . They believed sufficiently promising knowledge of the other two issues -- wings and engines -- already existed . The Wright brothers thus differed sharply from more experienced practitioners of the day , notably Clément Ader , Maxim and Langley who built powerful engines , attached them to airframes equipped with unproven control devices , and expected to take to the air with no previous flying experience . Although agreeing with Lilienthal 's idea of practice , the Wrights saw that his method of balance and control by shifting his body weight was inadequate . They were determined to find something better . </P> <P> On the basis of observation , Wilbur concluded that birds changed the angle of the ends of their wings to make their bodies roll right or left . The brothers decided this would also be a good way for a flying machine to turn -- to `` bank '' or `` lean '' into the turn just like a bird -- and just like a person riding a bicycle , an experience with which they were thoroughly familiar . Equally important , they hoped this method would enable recovery when the wind tilted the machine to one side ( lateral balance ) . They puzzled over how to achieve the same effect with man - made wings and eventually discovered wing - warping when Wilbur idly twisted a long inner - tube box at the bicycle shop . </P> <P> Other aeronautical investigators regarded flight as if it were not so different from surface locomotion , except the surface would be elevated . They thought in terms of a ship 's rudder for steering , while the flying machine remained essentially level in the air , as did a train or an automobile or a ship at the surface . The idea of deliberately leaning , or rolling , to one side seemed either undesirable or did not enter their thinking . Some of these other investigators , including Langley and Chanute , sought the elusive ideal of `` inherent stability '' , believing the pilot of a flying machine would not be able to react quickly enough to wind disturbances to use mechanical controls effectively . The Wright brothers , on the other hand , wanted the pilot to have absolute control . For that reason , their early designs made no concessions toward built - in stability ( such as dihedral wings ) . They deliberately designed their 1903 first powered flyer with anhedral ( drooping ) wings , which are inherently unstable , but less susceptible to upset by gusty cross winds . </P> <H2> Flights </H2> <H3> Toward flight </H3> Park Ranger Tom White demonstrates a replica of the Wright brothers 1899 box kite at the Wright Brothers National Memorial <P> In July 1899 Wilbur put wing warping to the test by building and flying a biplane kite with a five - foot ( 1.5 m ) wingspan . When the wings were warped , or twisted , one end of the wings produced more lift and the other end less lift . The unequal lift made the wings tilt , or bank : the end with more lift rose , while the other end dropped , causing a turn in the direction of the lower end . The warping was controlled by four cords attached to the kite , which led to two sticks held by the kite flyer , who tilted them in opposite directions to twist the wings . </P> <P> In 1900 the brothers went to Kitty Hawk , North Carolina , to begin their manned gliding experiments . In his reply to Wilbur 's first letter , Octave Chanute had suggested the mid-Atlantic coast for its regular breezes and soft sandy landing surface . Wilbur also requested and examined U.S. Weather Bureau data , and decided on Kitty Hawk after receiving information from the government meteorologist stationed there . Kitty Hawk , although remote , was closer to Dayton than other places Chanute had suggested , including California and Florida . The spot also gave them privacy from reporters , who had turned the 1896 Chanute experiments at Lake Michigan into something of a circus . Chanute visited them in camp each season from 1901 to 1903 and saw gliding experiments , but not the powered flights . </P> <H3> Gliders </H3> Main article : Wright Glider Chanute 's hang glider of 1896 . The pilot may be Augustus Herring . <P> The Wrights based the design of their kite and full - size gliders on work done in the 1890s by other aviation pioneers . They adopted the basic design of the Chanute - Herring biplane hang glider ( `` double - decker '' as the Wrights called it ) , which flew well in the 1896 experiments near Chicago , and used aeronautical data on lift that Otto Lilienthal had published . The Wrights designed the wings with camber , a curvature of the top surface . The brothers did not discover this principle , but took advantage of it . The better lift of a cambered surface compared to a flat one was first discussed scientifically by Sir George Cayley . Lilienthal , whose work the Wrights carefully studied , used cambered wings in his gliders , proving in flight the advantage over flat surfaces . The wooden uprights between the wings of the Wright glider were braced by wires in their own version of Chanute 's modified Pratt truss , a bridge - building design he used for his biplane glider ( initially built as a triplane ) . The Wrights mounted the horizontal elevator in front of the wings rather than behind , apparently believing this feature would help to avoid , or protect them from , a nosedive and crash like the one that killed Lilienthal . Wilbur incorrectly believed a tail was not necessary , and their first two gliders did not have one . According to some Wright biographers , Wilbur probably did all the gliding until 1902 , perhaps to exercise his authority as older brother and to protect Orville from harm as he did not want to have to explain to their father , Bishop Wright , if Orville got injured . </P> <Table> Glider vital statistics <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Wingspan </Th> <Th> Wing area </Th> <Th> Chord </Th> <Th> Camber </Th> <Th> Aspect ratio </Th> <Th> Length </Th> <Th> Weight </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 17 ft 6 in ( 5.33 m ) </Td> <Td> 165 sq ft ( 15 m ) </Td> <Td> 5 ft ( 2 m ) </Td> <Td> 1 / 20 </Td> <Td> 3.5 : 1 </Td> <Td> 11 ft 6 in ( 3.51 m ) </Td> <Td> 52 lb ( 24 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> 22 ft ( 7 m ) </Td> <Td> 290 sq ft ( 27 m ) </Td> <Td> 7 ft ( 2.1 m ) </Td> <Td> 1 / 12 , * 1 / 19 </Td> <Td> 3 : 1 </Td> <Td> 14 ft ( 4.3 m ) </Td> <Td> 98 lb ( 44 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> 32 ft 1 in ( 9.78 m ) </Td> <Td> 305 sq ft ( 28 m ) </Td> <Td> 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) </Td> <Td> 1 / 20 -- 1 / 24 </Td> <Td> 6.5 : 1 </Td> <Td> 17 ft ( 5.2 m ) </Td> <Td> 112 lb ( 51 kg ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * ( This airfoil caused severe stability problems ; the Wrights modified the camber on - site . ) </P> 1900 <P> The brothers flew the glider for only a few days in the early autumn of 1900 at Kitty Hawk . In the first tests , probably on October 3 , Wilbur was aboard while the glider flew as a kite not far above the ground with men below holding tether ropes . Most of the kite tests were unpiloted , with sandbags or chains and even a local boy as ballast . </P> The 1900 glider . No photo was taken with a pilot aboard . <P> They tested wing - warping using control ropes from the ground . The glider was also tested unmanned while suspended from a small homemade tower . Wilbur , but not Orville , made about a dozen free glides on only a single day , October 20 . For those tests the brothers trekked four miles ( 6 km ) south to the Kill Devil Hills , a group of sand dunes up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) high ( where they made camp in each of the next three years ) . Although the glider 's lift was less than expected , the brothers were encouraged because the craft 's front elevator worked well and they had no accidents . However , the small number of free glides meant they were not able to give wing - warping a true test . </P> <P> The pilot lay flat on the lower wing , as planned , to reduce aerodynamic drag . As a glide ended , the pilot was supposed to lower himself to a vertical position through an opening in the wing and land on his feet with his arms wrapped over the framework . Within a few glides , however , they discovered the pilot could remain prone on the wing , headfirst , without undue danger when landing . They made all their flights in that position for the next five years . </P> 1901 Orville with the 1901 glider , its nose pointed skyward ; it had no tail . <P> Hoping to improve lift , they built the 1901 glider with a much larger wing area and made dozens of flights in July and August for distances of 50 to 400 ft ( 15 to 122 m ) . The glider stalled a few times , but the parachute effect of the forward elevator allowed Wilbur to make a safe flat landing , instead of a nose - dive . These incidents wedded the Wrights even more strongly to the canard design , which they did not give up until 1910 . The glider , however , delivered two major disappointments . It produced only about one - third the lift calculated and sometimes pointed opposite the intended direction of a turn -- a problem later known as adverse yaw -- when Wilbur used the wing - warping control . On the trip home a deeply dejected Wilbur remarked to Orville that man would not fly in a thousand years . </P> Wilbur just after landing the 1901 glider . Glider skid marks are visible behind it , and marks from a previous landing are seen in front ; Kill Devil Hills , North Carolina . <P> The poor lift of the gliders led the Wrights to question the accuracy of Lilienthal 's data , as well as the `` Smeaton coefficient '' of air pressure , a value which had been in use for over 100 years and was part of the accepted equation for lift . </P> <Table> The lift equation <Tr> <Td> L = k S V 2 C L ( \ displaystyle L = k \ ; S \ ; V ^ ( 2 ) \ ; C_ ( L ) ) <P> L = lift in pounds k = coefficient of air pressure ( Smeaton coefficient ) S = total area of lifting surface in square feet V = velocity ( headwind plus ground speed ) in miles per hour C = coefficient of lift ( varies with wing shape ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Wrights used this equation to calculate the amount of lift that a wing would produce . Over the years a wide variety of values had been measured for the Smeaton coefficient ; Chanute identified up to 50 of them . Wilbur knew that Langley , for example , had used a lower number than the traditional one . Intent on confirming the correct Smeaton value , Wilbur performed his own calculations using measurements collected during kite and free flights of the 1901 glider . His results correctly showed that the coefficient was very close to 0.0033 ( similar to the number Langley used ) , not the traditional 0.0054 , which would significantly exaggerate predicted lift . </P> Replica of the Wright brothers ' wind tunnel at the Virginia Air and Space Center <P> To learn whether errors actually existed in Lilienthal 's data tables , the brothers used a bicycle for a new type of experiment . They made a model - size airfoil and a counter-acting flat plate , both according to dimensions Lilienthal had specified , and attached them to an extra bicycle wheel , which they mounted horizontally in front of the handlebars . Pedaling strenuously on a local street to create airflow over the apparatus , they observed that the third wheel rotated against the airfoil instead of remaining motionless as Lilienthal 's formula predicted . The experiment confirmed their suspicion that either the standard Smeaton coefficient or Lilienthal 's coefficients of lift and drag -- or all of them -- were in error . </P> <P> They then built a six - foot ( 1.8 m ) wind tunnel in their shop and between October and December 1901 conducted systematic tests on dozens of miniature wings . The `` balances '' they devised and mounted inside the tunnel to hold the wings looked crude , made of bicycle spokes and scrap metal , but were `` as critical to the ultimate success of the Wright brothers as were the gliders . '' The devices allowed the brothers to balance lift against drag and accurately calculate the performance of each wing . They could also see which wings worked well as they looked through the viewing window in the top of the tunnel . The tests yielded a trove of valuable data never before known and showed that the poor lift of the 1900 and 1901 gliders was entirely due to an incorrect Smeaton value , and that Lilienthal 's published data were fairly accurate for the tests he had done . </P> <P> Before the detailed wind tunnel , tests Wilbur traveled to Chicago at Chanute 's invitation to give a lecture to the Western Society of Engineers on September 18 , 1901 . He presented a thorough report about the 1900 -- 01 glider experiments and complemented his talk with a lantern slide show of photographs . Wilbur 's speech was the first public account of the brothers ' experiments . A report was published in the Journal of the society , which was then separately published as an offprint titled Some Aeronautical Experiments in a 300 copy edition . </P> 1902 A big improvement At left , 1901 glider flown by Wilbur ( left ) and Orville . At right , 1902 glider flown by Wilbur ( right ) and Dan Tate , their helper . Dramatic improvement in performance is apparent . The 1901 glider flies at a steep angle of attack due to poor lift and high drag . In contrast , the 1902 glider flies at a much flatter angle and holds up its tether lines almost vertically , clearly demonstrating a much better lift - to - drag ratio . <P> Lilienthal had made `` whirling arm '' tests on only a few wing shapes , and the Wrights mistakenly assumed the data would apply to their wings , which had a different shape . The Wrights took a huge step forward and made basic wind tunnel tests on 200 wings of many shapes and airfoil curves , followed by detailed tests on 38 of them . The tests , according to biographer Fred Howard , `` were the most crucial and fruitful aeronautical experiments ever conducted in so short a time with so few materials and at so little expense '' . An important discovery was the benefit of longer narrower wings : in aeronautical terms , wings with a larger aspect ratio ( wingspan divided by chord -- the wing 's front - to - back dimension ) . Such shapes offered much better lift - to - drag ratio than the broader wings the brothers had tried so far . </P> <P> With this knowledge , and a more accurate Smeaton number , the Wrights designed their 1902 glider . Using another crucial discovery from the wind tunnel , they made the airfoil flatter , reducing the camber ( the depth of the wing 's curvature divided by its chord ) . The 1901 wings had significantly greater curvature , a highly inefficient feature the Wrights copied directly from Lilienthal . Fully confident in their new wind tunnel results , the Wrights discarded Lilienthal 's data , now basing their designs on their own calculations . </P> <P> With characteristic caution , the brothers first flew the 1902 glider as an unmanned kite , as they had done with their two previous versions . Rewarding their wind tunnel work , the glider produced the expected lift . It also had a new structural feature : a fixed , rear vertical rudder , which the brothers hoped would eliminate turning problems . </P> <P> By 1902 they realized that wing - warping created `` differential drag '' at the wingtips . Greater lift at one end of the wing also increased drag , which slowed that end of the wing , making the glider swivel -- or `` yaw '' -- so the nose pointed away from the turn . That was how the tailless 1901 glider behaved . </P> Wilbur Wright pilots the 1902 glider over the Kill Devil Hills , October 10 , 1902 . The single rear rudder is steerable ; it replaced the original fixed double rudder . <P> The improved wing design enabled consistently longer glides , and the rear rudder prevented adverse yaw -- so effectively that it introduced a new problem . Sometimes when the pilot attempted to level off from a turn , the glider failed to respond to corrective wing - warping and persisted into a tighter turn . The glider would slide toward the lower wing , which hit the ground , spinning the aircraft around . The Wrights called this `` well digging '' . </P> <P> Orville apparently visualized that the fixed rudder resisted the effect of corrective wing - warping when attempting to level off from a turn . He wrote in his diary that on the night of October 2 , `` I studied out a new vertical rudder '' . The brothers then decided to make the rear rudder movable to solve the problem . They hinged the rudder and connected it to the pilot 's warping `` cradle '' , so a single movement by the pilot simultaneously controlled wing - warping and rudder deflection . Tests while gliding proved that the trailing edge of the rudder should be turned away from whichever end of the wings had more drag ( and lift ) due to warping . The opposing pressure produced by turning the rudder enabled corrective wing - warping to reliably restore level flight after a turn or a wind disturbance . Furthermore , when the glider banked into a turn , rudder pressure overcame the effect of differential drag and pointed the nose of the aircraft in the direction of the turn , eliminating adverse yaw . </P> <P> In short , the Wrights discovered the true purpose of the movable vertical rudder . Its role was not to change the direction of flight ( as a rudder does in sailing ) , but rather , to aim or align the aircraft correctly during banking turns and when leveling off from turns and wind disturbances . The actual turn -- the change in direction -- was done with roll control using wing - warping . The principles remained the same when ailerons superseded wing - warping . </P> Wilbur makes a turn using wing - warping and the movable rudder , October 24 , 1902 . <P> With their new method the Wrights achieved true control in turns for the first time on October 8 , 1902 , a major milestone . From September 19 to October 24 they made between 700 and 1,000 glides , the longest lasting 26 seconds and covering 622.5 feet ( 189.7 m ) . Hundreds of well - controlled glides after they made the rudder steerable convinced them they were ready to build a powered flying machine . </P> <P> Thus did three - axis control evolve : wing - warping for roll ( lateral motion ) , forward elevator for pitch ( up and down ) and rear rudder for yaw ( side to side ) . On March 23 , 1903 , the Wrights applied for their famous patent for a `` Flying Machine '' , based on their successful 1902 glider . Some aviation historians believe that applying the system of three - axis flight control on the 1902 glider was equal to , or even more significant , than the addition of power to the 1903 Flyer . Peter Jakab of the Smithsonian asserts that perfection of the 1902 glider essentially represents invention of the airplane . </P> <H3> Adding power </H3> First flight of the Wright Flyer I , December 17 , 1903 , Orville piloting , Wilbur running at wingtip . <P> In 1903 the brothers built the powered Wright Flyer I , using their preferred material for construction , spruce , a strong and lightweight wood , and Pride of the West muslin for surface coverings . They also designed and carved their own wooden propellers , and had a purpose - built gasoline engine fabricated in their bicycle shop . They thought propeller design would be a simple matter and intended to adapt data from shipbuilding . However , their library research disclosed no established formulae for either marine or air propellers , and they found themselves with no sure starting point . They discussed and argued the question , sometimes heatedly , until they concluded that an aeronautical propeller is essentially a wing rotating in the vertical plane . On that basis , they used data from more wind tunnel tests to design their propellers . The finished blades were just over eight feet long , made of three laminations of glued spruce . The Wrights decided on twin `` pusher '' propellers ( counter-rotating to cancel torque ) , which would act on a greater quantity of air than a single relatively slow propeller and not disturb airflow over the leading edge of the wings . </P> <P> Wilbur made a March 1903 entry in his notebook indicating the prototype propeller was 66 % efficient . Modern wind tunnel tests on reproduction 1903 propellers show they were more than 75 % efficient under the conditions of the first flights , `` a remarkable feat '' , and actually had a peak efficiency of 82 % . </P> A Wright engine , serial number 17 , circa 1910 , on display at the New England Air Museum <P> The Wrights wrote to several engine manufacturers , but none could meet their need for a sufficiently lightweight powerplant . They turned to their shop mechanic , Charlie Taylor , who built an engine in just six weeks in close consultation with the brothers . To keep the weight down the engine block was cast from aluminum , a rare practice at the time . The Wright / Taylor engine had a primitive version of a carburetor , and had no fuel pump . Gasoline was gravity - fed from the fuel tank mounted on a wing strut into a chamber next to the cylinders where it was mixed with air : the fuel - air mixture was then vaporized by heat from the crankcase , forcing it into the cylinders . </P> <P> The propeller drive chains , resembling those of bicycles , were supplied by a manufacturer of heavy - duty automobile chains . The Flyer cost less than a thousand dollars , in contrast to more than $50,000 in government funds given to Samuel Langley for his man - carrying Great Aerodrome . The Flyer had a wingspan of 40.3 ft ( 12.3 m ) , weighed 605 lb ( 274 kg ) and had a 12 horsepower ( 8.9 kW ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) engine . </P> <H3> First powered flight </H3> <P> In camp at Kill Devil Hills , they endured weeks of delays caused by broken propeller shafts during engine tests . After the shafts were replaced ( requiring two trips back to Dayton ) , Wilbur won a coin toss and made a three - second flight attempt on December 14 , 1903 , stalling after takeoff and causing minor damage to the Flyer . ( Because December 13 , 1903 , was a Sunday , the brothers did not make any attempts that day , even though the weather was good , so their first powered test flight happened on the 121st anniversary of the first test flight that the Montgolfier brothers had done , on December 14 , 1782 . ) In a message to their family , Wilbur referred to the trial as having `` only partial success '' , stating `` the power is ample , and but for a trifling error due to lack of experience with this machine and this method of starting , the machine would undoubtedly have flown beautifully . '' Following repairs , the Wrights finally took to the air on December 17 , 1903 , making two flights each from level ground into a freezing headwind gusting to 27 miles per hour ( 43 km / h ) . The first flight , by Orville at 10 : 35 am , of 120 feet ( 37 m ) in 12 seconds , at a speed of only 6.8 miles per hour ( 10.9 km / h ) over the ground , was recorded in a famous photograph . The next two flights covered approximately 175 and 200 feet ( 53 and 61 m ) , by Wilbur and Orville respectively . Their altitude was about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the ground . The following is Orville Wright 's account of the final flight of the day : </P> <P> Wilbur started the fourth and last flight at just about 12 o'clock . The first few hundred feet were up and down , as before , but by the time three hundred ft had been covered , the machine was under much better control . The course for the next four or five hundred feet had but little undulation . However , when out about eight hundred feet the machine began pitching again , and , in one of its darts downward , struck the ground . The distance over the ground was measured to be 852 feet ; the time of the flight was 59 seconds . The frame supporting the front rudder was badly broken , but the main part of the machine was not injured at all . We estimated that the machine could be put in condition for flight again in about a day or two . </P> Orville 's notebook entry of December 17 , 1903 <P> Five people witnessed the flights : Adam Etheridge , John T. Daniels ( who snapped the famous `` first flight '' photo using Orville 's pre-positioned camera ) and Will Dough , all of the U.S. government coastal lifesaving crew ; area businessman W.C. Brinkley ; and Johnny Moore , a teenaged boy who lived in the area . After the men hauled the Flyer back from its fourth flight , a powerful gust of wind flipped it over several times , despite the crew 's attempt to hold it down . Severely damaged , the airplane never flew again . The brothers shipped it home , and years later Orville restored it , lending it to several U.S. locations for display , then to a British museum ( see Smithsonian dispute below ) , before it was finally installed in 1948 in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , its current residence . </P> <P> The Wrights sent a telegram about the flights to their father , requesting that he `` inform press . '' However , the Dayton Journal refused to publish the story , saying the flights were too short to be important . Meanwhile , against the brothers ' wishes , a telegraph operator leaked their message to a Virginia newspaper , which concocted a highly inaccurate news article that was reprinted the next day in several newspapers elsewhere , including Dayton . </P> <P> The Wrights issued their own factual statement to the press in January . Nevertheless , the flights did not create public excitement -- if people even knew about them -- and the news soon faded . In Paris , however , Aero Club of France members , already stimulated by Chanute 's reports of Wright gliding successes , took the news more seriously and increased their efforts to catch up to the brothers . </P> <P> Modern analysis by Professor Fred E.C. Culick and Henry R. Jex ( in 1985 ) has demonstrated that the 1903 Wright Flyer was so unstable as to be almost unmanageable by anyone but the Wrights , who had trained themselves in the 1902 glider . In a recreation attempt on the event 's 100th anniversary on December 17 , 2003 , Kevin Kochersberger , piloting an exact replica , failed in his effort to match the success that the Wright brothers had achieved with their piloting skill . </P> <H3> Establishing legitimacy </H3> Orville in flight over Huffman Prairie in Wright Flyer II . Flight # 85 , approximately 1,760 feet ( 536 m ) in ​ 40 ⁄ seconds , November 16 , 1904 . <P> In 1904 the Wrights built the Flyer II . They decided to avoid the expense of travel and bringing supplies to the Outer Banks and set up an airfield at Huffman Prairie , a cow pasture eight miles ( 13 km ) northeast of Dayton . They received permission to use the field rent - free from owner and bank president Torrance Huffman . They invited reporters to their first flight attempt of the year on May 23 , on the condition that no photographs be taken . Engine troubles and slack winds prevented any flying , and they could manage only a very short hop a few days later with fewer reporters present . Library of Congress historian Fred Howard noted some speculation that the brothers may have intentionally failed to fly in order to cause reporters to lose interest in their experiments . Whether that is true is not known , but after their poor showing local newspapers virtually ignored them for the next year and a half . </P> <P> The Wrights were glad to be free from the distraction of reporters . The absence of newsmen also reduced the chance of competitors learning their methods . After the Kitty Hawk powered flights , the Wrights made a decision to begin withdrawing from the bicycle business so they could concentrate on creating and marketing a practical airplane . This was financially risky , since they were neither wealthy nor government - funded ( unlike other experimenters such as Ader , Maxim , Langley and Alberto Santos - Dumont ) . The Wright brothers did not have the luxury of being able to give away their invention ; it was to be their livelihood . Thus , their secrecy intensified , encouraged by advice from their patent attorney , Henry Toulmin , not to reveal details of their machine . </P> Wilbur flying almost four circles of Huffman Prairie , about ​ 2 ⁄ miles in 5 minutes 4 seconds ; flight # 82 , November 9 , 1904 . Wilbur 's logbook showing diagram and data for first circle flight on September 20 , 1904 <P> At Huffman Prairie , lighter winds made takeoffs harder , and they had to use a longer starting rail than the 60 - foot ( 18 m ) rail used at Kitty Hawk . The first flights in 1904 revealed problems with longitudinal stability , solved by adding ballast and lengthening the supports for the elevator . During the spring and summer they suffered many hard landings , often damaging the aircraft and causing minor injuries . On August 13 , making an unassisted takeoff , Wilbur finally exceeded their best Kitty Hawk effort with a flight of 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) . Then they decided to use a weight - powered catapult to make takeoffs easier and tried it for the first time on September 7 . On September 20 , 1904 , Wilbur flew the first complete circle in history by a manned heavier - than - air powered machine , covering 4,080 feet ( 1,244 m ) in about a minute and a half . Their two best flights were November 9 by Wilbur and December 1 by Orville , each exceeding five minutes and covering nearly three miles in almost four circles . By the end of the year the brothers had accumulated about 50 minutes in the air in 105 flights over the rather soggy 85 acres ( 34 ha ) pasture , which , remarkably , is virtually unchanged today from its original condition and is now part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park , adjacent to Wright - Patterson Air Force Base . </P> <P> The Wrights scrapped the battered and much - repaired aircraft , but saved the engine , and in 1905 built a new airplane , the Flyer III . Nevertheless , at first this Flyer offered the same marginal performance as the first two . Its maiden flight was on June 23 and the first few flights were no longer than 10 seconds . After Orville suffered a bone - jarring and potentially fatal crash on July 14 , they rebuilt the Flyer with the forward elevator and rear rudder both enlarged and placed several feet farther away from the wings . They also installed a separate control for the rear rudder instead of linking it to the wing - warping `` cradle '' as before . Each of the three axes -- pitch , roll and yaw -- now had its own independent control . These modifications greatly improved stability and control , enabling a series of six dramatic `` long flights '' ranging from 17 to 38 minutes and 11 to 24 miles ( 39 km ) around the three - quarter mile course over Huffman Prairie between September 26 and October 5 . Wilbur made the last and longest flight , 24.5 miles ( 39.4 km ) in 38 minutes and 3 seconds , ending with a safe landing when the fuel ran out . The flight was seen by a number of people , including several invited friends , their father Milton , and neighboring farmers . </P> Wright Flyer III piloted by Orville over Huffman Prairie , October 4 , 1905 . Flight # 46 , covering ​ 20 ⁄ miles in 33 minutes 17 seconds ; last photographed flight of the year <P> Reporters showed up the next day ( only their second appearance at the field since May the previous year ) , but the brothers declined to fly . The long flights convinced the Wrights they had achieved their goal of creating a flying machine of `` practical utility '' which they could offer to sell . </P> <P> The only photos of the flights of 1904 -- 1905 were taken by the brothers . ( A few photos were damaged in the Great Dayton Flood of 1913 , but most survived intact . ) In 1904 Ohio beekeeping businessman Amos Root , a technology enthusiast , saw a few flights including the first circle . Articles he wrote for his beekeeping magazine were the only published eyewitness reports of the Huffman Prairie flights , except for the unimpressive early hop local newsmen saw . Root offered a report to Scientific American magazine , but the editor turned it down . As a result , the news was not widely known outside Ohio , and was often met with skepticism . The Paris edition of the Herald Tribune headlined a 1906 article on the Wrights `` FLYERS OR LIARS ? '' </P> <P> In years to come Dayton newspapers would proudly celebrate the hometown Wright brothers as national heroes , but the local reporters somehow missed one of the most important stories in history as it was happening a few miles from their doorstep . James M. Cox , publisher at that time of the Dayton Daily News ( later governor of Ohio and Democratic presidential nominee in 1920 ) , expressed the attitude of newspapermen -- and the public -- in those days when he admitted years later , `` Frankly , none of us believed it . '' </P> The Dayton Daily News reported the October 5 flight on page 9 , with agriculture and business news . <P> A few newspapers published articles about the long flights , but no reporters or photographers had been there . The lack of splashy eyewitness press coverage was a major reason for disbelief in Washington , D.C. and Europe and in journals like Scientific American , whose editors doubted the `` alleged experiments '' and asked how U.S. newspapers , `` alert as they are , allowed these sensational performances to escape their notice . '' </P> <P> In October 1904 the brothers were visited by the first of many important Europeans they would befriend in coming years , Colonel J.E. Capper , later superintendent of the Royal Balloon Factory . Capper and his wife were visiting the United States to investigate the aeronautical exhibits at the St. Louis World Fair , but had been given a letter of introduction to both Chanute and the Wrights by Patrick Alexander . Capper was very favorably impressed by the Wrights , who showed him photographs of their aircraft in flight . </P> <P> The Wright brothers were certainly complicit in the lack of attention they received . Fearful of competitors stealing their ideas , and still without a patent , they flew on only one more day after October 5 . From then on , they refused to fly anywhere unless they had a firm contract to sell their aircraft . They wrote to the U.S. government , then to Britain , France and Germany with an offer to sell a flying machine , but were rebuffed because they insisted on a signed contract before giving a demonstration . They were unwilling even to show their photographs of the airborne Flyer . The American military , having recently spent $50,000 on the Langley Aerodrome -- a product of the nation 's foremost scientist -- only to see it plunge twice into the Potomac River `` like a handful of mortar '' , was particularly unreceptive to the claims of two unknown bicycle makers from Ohio . Thus , doubted or scorned , the Wright brothers continued their work in semi-obscurity , while other aviation pioneers like Santos - Dumont , Henri Farman , Léon Delagrange and American Glenn Curtiss entered the limelight . </P> <H2> European skepticism </H2> <P> In 1906 skeptics in the European aviation community had converted the press to an anti-Wright brothers stance . European newspapers , especially those in France , were openly derisive , calling them bluffeurs ( bluffers ) . </P> <P> Ernest Archdeacon , founder of the Aéro - Club de France , was publicly scornful of the brothers ' claims in spite of published reports ; specifically , he wrote several articles and , in 1906 , stated that `` the French would make the first public demonstration of powered flight '' . </P> <P> The Paris edition of the New York Herald summed up Europe 's opinion of the Wright brothers in an editorial on February 10 , 1906 : `` The Wrights have flown or they have not flown . They possess a machine or they do not possess one . They are in fact either fliers or liars . It is difficult to fly . It 's easy to say , ' We have flown . ' '' </P> <P> In 1908 , after the Wrights ' first flights in France , Archdeacon publicly admitted that he had done them an injustice . </P> <H2> Contracts and return to Kitty Hawk </H2> <P> The Wright brothers made no flights at all in 1906 and 1907 . They spent the time attempting to persuade the U.S. and European governments that they had invented a successful flying machine and were prepared to negotiate a contract to sell such machines . They also experimented with a pontoon and engine setup on the Miami River ( Ohio ) in hopes of flying from the water . These experiments proved unsuccessful . </P> The modified 1905 Flyer at the Kill Devil Hills in 1908 , ready for practice flights . Note there is no catapult derrick ; all takeoffs were used with the monorail alone . <P> Replying to the Wrights ' letters , the U.S. military expressed virtually no interest in their claims . The brothers turned their attention to Europe , especially France , where enthusiasm for aviation ran high , and journeyed there for the first time in 1907 for face - to - face talks with government officials and businessmen . They also met with aviation representatives in Germany and Britain . Before traveling , Orville shipped a newly built Model A Flyer to France in anticipation of demonstration flights . </P> Soaring flight , Kitty Hawk , Oct. , 1911 `` Arrows indicate 50 - Mile Wind , Showing How Machine Was Sustained in a Stationary Position '' <P> In France Wilbur met Frank P. Lahm , a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Aeronautical Division . Writing to his superiors , Lahm smoothed the way for Wilbur to give an in - person presentation to the U.S. Board of Ordnance and Fortification in Washington , D.C. when he returned to the U.S. This time , the Board was favorably impressed , in contrast to its previous indifference . With further input from the Wrights , the U.S. Army Signal Corps issued Specification # 486 in December 1907 , inviting bids for construction of a flying machine under military contract . The Wrights submitted their bid in January . In early 1908 the brothers also agreed to a contract with a French company . In May they went back to Kitty Hawk with their 1905 Flyer to practice in private for their all - important public demonstration flights , as required by both contracts . Their privacy was lost when New York newspapers heard about the tests and sent several reporters to the scene . </P> <P> Their contracts required them to fly with a passenger , so they modified the 1905 Flyer by installing two seats and adding upright control levers . After tests with sandbags in the passenger seat , Charlie Furnas , a helper from Dayton , became the first fixed - wing aircraft passenger on a few short flights May 14 , 1908 . For safety , and as a promise to their father , Wilbur and Orville did not fly together . However , several newspaper accounts at the time mistakenly took Orville 's flight with Furnas as both brothers flying together . Later that day after flying solo seven minutes , Wilbur suffered his worst crash when -- still not well - acquainted with the two new control levers -- he apparently moved one the wrong way and slammed the Flyer into the sand at between 40 and 50 miles per hour ( 64 and 80 km / h ) . He emerged with only bruises and a cut nose , but the accident ended the practice flights -- and the airplane 's flying career . </P> <H3> Return to glider flights </H3> <P> In October 1911 , Orville Wright returned to the Outer Banks again , to conduct safety and stabilization tests with a new glider . On October 24 , he soared for nine minutes and 45 seconds , a record that held for almost 10 years , when gliding as a sport began in the 1920s . </P> <H2> Public showing </H2> Orville demonstrating the flyer to the U.S. Army , Fort Myer , Virginia September 1908 . Photo : by C.H. Claudy . Hart O. Berg ( left ) , the Wrights ' European business agent , and Wilbur at the flying field near Le Mans . <P> The brothers ' contracts with the U.S. Army and a French syndicate depended on successful public flight demonstrations that met certain conditions . The brothers had to divide their efforts . Wilbur sailed for Europe ; Orville would fly near Washington , D.C. </P> <P> Facing much skepticism in the French aeronautical community and outright scorn by some newspapers that called him a `` bluffeur '' , Wilbur began official public demonstrations on August 8 , 1908 , at the Hunaudières horse racing track near the town of Le Mans , France . His first flight lasted only one minute 45 seconds , but his ability to effortlessly make banking turns and fly a circle amazed and stunned onlookers , including several pioneer French aviators , among them Louis Blériot . In the following days , Wilbur made a series of technically challenging flights , including figure - eights , demonstrating his skills as a pilot and the capability of his flying machine , which far surpassed those of all other pioneering aircraft and pilots of the day . </P> <P> The French public was thrilled by Wilbur 's feats and flocked to the field by the thousands , and the Wright brothers instantly became world - famous . Former doubters issued apologies and effusive praise . L'Aérophile editor Georges Besançon wrote that the flights `` have completely dissipated all doubts . Not one of the former detractors of the Wrights dare question , today , the previous experiments of the men who were truly the first to fly ... '' Leading French aviation promoter Ernest Archdeacon wrote , `` For a long time , the Wright brothers have been accused in Europe of bluff ... They are today hallowed in France , and I feel an intense pleasure ... to make amends . '' </P> <P> On October 7 , 1908 , Edith Berg , the wife of the brothers ' European business agent , became the first American woman passenger when she flew with Wilbur -- one of many passengers who rode with him that autumn . Wilbur also became acquainted with Léon Bollée and his family . Bollée was the owner of an automobile factory where Wilbur would assemble the Flyer and where he would be provided with hired assistance . Bollée would fly that autumn with Wilbur . Madame Bollée had been in the latter stages of pregnancy when Wilbur arrived in LeMans in June 1908 to assemble the Flyer . Wilbur promised her that he would make his first European flight the day her baby was born which he did , August 8 , 1908 . </P> <P> Orville followed his brother 's success by demonstrating another nearly identical Flyer to the United States Army at Fort Myer , Virginia , starting on September 3 , 1908 . On September 9 , he made the first hour - long flight , lasting 62 minutes and 15 seconds . </P> Fort Myer crash . Photo by C.H. Claudy . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Fatal fall of Wright airship </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On September 17 , Army lieutenant Thomas Selfridge rode along as his passenger , serving as an official observer . A few minutes into the flight at an altitude of about 100 feet ( 30 m ) , a propeller split and shattered , sending the Flyer out of control . Selfridge suffered a fractured skull in the crash and died that evening in the nearby Army hospital , becoming the first airplane crash fatality . Orville was badly injured , suffering a broken left leg and four broken ribs . Twelve years later , after he suffered increasingly severe pains , X-rays revealed the accident had also caused three hip bone fractures and a dislocated hip . The brothers ' sister Katharine , a school teacher , rushed from Dayton to Virginia and stayed by Orville 's side for the seven weeks of his hospitalization . She helped negotiate a one - year extension of the Army contract . A friend visiting Orville in the hospital asked , `` Has it got your nerve ? '' `` Nerve ? '' repeated Orville , slightly puzzled . `` Oh , do you mean will I be afraid to fly again ? The only thing I 'm afraid of is that I ca n't get well soon enough to finish those tests next year . '' </P> <P> Deeply shocked and upset by the accident , Wilbur determined to make even more impressive flight demonstrations ; in the ensuing days and weeks he set new records for altitude and duration . In January 1909 Orville and Katharine joined him in France , and for a time they were the three most famous people in the world , sought after by royalty , the rich , reporters and the public . The kings of Great Britain , Spain and Italy came to see Wilbur fly . </P> Wright Model A Flyer flown by Wilbur 1908 -- 1909 and launching derrick , France , 1909 <P> The Wrights traveled to Pau , in the south of France , where Wilbur made many more public flights , giving rides to a procession of officers , journalists and statesmen -- and his sister Katharine on February 15 . He trained two French pilots , then transferred the airplane to the French company . In April the Wrights went to Italy where Wilbur assembled another Flyer , giving demonstrations and training more pilots . An Italian cameraman Federico Valle climbed aboard and filmed the first motion picture from an airplane . </P> <P> After their return to the U.S. , the brothers and Katharine were invited to the White House where President Taft bestowed awards upon them . Dayton followed up with a lavish two - day homecoming celebration . In July 1909 Orville , with Wilbur assisting , completed the proving flights for the U.S. Army , meeting the requirements of a two - seater able to fly with a passenger for an hour at an average of speed of 40 miles an hour ( 64 km / h ) and land undamaged . They sold the airplane to the Army 's Aeronautical Division , U.S. Signal Corps for $30,000 ( which included a $5,000 bonus for exceeding the speed specification ) . Wilbur climaxed an extraordinary year in early October when he flew at New York City 's Hudson - Fulton Celebration , circling the Statue of Liberty and making a 33 - minute flight up and down the Hudson River alongside Manhattan in view of up to one million New Yorkers . These flights solidly established the fame of the Wright brothers in America . </P> <H3> Family flights </H3> <P> On May 25 , 1910 , back at Huffman Prairie , Orville piloted two unique flights . First , he took off on a six - minute flight with Wilbur as his passenger , the only time the Wright brothers ever flew together . They received permission from their father to make the flight . They had always promised Milton they would never fly together to avoid the chance of a double tragedy and to ensure one brother would remain to continue their experiments . Next , Orville took his 82 - year - old father on a nearly seven - minute flight , the only one of Milton Wright 's life . The aircraft rose to about 350 feet ( 107 m ) while the elderly Wright called to his son , `` Higher , Orville , higher ! '' </P> <H2> Patent War </H2> See also : Wright brothers patent war <P> The Wright brothers wrote their 1903 patent application themselves , but it was rejected . In January 1904 they hired Ohio patent attorney Henry Toulmin , and on May 22 , 1906 , they were granted U.S. Patent 821393 for `` new and useful Improvements in Flying Machines '' . </P> U.S. Patent and Trademark Office archive <P> The patent illustrates a non-powered flying machine -- namely , the 1902 glider . The patent 's importance lies in its claim of a new and useful method of controlling a flying machine , powered or not . The technique of wing - warping is described , but the patent explicitly states that other methods instead of wing - warping could be used for adjusting the outer portions of a machine 's wings to different angles on the right and left sides to achieve lateral ( roll ) control . The concept of varying the angle presented to the air near the wingtips , by any suitable method , is central to the patent . The patent also describes the steerable rear vertical rudder and its innovative use in combination with wing - warping , enabling the airplane to make a coordinated turn , a technique that prevents hazardous adverse yaw , the problem Wilbur had when trying to turn the 1901 glider . Finally , the patent describes the forward elevator , used for ascending and descending . </P> <H3> Lawsuits begin </H3> <P> Attempting to circumvent the patent , Glenn Curtiss and other early aviators devised ailerons to emulate lateral control described in the patent and demonstrated by the Wrights in their public flights . Soon after the historic July 4 , 1908 , one - kilometer flight by Curtiss in the AEA June Bug , the Wrights warned him not to infringe their patent by profiting from flying or selling aircraft that used ailerons . </P> <P> Curtiss was at the time a member of the Aerial Experiment Association ( AEA ) , headed by Alexander Graham Bell , where in 1908 he had helped reinvent wingtip ailerons for their Aerodrome No. 2 , known as the AEA White Wing ( the AEA 's other members became dismayed when Curtiss unexpectedly dropped out of their organization ; they later came to believe he had sold the rights to their joint innovation to the United States Government ) . </P> <P> Curtiss refused to pay license fees to the Wrights and sold an airplane equipped with ailerons to the Aeronautic Society of New York in 1909 . The Wrights filed a lawsuit , beginning a years - long legal conflict . They also sued foreign aviators who flew at U.S. exhibitions , including the leading French aviator Louis Paulhan . The Curtiss people derisively suggested that if someone jumped in the air and waved his arms , the Wrights would sue . </P> <P> European companies which bought foreign patents the Wrights had received sued other manufacturers in their countries . Those lawsuits were only partly successful . Despite a pro-Wright ruling in France , legal maneuvering dragged on until the patent expired in 1917 . A German court ruled the patent not valid because of prior disclosure in speeches by Wilbur Wright in 1901 and Chanute in 1903 . In the U.S. the Wrights made an agreement with the Aero Club of America to license airshows which the Club approved , freeing participating pilots from a legal threat . Promoters of approved shows paid fees to the Wrights . The Wright brothers won their initial case against Curtiss in February 1913 when a judge ruled that ailerons were covered under the patent . The Curtiss company appealed the decision . </P> <P> From 1910 until his death from typhoid fever in 1912 , Wilbur took the leading role in the patent struggle , traveling incessantly to consult with lawyers and testify in what he felt was a moral cause , particularly against Curtiss , who was creating a large company to manufacture aircraft . The Wrights ' preoccupation with the legal issue stifled their work on new designs , and by 1911 Wright airplanes were considered inferior to those of European makers . Indeed , aviation development in the U.S. was suppressed to such an extent that when the U.S. entered World War I no acceptable American - designed airplanes were available , and U.S. forces were compelled to use French machines . Orville and Katharine Wright believed Curtiss was partly responsible for Wilbur 's premature death , which occurred in the wake of his exhausting travels and the stress of the legal battle . </P> <H3> Victory and cooperation </H3> <P> In January 1914 , a U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the verdict against the Curtiss company , which continued to avoid penalties through legal tactics . Orville apparently felt vindicated by the decision , and much to the frustration of company executives , he did not push vigorously for further legal action to ensure a manufacturing monopoly . In fact , he was planning to sell the company and departed in 1915 . In 1917 , with World War I underway , the U.S. government pressured the industry to form a cross-licensing organization , the Manufacturers Aircraft Association , to which member companies paid a blanket fee for the use of aviation patents , including the original and subsequent Wright patents . The Wright - Martin company ( successor to the Wright company ) and the Curtiss company ( which held a number of its own patents ) each received a $2 million payment . The `` patent war '' ended , although side issues lingered in the courts until the 1920s . In a twist of irony , the Wright Aeronautical Corporation ( another successor ) and the Curtiss Aeroplane company merged in 1929 to form the Curtiss - Wright Corporation , which remains in business today producing high - tech components for the aerospace industry . </P> <P> Aviation historian Charles Harvard Gibbs - Smith stated a number of times that the Wrights ' legal victory would have been `` doubtful '' if an 1868 patent of `` a prior but lost invention '' by Matthew Piers Watt Boulton of the UK had been known in the period 1903 -- 1906 . The patent , titled Aërial Locomotion &c , described several engine improvements and conceptual designs and included a technical description and drawings of an aileron control system and an optional feature intended to function as an autopilot . In fact , this patent was well - known to participants in the Wright - Curtiss lawsuit . A U.S. federal judge who reviewed previous inventions and patents and upheld the Wright patent against the Curtiss company reached the opposite conclusion of Gibbs - Smith , saying the Boulton patent `` is not anticipatory '' . </P> <H3> Public reactions </H3> <P> The lawsuits damaged the public image of the Wright brothers , who were generally regarded before this as heroes . Critics said the brothers were greedy and unfair and compared their actions unfavorably to European inventors , who worked more openly . Supporters said the brothers were protecting their interests and were justified in expecting fair compensation for the years of work leading to their successful invention . Their 10 - year friendship with Octave Chanute , already strained by tension over how much credit , if any , he might deserve for their success , collapsed after he publicly criticized their actions . </P> <H2> In business </H2> Wright brothers at the Belmont Park Aviation Meet in 1910 <P> The Wright Company was incorporated on November 22 , 1909 . The brothers sold their patents to the company for $100,000 and also received one - third of the shares in a million dollar stock issue and a 10 percent royalty on every airplane sold . With Wilbur as president and Orville as vice president , the company set up a factory in Dayton and a flying school / test flight field at Huffman Prairie ; the headquarters office was in New York City . </P> <P> In mid-1910 , the Wrights changed the design of the Wright Flyer , moving the horizontal elevator from the front to the back and adding wheels although keeping the skids as part of the undercarriage unit . It had become apparent by then that a rear elevator would make an airplane easier to control , especially as higher speeds grew more common . The new version was designated the `` Model B '' , although the original canard design was never referred to as the `` Model A '' by the Wrights . However , the U.S. Army Signal Corps which bought the airplane did call it `` Wright Type A '' . </P> <P> There were not many customers for airplanes , so in the spring of 1910 the Wrights hired and trained a team of salaried exhibition pilots to show off their machines and win prize money for the company -- despite Wilbur 's disdain for what he called `` the mountebank business '' . The team debuted at the Indianapolis Speedway on June 13 . Before the year was over , pilots Ralph Johnstone and Arch Hoxsey died in air show crashes , and in November 1911 the brothers disbanded the team on which nine men had served ( four other former team members died in crashes afterward ) . </P> <P> The Wright Company transported the first known commercial air cargo on November 7 , 1910 , by flying two bolts of dress silk 65 miles ( 105 km ) from Dayton to Columbus , Ohio , for the Morehouse - Martens Department Store , which paid a $5,000 fee . Company pilot Phil Parmelee made the flight -- which was more an exercise in advertising than a simple delivery -- in an hour and six minutes with the cargo strapped in the passenger 's seat . The silk was cut into small pieces and sold as souvenirs . </P> <P> Between 1910 and 1916 the Wright Brothers Flying School at Huffman Prairie trained 115 pilots who were instructed by Orville and his assistants . Several trainees became famous , including Henry `` Hap '' Arnold , who rose to Five - Star General , commanded U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II , and became first head of the U.S. Air Force ; Calbraith Perry Rodgers , who made the first coast - to - coast flight in 1911 ( with many stops and crashes ) in a Wright Model EX named the `` Vin Fiz '' after the sponsor 's grape soft drink ; and Eddie Stinson , founder of the Stinson Aircraft Company . </P> <H3> Army accidents </H3> <P> In 1912 -- 1913 a series of fatal crashes of Wright airplanes bought by the U.S. Army called into question their safety and design . The death toll reached 11 by 1913 , half of them in the Wright model C. All six model C Army airplanes crashed . They had a tendency to nose dive , but Orville insisted that stalls were caused by pilot error . He cooperated with the Army to equip the airplanes with a rudimentary flight indicator to help the pilot avoid climbing too steeply . A government investigation said the Wright C was `` dynamically unsuited for flying '' , and the American military ended its use of airplanes with `` pusher '' type propellers , including models made by both the Wright and Curtiss companies , in which the engine was located behind the pilot and likely to crush him in a crash . Orville resisted the switch to manufacturing `` tractor '' - type propeller aircraft , worried that a design change could threaten the Wright patent infringement case against Curtiss . </P> <H2> Smithsonian feud </H2> Elwood Doherty , a Curtiss pilot , coaxes the structurally modified Langley Aerodrome into the air above the surface of Keuka Lake near Hammondsport , New York , September 17 , 1914 . <P> Samuel Pierpont Langley , secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1887 until his death in 1906 , experimented for years with model flying machines and successfully flew unmanned powered fixed - wing model aircraft in 1896 and 1903 . Two tests of his manned full - size motor - driven Aerodrome in October and December 1903 , however , were complete failures . Nevertheless , the Smithsonian later proudly displayed the Aerodrome in its museum as the first heavier - than - air craft `` capable '' of manned powered flight , relegating the Wright brothers ' invention to secondary status and triggering a decades - long feud with Orville Wright , whose brother had received help from the Smithsonian when beginning his own quest for flight . ( Ironically , the Wright brothers were the initial recipients of the Samuel P. Langley Medal for Aerodromics from the Smithsonian in 1910 . ) </P> <P> The Smithsonian based its claim for the Aerodrome on short test flights Glenn Curtiss and his team made with it in 1914 . The Smithsonian allowed Curtiss , in an unsavory alliance , to make major modifications to the craft before attempting to fly it . </P> <P> The Smithsonian hoped to salvage Langley 's aeronautical reputation by proving the Aerodrome could fly ; Curtiss wanted to prove the same thing to defeat the Wrights ' patent lawsuits against him . The tests had no effect on the patent battle , but the Smithsonian made the most of them , honoring the Aerodrome in its museum and publications . The Institution did not reveal the extensive Curtiss modifications , but Orville Wright learned of them from his brother Lorin and a close friend of his and Wilbur 's , Griffith Brewer , who both witnessed and photographed some of the tests . </P> Original 1903 Wright Flyer in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington , D.C. <P> Orville repeatedly objected to misrepresentation of the Aerodrome , but the Smithsonian was unyielding . Orville responded by lending the restored 1903 Kitty Hawk Flyer to the London Science Museum in 1928 , refusing to donate it to the Smithsonian while the Institution `` perverted '' the history of the flying machine . Orville would never see his invention again as he would die before its return to the United States . Charles Lindbergh attempted to mediate the dispute , to no avail . In 1942 , after years of bad publicity , and encouraged by Wright biographer Fred C. Kelly , the Smithsonian finally relented by publishing , for the first time , a list of the Aerodrome modifications and recanting misleading statements it had made about the 1914 tests . Orville then privately requested the British museum to return the Flyer , but the airplane remained in protective storage for the duration of World War II and finally came home after Orville 's death . </P> <P> On November 23 , 1948 , the executors of Orville 's estate signed an agreement for the Smithsonian to purchase the Flyer for one dollar . At the insistence of the executors , the agreement also included strict conditions for display of the airplane . </P> <P> The agreement reads , in part , `` Neither the Smithsonian Institution or its successors , nor any museum or other agency , bureau or facilities administered for the United States of America by the Smithsonian Institution or its successors shall publish or permit to be displayed a statement or label in connection with or in respect of any aircraft model or design of earlier date than the 1903 Wright Aeroplane , claiming in effect that such aircraft was capable of carrying a man under its own power in controlled flight . '' If this agreement is not fulfilled , the Flyer can be reclaimed by the heir of the Wright brothers . Some aviation buffs , particularly those who promote the legacy of Gustave Whitehead , now accuse the Smithsonian of refusing to investigate claims of earlier flights . After a ceremony in the Smithsonian museum , the Flyer went on public display on December 17 , 1948 , the 45th anniversary of the only day it was flown successfully . The Wright brothers ' nephew Milton ( Lorin 's son ) , who had seen gliders and the Flyer under construction in the bicycle shop when he was a boy , gave a brief speech and formally transferred the airplane to the Smithsonian , which displayed it with the accompanying label : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> The original Wright brothers aeroplane <P> The world 's first power - driven heavier - than - air machine in which man made free , controlled , and sustained flight Invented and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright Flown by them at Kitty Hawk , North Carolina December 17 , 1903 By original scientific research the Wright brothers discovered the principles of human flight As inventors , builders , and flyers they further developed the aeroplane , taught man to fly , and opened the era of aviation </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Last years </H2> <H3> Wilbur </H3> The back of the US Airman Certificate with a picture of the Wright brothers . <P> Neither brother married . Wilbur once quipped that he did not have time for both a wife and an airplane . Following a brief training flight he gave to a German pilot in Berlin in June 1911 , Wilbur never flew again . He gradually became occupied with business matters for the Wright Company and dealing with different lawsuits . Upon dealing with the patent lawsuits , which had put great strain on both brothers , Wilbur had written in a letter to a French friend , `` When we think what we might have accomplished if we had been able to devote this time to experiments , we feel very sad , but it is always easier to deal with things than with men , and no one can direct his life entirely as he would choose . '' Wilbur spent the next year before his death traveling , where he spent a full six months in Europe attending to various business and legal matters . Wilbur urged American cities to emulate the European -- particularly Parisian -- philosophy of apportioning generous public space near every important public building . He was also constantly back and forth between New York , Washington and Dayton . All of the stresses were taking a toll on Wilbur physically . Orville would remark that he would `` come home white '' . </P> <P> It was decided by the family that a new and far grander house would be built , using the money that the Wrights had earned through their inventions and business . Called affectionately Hawthorn Hill , building had begun in the Dayton suburb of Oakwood , Ohio , while Wilbur was in Europe . Katharine and Orville oversaw the project in his absence . Wilbur 's one known expression upon the design of the house was that he have a room and bathroom of his own . The brothers hired Schenck and Williams , an architectural firm , to design the house , along with input from both Wilbur and Orville . Wilbur did not live to see its completion in 1914 . </P> <P> He became ill on a business trip to Boston in April 1912 , the illness sometimes attributed to eating bad shellfish at a banquet . After returning to Dayton in early May 1912 , worn down in mind and body , he fell ill again and was diagnosed with typhoid fever . He lingered on , his symptoms relapsing and remitting for many days . Wilbur died , at age 45 , at the Wright family home on May 30 . His father wrote about Wilbur in his diary : </P> <P> `` A short life , full of consequences . An unfailing intellect , imperturbable temper , great self - reliance and as great modesty , seeing the right clearly , pursuing it steadfastly , he lived and died . '' </P> <H3> Orville </H3> Orville Wright , 1928 <P> Orville succeeded to the presidency of the Wright Company upon Wilbur 's death . Sharing Wilbur 's distaste for business but not his brother 's executive skills , Orville sold the company in 1915 . </P> <P> After 42 years living at their residence on 7 Hawthorn Street , Orville , Katharine and their father , Milton , moved to Hawthorn Hill in the spring of 1914 . Milton died in his sleep on April 3 , 1917 , at the age of 88 . Up until his death , Milton had been very active , preoccupied with reading , writing articles for religious publications and enjoying his morning walks . He had also marched in a Dayton Woman 's Suffrage Parade , along with Orville and Katharine . </P> <P> Orville made his last flight as a pilot in 1918 in a 1911 Model B. He retired from business and became an elder statesman of aviation , serving on various official boards and committees , including the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) , predecessor agency to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) and Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce ( ACCA ) , predecessor to the Aerospace Industries Association ( AIA ) . </P> <P> Katharine married Henry Haskell of Kansas City , a former Oberlin classmate , in 1926 . Orville was furious and inconsolable , feeling he had been betrayed by Katharine . He refused to attend the wedding or even communicate with her . He finally agreed to see her , apparently at Lorin 's insistence , just before she died of pneumonia on March 3 , 1929 . </P> <P> Orville Wright served NACA for 28 years . In 1930 , he received the first Daniel Guggenheim Medal established in 1928 by the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics . In 1936 , he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences . </P> <P> On April 19 , 1944 , the second production Lockheed Constellation , piloted by Howard Hughes and TWA president Jack Frye , flew from Burbank , California , to Washington , D.C. in 6 hours and 57 minutes ( 2300 mi -- 330.9 mph ) . On the return trip , the airliner stopped at Wright Field to give Orville Wright his last airplane flight , more than 40 years after his historic first flight . He may even have briefly handled the controls . He commented that the wingspan of the Constellation was longer than the distance of his first flight . </P> <P> Orville 's last major project was supervising the reclamation and preservation of the 1905 Wright Flyer III , which historians describe as the first practical airplane . </P> <P> Orville expressed sadness in an interview years later about the death and destruction brought about by the bombers of World War II : </P> <P> `` We dared to hope we had invented something that would bring lasting peace to the earth . But we were wrong ... No , I do n't have any regrets about my part in the invention of the airplane , though no one could deplore more than I do the destruction it has caused . I feel about the airplane much the same as I do in regard to fire . That is , I regret all the terrible damage caused by fire , but I think it is good for the human race that someone discovered how to start fires and that we have learned how to put fire to thousands of important uses . '' </P> <P> Orville died on January 30 , 1948 , over 35 years after his brother , following his second heart attack , having lived from the horse - and - buggy age to the dawn of supersonic flight . Both brothers are buried in the family plot at Woodland Cemetery , Dayton , Ohio . John T. Daniels , the Coast Guardsman who took their famous first flight photo , died the day after Orville . </P> <H2> Competing claims </H2> Main article : Claims to the first powered flight Further information : Early flying machines and Aviation in the pioneer era <P> First flight claims are made for Clément Ader , Gustave Whitehead , Richard Pearse , and Karl Jatho for their variously documented tests in years prior to and including 1903 . Claims that the first true flight occurred after 1903 are made for Traian Vuia and Alberto Santos - Dumont . Supporters of the post-Wright pioneers argue that techniques used by the Wright brothers disqualify them as first to make successful airplane flights . Those techniques were : a launch rail ; skids instead of wheels ; a headwind at takeoff ; and a catapult after 1903 . Supporters of the Wright brothers argue that proven , repeated , controlled , and sustained flights by the brothers entitle them to credit as inventors of the airplane , regardless of those techniques . The late aviation historian Charles Harvard Gibbs - Smith was a supporter of the Wrights ' claim to primacy in flight . He wrote that a barn door can be made to `` fly '' for a short distance if enough energy is applied to it ; he determined that the very limited flight experiments of Ader , Vuia and others were `` powered hops '' instead of fully controlled flights . </P> <H2> Rivalry </H2> Ohio 50 State Quarter features the 1905 Wright Flyer III built and flown in Ohio , in a famous photo from Huffman Prairie North Carolina 50 State Quarter features the famous first flight photo of the 1903 Wright Flyer I at Kitty Hawk , North Carolina <P> The U.S. states of Ohio and North Carolina both take credit for the Wright brothers and their world - changing inventions -- Ohio because the brothers developed and built their design in Dayton , and North Carolina because Kitty Hawk was the site of the Wrights ' first powered flight . With a spirit of friendly rivalry , Ohio adopted the slogan `` Birthplace of Aviation '' ( later `` Birthplace of Aviation Pioneers '' , recognizing not only the Wrights , but also astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong , both Ohio natives ) . The slogan appears on Ohio license plates . North Carolina uses the slogan `` First In Flight '' on its license plates . </P> <P> The site of the first flights in North Carolina is preserved as Wright Brothers National Memorial , while their Ohio facilities are part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park . As the positions of both states can be factually defended , and each played a significant role in the history of flight , neither state has an exclusive claim to the Wrights ' accomplishment . </P> <P> Notwithstanding the competition between those two states , in 1937 the Wrights ' final bicycle shop and home were moved from Dayton to Greenfield Village in Dearborn , Michigan , where they remain . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Aviation portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Augustus Moore Herring first ( uncontrolled ) heavier - than - air flight at St. Joseph , Michigan </Li> <Li> Curtiss - Wright </Li> <Li> Glenn Curtiss </Li> <Li> History by Contract </Li> <Li> John Joseph Montgomery </Li> <Li> Katharine Wright </Li> <Li> Klapmeier brothers </Li> <Li> Milton Wright ( bishop ) </Li> <Li> Robert Cummings </Li> <Li> The Winds of Kitty Hawk ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Wright Aeronautical </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers flights of 1909 </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Medal </Li> <Li> Wright Company </Li> <Li> Wright Cycle Company </Li> <Li> Wright Exhibition Team </Li> <Li> Wright Flyer </Li> <Li> Wright Flying School </Li> <Li> Wright Glider </Li> <Li> List of covers of Time magazine ( 1920s ) ( December 3 , 1928 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Image courtesy Dayton Metro Library . The newspaper article can be read at </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Board was surprised when it received 41 bids , having expected only one . None of the other bids amounted to a serious proposal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The first woman passenger was Thérèse Peltier on July 8 , 1908 , when she made a flight of 656 feet ( 200 m ) with Léon Delagrange in Milan , Italy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quote : `` The suit finally ended with the advent of World War I when the aircraft manufacturers established the Manufacturers ' Aircraft Association to coordinate wartime aircraft manufacturing in the United States and formed a patent pool with the approval of the U.S. government . All patent litigation ceased automatically . Royalties were reduced to one percent and free exchange of inventions and ideas took place among all the airframe builders . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quote : `` New Organization Is Formed , Under War Pressure , to Interchange Patents . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The author obtained information at the Fort Sam Houston Museum that also records the place of the flights as the Arthur MacArthur Field , then used for cavalry drill . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The archived website contains details of the modifications . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Agreement is also available upon request from the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quote : `` Dayton , Ohio . Following a sinking spell that developed soon after midnight , Wilbur Wright , aviator and aeroplane builder , died of typhoid fever at 3 : 15 am to - day . Wright had been lingering for many days and though his condition from time to time gave some hopes to members of his family , the attending physicians , Drs . D.B. Conklin and Levi Spitler , maintained throughout the latter part of his sickness that he could not recover . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quote : `` Dayton , Ohio , October 30 , 1948 , Orville Wright , who with his brother , the late Wilbur Wright , invented the airplane , died here tonight at 10 : 40 in Miami Valley Hospital . He was 76 years old . '' </Li> </Ol> <P> Citations </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Ann . Johnson ( September 28 , 2001 ) . `` Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers : Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers '' . Wright State University . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flying through the ages '' . BBC News . March 19 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inventing a Flying Machine -- The Breakthrough Concept '' . The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age , Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wagging Its Tail '' . The Wright Story -- Inventing the Airplane , wright-brothers.org . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aviation : From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gareth D Padfield ; Ben Lawrence . `` The Birth of Flight Control : An Engineering Analysis of the Wright Brothers ' 1902 Glider '' ( PDF ) . The Aeronautical Journal . Department of Engineering , The University of Liverpool , UK ( December 2003 ) : 697 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1988 , p. 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jakab 1997 , p. 183 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mortimer 2009 , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jakab 1997 , p. 156 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 228 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Flying Machine patent '' . google.com/patents . May 22 , 1906 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 169 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roach , Edward J. The Wright Company : From Invention to Industry . Athens , Ohio : Ohio University Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 2051 - 5 , page 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Wright Brothers , Chapter Two '' . Dayton History Books Online . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers at the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Milton . The Reeder Family . THE MAKING OF A TOWNSHIP : Being an Account of the Early Settlement and Subsequent Development of FAIRMOUNT TOWNSHIP GRANT COUNTY , INDIANA 1829 - 1917 , pages 223 - 227 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallechinsky and Wallace 2005 , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Wright Brothers '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Wright Family . '' U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003 . Retrieved : September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , pp. 56 -- 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waynet Facts and Fun Information Wayne County , IN . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jakab 1997 , p. 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Laurence Dunbar ( 2003 ) . `` What Dreams We Have -- Chapter 4 '' . National Park Service , nps.gov . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Van Cleve bicycle that the Wrights built and sold . '' U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , Chapter 10 , `` The Year of the Flying Machine '' and Chapter 11 , `` Octave Chanute '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1899/forefathers.cfm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wilbur Wright May 30 , 1899 Letter to Smithsonian . '' Smithsonian Scrapbook : Letters from the Archives . Retrieved : September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1988 , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobin 2004 , p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 166 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobin 2004 , p. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobin 2004 , p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobin 2004 , pp. 53 -- 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , pp. 168 -- 169 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright , including the Chanute - Wright letters and other papers of Octave Chanute . Marvin W. McFarland , editor. , v. 1 . -- Text - only -- Full View '' . McGraw - Hill / HathiTrust Digital Library . September 13 , 1900 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . I chose Kitty Hawk because it seemed the place which most closely met the re-quired conditions . In order to obtain sup - port from the air it is necessary , with wings of reasonable size , to move through it at the rate of fifteen or twenty miles per hour ... If the wind blows with proper speed , support can be obtained without movement with reference to the ground . It is safer to practice in a wind , provided this is not too much broken up into eddies and sudden gusts by hills , trees , &c . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright , including the Chanute - Wright letters and other papers of Octave Chanute . ( Book view ) '' . McGraw - Hill . September 13 , 1900 . p. 23 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina , to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights , December 17 , 1903 '' . World Digital Library . December 17 , 1903 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter from J.J. Dosher , Weather Bureau , to Wilbur Wright , August 16 , 1900 Kitty Hawk '' . Library of Congress -- Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jakab 1997 , p. 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Wilbur . `` Some Aeronautical Experiments . '' Western Society of Engineers , September 18 , 1901 . Retrieved : July 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1988 , p. 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 198 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Just the Facts . '' Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company . Retrieved : April 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , pp. 188 -- 189 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Road to Kitty Hawk . '' wright-brothers.org . Retrieved Jan. 12 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1901 Wright Glider '' Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly 2002 , p. 42 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch , `` The Bishop 's Boys '' , 1989 , pp. 220 -- 221 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch , `` The Bishop 's Boys '' , 1989 , pp. 221 -- 222 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kitty Hawk in a Box '' Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodson , M.G. `` An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers ' Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight . '' US Naval Academy , Technical Report , Volume USNA - 334 , 2005 . Retrieved : September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch , `` The Bishop 's Boys '' , 1989 , p. 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch , `` The Bishop 's Boys '' , 1989 , p. 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/i/Wrights/library/Aeronautical.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Book and Magazine Collector : Number 265 , February 2006 p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perfecting the Control System '' Inventing a Flying Machine , The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age , Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1988 , p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , p. 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Culick , Fred E.C. `` What the Wright Brothers Did and Did Not Understand About Flight Mechanics -- In Modern Terms . '' Pasadena , California : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics : California Institute of Technology , Paper AIAA - 2001 - 3385 , 37th AIAA / ASME / SAE / ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit , July 8 -- 11 , 2001 . Retrieved : February 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Langewiesche 1972 , p. 163 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jakab 1997 , pp. 183 -- 184 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exhibitions '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 1989 , pp. 242 -- 243 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ash , Robert L. ; Britcher , Colin P. ; Hyde , Kenneth W. ( December 2003 ) . `` 100 Years of Flight : supplement , Prop - Wrights '' . Mechanical Engineering . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 1989 , p. 245 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inventing a Flying Machine : Engine '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1988 , pp. 108 -- 109 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobin 2004 , p. 192 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright Flyer I Wright-Brothers.org . Retrieved : January 31 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobin 2004 , p. 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly 2002 , pp. 112 -- 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carroll F. Gray ( August 2002 ) . `` The First Five Flights , The Slope and Winds of Big Kill Devil Hill -- The First Flight Reconsidered '' . TheWrightBrothers.org , from : WW1 AERO -- The Journal of the Early Aeroplane , Issue 177 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly 1943 , pp. 101 -- 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1988 , p. 139 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 1989 , pp. 271 -- 272 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virginian - Pilot story . In Their Own Words , Wright-Brothers.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 1989 , p. 274 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.H. Gibbs - Smith . The Rebirth of European Aviation . London : HMSO . pp. 64 -- 9 . ISBN 0112901808 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abzug , Malcolm J. and E. Eugene Larrabee. `` Airplane Stability and Control , Second Edition : A History of the Technologies That Made Aviation Possible '' . cambridge.org . Retrieved : September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Attempt to recreate Wright Bros flight fails ( AP Archive ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1998 , pp. 154 -- 155 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , pp. 273 -- 274 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 286 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1998 , p. 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1998 , pp. 162 -- 163 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winchester 2005 , p. 311 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Wright brothers letter ( page 1 , page 2 ) to the Aero Club of America describes the long flights and provides a list of witnesses . ( Courtesy Dayton Metro Library . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobin 2004 , p. 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wright Brothers '' . Dayton Metro Library . Retrieved : September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` To Fly is everything ! '' msstae.edu . Retrieved : May 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ No Longer An Island Nation : Britain and the Wright Brothers , 1902 -- 1909 by Alfred W. Gollin c. 1984 pages 66 -- 68 ( for easier reading type `` John Capper '' or `` J.E. Capper '' into the GoogleBooks search on the left ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Langley Aerodrome A '' . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Prize Patrol Wright Brothers.org . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ernest Archdeacon . '' US Centennial of Flight , 2003 . Retrieved : October 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Victor Lougheed ( December 1911 ) . `` The Secret Experiments of the Wright Brothers '' ( PDF ) . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In Their Own Words : Signal Corps Specification No. 486 '' . Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company . Retrieved : October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soaring100 -- October 21 -- 24 , 2011 '' . First Flight Foundation . October 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 258 -- 260 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 1989 , pp. 368 -- 369 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ L'Aerophile , August 11 , 1908 , quoted in Crouch 2003 , p. 368 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ L'Auto , August 9 , 1908 , quoted in Crouch 2003 , p. 368 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thérèse Peltier . '' Smithsonian , Retrieved : July 3 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Combs 1979 , p. 282 . ( of material presented to Orville Wright in Dayton in 1920 by Madame Bollée and her daughter Elizabeth Bollée ( the August 1908 baby ) ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly 1943 , p. 230 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly 1943 , pp. 231 -- 232 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dream of Flight - The Achievement '' Library of Congress . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yoon , Joe . Origins of Control Surfaces , Aerospaceweb.org , November 17 , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Casey , Louis S. Curtiss , The Hammondsport Era , 1907 -- 1915 , New York : Crown Publishers , 1981 , pp. 12 -- 15 , ISBN 9780517543269 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wicks , Frank . `` '' Trial by Flyer `` '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Mechanical Engineering 100 Years of Flight . Retrieved from Web Archive July 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackman , W.J. ; Russell , Thomas H. ; Chanute , Octave ( 1912 ) . `` Chapter 23 : AMATEURS MAY USE WRIGHT PATENTS '' . Flying Machines : Construction and Operation ( Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library ed . ) . Chicago : Charles C. Thompson Co. pp. 211 -- 212 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glenn Curtiss and the Wright Patent Battles '' . centennialofflight. 2003 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` End Patent Wars of Aircraft Makers . '' The New York Times , August 7 , 1917 . Retrieved : March 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Royalties to be Paid : Wright and Curtiss Interests Each to Receive Ultimately $2,000,000 -- Increased Production Predicted . Payment of Royalties . '' The New York Times , August 7 , 1917 . Retrieved : March 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Harvard Gibbs - Smith Correspondence : The First Aileron , U.K. : Flight Magazine , 1956 , p. 598 . Retrieved from FlightGlobal.com , January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Complete New Historical Assessment , U.K. : Flight magazine , 16 September 1960 , pp. 478 . Retrieved from FlightGlobal.com , January 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Charles Harvard Gibbs - Smith . Aviation : An Historical Survey From Its Origins To The End Of The Second World War , Science Museum , 2000 , p. 54 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 900747 - 52 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ F. Alexander Magoun & Eric Hodgins A History of Aircraft , Whittlesey House , 1931 , p. 308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boulton , M.P.W. `` Specification of Matthew Piers Watt Boulton : A.D. 1868 , 5th February . N 392 . : Aärial Locomotion &c . '' , London : Great Seal Patent Office ( printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode ) , 1868 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patents For Inventions : Bridgements Of Specifications : Class 4 , Aeronautics : Period -- A.D. 1867 -- 76 '' , London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office ( Darling & Sons Ltd . Printers ) , 1903 , pp. 7 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Relevant Excerpts of Court Judgement Defining the Wrights ' Claim to Primacy '' http://www.gustave-whitehead.com . Retrieved Oct. 10 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard , 1998 , chapter 39 , `` End of a Friendship '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 410 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cragg 1973 , p. 272 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , Chapter 31 , `` The Mountebank Game '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Signal Corps Takes to the Air '' . history.army.mil . Retrieved : January 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 459 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 457 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Airplane Business '' The Wright Story , Wright Brothers Aeroplane Co . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Twin Pushers '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . `` The Langley Aerodrome '' . Retrieved : December 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 1988 , Chapter 46 : `` The Aerodrome Affair '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 491 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.G. Abbot . `` What Dreams We Have , Appendix C -- Tests of the Langley Aerodrome '' . National Park Service , nps.gov . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contract between Wrights , Smithsonian decrees Flyer was first plane '' , foxnew.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Image of the Agreement `` '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2002 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . on `` archived page '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . of the glennhcurtiss.com website . Retrieved : May 20 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Dwyer , William J. History by Contract : The Beginning of Motorized Aviation , August 14 , 1901 : Gustave Whitehead , Fairfield , Conn ... Leutershausen , Germany : Fritz Majer & Sohn , 1978 . ISBN 3 - 922175 - 00 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCullough , 2015 , `` The Wright Brothers '' , p. 255 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCullough , David ( July 9 , 2016 ) . Bastille Day in France ; The Only Street in Paris ; Americans in Paris ( Radio broadcast ) . Rick Steves ' Europe . Event occurs at 41 : 53 ... Wilbur Wright ... was looking at how they laid out their spaces ( in Paris ) , and he said : Every important public building has open space in front of it , so you could enjoy it . Why have n't we done that in New York ? Why do n't we do that in our city ? </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCollough , 2015 , `` The Wright Brothers '' , p. 256 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maurer , Richard ( 2003 ) . The Wright Sister : Katharine Wright and her Famous Brothers . Macmillan . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0761315469 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCollough , 2015 , `` The Wright Brothers '' , p. 256 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wilbur Wright Dies of Typhoid Fever . Ill More Than Three Weeks , the End Came at 3 : 15 o'clock Thursday Morning '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . May 30 , 1912 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch 2003 , p. 449 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCullough , 2015 , `` The Wright Brothers '' , p. 257 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCullough , 2015 , `` The Wright Brothers '' , Epilogue p. 258 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , Dana T. Building Victory : Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II , p. 66 , Cypress , California , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9897906 - 0 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yenne 1987 , pp. 44 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCullough , 2015 , `` The Wright Brothers '' , Epilogue pp. 260 -- 261 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCR Loses a Close Friend '' NCR Factory News . February -- March 1948 , p. 3 ( tribute by National Cash Register Company ) Retrieved March 23 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orville Wright , 76 , is Dead in Dayton ; Co-Inventor With His Brother , Wilbur , of the Airplane Was Pilot in First Flight . '' The New York Times , January 31 , 1948 . Retrieved : July 21 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Was First ? '' Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company . Retrieved : September 23 , 2010 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anderson , John D. Inventing Flight : The Wright Brothers and Their Predecessors . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6875 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Ash , Russell . The Wright Brothers . London : Wayland , 1974 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85340 - 342 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Chmiel , Louis . Ohio , Home of the Wright Brothers : Birthplace of Aviation , 2013 . ISBN 9780615800714 </Li> <Li> Ciampaglia , Giuseppe . `` Il soggiorno romano dei Fratelli Wright '' . La Strenna dei Romanisti , 1992 . </Li> <Li> Ciampaglia , Giuseppe . I Fratelli Wright e le loro macchine volanti . Roma : IBN Editore , 1993 . </Li> <Li> Combs , Harry with Martin Caidin . Kill Devil Hill : Discovering the Secret of the Wright Brothers . Denver , Colorado : Ternstyle Press Ltd , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 940053 - 01 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Cragg , Dan , Sgt. Maj , USA ( Ret . ) , ed . The Guide to Military Installations . Harrisburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 2781 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Crouch , Tom D . The Bishop 's Boys : A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30695 - X . </Li> <Li> Howard , Fred , Wilbur And Orville : A Biography of the Wright Brothers . New York : Ballantine Books , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 35393 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Howard , Fred , Wilbur And Orville : A Biography of the Wright Brothers . Mineola : Dover Publications , Inc. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40297 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jakab , Peter L. Visions of a Flying Machine : The Wright Brothers and the Process of Invention ( Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian , 1997 . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 748 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Kelly , Fred C. , ed . Miracle At Kitty Hawk , The Letters of Wilbur & Orville Wright . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81203 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Kelly , Fred C. The Wright Brothers : A Biography Authorized by Orville Wright . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , originally published in 1943 , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26056 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Langewiesche , Wolfgang . Stick and Rudder : An Explanation of the Art of Flying . New York : McGraw - Hill , Copyright 1944 and 1972 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 036240 - 8 . </Li> <Li> McCullough , David ( 2015 ) . The Wright Brothers . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781476728742 . OCLC 897424190 . </Li> <Li> McFarland , Marvin W. , ed . The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright : Including the Chanute - Wright Letters and the Papers of Octave Chanute . New York : McGraw - Hill , 2001 , originally published in 1953 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80671 - 1 . </Li> <Li> McPherson , Stephanie Sammartino and Joseph Sammartino Gardner . Wilbur & Orville Wright : Taking Flight . Minneapolis , Minnesota , Carolrhoda , Inc. , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 57505 - 443 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Mortimer , Gavin . Chasing Icarus : The Seventeen Days in 1910 That Forever Changed American Aviation . New York : Walker , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1711 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Tobin , James . To Conquer The Air : The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5536 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Walsh , John E. One Day at Kitty Hawk : The Untold Story of the Wright Brothers . New York : Ty Crowell Co , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 690 - 00103 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Winchester , Jim , ed . `` Wright Flyer '' . Biplanes , Triplanes and Seaplanes ( The Aviation Factfile ) . Rochester , Kent , UK : Grange Books plc , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84013 - 641 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Wright , Orville . How We Invented the Airplane . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25662 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Yenne , Bill , Lockheed . Greenwich , Connecticut : Bison Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 690 - 00103 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wright brothers . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wilbur Wright </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Orville Wright </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Wilbur Wright </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Orville Wright </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Works by Orville and Wilbur Wright at Project Gutenberg </Li> <Li> Works by or about Orville and Wilbur Wright at Internet Archive </Li> <Li> Works by Orville Wright at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) </Li> <Li> Works by Wilbur Wright at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) </Li> <Li> Original Letters From The Wright Brothers : The First Flight Shapell Manuscript Foundation </Li> <Li> To Fly Is Everything Articles , photos , historical texts </Li> <Li> The Wright Experience Articles and photos about construction of replica gliders and airplanes </Li> <Li> What Dreams We Have E-book by National Park Service historian </Li> <Li> FirstFlight : flight simulation , videos and experiments </Li> <Li> Scientific American magazine ( December 2003 Issue ) The Equivocal Success of the Wright Brothers </Li> <Li> PBS Nova : The Wright Brothers ' Flying Machines </Li> <Li> `` Wright Flyer III ( 1905 ) '' at ASME.org </Li> <Li> FAI NEWS : `` 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality '' </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers , National Park Service </Li> <Li> Orville Wright at Library of Congress Authorities , with 322 catalog records </Li> <Li> Wilbur Wright at Library of Congress Authorities , with 321 catalog records </Li> <Li> Orville Wright Personal Manuscripts </Li> </Ul> <H3> Biographical </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company virtual museum </Li> <Li> pictures , letters and other sources from National Archives </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Collection ( MS - 1 ) at Wright State University </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Collection ( MS - 001 ) at Dayton Metro Library </Li> <Li> C - SPAN Q&A interview with David McCullough on The Wright Brothers , May 31 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Patents </H3> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Patent 821,393 -- Flying machine -- O. & W. Wright </Li> <Li> U.S. Patent 821,393 at Google Patents </Li> <Li> patent in HTML </Li> </Ul> <H3> Museums </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Wright Brothers -- The Invention of the Aerial Age Smithsonian Institution </Li> <Li> Smithsonian Stories of the Wright flights </Li> <Li> Wilbur Wright Birthplace Museum </Li> <Li> Wright Aeronautical Engineering Collection The Franklin Institute </Li> <Li> Wright - Dunbar Interpretive Center and the Wright Cycle Company </Li> </Ul> <H3> Image collections </H3> <Ul> <Li> Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog -- Wright Brothers Negatives </Li> <Li> Outer Banks of NC Wright Photographs : 1900 -- 1911 ( Sourced from Library of Congress ) </Li> <Li> Video clips about the invention of the fixed - wing aircraft </Li> <Li> The Pioneer Aviation Group Many pictures of early flying machines and a comprehensive chronology of flight attempts </Li> <Li> Wilbur Wright photo gallery at Corbis ( page one ) </Li> <Li> Orville Wright photo gallery at Corbis ( page one ) </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Collection digital images at Wright State University </Li> <Li> New Scientist magazine , Scientific Firsts : Print of Wright Flyer in France 1907 </Li> <Li> Wilbur 's world famous model A Flyer `` France '' sits in a hall of honor on display in a Paris museum after Wilbur donated it to the French . Its whereabouts afterwards are unknown . Sharing space with the Wright A is a Bleriot VI or VII , an Antoinette and a Voisin </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers ' Newspapers at Dayton Metro Library </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Wright brothers / Wright Company / Wright Aeronautical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wright brothers aircraft ( 1899 -- 1909 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gliders : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wright Glider </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Powered aircraft : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1903 Wright Flyer I </Li> <Li> Flyer II </Li> <Li> Flyer III </Li> <Li> Wright Model A </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wright Company aircraft ( 1909 -- 1916 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Wright Model B </Li> <Li> Model C </Li> <Li> Model D </Li> <Li> Model E </Li> <Li> Model EX ( Vin Fiz Flyer ) </Li> <Li> Model F </Li> <Li> Model G </Li> <Li> Model HS </Li> <Li> Model K </Li> <Li> Model R </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wright Aeronautical aircraft ( 1919 -- 1929 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Racing aircraft : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wright F2W </Li> <Li> XF3W </Li> <Li> NW - 1 </Li> <Li> NW - 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passenger aircraft : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wright - Bellanca WB - 1 </Li> <Li> WB - 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Orville and Wilbur Wright </Li> <Li> Giuseppe Mario Bellanca </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History and legacy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wright Cycle Company </Li> <Li> Wright Flying School <Ul> <Li> Wright Exhibition Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park <Ul> <Li> Huffman Prairie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers National Memorial </Li> <Li> National Aviation Heritage Area </Li> <Li> National Aviation Day </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Day </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Medal </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles Taylor </Li> <Li> Wright brothers patent war ( Matthew Piers Watt Boulton ) </Li> <Li> Milton Wright ( father ) </Li> <Li> Katharine Wright ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Hawthorn Hill </Li> <Li> Wright - Martin </Li> <Li> Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine ( 1909 film ) </Li> <Li> The Winds of Kitty Hawk ( 1978 film ) </Li> <Li> The Wright Brothers ( 2015 book ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hall of Fame for Great Americans </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> John Adams </Li> <Li> John Quincy Adams </Li> <Li> Jane Addams </Li> <Li> Louis Agassiz </Li> <Li> Susan B. 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Warren </Li> <Li> 1971 : Patrick E. Haggerty </Li> <Li> 1972 : William Webster </Li> <Li> 1973 : Lyman Wilber </Li> <Li> 1974 : H.I. Romnes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1975 -- 1999 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1975 : Manson Benedict </Li> <Li> 1976 : Thomas O. Paine </Li> <Li> 1977 : George R. Brown </Li> <Li> 1978 : Robert G. Heitz </Li> <Li> 1979 : Nathan M. Newmark </Li> <Li> 1980 : T. Louis Austin , Jr . </Li> <Li> 1981 : Ian MacGregor </Li> <Li> 1982 : David Packard </Li> <Li> 1983 : Claude Elwood Shannon </Li> <Li> 1984 : Kenneth A. Roe </Li> <Li> 1985 : Daniel C. Drucker </Li> <Li> 1986 : Simon Ramo </Li> <Li> 1987 : Ralph Landau </Li> <Li> 1988 : Ralph B. Peck </Li> <Li> 1989 : Robert N. Noyce </Li> <Li> 1990 : Gordon A. Cain </Li> <Li> 1991 : Hunter Rouse </Li> <Li> 1992 : Serge Gratch </Li> <Li> 1993 : Gordon Moore </Li> <Li> 1994 : Hoyt C. Hottel </Li> <Li> 1995 : Lynn S. Beedle </Li> <Li> 1996 : George N. Hatsopoulos </Li> <Li> 1997 : Arthur E. 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where did the wright brother invent the airplane
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Wright_brothers&amp;oldid=864656116
-626,796,544,654,125,600
Departments of the Continental Army - wikipedia <H1> Departments of the Continental Army </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> American Revolutionary War <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armed Forces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Continental Army <Dl> <Dd> → Commander - in - Chief </Dd> <Dd> → Regional departments </Dd> <Dd> → Units ( 1775 , 1776 , 1777 -- 1784 ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Continental Navy </Dd> <Dd> Continental Marines </Dd> <Dd> State forces <Dl> <Dd> → List of militia units </Dd> <Dd> → List of state navies </Dd> <Dd> → Maritime units </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Great Britain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> List of British units </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> List of French units </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> List of battles </Dd> <Dd> Military leadership </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the American Revolutionary War units of the Continental Army were assigned to any one of seven regional or territorial departments to decentralize their command and administration . This was necessary because the regiment was the largest permanent unit in the Continental Army . A superior headquarters , above regiment , was needed if more than a few regiments were stationed in the same department . Although brigades , divisions , and field armies existed , they were temporary units which did not necessarily include all the units assigned to a department . Nor did field armies include establishments of the staff , such as magazines ( supply depots ) of the Quartermaster General 's Department , or hospitals of the Hospital Department . The militia in a department was usually at the disposal of the department commander . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Departmental organization <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Appointment of department commanders </Li> <Li> 1.2 Relations between the departments and the states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Departments <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Canadian Department </Li> <Li> 2.2 Eastern Department </Li> <Li> 2.3 Northern Department </Li> <Li> 2.4 Highlands Department </Li> <Li> 2.5 Middle Department </Li> <Li> 2.6 Western Department </Li> <Li> 2.7 Southern Department </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 List of department commanders </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Departmental organization ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Continental troops in a department constituted its garrison . If the garrison was sufficiently large , the units might be assembled into a field army . In this case the commander of the territorial department and the commander of the field army would be one and the same officer . Thus , the commanding general of the Northern Department was also commanding general of the Northern Army , and the commanding general of the Southern Department was also commanding general of the Southern Army . Armies did not , however , invariably receive a geographical designation . Because the field army under Washington 's personal command contained the majority of Continental Army units it was , for obvious reasons , designated the Main Army . Each department had a semi-autonomous commanding officer , usually a commanding general , under the overall command of Washington as General and Commander - in - Chief . The Continental Congress dealt with and through the department commanders . </P> <H3> Appointment of Department commanders ( edit ) </H3> <P> Throughout the war , the Continental Congress retained exclusive authority to appoint or remove department commanders . In practice , when an urgent need arose , a temporary commander was just as frequently appointed by George Washington or the executive power of one of the states , pending the approval of the Continental Congress . Many of these temporary department commanders were then confirmed and formally appointed by the Congress . This practice , along with control of the Continental Army and Navy through the war and marine committees of the Continental Congress , established the precedent for civil control of military affairs later embodied in the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . </P> <H3> Relations between the departments and the states ( edit ) </H3> <P> The department commanders and their staffs also worked directly with the governments of the states within their department . At first these were the ad hoc provisional governments developed in 1774 and 1775 , but the practice continued after 1776 when the states replaced their Provincial Congresses and Conventions with permanent governments operating under written constitutions . Ordinarily departments were commanded by major generals . Washington as a full general was the ranking general officer in the Continental Army throughout the war . </P> <H2> Departments ( edit ) </H2> <P> In general there were seven territorial departments , although their boundaries were subject to change and they were not all in existence throughout the war . </P> <H3> Canadian Department ( edit ) </H3> <P> The establishment of the Canadian Department reflected the aspirations of the Continental Congress and some Americans to annex the British province of Quebec , then often referred to as `` Canada '' , but the effort was ultimately unsuccessful . Although the Americans captured Montreal in November 1775 , and established their headquarters at Château Ramezay , the region was never entirely under the control of the Continental Army . The Canadian Department was formally established from the New York Department on January 17 , 1776 . After the Invasion of Canada failed , all troops were withdrawn to Fort Ticonderoga , New York . The Canadian Department was officially discontinued on July 8 , 1776 . </P> <H3> Eastern Department ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Eastern Department was formed around those states that had originally sent troops to support the Siege of Boston , and in that sense it even existed before the Continental Army . This was essentially the New England department , and included the states of New Hampshire , Massachusetts ( including the present state of Maine ) , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . For the first year of the war , the field army associated with this department , under the command of General Washington , was variously designated as the Continental Army , Grand Army , or Main Army . The Eastern Department was formally established on April 4 , 1776 when the Main Army under Washington moved from Boston to New York City . Important operations in this department included the Siege of Boston in 1775 -- 1776 and the Battle of Rhode Island in 1779 . The department was discontinued in November 1779 . </P> <H3> Northern Department ( edit ) </H3> <P> The predecessor of the Northern Department was the New York Department , which was established on June 25 , 1775 . This department was sometimes described as the Separate Department and the troops stationed in it were known as the Separate Army . The original New York Department was coextensive with the Province of New York . The department 's boundaries were extended to include Canada in the initial phase of the Invasion of Canada , but Canada was established as a separate department on January 17 , 1776 . When the Middle Department was created on February 27 , 1776 the New York Department was merged into it . The Middle Department , as originally organized , included all of the colonies of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Maryland . The inclusion of New York in the Middle Department continued for less than two months , however . In April 1776 the Main Army moved from Boston to New York City and Washington assumed command of the Middle Department . The Northern Department was formally established from the Middle Department on April 14 , 1776 . The reorganized Northern Department included only that portion of the colony of New York north of the Hudson Highlands , and the present state of Vermont . The field army associated with the Northern Department was known as the Northern Army . Operations in this department did not end with Saratoga . Fighting continued in the Northern Department until the end of the war . The department was discontinued upon the death of its last commander , General Alexander , at Albany on January 15 , 1783 . </P> <H3> Highlands Department ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Highlands Department was the smallest in area . Strictly speaking , it was part of the Middle Department , but because of its importance it was virtually a separate department . The Highlands Department was formed around the defenses on the Hudson River about 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of New York City , where the Appalachians and the Hudson intersect . After the British occupied New York City in 1776 the defenses just north of there became critically important . The presence of British naval forces at New York emphasized the importance of the Hudson River , and both sides in the war recognized the importance of controlling that waterway . The Americans created fortifications , including West Point with its chain across the river . Washington assigned Continental troops under General Heath to the Highlands on November 12 , 1776 and there was a Continental Army garrison in the Highlands from then until the end of the war . Heath 's assignment thus created a de facto military department . The British sought to gain control with the Saratoga campaign in 1777 , and frequently raided into the southern reaches of the department to interfere with the movement of military goods and personnel . One of the most notable incidents in the history of this department was the defection of Benedict Arnold in September 1780 . </P> <H3> Middle Department ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Middle Department was established on February 27 , 1776 . Originally it included all of the colonies of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Maryland . In April 1776 , the Main Army moved from Boston to New York , and became the field army associated with the Middle Department for the remainder of the war . On April 14 , 1776 that portion of New York north of the Hudson Highlands , and the present state of Vermont were separated from the Middle Department and organized as the Northern Department . The Middle Department then comprised the Hudson Highlands in the state of New York , the rest of New York south of the Highlands , and the states of New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Maryland . </P> <P> The term Main Army had come into use during the Siege of Boston , because the majority of Continental Army regiments were assigned to it . The term was retained throughout the war . Most units in the Middle Department were assigned to the Main Army , under George Washington , or to the Highlands Department , which was under Washington 's close supervision . A few regiments and independent companies were assigned to the Middle Department from time to time , but were not assigned to Washington 's army or to the Highlands . These units were simply said to have been assigned to the Middle Department . </P> <P> Some of the Continental Army 's most important campaigns were fought in this department . These included the New York campaign and the New Jersey campaign which ended with the battles of Trenton and Princeton . The Philadelphia campaign was fought in this department , after which the Continental Army went into winter quarters at Valley Forge . In 1778 this department was the scene of the Monmouth campaign . After Monmouth , on June 28 , 1778 , major military operations in the United States shifted to the Southern Department . The department existed until the close of the war . It was the scene of one of the war 's last episodes when the British Army evacuated New York City on November 25 , 1783 . </P> <H3> Western Department ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Western Department covered the frontier territories west and northwest of Virginia and Pennsylvania , including the present states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin . It extended from Pittsburgh all the way to the Illinois country and as far north as the southern peninsula of Michigan . The department was established in 1777 . Its first commander was Edward Hand . George Rogers Clark 's Illinois campaign of 1779 was one of the most notable operations in this department . This department was the only one to remain after the war . The last elements of the Continental Army , stationed at Fort Pitt , were kept to guard the western frontier outposts . </P> <H3> Southern Department ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Southern Department was formally established on February 27 , 1776 . The department included Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia and the western frontiers of those colonies , from which were created the present states of West Virginia , Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama , and Mississippi . The field army associated with this department was known as the Southern Army . The Southern Department was the most independent of the commands due to geography and the need for year - round operations . Most of the territorial departments to the north of this department suspended offensive operations for the winter and early spring . The Southern Department was also the only one in which the troops assigned were destroyed twice . The first time was at the surrender of Charleston on May 12 , 1780 . The second was at the Battle of Camden on August 16 , 1780 . Despite these two catastrophic defeats , however , this department was the location of the Siege of Yorktown , in 1781 , which effectively decided the outcome of the war . Important events in the Southern Department after Yorktown were the evacuation of Savannah and Charleston in July and December 1782 . The Southern Department existed until the close of the war . </P> <H2> List of department commanders ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Department </Th> <Th> Commander </Th> <Th> Date of appointment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian </Td> <Td> Richard Montgomery </Td> <Td> December 9 , 1775 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Wooster </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1775 ( acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charles Lee </Td> <Td> February 17 , 1776 ( declined ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Thomas </Td> <Td> March 6 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Sullivan </Td> <Td> June 1 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horatio Gates </Td> <Td> June 17 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> George Washington </Td> <Td> June 16 , 1775 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Artemas Ward </Td> <Td> April 4 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Heath </Td> <Td> March 20 , 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horatio Gates </Td> <Td> November 7 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern </Td> <Td> Philip Schuyler </Td> <Td> June 25 , 1775 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horatio Gates </Td> <Td> August 19 , 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Stark </Td> <Td> April 17 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward Hand </Td> <Td> October 19 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Clinton </Td> <Td> November 20 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Stark </Td> <Td> June 25 , 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Alexander </Td> <Td> October 15 , 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Stark </Td> <Td> November 21 , 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Alexander </Td> <Td> August 29 , 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Highlands </Td> <Td> William Heath </Td> <Td> November 12 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander McDougall </Td> <Td> December 21 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel Putnam </Td> <Td> May 12 , 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander McDougall </Td> <Td> March 16 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horatio Gates </Td> <Td> May 20 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander McDougall </Td> <Td> November 24 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Heath </Td> <Td> November 27 , 1779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Howe </Td> <Td> February 21 , 1780 ( acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander McDougall </Td> <Td> June 21 , 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benedict Arnold </Td> <Td> August 3 , 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Washington </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1780 ( acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander McDougall </Td> <Td> September 28 , 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nathanael Greene </Td> <Td> October 5 , 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Heath </Td> <Td> October 17 , 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Paterson </Td> <Td> May 11 , 1781 ( acting ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander McDougall </Td> <Td> June 24 , 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Heath </Td> <Td> January 18 , 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry Knox </Td> <Td> August 24 , 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle </Td> <Td> George Washington </Td> <Td> February 27 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> Edward Hand </Td> <Td> April 10 , 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lachlan McIntosh </Td> <Td> May 26 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Brodhead </Td> <Td> March 5 , 1779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Irvine </Td> <Td> September 24 , 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern </Td> <Td> Charles Lee </Td> <Td> March 1 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Moore </Td> <Td> September 9 , 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Howe </Td> <Td> April 15 , 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Lincoln </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horatio Gates </Td> <Td> June 13 , 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nathanael Greene </Td> <Td> October 31 , 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Source : Wright , Robert K. Continental Army , Appendix B , p. 431 ( unless otherwise noted ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Continental Army , 57 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wright , Continental Army , map , 83 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wright , Continental Army , 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Continental Army , 62 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wright , Continental Army , 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Writings , IV : 467 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wright , Continental Army , Appendix B , 431 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Writings , III : 302 -- 304 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berg , Encyclopedia , 107 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wright , Continental Army , 82 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wright , Continental Army , 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berg , Encyclopedia , 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Continental Army , 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Continental Army , 176 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rankin 1971 , p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rankin 1988 , p. 218 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> North America portal </Li> <Li> United States Army portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Berg , Fred Anderson Encyclopedia of Continental Army Units : Battalions , Regiments , and Independent Corps . Harrisburg , Pa. : Stackpole Books , 1972 . </Li> <Li> Fitzpatrick , John C. , Editor . The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources . Available ( 1 ) from the University of Virginia website . </Li> <Li> Rankin , Hugh F. ( 1971 ) . The North Carolina Continentals ( 2005 ed . ) . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1154 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Rankin , Hugh F. ( 1988 ) . `` Howe , Robert '' . In Powell , William S. Dictionary of North Carolina Biography . Volume 3 ( H-K ) . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1918 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wright , Robert K . The Continental Army . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History , 1983 . Available </Li> </Ul> <P> online . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Continental Army of the American Revolutionary War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Departments </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Units </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By State </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1775 </Li> <Li> 1776 </Li> <Li> 1777 -- 1784 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extra </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments </Li> <Li> Other units <Ul> <Li> 1st Canadian </Li> <Li> 2nd Canadian </Li> <Li> Ottendorf 's Corps </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Militia units that participated alongside </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cavalry Units <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> Armand 's </Li> <Li> Pulaski 's </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Artillery Regiments <Ul> <Li> Knox 's </Li> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conway Cabal </Li> <Li> Newburgh Conspiracy </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania Line Mutiny </Li> <Li> Pompton Mutiny </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Departments_of_the_Continental_Army&oldid=799663468 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Continental Army </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 02 : 50 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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where was the headquarters for the continental army
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Departments_of_the_Continental_Army&amp;oldid=799663468
5,814,923,049,192,813,000
Origins of the war of 1812 - Wikipedia <H1> Origins of the war of 1812 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Anglo - American War of 1812 to 1815 . For Napoleon 's invasion of Russia , see French invasion of Russia . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Origins of the War of 1812 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair </Li> <Li> Orders in Council ( 1807 ) </Li> <Li> Embargo Act of 1807 </Li> <Li> Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) </Li> <Li> Macon 's Bill Number 2 </Li> <Li> Tecumseh 's War </Li> <Li> Henry letters </Li> <Li> War hawks </Li> <Li> Rule of 1756 </Li> <Li> Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty </Li> <Li> Little Belt Affair </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The War of 1812 , a war between the United States , Great Britain , and Britain 's Indian allies , lasted from 1812 to 1815 . The U.S. declared war and historians have long debated the multiple factors behind that decision . </P> <P> There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war : First , a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France , a country with which Britain was at war ( the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law ) ; second , the impressment ( forced recruitment ) of U.S. seamen into the Royal Navy ; third , the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest ; fourth , a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada . An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults ( such as the Chesapeake affair ) . </P> <P> American expansion into the Northwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois and Wisconsin ) was impeded by Indian raids . Some historians maintain that an American goal in the war was annex some or all of Canada , a view that many Canadians still share , while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip . Some members of the British Parliament at the time and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration . However , some historians , both Canadian and American , retain the view that desire to annex all or part of Canada was an American goal . Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade , they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors . The British also had the long - standing goal of creating a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover much of Ohio , Indiana and Michigan . They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference , but lost battles that would have validated their claims . </P> <P> The war was fought in four theatres : on the oceans , where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other 's merchant shipping ; along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. , which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British , who also mounted large - scale raids in the later stages of the war ; on the long frontier , running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River , which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada ( Ontario and Quebec ) ; and finally along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . During the course of the war , both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other 's territory , all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success . At the end of the war , the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit , but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war . </P> <P> In the United States , battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore ( which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , The Star - Spangled Banner ) produced a sense of euphoria over a `` second war of independence '' against Britain . It ushered in an `` Era of Good Feelings , '' in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished . Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity . Britain , which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe , was less affected by the fighting ; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 British goals <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Defeating Napoleon </Li> <Li> 1.2 Creating an Indian barrier state between U.S. and Canada </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 American goals <Ul> <Li> 2.1 British support for Indian raids </Li> <Li> 2.2 American expansionism <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Annexation </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Seizing Canada as a bargaining chip </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Inhabitants of Ontario </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Violations of American rights </Li> <Li> 4 Honor </Li> <Li> 5 American economic motivations </Li> <Li> 6 Incidents leading up to the war </Li> <Li> 7 Declaration of war </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> British goals ( edit ) </H2> <P> The British were engaged in a life - and - death war with Napoleon and could not allow the Americans to help the enemy , regardless of their lawful neutral rights to do so . As Horsman explains , `` If possible , England wished to avoid war with America , but not to the extent of allowing her to hinder the British war effort against France . Moreover ... a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' </P> <H3> Defeating Napoleon ( edit ) </H3> <P> The British had two goals : All parties were committed to the defeat of France , and this required sailors ( hence the need for impressment ) , and it required all - out commercial war against France ( hence the restrictions imposed on American merchant ships ) . On the question of trade with America the British parties split . As Horsman argues , `` Some restrictions on neutral commerce were essential for England in this period . That this restriction took such an extreme form after 1807 stemmed not only from the effort to defeat Napoleon , but also from the undoubted jealousy of America 's commercial prosperity that existed in England . America was unfortunate in that for most of the period from 1803 to 1812 political power in England was held by a group that was pledged not only to the defeat of France , but also to a rigid maintenance of Britain 's commercial supremacy . '' That group was weakened by Whigs friendly to the U.S. in mid-1812 and the policies were reversed , but too late for the U.S. had already declared war . By 1815 Britain was no longer controlled by politicians dedicated to commercial supremacy , so that cause had vanished . </P> <P> The British were hindered by weak diplomats in Washington ( such as David Erskine ) who misrepresented British policy and by communications that were so slow the Americans did not learn of the reversal of policy until they had declared war . </P> <P> When Americans proposed a truce based on British ending impressment , Britain refused , because it needed those sailors . Horsman explains , `` Impressment , which was the main point of contention between England and America from 1803 to 1807 , was made necessary primarily because of England 's great shortage of seamen for the war against Napoleon . In a similar manner the restrictions on American commerce imposed by England 's Orders in Council , which were the supreme cause of complaint between 1807 and 1812 , were one part of a vast commercial struggle being waged between England and France . '' </P> <H3> Creating an Indian barrier state between U.S. and Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> The British also had the long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest and be a barrier between the western parts of the United States and Canada . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British , who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade . They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference , but dropped the demand . Their position had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh 's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames , but the British also simply no longer considered the goal worth conflict with the United States . Much of the proposed buffer state remained largely under British and Indian control throughout the war . </P> <H2> American goals ( edit ) </H2> <P> There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war . First , a series of trade restrictions called the Orders in Council ( 1807 ) introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France , a country with which Britain was at war ; the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Second , the impressment ( forced recruitment ) of U.S. citizens into the Royal Navy . Third , the alleged British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the United States . An unstated but powerful motivation for the Americans was the need to uphold national honor in the face of British insults ( such as the Chesapeake affair . ) There also may have been an American desire to annex Canada . </P> <H3> British support for Indian raids ( edit ) </H3> <P> Indians based in the Northwest Territory , comprising the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , had organized in opposition to American settlement , and were being supplied with weapons by British traders in Canada . Britain was not trying to provoke a war , and at one point cut its allocations of gunpowder to the tribes , but it was trying to build up its fur trade and friendly relations with potential military allies . Although Britain had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , it had the long - term goal of creating a `` neutral '' or buffer Indian state in the area that would block further American growth . The Indian nations generally followed Tenskwatawa ( the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh , who since 1805 had preached his vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` Children of the Evil Spirit '' ( the American settlers ) . </P> <P> Pratt says : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . </P> <H3> American expansionism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Historians have considered the idea that American expansionism was one cause of the war . The American expansion into the Northwest -- Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin -- was being blocked by Indians and that was a major cause animating the Westerners . American historian Walter Nugent in his history of American expansionism argues that expansion into the Midwest `` was not the only American objective , and indeed not the immediate one area but it was an objective . '' </P> Annexation ( edit ) <P> More controversy is the question whether an American war goal was to permanently acquire Canadian lands ( especially western Ontario ) , or whether it was planned to seize the area temporarily as a bargaining chip . The American desire for Canadian land has been a staple in Canadian public opinion since the 1830s , and was much discussed among historians before 1940 , but has become less popular since then . The idea was first developed by Marxist historian Louis M. Hacker and refined by diplomatic specialist Julius Pratt . In 1925 , Pratt argued that Western Americans were incited to war by the prospect of seizing Canada . Pratt 's argument supported the belief of many Canadians , especially in Ontario , where fear of American expansionism was a major political element . To this day the notion still survives among Canadians . </P> <P> In 2010 American historian Alan Taylor examined the political dimension of the annexation issue as Congress debated whether to declare war in 1811 - 12 . The Federalist party was strongly opposed to war and to annexation , as were the northeastern states . The majority in Congress was held by the Jeffersonian Republican party , which split on the issue . One faction wanted to permanently expel Britain and annex Canada . John Randolph of Roanoke , representing Virginia , commented , `` Agrarian greed not maritime right urges this war . We have heard but one word - like the whipporwill 's one monotonous tone : Canada ! Canada ! Canada ! '' The other faction , based in the South , said that acquiring new territory in the north would give the northern states too much power , and opposed the incorporation into Canada of a Catholic population which it viewed as `` unfit by faith , language and illiteracy for republican citizenship . '' The Senate held a series of debates , and twice voted on proposals to explicitly endorse annexation , neither of which passed , although the second one only failed because of a proviso stating that Canada could be returned to British rule after being annexed . War was declared with no mention of annexation although widespread support existed among the War Hawks for it . Some Southerners supported expansionism ; Tennessee Senator Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . </P> <P> Even James Monroe and Henry Clay , key officials in the government , expected to gain at least Upper Canada from a successful war . Interestingly , American commanders like General William Hull and Alexander Smythe issued proclamations to Canadians and their troops assuring them that annexations would in fact occur during the war . Smythe wrote to his troops that when they entered Canada `` You enter a country that is to become one with the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' </P> Seizing Canada as a bargaining chip ( edit ) <P> Today historians generally agree that an invasion and temporary seizure of Canada was the central American military strategy once the war began . Given British control of the oceans , there was no other way to actively fight against British interests . President Madison believed that food supplies from Canada were essential to the British overseas empire in the West Indies , and that an American seizure would be an excellent bargaining chip at the peace conference . During the war , some Americans speculated that they might as well keep all of Canada . Thomas Jefferson , for example , although now out of power , argued that expulsion of British interests from nearby Canada would remove a long - term threat to American republicanism . New Zealand historian J.G.A. Stagg argues that Madison and his advisors believed that conquest of Canada would be easy and that economic coercion would force the British to come to terms by cutting off the food supply for their highly valuable West Indies sugar colonies . Furthermore , possession of Canada would be a valuable bargaining chip . Stagg suggests frontiersmen demanded the seizure of Canada not because they wanted the land ( they had plenty ) , but because the British were thought to be arming the Indians and thereby blocking settlement of the west . As Horsman concludes , `` The idea of conquering Canada had been present since at least 1807 as a means of forcing England to change her policy at sea . The conquest of Canada was primarily a means of waging war , not a reason for starting it . '' Hickey flatly states , `` The desire to annex Canada did not bring on the war . '' Brown ( 1964 ) concludes , `` The purpose of the Canadian expedition was to serve negotiation not to annex Canada . '' Burt , a Canadian scholar , but also a professor at an American university , agrees completely , noting that Foster , the British minister to Washington , also rejected the argument that annexation of Canada was a war goal . However , Foster also rejected the possibility of a declaration of war , despite having dinner with several of the more prominent War Hawks , so his judgement in these matters can be questioned . </P> <P> However , historian J.C.A. Stagg states that , `` ... had the War 1812 been a successful military venture , the Madison administration would have been reluctant to have returned occupied Canadian territory to the enemy . '' Other authors concur , one stating , `` Expansion was not the only American objective , and indeed not the immediate one . But it was an objective '' , and that `` The American yearning to absorb Canada was long - standing ... In 1812 it became part of a grand strategy . '' Another suggests that `` Americans harboured ' manifest destiny ' ideas of Canadian annexation throughout the nineteenth century . '' A third states that `` ( t ) he ( American ) belief that the United States would one day annex Canada had a continuous existence from the early days of the War of Independence to the War of 1812 ( and ) was a factor of primary importance in bringing on the war . '' Another says that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' . Historian Spencer Tucker tells us that `` War Hawks were eager to wage war with the British , not only to end Indian depredations in the Midwest but also to seize Canada and perhaps Spanish Florida . '' </P> <H3> Inhabitants of Ontario ( edit ) </H3> <P> The majority of the inhabitants of Upper Canada ( Ontario ) were Americans , some of them exiled ( United Empire Loyalists ) and most of them recent immigrants . The Loyalists were extremely hostile to union with the U.S. , while the other settlers seem to have been uninterested and remained neutral during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army , and some Americans believed that the many in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . The combination implied an easy conquest . Once the war began retired president Thomas Jefferson warned that the British presence posed a grave threat , pointing to `` The infamous intrigues of Great Britain to destroy our government ... and with the Indians to Tomahawk our women and children , prove that the cession of Canada , their fulcrum for these Machiavellian levers , must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace . Jefferson predicted in late 1812 , `` the acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' </P> <P> Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions . He argues that consensus among scholars is that The United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' </P> <H2> Violations of American rights ( edit ) </H2> <P> The long wars between Britain and France ( 1793 -- 1815 ) led to repeated complaints by the U.S. that both powers violated America 's right as a neutral to trade with both sides . Furthermore , Americans complained loudly that British agents in Canada were supplying munitions to hostile Native American tribes living in United States territory . </P> <P> Starting in the mid-1790s the Royal Navy , short of manpower , began boarding American merchant ships in order to seize American and British sailors from American vessels . Although this policy of impressment was supposed to reclaim only British subjects , the law of Britain and most countries defined nationality by birth whereas the United States allowed individuals who had been resident in America for some time to adopt American citizenship . There were , therefore , large numbers of individuals who were British by British law but American by American law . The confusion was compounded by the refusal of Jefferson and Madison to issue any official citizenship documents : their position was that all persons serving on American ships were to be regarded as US citizens and that no further evidence was required . This stance was motivated by the advice of Albert Gallatin , who had calculated that half of American deep - sea merchant seamen - 9,000 men - were British subjects . Allowing the Royal Navy to reclaim these men would destroy both the US economy and the vital customs revenue of the government . Any sort of accommodation would jeopardize these men , and so concords such as the proposed Monroe - Pinkney Treaty ( 1806 ) between the U.S. and Britain were rejected by Jefferson . </P> <P> To fill the need for some sort of identification , US consuls provided unofficial papers . However , these relied on unverifiable declarations by the individual concerned for evidence of citizenship , and the large fees paid for the documents made them a lucrative sideline . In turn , British officers - short of personnel and convinced , not entirely unreasonably , that the US flag covered a large number of British deserters - tended to treat such papers with scorn . Between 1806 and 1812 about 6,000 seamen were impressed and taken against their will into the Royal Navy of which 3,800 were subsequently released . </P> <H2> Honor ( edit ) </H2> <P> Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war . Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honor , and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity . Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response . This quest for honor was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honor . The humiliating attack by the HMS Leopard against the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event . Many Americans called for war , but Jefferson held back , insisting that economic warfare would prove more successful . Jefferson initiated economic warfare , especially in the form of embargoing or refusing to sell products to Britain . It proved a failure , that did not deter the British but it seriously damaged American industry had alienated the mercantile cities of the Northeast that were so seriously hurt . Historians have demonstrated the motive power of honor in shaping public opinion in a number of states , including Massachusetts , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , and Virginia , as well as the territory of Michigan . On June 3 , 1812 , the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , chaired by fire - eater John C. Calhoun called for a declaration of war in ringing phrases , denouncing Britain 's `` lust for power , '' `` unbounded tyranny , '' and `` mad ambition . '' James Roark says , `` These were fighting words in a war that was in large measure about insult and honor . '' Calhoun reaped much of the credit . </P> <P> In terms of honour , the conclusion of the war , especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans , did restore the American sense of honor . Historian Lance Banning says : </P> <Dl> <Dd> National honour , the reputation of republican government , and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake ... National honour had ( now ) been satisfied ... Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride . They felt that they had fought a second war for independence , and had won . If little had been gained , nothing had been lost in a contest the greatest imperial power on the earth . </Dd> </Dl> <P> It is not clear whether the British acknowledged American honor , because when peace was signed , impressment remained legal . Nevertheless , the practice ended because the Napoleonic wars had ended and the Royal Navy no longer required as many men . </P> <H2> American economic motivations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The failure of Jefferson 's embargo and Madison 's economic coercion , according to Horsman , `` made war or absolute submission to England the only alternatives , and the latter presented more terrors to the recent colonists . The war hawks came from the West and the South , regions that had supported economic warfare and were suffering the most from British restrictions at sea . The merchants of New England earned large profits from the wartime carrying trade , in spite of the numerous captures by both France and England , but the western and southern farmers , who looked longingly at the export market , were suffering a depression that made them demand war '' . </P> <H2> Incidents leading up to the war ( edit ) </H2> <P> This dispute came to the forefront with the Chesapeake - Leopard Affair of 1807 , when the British warship HMS Leopard fired on and boarded the American warship USS Chesapeake , killing three and carrying off four deserters from the Royal Navy . ( Only one was a British citizen and he was subsequently hanged ; the other three were American citizens and were later returned , though the last two not until 1812 . ) The American public was outraged by the incident , and many called for war in order to assert American sovereignty and national honor . </P> <P> The Chesapeake - Leopard Affair followed closely on the similar Leander Affair , which had resulted in President Jefferson banning certain British warships and their captains from American ports and waters . Whether in response to this incident or the Chesapeake - Leopard Affair , President Jefferson banned all foreign armed vessels from American waters , except those bearing dispatches . In December 1808 , an American officer expelled the schooner HMS Sandwich from Savannah , Georgia , after she had entered with dispatches for the British Consul there . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Napoleon 's Continental System ( beginning 1806 ) and the British Orders in Council ( 1807 ) established embargoes that made international trade precarious . From 1807 to 1812 , about 900 American ships were seized as a result . The U.S. responded with the Embargo Act of 1807 , which prohibited American ships from sailing to any foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships . Jefferson 's embargo was especially unpopular in New England , where merchants preferred the indignities of impressment to the halting of overseas commerce . This discontent contributed to the calling of the Hartford Convention in 1814 . </P> <P> The Embargo Act had no effect on Great Britain and France and was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 , which lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports . As this proved to be unenforceable , the Non-Intercourse Act was replaced in 1810 by Macon 's Bill Number 2 . This lifted all embargoes but offered that if either France or Great Britain were to cease their interference with American shipping , the United States would reinstate an embargo on the other nation . Napoleon , seeing an opportunity to make trouble for Great Britain , promised to leave American ships alone , and the United States reinstated the embargo with Great Britain and moved closer to declaring war . </P> <P> Exacerbating the situation , Sauk Indians who controlled trade on the Upper Mississippi were displeased with the U.S. Government after the 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison . This treaty ceded Sauk territory in Illinois and Missouri to the U.S. ; the Sauk felt this treaty was unjust , that Quashquame was unauthorized to sign away land , and that he was unaware of what he was signing . The establishment of Fort Madison in 1808 on the Mississippi further aggravated the Sauk , and led many , including Black Hawk , to side with the British before the war broke out . Sauk and allied Indians , including the Ho - Chunk ( Winnebago ) , were very effective fighters for the British on the Mississippi , helping to defeat Fort Madison and Fort McKay in Prairie du Chien . </P> <P> Oxford historian Paul Langford looks at the decisions by the British government in 1812 : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The British ambassador in Washington ( Erskine ) brought affairs almost to an accommodation , and was ultimately disappointed not by American intransigence but by one of the outstanding diplomatic blunders made by a Foreign Secretary . It was Canning who , in his most irresponsible manner and apparently out of sheer dislike of everything American , recalled the ambassador Erskine and wrecked the negotiations , a piece of most gratuitous folly . As a result , the possibility of a new embarrassment for Napoleon turned into the certainty of a much more serious one for his enemy . Though the British cabinet eventually made the necessary concessions on the score of the Orders - in - Council , in response to the pressures of industrial lobbying at home , its action came too late ... . The loss of the North American markets could have been a decisive blow . As it was by the time the United States declared war , the Continental System ( of Napoleon ) was beginning to crack , and the danger correspondingly diminishing . Even so , the war , inconclusive though it proved in a military sense , was an irksome and expensive embarrassment which British statesman could have done much more to avert . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Declaration of war ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States House of Representatives , a group of young Democratic - Republicans known as the `` War Hawks '' came to the forefront in 1811 , led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina . The War Hawks advocated going to war against Great Britain for all of the reasons listed above , though concentrating on the grievances more than the territorial expansion . </P> <P> On the first of June 1812 , President James Madison gave a speech to the U.S. Congress , recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's speech , the House of Representatives quickly voted ( 79 to 49 ) to declare war , and the Senate by 19 to 13 . The conflict formally began on 18 June 1812 when Madison signed the measure into law . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote would prove to be the closest vote to declare war in American history . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favor of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chronology of the War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Opposition to the War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Results of the War of 1812 </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> War of 1812 bibliography </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jasper M. Trautsch , `` The Causes of the War of 1812 : 200 Years of Debate , '' Journal of Military History ( Jan 2013 ) 77 # 1 pp 273 - 293 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caffery , pp. 56 -- 58 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caffery , pp. 101 -- 104 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Norman K. Risjord , `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks , and the Nation 's Honor . '' William And Mary Quarterly 1961 18 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 210 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler , pp. 11 -- 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Canning , Address respecting the war with America , Hansard ( House of Commons ) , 18 February 1813 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fregosi , Paul ( 1989 ) . Dreams of Empire . Hutchinson . p. 328 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 173926 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.C.A Stagg ( 1983 ) , Mr Madison 's War , pg. 4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 1989 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 , 2001 , page 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horsman ( 1962 ) p. 264 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Horsman ( 1962 ) p. 265 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea . '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 - 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 - 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll ( 2001 ) . A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 - 1842 . U. of Toronto Press . p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Zuehlke , For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace ( 2006 ) pp 62 -- 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' , Northwest Ohio Quarterly ( 1989 ) 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timothy D. Willig . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 ( 2008 ) p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julius W. Pratt , A history of United States foreign - policy ( 1955 ) p 126 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , eds . Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 ( 1997 ) pp. 253 , 504 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuehlke , For Honour 's Sake , p 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter Nugent , Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism ( 2009 ) ch 3 , quoted on page 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hacker ( 1924 ) ; Pratt ( 1925 ) . Goodman ( 1941 ) refuted the idea and even Pratt gave it up . Pratt ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julius W. Pratt , `` Western Aims in the War of 1812 . '' The Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1925 ) : 36 - 50 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Arthur Bowler , `` Propaganda in Upper Canada in the War of 1812 , '' American Review of Canadian Studies ( 1988 ) 28 : 11 -- 32 ; C.P. Stacey , `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' in Morris Zaslow and Wesley B. Turner , eds . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 ( Toronto , 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fregosi 1989 , p. 328 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Roderick Heller ( 2010 ) . Democracy 's Lawyer : Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest . p. 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies ( 2010 ) pp 137 - 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stagg ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horsman ( 1962 ) p. 267 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hickey ( 1990 ) p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown p. 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burt ( 1940 ) pp 305 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nugent , p. 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nugent , p. 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . </Li> <Li> ( ( # cite_ref - FOOTNOTEPratt1925 ( ( Category : Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2013 ) ) < sup_class = `` noprint_Inline - Template_ '' _style = `` white - space : nowrap ; '' > & # 91 ; < i > ( ( Wikipedia : Citing_sources < span_title = `` This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears . ' '' ` UNIQ -- nowiki - 00000068 - QINU ` `` ' _ ( June_2013 ) '' > page&nbsp ; needed < / span > ) ) < / i > & # 93 ; < / sup > _37 - 0 ^ ) ) Pratt 1925 , p. . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , pg4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker 2011 , p. 236 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fred Landon , Western Ontario and the American Frontier ( 1941 ) pp 12 -- 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Laxer ( 2012 ) . Tecumseh and Brock : The War of 1812 . p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard W. Maass , `` Difficult to Relinquish Territory Which Had Been Conquered '' : Expansionism and the War of 1812 , '' Diplomatic History ( Jan 2015 ) 39 # 1 pp 70 - 97 doi : 10.1093 / dh / dht132 Abstract Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger , Command of the Ocean , p565 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hickey ( 1989 ) p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger , Command of the Ocean , p566 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord , `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks and the Nation 's Honor . '' William and Mary Quarterly : A Magazine of Early American History ( 1961 ) : 196 - 210 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert L. Ivie , `` The metaphor of force in prowar discourse : The case of 1812 . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 68 # 3 ( 1982 ) pp : 240 - 253 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , The causes of the War of 1812 : National honor or national interest ? ( 1962 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker and Frank T. Reuter , Injured Honor : The Chesapeake - Leopard Affair , June 22 , 1807 ( Naval Institute Press , 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Barlow and David O. Powell . `` Congressman Ezekiel Bacon of Massachusetts and the Coming of the War of 1812 . '' Historical Journal of Massachusetts 6 # 2 ( 1978 ) : 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William R. Barlow , `` Ohio 's Congressmen and the War of 1812 . '' Ohio History 72 ( 1963 ) : 175 - 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Victor Sapio , Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin Kaufman , `` War Sentiment in Western Pennsylvania : 1812 . '' Pennsylvania History ( 1964 ) : 436 - 448 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William A. Walker , `` Martial Sons : Tennessee Enthusiasm for the War of 1812 . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 20.1 ( 1961 ) : 20 + </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwin M. Gaines , `` The Chesapeake Affair : Virginians Mobilize to Defend National Honor . '' The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1956 ) : 131 - 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Barlow , `` The Coming of the War of 1812 in Michigan Territory . '' Michigan History 53 ( 1969 ) : 91 - 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James L. Roark ; Patricia Cline Cohen ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Understanding the American Promise . p. 259 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James H. Ellis ( 2009 ) . A Ruinous and Unhappy War : New England and the War of 1812 . Algora Publishing . pp. 75 -- 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lance Banning ( 1980 ) . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology . Cornell UP . p. 295 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horsman ( 1962 ) p. 266 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hickey ( 1989 ) p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Napoleon had no intention of honoring promise : Hickey , p. 22 ; Horsman , p. 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Langford , Modern British Foreign Policy : The Eighteenth Century : 1688 - 1815 ( 1976 ) p 228 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America , 1789 -- 1873 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adams , Henry . History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison ( 5 vol 1890 -- 91 ; 2 vol Library of America , 1986 ) . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 35 - 6 Table of contents , the classic political - diplomatic history </Li> <Li> Benn , Carl . The War of 1812 ( 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Brown , Roger H. The Republic in Peril : 1812 ( 1964 ) . on American politics </Li> <Li> Burt , Alfred L. The United States , Great Britain , and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 . ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Goodman , Warren H. `` The Origins of the War of 1812 : A Survey of Changing Interpretations , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1941 ) 28 # 1 pp 171 -- 86 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Hacker , Louis M. `` Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , ( 1924 ) , 10 # 3 pp 365 -- 95 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Heidler , Donald & J , ( eds ) Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 ( 2004 ) articles by 70 scholars from several countries </Li> <Li> Hickey , Donald . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict . University of Illinois Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06059 - 8 , by leading American scholar </Li> <Li> Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of the War of 1812 . ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 252 - 03179 - 2 </Li> <Li> Horsman , Reginald . The Causes of the War of 1812 ( 1962 ) . </Li> <Li> Kaplan , Lawrence S. `` France and Madison 's Decision for War 1812 , '' The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 50 , No. 4 . ( Mar. , 1964 ) , pp. 652 -- 671 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Maass , Richard W. `` ' Difficult to Relinquish Territory Which Had Been Conquered ' : Expansionism and the War of 1812 , '' Diplomatic History ( Jan 2015 ) 39 # 1 pp 70 -- 97 doi : 10.1093 / dh / dht132 </Li> <Li> Perkins , Bradford . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 ( 1961 ) full text online free , detailed diplomatic history by American scholar </Li> <Li> Perkins , Bradford . ( 1962 ) . The Causes of the War of 1812 . Krieger </Li> <Li> Pratt , Julius W. A History of United States Foreign Policy ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 </Li> <Li> Pratt , Julius W. `` Western War Aims in the War of 1812 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 12 ( June , 1925 ) , 36 -- 50 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Risjord , Norman K. `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks , and the Nation 's Honor , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 18 # 2 ( 1961 ) , 196 -- 210 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Smelser , Marshall . The Democratic Republic 1801 -- 1815 ( 1968 ) general survey of American politics & diplomacy </Li> <Li> Stagg , John C.A. Mr. Madison 's War : Politics , Diplomacy , and Warfare in the Early American republic , 1783 -- 1830 . ( 1983 ) , major overview ( by New Zealand scholar ) </Li> <Li> Stagg , John C.A. `` James Madison and the ' Malcontents ' : The Political Origins of the War of 1812 , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( Oct. , 1976 ) in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Stagg , John C.A. `` James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain : Canada , the West Indies , and the War of 1812 , '' in The William and Mary Quarterly ( Jan. , 1981 ) in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Taylor , Alan . The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Taylor , George Rogers , ed . The War of 1812 : Past Justifications and Present Interpretations ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Trautsch , Jasper M. `` The Causes of the War of 1812 : 200 Years of Debate , '' Journal of Military History ( Jan 2013 ) 77 # 1 pp 273 -- 293 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Reading list on the Causes of the War of 1812 compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> War of 1812 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Battles </Li> <Li> Campaigns </Li> <Li> Origins </Li> <Li> Chronology </Li> <Li> Results </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Isaac Brock </Li> <Li> Andrew Jackson </Li> <Li> Francis Scott Key </Li> <Li> James Madison </Li> <Li> Laura Secord </Li> <Li> Tecumseh </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fort Detroit / Shelby </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Battles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore </Li> <Li> Beaver Dams </Li> <Li> Chateauguay </Li> <Li> Crysler 's Farm </Li> <Li> Frenchtown </Li> <Li> Lundy 's Lane </Li> <Li> New Orleans </Li> <Li> Queenston Heights </Li> <Li> Spur 's Defeat </Li> <Li> Thames </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Bold Canadian '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' </Li> <Li> `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Books </Li> <Li> Opposition in United States </Li> <Li> War of 1812 Bicentennial </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tecumseh 's War </Li> <Li> Creek War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_War_of_1812&oldid=813861751 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Causes of wars </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles needing more detailed references </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 17 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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why did fear of britain cause the greatest eagerness for the expansion of america
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_War_of_1812&amp;oldid=813861751
1,594,415,410,778,590,700
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Orlando Resort ) - wikipedia <H1> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Orlando Resort ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hogwarts Castle , which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Universal 's Islands of Adventure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Operating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cost </Th> <Td> GBP £ 134 million USD $200 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soft opening date </Th> <Td> June 1 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> June 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Replaced </Th> <Td> Merlinwood ( The Lost Continent ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Universal Studios Florida </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Operating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cost </Th> <Td> USD $256 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soft opening date </Th> <Td> July 3 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> July 8 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Replaced </Th> <Td> Jaws </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attraction type </Th> <Td> Themed zone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Universal Creative </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme </Th> <Td> Harry Potter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Size </Th> <Td> Phase 1 : 20 acres ( 8.1 ha ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is a themed area spanning two theme parks -- Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Florida -- at the Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando , Florida . The area is themed to the Harry Potter media franchise , adapting elements from the film series and novels by J.K. Rowling . The attraction was designed by Universal Creative from an exclusive license with Warner Bros. Entertainment . </P> <P> The first phase was officially announced for Islands of Adventure on May 31 , 2007 , and after a two - and - a-half - year construction period , the area officially opened to the public on June 18 , 2010 . The area 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . It takes riders on a journey through Harry Potter 's wizarding world . Other attractions include Dragon Challenge , a now - closed pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . The area also features a re-creation of Hogsmeade containing many gift shops and restaurants from the novels including Dervish and Banges , Honeydukes , Ollivanders , Zonko 's Joke Shop ( though it houses Honeydukes ) , the Three Broomsticks , and the Hog 's Head . </P> <P> The second phase was initially announced on December 6 , 2011 , as a significant expansion of the existing Wizarding World of Harry Potter . On May 8 , 2013 , it was officially announced that a substantial portion of phase two would be constructed in the adjacent Universal Studios Florida theme park with a full scale working replica of the Hogwarts Express taking guests between the two lands . This phase 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts , a 3D dark ride / simulator based on Gringotts Bank , the wizarding bank that appears in the book and film series . The attraction 's design is similar to Transformers : The Ride and the Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man rides but built on a roller coaster track . The remaining attractions are themed around London and Diagon Alley . Diagon Alley officially opened on July 8 , 2014 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Previous attraction attempts </Li> <Li> 1.2 Rumors and official announcement </Li> <Li> 1.3 Phase 1 : Islands of Adventure </Li> <Li> 1.4 Phase 2 : Universal Studios Florida </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Rides </Li> <Li> 3 Dining , shopping , and other attractions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Hogsmeade </Li> <Li> 3.2 Diagon Alley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Previous attraction attempts ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Harry Potter themed attraction at a Universal Studios park or a Disney park was rumored in 2003 . However , the rights to the Harry Potter franchise had been acquired by Warner Bros. , who denied all the rumors . In 2001 , Time Warner used this license to construct and operate the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast , Australia . The attraction was a small indoor walkthrough featuring many re-creations of locations in the first two movies . After two years of operation this attraction was removed . </P> <P> The Walt Disney Company and Universal entered bidding negotiations with Warner Bros. and Rowling for the theme park rights to Harry Potter in the United States . In 2004 , Rowling signed a letter - of - intent with Disney , with the company intending to develop a Harry Potter section within the Magic Kingdom park at Walt Disney World . Ultimately , Disney pulled out of negotiations , citing that Rowling 's creative influence and the terms established by Warner Bros. was too stringent . </P> <H3> Rumors and official announcement ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 2007 , About.com reported a rumor from a `` highly credible source '' that the Lost Continent area within Universal 's Islands of Adventure park was to be re-themed `` to the stories and characters of one of the most popular children 's franchises '' . Other sources followed up in the next few days with unofficial confirmation the new area would involve Harry Potter , and was being developed under the name `` Project Strong Arm '' in reference to the KUKA robotic arm technology it would utilise . Nikki Finke reported her own confirmation of the Potter park plans in April , followed shortly by a story in The Scotsman ; both reports were widely relayed by other media sources . On May 31 , 2007 , Universal ( in partnership with Warner Bros . ) officially announced the 20 - acre ( 8.1 ha ) addition recreating Hogwarts , the Forbidden Forest and Hogsmeade , with a planned opening in 2009 . </P> <H3> Phase 1 : Islands of Adventure ( edit ) </H3> Themed billboards were located around the Wizarding World during the two - year construction period . <P> Construction of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter began seven months after the official announcement , in January 2008 . By July , the Flying Unicorn and Enchanted Oak Tavern were closed . The Flying Unicorn then began an almost two - year refurbishment which transformed it into the Flight of the Hippogriff . The Enchanted Oak Tavern was later demolished . A bridge was built to connect The Lost Continent with Jurassic Park allowing guests to avoid the construction zone that was to become the Wizarding World . Construction progressed with the Hogwarts Castle slowly taking shape . By September 2008 , the Dueling Dragons entrance was moved to Jurassic Park to make room for construction of Hogsmeade . One month later , the old entrance was demolished . By September 2009 , the top shell of Hogwarts Castle was completed . On September 15 , an announcement was made detailing what was going to be included in the Wizarding World . In early 2010 , Universal increased its marketing of the area , which included newspaper advertisements , billboards and television commercials . The Dueling Dragons were closed for some maintenance before being transformed into the Dragon Challenge . Construction was completed by June 1 , 2010 , when the area began soft openings . </P> <P> A soft opening weekend was held for the media and reserved guests , starting on May 28 , 2010 . The park had two opening ceremonies that took place on June 16 and on June 18 , 2010 . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 's grand opening ceremony took place on June 16 with book series author J.K. Rowling , and film series actors Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson , Michael Gambon , Robbie Coltrane , Tom Felton , Matthew Lewis , James and Oliver Phelps and Bonnie Wright , as well as Universal Orlando Resort officials , and representatives from the media . The ceremony , which was produced by Universal Orlando Events Production in conjunction with Thinkwell Group , concluded with a fireworks display and a performance by the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by original series ' composer John Williams . On June 18 , the second ceremony took place , which officially opened the Wizarding World of Harry Potter to the public . NBC 's Today Show and The Weather Channel broadcast segments live from the park . </P> <H3> Phase 2 : Universal Studios Florida ( edit ) </H3> <P> The opening of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter saw attendance at Islands of Adventure rise by as much as 36 % in 2010 . According to Jason Garcia of the Orlando Sentinel , this had resort executives pondering `` when to expand Wizarding World and how to keep business balanced between Islands and Universal Studios Florida '' . In April 2011 , Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times speculated that an expansion of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter would see attractions such as Diagon Alley and a Gringotts - themed dark ride replace Islands of Adventure 's Lost Continent themed area . </P> Demolition of the Jaws ride and the surrounding Amity in March 2012 <P> On December 6 , 2011 , Universal Parks & Resorts announced that they would be expanding The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . The expansion was described as `` significant '' by officials ; however , no further details were released at the time . The announcement came just four days after Universal Studios Florida announced the closure of the park 's Jaws attraction and surrounding Amity area on January 2 , 2012 . On January 25 , 2012 , the Los Angeles Times stated that the site of the former Jaws attraction would be used for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter expansion . These attractions would be complemented by a replica of the Hogwarts Express to move guests between the two parks . Demolition of the Jaws attraction and the Amity area began almost immediately after their closure . After the site was leveled , work began on land reclamation in the area 's former lagoon , as well as construction of a series of buildings including a large show building . </P> <P> Further details about the expansion of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter were announced on May 8 , 2013 . Officials confirmed that the expansion would be set predominantly in the adjacent Universal Studios Florida theme park , and would feature attractions themed after Diagon Alley and London . The rumored Hogwarts Express connection between the two parks was also confirmed . Officials stated the expansion should open in 2014 . </P> <P> On January 23 , 2014 , officials announced the name of the flagship attraction would be Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts . They also indicated that a two - park pass would be necessary to ride the Hogwarts Express , which was set to connect Universal Studios Florida with the existing Harry Potter attraction at Universal 's Islands of Adventure . </P> <P> The official opening date of the Diagon Alley phase was announced at an exclusive and private press conference on June 17 , 2014 , for July 8 , 2014 . On June 18 , 2014 , the Diagon Alley red carpet premiere took place with Domhnall Gleeson , Bonnie Wright , Evanna Lynch , Matthew Lewis , James and Oliver Phelps , Tom Felton , Robbie Coltrane , Warwick Davis and Helena Bonham Carter attending . New photos of Diagon Alley were later released the same night and the official opening date was announced publicly by Universal Orlando 's president , Bill Davis . King 's Cross station opened on July 1 , 2014 , as well as the Hogwarts Express Hogsmeade Station at Islands of Adventure and soft openings of Diagon Alley began on July 3 , 2014 . Diagon Alley officially opened on July 8 , 2014 . </P> <H2> Rides ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter has four rides . Three rides opened in 2010 as part of phase one . An additional two rides opened with phase two in 2014 . </P> Entrance of Dragon Challenge , which has since been closed . <P> Dragon Challenge was a roller coaster featuring two distinct tracks built to overlap and intertwine with each other . The ride was formerly in operation since the park 's 1999 opening under the name Dueling Dragons . The physical coaster is exactly the same , with some new decor . The attraction was renamed in homage to the first task of the Triwizard Tournament where Harry and the other contestants are each to duel with a dragon , depicted in chapter 20 of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The two sides of the coaster have been renamed `` Hungarian Horntail '' and `` Chinese Fireball '' , after two of the dragon breeds which appear in the book . It was the only chasing inverted roller coaster in the world . The queue for this ride features many Harry Potter relics , including the Goblet of Fire and the Triwizard Cup . In addition , the hike to the ride features the flying car featured in the second film , as well as Hagrid 's hut . On July 24 , 2017 , Universal Orlando officials announced that Dragon Challenge would close after September 4 , 2017 to make way for a new attraction based on the Harry Potter franchise that is scheduled to open in 2019 . </P> Hogwarts Castle exterior of Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey as seen from the Herbology greenhouse queue <P> Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a new attraction inside the replica of Hogwarts Castle , simulating a tour of the castle and its surrounding grounds . Visitors initially walk through the castle , interacting with various characters and props from the Potter series , including a speech from Dumbledore , and directions from Harry , Hermione and Ron , before boarding a `` magical bench '' ( controlled with a KUKA robotic arm system ) . Throughout the ride , guests are taken around the outside of the castle , using a combination of simulated flight as well as encountering realistic animatronic versions of the Whomping Willow , a horde of dementors , giant spiders , the Hungarian Horntail Dragon , and a Quidditch match . </P> <P> Flight of the Hippogriff is a steel roller coaster designed for families , located adjacent to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey . The ride opened in 2000 as the Flying Unicorn . Similar to the Dragon Challenge , this ride was re-themed prior to the opening of the Wizarding World . The roller coaster 's back - story is that Hogwarts 's Care of Magical Creatures professor , Hagrid , is teaching young wizards to fly on a hippogriff ( as Harry does in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) by using a wicker replica of the creature . A recreation of Hagrid 's Hut is passed on the way for a lesson from Hagrid himself on how to properly approach a hippogriff . </P> Gringotts Bank , which houses Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts <P> Diagon Alley 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts , 3 - D motion - based steel roller coaster dark ride based around Gringotts Bank , the wizarding bank in Diagon Alley . Riders enter the bank into the queue area where Bogrod greets visitors and instructs them to continue past him to travel deep into the vaults of the bank to open an account . Unlike Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , this ride is hosted by Bill Weasley , played by Domhnall Gleeson , reprising his role from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . </P> <P> A completely functioning full - scale replica of the Hogwarts Express was created for the Diagon Alley expansion , connecting King 's Cross Station at Universal Studios to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure , manufactured by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in the form of a funicular railway people mover . The Hogwarts Express King 's Cross Station features a wall between Platforms 9 and 10 , where guests can `` walk through '' to get to Platform 93⁄4 , like in the first film . </P> <H2> Dining , shopping , and other attractions ( edit ) </H2> Inside Ollivanders wand shop <P> Other than the main rides , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is also home to gift shops , restaurants and other tourist attractions . Several of these are recreations of locations in the Harry Potter books while others have been created specifically for the park . A recreation of Hogsmeade is housed at Islands of Adventure while a recreation of Diagon Alley is housed at Universal Studios Florida . </P> <P> In the book series , Ollivanders wand shop is located in Diagon Alley , not Hogsmeade ; however , installations of the shop are present in both areas of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . The Hogsmeade attraction recreated the shop as `` Ollivanders '' , portraying it as a branch of the original where Harry purchases his wand in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( known in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) . Unlike other shops in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , visitors are admitted in groups of 20 to experience the premise from the Potter series , that `` the wand chooses the wizard '' . Similar to the first film , the wand keeper and a selected guest test a variety of wands until the right one is found . Effects include flowers drying out or a thunderstorm erupting inside the shop . After experiencing the attraction , souvenir wands can be purchased . </P> <H3> Hogsmeade ( edit ) </H3> A recreation of the Hogwarts Express locomotive greets guests when entering Hogsmeade <P> A recreation of the Hogwarts Express lies at the entry to Hogsmeade . The recreation features `` billowing steam and an iconic whistle '' and is accompanied by the conductor of the train . In the Harry Potter series the Hogwarts Express is the train used to transport students from London to Hogwarts . The `` Owl Post '' is a working post office ( where postcards and letters will be delivered with an authentic Hogsmeade postmark ) that also sells stationery , writing implements , stamps , and owl - related gifts . </P> Hogsmeade village as seen from Flight of the Hippogriff <P> `` The Three Broomsticks '' , based on the inn and pub from the Harry Potter series , offers a variety of food and beverage items from the Harry Potter universe , including Butterbeer , pumpkin juice , strawberry - peanut butter ice cream ( as seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) , and chocolate Cauldron Cakes , in addition to a menu composed of traditional British fare ( Shepherd 's pie , fish and chips , etc . ) . The pub features many hidden references to the book , namely house elves and ghosts that roam the rafters . Butterbeer , which can be purchased with a souvenir mug , is offered as a non-alcoholic beverage and comes in both regular and frozen forms , found at the beginning of Hogsmeade fresh off the tap from the butterbeer cart . Similarly , The Hog 's Head is based on the pub from the Harry Potter series owned by Aberforth Dumbledore . Honeydukes is a sweet shop , based on Honeydukes Sweetshop in the Harry Potter series . The shop sells many items from the Harry Potter universe including Chocolate Frogs , Acid Pops , exploding bonbons , Cauldron Cakes , treacle fudge , Fizzing Whizzbees , Pepper Imps , and Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans . </P> <P> Various Harry Potter merchandise items can be purchased from two different gift shops in Hogsmeade . Dervish and Banges is a store selling magical items , as well as Quidditch supplies , Hogwarts clothing , and other merchandise . The store is based on Dervish and Banges in the Harry Potter series . The second shop is Filch 's Emporium of Confiscated Goods . It is a general gift shop ( named for Hogwarts caretaker Argus Filch ) offering Hogwarts souvenirs ( such as clothing and stationery ) , replicas of props from the Harry Potter films , and other toys and souvenirs . The shop is at the exit to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , and is where guests can obtain photos of their ride experience . </P> <H3> Diagon Alley ( edit ) </H3> Stairway located between the Magical Menagerie and Gringotts Bank <P> Live attractions at Diagon Alley include the Knight Bus interactive show at the London waterfront ; `` The Fountain of Fair Fortune '' and `` The Tale of The Three Brothers , '' which are puppet shows enacting stories from The Tales of Beedle the Bard ; and live performances from musical group Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees ( mentioned briefly by Molly Weasley in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ) . </P> <P> Gringotts Money Exchange is able to exchange American currency for Wizarding bank notes . Diagon Alley features The Leaky Cauldron restaurant , The Hopping Pot , and Florean Fortescue 's Ice Cream Parlour , which specializes in Butterbeer - flavored ice cream . The Fountain of Fair Fortune is also a bar . Ollivander 's Wand Shop sells interactive wands that activate features all around Diagon Alley , Quality Quidditch Supplies , Weasleys ' Wizard Wheezes joke shop , Magical Menagerie , Madam Malkin 's Robes for All Occasions , Wiseacre 's Wizarding Equipment . Borgin and Burkes is the only shop located in Knockturn Alley . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter was well received by Harry Potter fans . Matt Blum of Wired stated `` every detail is finely crafted to enhance the experience '' . An Orlando Sentinel article stated `` muggles will love their Harry Potter adventure '' but identifies the need for the park to offer Universal Express Passes due to large crowds . It also stated Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a truly one - of - a-kind experience that can not easily be described . Lisa Minot , from The Sun , stated `` after a sneak peek , I can say it is the most faithful recreation of JK Rowling 's books and movies ever seen . Fans will be in heaven . '' Leigh Caldwell from Traveling Mamas noted that although The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is ideal for the whole family , it 's not designed for anyone under 3 years old . '' She went on to consolidate others ' comments about the area : `` there is no doubt that fans of the Harry Potter books and movies are going to enjoy the heck out of a visit to the Wizarding World '' . Boris Johnson , Mayor of London , criticized the fact that the park was chosen to be in Orlando , rather than in London , stating that it was `` utterly mad '' to leave it to the Americans `` to make money from a great British invention . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Studios Japan ) </Li> <Li> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Studios Hollywood ) </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Studio Tour London , studio tour exhibiting original costumes , props and sets used in all eight films , including the Great Hall , and Diagon Alley , as well as the creation process employed in the filming . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Fryer , Jane ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` The Wizarding World of Harry Potter theme park preview '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Jason . `` Big day is here : Universal hopes Harry Potter 's magic will last '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Wizarding World of Harry Potter Soft Open Report RoundUp '' . The Leaky Cauldron . June 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Only at Universal Orlando Resort '' . Universal Orlando Resort. 2010 . 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Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Orlando Resort </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Hogsmeade </Li> <Li> Diagon Alley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flight of the Hippogriff </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey </Li> <Li> Hogwarts Express </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees </Li> <Li> Frog Choir </Li> <Li> The Knight Bus </Li> <Li> The Tales of Beedle the Bard </Li> <Li> Triwizard Spirit Rally </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Universal Orlando Resort </Li> <Li> Universal Studios Japan </Li> <Li> Universal Studios Hollywood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Celebration of Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Studio Tour London </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter in amusement parks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dragon Challenge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cast members </Li> <Li> Production of The Deathly Hallows </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Ron Weasley </Li> <Li> Hermione Granger </Li> <Li> Lord Voldemort </Li> <Li> Albus Dumbledore </Li> <Li> Severus Snape </Li> <Li> Rubeus Hagrid </Li> <Li> Draco Malfoy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supporting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hogwarts staff </Li> <Li> Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> Dumbledore 's Army </Li> <Li> Death Eaters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fictional universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hogwarts </Li> <Li> Magic </Li> <Li> Magical creatures </Li> <Li> Magical objects </Li> <Li> Ministry of Magic </Li> <Li> Muggle </Li> <Li> Places </Li> <Li> Potions </Li> <Li> Quidditch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them </Li> <Li> Quidditch Through the Ages </Li> <Li> The Tales of Beedle the Bard </Li> <Li> Prequel </Li> <Li> Pottermore </Li> <Li> The Cursed Child </Li> <Li> Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide </Li> <Li> Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists </Li> <Li> Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games and toys </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quidditch World Cup </Li> <Li> Lego Creator : Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 </Li> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 </Li> <Li> Book of Spells </Li> <Li> Book of Potions </Li> <Li> Trading Card Game </Li> <Li> Lego Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Hogwarts Mystery </Li> <Li> Wizards Unite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter <Ul> <Li> Orlando </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Hollywood </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Dragon Challenge </Li> <Li> Flight of the Hippogriff </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey </Li> <Li> Hogwarts Express </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. 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Rowling 's Wizarding World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Harry Potter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 <Ul> <Li> production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 <Ul> <Li> production </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fantastic Beasts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them </Li> <Li> Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage play </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Cursed Child </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 </Li> <Li> Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outside media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lego Creator : Harry Potter </Li> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> Quidditch World Cup </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince </Li> <Li> Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 </Li> <Li> Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 </Li> <Li> Book of Spells </Li> <Li> Book of Potions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter <Ul> <Li> Orlando </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Hollywood </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digital publication </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pottermore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter cast </Li> <Li> Music of the Harry Potter films </Li> <Li> Harry Potter book series </Li> <Li> Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 28 ° 28 ′ 22 '' N 81 ° 28 ′ 24 '' W  /  28.4728 ° N 81.4734 ° W  / 28.4728 ; - 81.4734 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_(Universal_Orlando_Resort)&oldid=826812812 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Operating amusement attractions </Li> <Li> Amusement rides by name </Li> <Li> Islands of Adventure </Li> <Li> Universal Studios Florida </Li> <Li> Universal Parks & Resorts attractions by name </Li> <Li> Amusement rides introduced in 2010 </Li> <Li> Amusement rides introduced in 2014 </Li> <Li> Harry Potter in amusement parks </Li> <Li> J.K. 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when does harry potter at universal studios open
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_(Universal_Orlando_Resort)&amp;oldid=826812812
5,008,709,450,489,429,000
United States Department of Homeland Security - wikipedia <H1> United States Department of Homeland Security </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` DHS '' redirects here . For other uses , see DHS ( disambiguation ) . <Table> United States Department of Homeland Security <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nebraska Avenue Complex , DHS headquarters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formed </Th> <Td> November 25 , 2002 ; 15 years ago ( 2002 - 11 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Nebraska Avenue Complex , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.93889 ° N 77.08306 ° W  / 38.93889 ; - 77.08306 Coordinates : 38 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.93889 ° N 77.08306 ° W  / 38.93889 ; - 77.08306 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Employees </Th> <Td> 229,000 ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual budget </Th> <Td> $ 40.6 billion ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agency executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary </Li> <Li> Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Child agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services </Li> <Li> U.S. Customs and Border Protection </Li> <Li> Federal Emergency Management Agency </Li> <Li> U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement </Li> <Li> Transportation Security Administration </Li> <Li> United States Coast Guard </Li> <Li> National Protection and Programs Directorate </Li> <Li> United States Secret Service </Li> <Li> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center </Li> <Li> Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen </Li> <Li> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office </Li> <Li> Management Directorate </Li> <Li> Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties </Li> <Li> Office of General Counsel </Li> <Li> Office of Health Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of Intelligence & Analysis </Li> <Li> Office of Legislative Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of Operations Coordination </Li> <Li> Office of Partnership & Engagement </Li> <Li> Office of Policy </Li> <Li> Office of Public Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of the Inspector General </Li> <Li> Privacy Office </Li> <Li> Science & Technology Directorate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.dhs.gov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` The DHS March '' </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security , roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries . Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism , border security , immigration and customs , cyber security , and disaster prevention and management . It was created in response to the September 11 attacks and is the youngest U.S. cabinet department . </P> <P> In fiscal year 2017 , it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion . With more than 240,000 employees , DHS is the third largest Cabinet department , after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs . Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council . Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services , Justice , and Energy . </P> <P> The former Secretary , John F. Kelly , was replaced by Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen on December 5 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Function </Li> <Li> 2 Structure </Li> <Li> 3 National Terrorism Advisory System </Li> <Li> 4 History <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Creation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Changes under Michael Chertoff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Seal </Li> <Li> 6 Headquarters </Li> <Li> 7 Disaster preparedness and response <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Congressional budgeting effects </Li> <Li> 7.2 Ready.gov </Li> <Li> 7.3 National Incident Management System </Li> <Li> 7.4 National Response Framework </Li> <Li> 7.5 Surge Capacity Force </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Cyber-security </Li> <Li> 9 Expenditures <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Audit of expenditures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness </Li> <Li> 10.2 Data mining ( ADVISE ) </Li> <Li> 10.3 Fusion centers <Ul> <Li> 10.3. 1 MIAC report </Li> <Li> 10.3. 2 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.4 Mail interception </Li> <Li> 10.5 Employee morale </Li> <Li> 10.6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad , the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within , at , and outside its borders . Its stated goal is to prepare for , prevent , and respond to domestic emergencies , particularly terrorism . On March 1 , 2003 , DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) and assumed its duties . In doing so , it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies : Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services . The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations . Additionally , the border enforcement functions of the INS , including the U.S. Border Patrol , the U.S. Customs Service , and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS : U.S. Customs and Border Protection . The Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate . </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Organizational chart showing the chain of command among the top - level officials in the Department of Homeland Security , as of July 17 , 2008 Play media A video released in 2016 by the DHS , detailing its duties and responsibilities . <P> The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary . The Department contains the components listed below . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Subordinate agency </Th> <Th> Title of head or leader </Th> <Th> Incumbent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsman </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Julie Kirchner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office </Td> <Td> Acting Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> James F. McDonnell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Emergency Management Agency </Td> <Td> Administrator </Td> <Td> Brock Long </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Thomas J. Walters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Management Directorate </Td> <Td> Under Secretary </Td> <Td> Claire Grady </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Protection and Programs Directorate </Td> <Td> Acting Under Secretary </Td> <Td> Christopher Krebs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties </Td> <Td> Officer </Td> <Td> Cameron Quinn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of General Counsel </Td> <Td> Acting General Counsel </Td> <Td> Joseph Maher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Intelligence and Analysis </Td> <Td> Under Secretary </Td> <Td> David Glawe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Legislative Affairs </Td> <Td> Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> Benjamin Cassidy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Operations Coordination </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Richard M. Chávez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Partnership & Engagement </Td> <Td> Acting Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> John Barsa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans </Td> <Td> Acting Under Secretary </Td> <Td> Ambassador James D. Nealon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Public Affairs </Td> <Td> Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> Jonathan Rath Hoffman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of the Inspector General </Td> <Td> Acting Inspector General </Td> <Td> John V. Kelly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Privacy Office </Td> <Td> Chief Privacy Officer / Chief FOIA Officer </Td> <Td> Philip S. Kaplan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Science & Technology Directorate </Td> <Td> Acting Under Secretary </Td> <Td> William Bryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transportation Security Administration </Td> <Td> Administrator </Td> <Td> David Pekoske </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Lee Cissna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Coast Guard </Td> <Td> Commandant </Td> <Td> Admiral Paul F. Zukunft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Customs and Border Protection </Td> <Td> Commissioner </Td> <Td> Kevin McAleenan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement </Td> <Td> Acting Director </Td> <Td> Thomas Homan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Secret Service </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Randolph Alles </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Agencies </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services : Processes and examines citizenship , residency , and asylum requests from aliens . </Li> <Li> U.S. Customs and Border Protection : Law enforcement agency that enforces U.S. laws along its international borders ( air , land , and sea ) including its enforcement of U.S. immigration , customs , and agriculture laws while at and patrolling between all U.S. ports - of - entry . </Li> <Li> U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement : Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ol> <Li> An agency that enforces U.S. laws while it investigates and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland ( Homeland Security Investigations ) ; and </Li> <Li> An agency that investigates violations of the Immigration and Nationality Act and enforces the detention , deportation , and removal of violators of United States immigration law ( Enforcement and Removal Operations ) . </Li> </Ol> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Transportation Security Administration : Responsible for aviation security ( domestic and international , most notably conducting passenger screenings at airports ) , as well as land and water transportation security </Li> <Li> United States Coast Guard : Military service responsible for law enforcement , maritime security , national defense , maritime mobility , and protection of natural resources . </Li> <Li> United States Secret Service : Law enforcement agency tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ol> <Li> Investigative Mission -- The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes . </Li> <Li> Protective Mission -- The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States , the Vice President of the United States , their immediate families , and foreign heads of state . </Li> </Ol> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Federal Emergency Management Agency : agency that oversees the federal government 's response to natural disasters like earthquakes , hurricanes , tornadoes , floods , forest fires , etc . </Li> </Ul> <P> ( Passports for U.S. citizens are issued by the United States Department of State , not the Department of Homeland Security . ) </P> <P> Advisory groups : </P> <Ul> <Li> Homeland Security Advisory Council : State and local government , first responders , private sector , and academics </Li> <Li> National Infrastructure Advisory Council : Advises on security of public and private information systems </Li> <Li> Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee : Advise the Under Secretary for Science and Technology . </Li> <Li> Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council : Coordinate infrastructure protection with private sector and other levels of government </Li> <Li> Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities </Li> <Li> Task Force on New Americans : `` An inter-agency effort to help immigrants learn English , embrace the common core of American civic culture , and become fully American . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Other components : </P> <Ul> <Li> Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office : Counter attempts by terrorists or other threat actors to carry out an attack against the United States or its interests using a weapon of mass destruction . Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen established the CWMD Office in December 2017 by consolidating primarily the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office and a majority of the Office of Health Affairs , as well as other DHS elements . </Li> <Li> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center : Interagency law enforcement training facilities located in Georgia , New Mexico , and South Carolina . </Li> <Li> National Protection and Programs Directorate : risk - reduction , encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements . <Ul> <Li> Federal Protective Service : Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U.S. federal buildings , properties , assets , and federal government interests . </Li> <Li> National Communications System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Directorate for Science and Technology : Research and development </Li> <Li> Directorate for Management : Responsible for internal budgets , accounting , performance monitoring , and human resources </Li> <Li> Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans : Long - range policy planning and coordination <Ul> <Li> Office of Immigration Statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Office of Intelligence and Analysis : Identify and assess threats based on intelligence from various agencies </Li> <Li> Office of Operations Coordination : Monitor domestic security situation on a daily basis , coordinate activities with state and local authorities and private sector infrastructure </Li> <Li> Office of the Secretary includes the Privacy Office , Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties , Office of Inspector General , Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman , Office of Legislative Affairs , Office of the General Counsel , Office of Public Affairs , Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement ( CNE ) , Office of the Executive Secretariat ( ESEC ) , and the Military Advisor 's Office . </Li> <Li> National Cybersecurity Center </Li> </Ul> <P> In an August 5 , 2002 speech , President Bush said : `` We 're fighting ... to secure freedom in the homeland . '' Prior to the creation of DHS , American presidents had referred to the U.S. as `` the nation '' or `` the republic '' , and to its internal policies as `` domestic '' . Also unprecedented was the use , from 2002 , of the phrase `` the homeland '' by White House spokespeople . </P> <H2> National terrorism Advisory System ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2011 , the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System , replacing it with a two - level National Terrorism Advisory System . The system has two types of advisories : Alerts and Bulletins . NTAS Bulletins permit the Secretary to communicate critical terrorism information that , while not necessarily indicative of a specific threat against the United States , can reach homeland security partners or the public quickly , thereby allowing recipients to implement necessary protective measures . Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States . Alerts themselves have two levels : Elevated and Imminent . An Elevated Alert is issued when there is credible information about an attack but only general information about timing or a target . An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific and impending in the very near term . </P> The Homeland Security Advisory System scale <P> On March 12 , 2002 , the Homeland Security Advisory System , a color - coded terrorism risk advisory scale , was created as the result of a Presidential Directive to provide a `` comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal , State , and local authorities and to the American people . '' Many procedures at government facilities are tied into the alert level ; for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level . Since January 2003 , it has been administered in coordination with DHS ; it has also been the target of frequent jokes and ridicule on the part of the administration 's detractors about its ineffectiveness . After resigning , Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies . </P> <P> In January 2003 , the office was merged into the Department of Homeland Security and the White House Homeland Security Council , both of which were created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . The Homeland Security Council , similar in nature to the National Security Council , retains a policy coordination and advisory role and is led by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security . </P> <P> As of January 13 , 2011 , the DHS advised the American public of an ' elevated national threat ' level , recommending that all Americans ' should establish an emergency preparedness kit and emergency plan for themselves and their family , and stay informed about what to do during an emergency ' . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Creation ( edit ) </H3> Seal of the Office of Homeland Security , the predecessor to DHS <P> In response to the September 11 attacks , President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security ( OHS ) to coordinate `` homeland security '' efforts . The office was headed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge , who assumed the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security . The official announcement stated : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks . The Office will coordinate the executive branch 's efforts to detect , prepare for , prevent , protect against , respond to , and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ridge began his duties as OHS director on October 8 , 2001 . </P> <P> According to Peter Andreas , a border theorist , the creation of DHS constituted the most significant government reorganization since the Cold War , and the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Act of 1947 , which placed the different military departments under a secretary of defense and created the National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency . DHS also constitutes the most diverse merger of federal functions and responsibilities , incorporating 22 government agencies into a single organization . </P> <P> The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25 , 2002 , by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . It was intended to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to `` homeland security '' into a single Cabinet agency . The following 22 agencies were incorporated into the new department : </P> A U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer addresses Dick Cheney ( center ) , then Vice President of the United States , Saxby Chambliss ( center right ) , a U.S. senator from Georgia and Michael Chertoff ( far right ) , then United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005 <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original agency </Th> <Th> Original department </Th> <Th> New agency or office after transfer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Customs Service </Td> <Td> Treasury </Td> <Td> U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Immigration and Naturalization Service </Td> <Td> Justice </Td> <Td> U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Protective Service </Td> <Td> General Services Administration </Td> <Td> National Protection and Programs Directorate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transportation Security Administration </Td> <Td> Transportation </Td> <Td> Transportation Security Administration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center </Td> <Td> Treasury </Td> <Td> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( part ) </Td> <Td> Agriculture </Td> <Td> U.S. Customs and Border Protection </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Emergency Management Agency </Td> <Td> none </Td> <Td> Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strategic National Stockpile National Disaster Medical System </Td> <Td> Health and Human Services </Td> <Td> Returned to HHS , July , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nuclear Incident Response Team </Td> <Td> Energy </Td> <Td> Responsibilities distributed within FEMA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Domestic Emergency Support Team </Td> <Td> Justice </Td> <Td> Responsibilities distributed within FEMA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Center for Domestic Preparedness </Td> <Td> Justice ( FBI ) </Td> <Td> Responsibilities distributed within FEMA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CBRN Countermeasures Programs </Td> <Td> Energy </Td> <Td> Science & Technology Directorate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Environmental Measurements Laboratory </Td> <Td> Energy </Td> <Td> Science & Technology Directorate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Biological Warfare Defense Analysis Center </Td> <Td> Defense </Td> <Td> Science & Technology Directorate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plum Island Animal Disease Center </Td> <Td> Agriculture </Td> <Td> Science & Technology Directorate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Computer Incident Response Center </Td> <Td> General Services Administration </Td> <Td> US - CERT , Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Communications System </Td> <Td> Defense </Td> <Td> Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Infrastructure Protection Center </Td> <Td> Justice ( FBI ) </Td> <Td> Office of Operations Coordination Office of Infrastructure Protection </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Energy Security and Assurance Program </Td> <Td> Energy </Td> <Td> Office of Infrastructure Protection </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Coast Guard </Td> <Td> Transportation </Td> <Td> U.S. Coast Guard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Secret Service </Td> <Td> Treasury </Td> <Td> U.S. Secret Service </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Prior to the signing of the bill , controversy about its adoption centered on whether the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency should be incorporated in part or in whole ( neither were included ) . The bill was also controversial for the presence of unrelated `` riders '' , as well as for eliminating certain union - friendly civil service and labor protections for department employees . Without these protections , employees could be expeditiously reassigned or dismissed on grounds of security , incompetence or insubordination , and DHS would not be required to notify their union representatives . </P> <P> The plan stripped 180,000 government employees of their union rights . In 2002 , Bush officials argued that the September 11 attacks made the proposed elimination of employee protections imperative . </P> <P> Congress ultimately passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 without the union - friendly measures , and President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25 , 2002 . It was the largest U.S. government reorganization in the 50 years since the United States Department of Defense was created . </P> <P> Tom Ridge was named secretary on January 24 , 2003 and began naming his chief deputies . DHS officially began operations on January 24 , 2003 , but most of the department 's component agencies were not transferred into the new Department until March 1 . </P> President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1 , 2003 . <P> After establishing the basic structure of DHS and working to integrate its components and get the department functioning , Ridge announced his resignation on November 30 , 2004 , following the re-election of President Bush . Bush initially nominated former New York City Police Department commissioner Bernard Kerik as his successor , but on December 10 , Kerik withdrew his nomination , citing personal reasons and saying it `` would not be in the best interests '' of the country for him to pursue the post . </P> <H3> Changes under Michael Chertoff ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 11 , 2005 , President Bush nominated federal judge Michael Chertoff to succeed Ridge . Chertoff was confirmed on February 15 , 2005 , by a vote of 98 -- 0 in the U.S. Senate . He was sworn in the same day . </P> <P> In February 2005 , DHS and the Office of Personnel Management issued rules relating to employee pay and discipline for a new personnel system named MaxHR . The Washington Post said that the rules would allow DHS `` to override any provision in a union contract by issuing a department - wide directive '' and would make it `` difficult , if not impossible , for unions to negotiate over arrangements for staffing , deployments , technology and other workplace matters . '' </P> <P> In August 2005 , U.S. District Judge Rosemary M. Collyer blocked the plan on the grounds that it did not ensure collective - bargaining rights for DHS employees . </P> <P> A federal appeals court ruled against DHS in 2006 ; pending a final resolution to the litigation , Congress 's fiscal year 2008 appropriations bill for DHS provided no funding for the proposed new personnel system . DHS announced in early 2007 that it was retooling its pay and performance system and retiring the name `` MaxHR '' . </P> <P> In a February 2008 court filing , DHS said that it would no longer pursue the new rules , and that it would abide by the existing civil service labor - management procedures . A federal court issued an order closing the case . </P> <H2> Seal ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the Department of Homeland Security . <P> A DHS press release dated June 6 , 2003 explains the seal as follows : </P> <P> The seal is symbolic of the Department 's mission -- to prevent attacks and protect Americans -- on the land , in the sea and in the air . In the center of the seal , a graphically styled white American eagle appears in a circular blue field . The eagle 's outstretched wings break through an inner red ring into an outer white ring that contains the words `` U.S. DEPARTMENT OF '' in the top half and `` HOMELAND SECURITY '' in the bottom half in a circular placement . The eagle 's wings break through the inner circle into the outer ring to suggest that the Department of Homeland Security will break through traditional bureaucracy and perform government functions differently . In the tradition of the Great Seal of the United States , the eagle 's talon on the left holds an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 seeds while the eagle 's talon on the right grasps 13 arrows . </P> <P> Centered on the eagle 's breast is a shield divided into three sections containing elements that represent the American homeland -- air , land , and sea . The top element , a dark blue sky , contains 22 stars representing the original 22 entities that have come together to form the department . The left shield element contains white mountains behind a green plain underneath a light blue sky . The right shield element contains four wave shapes representing the oceans alternating light and dark blue separated by white lines . </P> <P> The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership , employees , and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts . The Ad Council -- which partners with DHS on its Ready.gov campaign -- and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity . </P> <H2> Headquarters ( edit ) </H2> Nebraska Avenue Complex in 2016 . <P> Since its inception , the department has had its temporary headquarters in Washington , D.C. 's Nebraska Avenue Complex , a former naval facility . The 38 - acre ( 15 ha ) site , across from American University , has 32 buildings comprising 566,000 square feet ( 52,600 m ) of administrative space . In early 2007 , the Department submitted a $4.1 billion plan to Congress to consolidate its 60 - plus Washington - area offices into a single headquarters complex at the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus in Anacostia , Southeast Washington , D.C. The earliest DHS would begin moving to St. Elizabeths is 2012 . </P> <P> The move is being championed by District of Columbia officials because of the positive economic impact it will have on historically depressed Anacostia . The move has been criticized by historic preservationists , who claim the revitalization plans will destroy dozens of historic buildings on the campus . Community activists have criticized the plans because the facility will remain walled off and have little interaction with the surrounding area . On January 8 , 2009 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the Department of Homeland Security 's plans to move into the campus of St. Elizabeths Hospital . In February 2015 the General Services Administration said that the site would open in 2021 . </P> <H2> Disaster Preparedness and response ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Congressional budgeting effects ( edit ) </H3> <P> During a Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee hearing on the reauthorization of DHS , Elaine Duke , deputy secretary of DHS , said there is a weariness and anxiety within DHS about the repeated congressional efforts to agree to a long - term spending plan , which has resulted in several threats to shutdown the federal government . `` Shutdowns are disruptive , '' Duke said . She said the `` repeated failure on a longtime spending plan resulting in short - term continuing resolutions ( CRs ) has caused `` angst '' among the department 's 240,000 employees in the weeks leading up to the CRs . '' The uncertainty about funding hampers DHS 's ability to pursue major projects and it takes away attention and manpower from important priorities . Seventy percent of DHS employees are considered essential and are not furloughed during government shutdowns . </P> <H3> Ready.gov ( edit ) </H3> Ready.gov program logo <P> Soon after the formation of Department of Homeland Security , the department worked with the Ad Council to launch the Ready Campaign , a national public service advertising ( PSA ) campaign to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and respond to emergencies including natural and man - made disasters . With pro bono creative support from the Martin Agency of Richmond , Virginia , the campaign website `` Ready.gov '' and materials were conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003 , just before the launch of the Iraq War . One of the first announcements that garnered widespread public attention to this campaign was one by Tom Ridge in which he stated that in the case of a chemical attack , citizens should use duct tape and plastic sheeting to build a homemade bunker , or `` sheltering in place '' to protect themselves . As a result , the sales of duct tape skyrocketed and DHS was criticized for being too alarmist . </P> <P> On March 1 , 2003 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency was absorbed into the DHS , and in fall of 2008 , took over coordination of the campaign . The Ready Campaign and its Spanish language version Listo.gov asks individuals to do three things : build an emergency supply kit , make a family emergency plan and be informed about the different types of emergencies that can occur and how to respond . The campaign messages have been promoted through television , radio , print , outdoor and web PSAs , as well as brochures , toll - free phone lines and the English and Spanish language websites Ready.gov and Listo.gov . </P> <P> The general campaign aims to reach all Americans , but targeted resources are also available via `` Ready Business '' for small - to medium - sized business and `` Ready Kids '' for parents and teachers of children ages 8 -- 12 . In 2015 , the campaign also launched a series of PSAs to help the whole community , people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs prepare for emergencies , which included open captioning , a certified deaf interpreter and audio descriptions for viewers who are blind or have low vision . </P> <H3> National incident management System ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On March 1 , 2004 , the National Incident Management System ( NIMS ) was created . The stated purpose was to provide a consistent incident management approach for federal , state , local , and tribal governments . Under Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 5 , all federal departments were required to adopt the NIMS and to use it in their individual domestic incident management and emergency prevention , preparedness , response , recovery , and mitigation program and activities . </P> <H3> National response Framework ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In December 2004 , the National Response Plan ( NRP ) was created , in an attempt to align federal coordination structures , capabilities , and resources into a unified , all - discipline , and all - hazards approach to domestic incident management . The NRP was built on the template of the NIMS . </P> <P> On January 22 , 2008 , the National Response Framework was published in the Federal Register as an updated replacement of the NRP , effective March 22 , 2008 . </P> <H3> Surge Capacity Force ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act directs the DHS Secretary to designate employees from throughout the Department to staff a Surge Capacity Force ( SCF ) . During a declared disaster , the DHS Secretary will determine if SCF support is necessary . The Secretary will then authorize FEMA to task and deploy designated personnel from DHS components and other Federal Executive Agencies to respond to extraordinary disasters . </P> <H2> Cybersecurity ( edit ) </H2> See also : Cyber-security regulation <P> The DHS National Cyber Security Division ( NCSD ) is responsible for the response system , risk management program , and requirements for cyber-security in the U.S. The division is home to US - CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System . The DHS Science and Technology Directorate helps government and private end - users transition to new cyber-security capabilities . This directorate also funds the Cyber Security Research and Development Center , which identifies and prioritizes research and development for NCSD . The center works on the Internet 's routing infrastructure ( the SPRI program ) and Domain Name System ( DNSSEC ) , identity theft and other online criminal activity ( ITTC ) , Internet traffic and networks research ( PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed ) , Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises ( Livewire and Determined Promise ) , and wireless security in cooperation with Canada . </P> <P> On October 30 , 2009 , DHS opened the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center . The center brings together government organizations responsible for protecting computer networks and networked infrastructure . </P> <P> In January 2017 , DHS officially designated state - run election systems as critical infrastructure . The designation made it easier for state and local election officials to get cybersecurity help from the federal government . In October 2017 , DHS convened a Government Coordinating Council ( GCC ) for the Election Infrastructure Subsection with representatives from various state and federal agencies such as the Election Assistance Commission and National Association of Secretaries of State . </P> <H2> Expenditures ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States Federal Budget for 2010 , entitled ' A New Era of Responsibility ' , the DHS was allocated a discretionary budget of $42.7 billion ( financial year 2009 : $40.1 billion ) . The end - of - year DHS Annual Financial Report for financial year 2010 showed a net cost of operations of $56.4 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $49.9 billion ) , out of total budgetary resources of $83.2 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $85.2 billion ) . The components with the highest net cost were US Coast Guard ( $12.1 billion ) , U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( $11.6 billion ) , and Federal Emergency Management Agency ( $10.5 billion ) . Revenues of $10.4 billion were generated in the year ( FY 2009 , restated : $9.8 billion ) . </P> <P> According to the Washington Post , `` DHS has given $31 billion in grants since 2003 to state and local governments for homeland security and to improve their ability to find and protect against terrorists , including $3.8 billion in 2010 . '' </P> <H3> Audit of expenditures ( edit ) </H3> <P> The DHS independent auditor is KPMG , one of the Big Four audit firms . Due to the level of material weaknesses identified , KPMG was unable to audit the DHS financial statements for FY 2010 . KPMG was unable to express an audit opinion on the FY 2009 , FY 2008 , FY 2007 , FY 2005 , and FY 2003 financial statements . Attempts to access the reports for FY 2006 and FY 2004 within the ' information for citizens ' portal met with a 404 error . The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer in the FY 2010 report states ' This Annual Financial Report ( AFR ) is our principal financial statement of accountability to the President , Congress and the American public . The AFR gives a comprehensive view of the Department 's financial activities and demonstrates the Department 's stewardship of taxpayer dollars . ' The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer concludes ' I am extremely proud of the Department 's accomplishments ... we will continue to build upon our successes . ' The Secretary of Homeland Security endorsed this message saying that the DHS is ' continuing to be responsible stewards of taxpayer resources . The scope of our mission is broad , challenging , and vital to the security of the Nation ... Thank you for your partnership and collaboration . Yours very truly , Janet Napolitano . ' </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> See also : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina <P> The Department of Homeland Security has received substantial criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , fraud , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Its information sharing centers have been accused of violating American civil liberties and targeting American citizens as potential threats to national security . </P> <H3> Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Department of Homeland Security has been dogged by persistent criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Congress estimates that the department has wasted roughly $15 billion in failed contracts ( as of September 2008 ) . In 2003 , the department came under fire after the media revealed that Laura Callahan , Deputy Chief Information Officer at DHS with responsibilities for sensitive national security databases , had obtained her bachelor , masters , and doctorate computer science degrees through Hamilton University , a diploma mill in a small town in Wyoming . The department was blamed for up to $2 billion of waste and fraud after audits by the Government Accountability Office revealed widespread misuse of government credit cards by DHS employees , with purchases including beer brewing kits , $70,000 of plastic dog booties that were later deemed unusable , boats purchased at double the retail price ( many of which later could not be found ) , and iPods ostensibly for use in `` data storage '' . </P> <P> A 2015 inspection of IT infrastructure found that the department was running over a hundred computer systems whose owners were unknown , including Secret and Top Secret databases , many with out of date security or weak passwords . Basic security reviews were absent , and the department had apparently made deliberate attempts to delay publication of information about the flaws . </P> <H3> Data Mining ( ADVISE ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Associated Press reported on September 5 , 2007 , that DHS had scrapped an anti-terrorism data mining tool called ADVISE ( Analysis , Dissemination , Visualization , Insight and Semantic Enhancement ) after the agency 's internal Inspector General found that pilot testing of the system had been performed using data on real people without required privacy safeguards in place . The system , in development at Lawrence Livermore and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since 2003 , has cost the agency $42 million to date . Controversy over the program is not new ; in March 2007 , the Government Accountability Office stated that `` the ADVISE tool could misidentify or erroneously associate an individual with undesirable activity such as fraud , crime or terrorism . '' Homeland Security 's Inspector General later said that ADVISE was poorly planned , time - consuming for analysts to use , and lacked adequate justifications . </P> <H3> Fusion centers ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Fusion center <P> Fusion centers are terrorism prevention and response centers , many of which were created under a joint project between the Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice 's Office of Justice Programs between 2003 and 2007 . The fusion centers gather information not only from government sources , but also from their partners in the private sector . </P> <P> They are designed to promote information sharing at the federal level between agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Department of Justice , US Military and state and local level government . As of July 2009 , the Department of Homeland Security recognized at least seventy - two fusion centers . Fusion centers may also be affiliated with an Emergency Operations Center that responds in the event of a disaster . </P> <P> There are a number of documented criticisms of fusion centers , including relative ineffectiveness at counterterrorism activities , the potential to be used for secondary purposes unrelated to counterterrorism , and their links to violations of civil liberties of American citizens and others . </P> <P> David Rittgers of the Cato Institute has noted : </P> <P> a long line of fusion center and DHS reports labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security . The North Texas Fusion System labeled Muslim lobbyists as a potential threat ; a DHS analyst in Wisconsin thought both pro - and anti-abortion activists were worrisome ; a Pennsylvania homeland security contractor watched environmental activists , Tea Party groups , and a Second Amendment rally ; the Maryland State Police put anti-death penalty and anti-war activists in a federal terrorism database ; a fusion center in Missouri thought that all third - party voters and Ron Paul supporters were a threat ... </P> MIAC Report ( edit ) <P> The Missouri Information Analysis Center ( MIAC ) made news in 2009 for targeting supporters of third party candidates ( such as Ron Paul ) , pro-life activists , and conspiracy theorists as potential militia members . Anti-war activists and Islamic lobby groups were targeted in Texas , drawing criticism from the American Civil Liberties Union . </P> <P> According to the Department of Homeland Security : </P> <P> The Privacy Office has identified a number of risks to privacy presented by the fusion center program : </P> <Ol> <Li> Justification for fusion centers </Li> <Li> Ambiguous Lines of Authority , Rules , and Oversight </Li> <Li> Participation of the Military and the Private Sector </Li> <Li> Data Mining </Li> <Li> Excessive Secrecy </Li> <Li> Inaccurate or Incomplete Information </Li> <Li> Mission Creep </Li> </Ol> 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment ( edit ) <P> In 2009 , the Virginia Fusion Center came under criticism for publishing a terrorism threat assessment which stated that certain universities are potential hubs for terror related activity . The report targeted historically black colleges and identified hacktivism as a form of terrorism . </P> <H3> Mail interception ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2006 , MSNBC reported that Grant Goodman , `` an 81 - year - old retired University of Kansas history professor , received a letter from his friend in the Philippines that had been opened and resealed with a strip of dark green tape bearing the words `` by Border Protection '' and carrying the official Homeland Security seal . '' The letter was sent by a devout Catholic Filipino woman with no history of supporting Islamic terrorism . A spokesman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection `` acknowledged that the agency can , will and does open mail coming to U.S. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it 's deemed necessary '' : </P> <P> `` All mail originating outside the United States Customs territory that is to be delivered inside the U.S. Customs territory is subject to Customs examination , '' says the CBP Web site . That includes personal correspondence . `` All mail means ' all mail , ' '' said John Mohan , a CBP spokesman , emphasizing the point . </P> <P> The Department declined to outline what criteria are used to determine when a piece of personal correspondence should be opened or to say how often or in what volume Customs might be opening mail . </P> <P> Goodman 's story provoked outrage in the blogosphere , as well as in the more established media . Reacting to the incident , Mother Jones remarked that `` ( u ) nlike other prying government agencies , Homeland Security wants you to know it is watching you . '' CNN observed that `` ( o ) n the heels of the NSA wiretapping controversy , Goodman 's letter raises more concern over the balance between privacy and security . '' </P> <H3> Employee morale ( edit ) </H3> <P> In July 2006 , the Office of Personnel Management conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 federal agencies on job satisfaction and how they felt their respective agency was headed . DHS was last or near to last in every category including ; </P> <Ul> <Li> 33rd on the talent management index </Li> <Li> 35th on the leadership and knowledge management index </Li> <Li> 36th on the job satisfaction index </Li> <Li> 36th on the results - oriented performance culture index </Li> </Ul> <P> The low scores were attributed to major concerns about basic supervision , management and leadership within the agency . Examples from the survey reveal most concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on merit , dealing with poor performance , rewarding creativity and innovation , leadership generating high levels of motivation in the workforce , recognition for doing a good job , lack of satisfaction with various component policies and procedures and lack of information about what is going on with the organization . </P> <P> DHS is the only large federal agency to score below 50 % in overall survey rankings . It was last of large federal agencies in 2014 with 44.0 % and fell even lower in 2015 at 43.1 % , again last place . </P> <H3> Freedom of information Act processing performance ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data ) , the Department of Homeland Security earned a D by scoring 69 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . It also had not updated its FOIA policies since the 2007 FOIA amendments . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Container Security Initiative </Li> <Li> E-Verify </Li> <Li> Electronic System for Travel Authorization </Li> <Li> Homeland </Li> <Li> Emergency Management Institute </Li> <Li> Homeland Security USA </Li> <Li> Homeland security grant </Li> <Li> National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center ( NBACC ) , Ft Detrick , MD </Li> <Li> National Interoperability Field Operations Guide </Li> <Li> National Strategy for Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Project Hostile Intent </Li> <Li> Public Safety Canada </Li> <Li> Shadow Wolves </Li> <Li> Terrorism in the United States </Li> <Li> United States visas </Li> <Li> United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology ( US - VISIT ) </Li> <Li> Visa Waiver Program </Li> <Li> Interior ministry . Generally in other countries `` interior ministries '' usually deal with internal police , immigration and border control duties . </Li> <Li> Home Office ( UK ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . January 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Budget In Brief : Fiscal Year 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Homeland Security . pp. 1 , 2 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Homeland Security . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About DHS '' . Homeland Security . June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms Kirstjen Nielsen to head Homeland Security '' . CBS News . 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our Leadership FLETC '' . www.fletc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richard `` Rich '' M. Chávez Homeland Security `` . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Senior Leadership '' . www.uscg.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commissioner R. Gil Kerlikowske U.S. Customs and Border Protection '' . www.cbp.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Department of Homeland Security . `` ICE Leadership '' . Immigration and Customs Enforcement . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leadership '' . www.secretservice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions . Title 14 of the United States Code provides that `` The Coast Guard as established January 28 , 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . '' Coast Guard units , or ships of its predecessor service , the Revenue Cutter Service , have seen combat in every war and armed conflict of the United States since 1790 , including the Iraq War . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bovard , James . `` Moral high ground not won on battlefield '' , USA Today , October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Naomi ( 2007 ) . The End of America , page 27 . Chelsea Green Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933392 - 79 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ridge Announcing Homeland Security Advisory System '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` National Strategy For Homeland Security '' ( PDF ) . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Copy of press release 0046 '' . US Department of Defense . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Peter Andreas : Redrawing the line 2003 : 92 ) , additional text . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perl , Raphael ( 2004 ). `` The Department of Homeland Security : Background and Challenges '' , Terrorism -- reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses , Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States , Office for Central Europe and Eurasia Development , Security , and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs , in Cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences , page 176 . National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08971 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History : Who Became Part of the Department ? '' United States Department of Homeland Security website Archived 2012 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 2005 ) . Imperial Ambitions , page 199 . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7967 - X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stephen Barr . `` DHS Withdraws Bid to Curb Union Rights '' , The Washington Post page D01 , February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Department of Homeland Security Seal '' , DHS press release , June 19 , 2003 . DHS website Archived October 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on August 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statement of Secretary Tom Ridge '' . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Losey , Stephen ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Security plans move to hospital compound '' . Federal Times . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Endangered Places '' . 2 / 2009 . National Trust . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holley , Joel ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tussle Over St. Elizabeths '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCPC Approves Final Master Plan for DHS Headquarters at St. Elizabeths '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DHS Gets Green Light '' . Federal Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Ed ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Spending stalemate has costs at Department of Homeland Security - Homeland Preparedness News '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forbes , Daniel ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` $226 Million in Govt Ads Helped Pave the Way for War '' . Antiwar.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security : Ready.Gov '' . 12 / 29 / 2003 . Outdoor Advertising Association of America . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CNN Live at daybreak '' . Aired February 20 , 2003 . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Frequently Asked Questions '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clean Air '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Are You Ready.gov ? '' . February 21 , 2003 . lies.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Build A Kit Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Make A Plan Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Ready Campaign Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Emergency Preparedness '' . AdCouncil . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newswire , MultiVu - PR . `` FEMA , Ad Council Launch New PSA Focused on People with Disabilities Preparing for Emergencies '' . Multivu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Individuals with Disabilities and Others with Access and Functional Needs Ready.gov '' . ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Surge Capacity Force - Homeland Security '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Cyber Security Division '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ : Cyber Security R&D Center '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ongoing Research and Development '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AFP - JiJi , `` U.S. boots up cybersecurity center '' , October 31 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murtha , Alex ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) . `` DHS , partners convene for government council on protecting election infrastructure '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . p. 72 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 37 , 38 , 41 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Priest , Dana and Arkin , William ( December 20 , 2010 ) ( 1 ) , The Washington Post </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 147 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2009 ( vid . p. 134 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2008 ( vid . p. 44 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2007 ( vid . p. 50 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2005 ( vid . p. 294 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2003 ( vid . p. 40 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2006 , FY 2004 ( 404 error ) '' . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 33 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 4 f . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress Says DHS Oversaw $15 Billion in Failed Contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diplomas For Sale - Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Homeland Security Department Is Accused of Credit Card Misuse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jakes Jordan , Lara ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Credit Card Fraud at DHS '' . Homeland Security Weekly . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Government 's Katrina credit cards criticized '' . Associated Press . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress says DHS oversaw $15 billion in failed contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kieren ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's running dozens of top - secret unpatched databases ? The Dept of Homeland Security '' . The Register . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ADVISE Could Support Intelligence Analysis More Effectively '' ( PDF ) . pdf file . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singel , Ryan ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Data Tool Needs Privacy Help , Report Says '' . Wired . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sniffen , Michael J. ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` DHS Ends Criticized Data - Mining Program '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monahan , T. 2009 . The Murky World of ' Fusion Centres ' . Criminal Justice Matters 75 ( 1 ) : 20 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Report on Fusion Centers July 29 , 2009 Democracy Now </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monahan , T. and Palmer , N.A. 2009 . The Emerging Politics of DHS Fusion Centers . Security Dialogue 40 ( 6 ) : 617 - 636 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rittgers , David ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) We 're All Terrorists Now Archived 2011 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Cato Institute </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Fusion Centers ' Expand Criteria to Identify Militia Members '' . Fox News . March 23 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Privacy Impact Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security State , Local , and Regional Fusion Center Initiative December 11 , 2008 ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Raw Story - Fusion center declares nation 's oldest universities possible terror threat '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Brock ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) Homeland Security opening private mail , MSNBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cole , John ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Your Mail - Free for Government Inspection , Balloon Juice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dees , Diane ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Department of Homeland Security opens Kansas professor 's mail , Mother Jones </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Transcript from The Situation Room ( January 12 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security employees rank last in job satisfaction survey '' . ABC Inc. , WLS - TV Chicago . February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conroy , Bill ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` DHS memo reveals agency personnel are treated like `` human capital '' `` . Narco News . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Work Agency Rankings '' . Partnership for Public Service . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikinews has related news : NSA to participate in U.S. cybersecurity </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Homeland Security . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> DHS in the Federal Register </Li> <Li> `` DHS Organizational Chart '' ( PDF ) . ( 144 KB ) -- from March 20 , 2008 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Federal executive departments of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive Departments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Commerce </Li> <Li> Defense </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Health and Human Services </Li> <Li> Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Housing and Urban Development </Li> <Li> Interior </Li> <Li> Justice </Li> <Li> Labor </Li> <Li> State </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Treasury </Li> <Li> Veterans Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Air Force </Li> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Commerce and Labor </Li> <Li> Health , Education , and Welfare </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Post Office </Li> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Headquarters : Nebraska Avenue Complex </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary of Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deputy Secretary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Coast Guard </Li> <Li> Immigration and Customs Enforcement </Li> <Li> Citizenship and Immigration Services </Li> <Li> Customs and Border Protection </Li> <Li> Federal Emergency Management Agency </Li> <Li> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center </Li> <Li> United States Secret Service </Li> <Li> Office of Operations Coordination </Li> <Li> Transportation Security Administration </Li> <Li> Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office </Li> <Li> Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans </Li> <Li> Office of Immigration Statistics </Li> <Li> Homeland Security Advisory Council </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Protection and Programs </Th> <Td> National Protection and Programs Directorate <Ul> <Li> Federal Protective Service </Li> <Li> Office of Cybersecurity and Communications </Li> <Li> Office of Infrastructure Protection </Li> <Li> Office of Biometric Identity Management </Li> <Li> Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Science and Technology </Th> <Td> Science and Technology Directorate <Ul> <Li> Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency </Li> <Li> Explosives Division </Li> <Li> Chemical and Biological Defense Division </Li> <Li> Border and Maritime Security Division </Li> <Li> Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division </Li> <Li> Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division </Li> <Li> Cyber Security Division ( National Cybersecurity Center ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intelligence and Analysis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Office of Intelligence and Analysis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Management Directorate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Law enforcement in the United States </Li> <Li> Terrorism in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States Armed Forces </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Portal <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> MC </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> AF </Li> <Li> CG </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> MC </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> AF </Li> <Li> CG </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Navbox <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> MC </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> AF </Li> <Li> CG </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leadership </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commander - in - chief : President of the United States </Li> <Li> Secretary of Defense </Li> <Li> Deputy Secretary of Defense </Li> <Li> Secretary of Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Joint Chiefs of Staff : <Ul> <Li> Chairman </Li> <Li> Vice Chairman </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services 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the largest investigative arm of the department of homeland security is known as
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security&amp;oldid=836995899
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Ravana - Wikipedia <H1> Ravana </H1> `` Ravan '' and `` Ravanan '' redirect here . For other uses , see Ravan ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ravana </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Statue of Ravana from 18th century CE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consort </Th> <Td> Mandodari , Dhanyamalini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Indrajit Atikaya Akshayakumara Narantaka Devantaka Trishira Prahasta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vishrava ( father ) </Li> <Li> Kaikesi ( mother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hinduism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hindu </Li> <Li> History </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concepts ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Worldview </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Hindu cosmology </Li> <Li> Puranic chronology </Li> <Li> Hindu mythology </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> God / Highest Reality </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Brahman </Li> <Li> Ishvara </Li> <Li> God in Hinduism </Li> <Li> God and gender </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Life </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ashrama ( stage ) <Ul> <Li> Brahmacharya </Li> <Li> Grihastha </Li> <Li> Vanaprastha </Li> <Li> Sannyasa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Purusharthas <Ul> <Li> Dharma </Li> <Li> Artha </Li> <Li> Kama </Li> <Li> Moksha </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Liberation </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Atman </Li> <Li> Maya </Li> <Li> Karma </Li> <Li> Samsara </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Ethics </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Niti shastra </Li> <Li> Yamas </Li> <Li> Niyama </Li> <Li> Ahimsa </Li> <Li> Asteya </Li> <Li> Aparigraha </Li> <Li> Brahmacharya </Li> <Li> Satya </Li> <Li> Damah </Li> <Li> Dayā </Li> <Li> Akrodha </Li> <Li> Arjava </Li> <Li> Santosha </Li> <Li> Tapas </Li> <Li> Svādhyāya </Li> <Li> Shaucha </Li> <Li> Mitahara </Li> <Li> Dāna </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Liberation </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bhakti yoga </Li> <Li> Jnana yoga </Li> <Li> Karma yoga </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schools ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Six Astika schools </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Samkhya </Li> <Li> Yoga </Li> <Li> Nyaya </Li> <Li> Vaisheshika </Li> <Li> Mimamsa </Li> <Li> Vedanta <Ul> <Li> Advaita </Li> <Li> Dvaita </Li> <Li> Vishishtadvaita </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Other schools </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Pasupata </Li> <Li> Saiva </Li> <Li> Pratyabhijña </Li> <Li> Raseśvara </Li> <Li> Īśvara </Li> <Li> Pāṇini Darśana </Li> <Li> Charvaka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deities ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Trimurti </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Brahma </Li> <Li> Vishnu </Li> <Li> Shiva </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Other major Devas / Devis </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Vedic </Li> <Li> Indra </Li> <Li> Agni </Li> <Li> Prajapati </Li> <Li> Rudra </Li> <Li> Devi </Li> <Li> Saraswati </Li> <Li> Ushas </Li> <Li> Varuna </Li> <Li> Vayu </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Post-Vedic </Li> <Li> Durga </Li> <Li> Ganesha </Li> <Li> Hanuman </Li> <Li> Kali </Li> <Li> Kartikeya </Li> <Li> Krishna </Li> <Li> Lakshmi </Li> <Li> Parvati </Li> <Li> Radha </Li> <Li> Rama </Li> <Li> Shakti </Li> <Li> Sita </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texts ( show ) Scriptures <Dl> <Dd> Vedas </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Rigveda </Li> <Li> Yajurveda </Li> <Li> Samaveda </Li> <Li> Atharvaveda </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Divisions </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Samhita </Li> <Li> Brahmana </Li> <Li> Aranyaka </Li> <Li> Upanishad </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Upanishads </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Rigveda : </Li> <Li> Aitareya </Li> <Li> Kaushitaki </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Yajurveda : </Li> <Li> Brihadaranyaka </Li> <Li> Isha </Li> <Li> Taittiriya </Li> <Li> Katha </Li> <Li> Shvetashvatara </Li> <Li> Maitri </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Samaveda : </Li> <Li> Chandogya </Li> <Li> Kena </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Atharvaveda : </Li> <Li> Mundaka </Li> <Li> Mandukya </Li> <Li> Prashna </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Other scriptures </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bhagavad Gita </Li> <Li> Agama ( Hinduism ) </Li> </Ul> Other texts <Dl> <Dd> Vedangas </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Shiksha </Li> <Li> Chandas </Li> <Li> Vyakarana </Li> <Li> Nirukta </Li> <Li> Kalpa </Li> <Li> Jyotisha </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 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His ten heads represent his knowledge of the six shastras and the four Vedas . In the Ramayana , Ravana kidnaps Rama 's wife Sita to exact vengeance on Rama and his brother Lakshmana for having cut off the nose of his sister Shurpanakha . </P> <P> Ravana is also worshiped by Hindus in some part of the India , Sri Lanka and Bali ( Indonesia ) He is considered to be the most revered devotee of Shiva . Images of Ravana are seen associated with Shiva at some places . He also appears in Buddhist Mahayana text Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , and Buddhist Ramayanas and Jatakas , as well as in Jain Ramayanas . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Iconography </Li> <Li> 3 Depiction in the Ramayana <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Birth </Li> <Li> 3.2 Family </Li> <Li> 3.3 Scholarly pursuits </Li> <Li> 3.4 Tapasya to Brahma </Li> <Li> 3.5 Devotee of Shiva </Li> <Li> 3.6 Priestly ministers </Li> <Li> 3.7 King of Lanka </Li> <Li> 3.8 Emperor of the Three Worlds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Depiction in other Scriptures <Ul> <Li> 4.1 As Vishnu 's cursed doorkeeper </Li> <Li> 4.2 Conflict with other kings and Asuras </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Historicity </Li> <Li> 6 Modern descendants of Ravana </Li> <Li> 7 Temples built by Ravana <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Other temples and relevant places </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Ravana - Dahan ( burning effigy of Ravana ) </Li> <Li> 9 Ravanahatha </Li> <Li> 10 Influence on Indian culture and art <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Texts attributed to Ravana <Ul> <Li> 10.1. 1 Astronomy </Li> <Li> 10.1. 2 Medicine </Li> <Li> 10.1. 3 Linguistics </Li> <Li> 10.1. 4 Spirituality </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Alternate Ramayanas <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Buddhist versions </Li> <Li> 11.2 Jain version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> Statue of Ravana at Koneswaram Temple , Sri Lanka . <P> The word Rāvaṇa ( Sanskrit : रावण ) means roaring opposite of Vaiśravaṇa meaning `` hear distinctly '' ( passive ) . Both Ravana and Vaiśravaṇa , who is popularly known as Kubera , are considered to be patronymics derived as sons of Vishrava . </P> <P> `` Rāvana '' was a title taken on later by Dashananda , and it means in Sanskrit , `` screamer . '' ( Ravana would sing hymns . Further , `` roravana '' is Sanskrit for `` loud roaring . '' In Abhinava Gupta 's Krama Shaiva scripture , `` yāsām rāvanam '' is used as an expression to mean people who are truly aware in terms of the materialism of their environment . </P> <P> According to F.E. Pargiter the word may originally have been a Sanskritisation of Iraivan , the Tamil name for a lord or king . </P> <P> Ravana has many other popular names such as Dasis Ravana , Dasis Sakvithi Maha Ravana , Dashaanan , Ravula , Lankeshwar , Lankeshwaran , Ravanasura , Ravanaeshwaran , Eela Vendhar . </P> <H2> Iconography ( edit ) </H2> Ravana is thought to be a maestro of the veena <P> Ravana is depicted and described as having ten heads , although sometimes he is shown with only nine heads because he has sacrificed a head to convince Shiva . He is described as a devout follower of Shiva , a great scholar , a capable ruler and a maestro of the Veena . Ravana is also depicted as the author of the Ravana Samhita , a book on Hindu astrology and book Arka Prakasham ; book on Siddha medicine and treatment . Ravana possessed a thorough knowledge of Siddha and political science . He is said to have possessed the nectar of immortality , which was stored inside his belly , thanks to a celestial boon by Brahma . </P> <H2> Depiction in the Ramayana ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Birth ( edit ) </H3> Kubera Ravana 's Brother , Lord of Wealth and the North - direction Brahma - Ravana 's great grand father . Vibhishana ( right - brother of Ravana ) , SriRama and Sita worship god Shiva at Rameshwaram looks on with Lakshamana , Tumburu and Narada <P> Ravana was born to a great sage Vishrava ( or Vesamuni ) , and his wife , the daitya princess Kaikeshi . People of Bisrakh village in Uttar Pradesh claim that Bisrakh was named after Vishrava , and Ravana was born there . </P> <P> Ravana 's grandfather on his father 's side , the sage Pulastya , was one of the ten Prajapatis or mind - born sons of Brahma and one of the Saptarishi ( Seven Great Sages Rishi ) in the first Manvantara . His grandfather on his mother 's side , Sumali ( or Sumalaya ) , king of the Raksasas , was the son of Sukesha . Sukesa 's parents were King Vidyutkesa , who had married Salakantankata ( daughter of Sandhya ) , who had abandoned Sukesha , but by the grace of Shiva he survived . Sumali had wished her to marry the most powerful being in the mortal world , so as to produce an exceptional heir . He rejected the kings of the world , as they were less powerful than him . Kaikesi searched among the sages and finally chose Vishrava , the father of Kubera . Ravana later usurped Lanka from his half - brother Kubera and became the King of Lanka . Rama had once addressed Ravana as a `` Maha Brahman '' ( `` Great Brahman '' in the context of his education ) . </P> <P> After worshiping Shiva on the banks of the Narmada , in the more central Yadu region , Ravana was captured and held under the control of king Kartavirya Arjuna , one of the greatest Yadu kings . It is clear from the references in the Ramayana that Ravana was no commoner among the Humans or Asuras , a great chanter of the Sama Veda . </P> <H3> Family ( edit ) </H3> Queen Mandodari and the women of Lanka mourning the death of Ravana . Bas - relief of 9th century Prambanan temple , Java , Indonesia <P> Ravana 's family are hardly mentioned outside the Ramayana , which is viewed by some as being only the point of view of Rama devotees . According to that : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ravana 's grandfather was Malyavan , who was against the war with Rama and laksman . </Li> <Li> Ravana 's parents were Vishrava ( son of Pulastya ) and Kaikesi ( daughter of Sumali and Thataka ) . Kaikesi had two brothers Maricha and Subahu which would effectively make them Ravana 's uncles . </Li> <Li> Ravana had six brothers and two sisters : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Kubera -- the King of North direction and the Guardian of Heavenly Wealth . He was an older half - brother of Ravana : they were born to the same father by different mothers . </Li> <Li> Vibhishana -- A follower of Rama and one of the most important characters in the Ramayana . As a minister and brother of Ravana , he spoke the truth without fear and advised Ravana to return the kidnapped Sita and uphold Dharma . Ravana not only rejected this sane advice , but also banished him from his kingdom . Vibhishana sought protection from Rama , which was granted without hesitation . </Li> <Li> Kumbhakarna -- One of the most jovial demons in Hindu history . When offered a boon by Brahma , he was tricked into asking for eternal sleep . A horrified Ravana , out of brotherly love , persuaded Brahma to amend the boon . Brahma mitigated the power of the boon by making Kumbhakarna sleep for six months and being awake for rest six months of a year ( in some versions , he is awake for one day out of the year ) . During the war with Rama , Kumbhakarna was untimely awakened from his sleep . He tried to persuade Ravana to open negotiations with Rama and return Sita to him . But he too failed to mend the ways of Ravana . However , bound by a brother 's duty , he fought on the side of Ravana and was killed in the battlefield . Before dying he met Vibhishana and blessed him for following path of righteousness . </Li> <Li> Khara -- King of Janasthan . He protected the northern kingdom of Lanka in the mainland and his kingdom bordered with the Kosala Kingdom , the kingdom of Rama . He was well known for his superior skills in warfare. he was killed by Rama . </Li> <Li> Dushana -- Viceroy of Janasthan . </Li> <Li> Ahiravan -- King of the Underworld ruled by the rakshasas by Ravana and the demon king Maya . </Li> <Li> Kumbhini -- Older sister of Ravana and the wife of the demon Madhu , King of Mathura , she was the mother of Lavanasura . She was renowned for her beauty and later retired to the sea for penance . </Li> <Li> Surpanakha -- The sister of Ravana . She was the ultimate root of the kidnapping of Sita . She was the one who instigated her brothers to wage a war against Rama . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Ravana was married to Mandodari , the daughter of the celestial architect Maya , Dhanyamalini , and a third wife . He had seven sons from his three wives : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Meghnaad ( also known as Indrajit because he defeated Indra ) , the most powerful son </Li> <Li> Atikaya </Li> <Li> Akshayakumara </Li> <Li> Devantaka </Li> <Li> Narantaka </Li> <Li> Trishira </Li> <Li> Prahastha </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> In the Bengali ballad , Meghnad Bodh Kavya by Michael Madhusudan Dutt , Beerbahu is said to be Ravana 's son . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scholarly pursuits ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ravana was noted as a scholar and had knowledge of the Vedas . Even the Shaiva Nayanar saints wrote of him as such . Saint Jnana Sambandhar referred to him as , `` versed in the Vedas and learning '' and in the Tirumarais `` Sama vedamore Githa mothia Dasamukan . '' </P> <P> Ravana also was a musician and was specialized in both singing and the veena instrument . Saint Appar writes of Ravana in the Tirumarais that the king loved singing the Vedas , `` Veda Githangal pada , '' `` Kannalin githam pada , '' `` patthu voi gitam pada , '' `` thuttanai thuttu - thirthu - chuvai - pada - Githam ketta , '' and `` Githakinnaram pada . '' </P> <H3> Tapasya to Brahma ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following his initial training , Ravana performed an intense penance ( or tapasya ) to Brahma , lasting several years . During his penance , Ravana chopped off his head ten times as a sacrifice to appease him . Each time he sliced his head off a new head arose , thus enabling him to continue his penance . At last , Brahma , pleased with his austerity , appeared after his tenth decapitation and offered him a boon . Ravana asked for immortality , which Brahma refused to give ; in place of this , he asked for absolute invulnerability from and supremacy over gods , heavenly spirits , other rakshasas , serpents , and wild beasts . Contemptuous of mortal men , he did not ask for protection from these . Brahma granted him these boons in addition to his ten severed heads and great strength by way of knowledge of divine weapons and magic . Thus Ravana is also known as Dasamukha or Dashaanan ( Dasa being ten , mukha / anan being face ) . Later , after learning from Ravana 's mother ( who can see fortune ) Ravana 's wife Mandodri brings him the nectar of immortality by suffering great hardships . </P> <H3> Devotee of Shiva ( edit ) </H3> See also : Ravananugraha Ravananugraha theme . <P> Following his conquest of Lanka , Ravana encountered Shiva at his abode in Kailash . Ravana at first went to meet Shiva . Nandi the vehicle of Shiva , refused to let Ravana in . He got annoyed and started teasing Nandi . Nandi in turn got annoyed and cursed Ravana that Lanka would be destroyed by a monkey . To show Nandi his love for Shiva , Ravana attempted to uproot and move the mountain on a whim . Shiva , annoyed by Ravana 's arrogance , pressed his littlest toe on Kailash , pinning him firmly and painfully under it . His ganas informed Ravana of whom he had crossed , upon which Ravana became penitent . He plucked out his intestines and used them as strings to compose music and sang songs praising Shiva , and is said to have done so for years until Shiva released him from his bondage . </P> <P> Pleased with his resilience and devotion , Shiva gave to him the divine sword Chandrahas ( Chandra - Moon , Has - laugh , literally ' the laughter of the moon ' but referring to the shape formed by a crescent moon which resembles a smile ) . It was during this incident that he acquired the name ' Ravana ' , meaning `` ( He ) Of the terrifying roar '' , given to him by Shiva -- the earth is said to have quaked at Ravana 's cry of pain when the mountain was pinned on him . Ravana in turn became a lifelong devotee of Shiva and is said to have composed the hymn known as Shiva Tandava Stotra . </P> <P> Shiva had given his sword Chandrahasa with a warning that if it was used for unjust causes , it would return to the three - eyed one and Ravana 's days would be numbered . After Ravana had been given the Celestial Nectar of Immortality by Brahma , he went on to please Shiva . He cut his head & put it as sacrifice for pleasing Shiva , but Shiva replaced his head with a new one . This was repeated Nine times , on which Shiva was happy and pleased with Ravana 's resilience and devotion . </P> <P> The devotion to Shiva by Ravana was written about by the Nayanar saints also . `` Tham - aratthal pora - thankai kol val padai , Kamarathal Sivan Karatthu Vanginan . '' It is said that before he aimed him missile , he worshiped Isa ( Shiva ) in his usual manner and performed puja , `` Pusanai - tholil - purinthu - than - Muraimayir - potrum - Isanai - tholuthu . '' By his austerities and penances for years he obtained boons from Shiva , as longevity , and a broad bright sword , which gave him victory over battles ; `` mukkodi vannal , '' `` valodu nal avarkku arul seitha . '' It is believed by some that he made a six - stringed yal instrument , and it was his forte . With it made of his own nerves , he pleased Shiva and won His mercy and grace ; `` Tham - aratthal pora - thankai kol val padai , Kamarathal Sivan Karatthu Vanginan . '' </P> <H3> Priestly ministers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ravana is said in some version to have had Shukra Acharya , the priest of the Asuras , as his minister , and in some versions Brihaspati , the priest of the Devas . </P> <P> One of the most original , which is not found in earlier manuscripts , tells how Ravana orders his court priest Brhaspati ( all the gods are his slaves ) to read the Chandi stava ( mantras of Chandi ) , that is , the Devi Mahatmya , in order to stave off defeat ; if he can recite it . According to the Krttivasa text , Ravana arranged for a peaceful yajna ( sacrifice ) and to start the recitation of Chandi , Brhaspati was invited . Accordingly Brhaspati recited the same correctly . </P> <H3> King of Lanka ( edit ) </H3> <P> After winning these boons , Ravana sought out his grandfather , Sumali , and assumed leadership over his army . He then set his sights on capturing the island city of Lanka . </P> <P> Lanka was an idyllic city , created by the celestial architect Vishwakarma for Shiva and acquired by Kubera , the treasurer of the gods upon advice of his father Visravas . Visrava had asked for Lanka made from gold from Shiva as dakshina for the house warming ceremony he had conducted for Lanka . Kubera had generously shared all that he owned with Ravana and the latter 's siblings , who were Kubera 's half - brothers and half - sister from his stepmother Kaikesi . However , Ravana demanded Lanka wholly from him , threatening to take it by force . Vishrava , their father , advised Kubera to give it up to him , as Ravana was now undefeatable . </P> <P> Although Ravana usurped Lanka , he was nevertheless regarded as a benevolent and effective ruler . Lanka flourished under his rule , to the extent that it is said the poorest of houses had vessels of gold to eat and drink off , and hunger was unknown in the kingdom . </P> <H3> Emperor of the three worlds ( edit ) </H3> Ravana in Sanskrit drama of Kerala , India - Kutiyattam . Artist : Guru Nātyāchārya Māni Mādhava Chākyār <P> His abilities now truly awe - inspiring , Ravana proceeded on a series of campaigns , conquering humans , celestials and other demons . Conquering the netherworld completely , he left his brother Ahiravana as king . He became supreme overlord of all Asuras in the three worlds , making an alliance with the Nivatakavachas and Kalakeyas , two clans he was unable to subdue . Conquering several kingdoms of the human world , he performed the suitable sacrifices and was crowned Emperor . Ravana defeated Indra and the gods , Surya , Varuna and Yama . </P> <P> Kubera at one point chastised Ravana for his cruelty and greed , greatly angering him . Proceeding to the heavens , Ravana fought and defeated the Devas , singling out his brother for particular humiliation . By force he gained command over the Devas , celestials , and the serpent races . At the time of the Ramayana , set several years later , Ravana is shown as dominating all human and divine races -- so much so that he can command the sun 's rising and setting . </P> <H2> Depiction in other scriptures ( edit ) </H2> <H3> As Vishnu 's cursed doorkeeper ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Bhagavata Purana , Ravana and his brother , Kumbhakarna , were said to be reincarnations of Jaya and Vijaya , gatekeepers at Vaikuntha , the abode of Vishnu and were cursed to be born in Earth for their insolence . </P> <P> These gatekeepers refused entry to the Sanatha Kumara monks , who , because of their powers and austerity appeared as young children . For their insolence , the monks cursed them to be expelled from Vaikuntha and to be born on Earth . </P> <P> Vishnu agreed that they should be punished . They were given two choices , that they could be born seven times as normal mortals and devotees of Vishnu , or three times as powerful and strong people , but as enemies of Vishnu . Eager to be back with the Lord , they choose the latter one . Ravana and his brother Kumbhakarna were born to fulfill the curse on the second birth as enemies of Vishnu in the Treta Yuga . The curse of first birth was fulfilled by Hiranyakashipu and his brother Hiranyaksha in Satya Yuga when they were both vanquished by earlier avatars of Vishnu ( Hiranyaksha by Varaha and Hiranyakashipu by Narasimha ) and the curse of third birth was fulfilled by Dantavakra and Shishupala in the Dwapar Yuga when they both were slain by Krishna , the eighth avatar . </P> <H3> Conflict with other kings and Asuras ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ravana had gotten into a conflict with some other major Asuras . </P> <P> In Maheshwar , Madhya Pradesh is where he is said to have fought , but lost , to Sahasrarjuna , and he was tied up . </P> <P> Ravana had wrestled his cousin Paulastya for the Puspaka car . </P> <P> In the Ramayana , he had fought Bali the Kishkindha King , but was defeated by him . </P> <P> He had also fought with the Nivatakavachas , the descendants of Prahlada , but being unable to defeat them , struck an alliance with them . </P> <H2> Historicity ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the Uttra Kanda section of Ramayana , the Rakshasa were the demons or evil people in Sri Lanka . They were led by Malyavantha , Sumali and Sukesha of the Rakshasa , who were ousted by the Deva with the help of Vishnu , and then subsequently ruled by King Ravana . </P> <P> There have been several Buddhist Ramayanas written , and in the Dasaratha Jataka , the Buddha is said to have been Rama in a previous life . Furthermore , even today Vibhishana ( the brother of Ravana ) is one of the compatriots of the Sri Lankans held in high esteems as a national hero . In the Ramayana , Vibhishana had defected from Ravana 's administration to help Rama overthrow the tyrant demon Ravana . Ever since then , Vibhishana has been venerated as one of the four guardians ( another being Vishnu ) of Sri Lanka . </P> <P> Buddhist scriptures mention rakshasas , a general term for evil people , including ones in Sri Lanka . In one story , because the island has a huge problem with cannibal rakshasas , the hero Simhala escaped to later return and rid Sri Lanka of the plague of cannibalism . Further , the Buddhist scripture Janavamsa of 15th century Sri Lanka mentions cannibalism on the island . </P> <H2> Modern descendants of Ravana ( edit ) </H2> Thotsakan ( Ravana ) 's sculpture as a guardian of Wat Phra Kaew , Thailand <P> There are some Shaiva temples where Ravana is worshiped . Ravana is considered most revered devotee of Shiva . The images of Ravana are seen associated with Shiva at some places . </P> <P> Just as there are Brahmins whose origins are associated with Rama , such as the Saryuparins that came into being when Rama reached Ayodhya after slaying Ravana , and the Sanadhs , who recall their acceptance of dakshina from Ramchandra on the victory over Ravana , there are also Brahmins that are associated in origin from Ravana , and these include the Daves ( of Mudgal gotra ) of Rajasthan , as well as Gujarat 's Sachoras , the Kanyakubjas of Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh , and the Brahmins of the Kaumara sub-gotra of the Vasistha gotra . Ravana himself is described in some Ramayanas to have been as Brahmin because he was the son of Rishi Vishrava and grandson of Pulastya . The Indonesian Ramabatara also described Ravana as having been a Brahmin . Ravana described himself to Sita as being of Kashyapa lineage . </P> <P> The Dave Brahmins of Mudgal gotra and the Shrimali Brahmins , in Jodhpur / Mandor of Rajasthan state who were originally from Gujarat , India claim to be the descendants of Ravana . The say that since time immemorial they are performing the shraddha ( death anniversary ) of Ravana on Dashehra Day every year . They offer pind daan and take a bath after that ritual . They recently erected a Ravan temple in Jodhpur , India where daily puja is performed . </P> <P> The Kanyakubja Brahmins of Vidisha district worship Ravana as he is personified as a symbol of prosperity and regarded as a saviour by them , and they claim that Ravana was also a Kanyakubja Brahmin . Thousands of Kanyakubja Brahmins of the village Ravangram of Netaran , in the Vidisha District of Madhya Pradesh , perform daily puja ( worship ) in the Ravan temple and offer naivedyam / bhog ( a ritual of sacrifice to the Gods ) . Centuries ago King Shiv Shankar built a Ravana temple at Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh . The Ravana temple is opened once in a year , on Dashehra Day , to perform puja for the welfare of Ravana . </P> <P> The Sachora Brahmins of Gujarat also claim to descend from Ravana , and have `` Ravan '' as their surnames sometimes . </P> <P> A Brahmin gotra descending from Rishi Kaumarayana , which is a sub-section of the Vasistha gotra is identified in lineage from Ravana ( `` kaumarah ravanah koksah krsnah . '' ) </P> <P> Saraswat Brahmins from Mathura also claim to descend from Ravana . One lawyer from Mathura , Omveer Saraswat , had written to politicians to ban Ravan Dahan . </P> <P> There is also reference to `` Ravani '' , lineage of Upadhyaya Yasastrata II , who was of the Gautama gotra and was a son of Acharya Vasudatta , and described as `` born of Ravani '' </P> <P> It is interesting that In the Valmiki Ramayana , Ravana mentions himself to be of the Kashyapa gotra , and the Lankavatara Sutra says Ravana is a worshiper of Kashyapa Buddha ( a Brahmin . ) </P> <H2> Temples built by Ravana ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Himachal Pradesh Baijnath Temple was a Shaiva temple in Himachal Pradesh state , also known as Ravankhola ( Place of Ravana ) . </P> <P> Many people believe that Baijnath is not where Ravana descended to the earth , and that either the Baidyanath Temple in Jharkhand state or Vajinath in Maharashtra state is the actual site . </P> <Dl> <Dt> In Chandigarh </Dt> </Dl> <P> During Dussehra before the effigy of Ravana is set ablaze , participants offer prayers to the king , because `` His father was a Brahman and people worship him for his intelligence and knowledge . '' </P> <P> In Gujarat Somanath - The second version of the Shaiva temple in Gujarat state is said by tradition to have been renovated by Ravana . </P> <P> In Maharashtra Two Hemadpanti temples were built by Ravana 's demons in Kuntalapur within Maharashtra state . </P> <P> In Karnataka Mahabaleshwar is a Shaiva temple in Gokarna , Karnataka is also said by tradition to have been built by Ravana . </P> <P> Murudeshwara is a Shaiva temple in Karnataka state is said by tradition to have been built by Ravana . It lies in the holy beach town in the Bhatkal Taluk of Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state . </P> <P> Dharashwara is a Shaiva temple in Karnataka is said by tradition to have been built by Ravana . </P> <P> Gunavanteshwar is a Shaiva temple in Karnataka is said by tradition to have been built by Ravana . </P> <P> Shejjeshwar is a Shaiva temple in Karnataka is said by tradition to have been built by Ravana . </P> <P> In Andhra Pradesh Kakinada is a Shaiva temple in Andhra Pradesh containing a huge Shivalinga , supposedly installed by Ravana himself , with a statue of Ravana near by . Both Shivalinga and Ravana are worshiped by the fishermen community there . </P> <H3> Other temples and relevant places ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> In Uttar Pradesh </Dt> </Dl> <P> At the Vrihadeshwar Mahadev Temple by the Yamuna River , Saraswat Brahmins , of the region claiming to descend from Ravan , worship the king . </P> <Dl> <Dt> In Madhya Pradesh </Dt> </Dl> <P> Ravana is said to have married Princess Mandodari at a place Mandsaur in Madhya Pradesh , India . This is so because in Mandsaur , Ravana is worshiped . </P> <P> At the altar can also be found the images of Saptamatri ( Seven Mothers ) flanked by Ganesha and Veerabhadra . The Saptamatri images are said to precede the time of the Pratihara Dynasty ( founded in the 6th century AD ) and are in fact reminiscent of the images of seven female deities of Harappa -- the oldest civilisation in India . In the nearby stepwell , a stone bears a script that resembles the Harappan script . </P> <Dl> <Dt> In Sri Lanka </Dt> </Dl> <P> Koneswaram temple , then - Dakshina Kailasam is a classical - medieval Hindu temple complex in Trincomalee , a Hindu religious pilgrimage centre in Eastern Province , Sri Lanka . This temples is associated with Ravana and his mother . They had worshiped Shiva at the shrine . </P> <P> Kanniya Hot water spring in Sri Lanka has the history from the King Ravana era . It says that King Ravana stuck the earth with his sword in several spots for his mother 's funeral event and several fountains were started on those places . The water was hot and it is now a tourist attraction in Sri Lanka . </P> <H2> Ravana - Dahan ( burning effigy of Ravana ) ( edit ) </H2> An Effigy of Ravana with burning sparklers on Dusshera . Dashehra Diwali Mela in Manchester , England , 2006 . <P> Effigies of Ravana are burned on Vijayadashami , in India at many places . It is said that it is symbolisation of triumph over evil ( i.e. Ravana ) by Rama . </P> <H2> Ravanahatha ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ancient instrument known as a Ravanahatha is said to have belonged to a sovereign in present - day India around 5000 BC . It replicates the ancient instrument called Ravan Hatta which is found even today in Rajasthan . Mythology credits this creation to Ravana . </P> <P> The Ravanahatha was played on one string which was 22 inches long encompassing the 3 Octaves . Whereas the Violin encompasses the 3 octaves on 4 strings with a finger board which is 5 1 / 4 inches long. This 5 1 / 4 when multiplied by 4 is 21 inches which was the size of the Ravan Hatta . Both are played with a bow . </P> <H2> Influence on Indian culture and art ( edit ) </H2> Ravana with Hanuman in Tholu Bommalata , the shadow puppet tradition of Andhra Pradesh , India <P> A Ramleela actor wears the traditional attire of Ravana . One of the most important literary works of ancient India , the Ramayana has had a profound impact on art and culture in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . </P> <H3> Texts attributed to Ravana ( edit ) </H3> Astronomy ( edit ) <P> There is also texts attributed to Ravana . The Ravan Samhita is an astrological text or scripture narrated by Shiva and written by Ravana . </P> Medicine ( edit ) <P> The Ravanakumara Tantra is a part of the tantric rituals of the Kriyakalagunottara Tantra , and it is an 11th century Sanskrit work for the treatment of children 's diseases . It is also known as the Ravanaproktabalacikitsasutra ( `` Sutra Spoken by Ravana on the Curing of Children 's Diseases . '' ) </P> <P> Ravana appears as the composer of the 16th century C.E. text , Arka Prakasa , which is a dialogue between the king of Lanka and his wife Mandodhari about which herbs and chemicals can be used in a mixture to cure illnesses , such as syphilis </P> <P> Ravana is also the composer of the 16th century C.E. scriptures Nadi Pariksa and Nadi Vijnana on knowledge about the veins . </P> Linguistics ( edit ) <P> Ravana is the composer of the Ravanabhet , a Vedic text on phonetics of the Sanskrit language . </P> <P> Ravana is also the composer of the Ravaniya , also known as Ravanabaith , text on phonetics of the Telugu language . </P> <P> `` Ravana Lankesvara '' is to whom the Prakrta - Kamadhenu grammatical text on the Prakrit language is attributed . </P> Spirituality ( edit ) <P> There is also the Samkhya scripture known as the Ravana - bhasya , which is also known as Ravanabhasya , is believed to be written by Ravana . </P> <P> The writer of the Vaisesika scripture Katandi ( commentary on the Vaisesika Sutra ) is attributed to have been written by Ravana . </P> <P> Ravana is also the name used by a commentator of the Shaiva Rudrapurascharana . </P> <P> `` Ravanacharya '' is the scholar who wrote the Padaratna , a commentary on the Rig Veda . </P> <P> Ravana is the composer of the Shavite scripture , Shiva Tandava Stotram . </P> <H2> Alternate Ramayanas ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Buddhist versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rama is always the protagonist . In Rin - spuns - pa Tibetan Ramayana , it is prophesised that `` Ramana '' will return as the Buddha incarnation of Vishnu in the Kali Yuga . </P> <P> The Khamti Ramayana as well describes Rama as a Bodhisattva incarnated to punish demon Ravana . </P> <P> In the Laotian Buddhist text , Phra Lak Phra Lam , Rama is a Bodhisattva and the embodiment of virtues , while Ravana is a Brahmin ( `` mahabrahma '' ) son of Virulaha but is highly materialistic . </P> <P> In the Cambodian Buddhist text , Preah Ream , Buddha is an incarnation of Rama and Ravana is a rakshasa . </P> <P> In the Thai Buddhist text , Ramakien , Ravana is a rakshasa . </P> <P> In the Lankavatara Sutra , Gautama Buddha pays a visit to Ravana in the demon 's layer in Lanka , and in the scripture he is addressed as a `` Rakshasas . '' He is normally identified as a demon . </P> <P> In the Karandavyuha Sutra , god Yama asks if the visitor in hell ( Avalokitesvara ) that he has n't seen yet is a god or a demon , and asks whether he is Vishnu , Mahesvara , or the `` rakshasa '' ( `` demon '' ) Ravana . </P> <H3> Jain version ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Salakapurusa <P> Jain accounts vary from the traditional Hindu accounts of Ramayana . The incidents are placed at the time of the 20th Tirthankara , Munisuvrata . According to Jain version , both Rama as well as Ravana were devout Jains . Ravana was a Vidyadhara King having magical powers . Also , as per the Jain accounts , Ravana was killed by Lakshmana and not Rama in the end . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Raksasa </Li> <Li> Asura </Li> <Li> Daitya </Li> <Li> Danava ( Hinduism ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Identified by many with modern - day Sri Lanka </Li> </Ol> <P> Citations </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ravana '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mani , Vettam ( 1975 ) . Puranic Encyclopaedia : A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . p. 354 . ISBN 0 - 8426 - 0822 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of World Religions . Merriam - Webster . 1999 . p. 909 . ISBN 9780877790440 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Only the elderly come to mourn Ravana in ' birthplace ' Bisrakh '' . The Indian Express . 2014 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ravana in Noida : A book on Greater Noida '' . http://www.hindustantimes.com/. 2014 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . External link in website = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bisrakh seeks funds for Ravan temple - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aiyangar Narayan ( 1909 ) `` Essays On Indo - Aryan Mythology - Vol . '' , p. 413 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : MW Sanskrit Digital Dictionary p. 1026 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Ramayana Of Valmiki ( Vol. 2 ) Ayodhyakanda An Epic Of Ancient India </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopkins , Edward Washburn ( 1915 ) . Epic mythology . Strassburg K.J. Trübner . p. 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramayana By William Buck , Barend A. van Nooten , Shirley Triest </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Meaning of `` roravana '' at Sanskrit Dictionary http://www.spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=roravaNa&script=&direction=SE&link=yes ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://books.google.no/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=iraivan+ravana&source=bl&ots=tEWbTN0PMg&sig=6lSX4qvP4i3EosgJODelGE96XLo&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMrp-qwtDMAhUzS5oKHVo2DnMQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=iraivan%20ravana&f=false </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Early Tamils of Ilangai '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramayana By Valmiki ; Ramcharitmas by Tulsidasa ( Lanka Kanda Vibhishana & Rama Samvaad ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IBNLive . `` CNN - IBN News : Breaking News India , Latest News , Current Headlines World - IBNLive '' . IBNLive.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History Hindus '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gopal , Madan ( 1990 ) . K.S. Gautam , ed. India through the ages . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . p. 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Genesis and Evolution of the Rāma Kathā in Indian Art , Thought , Literature , and Culture : From the Earliest Period to the Modern Times , Volume 2 By Shanti Lal Nagar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Māni Mādhava Chākyār ( 1996 ) . Nātyakalpadrumam . Sangeet Natak Akademi , New Delhi . p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanskrit Dictionary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramayana Research . ( 2008 ) . A Short History OF Heladiva . Available : http://ramayanaresearch.com/heladiva.html . Last accessed 14 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P. 457 Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia : Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange . edited by Pierre - Yves Manguin , A. Mani , Geoff Wade </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lanka Library </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P. 411 Buddhism in Practice : ( Abridged Edition ) By Donald S. Lopez Jr . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P. 38 Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism By James Stewart </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ravana has his temples , too . The Sunday Tribune -- Spectrum. 21 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vachaspati. S , Ravana Brahma ( in English ) , 2005 , Rudrakavi Sahitya Peetham , Gandhi Nagar , Tenali , India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamalesh Kumar Dave , Dashanan ( in Hindi ) , 2008 , Akshaya Jyotish Anusandan Kendra , Quila Road , Jodhpur , India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P. 20 Literature and Social Life in Mediaeval Orissa By Krishna Charan Sahoo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People of India : A - G. , Volume 4 . Oxford Univ . Press . p. 3061 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` kaumarah ravanah koksah krsnah '' from P. 183 The Early Brahmanical System of Gotra and Pravara By Puruṣottama Paṇḍita </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mathura lawyer seeks ban on burning of Ravana effigies '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Dussehra without burning Ravana : This Brahmin community in Agra wants an end to practice '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indian Culture : Journal of the Indian Research Institute , Volume 15 By I.B. Corporation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I am of the Kashyapa gotra am deeply versed in the Vedas and all their branches . I have studied the dharmashastra of Manu , yoga of Maheshwara , political treatise of Brihaspati , logic of Medhatithi , and rules for after - death rituals laid down by Prachetas . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P. 77 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... , Volume 15 , Part 2 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency Volume 15 , Part 2 : Kanara . Government Central Press . 1883 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ranjan Violin '' . tripod.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Alchemical Body : Siddha Traditions in Medieval India By David Gordon White </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P. 21 The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies , Volumes 41 - 43 By Institute of Historical Studies </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vyas , Lallan Prasad . Prachi Darshan . p. 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharma , S.R. ( 1940 ) , Jainism and Karnataka Culture , Dharwar : Karnatak Historical Research Society , p. 76 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dalal , Roshen ( 2010 ) , Hinduism : An Alphabetical Guide , India : Penguin Books , p. 338 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramanujan , A.K. ( 1991 ) , `` Three hundred Rāmāyaṇas : Five examples and Three thoughts on Translation '' , in Paula Richman , Many Rāmāyaṇas : The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia , University of California Press , p. 35 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07589 - 4 </Li> </Ol> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Doniger , Wendy ( 1993 ) , Purana Perennis : Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts , SUNY Press </Li> <Li> Udayakumar , S.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Presenting the Past : Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India '' . Greenwood Publishing Group </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ravana . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Rawana the Historical King of Heladiwa Ramayana Research </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Kubera </Td> <Td> Emperor of Lanka </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Vibhisana </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ramayana by Valmiki </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ikshvaku dynasty </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dasharatha </Li> <Li> Kausalya </Li> <Li> Sumitra </Li> <Li> Kaikeyi </Li> <Li> Shanta </Li> <Li> Rama </Li> <Li> Bharata </Li> <Li> Lakshmana </Li> <Li> Shatrughna </Li> <Li> Sita </Li> <Li> Urmila </Li> <Li> Mandavi </Li> <Li> Shrutakirti </Li> <Li> Lava </Li> <Li> Kusha </Li> <Li> ( genealogy ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vanara </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hanuman </Li> <Li> Sugriva </Li> <Li> Vali </Li> <Li> Tara </Li> <Li> Rumā </Li> <Li> Angada </Li> <Li> Nala </Li> <Li> Nila </Li> <Li> Kesari </Li> <Li> Anjana </Li> <Li> Makardhwaja </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rakshasa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ravana </Li> <Li> Vibhishana </Li> <Li> Kumbhakarna </Li> <Li> Indrajit </Li> <Li> Akshayakumara </Li> <Li> Atikaya </Li> <Li> Kabandha </Li> <Li> Khara </Li> <Li> Dushan </Li> <Li> Mandodari </Li> <Li> Maricha </Li> <Li> Mayasura </Li> <Li> Narantaka - Devantaka </Li> <Li> Prahasta </Li> <Li> Sarama </Li> <Li> Subahu </Li> <Li> Sulochana </Li> <Li> Sumali </Li> <Li> Surpanakha </Li> <Li> Tataka </Li> <Li> Trijata </Li> <Li> Trishira </Li> <Li> Viradha </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agastya </Li> <Li> Ahalya </Li> <Li> Arundhati </Li> <Li> Bharadwaja </Li> <Li> Kambhoja </Li> <Li> Parashurama </Li> <Li> Vasistha </Li> <Li> Vishvamitra </Li> <Li> Rishyasringa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other characters and concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lakshmana rekha </Li> <Li> Jambavan </Li> <Li> Janaka </Li> <Li> Kushadhwaja </Li> <Li> Jatayu </Li> <Li> Manthara </Li> <Li> Ashwapati </Li> <Li> Maya Sita </Li> <Li> Sampati </Li> <Li> Shabari </Li> <Li> Shravan </Li> <Li> Vedavati </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ayodhya </Li> <Li> Mithila </Li> <Li> Dandakaranya </Li> <Li> Kishkindha </Li> <Li> Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seven Books ( Kandas ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bala </Li> <Li> Ayodhya </Li> <Li> Aranya </Li> <Li> Kishkindha </Li> <Li> Sundara </Li> <Li> Yuddha </Li> <Li> Uttara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Versions , adaptations , and inspired works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adbhuta Ramayana </Li> <Li> Adhyathmaramayanam </Li> <Li> Adhyatma Ramayana </Li> <Li> Ananda Ramayana </Li> <Li> Bhaṭṭikāvya </Li> <Li> Hikayat Seri Rama </Li> <Li> Kakawin Ramayana </Li> <Li> Kamba Ramayanam </Li> <Li> Krittivasi Ramayan </Li> <Li> Maharadia Lawana </Li> <Li> Phra Lak Phra Ram </Li> <Li> Ramlila </Li> <Li> Raghunatha Ramayana </Li> <Li> Ramakien </Li> <Li> 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what is the name of ravana's father
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ravana&amp;oldid=854306110
-6,840,735,142,720,223,000
Bosnian war - Wikipedia <H1> Bosnian war </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Bosnian War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Part of the Yugoslav Wars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> The Executive Council Building burns after being hit by tank fire in Sarajevo May 1992 ; Ratko Mladić with Army of Republika Srpska officers ; a Norwegian UN soldier in Sarajevo . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 6 April 1992 -- 14 December 1995 ( 3 years , 8 months , 1 week and 6 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Military stalemate </P> <Ul> <Li> Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords . </Li> <Li> Over 101,000 dead , mainly Bosniaks . </Li> <Li> First case of genocide in Europe since World War II . </Li> <Li> Deployment of NATO - led forces to oversee the peace agreement . </Li> <Li> Establishment of the Office of the High Representative to oversee the civilian implementation of the peace agreement . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Until October 1992 : </P> Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg - Bosnia Croatia </Td> <Td> <P> Until October 1992 : </P> Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> October 1992 -- 94 : </P> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> <P> October 1992 -- 94 : </P> Herzeg - Bosnia Croatia </Td> <Td> <P> October 1992 -- 94 : </P> Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia ( from 1993 ) Supported by : FR Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> 1994 -- 95 : </P> Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg - Bosnia Croatia NATO ( bombing operations , 1995 ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1994 -- 95 : </P> Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia Supported by : FR Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Alija Izetbegović ( President of Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Haris Silajdžić ( Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Sefer Halilović ( ARBiH Chief of Staff 1992 -- 1993 ) Rasim Delić ( ARBiH Commander of the General Staff 1993 -- 1995 ) Enver Hadžihasanović ( ARBiH Chief of Staff 1992 -- 1993 ) </P> <P> Leighton W. Smith ( Commander of AFSOUTH ) </P> ... and others </Td> <Td> <P> Franjo Tuđman ( President of Croatia ) Gojko Šušak ( Minister of Defence of Croatia ) Janko Bobetko ( HV Chief of Staff ) </P> <P> Mate Boban ( President of Herzeg - Bosnia ) Milivoj Petković ( HVO Chief of Staff ) </P> Slobodan Praljak ( HVO Chief of Staff ) ... and others </Td> <Td> <P> Slobodan Milošević ( President of Serbia ) Radovan Karadžić ( President of Republika Srpska ) Ratko Mladić ( VRS Chief of Staff ) Momčilo Perišić ( VJ Chief of Staff ) </P> <P> Fikret Abdić ( President of AP Western Bosnia ) </P> ... and others </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ARBiH : 110,000 troops 100,000 reserves 40 tanks 30 APCs </Td> <Td> HVO : 45,000 -- 50,000 troops 75 tanks 50 APCs 200 artillery pieces HV : 15,000 troops </Td> <Td> VRS : 80,000 troops 300 tanks 700 APCs 800 artillery pieces AP Western Bosnia : 4,000 -- 5,000 troops </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30,521 soldiers killed 31,583 civilians killed </Td> <Td> 6,000 soldiers killed 2,484 civilians killed </Td> <Td> 21,173 soldiers killed 4,179 civilians killed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> additional 5,100 killed whose ethnicity and status are unstated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> ^ From 1992 to 1994 , the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was not supported by the majority of Bosnian Croats and Serbs . Consequently , it represented mainly the Bosnian Muslims . </P> ^ Between 1994 and 1995 , the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was supported and represented by both Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats . This was primarily because of the Washington Agreement . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Yugoslav Wars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Breakup of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina <Ul> <Li> Croatia - Bosnia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Preševo Valley </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bosnian War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Sarajevo </Li> <Li> Foča </Li> <Li> Zvornik </Li> <Li> Doboj </Li> <Li> Prijedor </Li> <Li> Siege of Srebrenica <Ul> <Li> Massacre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sarajevo JNA column </Li> <Li> Tuzla JNA column </Li> <Li> Bihać </Li> <Li> Jackal </Li> <Li> Vrbas ' 92 </Li> <Li> Corridor 92 </Li> <Li> Korićani Cliffs </Li> <Li> Croat -- Bosniak War </Li> <Li> Battle of Žepče </Li> <Li> Kravica </Li> <Li> Duša </Li> <Li> Štrpci </Li> <Li> Mostar </Li> <Li> Deny Flight </Li> <Li> Ahmići </Li> <Li> Trusina </Li> <Li> Sovići / Doljani </Li> <Li> Dobrinja </Li> <Li> Mokronoge </Li> <Li> Grabovica </Li> <Li> Neretva ' 93 </Li> <Li> Stupni Do massacre </Li> <Li> Križančevo Selo </Li> <Li> 1st Markale </Li> <Li> Banja Luka </Li> <Li> Tvigi 94 </Li> <Li> Washington Agreement </Li> <Li> Bøllebank </Li> <Li> Amanda </Li> <Li> Tiger </Li> <Li> Spider </Li> <Li> 2nd Kupres </Li> <Li> Winter ' 94 </Li> <Li> Leap 1 </Li> <Li> Orašje </Li> <Li> Tuzla </Li> <Li> Vrbanja Bridge </Li> <Li> Leap 2 </Li> <Li> Mrkonjić Grad </Li> <Li> Vozuća </Li> <Li> Miracle </Li> <Li> Summer ' 95 </Li> <Li> Storm </Li> <Li> 2nd Markale </Li> <Li> Deliberate Force </Li> <Li> Mistral 2 </Li> <Li> Sana </Li> <Li> Una </Li> <Li> Southern Move </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995 . Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992 , the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992 . The war ended on 14 December 1995 . The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self - proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina , Republika Srpska and Herzeg - Bosnia , which were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia , respectively . </P> <P> The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia . Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991 , the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- which was inhabited by mainly Muslim Bosniaks ( 44 percent ) , as well as Orthodox Serbs ( 32.5 percent ) and Catholic Croats ( 17 percent ) -- passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992 . </P> <P> This was rejected by the political representatives of the Bosnian Serbs , who had boycotted the referendum . Following Bosnia and Herzegovina 's declaration of independence ( which gained international recognition ) , the Bosnian Serbs , led by Radovan Karadžić and supported by the Serbian government of Slobodan Milošević and the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) , mobilised their forces inside Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to secure ethnic Serb territory , then war soon spread across the country , accompanied by ethnic cleansing . The conflict was initially between the Yugoslav Army units in Bosnia which later transformed into the Army of Republika Srpska ( VRS ) on the one side , and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH ) which was largely composed of Bosniaks , and the Croat forces in the Croatian Defence Council ( HVO ) on the other side . Tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased throughout late 1992 , resulting in the Croat -- Bosniak War that escalated in early 1993 . The Bosnian War was characterised by bitter fighting , indiscriminate shelling of cities and towns , ethnic cleansing and systematic mass rape , mainly perpetrated by Serb , and to a lesser extent , Croat and Bosniak forces . Events such as the Siege of Sarajevo and the Srebrenica massacre later became iconic of the conflict . </P> <P> The Serbs , although initially militarily superior due to the weapons and resources provided by the JNA , eventually lost momentum as the Bosniaks and Croats allied themselves against the Republika Srpska in 1994 with the creation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Washington agreement . Pakistan defied the UN 's ban on supply of arms and airlifted missiles to the Bosnian Muslims , while after the Srebrenica and Markale massacres , NATO intervened in 1995 with Operation Deliberate Force targeting the positions of the Army of the Republika Srpska , which proved key in ending the war . The war was brought to an end after the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Paris on 14 December 1995 . Peace negotiations were held in Dayton , Ohio and were finalised on 21 November 1995 . </P> <P> By early 2008 , the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had convicted 45 Serbs , 12 Croats and 4 Bosniaks of war crimes in connection with the war in Bosnia . The most recent estimates suggest that around 100,000 people were killed during the war . Over 2.2 million people were displaced , making it the most devastating conflict in Europe since the end of World War II . In addition , an estimated 12,000 -- 20,000 women were raped , most of them Bosniak . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Chronology </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Breakup of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> 2.2 Beginning of the Yugoslav Wars </Li> <Li> 2.3 Final political crisis </Li> <Li> 2.4 March 1992 unrest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Factions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Bosnian </Li> <Li> 3.2 Croat </Li> <Li> 3.3 Serb </Li> <Li> 3.4 Paramilitary and volunteers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Prelude </Li> <Li> 5 Course of the war <Ul> <Li> 5.1 1992 <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Croat -- Bosniak relations in late 1992 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 1993 <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Outbreak of the Croat -- Bosniak War <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1.1 Central Bosnia </Li> <Li> 5.2. 1.2 Herzegovina </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 June -- July Offensives </Li> <Li> 5.2. 3 May -- June 1993 UN Safe Areas extension </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 1994 <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 Markale massacre </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2 Washington Agreement </Li> <Li> 5.3. 3 UNPROFOR and NATO </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.4 1995 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Casualties <Ul> <Li> 6.1 RDC figures </Li> <Li> 6.2 ICTY figures </Li> <Li> 6.3 Other statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 War crimes <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Ethnic cleansing </Li> <Li> 7.2 Genocide </Li> <Li> 7.3 Rape </Li> <Li> 7.4 Prosecutions and legal proceedings </Li> <Li> 7.5 Reconciliation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Assessment <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Civil war or a war of aggression </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 In popular culture <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Film <Ul> <Li> 9.1. 1 Drama series </Li> <Li> 9.1. 2 Documentaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.2 Books </Li> <Li> 9.3 Music </Li> <Li> 9.4 Games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Sources <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Books </Li> <Li> 12.2 Journals </Li> <Li> 12.3 Other sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 External links <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Related films </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Chronology ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is debate over the start date of the Bosnian War . Clashes between Bosnian Muslims , Serbs and Croats started in late February 1992 , and `` full - scale hostilities had broken out by 6 April '' , the same day that the United States and European Economic Community ( EEC ) recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina . Misha Glenny gives a date of 22 March , Tom Gallagher gives 2 April , while Mary Kaldor and Laura Silber and Allan Little give 6 April . Philip Hammond , currently the British Chancellor of the Exchequer , claimed that the most common view is that the war started on 6 April 1992 . </P> <P> Serbs consider the Sarajevo wedding shooting , when a groom 's father was killed on the second day of the Bosnian independence referendum , 1 March 1992 , to have been the first victim of the war . The Sijekovac killings of Serbs took place on 26 March and the Bijeljina massacre ( of mostly Bosniaks ) on 1 -- 2 April . On April 5 , when a huge crowd approached a barricade , a demonstrator was killed by Serb forces . </P> <P> The war was brought to an end by the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina , negotiated at Wright - Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton , Ohio between 1 and 21 November 1995 and signed in Paris on 14 December 1995 . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Breakup of Yugoslavia ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main articles : Breakup of Yugoslavia and Timeline of Yugoslav breakup <P> The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina came about as a result of the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . A crisis emerged in Yugoslavia as a result of the weakening of the confederational system at the end of the Cold War . In Yugoslavia , the national communist party , the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , was losing its ideological potency . Meanwhile , ethnic nationalism experienced a renaissance in the 1980s , after violence broke out in Kosovo . While the goal of Serbian nationalists was the centralisation of Yugoslavia , other nationalities in Yugoslavia aspired to the federalisation and the decentralisation of the state . </P> <P> Bosnia and Herzegovina , a former Ottoman province , has historically been a multi-ethnic state . According to the 1991 census , 44 % of the population considered themselves Muslim ( Bosniak ) , 32.5 % Serb and 17 % Croat , with 6 % describing themselves as Yugoslav . </P> <P> In March 1989 , the crisis in Yugoslavia deepened after the adoption of amendments to the Serbian Constitution which allowed the government of Serbia to dominate the provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina . Until then , Kosovo and Vojvodina 's decision - making had been independent and both autonomous provinces also had a vote at the Yugoslav federal level . Serbia , under newly elected President Slobodan Milošević , thus gained control over three out of eight votes in the Yugoslav presidency . With additional votes from Montenegro , Serbia was thus able to heavily influence the decisions of the federal government . This situation led to objections from the other republics and calls for the reform of the Yugoslav Federation . </P> <P> At the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , on 20 January 1990 , the delegations of the republics could not agree on the main issues facing the Yugoslav federation . As a result , the Slovene and Croatian delegates left the Congress . The Slovene delegation , headed by Milan Kučan demanded democratic changes and a looser federation , while the Serbian delegation , headed by Milošević , opposed it . </P> <P> In the first multi-party election in Bosnia and Herzegovina , in November 1990 , votes were cast largely according to ethnicity , leading to the success of the Bosniak Party of Democratic Action , the Serbian Democratic Party and the Croatian Democratic Union . </P> <P> Parties divided power along ethnic lines so that the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a Bosniak , the president of the Parliament was a Serb and the prime minister a Croat . Separatist nationalist parties attained power in other republics , including Croatia and Slovenia . </P> <H3> Beginning of the Yugoslav Wars ( edit ) </H3> Ethnic map of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991 Bosniaks Serbs Croats Serbian Autonomous Oblasts in November 1991 <P> Numerous meetings were held in early 1991 between the leaders of the six Yugoslav republics and the two autonomous regions to discuss the ongoing crisis in Yugoslavia . The Serbian leadership favoured a federal solution , whereas the Croatian and Slovenian leadership favoured an alliance of sovereign states . Izetbegović proposed an asymmetrical federation in February , where Slovenia and Croatia would maintain loose ties with the 4 remaining republics . Shortly after that , he changed his position and opted for a sovereign Bosnia as a prerequisite for such a federation . </P> <P> On 25 March , Franjo Tuđman and Serbian President Slobodan Milošević held a meeting in Karađorđevo . The meeting became controversial in later months due to claims by some Yugoslav politicians that the two presidents agreed to the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina . </P> <P> On 6 June , Izetbegović and Macedonian president Kiro Gligorov proposed a weak confederation between Croatia , Slovenia and a federation of the other four republics , which was rejected by Milošević . </P> <P> On 25 June 1991 , both Slovenia and Croatia declared independence , which led to a short armed conflict in Slovenia called the Ten - Day War , and an all - out war in Croatia in the Croatian War of Independence in areas with a substantial ethnic Serb population . In the second half of 1991 , the war was intensifying in Croatia . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) also attacked Croatia from Bosnia and Herzegovina . </P> <P> In July 1991 , representatives of the Serb Democratic Party ( SDS ) , including SDS president Radovan Karadžić , and Muhamed Filipović and Adil Zulfikarpašić from the Muslim Bosniak Organisation ( MBO ) , drafted an agreement known as the Zulfikarpašić -- Karadžić agreement which would leave SR Bosnia and Herzegovina in a state union with SR Serbia and SR Montenegro . The agreement was denounced by Croat political parties . Although initially welcoming the initiative , Izetbegović later dismissed the agreement . </P> <P> Between September and November 1991 , the SDS organised the creation of six `` Serb Autonomous Regions '' ( SAOs ) . This was in response to the Bosniaks ' steps towards seceding from Yugoslavia . Similar steps were taken by the Bosnian Croats . </P> <P> In September 1991 , the European Economic Community hosted a conference in an attempt to prevent Bosnia and Herzegovina sliding into war . </P> <P> On 25 September 1991 , the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 713 , imposing an arms embargo on all of the former Yugoslav territories . The embargo hurt the Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina the most because the Republic of Serbia inherited the lion 's share of the Yugoslav People Army 's arsenal and the Croatian Army could smuggle weapons through its coast . Over 55 % of the armories and barracks of the former Yugoslavia were located in Bosnia , owing to its mountainous terrain in anticipation of a guerrilla war had Yugoslavia been invaded , but many of those factories ( such as the UNIS PRETIS factory in Vogošća ) were under Serb control , and others were inoperable due to a lack of electricity and raw materials . </P> <P> In September 1991 , Croatian National Guard ( ZNG ) organised armed incursions across the Croatian border into Bosnia . ZNG opened mortar fire on Bosanska Dubica on 13 September 1991 , and raided Bosanski Brod on 15 September 1991 . On 19 September 1991 , the JNA moved extra troops to the area around the city of Mostar , which was publicly protested by the local government . On 20 September 1991 , the JNA transferred troops to the front at Vukovar via the Višegrad region of northeastern Bosnia . In response , local Croats and Bosniaks set up barricades and machine - gun posts . They halted a column of 60 JNA tanks but were dispersed by force the following day . More than 1,000 people had to flee the area . This action , nearly seven months before the start of the Bosnian War , caused the first casualties of the Yugoslav Wars in Bosnia . </P> <P> Five days later , the JNA attacked the Croat village of Ravno in eastern Herzegovina on their way to attack Dubrovnik , and in the first days of October it leveled it , killing eight Croat civilians . The objectives of the nationalists in Croatia were shared by Croat nationalists in Bosnia and , especially , western Herzegovina . </P> <P> The ruling party in the Republic of Croatia , the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , organised and controlled the branch of the party in Bosnia and Herzegovina . By the latter part of 1991 , the more extreme elements of the party , under the leadership of Mate Boban , Dario Kordić , Jadranko Prlić , Ignac Koštroman , as well as local leaders such as Anto Valenta , and with the support of Franjo Tuđman and Gojko Šušak , had taken effective control of the party . This coincided with the peak of the Croatian War of Independence . On 6 October 1991 , Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović gave a televised proclamation of neutrality that included the statement ' Remember , this is not our war . Let those who want it have it . We do not want that war ' . In the meantime , Izetbegović made the following statement before the Bosnian parliament on October 14 with regard to the JNA : ' Do not do anything against the Army . ( ... ) the presence of the Army is a stabilizing factor to us , and we need that Army ( ... ) . Until now we did not have problems with the Army , and we will not have problems later . ' </P> <P> Throughout 1990 , the RAM Plan was developed by SDB and a group of selected Serb officers of the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) with the purpose of organizing Serbs outside Serbia , consolidating control of the fledgling SDS parties and the prepositioning of arms and ammunition . </P> <P> The plan was meant to prepare the framework for a third Yugoslavia in which all Serbs with their territories would live together in the same state . </P> <P> Journalist Giuseppe Zaccaria summarised a meeting of Serb army officers in Belgrade in 1992 , reporting that they had adopted an explicit policy to target women and children as the most vulnerable portion of the Muslim religious and social structure . The RAM plan is thought to have been drawn up in the 1980s . Its existence was leaked by Ante Marković , the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia , an ethnic Croat . The existence and possible implementation of it alarmed the Bosnian government . </P> <H3> Final political crisis ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 15 October 1991 , the parliament of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo passed a `` Memorandum on the Sovereignty of Bosnia - Herzegovina '' by a simple majority . The Memorandum was hotly contested by the Bosnian Serb members of parliament , arguing that Amendment LXX of the Constitution required procedural safeguards and a two - thirds majority for such issues . The Memorandum was debated anyway , leading to a boycott of the parliament by the Bosnian Serbs , and during the boycott the legislation was passed . The Serb political representatives proclaimed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 24 October 1991 , declaring that the Serb people wished to remain in Yugoslavia . The SDA , supported by Europe and the U.S. , was determined to pursue independence . The SDS made it clear that if independence was declared , Serbs would secede as it was their right to exercise self - determination . </P> <P> The Croat leadership organised autonomous communities in areas with a Croat majority . On 12 November 1991 , the Croatian Community of Bosnian Posavina was established in Bosanski Brod . It covered eight municipalities in northern Bosnia . On 18 November 1991 , the Croatian Community of Herzeg - Bosnia was established in Mostar . Mate Boban was chosen as its president . Its founding document said : `` The Community will respect the democratically elected government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina for as long as exists the state independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to the former , or any other , Yugoslavia '' . </P> <P> Jović 's memoirs show that Milošević had on 5 December 1991 ordered for the JNA troops in BiH to be reorganised , its non-Bosnian personnel to be withdrawn , in case recognition would result in the perceival of the JNA as a foreign force ; left would be Bosnian Serbs to form the nucleus of a Bosnian Serb army . Accordingly , by the end of the month the JNA in BiH had only 10 -- 15 % from outside the republic . Silber and Little note that Milošević secretly ordered all Bosnian - born JNA soldiers to be transferred to BiH . Jović 's memoirs suggest that Milošević planned for an attack on Bosnia well in advance . </P> <P> On 9 January 1992 , the Bosnian Serbs proclaimed the `` Republic of the Serbian People in Bosnia - Herzegovina '' ( SR BiH , later Republika Srpska ) , but did not officially declare independence . The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia in its 11 January 1992 Opinion No. 4 on Bosnia and Herzegovina stated that the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina should not be recognised because the country had not yet held a referendum on independence . </P> <P> On 25 January 1992 , an hour after the session of parliament was adjourned , the parliament called for a referendum on independence on 29 February and 1 March . The debate had ended after Serb deputies withdrew after the majority Bosniak -- Croat delegates turned down a motion that the referendum question be placed before the not yet established Council of National Equality . The referendum proposal was adopted in the form as proposed by Muslim deputies , in the absence of SDS members . As Burg and Shoup notes , ' the decision placed the Bosnian government and the Serbs on a collision course ' . The upcoming referendum made international concern in February . </P> <P> The Croatian War would result in United Nations Security Council Resolution 743 on 21 February 1992 , which created the United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) . </P> Carrington - Cutillero plan . Serbian cantons shown in red , Bosniak cantons shown in green , Croat cantons shown in blue . <P> During the talks in Lisbon on 21 -- 22 February a peace plan was presented by EC mediator José Cutileiro , which proposed independent state of Bosnia to be divided into three constituent units . Agreement was denounced by the Bosniak leadership on 25 February . On 28 February 1992 , the Constitution of the SR BiH declared that the territory of that Republic included `` the territories of the Serbian Autonomous Regions and Districts and of other Serbian ethnic entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina , including the regions in which the Serbian people remained in the minority due to the genocide conducted against it in World War II '' , and it was declared to be a part of Yugoslavia . </P> <P> The Bosnian Serb assembly members advised Serbs to boycott the referendums held on 29 February and 1 March 1992 . The turnout to the referendums was reported as 63.7 % , with 92.7 % of voters voting in favour of independence ( implying that Bosnian Serbs , which made up approximately 34 % of the population , largely boycotted the referendum ) . The Serb political leadership used the referenda as a pretext to set up roadblocks in protest . Independence was formally declared by the Bosnian parliament on 3 March 1992 . </P> <H3> March 1992 unrest ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the referendum on 1 March , Sarajevo was quiet except for a shooting on a Serbian wedding . The brandishing of Serbian flags in the Baščaršija was seen by Muslims as a deliberate provocation on the day of the referendum which was supported by most Bosnian Croats and Muslims but boycotted by most of the Bosnian Serbs . Nikola Gardović , the bridegroom 's father was killed while a Serbian Orthodox priest was wounded . Witnesses identified the killer as Ramiz Delalić , also known as `` Celo '' , a minor gangster who had become an increasingly brazen criminal since the fall of communism and was also stated to have been a member of the Bosniak paramilitary group `` Green Berets '' . Arrest warrants were issued against him and another suspected assailant . SDS denounced the killing and claimed that the failure to arrest him was due to SDA or Bosnian government complicity . A SDS spokesman stated it was evidence that Serbs were in mortal danger and would be further so in independent Bosnia which was rejected by Sefer Halilović , founder of Patriotic League , who stated that it was n't a wedding but a provocation and accused the wedding guests of being SDS activists . Barricades appeared in the following early morning at key transit points across the city and were manned by armed and masked SDS supporters . </P> <P> On 18 March 1992 , all three sides signed the Lisbon Agreement : Alija Izetbegović for the Bosniaks , Radovan Karadžić for the Serbs and Mate Boban for the Croats . However , on 28 March 1992 , Izetbegović , after meeting with the then - US ambassador to Yugoslavia Warren Zimmermann in Sarajevo , withdrew his signature and declared his opposition to any type of ethnic division of Bosnia . </P> <P> What was said and by whom remains unclear . Zimmerman denies that he told Izetbegovic that if he withdrew his signature , the United States would grant recognition to Bosnia as an independent state . What is indisputable is that Izetbegovic , that same day , withdrew his signature and renounced the agreement . </P> <P> In late March 1992 , there was fighting between Serbs and combined Croat and Bosniak forces in and near Bosanski Brod , resulting in the killing of Serb villagers in Sijekovac . Serb paramilitaries committed the Bijeljina massacre , most of the victims of which were Bosniaks , on 1 -- 2 April 1992 . </P> <H2> Factions ( edit ) </H2> <P> There were three factions in the Bosnian War : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bosnian ( or Bosniak ) , loyal to the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina . </Li> <Li> Croat , loyal to the Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia and Croatia . </Li> <Li> Serb ( or Yugoslav ) , loyal to the Republika Srpska and FR Yugoslavia . </Li> </Ul> <P> The three ethnic groups predominantly supported their respective ethnic or national faction . Bosniaks mainly the ARBiH , Croats the HVO , Serbs the VRS . There were foreign volunteers in each faction . </P> <H3> Bosnian ( edit ) </H3> Alija Izetbegović during his visit to the United States in 1997 . <P> The Bosniaks mainly organised into the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine , ARBiH ) as the armed forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina were divided into five Corps . 1st Corps operated in the region of Sarajevo and Goražde while the stronger 5th Corps was positioned in the western Bosanska Krajina pocket , which cooperated with HVO units in and around Bihać . The Bosnian government forces were poorly equipped and unprepared for war . </P> <P> Sefer Halilović , Chief of Staff of the Bosnian Territorial Defense , claimed in June 1992 that his forces were 70 % Muslim , 18 % Croat and 12 % Serb . The percentage of Serb and Croat soldiers in the Bosnian Army was particularly high in Sarajevo , Mostar and Tuzla . The deputy commander of the Bosnian Army 's Headquarters , was general Jovan Divjak , the highest - ranking ethnic Serb in the Bosnian Army . General Stjepan Šiber , an ethnic Croat was the second deputy commander . Izetbegović also appointed colonel Blaž Kraljević , commander of the Croatian Defence Forces in Herzegovina , to be a member of Bosnian Army 's Headquarters , seven days before Kraljević 's assassination , in order to assemble a multi-ethnic pro-Bosnian defense front . This diversity was to reduce over the course of the war . </P> <P> The Bosnian government lobbied to have the arms embargo lifted , but that was opposed by the United Kingdom , France and Russia . U.S. proposals to pursue this policy were known as lift and strike . The US congress passed two resolutions calling for the embargo to be lifted but both were vetoed by President Bill Clinton for fear of creating a rift between the US and the aforementioned countries . Nonetheless , the United States used both `` black '' C - 130 transports and back channels , including Islamist groups , to smuggle weapons to Bosnian - Muslim forces , as well as allowed Iranian - supplied arms to transit through Croatia to Bosnia . However , in light of widespread NATO opposition to American ( and possibly Turkish ) endeavors in coordinating the `` black flights of Tuzla '' , the United Kingdom and Norway expressed disapproval of these measures and their counterproductive effects on NATO enforcement of the arms embargo . </P> <P> Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence also played an active role during 1992 -- 1995 and secretly supplied the Muslim fighters with arms , ammunition and guided anti tank missiles to give them a fighting chance against the Serbs . Pakistan defied the UN 's ban on supply of arms to Bosnian Muslims and General Javed Nasir later claimed that Pakistan 's intelligence agency , ISI , had airlifted anti-tank guided missiles to Bosnia which ultimately turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege . </P> <P> In his book The Clinton Tapes : Wrestling History with the President from 2009 , historian and author Taylor Branch , a friend of U.S. President Bill Clinton , made public more than 70 recorded sessions with the president during his presidency from 1993 through 2001 . According to a session taped on 14 October 1993 , it is stated that : </P> <P> Clinton said U.S. allies in Europe blocked proposals to adjust or remove the embargo . They justified their opposition on plausible humanitarian grounds , arguing that more arms would only fuel the bloodshed , but privately , said the president , key allies objected that an independent Bosnia would be `` unnatural '' as the only Muslim nation in Europe . He said they favored the embargo precisely because it locked in Bosnia 's disadvantage . ( ... ) When I expressed shock at such cynicism , reminiscent of the blind - eye diplomacy regarding the plight of Europe 's Jews during World War II , President Clinton only shrugged . He said President François Mitterrand of France had been especially blunt in saying that Bosnia did not belong , and that British officials also spoke of a painful but realistic restoration of Christian Europe . Against Britain and France , he said , German chancellor Helmut Kohl among others had supported moves to reconsider the United Nations arms embargo , failing in part because Germany did not hold a seat on the U.N. Security Council . </P> -- Taylor Branch , The Clinton Tapes : Wrestling History with the President <H3> Croat ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Croats started organizing their military forces in late 1991 . On 8 April 1992 , the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane , HVO ) was founded as the `` supreme body of Croatian defence in Herzeg - Bosnia '' . The HVO was organised in four Operative Zones with headquarters in Mostar , Tomislavgrad , Vitez and Orašje . In February 1993 , the HVO Main Staff estimated the strength of the HVO at 34,080 officers and men . Its armaments included around 50 main battle tanks , mainly T - 34 and T - 55 , and 500 various artillery weapons . </P> <P> At the beginning of the war , the Croatian government helped arm both the Croat and Bosniak forces . Logistics centres were established in Zagreb and Rijeka for the recruitment of soldiers for the ARBiH . The Croatian National Guard ( Zbor Narodne Garde , ZNG ) , later renamed officially to Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska , HV ) was engaged in Bosnian Posavina , Herzegovina and Western Bosnia against the Serb forces . During the Croat - Bosniak conflict , the Croatian government provided arms for the HVO and organised the sending of units of volunteers , with origins from Bosnia and Herzegovina , to the HVO . </P> <P> The Croatian Defence Forces ( HOS ) , the paramilitary wing of the Croatian Party of Rights , fought against the Serb forces together with the HVO and ARBiH . The HOS was disbanded shortly after the death of their commander Blaž Kraljević and incorporated into the HVO and ARBiH . </P> <H3> Serb ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske , VRS ) was established on 12 May 1992 . It was loyal to Republika Srpska , a Serb breakaway state that sought unification with FR Yugoslavia . </P> <P> Serbia provided logistical support , money and supplies to the VRS . Bosnian Serbs had made up a substantial part of the JNA officer corps . Milošević relied on the Bosnian Serbs to win the war themselves . Most of the command chain , weaponry , and higher - ranked military personnel , including General Ratko Mladić , were JNA . </P> <H3> Paramilitary and volunteers ( edit ) </H3> See also : Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War <P> Various paramilitary units were operated during the Bosnian War : the Serb `` White Eagles '' ( Beli Orlovi ) , `` Serbian Volunteer Guard '' ( Srpska Dobrovoljačka Garda ) , Bosnians `` Patriotic League '' ( Patriotska Liga ) and `` Green Berets '' ( Zelene Beretke ) , and Croat `` Croatian Defence Forces '' ( Hrvatske Obrambene Snage ) , etc . The Serb and Croat paramilitaries involved volunteers from Serbia and Croatia , and were supported by nationalist political parties in those countries . </P> <P> The Bosnian Serbs received support from Christian Slavic fighters from various countries in Eastern Europe , including volunteers from other Orthodox Christian countries . These included hundreds of Russians , around 100 Greeks , and some Ukrainians and Romanians . Some estimate as many as 1,000 such volunteers . Greek volunteers of the Greek Volunteer Guard were reported to have taken part in the Srebrenica Massacre , with the Greek flag being hoisted in Srebrenica when the town fell to the Serbs . </P> <P> Some individuals from other European countries volunteered to fight for the Croat side , including Neo-Nazis such as Jackie Arklöv , who was charged with war crimes upon his return to Sweden . Later he confessed he committed war crimes on Bosnian Muslim civilians in the Heliodrom and Dretelj camps as a member of Croatian forces . </P> <P> The Bosnians received support from Muslim groups . Pakistan supported Bosnia while providing technical and military support . Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) allegedly ran an active military intelligence program during the Bosnian War which started in 1992 lasting until 1995 . Executed and supervised by Pakistani General Javed Nasir , the program provided logistics and ammunition supplies to various groups of Bosnian mujahideen during the war . The ISI Bosnian contingent was organised with financial assistance provided by Saudi Arabia , according to the British historian Mark Curtis . </P> <P> According to The Washington Post , Saudi Arabia provided $300 million in weapons to government forces in Bosnia with the knowledge and tacit cooperation of the United States , a claim denied by US officials . </P> <P> Foreign Muslim fighters also joined the ranks of the Bosnian Muslims , including from the Lebanese guerrilla organisation Hezbollah , and the global organization al - Qaeda . </P> <P> The war attracted foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries . Volunteers came to fight for a variety of reasons including religious or ethnic loyalties and in some cases for money . As a general rule , Bosniaks received support from Islamic countries , Serbs from Eastern Orthodox countries , and Croats from Catholic countries . The presence of foreign fighters is well documented , however none of these groups comprised more than 5 percent of any of the respective armies ' total manpower strength . </P> <H2> Prelude ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the war in Croatia , arms had been pouring into the country . The JNA armed Bosnian Serbs and the Croatian Defence Force the Herzegovinian Croats . The Bosnian Muslim Green Berets and Patriotic League were established already in fall 1991 , and drew up a defense plan in February 1992 . It was estimated that 250 -- 300,000 Bosnians were armed , and that some 10,000 were fighting in Croatia . By March 1992 , perhaps three quarters of the country were claimed by Serb and Croat nationalists . On 4 April 1992 , when Izetbegović ordered all reservists and police in Sarajevo to mobilise , and SDS called for evacuation of the city 's Serbs , came the ' definite rupture between the Bosnian government and Serbs ' . Bosnia and Herzegovina received international recognition on 6 April 1992 . The most common view is that the war started that day . </P> <H2> Course of the war ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1992 ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Prijedor ethnic cleansing , Operation Vrbas ' 92 , Operation Corridor 92 , Siege of Sarajevo , and Bijeljina massacre A victim of a mortar attack delivered to a Sarajevo hospital in 1992 . <P> The war in Bosnia escalated in April . On 3 April , the Battle of Kupres began between the JNA and a combined HV - HVO force that ended in a JNA victory . On 6 April Serb forces began shelling Sarajevo , and in the next two days crossed the Drina from Serbia proper and besieged Muslim - majority Zvornik , Višegrad and Foča . All of Bosnia was engulfed in war by mid-April . On 23 April , the JNA evacuated its personnel by helicopters from the barracks in Čapljina , which was under blockade since 4 March . There were some efforts to halt violence . On 27 April , the Bosnian government ordered the JNA to be put under civilian control or expelled , which was followed by a series of conflicts in early May between the two . Prijedor was taken over by Serbs on 30 April . On 2 May , the Green Berets and local gang members fought back a disorganised Serb attack aimed at cutting Sarajevo in two . On May 3 , Izetbegović was kidnapped at the Sarajevo airport by JNA officers , and used to gain safe passage of JNA troops from down - town Sarajevo . However , Muslim forces dishonoured the agreement and ambushed the leaving JNA convoy , which embittered all sides . A cease - fire and agreement on evacuation of the JNA was signed on 18 May , while on 20 May the Bosnian presidency declared the JNA an occupation force . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Our optimum is a Greater Serbia , and if not that , then a Federal Yugoslavia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Radovan Karadžić , 13 February 1992 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Army of Republika Srpska was newly established , put under the command of General Ratko Mladić , in a new phase of the war . Shellings on Sarajevo on 24 , 26 , 28 and 29 May were attributed to Mladić by Boutros - Ghali . Civilian casualties of a 27 May shelling of the city led to Western intervention , in the form of sanctions imposed on 30 May through UNSCR 757 . That same day Bosnian forces attacked the JNA barracks in the city , which was followed by heavy shelling . On 5 and 6 June the last JNA personnel left the city during heavy street fighting and shelling . The 20 June cease - fire , executed in order for UN takeover of the Sarajevo airport for humanitarian flights , was broken as both sides battled for control of the territory between the city and airport . The airport crisis led to Boutros - Ghali 's ultimatum on 26 June , that the Serbs stop attacks on the city , allow the UN to take control of the airport , and place their heavy weapons under UN supervision . Meanwhile , media reported that Bush considered the use of force in Bosnia . World public opinion was ' decisively and permanently against the Serbs ' following media reports on the sniping and shelling of Sarajevo . </P> Goran Jelisić shooting at a Bosnian Muslim victim in Brčko in 1992 <P> Outside of Sarajevo , the combatants ' successes varied greatly during this year . Serbs had seized Muslim - majority cities along the Drina and Sava rivers and expelled their Muslim population , within months . A joint Muslim -- HVO offensive in May , having taken advantage of the confusion following JNA withdrawal , reversed Serb advances into Posavina and central Bosnia . The offensive continued southwards , besieging Doboj , thereby cutting of Serb forces in Bosanska Krajina from Semberija and Serbia . In mid-May , Srebrenica was retaken by Muslim forces under Naser Orić . Serb forces had a costly defeat in eastern Bosnia in May , when according to Serbian accounts Avdo Palić 's force ambushed near Srebrenica , killing 400 . From May to August , Goražde was besieged by the VRS , until they were pushed out by the ARBiH . In April 1992 , Croatian Defence Council ( HVO ) entered the town of Orašje and , according to Croatian sources , began a mass campaign of harassment against local Serb civilians , including torture , rape and murder . </P> <P> On 15 May 1992 , a JNA column was ambushed in Tuzla . 92nd Motorised JNA Brigade ( stationed in `` Husinska buna '' barracks in Tuzla ) received orders to leave the city of Tuzla and Bosnia - Herzegovina , and to enter Serbia . An agreement was made with the Bosnian government that JNA units will be allowed until 19 May to leave Bosnia peacefully . Despite the agreement , the convoy was attacked in Tuzla 's Brčanska Malta district with rifles and rocket launchers ; mines were also placed along its route . 52 JNA soldiers were killed and over 40 were wounded , most of them ethnic Serbs . </P> <P> The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a member State of the United Nations on 22 May 1992 . </P> <P> From May to December 1992 , the Bosnian Ministry of the Interior ( BiH MUP ) , Croatian Defence Council ( HVO ) and later the Bosnian Territorial Defence Forces ( TO RBiH ) operated the Čelebići prison camp . It was used to detain 700 Bosnian Serb prisoners of war arrested during military operations that were intended to de-block routes to Sarajevo and Mostar in May 1992 that had earlier been blocked by Serb forces . Of these 700 prisoners , 13 died while in captivity . Detainees at the camp were subjected to torture , sexual assaults , beatings and otherwise cruel and inhuman treatment . Certain prisoners were shot and killed or beaten to death . </P> <P> By June 1992 , the number of refugees and internally displaced persons had reached 2.6 million . </P> Model of the Čelebići camp near Konjic . Presented as evidence in the Mucić et al. trial . Map of Operation Corridor 92 , fought between the VRS and the HV - HVO <P> On 6 May 1992 , Mate Boban met with Radovan Karadžić in Graz , Austria , where they reached an agreement for a ceasefire and discussed the details of the demarcation between a Croat and Serb territorial unit in Bosnia and Herzegovina . However , the ceasefire was broken on the following day when the JNA and Bosnian Serb forces mounted an attack on Croat - held positions in Mostar . </P> <P> By September 1992 , Croatia had accepted 335,985 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina , mostly Bosniak civilians ( excluding men of drafting age ) . The large number of refugees significantly strained the Croatian economy and infrastructure . Then - U.S. Ambassador to Croatia , Peter Galbraith , tried to put the number of Muslim refugees in Croatia into a proper perspective in an interview on 8 November 1993 . He said the situation would be the equivalent of the United States taking in 30,000,000 refugees . The number of Bosnian refugees in Croatia was at the time surpassed only by the number of the internally displaced persons within Bosnia and Herzegovina itself , at 588,000 . Serbia took in 252,130 refugees from Bosnia , while other former Yugoslav republics received a total of 148,657 people . </P> <P> In June 1992 , the Bosnian Serbs started Operation Vrbas 92 and Operation Corridor 92 . The reported deaths of twelve newborn babies in Banja Luka hospital due to a shortage of bottled oxygen for incubators was cited as an immediate cause for the action , but the veracity of these deaths has since been questioned . Borisav Jović , a contemporary high - ranking Serbian official and member of the Yugoslav Presidency , has claimed that the report was just wartime propaganda , stating that Banja Luka had two bottled oxygen production plants in its immediate vicinity and was virtually self - reliant in that respect . Operation Corridor began on 14 June 1992 , when the 16th Krajina Motorised Brigade of the VRS , aided by a VRS tank company from Doboj , began the offensive near Derventa . The operation was a complete success for the VRS . The Croatian Army ( HV ) lost , according to Croatian sources , around 12.000 men and it was pushed out from the cities of Brčko , Bosanski Brod and Derventa back into Croatia . The Croatian Defence Council ( HVO ) was pushed out of Odžak but still controlled Orašje . ARBiH suffered heavy losses . </P> <P> On 21 June 1992 , Bosniak forces entered the Bosnian Serb village of Ratkovići near Srebrenica and murdered 24 Serb civilians . </P> <P> In June 1992 , the UNPROFOR , originally deployed in Croatia , had its mandate extended into Bosnia and Herzegovina , initially to protect the Sarajevo International Airport . In September , the role of UNPROFOR was expanded to protect humanitarian aid and assist relief delivery in the whole Bosnia and Herzegovina , as well as to help protect civilian refugees when required by the Red Cross . </P> <P> On 4 August 1992 , the IV Knight Motorised Brigade of the ARBiH attempted to break through the circle surrounding Sarajevo , and a fierce battle ensued between the ARBiH and the VRS in and around the damaged FAMOS factory in the suburb of Hrasnica ( bs ) . The VRS repelled the attack , but failed to take Hrasnica in a decisive counterattack . </P> <P> On 12 August 1992 , the name of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was changed to Republika Srpska ( RS ) . </P> <P> By November 1992 , 400 square miles of eastern Bosnia was under Muslim control . </P> Croat -- Bosniak relations in late 1992 ( edit ) <P> The Croat -- Bosniak alliance , formed at the beginning of the war , was often not harmonious . The existence of two parallel commands caused problems in coordinating the two armies against the VRS . An attempt to create a joint HVO and TO military headquarters in mid-April failed . On 21 July 1992 , the Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation was signed by Tuđman and Izetbegović , establishing a military cooperation between the two armies . At a session held on 6 August , the Bosnian Presidency accepted HVO as an integral part of the Bosnian armed forces . </P> <P> Despite these attempts , tensions steadily increased throughout the 2nd half of 1992 . An armed conflict occurred in Busovača in early May and another one on 13 June . On 19 June , a conflict between the units of the TO on one side , and HVO and HOS units on the other side broke out in Novi Travnik . Incidents were also recorded in Konjic in July , and in Kiseljak and the Croat settlement of Stup in Sarajevo during August . On 14 September , the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the proclamation of Herzeg - Bosnia unconstitutional . </P> <P> On 18 October , a dispute over a gas station near Novi Travnik that was shared by both armies escalated into an armed one in the town center . The situation worsened after HVO Commander Ivica Stojak was killed near Travnik on 20 October . On the same day , fighting escalated on an ARBiH roadblock set on the main road through the Lašva Valley . Spontaneous clashes spread throughout the region and resulted in almost 50 casualties until a ceasefire was negotiated by the UNPROFOR on 21 October . On 23 October , a major battle between the ARBiH and the HVO started in the town of Prozor in northern Herzegovina and resulted in an HVO victory . </P> <P> On 29 October , the VRS captured Jajce . The town was defended by both the HVO and the ARBiH , but the lack of cooperation , as well as an advantage in troop size and firepower for the VRS , led to the fall of the town . Croat refugees from Jajce fled to Herzegovina and Croatia , while around 20,000 Bosniak refugees settled in Travnik , Novi Travnik , Vitez , Busovača , and villages near Zenica . Despite the October confrontations , and with each side blaming the other for the fall of Jajce , there were no large - scale clashes and a general military alliance was still in effect . Tuđman and Izetbegović met in Zagreb on 1 November 1992 and agreed to establish a Joint Command of HVO and ARBiH . </P> <H3> 1993 ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Operation Neretva ' 93 , Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia , Siege of Mostar , and Operation Deny Flight First version of the Vance - Owen plan , which would have established 10 provinces Bosniak province Croat province Serb province Sarajevo district Present - day administrative borders <P> On 7 January 1993 , Orthodox Christmas Day , 8th Operational Unit Srebrenica , a unit of the ARBiH under the command of Naser Orić , attacked the village of Kravica near Bratunac. 46 Serbs died in the attack : 35 soldiers and 11 civilians . The attack on a holiday was intentional , as the Serbs were unprepared . The Bosniak forces used the Srebrenica safe zone ( where no military was allowed ) to carry out attacks on Serb villages including Kravica , and then flee back into the safe zone before the VRS could catch them . 119 Serb civilians and 424 Serb soldiers died in Bratunac during the war . Republika Srpska claimed that the ARBiH forces torched Serb homes and massacred civilians . However , this could not be independently verified during the ICTY trials , which concluded that many homes were already previously destroyed and that the siege of Srebrenica caused hunger , forcing Bosniaks to attack nearby Serb villages to acquire food and weapons to survive . In 2006 , Orić was found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) on the charges of not preventing murder of Serbs , but was subsequently acquitted of all charges on appeal . </P> <P> On 16 January 1993 , soldiers of the ARBiH attacked the Bosnian Serb village of Skelani , near Srebrenica. 69 people were killed , 185 were wounded . Among the victims were 6 children . </P> <P> On 8 January 1993 , the Serbs killed the deputy prime minister of the RBiH Hakija Turajlić after stopping the UN convoy taking him from the airport . </P> <P> Numerous peace plans were proposed by the UN , the United States , and the European Community ( EC ) , but with little impact on the war . The most notable proposal was the Vance - Owen Peace Plan , revealed in January 1993 . The plan was presented by the UN Special Envoy Cyrus Vance and EC representative David Owen . It envisioned Bosnia and Herzegovina as a decentralised state with ten autonomous provinces . </P> <P> On 22 February 1993 , the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 808 that decided `` that an international tribunal shall be established for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law '' . On 15 -- 16 May , the Vance - Owen peace plan was rejected on a referendum . The peace plan was viewed by some as one of the factors leading to the escalation of the Croat -- Bosniak conflict in central Bosnia . </P> <P> On 25 May 1993 the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) was formally established by Resolution 827 of the United Nations Security Council . On 31 March 1993 , the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 816 , calling on member states to enforce a no - fly zone over Bosnia - Herzegovina . On 12 April 1993 , NATO commenced Operation Deny Flight to enforce this no - fly zone . </P> Outbreak of the Croat -- Bosniak war ( edit ) Main article : Croat -- Bosniak War Bodies of people killed in April 1993 around Vitez . Novi Travnik in 1993 , during the Croat -- Bosniak War <P> Much of 1993 was dominated by the Croat -- Bosniak War . In early January , the HVO and the ARBiH clashed in Gornji Vakuf in central Bosnia . A temporary ceasefire was reached after several days of fighting with UNPROFOR mediation . The war spread from Gornji Vakuf into the area of Busovača in the second half of January . Busovača was the main intersection point of the lines of communication in the Lašva Valley . By 26 January , the ARBiH seized control of several villages in the area , including Kaćuni and Bilalovac on the Busovača -- Kiseljak road , thus isolating Kiseljak from Busovača . In the Kiseljak area , the ARBiH secured the villages northeast of the town of Kiseljak , but most of the municipality and the town itself remained in HVO control . On 26 January , six POWs and a Serb civilian were killed by the ARBiH in the village of Dusina , north of Busovača . The fighting in Busovača also led to a number of Bosniak civilian casualties . </P> <P> On 30 January , ARBiH and HVO leaders met in Vitez , together with representatives from UNPROFOR and other foreign observers , and signed a ceasefire in the area of central Bosnia , which came into effect on the following day . The situation was still tense so Enver Hadžihasanović , commander of ARBiH 's 3rd Corps , and Tihomir Blaškić , commander of HVO 's Operative Zone Central Bosnia , had a meeting on 13 February where a joint ARBiH - HVO commission was formed to resolve incidents . The January ceasefire in central Bosnia held through the following two months and in the first weeks of April , despite numerous minor incidents . The Croats attributed the escalation of the conflict to the increased Islamic policy of the Bosniaks , while Bosniaks accused the Croat side of separatism . </P> Central Bosnia ( edit ) <P> The beginning of April was marked by a series of minor incidents in central Bosnia between Bosniak and Croat civilians and soldiers , including assaults , murders and armed confrontations . The most serious incidents were the kidnapping of four members of the HVO outside Novi Travnik , and of HVO commander Živko Totić near Zenica by the mujahideen . The ARBiH representatives denied any involvement in these incidents and a joint ARBiH - HVO commission was formed to investigate them . The HVO personnel were subsequently exchanged in May for POWs that were arrested by the HVO . The April incidents escalated into an armed conflict on 15 April in the area of Vitez , Busovača , Kiseljak and Zenica . The outnumbered HVO in the Zenica municipality was quickly defeated , followed by a large exodus of Croat civilians . </P> <P> In the Busovača municipality , the ARBiH gained some ground and inflicted heavy casualties on the HVO , but the HVO held the town of Busovača and the Kaonik intersection between Busovača and Vitez . The ARBiH failed to cut the HVO held Kiseljak enclave into several smaller parts and isolate the town of Fojnica from Kiseljak . Many Bosniak civilians were detained or forced to leave Kiseljak . </P> <P> In the Vitez area , Blaškić used his limited forces to carry out spoiling attacks on the ARBiH , thus preventing the ARBiH from cutting of the Travnik -- Busovača road and seizing the SPS explosives factory in Vitez . On 16 April , the HVO launched a spoiling attack on the village of Ahmići , east of Vitez . After the attacking units breached the ARBiH lines and entered the village , groups of irregular HVO units went from house to house , burning them and killing civilians . The massacre in Ahmići resulted in more than 100 killed Bosniak civilians . Elsewhere in the area , the HVO blocked the ARBiH forces in the Stari Vitez quarter of Vitez and prevented an ARBiH advance south of the town . </P> <P> On 24 April , mujahideen forces attacked the village of Miletići northeast of Travnik and killed four Croat civilians . The rest of the captured civilians were taken to the Poljanice camp . However , the conflict did not spread to Travnik and Novi Travnik , although both the HVO and the ARBiH brought in reinforcements from this area . On 25 April , Izetbegović and Boban signed a ceasefire agreement . ARBiH Chief of Staff , Sefer Halilović , and HVO Chief of Staff , Milivoj Petković , met on a weekly basis to solve ongoing issues and implement the ceasefire . However , the truce was not respected on the ground and the HVO and ARBiH forces were still engaged in the Busovača area until 30 April . </P> Herzegovina ( edit ) Aerial photograph of destroyed buildings in Mostar <P> The Croat -- Bosniak War spread from central Bosnia to northern Herzegovina on 14 April with an ARBiH attack on a HVO - held village outside of Konjic . The HVO responded with capturing three villages northeast of Jablanica . On 16 April , 15 Croat civilians and 7 POWs were killed by the ARBiH in the village of Trusina , north of Jablanica . The battles of Konjic and Jablanica lasted until May , with the ARBiH taking full control of both towns and smaller nearby villages . </P> <P> By mid-April , Mostar had become a divided city with the majority Croat western part dominated by the HVO , and the majority Bosniak eastern part dominated by the ARBiH . The Battle of Mostar began on 9 May when both the east and west parts of the city came under artillery fire . Fierce street battles followed that , despite a ceasefire signed on 13 May by Milivoj Petković and Sefer Halilović , continued until 21 May . The HVO established prison camps in Dretelj near Čapljina and in Heliodrom , while the ARBiH formed prison camps in Potoci and in a school in eastern Mostar . The battle was renewed on 30 June . The ARBiH secured the northern approaches to Mostar and the eastern part of the city , but their advance to the south was repelled by the HVO . </P> June -- July offensives ( edit ) The front lines in the Lašva Valley in 1993 between the ARBiH and the HVO , including Novi Travnik , Vitez and Busovača <P> In the first week of June , the ARBiH attacked the HVO headquarters in the town of Travnik and HVO units positioned on the front lines against the VRS . After three days of street fighting the outnumbered HVO forces were defeated , with thousands of Croat civilians and soldiers fleeing to nearby Serb - held territory as they were cut off from HVO held positions . The ARBiH offensive continued east of Travnik to secure the rad to Zenica , which was achieved by 14 June . On 8 June , 24 Croat civilians and POWs were killed by the mujahideen near the village of Bikoši . The mujahideen moved into deserted Croat villages in the area following the end of the offensive . </P> <P> A similar development took place in Novi Travnik . On 9 June , the ARBiH attacked HVO units positioned east of the town , facing the VRS in Donji Vakuf , and the next day heavy fighting followed in Novi Travnik . By 15 June , the ARBiH secured the area northwest of the town , while the HVO kept the northeastern part of the municipality and the town of Novi Travnik . The battle continued into July with only minor changes on the front lines . </P> <P> The HVO in the town of Kakanj was overran in mid June and around 13 -- 15,000 Croat refugees fled to Kiseljak and Vareš . In the Kiseljak enclave , the HVO held off an attack on Kreševo , but lost Fojnica on 3 July . On 24 June , the Battle of Žepče began that ended with an ARBiH defeat on 30 June . In late July the ARBiH seized control of Bugojno , leading to the departure of 15,000 Croats . A prison camp was established in the town football stadium , where around 800 Croats were sent . </P> <P> At the beginning of September , the ARBiH launched an operation known as Operation Neretva ' 93 against the HVO in Herzegovina and central Bosnia , on a 200 km long front . It was one of their largest offensives in 1993 . The ARBiH expanded its territory west of Jablanica and secured the road to eastern Mostar , while the HVO kept the area of Prozor and secured its forces rear in western Mostar . During the night of 8 / 9 September , at least 13 Croat civilians were killed by the ARBiH in the Grabovica massacre . 29 Croat civilians were killed in the Uzdol massacre on 14 September . </P> <P> On 23 October , 37 Bosniaks were killed by the HVO in the Stupni Do massacre . The massacre was used as an excuse for an ARBiH attack on the HVO - held Vareš enclave at the beginning of November . Croat civilians and soldiers abandoned Vareš on 3 November and fled to Kiseljak . The ARBiH entered Vareš on the following day , which was looted after its capture . </P> May -- June 1993 UN safe areas extension ( edit ) <P> In an attempt to protect the civilians , UNPROFOR 's role was further extended in May 1993 to protect the `` safe havens '' that United Nations Security Council had declared around Sarajevo , Goražde , Srebrenica , Tuzla , Žepa and Bihać in Resolution 824 of 6 May 1993 . On 4 June 1993 the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 836 authorised the use of force by UNPROFOR in the protection of the safe zones . On 15 June 1993 , Operation Sharp Guard , a naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union , began but was lifted on 18 June 1996 on termination of the UN arms embargo . </P> <P> The HVO and the ARBiH continued to fight side by side against the VRS in some areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina , including the Bihać pocket , Bosnian Posavina and the Tešanj area . Despite some animosity , an HVO brigade of around 1,500 soldiers also fought along with the ARBiH in Sarajevo . In other areas where the alliance collapsed , the VRS occasionally cooperated with both the HVO and ARBiH , pursuing a local balancing policy and allying with the weaker side . </P> <H3> 1994 ( edit ) </H3> Damaged buildings in Grbavica during the Siege of Sarajevo Main articles : Operation Tiger ( 1994 ) , Operation Spider , and Operation Winter ' 94 `` Without Serbia , nothing would have happened , we do n't have the resources and we would not have been able to make war . '' <P> Radovan Karadžić , former president of Republika Srpska , to the Assembly of the Republika Srpska , May 10 -- 11 , 1994 . </P> <P> The forced deportations of Bosniaks from Serb - held territories and the resulting refugee crisis continued to escalate . Thousands of people were being bused out of Bosnia each month , threatened on religious grounds . In turn , in mid-1994 , Croatia was strained by 500,000 refugees , and the Croatian authorities forbade entry to a group of 462 refugees fleeing northern Bosnia , and forcing UNPROFOR to improvise shelter for them . </P> Markale massacre ( edit ) <P> On 5 February 1994 Sarajevo suffered its deadliest single attack during the entire siege with the first Markale massacre , when a 120 millimeter mortar shell landed in the centre of the crowded marketplace , killing 68 people and wounding another 144 . On 6 February , UN Secretary - General Boutros Boutros - Ghali formally requested NATO to confirm that future requests for air strikes would be carried out immediately . </P> <P> On 9 February 1994 , NATO authorised the Commander of Allied Forces Southern Europe ( CINCSOUTH ) , US Admiral Jeremy Boorda , to launch air strikes -- at the request of the UN -- against artillery and mortar positions in or around Sarajevo determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets in that city . Only Greece failed to support the use of air strikes , but did not veto the proposal . </P> <P> NATO also issued an ultimatum to the Bosnian Serbs demanding the removal of heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20 -- 21 February , or face air strikes . On 12 February , Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty free day since April 1992 ; the war is widely considered to have begun on 6 April 1992 . The large - scale removal of Bosnian - Serb heavy weapons began on 17 February 1994 . </P> Washington agreement ( edit ) Main articles : Washington Agreement and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina <P> The Croat - Bosniak war ended with the signing of a ceasefire agreement between the HVO Chief of Staff , general Ante Roso , and the ARBiH Chief of Staff , general Rasim Delić , on 23 February 1994 in Zagreb . The agreement went into effect on 25 February . A peace agreement known as the Washington Agreement , mediated by the USA , was concluded on 2 March by representatives of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Herzeg - Bosnia . The agreement was signed on 18 March 1994 in Washington . Under this agreement , the combined territory held by the HVO and the ARBiH was divided into autonomous cantons within the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Tuđman and Izetbegović also signed a preliminary agreement on a confederation between Croatia and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Croat - Bosniak alliance was renewed , although the issues dividing them were not resolved . </P> <P> The first military effort coordinated between the HVO and the ARBiH , following the Washington Agreement , was the advance towards Kupres that was retaken from the VRS on 3 November 1994 . On 29 November , the HV and the HVO initiated Operation Winter ' 94 in southwestern Bosnia . After a month of fighting , Croat forces had taken around 200 square kilometres ( 77 square miles ) of VRS - held territory and directly threatened the main supply route between Republika Srpska and Knin , the capital of RSK . The primary objective of relieving pressure on the Bihać pocket was not achieved , although the ARBiH repelled VRS attacks on the enclave . </P> UNPROFOR and NATO ( edit ) UN troops on their way up `` Sniper Alley '' in Sarajevo Main articles : Banja Luka incident , Operation Bøllebank , and Operation Amanda <P> NATO became actively involved , when its jets shot down four Serb aircraft over central Bosnia on 28 February 1994 for violating the UN no - fly zone . </P> <P> On 12 March 1994 , the United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) made its first request for NATO air support , but close air support was not deployed , owing to a number of delays associated with the approval process . </P> <P> On 20 March an aid convoy with medical supplies and doctors reached Maglaj , a city of 100,000 people , which had been under siege since May 1993 and had been surviving off food supplies dropped by US aircraft . A second convoy on 23 March was hijacked and looted . </P> <P> On 10 -- 11 April 1994 , UNPROFOR called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area , resulting in the bombing of a Serbian military command outpost near Goražde by 2 US F - 16 jets . This was the first time in NATO 's history it had ever done so . This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April . On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces . On 15 April the Bosnian government lines around Goražde broke . </P> <P> Around 29 April 1994 , a Danish contingent ( Nordbat 2 ) on peacekeeping duty in Bosnia , as part of UNPROFOR 's Nordic battalion located in Tuzla , was ambushed when trying to relieve a Swedish observation post ( Tango 2 ) that was under heavy artillery fire by the Bosnian Serb Šekovići brigade at the village of Kalesija . The ambush was dispersed when the UN forces retaliated with heavy fire in what would be known as Operation Bøllebank . </P> <P> On 12 May , the US Senate adopted S. 2042 from Sen. Bob Dole to unilaterally lift the arms embargo against the Bosnians , but it was repudiated by President Clinton . Pub. L. 103 -- 337 was signed by the President on 5 October 1994 and stated that if the Bosnian Serbs had not accepted the Contact Group proposal by 15 October the President should introduce a UN Security Council proposal to end the arms embargo and that if it was not passed by 15 November only funds required by all UN members under Resolution 713 could be used to enforce the embargo , effectively ending the arms embargo . </P> <P> On 5 August , at the request of UNPROFOR , NATO aircraft attacked a target within the Sarajevo Exclusion Zone after weapons were seized by Bosnian Serbs from a weapons collection site near Sarajevo . On 22 September 1994 NATO aircraft carried out an air strike against a Bosnian Serb tank at the request of UNPROFOR . </P> <P> On 12 -- 13 November , the US unilaterally lifted the arms embargo against the government of Bosnia . </P> <P> Operation Amanda was an UNPROFOR mission led by Danish peacekeeping troops , with the aim of recovering an observation post near Gradačac , Bosnia and Herzegovina , on 25 October 1994 . </P> <P> On 19 November 1994 , the North Atlantic Council approved the extension of Close Air Support to Croatia for the protection of UN forces in that country . NATO aircraft attacked the Udbina airfield in Serb - held Croatia on 21 November , in response to attacks launched from that airfield against targets in the Bihac area of Bosnia and Herzegovina . On 23 November , after attacks launched from a surface - to - air missile site south of Otoka ( north - west Bosnia and Herzegovina ) on two NATO aircraft , air strikes were conducted against air defence radars in that area . </P> <H3> 1995 ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Srebrenica massacre , Operations Krivaja ' 95 and Stupčanica ' 95 , Operation Summer ' 95 , Operation Storm , Operation Deliberate Force , Operation Mistral 2 , Operation Sana , and Dayton Agreement Bosnia and Herzegovina before the Dayton Agreement Seated from left to right : Slobodan Milošević , Alija Izetbegović and Franjo Tuđman signing the final peace agreement in Paris on 14 December 1995 . <P> On 25 May 1995 , NATO bombed VRS positions in Pale due to their failure to return heavy weapons . The VRS then shelled all safe areas , including Tuzla . Approximately 70 civilians were killed and 150 were injured . During April and June , Croatian forces conducted two offensives known as Leap 1 and Leap 2 . With these offensives , they secured the remainder of the Livno Valley and threatened the VRS - held town of Bosansko Grahovo . </P> <P> On 11 July 1995 , Army of Republika Srpska ( VRS ) forces under general Ratko Mladić occupied the UN `` safe area '' of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia where more than 8,000 men were killed in the Srebrenica massacre ( most women were expelled to Bosniak - held territory ) . The United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) , represented on the ground by a 400 - strong contingent of Dutch peacekeepers , Dutchbat , failed to prevent the town 's capture by the VRS and the subsequent massacre . The ICTY ruled this event as genocide in the Krstić case . </P> <P> In line with the Split Agreement signed between Tuđman and Izetbegović on 22 July , a joint military offensive by the HV and the HVO codenamed Operation Summer ' 95 took place in western Bosnia . The HV - HVO force gained control of Glamoč and Bosansko Grahovo and isolated Knin from Republika Srpska . On 4 August , the HV launched Operation Storm that effectively dissolved the Republic of Serbian Krajina . With this , the Bosniak - Croat alliance gained the initiative in the war , taking much of western Bosnia from the VRS in several operations in September and October . First one , Operation Una , began on 18 September 1995 , when HV crossed the Una river and entered Bosnia . In 2006 , Croatian authorities began investigating allegations of war crimes committed during this operation , specifically the killing of 40 civilians in the Bosanska Dubica area by troops of the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Guards Brigade . </P> <P> The HV - HVO secured over 2,500 square kilometres ( 970 square miles ) of territory during Operation Mistral 2 , including the towns of Jajce , Šipovo and Drvar . At the same time , the ARBiH engaged the VRS further to the north in Operation Sana and captured several towns , including Bosanska Krupa , Bosanski Petrovac , Ključ and Sanski Most . A VRS counteroffensive against the ARBiH in western Bosnia was launched on 23 / 24 September . Within two weeks the VRS was in the vicinity of the town of Ključ . The ARBiH requested Croatian assistance and on 8 October the HV - HVO launched Operation Southern Move under the overall command of HV Major General Ante Gotovina . The VRS lost the town of Mrkonjić Grad , while HVO units came within 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) south of Banja Luka . </P> <P> On 28 August , a VRS mortar attack on the Sarajevo Markale marketplace killed 43 people . In response to the second Markale massacre , on 30 August , the Secretary General of NATO announced the start of Operation Deliberate Force , widespread airstrikes against Bosnian Serb positions supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks . On 14 September 1995 , the NATO air strikes were suspended to allow the implementation of an agreement with Bosnian Serbs for the withdrawal of heavy weapons from around Sarajevo . Twelve days later , on 26 September , an agreement of further basic principles for a peace accord was reached in New York City between the foreign ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and the FRY . A 60 - day ceasefire came into effect on 12 October , and on 1 November peace talks began in Dayton , Ohio . The war ended with the Dayton Peace Agreement signed on 21 November 1995 ; the final version of the peace agreement was signed 14 December 1995 in Paris . </P> <P> Following the Dayton Agreement , a NATO led Implementation Force ( IFOR ) was deployed to Bosnia - Herzegovina . This 80,000 strong unit , heavily armed and mandated to fire at will when necessary for the successful implementation of the operation , was deployed in order to enforce the peace , as well as other tasks such as providing support for humanitarian and political aid , reconstruction , providing support for displaced civilians to return to their homes , collection of arms , and mine and unexploded ordnance ( uxo ) clearing of the affected areas . </P> <H2> Casualties ( edit ) </H2> A grave digger at a cemetery in Sarajevo , 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina : Percent Change of Ethnic Bosniaks from 1991 to 2013 <P> Calculating the number of deaths resulting from the conflict has been subject to considerable , highly politicised debate sometimes `` fused with narratives about victimhood '' , from the political elites of various groups . Estimates of the total number of casualties have ranged from 25,000 to 329,000 . The variations are partly the result of the use of inconsistent definitions of who can be considered victims of the war , as some research calculated only direct casualties of military activity while other research included those who died from hunger , cold , disease or other war conditions . Early overcounts were also the result of many victims being entered in both civilian and military lists because little systematic coordination of those lists took place in wartime conditions . The death toll was originally estimated in 1994 at around 200,000 by Cherif Bassiouni , head of the UN expert commission investigating war crimes . </P> <P> Prof. Steven L. Burg and Prof. Paul S. Shoup , writing in 1999 , observed about early high figures : </P> <P> The figure of 200,000 ( or more ) dead , injured , and missing was frequently cited in media reports on the war in Bosnia as late as 1994 . The October 1995 bulletin of the Bosnian Institute for Public Health of the Republic Committee for Health and Social Welfare gave the numbers as 146,340 killed , and 174,914 wounded on the territory under the control of the Bosnian army . Mustafa Imamovic gave a figure of 144,248 perished ( including those who died from hunger or exposure ) , mainly Muslims . The Red Cross and the UNHCR have not , to the best of our knowledge , produced data on the number of persons killed and injured in the course of the war . A November 1995 unclassified CIA memorandum estimated 156,500 civilian deaths in the country ( all but 10,000 of them in Muslim - or Croat - held territories ) , not including the 8,000 to 10,000 then still missing from Srebrenica and Zepa enclaves . This figure for civilian deaths far exceeded the estimate in the same report of 81,500 troops killed ( 45,000 Bosnian government ; 6,500 Bosnian Croat ; and 30,000 Bosnian Serb ) . </P> -- Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup , The War in Bosnia - Herzegovina <H3> RDC figures ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Dead or disappeared figures according to RDC ( as reported in June 2012 ) <Tr> <Td> Total dead or disappeared 101,040 ( total includes unknown status below , percentages ignore ' unknowns ' ) </Td> <Td> Bosniaks </Td> <Td> 62,013 </Td> <Td> 61.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbs </Td> <Td> 24,953 </Td> <Td> 24.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croats </Td> <Td> 8,403 </Td> <Td> 8.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other ethnicities </Td> <Td> 571 </Td> <Td> 0.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Civilians 38,239 ( percentages are of civilian dead ) </Td> <Td> Bosniaks </Td> <Td> 31,107 </Td> <Td> 81.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbs </Td> <Td> 4,178 </Td> <Td> 10.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croats </Td> <Td> 2,484 </Td> <Td> 6.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other ethnicities </Td> <Td> 470 </Td> <Td> 1.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soldiers 57,701 ( percentages are of military dead ) </Td> <Td> Bosniaks </Td> <Td> 30,906 </Td> <Td> 53.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbs </Td> <Td> 20,775 </Td> <Td> 36 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croats </Td> <Td> 5,919 </Td> <Td> 10.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other ethnicities </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 0.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unknown status ( percentage is of all dead or disappeared ) </Td> <Td> Ethnicity unstated </Td> <Td> 5,100 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In June 2007 , the Sarajevo - based Research and Documentation Center published extensive research on Bosnia - Herzegovina 's war deaths , ( also called The Bosnian Book of the Dead ) , a database that initially revealed a minimum of 97,207 names of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's citizens confirmed as killed or missing during the 1992 -- 1995 war . The head of the UN war crimes tribunal 's Demographic Unit , Ewa Tabeau , has called it `` the largest existing database on Bosnian war victims '' and it is considered the most authoritative account of human losses in the Bosnian war . More than 240,000 pieces of data were collected , checked , compared and evaluated by an international team of experts in order to produce the 2007 list of 97,207 victims ' names . </P> <P> The RDC 2007 figures stated that these were confirmed figures and that several thousand cases were still being examined . All of the RDC figures are believed to be a slight undercount as their methodology is dependent on a family member having survived to report the missing relative , though the undercount is not thought to be statistically significant . At least 30 percent of the 2007 confirmed Bosniak civilian victims were women and children . </P> <P> The RDC published periodic updates of its figures until June 2012 , when it published its final report . The 2012 figures recorded a total of 101,040 dead or disappeared , of whom 61.4 percent were Bosniaks , 24.7 percent were Serbs , 8.3 percent were Croats and less than 1 percent were of other ethnicities , with a further 5 percent whose ethnicity was unstated . </P> <P> Civilian deaths were established as 38,239 , which represented 37.9 percent of total deaths . Bosniaks accounted for 81.3 percent of those civilian deaths , compared to Serbs 10.9 percent and Croats 6.5 percent . The proportion of civilian victims is , moreover , an absolute minimum because the status of 5,100 victims was unestablished and because relatives had registered their dead loved ones as military victims in order to obtain veteran 's financial benefits or for ' honour ' reasons . </P> <P> Both the RDC and the ICTY 's demographic unit applied statistical techniques to identify possible duplication caused by a given victim being recorded in multiple primary lists , the original documents being then hand - checked to assess duplication . </P> <P> Some 30 categories of information existed within the database for each individual record , apart from basic personal information , these included place and date of death and ( in the case of soldiers ) , the military unit to which the individual belonged . This has allowed the database to present deaths by gender , military unit , year and region of death , in addition to ethnicity and ' status in war ' ( civilian or soldier ) . The information category intended to describe which military formation caused the death of each victim , was the most incomplete and was deemed unusable . </P> <H3> ICTY figures ( edit ) </H3> <Table> ICTY death figures ( issued by the Demographic Unit in 2010 ) <Tr> <Td> Total killed 104,732 </Td> <Td> Bosniaks </Td> <Td> c . 68,101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbs </Td> <Td> c . 22,779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croats </Td> <Td> c . 8,858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Others </Td> <Td> c . 4,995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Civilians killed 36,700 </Td> <Td> Bosniaks </Td> <Td> 25,609 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbs </Td> <Td> 7,480 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croats </Td> <Td> 1,675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Others </Td> <Td> 1,935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soldiers killed 68,031 ( includes Police ) </Td> <Td> Bosniaks </Td> <Td> 42,492 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbs </Td> <Td> 15,298 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croats </Td> <Td> 7,182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Others </Td> <Td> 3,058 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 2010 research for the Office of the Prosecutors at the Hague Tribunal , headed by Ewa Tabeau , pointed to errors in earlier figures and calculated the minimum number of victims as 89,186 , with a probable figure of around 104,732 . Tabeau noted the numbers should not be confused with `` who killed who '' , because , for example , many Serbs were killed by the Serb army during the shelling of Sarajevo , Tuzla and other multi-ethnic cities . The authors of this report said that the actual death toll may be slightly higher . </P> <P> These figures were not based solely on ' battle deaths ' , but included accidental deaths taking place in battle conditions and acts of mass violence . Specifically excluded were `` non-violent mortality increases '' and `` criminal and unorganised violence increases '' . Similarly ' military deaths ' included both combat and non-combat deaths . </P> <H3> Other statistics ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are no statistics dealing specifically with the casualties of the Croat - Bosniak conflict along ethnic lines . However , according to The RDC 's data on human losses in the regions , in Central Bosnia 62 percent of the 10,448 documented deaths were Bosniaks , while Croats constituted 24 percent and Serbs 13 percent . The municipalities of Gornji Vakuf and Bugojno are geographically located in Central Bosnia ( known as Gornje Povrbasje region ) , but the 1,337 region 's documented deaths are included in Vrbas regional statistics . Approximately 70 -- 80 percent of the casualties from Gornje Povrbasje were Bosniaks . In the region of Neretva river , of 6,717 casualties , 54 percent were Bosniaks , 24 percent Serbs and 21 percent Croats . The casualties in those regions were mainly , but not exclusively , the consequence of Croat - Bosniak conflict . </P> <P> According to the UN , there were 167 fatalities amongst UNPROFOR personnel during the course of the force 's mandate , from February 1992 to March 1995 . Of those who died , three were military observers , 159 were other military personnel , one was a member of the civilian police , two were international civilian staff and two were local staff . </P> <P> In a statement in September 2008 to the United Nations General Assembly , Dr Haris Silajdžić , said that `` According to the ICRC data , 200,000 people were killed , 12,000 of them children , up to 50,000 women were raped , and 2.2 million were forced to flee their homes . This was a veritable genocide and sociocide '' . However , Silajdžić and others have been criticised for inflating the number of fatalities to attract international support . An ICRC book published in 2010 cites the total number killed in all of the Balkan Wars in the 1990s as `` about 140,000 people '' . </P> <P> Many of the 34,700 people who were reported missing during the Bosnian war remain unaccounted for . In 2012 Amnesty reported that the fate of an estimated 10,500 people , most of whom were Bosnian Muslims , remained unknown . Bodies of victims are still being unearthed two decades later . In July 2014 the remains of 284 victims , unearthed from the Tomasica mass grave near the town of Prijedor , were laid to rest in a mass ceremony in the northwestern town of Kozarac , attended by relatives . </P> <P> The UNCHR stated that the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina forced more than 2.2 million people to flee their homes , making it the largest displacement of people in Europe since the end of World War II . </P> <H2> War crimes ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to a report compiled by the UN , and chaired by M. Cherif Bassiouni , while all sides committed war crimes during the conflict , Serbian forces were responsible for ninety percent of them , whereas Croatian forces were responsible for six percent , and Bosniak forces four percent . The report echoed conclusions published by a Central Intelligence Agency estimate in 1995 . </P> <H3> Ethnic cleansing ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War Ethnic distribution at the municipal level in Bosnia and Herzegovina before ( 1991 ) and after the war ( 1998 ) <P> Ethnic cleansing was a common phenomenon in the war . This entailed intimidation , forced expulsion , or killing of the unwanted ethnic group as well as the destruction of the places of worship , cemeteries and cultural and historical buildings of that ethnic group . Academics Matjaž Klemenčič and Mitja Žagar argue that : `` Ideas of nationalistic ethnic politicians that Bosnia and Herzegovina be reorganised into homogenous national territories inevitably required the division of ethnically mixed territories into their Serb , Croat , and Muslim parts '' . </P> <P> According to numerous ICTY verdicts and indictments , Serb and Croat forces performed ethnic cleansing of their territories planned by their political leadership to create ethnically pure states ( Republika Srpska and Herzeg - Bosnia ) . Serb forces carried out the atrocities known as the `` Srebrenica genocide '' at the end of the war . The Central Intelligence Agency claimed , in a 1995 report , that Bosnian Serb forces were responsible for 90 percent of the ethnic cleansing committed during the conflict . </P> <P> Based on the evidence of numerous HVO attacks , the ICTY Trial Chamber concluded in the Kordić and Čerkez case that by April 1993 Croat leadership had a common design or plan conceived and executed to ethnically cleanse Bosniaks from the Lašva Valley in Central Bosnia . Dario Kordić , as the local political leader , was found to be the planner and instigator of this plan . </P> <P> Though comparatively rare , there were also cases of pro-Bosniak forces having ' forced other ethnic groups to flee ' during the war . </P> <H3> Genocide ( edit ) </H3> The cemetery at the Srebrenica - Potočari Memorial and Cemetery to Genocide Victims Exhumations in Srebrenica , 1996 The skull of a victim of the July 1995 Srebrenica massacre in an exhumed mass grave outside of Potočari , 2007 Main articles : Bosnian genocide and Bosnian Genocide Case <P> A trial took place before the International Court of Justice , following a 1993 suit by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and Montenegro alleging genocide . The ICJ ruling of 26 February 2007 indirectly determined the war 's nature to be international , though clearing Serbia of direct responsibility for the genocide committed by the forces of Republika Srpska . The ICJ concluded , however , that Serbia failed to prevent genocide committed by Serb forces and failed to punish those responsible , and bring them to justice . A telegram sent to the White House on 8 February 1994 and penned by U.S. Ambassador to Croatia , Peter W. Galbraith , stated that genocide was occurring . The telegram cited `` constant and indiscriminate shelling and gunfire '' of Sarajevo by Karadzic 's Yugoslav People Army ; the harassment of minority groups in Northern Bosnia `` in an attempt to force them to leave '' ; and the use of detainees `` to do dangerous work on the front lines '' as evidence that genocide was being committed . In 2005 , the United States Congress passed a resolution declaring that `` the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide '' . </P> <P> Despite the evidence of many kinds of war crimes conducted simultaneously by different Serb forces in different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina , especially in Bijeljina , Sarajevo , Prijedor , Zvornik , Banja Luka , Višegrad and Foča , the judges ruled that the criteria for genocide with the specific intent ( dolus specialis ) to destroy Bosnian Muslims were met only in Srebrenica or Eastern Bosnia in 1995 . </P> <P> The court concluded the crimes committed during the 1992 -- 1995 war , may amount to crimes against humanity according to the international law , but that these acts did not , in themselves , constitute genocide per se . The Court further decided that , following Montenegro 's declaration of independence in May 2006 , Serbia was the only respondent party in the case , but that `` any responsibility for past events involved at the relevant time the composite State of Serbia and Montenegro '' . </P> <H3> Rape ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rape in the Bosnian War <P> An estimated 12,000 -- 20,000 women were raped , most of them Bosniak . This has been referred to as `` Mass rape '' , particularly with regard to the coordinated use of rape as a weapon of war by members in the VRS and Bosnian Serb police . For the first time in judicial history , the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) declared that `` systematic rape '' , and `` sexual enslavement '' in time of war was a crime against humanity , second only to the war crime of genocide . Rape was most systematic in Eastern Bosnia ( e.g. during campaigns in Foča and Višegrad ) , and in Grbavica during the siege of Sarajevo . Women and girls were kept in various detention centres where they had to live in intolerably unhygienic conditions and were mistreated in many ways including being repeatedly raped . A notorious example was `` Karaman 's house '' in Foča . Common complications among surviving women and girls include psychological , gynaecological and other physical disorders , as well as unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases . </P> <H3> Prosecutions and legal proceedings ( edit ) </H3> Radovan Karadžić ( left ) , former president of Republika Srpska , Ratko Mladić ( right ) , former Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republika Srpska , both sentenced by the ICTY . <P> The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) was established in 1993 as a body of the UN to prosecute war crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia , and to try their perpetrators . The tribunal is an ad hoc court which is located in The Hague , the Netherlands . </P> <P> According to legal experts , as of early 2008 , 45 Serbs , 12 Croats and 4 Bosniaks were convicted of war crimes by the ICTY in connection with the Balkan wars of the 1990s . Both Serbs and Croats were indicted and convicted of systematic war crimes ( joint criminal enterprise ) , while Bosniaks were indicted and convicted of individual ones . Most of the Bosnian Serb wartime leadership Biljana Plavšić , Momčilo Krajišnik , Radoslav Brđanin , and Duško Tadić were indicted and judged guilty for war crimes and ethnic cleansing . </P> <P> The former president of Republika Srpska Radovan Karadžić was held on trial and was sentenced to 40 years in prison in 2016 for crimes , including crimes against humanity and genocide . Ratko Mladić was also tried by the ICTY , charged with crimes in connection with the siege of Sarajevo and the Srebrenica massacre . Mladić was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment by The Hague in November 2017 . Paramilitary leader Vojislav Šešelj has been on trial since 2007 accused of being a part of a joint criminal enterprise to ethnically cleanse large areas of Bosnia - Herzegovina of non-Serbs . The Serbian president Slobodan Milošević was charged with war crimes in connection with the war in Bosnia , including grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions , crimes against humanity and genocide , but died in 2006 before the trial could finish . </P> <P> After the death of Alija Izetbegović , The Hague revealed that he was under investigation for war crimes ; however the prosecutor did not find sufficient evidence in Izetbegović 's lifetime to issue an indictment . Other Bosniaks who were convicted of or are under trial for war crimes include Rasim Delić , chief of staff of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina , who was sentenced to 3 years ' imprisonment on 15 September 2008 for his failure to prevent the Bosnian mujahideen members of the Bosnian army from committing crimes against captured civilians and enemy combatants ( murder , rape , torture ) . Enver Hadžihasanović , a general of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , was sentenced to 3.5 years for authority over acts of murder and wanton destruction in Central Bosnia . Hazim Delić was the Bosniak Deputy Commander of the Čelebići prison camp , which detained Serb civilians . He was sentenced to 18 years by the ICTY Appeals Chamber on 8 April 2003 for murder and torture of the prisoners and for raping two Serbian women . Bosnian commander Sefer Halilović was charged with one count of violation of the laws and customs of war on the basis of superior criminal responsibility of the incidents during Operation Neretva ' 93 and found not guilty . Serbs have accused Sarajevo authorities of practicing selective justice by actively prosecuting Serbs while ignoring or downplaying Bosniak war crimes . </P> <P> Dario Kordić , political leader of Croats in Central Bosnia , was convicted of the crimes against humanity in Central Bosnia i.e. ethnic cleansing and sentenced to 25 years in prison . On 29 May 2013 , in a first instance verdict , the ICTY sentenced Prlić to 25 years in prison . The tribunal also convicted five other war time leaders of the joint trial : defence minister of Herzeg - Bosnia Bruno Stojić ( 20 years ) , military officers Slobodan Praljak ( 20 years ) and Milivoj Petković ( 20 years ) , military police commander Valentin Ćorić ( 20 years ) , and head of prisoner exchanges and detention facilities Berislav Pušić ( 10 years ) . The Chamber ruled , by majority , with the presiding judge Jean - Claude Antonetti dissenting , that they took part in a joint criminal enterprise ( JCE ) against the non-Croat population of Bosnia and Herzegovina and that the JCE included the Croatian President Franjo Tuđman , Defence Minister Gojko Šušak , and general Janko Bobetko . However , on 19 July 2016 the Appeals Chamber in the case announced that the `` Trial Chamber made no explicit findings concerning ( Tudjman 's , Šušak 's and Bobetko 's ) participation in the JCE and did not find ( them ) guilty of any crimes . '' </P> Mourners at the reburial ceremony for an exhumed victim of the Srebrenica massacre . <P> Genocide at Srebrenica is the most serious war crime that any Serbs were convicted of . Crimes against humanity , a charge second in gravity only to genocide , is the most serious war crime that any Croats were convicted of . Breaches of the Geneva Conventions is the most serious war crime that Bosniaks were convicted of . </P> <H3> Reconciliation ( edit ) </H3> A cemetery in Mostar flying the flag of Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( left ) , the flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the flag of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina <P> On 6 December 2004 , Serbian president Boris Tadić made an apology in Bosnia and Herzegovina to all those who suffered crimes committed in the name of the Serb people . </P> <P> Croatia 's president Ivo Josipović apologised in April 2010 for his country 's role in the Bosnian War . Bosnia and Herzegovina 's then - president Haris Silajdžić in turn praised relations with Croatia , remarks that starkly contrasted with his harsh criticism of Serbia the day before . `` I 'm deeply sorry that the Republic of Croatia has contributed to the suffering of people and divisions which still burden us today '' , Josipović told Bosnia and Herzegovina 's parliament . </P> <P> On 31 March 2010 , the Serbian parliament adopted a declaration `` condemning in strongest terms the crime committed in July 1995 against Bosniak population of Srebrenica '' and apologizing to the families of the victims , the first of its kind in the region . The initiative to pass a resolution came from President Boris Tadić , who pushed for it even though the issue was politically controversial . In the past , only human rights groups and non-nationalistic parties had supported such a measure . </P> <H2> Assessment ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Civil war or a war of aggression ( edit ) </H3> <P> Due to the involvement of Croatia and Serbia , there has been a long - standing debate as to whether the conflict was a civil war or a war of aggression on Bosnia by neighbouring states . Academics Steven Burg and Paul Shoup argue that : </P> <P> From the outset , the nature of the war in Bosnia - Herzegovina was subject to conflicting interpretations . These were rooted not only in objective facts on the ground , but in the political interests of those articulating them . </P> -- Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup , The War in Bosnia - Herzegovina <P> On the one hand , the war could be viewed as `` a clear - cut case of civil war -- that is , of internal war among groups unable to agree on arrangements for sharing power '' . </P> <P> David Campbell is critical of narratives about `` civil war '' , which he argues often involve what he terms `` moral levelling '' , in which all sides are `` said to be equally guilty of atrocities '' , and `` emphasise credible Serb fears as a rationale for their actions '' . </P> <P> In contrast to the civil war explanation , Bosniaks , many Croats , western politicians and human rights organizations claimed that the war was a war of Serbian and Croatian aggression based on the Karađorđevo and Graz agreements , while Serbs often considered it a civil war . </P> -- Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup , The War in Bosnia - Herzegovina <P> Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats enjoyed substantial political and military backing from Serbia and Croatia , and the decision to grant Bosnia diplomatic recognition also had implications for the international interpretation of the conflict . As Burg and Shoup state : </P> <P> From the perspective of international diplomacy and law ... the international decision to recognize the independence of Bosnia - Herzegovina and grant it membership in the United Nations provided a basis for defining the war as a case of external aggression by both Serbia and Croatia . With respect to Serbia , the further case could be made that the Bosnian Serb army was under the de facto command of the Yugoslav army and was therefore an instrument of external aggression . With respect to Croatia , regular Croatian army forces violated the territorial integrity of Bosnia - Herzegovina , lending further evidence in support of the view that this was a case of aggression . </P> -- Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup , The War in Bosnia - Herzegovina <P> Sumantra Bose , meanwhile , argues that it is possible to characterise the Bosnian War as a civil war , without necessarily agreeing with the narrative of Serb and Croat nationalists . He states that while `` all episodes of severe violence have been sparked by ' external ' events and forces , local society too has been deeply implicated in that violence '' and therefore argues that `` it makes relatively more sense to regard the 1992 -- 95 conflict in Bosnia as a ' civil war ' -- albeit obviously with a vital dimension that is territorially external to Bosnia '' . </P> <P> In the cases involving Duško Tadić and Zdravko Mucić , the ICTY concluded that the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an international one : </P> <P> ( F ) or the period material to this case ( 1992 ) , the armed forces of the Republika Srpska were to be regarded as acting under the overall control of and on behalf of the FRY ( the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Hence , even after 19 May 1992 the armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the Bosnian Serbs and the central authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina must be classified as an international armed conflict . </P> -- ICTY , Tadić judgement , 1999 <P> Similarly , in the cases involving Ivica Rajić , Tihomir Blaškić and Dario Kordić , the ICTY concluded that the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia was also an international one : </P> <P> ( F ) or purposes of the application of the grave breaches provisions of Geneva Convention IV , the significant and continuous military action by the armed forces of Croatia in support of the Bosnian Croats against the forces of the Bosnian Government on the territory of the latter was sufficient to convert the domestic conflict between the Bosnian Croats and the Bosnian Government into an international one . </P> -- ICTY , Rajić judgement , 1996 <P> In 2010 , Bosnian Commander Ejup Ganić was detained in London on a Serbian extradition request for alleged war crimes . Judge Timothy Workman decided that Ganić should be released after ruling that Serbia 's request was `` politically motivated '' . In his decision , he characterised the Bosnian War to have been an international armed conflict as Bosnia had declared independence on 3 March 1992 . </P> <P> Academic Mary Kaldor argues that the Bosnian War is an example of what she terms new wars , which are neither civil nor inter-state , but rather combine elements of both . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Bosnian War has been depicted in a number of films including Hollywood films such as The Hunting Party , starring Richard Gere as journalist Simon Hunt in his bid to apprehend suspected war criminal and former Bosnian Serb president Radovan Karadžić ; Behind Enemy Lines , loosely based on the Mrkonjić Grad incident , tells about a downed US Navy pilot who uncovers a massacre while on the run from Serb troops who want him dead ; The Peacemaker , starring George Clooney and Nicole Kidman , is a story about a US Army colonel and a White House nuclear expert investigating stolen Russian nuclear weapons obtained by a revenge - fueled Yugoslav diplomat , Dušan Gavrić . </P> <P> In the Land of Blood and Honey , is a 2011 American film written , produced and directed by Angelina Jolie ; the film was Jolie 's directorial debut and it depicts a love story set against the mass rape of Muslim women in the Bosnian War . The Spanish / Italian 2013 film Twice Born , starring Penélope Cruz , based on a book by Margaret Mazzantini . It tells the story of a mother who brings her teenage son to Sarajevo , where his father died in the Bosnian conflict years ago . </P> <P> British films include Welcome to Sarajevo , about the life of Sarajevans during the siege . The Bosnian - British film Beautiful People directed by Jasmin Dizdar portrays the encounter between English families and arriving Bosnian refugees at the height of the Bosnian War . The film was awarded the Un Certain Regard at the 1999 Cannes Festival . The Spanish film Territorio Comanche shows the story of a Spanish TV crew during the siege of Sarajevo . The Polish film Demons of War ( 1998 ) , set during the Bosnian conflict , portrays a Polish group of IFOR soldiers who come to help a pair of journalists tracked by a local warlord whose crimes they had taped . </P> <P> Bosnian director Danis Tanović 's No Man 's Land won the Best Foreign Language Film awards at the 2001 Academy Awards and the 2002 Golden Globes . The Bosnian film Grbavica , about the life of a single mother in contemporary Sarajevo in the aftermath of systematic rape of Bosniak women by Serbian troops during the war , won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival . </P> <P> The 2003 film Remake , directed by Bosnian director Dino Mustafić and written by Zlatko Topčić , follows father Ahmed and son Tarik Karaga during World War II and the Siege of Sarajevo , it premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam . The film The Abandoned ( 2010 ) , directed by Adis Bakrač and written by Zlatko Topčić , tells the story of a boy from a home for abandoned children who tries to find the truth about his origins , it being implied that he is the child of a rape . The film premiered at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival . </P> <P> The 1997 film The Perfect Circle , directed by Bosnian filmmaker Ademir Kenović , tells the story of two boys during the Siege of Sarajevo and was awarded with the François Chalais Prize at the 1997 Cannes Festival . </P> <P> The Serbian - American film Savior , directed by Predrag Antonijević , tells the story of an American mercenary fighting on the side of the Bosnian Serb Army during the war . Pretty Village , Pretty Flame directed by Serbian filmmaker Srđan Dragojević , presents a bleak yet darkly humorous account of the Bosnian War . The Serbian film Life Is a Miracle , produced by Emir Kusturica , depicts the romance of a pacific Serb station caretaker and a Muslim Bosniak young woman entrusted to him as a hostage in the context of Bosniak - Serb border clashes ; it was nominated at the 2004 Cannes Festival . </P> <P> Short films such as In the Name of the Son , about a father who murders his son during the Bosnian War , and 10 Minutes , which contrasts 10 minutes of life of a Japanese tourist in Rome with a Bosnian family during the war , received acclaim for their depiction of the war . </P> <P> A number of Western films made the Bosnian conflict the background of their stories -- some of those include Avenger , based on Frederick Forsyth 's novel in which a mercenary tracks down a Serbian warlord responsible for war crimes , and The Peacemaker , in which a Yugoslav man emotionally devastated by the losses of war plots to take revenge on the United Nations by exploding a nuclear bomb in New York . The Whistleblower tells the true story of Kathryn Bolkovac , a UN peacekeeper that uncovered a human - trafficking scandal involving the United Nations in post-war Bosnia . Shot Through the Heart is a 1998 TV film , directed by David Attwood , shown on BBC and HBO in 1998 , which covers the Siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War from the perspective of two Olympic - level Yugoslavian marksmen , one whom becomes a sniper . </P> Drama series ( edit ) <P> The award - winning British television series , Warriors , aired on BBC One in 1999 . It tells the story of a group of British peacekeepers during the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing . Many of the war 's events were depicted in the Pakistani drama series , Alpha Bravo Charlie , written and directed by Shoaib Mansoor in 1998 . Produced by the Inter-Services Public Relations ( ISPR ) , the series showed several active battlefield events and the involvement of Pakistan military personnel in the UN peacekeeping missions . Alpha Bravo Charlie was presented on Pakistan Television Corporation ( PTV ) . </P> Documentaries ( edit ) <P> The BBC documentary series , The Death of Yugoslavia , covers the collapse of Yugoslavia from the roots of the conflict in the 1980s , to the subsequent wars and peace accords , a BBC book was issued with the same title . Other documentaries include Bernard - Henri Lévy 's Bosna ! about Bosnian resistance against well equipped Serbian troops at the beginning of the war ; the Slovenian documentary Tunel upanja ( A Tunnel of Hope ) about the Sarajevo Tunnel constructed by the besieged citizens of Sarajevo to link Sarajevo , with Bosnian government territory ; the British documentary A Cry from the Grave about the Srebrenica massacre . Portuguese director Joaquim Sapinho 's documental film diary Bosnia Diaries , generated much controversy , being an unengaged European look over the Bosnian conflict in the first person . Silverbullet Films worked on a documentary , Village of the Forgotten Widows , which depicts the suffering of women affected by the Srebrenica massacre . Watchers of the Sky is a 2014 documentary about the life of Raphael Lemkin and his efforts to establish genocide as a legal concept in international law . The film discusses the events in Srebrenica and General Mladić 's involvement in the killings . </P> <H3> Books ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Semezdin Mehmedinović 's Sarajevo Blues and Miljenko Jergović 's Sarajevo Marlboro are among the best known books written during the war in Bosnia . Zlata 's Diary is a published diary kept by a young girl , Zlata Filipović , which chronicles her life in Sarajevo from 1991 to 1993 . Because of the diary , she is sometimes referred to as `` The Anne Frank of Sarajevo '' . The Bosnia List by Kenan Trebincevic and Susan Shapiro chronicles the war through the eyes of a Bosnian refugee returning home for the first time after 18 years in New York . </P> <P> Other works about the war include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bosnia Warriors : Living on the Front Line , by Major Vaughan Kent - Payne is an account of UN operations in Bosnia written by A British Army infantry officer who was based in Vitez , Central Bosnia for seven months in 1993 . </Li> <Li> Necessary Targets ( by Eve Ensler ) </Li> <Li> Winter Warriors -- Across Bosnia with the PBI by Les Howard , a factual account by a British Territorial infantryman who volunteered to serve as a UN Peacekeeper in the latter stages of the war , and during the first stages of the NATO led Dayton Peace Accord . </Li> <Li> Pretty Birds , by Scott Simon , depicts a teenage girl in Sarajevo , once a basketball player on her high school team , who becomes a sniper . </Li> <Li> The Cellist of Sarajevo , by Steven Galloway , is a novel following the stories of four people living in Sarajevo during the war . </Li> <Li> Life 's Too Short to Forgive , written in 2005 by Len Biser , follows the efforts of three people who unite to assassinate Karadzic to stop Serb atrocities . </Li> <Li> Fools Rush In , written by Bill Carter , tells the story of a man who helped bring U2 to a landmark Sarajevo concert . </Li> <Li> Evil Does n't Live Here , by Daoud Sarhandi and Alina Boboc , presents 180 posters created by Bosnian artist which plastered walls during the war . </Li> <Li> The Avenger by Frederick Forsyth . </Li> <Li> Hotel Sarajevo by Jack Kersh . </Li> <Li> Top je bio vreo by Vladimir Kecmanović , a story of a Bosnian Serb boy in the part of Sarajevo held by Bosnian Muslim forces during the Siege of Sarajevo . </Li> <Li> I Bog je zaplakao nad Bosnom ( And God cried over Bosnia ) , written by Momir Krsmanović , is a depiction of war that mainly focuses on the crimes committed by Muslim people . </Li> <Li> Safe Area Goražde is a graphic novel by Joe Sacco about the war in eastern Bosnia . </Li> <Li> Dampyr is an Italian comic book , created by Mauro Boselli and Maurizio Colombo and published in Italy by Sergio Bonelli Editore about Harlan Draka , half human , half vampire , who wages war on the multifaceted forces of Evil . The first two episodes are located in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( # 1 Il figlio del Diavolo ) i.e. Sarajevo ( # 2 La stirpe della note ) during the Bosnian War . </Li> <Li> Goodbye Sarajevo -- A True Story of Courage , Love and Survival by Atka Reid and Hana Schofield and published in 2011 , is the story of two sisters from Sarajevo and their separate experiences of the war . </Li> <Li> Love Thy Neighbor : A Story of War ( by Peter Maas ) , published in 1997 is his account as a reporter at the height of the Bosnian War . </Li> <Li> My War Gone By , I Miss It So by Anthony Loyd is a memoir of Loyd 's time spent covering the conflict as a photojournalist and writer . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> U2 's `` Miss Sarajevo '' is among the best known pieces of music about the war in Bosnia . The song features Bono and Luciano Pavarotti . Other songs include `` Bosnia '' by The Cranberries , `` Sarajevo '' by UHF , `` Christmas Eve / Sarajevo 12 / 24 '' by Savatage and Trans - Siberian Orchestra , `` Pure Massacre '' by Silverchair and others . </P> <H3> Games ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 2014 Polish video game developed by 11 bit studios , This War of Mine , is based on the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina , focusing on the civilian population surviving in the besieged city . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of massacres in the Bosnian War </Li> <Li> 1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bosnian Genocide </Li> <Li> Bosnian mujahideen </Li> <Li> Joint Criminal Enterprise </Li> <Li> Command responsibility </Li> <Li> High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Land mine contamination in Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Peace plans offered before and during the Bosnian War </Li> <Li> Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars </Li> <Li> Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramet 2010 , p. 130 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Christia 2012 , p. 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramet 2006 , p. 450 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mulaj 2008 , p. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finlan 2004 , p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramet 2006 , p. 451 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Calic , Marie -- Janine ( 2012 ) . `` Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes , 1991 -- 1995 '' . In Ingrao , Charles W. ; Emmert , Thomas A. Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies : A Scholars ' Initiative . West Lafayette , IN : Purdue University Press . pp. 139 -- 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55753 - 617 - 4 . Footnotes in source identify numbers as June 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Spolna i nacionalna struktura žrtava i ljudski gubitci vojnih formacija ( 1991 -- 1996 ) '' . Prometej . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ After years of toil , book names Bosnian war dead </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ICTY : Conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ICTY : Conflict between Bosnia and Croatia '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ICJ : The genocide case : Bosnia v. Serbia -- See Part VI -- Entities involved in the events 235 -- 241 '' ( PDF ) . 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BBC . 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bosnia 's dark days -- a cameraman reflects on war of 1990s '' . CBC. 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jolie highlights the continuing suffering of the displaced in Bosnia '' . UNHCR. 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hartmann , Florence . `` Bosnia '' . Crimes of War . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harsch , Michael F. ( 2015 ) . The Power of Dependence : NATO - UN Cooperation in Crisis Management . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 872231 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burg & Shoup 2015 , p. 222 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crowe , David M. ( 2013 ) . War Crimes , Genocide , and Justice : A Global History . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 343 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76380 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Guardian : America used Islamists to arm the Bosnian Muslims </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times : U.S. OKd Iranian Arms for Bosnia , Officials Say </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House Report 105 - 804 : INVESTIGATION INTO IRANIAN ARMS SHIPMENTS TO BOSNIA </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC Correspondent : Allies and Lies transcript </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiebes , Cees ( 2003 ) . Intelligence and the War in Bosnia , 1992 -- 1995 : Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history . LIT Verlag . p. 195 . ISBN 9783825863470 . Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency , ISI , to help Bosnians fight the Serbs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abbas , Hassan ( 2015 ) . Pakistan 's Drift Into Extremism : Allah , the Army , and America 's War on Terror . Routledge . p. 148 . ISBN 9781317463283 . Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians , he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. Unholy Terror . Zenith Imprint . p. 154 . ISBN 9781616739645 . Pakistan 's notorious Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate ... ... violated the UN embargo and provided Bosnian Muslims with sophisticated antitank guided missiles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential Confidential : Bill Clinton After Hours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Clinton Tapes , ' a New Book '' . The New York Times . 21 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor Branch ( 2009 ) . The Clinton Tapes : Wrestling History with the President . Simon and Schuster . p. 31 . 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Intelligence and the War in Bosnia , 1992 -- 1995 . LIT Verlag Münster . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 6347 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Journals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Krišto , Jure ( April 2011 ) . `` Deconstructing a myth : Franjo Tuđman and Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . Review of Croatian History . 6 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 66 . </Li> <Li> Marijan , Davor ( 2004 ) . `` Expert Opinion : On the War Connections of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1991 -- 1995 ) '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 36 : 249 -- 289 . </Li> <Li> Meznaric , Silva ; Zlatkovic Winter , Jelena ( February 1993 ) . `` Forced Migration and Refugee Flows in Croatia , Slovenia and Bosnia - Herzegovina : Early Warning , Beginning and Current State of Flows '' . Refuge. 12 ( 7 ) : 3 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> Sadkovich , James J. ( January 2007 ) . `` Franjo Tuđman and the Muslim - Croat War of 1993 '' . Review of Croatian History . 2 ( 1 ) : 204 -- 245 . ISSN 1845 - 4380 . </Li> <Li> Tomas , Mario ; Nazor , Ante ( October 2013 ) . `` Prikaz i analiza borbi na bosanskoposavskom bojištu 1992 '' ( Analysis of the Military Conflict on the Bosnian - Posavina Battlefront in 1992 ) . Scrinia Slavonica. 13 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 315 . ISSN 1848 - 9109 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Appeals Chamber Judgement in the Case The Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaškić '' ( PDF ) . International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 July 2004 . </Li> <Li> `` Prosecutor v. Ćurić Enes , Demirović Ibrahim , Kreso Samir , Čopelja Habib and Kaminić Mehmed '' . The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Judgement Summary for Rasim Delić '' ( PDF ) . International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Summary of the Judgement for Enver Hadžihasanović and Amir Kubura '' ( PDF ) . International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 March 2006 . </Li> <Li> `` Judgement in the Case The Prosecutor v. Sefer Halilović '' ( PDF ) . International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 16 Nov 2005 . </Li> <Li> `` Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić '' ( PDF ) . The Hague : International Criminal tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 24 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> `` Appeals Chamber Judgement in the Case The Prosecutor v. Dario Kordić and Mario Čerkez '' ( PDF ) . International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 17 December 2004 . </Li> <Li> `` Appeals Chamber Judgement in the Case The Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstić '' ( PDF ) . International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 19 April 2004 . </Li> <Li> `` Prosecutor v. Ratko Mladić '' ( PDF ) . The Hague : International Criminal tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 22 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` Summary of the Sentencing Judgement for Ivica Rajić '' ( PDF ) . International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 8 May 2006 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bosnian War . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Future of Bosnia and Hercegovina Balkan Insight </Li> <Li> War in the Balkans , 1991 -- 2002 -- 4 . The Land of Hate : Bosnia - Herzegovina , 1992 -- 95 , R. Craig Nation ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Summary of the ICTY verdicts related to the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Summary of the ICTY verdicts related to the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia </Li> <Li> List of people missing from the war at the Wayback Machine ( archived 3 April 2009 ) </Li> <Li> UN report on prison camps during the war </Li> <Li> Open UN document on Serb atrocities towards non-Serbs </Li> <Li> Roy , Pinaki . `` Bosnian War Requiems : Snippets of the Balkan Commemorations '' . The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly . 10 ( 4 ) , October -- December 2011 . pp. 95 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1675 - 7 , ISSN 0972 - 6373 . </Li> <Li> `` Serbian War Crime Testimonies '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2001 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Through My Eyes Website Imperial War Museum -- Online Exhibition ( Including images , video and interviews with refugees from the war in Bosnia ) </Li> <Li> Map of Europe showing the Bosnian War ( omniatlas.com ) </Li> <Li> `` Quest For War , and One Green Beret 's Subsequent Evolution '' contains insights on postwar activities by `` Joint Commissioned Observers '' </Li> <Li> Targeting History and Memory , SENSE -- Transitional Justice Center ( dedicated to the study , research , and documentation of the destruction and damage of historic heritage during the Balkan Wars of the 1990s . The website contains judicial documents from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Related films ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Warriors on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bosnian War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Yugoslav Wars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belligerents </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bosnian side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina <Ul> <Li> 1st Corps </Li> <Li> 2nd Corps </Li> <Li> 3rd Corps </Li> <Li> 4th Corps </Li> <Li> 5th Corps </Li> <Li> 6th Corps </Li> <Li> 7th Corps </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paramilitary <Ul> <Li> Patriotic League </Li> <Li> Green Berets </Li> <Li> Black Swans </Li> <Li> Mujahideen </Li> <Li> Croatian Defence Forces </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Croat side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Croatian Defence Council <Ul> <Li> 1OZ </Li> <Li> 2OZ </Li> <Li> 3OZ </Li> <Li> 4OZ </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paramilitary <Ul> <Li> Croatian Defence Forces </Li> <Li> Knights </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Serb side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Army of Republika Srpska <Ul> <Li> 1st Krajina Corps </Li> <Li> 2nd Krajina Corps </Li> <Li> 3rd Corps </Li> <Li> East Bosnia Corps </Li> <Li> Herzegovina Corps </Li> <Li> Sarajevo - Romanija Corps </Li> <Li> Drina Corps </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paramilitary <Ul> <Li> Wolves of Vučjak </Li> <Li> White Eagles </Li> <Li> Serb Volunteer Guard </Li> <Li> Scorpions </Li> <Li> Yellow Wasps </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prelude </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karađorđevo meeting </Li> <Li> Zulfikarpašić -- Karadžić agreement </Li> <Li> RAM Plan </Li> <Li> Serb Autonomous Regions <Ul> <Li> Bosanska Krajina </Li> <Li> Herzegovina </Li> <Li> North - East Bosnia </Li> <Li> Romanija </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Establishment of Republika Srpska </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum </Li> <Li> Sarajevo wedding shooting </Li> <Li> Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Battle of Bosanski Brod </Li> <Li> Sijekovac killings </Li> <Li> Bijeljina massacre </Li> <Li> 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1992 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Kupres </Li> <Li> Siege of Sarajevo </Li> <Li> Foča massacres </Li> <Li> Siege of Srebrenica </Li> <Li> Zvornik massacre </Li> <Li> Doboj </Li> <Li> Snagovo massacre </Li> <Li> Prijedor ethnic cleansing </Li> <Li> Sarajevo column incident </Li> <Li> Siege of Goražde </Li> <Li> Graz agreement </Li> <Li> Glogova massacre </Li> <Li> Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing </Li> <Li> Tuzla column incident </Li> <Li> Zaklopača massacre </Li> <Li> Vilina Vlas </Li> <Li> Siege of Doboj </Li> <Li> Bijeli Potok massacre </Li> <Li> Pionirska Street fire </Li> <Li> Operation Jackal </Li> <Li> Višegrad massacres <Ul> <Li> Bosanska Jagodina </Li> <Li> Paklenik </Li> <Li> Barimo </Li> <Li> Sjeverin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Čemerno massacre </Li> <Li> Siege of Bihać </Li> <Li> Ahatovići massacre </Li> <Li> Croat -- Bosniak War </Li> <Li> Operation Vrbas ' 92 </Li> <Li> Operation Corridor 92 </Li> <Li> Bikavac fire </Li> <Li> Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia </Li> <Li> Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia </Li> <Li> Korićani Cliffs massacre </Li> <Li> Gornja Jošanica massacre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1993 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kravica attack </Li> <Li> Duša killings </Li> <Li> Skelani massacre </Li> <Li> Štrpci </Li> <Li> Siege of Mostar </Li> <Li> Srebrenica shelling </Li> <Li> Ahmići massacre </Li> <Li> Trusina killings </Li> <Li> Sovići and Doljani massacres </Li> <Li> Vranica case </Li> <Li> Dobrinja mortar attack </Li> <Li> Battle of Žepče </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Operation Irma </Li> <Li> Operation Neretva ' 93 </Li> <Li> Grabovica massacre </Li> <Li> Mokronoge massacre </Li> <Li> Stupni Do massacre </Li> <Li> Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia </Li> <Li> Operation Deny Flight </Li> <Li> Križančevo Selo killings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1994 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Operation Tvigi 94 </Li> <Li> First Markale massacre </Li> <Li> Banja Luka incident </Li> <Li> Washington Agreement </Li> <Li> Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Operation Bøllebank </Li> <Li> Attack on Spin magazine journalists </Li> <Li> Operation Tiger </Li> <Li> Battle of Kupres </Li> <Li> Operation Amanda </Li> <Li> Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 </Li> <Li> Operation Spider </Li> <Li> Operation Winter ' 94 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Operation Leap 1 </Li> <Li> Battle of Orašje </Li> <Li> Operation Leap 2 </Li> <Li> Split Agreement </Li> <Li> Operation Summer ' 95 </Li> <Li> Pale air strikes </Li> <Li> Tuzla shelling </Li> <Li> Battle of Vrbanja Bridge </Li> <Li> Srebrenica massacre <Ul> <Li> Kravica </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Battle for Vozuća </Li> <Li> Operation Miracle </Li> <Li> Operation Storm </Li> <Li> Second Markale massacre </Li> <Li> NATO bombing campaign </Li> <Li> Operation Mistral 2 </Li> <Li> Operation Sana </Li> <Li> Operation Una </Li> <Li> Operation Southern Move </Li> <Li> Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs </Li> <Li> Dayton Agreement </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internment camps </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Silos </Li> <Li> Manjača </Li> <Li> Liplje </Li> <Li> Luka </Li> <Li> Omarska </Li> <Li> Keraterm </Li> <Li> Trnopolje </Li> <Li> Sušica </Li> <Li> Čelebići </Li> <Li> Batković </Li> <Li> Dretelj </Li> <Li> Uzamnica </Li> <Li> Heliodrom </Li> <Li> Gabela </Li> <Li> Vojno </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aspects </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ethnic cleansing and massacres <Ul> <Li> Bosnian genocide </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Internment camps </Li> <Li> Rape </Li> <Li> Peace plans </Li> <Li> NATO intervention </Li> <Li> Foreign support </Li> <Li> Foreign fighters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline of the Bosnian War ( Timeline of the Croat -- Bosniak War ) <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Yugoslav Wars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Overview </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Participants </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> People </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Wars and conflicts </P> <Ul> <Li> Slovenian War of Independence ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Croatian War of Independence ( 1991 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Bosnian War ( 1992 -- 95 ) <Ul> <Li> Croat -- Bosniak War ( 1992 -- 94 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kosovo War ( 1998 -- 99 ) </Li> <Li> Insurgency in the Preševo Valley ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Background : </P> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of Yugoslav breakup </Li> <Li> Josip Broz Tito </Li> <Li> Brotherhood and unity </Li> <Li> League of Communists of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Croatian Spring </Li> <Li> SANU Memorandum </Li> <Li> Contributions for the Slovenian National Program </Li> <Li> Anti-bureaucratic revolution </Li> <Li> JBTZ - trial </Li> <Li> Gazimestan speech </Li> <Li> RAM Plan </Li> <Li> Breakup of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Karađorđevo agreement </Li> <Li> Graz agreement </Li> <Li> Joint Criminal Enterprise </Li> <Li> Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars </Li> </Ul> <P> Consequences : </P> <Ul> <Li> Brioni Agreement </Li> <Li> Dayton Agreement </Li> <Li> Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control </Li> <Li> International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) <Ul> <Li> List of ICTY indictees </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human rights in Croatia </Li> <Li> Human rights in Serbia </Li> </Ul> <P> Articles on nationalism : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ethnic cleansing </Li> <Li> Greater Albania </Li> <Li> Greater Croatia </Li> <Li> United Macedonia </Li> <Li> Greater Serbia </Li> <Li> United Slovenia </Li> <Li> Anti-Serbian sentiment </Li> <Li> Islamophobia </Li> <Li> Albanian nationalism </Li> <Li> Bosnianism </Li> <Li> Croatian nationalism </Li> <Li> Macedonian nationalism </Li> <Li> Montenegrin nationalism </Li> <Li> Serbian nationalism </Li> <Li> Serbian -- Montenegrin unionism </Li> <Li> Slovenian nationalism </Li> <Li> Yugoslavism </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Ex-Yugoslav republics : </P> <Ul> <Li> Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) <Ul> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia ( SRJ ( SCG ) ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Unrecognized entities : </P> <Ul> <Li> Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) <Ul> <Li> SAO Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Syrmia </Li> <Li> SAO Krajina </Li> <Li> SAO Western Slavonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Republika Srpska ( RS ) <Ul> <Li> SAO Bosanska Krajina </Li> <Li> SAO Herzegovina </Li> <Li> SAO North - Eastern Bosnia </Li> <Li> SAO Romanija </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia ( HRHB ) </Li> <Li> Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia ( APZB ) </Li> </Ul> <P> United Nations protectorate : </P> <Ul> <Li> United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Sirmium ( UNTAES ) </Li> <Li> United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo ( UNMIK ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Armies : </P> <Ul> <Li> Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) </Li> <Li> Yugoslav Territorial Defence ( TO ) </Li> <Li> Slovenian Territorial Defence ( TORS ) </Li> <Li> Yugoslav Army ( VJ ) </Li> <Li> Croatian Army ( HV ) </Li> <Li> BiH Territorial Defence ( TORBIH ) </Li> <Li> Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH ) </Li> <Li> Army of Republika Srpska ( VRS ) </Li> <Li> Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina ( SVK ) </Li> <Li> Croatian Defence Council ( HVO ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Military formations and volunteers : </P> <Ul> <Li> Croatian Defence Forces ( HOS ) </Li> <Li> White Eagles </Li> <Li> Serb Guard ( SG ) </Li> <Li> Serb Volunteer Guard ( SDG ) </Li> <Li> Scorpions </Li> <Li> Yellow Wasps </Li> <Li> Greek Volunteer Guard </Li> <Li> Wolves of Vučjak </Li> </Ul> <P> External factors : </P> <Ul> <Li> NATO </Li> <Li> United Nations ( UN ) <Ul> <Li> United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) </Li> <Li> United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation ( UNCRO ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Politicians : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ante Marković </Li> <Li> Borisav Jović </Li> <Li> Slobodan Milošević </Li> <Li> Momir Bulatović </Li> <Li> Milo Đukanović </Li> <Li> Vuk Drašković </Li> <Li> Milan Kučan </Li> <Li> Lojze Peterle </Li> <Li> Janez Janša </Li> <Li> Franjo Tuđman </Li> <Li> Stjepan Mesić </Li> <Li> Ante Paradžik † </Li> <Li> Dobroslav Paraga </Li> <Li> Alija Izetbegović </Li> <Li> Mate Boban </Li> <Li> Fikret Abdić </Li> <Li> Radovan Karadžić </Li> <Li> Biljana Plavšić </Li> <Li> Momčilo Krajišnik </Li> <Li> Mirko Jović </Li> <Li> Jovan Rašković † </Li> <Li> Milan Babić </Li> <Li> Goran Hadžić </Li> <Li> Milan Martić </Li> <Li> Vojislav Šešelj </Li> </Ul> <P> Top military commanders : </P> <Ul> <Li> Veljko Kadijević </Li> <Li> Života Panić </Li> <Li> Momčilo Perišić </Li> <Li> Janko Bobetko </Li> <Li> Martin Špegelj </Li> <Li> Gojko Šušak </Li> <Li> Mile Novaković </Li> <Li> Mile Mrkšić </Li> <Li> Ratko Mladić </Li> <Li> Rasim Delić </Li> <Li> Sefer Halilović </Li> <Li> Atif Dudaković </Li> <Li> Dragoljub Ojdanić </Li> <Li> Nebojša Pavković </Li> <Li> Vladimir Lazarević </Li> </Ul> <P> Other notable commanders : </P> <Ul> <Li> Blago Zadro † </Li> <Li> Blaž Kraljević † </Li> <Li> Ante Gotovina </Li> <Li> Jovan Divjak </Li> <Li> Naser Orić </Li> <Li> Veselin Šljivančanin </Li> <Li> Milan Tepić † </Li> <Li> Đorđe Božović † </Li> <Li> Vukašin Šoškoćanin † </Li> <Li> Veljko Milanković † </Li> <Li> Ljubiša Savić </Li> <Li> Dragan Vasiljković </Li> <Li> Željko Ražnatović </Li> <Li> Milorad Ulemek </Li> </Ul> <P> Key foreign figures : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lord Carrington </Li> <Li> Cyrus Vance </Li> <Li> Lord Owen </Li> <Li> Richard Holbrooke </Li> <Li> Robert Badinter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Croatian War of Independence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Yugoslav Wars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prelude </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Log Revolution </Li> <Li> SAO Krajina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1991 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pakrac clash </Li> <Li> Plitvice Lakes incident </Li> <Li> 1991 siege of Kijevo </Li> <Li> Battle of Borovo Selo </Li> <Li> 1991 riot in Zadar </Li> <Li> 1991 protest in Split </Li> <Li> SAO Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Syrmia </Li> <Li> Operation Stinger </Li> <Li> Dalj massacre </Li> <Li> Operation Labrador </Li> <Li> SAO Western Slavonia </Li> <Li> Battle of Vukovar </Li> <Li> Battle of Osijek </Li> <Li> Battle of Gospić </Li> <Li> Battle of Kusonje </Li> <Li> Battle of the Barracks </Li> <Li> Siege of Varaždin Barracks </Li> <Li> Siege of Bjelovar Barracks </Li> <Li> Battle of Zadar </Li> <Li> Battle of Šibenik </Li> <Li> 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia </Li> <Li> Siege of Dubrovnik </Li> <Li> Bombing of Banski dvori </Li> <Li> Široka Kula massacre </Li> <Li> Lovas massacre </Li> <Li> Gospić massacre </Li> <Li> Baćin massacre </Li> <Li> Saborsko massacre </Li> <Li> Operation Otkos 10 </Li> <Li> Battle of Logorište </Li> <Li> Erdut massacre </Li> <Li> Battle of the Dalmatian channels </Li> <Li> Kostrići massacre </Li> <Li> Škabrnja massacre </Li> <Li> Vukovar massacre </Li> <Li> Vance plan </Li> <Li> Operation Whirlwind </Li> <Li> Paulin Dvor massacre </Li> <Li> Gornje Jame massacre </Li> <Li> Operation Orkan 91 </Li> <Li> Voćin massacre </Li> <Li> Joševica massacre </Li> <Li> Operation Devil 's Beam </Li> <Li> Bruška massacre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1992 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sarajevo Agreement </Li> <Li> 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing </Li> <Li> Operation Baranja </Li> <Li> Operation Jackal </Li> <Li> Battle of the Miljevci Plateau </Li> <Li> Operation Tiger ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Operation Liberated Land </Li> <Li> Battle of Konavle </Li> <Li> Operation Vlaštica </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1993 -- 94 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Operation Maslenica </Li> <Li> Daruvar Agreement </Li> <Li> Operation Backstop </Li> <Li> Operation Medak Pocket </Li> <Li> Z - 4 Plan </Li> <Li> Operation Winter ' 94 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Operation Leap 1 </Li> <Li> Operation Flash </Li> <Li> Zagreb rocket attack </Li> <Li> Operation Leap 2 </Li> <Li> Operation Summer ' 95 </Li> <Li> Operation Storm </Li> <Li> Operation Maestral 2 </Li> <Li> Varivode massacre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internment camps </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Begejci camp </Li> <Li> Bučje camp </Li> <Li> Knin camp </Li> <Li> Lora prison camp </Li> <Li> Ovčara camp </Li> <Li> Sremska Mitrovica prison camp </Li> <Li> Stajićevo camp </Li> <Li> Velepromet camp </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence of Croatia </Li> <Li> Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bosnian War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Yugoslav Wars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belligerents </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bosnian side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina <Ul> <Li> 1st Corps </Li> <Li> 2nd Corps </Li> <Li> 3rd Corps </Li> <Li> 4th Corps </Li> <Li> 5th Corps </Li> <Li> 6th Corps </Li> <Li> 7th Corps </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paramilitary <Ul> <Li> Patriotic League </Li> <Li> Green Berets </Li> <Li> Black Swans </Li> <Li> Mujahideen </Li> <Li> Croatian Defence Forces </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Croat side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Croatian Defence Council <Ul> <Li> 1OZ </Li> <Li> 2OZ </Li> <Li> 3OZ </Li> <Li> 4OZ </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 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what were the sides in the bosnian war
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bosnian_War&amp;oldid=856976467
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Distributed computing - wikipedia <H1> Distributed computing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Distributed Information Processing '' redirects here . For the computer company , see DIP Research . `` Distributed application '' redirects here . For smart contracts , see Decentralized application . <P> Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems . A distributed system is a model in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages . The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal . Three significant characteristics of distributed systems are : concurrency of components , lack of a global clock , and independent failure of components . Examples of distributed systems vary from SOA - based systems to massively multiplayer online games to peer - to - peer applications . </P> <P> A computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program , and distributed programming is the process of writing such programs . There are many alternatives for the message passing mechanism , including pure HTTP , RPC - like connectors and message queues . </P> <P> A goal and challenge pursued by some computer scientists and practitioners in distributed systems is location transparency ; however , this goal has fallen out of favour in industry , as distributed systems are different from conventional non-distributed systems , and the differences , such as network partitions , partial system failures , and partial upgrades , can not simply be `` papered over '' by attempts at `` transparency '' ( see CAP theorem ) . </P> <P> Distributed computing also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational problems . In distributed computing , a problem is divided into many tasks , each of which is solved by one or more computers , which communicate with each other by message passing . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Introduction </Li> <Li> 2 Parallel and distributed computing </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Architectures </Li> <Li> 5 Applications </Li> <Li> 6 Examples </Li> <Li> 7 Theoretical foundations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Models </Li> <Li> 7.2 An example </Li> <Li> 7.3 Complexity measures </Li> <Li> 7.4 Other problems </Li> <Li> 7.5 Properties of distributed systems </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Introduction ( edit ) </H2> <P> The word distributed in terms such as `` distributed system '' , `` distributed programming '' , and `` distributed algorithm '' originally referred to computer networks where individual computers were physically distributed within some geographical area . The terms are nowadays used in a much wider sense , even referring to autonomous processes that run on the same physical computer and interact with each other by message passing . </P> <P> While there is no single definition of a distributed system , the following defining properties are commonly used : </P> <Ul> <Li> There are several autonomous computational entities ( computers or nodes ) , each of which has its own local memory . </Li> <Li> The entities communicate with each other by message passing . </Li> </Ul> <P> A distributed system may have a common goal , such as solving a large computational problem ; the user then perceives the collection of autonomous processors as a unit . Alternatively , each computer may have its own user with individual needs , and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication services to the users . </P> <P> Other typical properties of distributed systems include the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> The system has to tolerate failures in individual computers . </Li> <Li> The structure of the system ( network topology , network latency , number of computers ) is not known in advance , the system may consist of different kinds of computers and network links , and the system may change during the execution of a distributed program . </Li> <Li> Each computer has only a limited , incomplete view of the system . Each computer may know only one part of the input . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Parallel and distributed computing ( edit ) </H2> ( a ) , ( b ) : a distributed system . ( c ) : a parallel system . <P> Distributed systems are groups of networked computers , which have the same goal for their work . The terms `` concurrent computing '' , `` parallel computing '' , and `` distributed computing '' have a lot of overlap , and no clear distinction exists between them . The same system may be characterized both as `` parallel '' and `` distributed '' ; the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently in parallel . Parallel computing may be seen as a particular tightly coupled form of distributed computing , and distributed computing may be seen as a loosely coupled form of parallel computing . Nevertheless , it is possible to roughly classify concurrent systems as `` parallel '' or `` distributed '' using the following criteria : </P> <Ul> <Li> In parallel computing , all processors may have access to a shared memory to exchange information between processors . </Li> <Li> In distributed computing , each processor has its own private memory ( distributed memory ) . Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors . </Li> </Ul> <P> The figure on the right illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems . Figure ( a ) is a schematic view of a typical distributed system ; the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link . Figure ( b ) shows the same distributed system in more detail : each computer has its own local memory , and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links . Figure ( c ) shows a parallel system in which each processor has a direct access to a shared memory . </P> <P> The situation is further complicated by the traditional uses of the terms parallel and distributed algorithm that do not quite match the above definitions of parallel and distributed systems ( see below for more detailed discussion ) . Nevertheless , as a rule of thumb , high - performance parallel computation in a shared - memory multiprocessor uses parallel algorithms while the coordination of a large - scale distributed system uses distributed algorithms . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The use of concurrent processes that communicate by message - passing has its roots in operating system architectures studied in the 1960s . The first widespread distributed systems were local - area networks such as Ethernet , which was invented in the 1970s . </P> <P> ARPANET , the predecessor of the Internet , was introduced in the late 1960s , and ARPANET e-mail was invented in the early 1970s . E-mail became the most successful application of ARPANET , and it is probably the earliest example of a large - scale distributed application . In addition to ARPANET , and its successor , the Internet , other early worldwide computer networks included Usenet and FidoNet from the 1980s , both of which were used to support distributed discussion systems . </P> <P> The study of distributed computing became its own branch of computer science in the late 1970s and early 1980s . The first conference in the field , Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing ( PODC ) , dates back to 1982 , and its European counterpart International Symposium on Distributed Computing ( DISC ) was first held in 1985 . </P> <H2> Architectures ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various hardware and software architectures are used for distributed computing . At a lower level , it is necessary to interconnect multiple CPUs with some sort of network , regardless of whether that network is printed onto a circuit board or made up of loosely coupled devices and cables . At a higher level , it is necessary to interconnect processes running on those CPUs with some sort of communication system . </P> <P> Distributed programming typically falls into one of several basic architectures : client -- server , three - tier , n - tier , or peer - to - peer ; or categories : loose coupling , or tight coupling . </P> <Ul> <Li> Client -- server : architectures where smart clients contact the server for data then format and display it to the users . Input at the client is committed back to the server when it represents a permanent change . </Li> <Li> Three - tier : architectures that move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that stateless clients can be used . This simplifies application deployment . Most web applications are three - tier . </Li> <Li> n - tier : architectures that refer typically to web applications which further forward their requests to other enterprise services . This type of application is the one most responsible for the success of application servers . </Li> <Li> Peer - to - peer : architectures where there are no special machines that provide a service or manage the network resources . Instead all responsibilities are uniformly divided among all machines , known as peers . Peers can serve both as clients and as servers . </Li> </Ul> <P> Another basic aspect of distributed computing architecture is the method of communicating and coordinating work among concurrent processes . Through various message passing protocols , processes may communicate directly with one another , typically in a master / slave relationship . Alternatively , a `` database - centric '' architecture can enable distributed computing to be done without any form of direct inter-process communication , by utilizing a shared database . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reasons for using distributed systems and distributed computing may include : </P> <Ol> <Li> The very nature of an application may require the use of a communication network that connects several computers : for example , data produced in one physical location and required in another location . </Li> <Li> There are many cases in which the use of a single computer would be possible in principle , but the use of a distributed system is beneficial for practical reasons . For example , it may be more cost - efficient to obtain the desired level of performance by using a cluster of several low - end computers , in comparison with a single high - end computer . A distributed system can provide more reliability than a non-distributed system , as there is no single point of failure . Moreover , a distributed system may be easier to expand and manage than a monolithic uniprocessor system . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <P> Examples of distributed systems and applications of distributed computing include the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> telecommunication networks : <Ul> <Li> telephone networks and cellular networks , </Li> <Li> computer networks such as the Internet , </Li> <Li> wireless sensor networks , </Li> <Li> routing algorithms ; </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> network applications : <Ul> <Li> World Wide Web and peer - to - peer networks , </Li> <Li> massively multiplayer online games and virtual reality communities , </Li> <Li> distributed databases and distributed database management systems , </Li> <Li> network file systems , </Li> <Li> distributed information processing systems such as banking systems and airline reservation systems ; </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> real - time process control : <Ul> <Li> aircraft control systems , </Li> <Li> industrial control systems ; </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> parallel computation : <Ul> <Li> scientific computing , including cluster computing and grid computing and various volunteer computing projects ( see the list of distributed computing projects ) , </Li> <Li> distributed rendering in computer graphics </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Theoretical Foundations ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Distributed algorithm <H3> Models ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many tasks that we would like to automate by using a computer are of question -- answer type : we would like to ask a question and the computer should produce an answer . In theoretical computer science , such tasks are called computational problems . Formally , a computational problem consists of instances together with a solution for each instance . Instances are questions that we can ask , and solutions are desired answers to these questions . </P> <P> Theoretical computer science seeks to understand which computational problems can be solved by using a computer ( computability theory ) and how efficiently ( computational complexity theory ) . Traditionally , it is said that a problem can be solved by using a computer if we can design an algorithm that produces a correct solution for any given instance . Such an algorithm can be implemented as a computer program that runs on a general - purpose computer : the program reads a problem instance from input , performs some computation , and produces the solution as output . Formalisms such as random access machines or universal Turing machines can be used as abstract models of a sequential general - purpose computer executing such an algorithm . </P> <P> The field of concurrent and distributed computing studies similar questions in the case of either multiple computers , or a computer that executes a network of interacting processes : which computational problems can be solved in such a network and how efficiently ? However , it is not at all obvious what is meant by `` solving a problem '' in the case of a concurrent or distributed system : for example , what is the task of the algorithm designer , and what is the concurrent or distributed equivalent of a sequential general - purpose computer ? </P> <P> The discussion below focuses on the case of multiple computers , although many of the issues are the same for concurrent processes running on a single computer . </P> <P> Three viewpoints are commonly used : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Parallel algorithms in shared - memory model </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All processors have access to a shared memory . The algorithm designer chooses the program executed by each processor . </Li> <Li> One theoretical model is the parallel random access machines ( PRAM ) that are used . However , the classical PRAM model assumes synchronous access to the shared memory . </Li> <Li> Shared - memory programs can be extended to distributed systems if the underlying operating system encapsulates the communication between nodes and virtually unifies the memory across all individual systems . </Li> <Li> A model that is closer to the behavior of real - world multiprocessor machines and takes into account the use of machine instructions , such as Compare - and - swap ( CAS ) , is that of asynchronous shared memory . There is a wide body of work on this model , a summary of which can be found in the literature . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Parallel algorithms in message - passing model </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The algorithm designer chooses the structure of the network , as well as the program executed by each computer . </Li> <Li> Models such as Boolean circuits and sorting networks are used . A Boolean circuit can be seen as a computer network : each gate is a computer that runs an extremely simple computer program . Similarly , a sorting network can be seen as a computer network : each comparator is a computer . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Distributed algorithms in message - passing model </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The algorithm designer only chooses the computer program . All computers run the same program . The system must work correctly regardless of the structure of the network . </Li> <Li> A commonly used model is a graph with one finite - state machine per node . </Li> </Ul> <P> In the case of distributed algorithms , computational problems are typically related to graphs . Often the graph that describes the structure of the computer network is the problem instance . This is illustrated in the following example . </P> <H3> An example ( edit ) </H3> <P> Consider the computational problem of finding a coloring of a given graph G. Different fields might take the following approaches : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Centralized algorithms </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The graph G is encoded as a string , and the string is given as input to a computer . The computer program finds a coloring of the graph , encodes the coloring as a string , and outputs the result . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Parallel algorithms </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Again , the graph G is encoded as a string . However , multiple computers can access the same string in parallel . Each computer might focus on one part of the graph and produce a coloring for that part . </Li> <Li> The main focus is on high - performance computation that exploits the processing power of multiple computers in parallel . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Distributed algorithms </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The graph G is the structure of the computer network . There is one computer for each node of G and one communication link for each edge of G. Initially , each computer only knows about its immediate neighbors in the graph G ; the computers must exchange messages with each other to discover more about the structure of G. Each computer must produce its own color as output . </Li> <Li> The main focus is on coordinating the operation of an arbitrary distributed system . </Li> </Ul> <P> While the field of parallel algorithms has a different focus than the field of distributed algorithms , there is a lot of interaction between the two fields . For example , the Cole -- Vishkin algorithm for graph coloring was originally presented as a parallel algorithm , but the same technique can also be used directly as a distributed algorithm . </P> <P> Moreover , a parallel algorithm can be implemented either in a parallel system ( using shared memory ) or in a distributed system ( using message passing ) . The traditional boundary between parallel and distributed algorithms ( choose a suitable network vs. run in any given network ) does not lie in the same place as the boundary between parallel and distributed systems ( shared memory vs. message passing ) . </P> <H3> Complexity measures ( edit ) </H3> <P> In parallel algorithms , yet another resource in addition to time and space is the number of computers . Indeed , often there is a trade - off between the running time and the number of computers : the problem can be solved faster if there are more computers running in parallel ( see speedup ) . If a decision problem can be solved in polylogarithmic time by using a polynomial number of processors , then the problem is said to be in the class NC . The class NC can be defined equally well by using the PRAM formalism or Boolean circuits -- PRAM machines can simulate Boolean circuits efficiently and vice versa . </P> <P> In the analysis of distributed algorithms , more attention is usually paid on communication operations than computational steps . Perhaps the simplest model of distributed computing is a synchronous system where all nodes operate in a lockstep fashion . During each communication round , all nodes in parallel ( 1 ) receive the latest messages from their neighbours , ( 2 ) perform arbitrary local computation , and ( 3 ) send new messages to their neighbors . In such systems , a central complexity measure is the number of synchronous communication rounds required to complete the task . </P> <P> This complexity measure is closely related to the diameter of the network . Let D be the diameter of the network . On the one hand , any computable problem can be solved trivially in a synchronous distributed system in approximately 2D communication rounds : simply gather all information in one location ( D rounds ) , solve the problem , and inform each node about the solution ( D rounds ) . </P> <P> On the other hand , if the running time of the algorithm is much smaller than D communication rounds , then the nodes in the network must produce their output without having the possibility to obtain information about distant parts of the network . In other words , the nodes must make globally consistent decisions based on information that is available in their local neighbourhood . Many distributed algorithms are known with the running time much smaller than D rounds , and understanding which problems can be solved by such algorithms is one of the central research questions of the field . </P> <P> Other commonly used measures are the total number of bits transmitted in the network ( cf . communication complexity ) . </P> <H3> Other problems ( edit ) </H3> <P> Traditional computational problems take the perspective that we ask a question , a computer ( or a distributed system ) processes the question for a while , and then produces an answer and stops . However , there are also problems where we do not want the system to ever stop . Examples of such problems include the dining philosophers problem and other similar mutual exclusion problems . In these problems , the distributed system is supposed to continuously coordinate the use of shared resources so that no conflicts or deadlocks occur . </P> <P> There are also fundamental challenges that are unique to distributed computing . The first example is challenges that are related to fault - tolerance . Examples of related problems include consensus problems , Byzantine fault tolerance , and self - stabilisation . </P> <P> A lot of research is also focused on understanding the asynchronous nature of distributed systems : </P> <Ul> <Li> Synchronizers can be used to run synchronous algorithms in asynchronous systems . </Li> <Li> Logical clocks provide a causal happened - before ordering of events . </Li> <Li> Clock synchronization algorithms provide globally consistent physical time stamps . </Li> </Ul> <P> Election </P> <P> Coordinator election ( or leader election ) is the process of designating a single process as the organizer of some task distributed among several computers ( nodes ) . Before the task is begun , all network nodes are either unaware which node will serve as the `` coordinator '' ( or leader ) of the task , or unable to communicate with the current coordinator . After a coordinator election algorithm has been run , however , each node throughout the network recognizes a particular , unique node as the task coordinator . </P> <P> The network nodes communicate among themselves in order to decide which of them will get into the `` coordinator '' state . For that , they need some method in order to break the symmetry among them . For example , if each node has unique and comparable identities , then the nodes can compare their identities , and decide that the node with the highest identity is the coordinator . </P> <P> The definition of this problem is often attributed to LeLann , who formalized it as a method to create a new token in a token ring network in which the token has been lost . </P> <P> Coordinator election algorithms are designed to be economical in terms of total bytes transmitted , and time . The algorithm suggested by Gallager , Humblet , and Spira for general undirected graphs has had a strong impact on the design of distributed algorithms in general , and won the Dijkstra Prize for an influential paper in distributed computing . </P> <P> Many other algorithms were suggested for different kind of network graphs , such as undirected rings , unidirectional rings , complete graphs , grids , directed Euler graphs , and others . A general method that decouples the issue of the graph family from the design of the coordinator election algorithm was suggested by Korach , Kutten , and Moran . </P> <P> In order to perform coordination , distributed systems employ the concept of coordinators . The coordinator election problem is to choose a process from among a group of processes on different processors in a distributed system to act as the central coordinator . Several central coordinator election algorithms exist . </P> <H3> Properties of distributed systems ( edit ) </H3> <P> So far the focus has been on designing a distributed system that solves a given problem . A complementary research problem is studying the properties of a given distributed system . </P> <P> The halting problem is an analogous example from the field of centralised computation : we are given a computer program and the task is to decide whether it halts or runs forever . The halting problem is undecidable in the general case , and naturally understanding the behaviour of a computer network is at least as hard as understanding the behaviour of one computer . </P> <P> However , there are many interesting special cases that are decidable . In particular , it is possible to reason about the behaviour of a network of finite - state machines . One example is telling whether a given network of interacting ( asynchronous and non-deterministic ) finite - state machines can reach a deadlock . This problem is PSPACE - complete , i.e. , it is decidable , but it is not likely that there is an efficient ( centralised , parallel or distributed ) algorithm that solves the problem in the case of large networks . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> AppScale </Li> <Li> BOINC </Li> <Li> Blockchain </Li> <Li> Code mobility </Li> <Li> Decentralized computing </Li> <Li> Distributed algorithmic mechanism design </Li> <Li> Distributed cache </Li> <Li> Distributed operating system </Li> <Li> Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing </Li> <Li> Fog computing </Li> <Li> Folding@home </Li> <Li> Inferno </Li> <Li> Jungle computing </Li> <Li> Layered queueing network </Li> <Li> Library Oriented Architecture ( LOA ) </Li> <Li> List of distributed computing conferences </Li> <Li> List of distributed computing projects </Li> <Li> List of important publications in concurrent , parallel , and distributed computing </Li> <Li> Model checking </Li> <Li> Parallel distributed processing </Li> <Li> Parallel programming model </Li> <Li> Plan 9 from Bell Labs </Li> <Li> Shared nothing architecture </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coulouris , George ; Jean Dollimore ; Tim Kindberg ; Gordon Blair ( 2011 ) . Distributed Systems : Concepts and Design ( 5th Edition ) . Boston : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 132 - 14301 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews ( 2000 ) . Dolev ( 2000 ) . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Godfrey ( 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andrews ( 2000 ) , p. 291 -- 292 . Dolev ( 2000 ) , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews ( 2000 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 , 291 . Dolev ( 2000 ) , p. 5 . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 3 . Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. xix , 1 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. xv . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews ( 2000 ) , p. 291 . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 3 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 3 -- 4 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 4 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 4 , 8 . Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. 2 -- 3 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. 2 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 7 . Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. xix , 2 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 10 . Keidar ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. xix , 1 -- 2 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Papadimitriou ( 1994 ) , Chapter 15 . Keidar ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See references in Introduction . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews ( 2000 ) , p. 348 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews ( 2000 ) , p. 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter ( 2004 ) , The history of email . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Real Time And Distributed Computing Systems '' ( PDF ) . ISSN 2278 - 0661 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vigna P , Casey MJ . The Age of Cryptocurrency : How Bitcoin and the Blockchain Are Challenging the Global Economic Order St. Martin 's Press January 27 , 2015 ISBN 9781250065636 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lind P , Alm M ( 2006 ) , `` A database - centric virtual chemistry system '' , J Chem Inf Model , 46 ( 3 ) : 1034 -- 9 , PMID 16711722 , doi : 10.1021 / ci050360b . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elmasri & Navathe ( 2000 ) , Section 24.1. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews ( 2000 ) , p. 10 -- 11 . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 4 -- 6 . Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. xix , 1 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , p. xv . Elmasri & Navathe ( 2000 ) , Section 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cormen , Leiserson & Rivest ( 1990 ) , Section 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herlihy & Shavit ( 2008 ) , Chapters 2 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cormen , Leiserson & Rivest ( 1990 ) , Sections 28 and 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cole & Vishkin ( 1986 ) . Cormen , Leiserson & Rivest ( 1990 ) , Section 30.5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews ( 2000 ) , p. ix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arora & Barak ( 2009 ) , Section 6.7 . Papadimitriou ( 1994 ) , Section 15.3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Papadimitriou ( 1994 ) , Section 15.2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. 17 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peleg ( 2000 ) , Sections 2.3 and 7 . Linial ( 1992 ) . Naor & Stockmeyer ( 1995 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , Sections 5 -- 7 . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , Chapter 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , p. 99 -- 102 . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , p. 192 -- 193 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dolev ( 2000 ) . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , Chapter 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , Section 16 . Peleg ( 2000 ) , Section 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch ( 1996 ) , Section 18 . Ghosh ( 2007 ) , Sections 6.2 -- 6.3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh ( 2007 ) , Section 6.4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LeLann , G. ( 1977 ) . `` Distributed systems - toward a formal approach , '' . Information Processing . 77 : 155 160 . -- via Elsevier . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.G. Gallager , P.A. Humblet , and P.M. Spira ( January 1983 ) . `` A Distributed Algorithm for Minimum - Weight Spanning Trees '' ( PDF ) . ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems . 5 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 77 . doi : 10.1145 / 357195.357200 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Korach , Ephraim ; Kutten , Shay ; Moran , Shlomo ( 1990 ) . `` A Modular Technique for the Design of Efficient Distributed Leader Finding Algorithms '' ( PDF ) . ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems . 12 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 101 . doi : 10.1145 / 77606.77610 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton , Howard . `` Distributed Algorithms '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/10045/major-unsolved-problems-in-distributed-systems </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.theserverside.com/feature/How-big-data-and-distributed-systems-solve-traditional-scalability-problems </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Papadimitriou ( 1994 ) , Section 19.3 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Books </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Andrews , Gregory R. ( 2000 ) , Foundations of Multithreaded , Parallel , and Distributed Programming , Addison -- Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 35752 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Arora , Sanjeev ; Barak , Boaz ( 2009 ) , Computational Complexity -- A Modern Approach , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42426 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ( 1990 ) , Introduction to Algorithms ( 1st ed . ) , MIT Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 03141 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Dolev , Shlomi ( 2000 ) , Self - Stabilization , MIT Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 04178 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Elmasri , Ramez ; Navathe , Shamkant B. ( 2000 ) , Fundamentals of Database Systems ( 3rd ed . ) , Addison -- Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 54263 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Ghosh , Sukumar ( 2007 ) , Distributed Systems -- An Algorithmic Approach , Chapman & Hall / CRC , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58488 - 564 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Lynch , Nancy A. ( 1996 ) , Distributed Algorithms , Morgan Kaufmann , ISBN 1 - 55860 - 348 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Herlihy , Maurice P. ; Shavit , Nir N. ( 2008 ) , The Art of Multiprocessor Programming , Morgan Kaufmann , ISBN 0 - 12 - 370591 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Papadimitriou , Christos H. ( 1994 ) , Computational Complexity , Addison -- Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 53082 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Peleg , David ( 2000 ) , Distributed Computing : A Locality - Sensitive Approach , SIAM , ISBN 0 - 89871 - 464 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Articles </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Cole , Richard ; Vishkin , Uzi ( 1986 ) , `` Deterministic coin tossing with applications to optimal parallel list ranking '' , Information and Control , 70 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 53 , doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 9958 ( 86 ) 80023 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Keidar , Idit ( 2008 ) , `` Distributed computing column 32 -- The year in review '' , ACM SIGACT News , 39 ( 4 ) : 53 -- 54 , doi : 10.1145 / 1466390.1466402 . </Li> <Li> Linial , Nathan ( 1992 ) , `` Locality in distributed graph algorithms '' , SIAM Journal on Computing , 21 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 201 , doi : 10.1137 / 0221015 . </Li> <Li> Naor , Moni ; Stockmeyer , Larry ( 1995 ) , `` What can be computed locally ? '' ( PDF ) , SIAM Journal on Computing , 24 ( 6 ) : 1259 -- 1277 , doi : 10.1137 / S0097539793254571 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Web sites </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Godfrey , Bill ( 2002 ) . `` A primer on distributed computing '' . </Li> <Li> Peter , Ian ( 2004 ) . `` Ian Peter 's History of the Internet '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Books </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Attiya , Hagit and Jennifer Welch ( 2004 ) , Distributed Computing : Fundamentals , Simulations , and Advanced Topics , Wiley - Interscience ISBN 0 - 471 - 45324 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Christian Cachin ; Rachid Guerraoui ; Luís Rodrigues ( 2011 ) , Introduction to Reliable and Secure Distributed Programming ( 2 . ed . ) , Springer , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 15259 - 7 </Li> <Li> Coulouris , George ; et al. ( 2011 ) , Distributed Systems : Concepts and Design ( 5th Edition ) , Addison - Wesley ISBN 0 - 132 - 14301 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Faber , Jim ( 1998 ) , Java Distributed Computing , O'Reilly : Java Distributed Computing by Jim Faber , 1998 </Li> <Li> Garg , Vijay K. ( 2002 ) , Elements of Distributed Computing , Wiley - IEEE Press ISBN 0 - 471 - 03600 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Tel , Gerard ( 1994 ) , Introduction to Distributed Algorithms , Cambridge University Press </Li> <Li> Chandy , Mani ; et al. , Parallel Program Design </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Articles </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Keidar , Idit ; Rajsbaum , Sergio , eds. ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , `` Distributed computing column '' , ACM SIGACT News . </Li> <Li> Birrell , A.D. ; Levin , R. ; Schroeder , M.D. ; Needham , R.M. ( April 1982 ) . `` Grapevine : An exercise in distributed computing '' ( PDF ) . Communications of the ACM. 25 ( 4 ) : 260 -- 274 . doi : 10.1145 / 358468.358487 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Conference Papers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> C. Rodríguez , M. Villagra and B. Barán , Asynchronous team algorithms for Boolean Satisfiability , Bionetics2007 , pp. 66 -- 69 , 2007 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Distributed computing . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Distributed computing at DMOZ </Li> <Li> Distributed computing journals at DMOZ </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Parallel computing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Distributed computing </Li> <Li> Parallel computing </Li> <Li> Massively parallel </Li> <Li> Cloud computing </Li> <Li> High - performance computing </Li> <Li> Multiprocessing </Li> <Li> Manycore processor </Li> <Li> GPGPU </Li> <Li> Computer network </Li> <Li> Systolic array </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Levels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bit </Li> <Li> Instruction </Li> <Li> Thread </Li> <Li> Task </Li> <Li> Data </Li> <Li> Memory </Li> <Li> Loop </Li> <Li> Pipeline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Multithreading </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Temporal </Li> <Li> Simultaneous ( SMT ) </Li> <Li> Speculative ( SpMT ) </Li> <Li> Preemptive </Li> <Li> Cooperative </Li> <Li> Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) </Li> <Li> Hardware scout </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PRAM model </Li> <Li> Analysis of parallel algorithms </Li> <Li> Amdahl 's law </Li> <Li> Gustafson 's law </Li> <Li> Cost efficiency </Li> <Li> Karp -- Flatt metric </Li> <Li> Slowdown </Li> <Li> Speedup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Process </Li> <Li> Thread </Li> <Li> Fiber </Li> <Li> Instruction window </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordination </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Multiprocessing </Li> <Li> Memory coherency </Li> <Li> Cache coherency </Li> <Li> Cache invalidation </Li> <Li> Barrier </Li> <Li> Synchronization </Li> <Li> Application checkpointing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Programming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stream processing </Li> <Li> Dataflow programming </Li> <Li> Models <Ul> <Li> Implicit parallelism </Li> <Li> Explicit parallelism </Li> <Li> Concurrency </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Non-blocking algorithm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hardware </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flynn 's taxonomy <Ul> <Li> SISD </Li> <Li> SIMD </Li> <Li> SIMT </Li> <Li> MISD </Li> <Li> MIMD </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dataflow architecture </Li> <Li> Pipelined processor </Li> <Li> Superscalar processor </Li> <Li> Vector processor </Li> <Li> Multiprocessor <Ul> <Li> symmetric </Li> <Li> asymmetric </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Memory <Ul> <Li> shared </Li> <Li> distributed </Li> <Li> distributed shared </Li> <Li> UMA </Li> <Li> NUMA </Li> <Li> COMA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Massively parallel computer </Li> <Li> Computer cluster </Li> <Li> Grid computer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> APIs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ateji PX </Li> <Li> Boost. 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explain difference between parallel system and distributed system
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Distributed_computing&amp;oldid=808429769
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Mahatma - Wikipedia <H1> Mahatma </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Mahatma ( / məˈhɑːtmə , - ˈhæt - / ) is Sanskrit for `` Great Soul '' ( महात्मा mahātmā : महा mahā ( great ) + आत्मं or आत्मन ātman ( soul ) ) . It is similar in usage to the modern English term saint . This epithet is commonly applied to prominent people like Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( 1869 - 1948 ) , Munshiram ( later Swami Shraddhananda , 1856 -- 1926 ) , Lalon Shah ( 1772 -- 1890 ) , Ayyankali ( 1863 - 1941 ) and Jyotirao Phule ( 1827 -- 1890 ) . It has also been historically used for a class of Jain scholars . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Mahatma Gandhi 's title `` Mahatma '' </Li> <Li> 2 Theosophy </Li> <Li> 3 Divine Light Mission </Li> <Li> 4 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 Jain Mahatmas <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Mahatma Hirananda of Mewad </Li> <Li> 5.2 Jain Mahatmas in the Dabestan - e Mazaheb </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Criticism </Li> <Li> 7 Sources </Li> <Li> 8 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Mahatma Gandhi 's title `` Mahatma '' ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Mahatma Gandhi <P> According to some authors Rabindranath Tagore is said to have used on march 6 , 1915 , this title for Gandhi . Some claim that he was called Mahatma by the residents of Gurukul Kangadi in April 1915 , and he in turn called the founder Munshiram a Mahatma ( who later became Swami Shraddhananda ) . However , a document honoring him with the title `` Mahatma '' on Jan 21 , 1915 , in Jetpur , Gujarat , by Nautamlal Bhagvanji Mehta is preserved at the National Gandhi Museum in New Delhi , India . This document remains the earliest record of the title `` Mahatma '' being bestowed upon Gandhi . The use of the term Mahatma in Jainism to denote a class of lay priests , has been noted since the 17th century . A Mahatma is someone who practices Trikaranasuddhi . </P> <H2> Theosophy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The word , used in a technical sense , was popularized in theosophical literature in the late 19th century , when Madame Helena Blavatsky , one of the founders of the Theosophical Society , claimed that her teachers were adepts ( or Mahatmas ) who reside in Asia . </P> <P> According to the Theosophical teachings , the Mahatmas are not disembodied beings , but highly evolved people involved in overseeing the spiritual growth of individuals and the development of civilizations . Blavatsky was the first person in modern times to claim contact with these Adepts , especially the `` Masters '' Koot Hoomi and Morya . Alvin Boyd Kuhn wrote about mahātmās : </P> <P> The Masters whom Theosophy presents to us are simply high - ranking students in life 's school of experience . They are members of our own evolutionary group , not visitants from the celestial spheres . They are supermen only in that they have attained knowledge of the laws of life and mastery over its forces with which we are still struggling . </P> <P> In September and October 1880 , Blavatsky visited A.P. Sinnett at Simla in northern India . Sinnett wrote The Occult World ( 1881 ) and Esoteric Buddhism ( 1883 ) . </P> <P> There has been a great deal of controversy concerning the existence of adepts . Blavatsky 's critics have doubted the existence of her Masters . See , for example , W.E. Coleman 's `` exposes '' . </P> <P> After Blavatsky 's death in 1891 , numerous individuals have claimed to be in contact with her Adept Teachers . These individuals have stated that they are new `` messengers '' of the Masters and they have conveyed various esoteric teachings . Currently , various New Age , metaphysical , and religious organizations refer to them as Ascended Masters , although their character and teachings are in several respects different from those described by Theosophical writers . </P> <P> Some individuals believe that Mahatma Maitreya ( also called World Teacher ) will make contact with all Humanity in January 2017 . </P> <H2> Divine Light Mission ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Divine Light Mission ( DLM ) was a Sant Mat - based movement begun in India in the 1930s by Hans Ji Maharaj and formally incorporated in 1960 . The DLM had as many as 2,000 Mahatmas , all from India or Tibet , who taught the DLM 's secret meditation techniques called `` Knowledge '' . The Mahatmas , called `` realised souls '' , or `` apostles '' , also served as local leaders . After Hans Ji 's death in 1966 his youngest son , Prem Rawat ( known then as Guru Maharaj Ji or Bagyogeshwar ) , succeeded him . The young guru appointed some new Mahatmas , including one from the United States . In one incident , a prominent Indian Mahatma nearly beat a man to death in Detroit for throwing a pie at the guru . In the early 1980s , Prem Rawat replaced the Divine Light Mission organization with the Elan Vital and replaced the Mahatmas with initiators . The initiators did not have the revered status of the Mahatmas , and they were drawn mostly from Western followers . In the 2000s , the initiators were replaced by a video in which Rawat teaches the techniques himself . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> W.C. Fields used the pseudonym Mahatma Kane Jeeves when writing the script for The Bank Dick ( 1940 ) , in a play on both the word `` Mahatma '' and a phrase an aristocrat might use when addressing a servant , before leaving the house : `` My hat , my cane , Jeeves '' . </P> <H2> Jain Mahatmas ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Yati Mewad Ramayana manuscript : The colophon in red : states text was written by the Mahatma Hirananda , was commissioned by Acarya Jasvant for the library of Maharana Jagat Singh I of Mewar . Finished on Friday 25 November 1650 <P> Among the Jains the term Mahatma is used for class for scholars who are householders . </P> <H3> Mahatma Hirananda of Mewad ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Mewad Ramayana described as `` one of the most beautiful manuscripts in the world '' has been digitally reunited after being split between organisations in the UK and India for over 150 years , by the British Library and CSMVS Museum in Mumbai . The colophon states that the text , commissioned by Acarya Jasvant for the library of Maharana Jagat Singh I of Mewar , was written by the Mahatma Hirananda , was finished on Friday 25 November 1650 . Mahatma Hirananda being a Jain scribe , incorporated traditional Jain scribal elements into the manuscript . </P> <H3> Jain Mahatmas in the Dabestan - e Mazaheb ( edit ) </H3> <P> The famous Dabestan - e Mazaheb often attributed to one Mohsin Fani , written around 1655 CE. is a text written in the Mughal period that describes various religions and philosophies the author encountered . Its Section 11 is dedicated to Jainism . It states : `` Similar to the durvishes of both classes ( Srivaras and Jatis ) is a third sect , called Mahá - átma ; they have the dress and appearance of Jatis ; only they do not pluck their hair with tweezers , but cut it . They accumulate money , cook their meal in their houses , drink cold water , and take to them a wife . '' The term Mahatma was thus used for priest / scholars who were not celibate . The present Persian edition of the text by Rezazadeh Malik attributes it to the son and successor of Azar Kayvan , ' Kay Khosrow Esfandiyar ' . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> K. Paul Johnson in his books speculates that the `` Masters '' that Blavatsky wrote about and produced letters from were actually idealizations of people who were her mentors . Aryel Sanat , author of The inner life of Krishnamurti : private passion and perennial wisdom , wrote that Johnson `` claims in all of his books that there were no Masters at all in early ( Theosophical Society ) history , & that ( Helena Blavatsky ) invented them ( as others had claimed she had invented her travels ) . '' Sanat wrote that Johnson `` deliberately ignores the main sources of evidence for their real physical existence . '' What Sanat thought these were is not made quite clear . </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> French , Brendan James ( 2000 ) The theosophical masters : an investigation into the conceptual domains of H.P. Blavatsky and C.W. Leadbeater . PhD thesis , University of Sydney , Department of Religious Studies . Sydney . </Li> <Li> Johnson , K. Paul ( 1994 ) The Masters Revealed : Madam Blavatsky and Myth of the Great White Brotherhood . Albany , New York : State University of New York Press . </Li> <Li> Johnson , K. Paul ( 1995 ) Initiates of Theosophical Masters . Albany , New York : State University of New York Press . </Li> <Li> Kalnitsky , Arnold ( 2003 ) The Theosophical Movement of the Nineteenth Century : The Legitimation of the Disputable and the Entrenchment of the Disreputable . University of South Africa . Dissertation : 443 pp . </Li> <Li> Kuhn , Alvin Boyd ( 1930 ) Theosophy : A Modern Revival of Ancient Wisdom . PhD Thesis . Whitefish , Montana : Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56459 - 175 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Mahātma '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dutta , Krishna and Andrew Robinson , Rabindranath Tagore : An Anthology , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ और इस तरह गांधी महात्मा बन गए , 01 - Oct - 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Gandhi Museum , New Delhi ; KamdarTree.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sankar RN , Ajith ( Jul -- Dec 2012 ) . `` Ascertaining Linkages between Trikaranasuddhi and ' Tapping Spirituality as the Context of Leadership ' '' . IPE Journal of Management . 1 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 105 . SSRN 2212138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhn ( 1930 ) , -- p. 147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madame Blavatsky & the Latter - Day Messengers of the Masters . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leadbeater , C.W. The Masters and the Path . Adyar , India : Theosophical Publishing House , 1929 ( Reprint : Kessinger Publishing , 1997 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Partridge , Christopher ed . New Religions : A Guide : New Religious Movements , Sects and Alternative Spiritualities Oxford University Press , USA 2004 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , Maeve ( 1979 ) : The Divine Light Mission as a social organization . ( 1 ) Sociological Review , 27 , Page 279 - 296 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , Saul V. in Galanter , Marc ( 1989 ) . Cults and New Religious Movements : A Report of the American Psychiatric Association . American Psychiatric Pub. , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89042 - 212 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bartel , Dennis ( November 1983 ) . `` Who 's Who in Gurus '' . Harper 's . p. 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In pictures : Stunning Ramayana manuscript goes digital , BBC , 21 March 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mewar Ramayana at the British Library : How the complete digital version came to be </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramayana - Pages 21 and 22 ( British Library Add . MSS 15296 - 15297 and IO San 3621 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramayana - Pages 3 and 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Dabistán : Or , School of Manners : The Religious Beliefs , Observances , Philosophic Opinions and Social Customs of the Nations of the East , Fani Muhsin , Translated by David Shea , Anthony Troyer , Publisher , M. Walter Dunne , 1901 p. 275 - 276 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson ( 1994 ) , Johnson ( 1995 ) -- p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aryel Sanat ( Miguel Angel Sanabria ) is currently Adjunct Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the American University in Washington , D.C. '' / / About author of The inner life of Krishnamurti in 1999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Theosophy World . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dutta , Krishna and Andrew Robinson . Rabindranath Tagore : An Anthology . Picador / Macmillan : London , 1997 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Mahātma . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The theosophical Mahatmas and Their Letters </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mahātmā&oldid = 839186854 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Theosophy </Li> <Li> Theosophical philosophical concepts </Li> <Li> Titles in India </Li> <Li> Mahatma Gandhi </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2016 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from February 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> नेपाल भाषा </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 13 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 20 : 47 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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who conferred mahatma gandhi with the title mahatma
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81tm%C4%81&amp;oldid=839186854
8,211,766,843,324,335,000
List of movie theater chains - wikipedia <H1> List of movie theater chains </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . A screening of Shrek the Third at the Vispathè cinema , in Campi Bisenzio , Italy IMAX at Gading XXI , North Jakarta ( second largest IMAX in Indonesia ) <P> This is a list of movie theater chains across the world . The chains are listed alphabetically by continent and then by country . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Africa <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ghana </Li> <Li> 1.2 Morocco </Li> <Li> 1.3 Nigeria </Li> <Li> 1.4 South Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Americas <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Argentina </Li> <Li> 2.2 Bolivia </Li> <Li> 2.3 Brazil </Li> <Li> 2.4 Canada </Li> <Li> 2.5 Chile </Li> <Li> 2.6 Colombia </Li> <Li> 2.7 Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> 2.8 Ecuador </Li> <Li> 2.9 El Salvador </Li> <Li> 2.10 Mexico <Ul> <Li> 2.10. 1 Defunct brands in Mexico </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.11 Panama </Li> <Li> 2.12 Paraguay </Li> <Li> 2.13 Peru </Li> <Li> 2.14 Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> 2.15 Suriname </Li> <Li> 2.16 Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> 2.17 United States </Li> <Li> 2.18 Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Asia <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Afghanistan </Li> <Li> 3.2 Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> 3.3 Nepal </Li> <Li> 3.4 Bangladesh </Li> <Li> 3.5 China <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 Hong Kong </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 India </Li> <Li> 3.7 Indonesia </Li> <Li> 3.8 Iran </Li> <Li> 3.9 Israel </Li> <Li> 3.10 Japan </Li> <Li> 3.11 Kuwait </Li> <Li> 3.12 Malaysia </Li> <Li> 3.13 Pakistan </Li> <Li> 3.14 Philippines </Li> <Li> 3.15 Russia </Li> <Li> 3.16 Singapore </Li> <Li> 3.17 South Korea </Li> <Li> 3.18 Taiwan </Li> <Li> 3.19 Thailand </Li> <Li> 3.20 Turkey </Li> <Li> 3.21 United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> 3.22 Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Europe <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Belgium </Li> <Li> 4.2 France </Li> <Li> 4.3 Germany </Li> <Li> 4.4 Italy </Li> <Li> 4.5 Spain </Li> <Li> 4.6 Switzerland </Li> <Li> 4.7 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 4.8 Rest of Europe </Li> <Li> 4.9 Former chains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Oceania <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 5.2 New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Africa ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ghana ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Silverbird Cinemas -- in 2 locations in Accra , Ghana </Li> </Ul> <H3> Morocco ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Megarama -- operating in Casablanca , Marrakesh and Fez , with more cities coming </Li> <Li> IMAX -- inside Morocco Mall , Casablanca </Li> <Li> La Renaissance -- independent cinema in Rabat ; includes a restaurant and a music venue </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nigeria ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Silverbird Cinemas -- As at 2016 , the largest cinema chain in West Africa in - terms of screen numbers , with 69 screens . It has 8 theatres located in Lagos , Abuja , Port - Harcourt , Ikeja , Uyo and Accra - Ghana . </Li> <Li> FilmHouse cinemas -- with 10 cinemas as at 2016 , it is the largest cinema chain in West Africa in terms of location numbers . It has 44 screens in Lagos , Ibadan , Lekki , Calabar , Akure , Port Harcourt , Kano and Asaba as at December 2016 . The company was established in 2012 and it is aiming to have 25 cinemas in six years . </Li> <Li> Genesis Deluxe cinemas -- with over 15 screens and 7 theatres , located in Lagos , Lekki , Port - Harcourt , Enugu , Effurun and Owerri . It was the first cinema in West Africa to show a 3D movie . </Li> <Li> Viva Cinemas -- with 7 screens and 2 theatres in Ilorin and Ibadan . The company started operations in 2015 . </Li> <Li> Ozone Cinemas -- with 4 screens located in Lagos . It is the first multiplex cinema to be built on the mainland of Lagos . </Li> <Li> IMAX Cinema Lekki </Li> </Ul> <H3> South Africa ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ster - Kinekor -- operating throughout South Africa , it has the largest market share </Li> <Li> Nu Metro Cinemas -- 17 locations in South Africa </Li> <Li> CineCentre </Li> </Ul> <H2> Americas ( edit ) </H2> <P> The National Association of Theatre Owners ( NATO ) is the largest exhibition trade organization in the world . According to their figures , the top four chains represent almost half of the theater screens in North America . NATO states that the number of U.S. movie screens as of December 2014 are 39,356 indoor screens on 5,463 sites and 656 Drive - In screens on 393 sites . In 2016 this number had increased to a total of 40,174 screens , 39,579 of them indoor . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Circuit </Th> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Th> Screens </Th> <Th> Sites </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> AMC Entertainment Inc </Td> <Td> Leawood , KS </Td> <Td> 11,247 </Td> <Td> 1,027 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Regal Entertainment Group </Td> <Td> Knoxville , TN </Td> <Td> 7,306 </Td> <Td> 558 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cinemark Theatres </Td> <Td> Plano , TX </Td> <Td> 5,957 </Td> <Td> 533 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cinépolis </Td> <Td> Morelia , MIC </Td> <Td> 5,251 </Td> <Td> 335 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Cineplex Entertainment </Td> <Td> Toronto , ON </Td> <Td> 1,676 </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Marcus Theatres </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , WI </Td> <Td> 681 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Southern Theatres </Td> <Td> New Orleans , LA </Td> <Td> 469 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Harkins Theatres </Td> <Td> Phoenix , AZ </Td> <Td> 515 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> B&B Theatres </Td> <Td> Liberty , MO </Td> <Td> 409 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Malco Theaters </Td> <Td> Memphis Tn . </Td> <Td> 340 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Argentina ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hoyts </Li> <Li> Village Cinemas </Li> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Showcase Cinemas <Ul> <Li> IMAX </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bolivia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Multicine </Li> <Li> Cine Center </Li> <Li> Cinemark </Li> </Ul> <H3> Brazil ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afa Cinemas </Li> <Li> Araújo </Li> <Li> Arteplex </Li> <Li> Box </Li> <Li> Centerplex </Li> <Li> Cine Show </Li> <Li> Cineart </Li> <Li> Cinearte </Li> <Li> Cinemagic </Li> <Li> Cinemais </Li> <Li> Cinemaniaca </Li> <Li> Cinemark Theatres </Li> <Li> CinemaxX </Li> <Li> Cineplex </Li> <Li> Cineplus </Li> <Li> Cinépolis </Li> <Li> Cinesystem </Li> <Li> Cinespaço ( Espaço ) </Li> <Li> Estação </Li> <Li> GNC Cinemas </Li> <Li> Grupo Arcoíris </Li> <Li> Grupo Cine </Li> <Li> Guion </Li> <Li> Lumiere </Li> <Li> Moviecom </Li> <Li> Multi Star </Li> <Li> Orient </Li> <Li> PlayArte </Li> <Li> PMC </Li> <Li> Roxy Cinemas </Li> <Li> Sala de Arte </Li> <Li> UCI Cinemas </Li> <Li> Usiminas </Li> <Li> Cine A </Li> <Li> Cineflix </Li> <Li> Cinesercla </Li> <Li> M.M.C. Cinemas </Li> <Li> Multicine </Li> <Li> AGA Cinematográfica </Li> <Li> Kinoplex </Li> </Ul> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alliance Cinemas -- after selling its BC locations , it now operates only one theater in Toronto </Li> <Li> AMC Theatres ( defunct ) -- as of July 2012 AMC divested of its Canadian operations , selling four to Cineplex , two to Empire Theatres which were later sold to Landmark Cinemas in 2013 , closing two . </Li> <Li> Ciné Entreprise -- independent theatre chain based in rural Québec </Li> <Li> Cinémas Guzzo -- 10 locations and 142 screens in the Montreal area </Li> <Li> Cineplex Entertainment -- Canada 's largest and North America 's fifth - largest movie theater company , with 162 locations and 1,635 screens <Ul> <Li> Cinema City -- discount chain in Western Canada , purchased by Cineplex </Li> <Li> Cineplex Odeon Cinemas -- operations in both Canada and the United States . Operations in each country is owned by separate companies . Cineplex Entertainment in Canada and AMC Theatres in the United States . </Li> <Li> Colossus ( theatre ) -- a Famous Players brand , now owned by Cineplex </Li> <Li> Famous Players -- formerly Canada 's largest theatre chain ; purchased by Cineplex Entertainment in 2005 </Li> <Li> Fortune Cinemas -- a movie theatre chain that operated in Canada . Cineplex has sold seven theatres in March 2006 in Quebec to Chelsea - based Fortune Cinemas Inc . Cineplex Entertainment later acquired ( or in this case , re-acquired ) some of Fortune Cinemas theatres after they went bankrupt . </Li> <Li> Galaxy Cinemas -- mid-sized chain that was the parent company to Cineplex Entertainment . Galaxy purchased bankrupt Cineplex in 2003 . </Li> <Li> Scotiabank Theatres -- a Cineplex brand </Li> <Li> SilverCity -- a Famous Players brand , now owned by Cineplex </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> CinéStarz -- small chain that operates 5 theaters : 3 in Quebec and 2 in Ontario </Li> <Li> Empire Theatres ( Defunct ) -- closed on October 29 , 2013 , by selling most of their locations to Cineplex Entertainment and Landmark Cinemas and closing 3 others that were not included in the sales . It was formerly Canada 's second - largest chain . </Li> <Li> film.ca Cinemas -- a small Canadian operator with one location in Oakville , ON </Li> <Li> Imagine Cinemas -- 14 locations and 90 screens , in Ontario and BC . </Li> <Li> Landmark Cinemas -- Canada 's second - largest chain with 48 locations and 306 screens in British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario and the Yukon </Li> <Li> Premier Theatres -- operates 5 drive - in theaters and 4 cinemas with a total of 23 screens in Ontario and Yellowknife NWT </Li> <Li> Rainbow and Magic Lantern Cinemas -- 9 locations and 36 screens operating in Ontario , Alberta and Saskatchewan </Li> <Li> Stinson Theatres ( defunct ) <Ul> <Li> Tinseltown Movies 12 theatre -- a theatre purchased by Cineplex that was operated by the American chain , Cinemark , in the Gastown neighbourhood of Vancouver </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Chile ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> El Biógrafo </Li> <Li> Cine Arte Alameda </Li> <Li> Cine Arte Normandie </Li> <Li> Cine Star </Li> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Cineplanet </Li> <Li> Hoyts ( owned in Chile by Cinépolis ) </Li> <Li> Pavilion </Li> </Ul> <H3> Colombia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cine Colombia </Li> <Li> Cineland </Li> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Cinépolis </Li> <Li> Imax </Li> <Li> Procinal </Li> <Li> Royal Films </Li> </Ul> <H3> Dominican Republic ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Caribbean Cinemas </Li> <Li> Palacio del Cine </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ecuador ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Cinex </Li> <Li> Max Cinema </Li> <Li> Multicines </Li> <Li> Supercines </Li> </Ul> <H3> El Salvador ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Cinépolis </Li> <Li> Multicinema </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mexico ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cinemex </Li> <Li> Cinépolis </Li> <Li> Cinetop </Li> <Li> The Movie Company </Li> <Li> Gocinema </Li> <Li> Henry Cinemas </Li> <Li> CitiCinemas </Li> <Li> Cinemagic </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> Defunct brands in Mexico ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> MMcinemas ( bought by Cinemex ) </Li> <Li> Cinemas Lumiere </Li> <Li> Cinemark ( bought by Cinemex ) </Li> <Li> Cinemas Gemelos and Multicinemas -- part of the brand Organización Ramírez and were the largest cinema chains in the country </Li> <Li> AMC Theatres -- existed a short time since the early 90s in Galerias Coapa , Perisur , Pericentro ( naucalpan ) , and Pabellon Cuauhtemoc </Li> <Li> General Cinema -- had two theaters in Pavellon Polanco and Plaza Insurgentes </Li> <Li> Carlos Amador Martínez -- named `` tele - cine or also `` Tele Cines Casa '' '' closed in the period 1995 -- 1996 , most theaters were located in the city of Mexico City and Monterrey </Li> </Ul> <H3> Panama ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Cinépolis </Li> <Li> Cines Modernos </Li> </Ul> <H3> Paraguay ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cines Itaú -- 4 theaters </Li> <Li> Cines del Mall </Li> <Li> Villamorra Cinecenter </Li> <Li> Real Cines </Li> <Li> Cine Art </Li> <Li> Cine Granados </Li> <Li> Cinemark </Li> </Ul> <H3> Peru ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Cineplanet </Li> <Li> Cine Star </Li> <Li> UVK Multicines </Li> <Li> Movie Time Cinemas </Li> <Li> Cinépolis </Li> </Ul> <H3> Puerto Rico ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Caribbean Cinemas -- 35 theaters , located in Puerto Rico and across the Caribbean </Li> </Ul> <H3> Suriname ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> TBL Cinemas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> MovieTowne </Li> <Li> Caribbean Cinemas </Li> <Li> Digicel IMAX </Li> </Ul> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatre Chain </Th> <Th> Number of Theatres ( 2018 ) </Th> <Th> Number of Screens ( 2018 ) </Th> <Th> Website </Th> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Th> Markets </Th> <Th> Parent Chain </Th> <Th> Chains Acquired </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alamo Drafthouse Cinemas </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> https://drafthouse.com/ </Td> <Td> Austin , TX </Td> <Td> Arizona , Texas , Colorado , Missouri , New York , North Carolina , California , Virginia , DC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AMC Entertainment </Td> <Td> 659 </Td> <Td> 8,218 </Td> <Td> https://www.amctheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Leawood , KS </Td> <Td> United States , Europe - Total of 16 countries </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carmike Cinemas Kerasotes Theatres </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allen Theatres </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> http://www.allentheatresinc.com/ </Td> <Td> Las Cruces , NM </Td> <Td> New Mexico , Colorado </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angelika Film Center </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> https://www.angelikafilmcenter.com/ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apple Cinemas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> https://www.applecinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Cambridge , MA </Td> <Td> Connecticut , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlas Cinemas </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> http://www.atlascinemas.net/ </Td> <Td> Cleveland , OH </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> B&B Theatres </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 411 </Td> <Td> https://www.bbtheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Liberty , MO </Td> <Td> Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , Florida , Arizona , Nebraska , Arkansas , and Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dickinson Theatres </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix Theatres </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> http://www.phoenixtheatres.com/locations </Td> <Td> Knoxville , TN </Td> <Td> Alabama , Florida , Maryland , North Carolina , Nevada , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Picture Theatre </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> https://www.bigpicturetheater.info/ </Td> <Td> Waitsfield , VT </Td> <Td> Waitsfield , VT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bow Tie Cinemas </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> https://www.bowtiecinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Ridgefield , CT </Td> <Td> Colorado , Connecticut , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , and Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clearview Cinemas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinetopia Cinema </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> http://cinetopia.com/ </Td> <Td> Beaverton , OR </Td> <Td> Portland , Kansas City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brenden Theatres </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> http://www.brendentheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> California , Nevada and Arizona </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 Below Theatres </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> https://3belowtheaters.com/ </Td> <Td> San Jose , CA </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pruneyard Cinemas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> https://www.pruneyardcinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> San Jose , CA </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Center Cinemas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> http://www.centercinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Vinita , OK </Td> <Td> Arkansas , Oklahoma </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cineworld </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cinebarre </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CineLux Theatres </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> http://www.cineluxtheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> San Jose , CA </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinema Entertainment Corporation </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> http://www.cectheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Waite Park , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota , Iowa , Wisconsin and Nebraska </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinema West Theaters </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> https://www.cinemawest.com/ </Td> <Td> Petaluma , CA </Td> <Td> California , Idaho </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinemagic Theatres </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> https://www.cinemagicmovies.com/ </Td> <Td> Bedford , NH </Td> <Td> Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinemark Theatres </Td> <Td> 337 </Td> <Td> 4,566 </Td> <Td> https://www.cinemark.com/ </Td> <Td> Plano , TX </Td> <Td> United States , Central America , South America </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Century Theatres <P> Rave Cinemas </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classic Cinemas </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> http://www.classiccinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Downers Grove , IL </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cleveland Cinemas </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> https://clevelandcinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Cleveland Heights , OH </Td> <Td> Cleveland , OH & Pittsburg , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cobb Theatres </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> https://www.cobbtheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Birmingham , AL </Td> <Td> Alabama , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Virginia , North Carolina , Ohio </Td> <Td> Cinemex </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coming Attractions Theatres </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> http://www.catheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Ashland , OR </Td> <Td> Alaska , Oregon , Washington , Northern California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dipson Theatres </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> http://www.dipsontheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Williamsville , NY </Td> <Td> Western New York </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emagine Entertainment </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> http://www.emagine-entertainment.com/ </Td> <Td> Troy , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan , Illinois , Minnesota , </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Entertainment Cinemas </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> http://entertainmentcinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> South Easton , MA </Td> <Td> Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , Connecticut </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EVO Entertainment Group </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> https://www.evo-entertainment.com/ </Td> <Td> San Marcos , TX </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Movies , Bowling allies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EPIC Theatres </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> https://www.epictheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Deltona , FL </Td> <Td> Florida , North Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fairchild Cinemas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> http://www.fairchildcinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Pasco , WA </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flagship Cinemas </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> http://flagshipcinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Lynnfield , MA </Td> <Td> Maine , Massachusetts , Vermont , Maryland , Florida , Pennsylvania , Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fox Theatres </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> http://www.foxshowtimes.com/ </Td> <Td> Wyomissing , PA </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania and Maryland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Theatres </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 210 </Td> <Td> http://franktheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Palm Beach Gardens , FL </Td> <Td> Florida , New Jersey , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fridley Theatres </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> http://www.fridleytheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Des Moines , IA </Td> <Td> Iowa , Nebraska </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FunAsia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> https://www.funasia.net/ </Td> <Td> Plano , TX </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> Pyramid Saimira Theatre Ltd . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bollywood Movies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galaxy Theaters </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> https://galaxytheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> California , Nevada , Texas , Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia Theatre Company </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 275 </Td> <Td> https://www.gtcmovies.com/ </Td> <Td> St. Simons Island , GA </Td> <Td> Georgia , Florida , South Carolina , Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodrich Quality Theaters </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 288 </Td> <Td> https://www.goodrichqualitytheaters.com/ </Td> <Td> Grand Rapids , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Missouri , Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grand Theatres </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> http://grandtheaters.com/ </Td> <Td> Bismarck , ND </Td> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gross Alaska Theatres </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> https://www.grossalaska.com/ </Td> <Td> Juneau , AK </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harkins Theatres </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 501 </Td> <Td> https://www.harkins.com/ </Td> <Td> Scottsdale , AZ </Td> <Td> Arizona , California , Colorado , Oklahoma and Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> iPic Theaters </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> https://www.ipictheaters.com/ </Td> <Td> Boca Raton , FL </Td> <Td> California , Arizona , Washington , Texas , Illinois , Maryland , Florida , New York , New Jersey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Showplace Icon Theatres </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> https://www.showplaceicon.com/ </Td> <Td> Chicago , IL </Td> <Td> Illinois , Massachusetts , Minnesota , California , New Jersey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krikorian Premier Theaters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> http://www.kptmovies.com/ </Td> <Td> Torrance , CA </Td> <Td> Buena Park , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laemmle Theatres </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> https://www.laemmle.com/ </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Landmark Theatres </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 252 </Td> <Td> https://www.landmarktheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> New York , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , Illinois , Texas , Colorado , Michigan , Indiana , California , Florida , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Pennsylvania , Washington , Missouri , Washington D.C. </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Celebration ! Cinema </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> https://celebrationcinema.com/ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Majestic Theatres </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> http://www.majestic-theatres.com/ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malco Theatres </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 340 </Td> <Td> https://www.malco.com/ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , Kentucky , Missouri </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mann Theatres </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> http://manntheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marcus Theatres </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 890 </Td> <Td> http://www.marcustheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wisconsin , Illinois , Iowa , Minnesota , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Douglas Theatre Company </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marquee Cinemas </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> https://www.marqueecinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Beckley , WV </Td> <Td> Connecticut , Florida , Kentucky , North Carolina , New Jersey , New York , Tennessee , Virginia , West Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maya Cinemas </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> https://mayacinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Megaplex Theaters </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> https://www.megaplextheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Sandy , UT </Td> <Td> Utah , Nevada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metropolitan Theatres Corporation </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> https://www.metrotheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> California , Colorado , Idaho , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MJR Theatres </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> https://www.mjrtheatres.com/ </Td> <Td> Bloomfield Hills , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Owns Allen Park Digital Cinemas ( 1 location , 6 screens ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MovieScoop Cinemas </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> https://moviescoop.com/ </Td> <Td> Pittsburg , OH </Td> <Td> Ohio , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Amusements </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 392 </Td> <Td> https://www.showcasecinemas.com/ </Td> <Td> Norwood , MA </Td> <Td> Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Rhode Island , </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cinema de Lux <P> Multiplex Cinemas </P> <P> Showcase Cinemas </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neighborhood Cinema Group </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Silver Cinemas ( owned by Landmark ) -- 55 screens in 8 theaters , located in Arizona , Michigan , Oklahoma , Texas and Wisconsin </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> WyoMovies -- 9 theaters with 59 screens in Casper , Cheyenne , Green River , and Rock Springs , Wyoming </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Neighborhood Cinema Group -- 147 screens in 19 theaters in Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Georgia and Tennessee </Li> <Li> Northern Michigan Cinemas -- 29 screens in 5 theaters , in Cheboygan , Bellaire , Mackinaw City , Petoskey and Gaylord </Li> <Li> Odyssey Theatres -- 60 screens across 8 locations , in Minnesota , Iowa , Ohio , North Dakota , and South Dakota </Li> <Li> Pacific Theatres -- 6 theatres with around 75 screens , all in Southern California </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> ArcLight Cinemas -- 5 theaters with 77 screens </Li> <Li> ArcLight Sherman Oaks -- formerly Galleria Stadium 16 , was transformed to an ArcLight Cinema that opened in 2007 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Paragon Theaters -- nine theaters with 97 screens in Florida , Minnesota , Virginia , Maryland , and Illinois </Li> <Li> Patriot Cinemas -- 4 locations on the south shore of Massachusetts and Portland , Maine , with 23 screens </Li> <Li> Penn Cinema -- 30 screens in 2 theaters in Pennsylvania and Delaware </Li> <Li> Picture Show Entertainment -- 8 theaters with 75 screens , locations in Arizona , Orange County , California , Colorado , Florida and Metro Atlanta , Georgia </Li> <Li> Premiere Cinemas -- 257 screens , 22 theaters , locations in Texas , Alabama , Florida and New Mexico </Li> <Li> Polson Theatres -- 11 theaters with 24 screens , locations in Montana and Idaho </Li> <Li> Reading Entertainment -- 181 screens in 23 theaters in California , Hawaii , New York , Arizona , and Texas </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Reading Cinemas -- 8 theaters </Li> <Li> Angelika Film Center -- 6 theaters </Li> <Li> Consolidated Theatres -- 9 theaters </Li> <Li> Pacific Theatres -- 15 theaters acquired in February 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Reel Cinemas -- 2 theaters on the Main Line in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Currently operates 7 screens . ( www.reelcinemaspa.com ) </Li> <Li> Reel Theatres -- 6 theaters in Oregon , Idaho , and Utah </Li> <Li> Regal Entertainment Group -- 7,306 screens in 558 theaters '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Regal Cinemas -- One of three chains part of the 2002 consolidation . </Li> <Li> United Artists Theatres -- One of three chains part of the 2002 consolidation . </Li> <Li> Edwards Theatres -- One of three chains part of the 2002 consolidation . </Li> <Li> Sawmill Theaters -- Six Screen multiplex located in Payson , Arizona . </Li> <Li> Hoyts Cinemas -- U.S. locations were acquired in 2003 and rebranded as Regal Cinemas . </Li> <Li> Eastern Federal Theatres -- Acquired in 2005 and rebranded as Regal Cinemas . </Li> <Li> Consolidated Theatres -- Acquired in 2008 for million in cash and rebranded as Regal Cinemas . </Li> <Li> Great Escape Theatres -- 305 screens in 26 theaters , acquired in 2012 . </Li> <Li> Hollywood Theaters ( formerly Wallace Theaters ) -- 546 screens in 49 theaters Acquired in 2013 . All Edwards Theatres in the Pacific Northwest expected to be rebranded as Hollywood Theaters </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Regency Theatres -- 180 screens across 27 locations throughout Southern California , Nevada , and Arizona . </Li> <Li> Rio Entertainment , Inc. -- 4 theaters , 27 screens in Texas . www.rioentertainment.com </Li> <Li> Riverfront Cinemas -- 2 Theaters , 19 screens in Central New York </Li> <Li> Rogers Cinemas -- 7 theaters , 50 screens in Wisconsin and Upper Michigan . </Li> <Li> Sarasota Film Society -- 2 theaters , 9 screens in Lakewood Ranch Florida and in Downtown Sarasota , Independent Non-Profit Theater </Li> <Li> Santikos Theatres -- 136 screens in 9 theaters located in Texas </Li> <Li> Southeast Cinemas -- 9 theaters with 89 screen located in the Carolinas , Tennessee , and Virginia </Li> <Li> Southern Theatres -- 41 theaters , 469 screens . Based in New Orleans , the chain has locations in Alabama , Arkansas , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Ohio , South Carolina , and Texas . <Ul> <Li> Movie Tavern -- 21 Theatres </Li> <Li> The Grand Theatre -- 12 Theatres </Li> <Li> AmStar Theatre -- 6 Theatres </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Spotlight Theatres -- 6 screens with 45 screens . Locations in Georgia , Florida , Connecticut and Pennsylvania . </Li> <Li> SR Entertainment Group -- 11 theaters with around 100 screens in California </Li> <Li> Stanley Corporation of America -- Founded in 1897 in Philadelphia by Jules and Stanley Mastbaum ; 250 theaters in mid-Atlantic region ; acquired by Warner Bros. in 1928 . </Li> <Li> Starlight Cinemas -- 5 theaters with 41 screens in the Los Angeles area . </Li> <Li> Starplex Cinemas -- Currently operates 25 theaters and 234 screens across the United States . </Li> <Li> Stone Theatres -- 4 theater chain with 56 screens based in the Carolinas with current locations in Durham , NC , Myrtle Beach , SC , Morrisville , NC and Hope Mills , NC . They are in the process of expanding to more locations . </Li> <Li> Studio Movie Grill -- 24 theaters , cinema / grill concept , initially operating in Texas , expanded to Arizona , California , Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , North Carolina , Ohio , and Pennsylvania as of January 2017 . ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Texas Cinemas -- Merged with EVO Entertainment Group ( 2014 ) 3 Theaters , 28 Screens ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Tristone Cinemas -- 5 theaters , 36 screens in Southern California </Li> <Li> UltraStar Cinemas -- A west coast regional chain that was the first Chain in the nation to adopt a full scale deployment of Digital Cinema , is a leader in Digital 3D and is the first theater chain to deploy D - box Motion seats . 147 screens in 15 theaters in Southern California and Arizona . </Li> <Li> United Entertainment Corporation -- 154 screens in 17 theaters , located in Arkansas , California , Indiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Nevada , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Tennessee and Utah . </Li> <Li> VIP Cinemas Corporation -- 16 screens in 3 theaters , located in Illinois and Kentucky . </Li> <Li> Warren Theatres -- 101 screens in 10 theaters . Owned and operated by Bill Warren , headquartered in Wichita , Kansas , operates four luxury theaters under the Warren Theatres brand , including three cinema complexes in Wichita , Kansas and one in Moore , Oklahoma . Warren Theatres also operates two theatres under the Palace Theatres name , one in Springfield , Missouri and the other in Wichita . Warren Theatres also operates a small theater in the Towne West Square Mall in Wichita Kansas , called the Movie Machine . The Warren Theatre in Old Town Wichita , Kansas is a main venue for the Tallgrass Film Festival , an international , independent film festival . Warren Theatres ' IMAX , with the largest IMAX screen in the world , is the top grossing IMAX in North America . </Li> <Li> Water Gardens Theatres -- 4 theaters with 24 screens in Utah and Hawaii ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Wehrenberg Theatres -- 15 theaters with 210 screens in the St. Louis metropolitan area , Minnesota and Iowa Largest and oldest family - owned theater chain in the United States . </Li> <Li> Westates Theatres -- 5 theaters and about 13 screens operating in Utah , Nevada , Arizona , and Idaho , primarily in small urban areas and towns </Li> <Li> Wildwood Theatres -- 4 theaters in Wisconsin </Li> <Li> York River Crossing Cinemas -- One location in Gloucester , VA . Eight screens . </Li> <Li> Your Neighborhood Theatre , a division of Boston Culinary Group -- 119 screens , 17 theaters in New England and New York State operates theaters branded as `` five star cinemas '' and some joint venture repossession properties under `` Entertainment Cinemas '' `` Flagship Cinemas '' and `` SSC Cinemas '' </Li> <Li> Zurich Cinemas -- 75 screens in 11 theaters , located in Connecticut and New York </Li> </Ul> <H3> Venezuela ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cines Unidos </Li> <Li> Cinex </Li> <Li> Movie Planet </Li> <Li> Plató Cines </Li> <Li> Super Cines </Li> </Ul> <H2> Asia ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Afghanistan ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ariana Cinema </Li> <Li> Aryob Cinema </Li> <Li> Bakhtar Cinema </Li> <Li> Biraristan Cinema </Li> <Li> Khairkhona Cinema </Li> <Li> Kunduz Cinema </Li> <Li> Pamir Cinema </Li> <Li> Park Cinema </Li> <Li> Temurshahi Cinema </Li> </Ul> <H3> Saudi Arabia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> VOX Cinemas </Li> <Li> AMC Theatres </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nepal ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Big Movies </Li> <Li> Cine De Chef </Li> <Li> FCube Cinemas </Li> <Li> QFX Cinemas </Li> <Li> Q 's Cinemas </Li> <Li> Guna Cinemas </Li> <Li> Gopi Krishna Movies </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bangladesh ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are 400 movie theaters in Bangladesh . Some notable movie theaters are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Modhumita Cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Balaka Cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Blockbuster Cinemas ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Purnima Cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Sony Cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Star Cineplex ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Shayamoli Cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Asia cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Ovishar Cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Jonaki Cinema ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Champakali Cinema ( Tongi ) </Li> <Li> Chitramohol ( Dhaka ) </Li> <Li> Monihar Cinema ( Jessore ) </Li> <Li> New Metro ( Narayanganj ) </Li> <Li> Chayabani Cinema ( Mymensingh ) </Li> <Li> Shongita Cinema ( Khulna ) </Li> <Li> Nandita Cinema ( Sylhet ) </Li> <Li> Almas Cinema Hall ( Chittagong ) </Li> <Li> Bonani Complex ( Chittagong ) </Li> <Li> Karnaphuli Cinema ( Chittagong ) </Li> <Li> Cinema Palace ( Chittagong ) </Li> <Li> Sagorika Cinema ( Chittagong ) </Li> <Li> Nupur Cinema ( Chittagong ) </Li> <Li> Chanda Cinema ( Chittagong ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> China ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2014 there were 5,813 movie theaters in China and 299 cinema chains , with 252 classified as `` rural '' and 47 as `` urban '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> Antaeus Cinema Line </Li> <Li> APEX Cinemas </Li> <Li> Beijing New Film Association </Li> <Li> Broadway Cinemas </Li> <Li> China Film Group Digital Cinema Line </Li> <Li> China Film South Cinema Circuit </Li> <Li> China Film Stellar </Li> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> CJ CGV </Li> <Li> Dadi Theater Circuit </Li> <Li> Hengdian Cinema Line </Li> <Li> Jinyi Cinema Line </Li> <Li> Lumiere Pavilions -- a cinema chain with 30 cinemas operating across 30 major Chinese cities , known for its keen interest in importing Hollywood films </Li> <Li> Sichuan Pacific </Li> <Li> Shanghai Film ( former partner of Warne Bros . ) </Li> <Li> Shanghai United Circuit </Li> <Li> UA Cinemas </Li> <Li> UME Cinemas -- one of China 's longest - running cinema groups , operating 400 screens in 25 cinemas across the country as of December 2015 </Li> <Li> Wanda Cinemas </Li> <Li> Zhejiang Time Cinema </Li> </Ul> Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : List of cinemas in Hong Kong <Ul> <Li> AMC Theatres </Li> <Li> Broadway Circuit <Ul> <Li> Broadway cinemas </Li> <Li> PALACE cinemas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chinachem Cinema Circuit </Li> <Li> Golden Harvest </Li> <Li> MCL Cinemas </Li> <Li> Newport Circuit </Li> <Li> UA Cinemas </Li> </Ul> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> PVR Cinemas -- leading cinema operating chain of India with 597 screens and more than 200 screens under development <Ul> <Li> CineMAX -- Multiplex chain with large presence in Mumbai , Kanpur & Kochi . Now owned by PVR . </Li> <Li> DT Cinemas -- Multiplex chain of the DLF group . Now owned by PVR . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> INOX -- multiplex chain in India with 316 screens as of 2014 within cities of Bhopal , Bhubaneswar , Kolkata , Thane , Kanpur , Mumbai , Udupi , Jaipur , Thrissur , Indore and Delhi <Ul> <Li> Fame Cinemas -- Multiplex chain in Mumbai . Now owned by INOX . </Li> <Li> Satyam Cineplex -- Multiplex Chain in Delhi . Now Owned By INOX . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Carnival Cinemas -- Kochi based multiplex chain , third largest in India with 341 screens in cities of Kochi ( Angamaly ) , Kollam , Mumbai , Delhi , Mangalore , Ahmedabad , Bangalore , Thiruvananthapuram , Kozhikode , Ranchi , Hyderabad , Ghaziabad , Dindigul , Patan <Ul> <Li> BIG Cinemas -- Multiplex chain with 254 screens and a large presence all over India . Now owned by Carnival Cinemas . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> City Pride - Multiplex Chain based out of Pune </Li> <Li> Cinepolis -- Mexican multiplex chain with presence in Jamshedpur , Bhopal , Amritsar , Bangalore , Kochi , Mangalore , Thane , Ahmedabad , Ludhiana , Surat , Patna , Delhi , Pune , Lucknow and Vadodara <Ul> <Li> Fun Cinemas -- multiplex chain now owned by Cinepolis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> KG Cinemas -- Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Galaxy Paradise -- Bangalore , Karnataka </Li> <Li> K Sera Sera Miniplex -- K Sera Sera Limited multiplex chain with presence in Abohar , Hoshiarpur , Nawanshahr , Sangrur , Ramnagar , Ahmedabad , Mahad , Mumbai , Nagpur , Goa , and Durg </Li> <Li> SRS Cinemas -- multiplex chain with presence in Faridabad , Gurgaon , Gorakhpur , Patiala , Ludhiana , Ranchi , Ghaziabad , Shimla , Bijnor , etc . </Li> <Li> MARIS -- now LA Cinemas in Tiruchirappalli ; Tamil Nadu was India 's first multiplex built in the 1970s . </Li> <Li> Mayajaal -- 16 screens , second largest in Asia </Li> <Li> Miraj Cinemas -- multiplex chain in India by Miraj group </Li> <Li> Q Cinemas -- multiplex chain with presence in Kochi , Faridabad , Bangalore , Delhi , Ludhiana </Li> <Li> PVS Film City -- Multiplex chain based in Kerala with presence in five locations . </Li> <Li> MovieTime Cinemas -- 35 screens in West and North India </Li> <Li> Asian Cinemas -- multiplex Chain with properties in Warangal , Hyderabad , Nizambad , Siddipet , Khammam , Karimnagar , Mancherial and more opening shortly </Li> <Li> Nest Cinemas -- pan-India digital cinema chain based out of Mumbai with properties in Mumbai , Ahmedabad , Pune </Li> <Li> Cine Grand -- pan-India multiplex chain with properties in Mumbai , Ahmedabad , Gurgaon </Li> <Li> Cinemarc Theatres -- multiplex chain in Vadodara </Li> <Li> Geetha Multiplex -- multiplex in Bhimavaram </Li> <Li> AstaLakshmi 8screen Multiplex -- multiplex in Bhimavaram </Li> <Li> Varma Cine complex -- multiplex in Bhimavaram </Li> <Li> Prasads IMAX -- multiplex in Hyderabad , India </Li> <Li> City Gold Cinemas -- multiplex chain in Ahmedabad , Gujarat </Li> <Li> Wide Angle Cinemas -- multiplex chain in Ahmedabad and Mehsana </Li> <Li> Ariesplex SL Cinemas -- multiplex group based in Thiruvananthapuram . </Li> <Li> Pan Cinemas -- multiplex chain based in Kochi , Kerala </Li> <Li> Pyramid Saimira Theatres Ltd -- cinema chain in Chennai and Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> SPI Cinemas earlier known as Sathyam Cinemas -- multiplex operators in Chennai and Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Wave Cinemas </Li> <Li> M2K Cinemas -- Operator with multiplexes in New Delhi </Li> <Li> AGS cinemas multiplex in Chennai </Li> <Li> Rave cinemas ( Rave 3 & Rave Moti ) in Kanpur </Li> <Li> Rajhans Cinemas in Nadiad , Valsad , Ahmedabad , Baroda , Surat , Navsari , Mumbai and more in Gujarat </Li> <Li> Capital Cinemas in Vijayawada , Andhra Pradesh , India powered by Prasads Multiplex and Suresh Productions </Li> <Li> Mukta A2 Cinemas in Mumbai , Hyderabad , Ahmedabad , Dehradun , Kundli , Banswara , Gulbarga , Vizag , Vadodara , Sailu , Aurangabad </Li> <Li> EOS Cinemas -- has many multiplexes in Madhya Pradesh like in Shahdol and Satna and in Chhattisgarh </Li> <Li> Bansal Multiplex -- has screens in Gujarat Vadodara </Li> </Ul> <H3> Indonesia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 21 Cineplex -- largest cinema chain in Indonesia , owns around 64 % of cinemas in Indonesia </Li> <Li> CGV Cinemas -- chain owned by CJ CGV , owns around 17 % of cinemas in Indonesia </Li> <Li> Cinemaxx -- chain owned by Lippo Group , owns around 15 % of cinemas in Indonesia </Li> <Li> Platinum Cineplex -- chain in Central Java , Cibinong , and Bitung </Li> <Li> New Star Cineplex -- chain in Central Java and East Java </Li> <Li> Bioskop 88 -- 2 locations in Pekanbaru , Riau </Li> <Li> Movimax -- 2 locations in Malang , East Java , and 1 location in Denpasar , Bali </Li> <Li> FLIX Cinema -- 1 location in North Jakarta and 1 location in Bekasi </Li> </Ul> <H3> Iran ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asr Jadid </Li> <Li> Crystal </Li> <Li> Farhang </Li> <Li> Shahrghashang </Li> <Li> Sahra </Li> <Li> Shaghayegh </Li> <Li> Sahel </Li> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> G2 </Li> <Li> Ferdosi </Li> <Li> Javaan </Li> <Li> Sorush </Li> <Li> Shahrtamasha </Li> <Li> Astara </Li> <Li> Sepideh </Li> <Li> Piruzi </Li> <Li> Anahita </Li> <Li> Nahid </Li> <Li> Tazh </Li> <Li> Arash </Li> <Li> Asemanaabi </Li> <Li> Shirin </Li> </Ul> <H3> Israel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rav Hen </Li> <Li> Globus Max </Li> <Li> Cinema City </Li> <Li> Yes Planet </Li> <Li> Lev </Li> </Ul> <H3> Japan ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 109 Cinemas </Li> <Li> AEON Cinema ( formerly Warner Mycal Cinemas ) </Li> <Li> T - Joy Cinema </Li> <Li> Toho Cinemas </Li> <Li> United Cinemas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kuwait ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kuwait National Cinema Company </Li> </Ul> <H3> Malaysia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of cinemas in Malaysia <Ul> <Li> Golden Screen Cinemas </Li> <Li> TGV Cinemas </Li> <Li> TSR Cinemax </Li> <Li> Cathay Cineplex </Li> <Li> MBO Cinemas </Li> <Li> Lotus Five Star </Li> <Li> BIG Cinemas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pakistan ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Arena </Li> <Li> Atrium Cinemas </Li> <Li> Bambino Cinema </Li> <Li> Cine Gold </Li> <Li> Cinegold Plex </Li> <Li> Cinepax </Li> <Li> Cine One </Li> <Li> CineStar </Li> <Li> DHA Cinema </Li> <Li> Nueplex Cinemas </Li> <Li> PAF Cinema </Li> <Li> Sozo World </Li> <Li> Super Cinema </Li> <Li> Taj Mahal Multiplex </Li> <Li> Universal Cinemas -- Pakistan 's largest multiplex </Li> <Li> Universe Cineplex </Li> </Ul> <H3> Philippines ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> SM Cinemas </Li> <Li> Ayala Malls Cinemas </Li> <Li> Robinsons Movieworld </Li> <Li> Starmall Cinemas </Li> <Li> Gaisano Cinemas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Russia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cinema Park </Li> <Li> Formula Kino </Li> <Li> Karo Film </Li> <Li> KinoMax </Li> <Li> Premierzal </Li> <Li> Luxor </Li> <Li> Cinema Star </Li> <Li> Monitor </Li> <Li> Mirage Cinema </Li> <Li> KinoFormat </Li> <Li> United Cinema Chain </Li> </Ul> <H3> Singapore ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of cinemas in Singapore <Ul> <Li> Cathay ( also in Malaysia ) </Li> <Li> Golden Village -- a joint venture between Australia 's Village Roadshow and Hong Kong 's Golden Harvest in Singapore </Li> <Li> Shaw Organization </Li> <Li> WE Cinemas </Li> <Li> Sinema Old School </Li> <Li> Filmgarde </Li> </Ul> <H3> South Korea ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> CJ CGV -- largest multiplex cinema chain of Korea , with 1,201 screens worldwide and more than 100 million viewers worldwide <Ul> <Li> Cine de Chef -- cinema and restaurant operated by CJ CGV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Megabox multi -- cultural multiplex cinema chain </Li> <Li> Lotte Cinema -- chain run by the Lotte Group operating both stand alone theaters and theaters inside Lotte Department Store branches </Li> <Li> Primus </Li> </Ul> <H3> Taiwan ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ambassador Theaters -- 12 theaters </Li> <Li> Cinemas of Central Motion Picture Co. -- 3 theaters </Li> <Li> Cinemark -- 3 theaters </Li> <Li> Miramar Cinemas ( with IMAX theater ) -- 3 theaters </Li> <Li> Shin Kong Cineplex -- 3 theaters </Li> <Li> Showtime <Ul> <Li> Showtime Cinemas -- 8 theaters </Li> <Li> Showtime Union -- 7 theaters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spot -- 2 theaters </Li> <Li> Vieshow ( with IMAX theater ) ( formerly Warner Village ) -- 13 theaters </Li> <Li> in89 Cinemax -- 4 theaters </Li> <Li> Wovie Cinemas -- 2 theaters </Li> </Ul> <H3> Thailand ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of cinemas in Thailand <Ul> <Li> Major Cineplex -- largest cinema group in Thailand . The group includes ( by brands ) : <Ul> <Li> EGV -- first multiplex brand and THX cinema in Thailand </Li> <Li> IMAX Theatre -- license in Thailand : Krungsri ( IMAX Theatre at Siam Paragon </Li> <Li> Paragon Cineplex -- a 16 - screen plex in Siam Paragon </Li> <Li> Esplanade Cineplex </Li> <Li> Paradise Cineplex </Li> <Li> Mega Cineplex </Li> <Li> Hatyai Cineplex </Li> <Li> Quartier CineArt </Li> <Li> WestGate Cineplex </Li> <Li> Promenade Cineplex </Li> <Li> Diana Cineplex </Li> <Li> Ayuthaya City Park Cineplex </Li> <Li> Embassy Diplomat Screens </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> SF Cinema Group -- more than 150 screens in 22 locations <Ul> <Li> SFW Cinema </Li> <Li> SFX Cinema </Li> <Li> SFC Cinema </Li> <Li> SF Multiplex </Li> <Li> Emprive Cineclub </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Major Hollywood -- 3 locations ; Suksawad , Chaengwattana , Ramkhamhaeng </Li> <Li> Century The Movie Plaza -- 1 location ; Victory Monument </Li> <Li> Thana Cineplex </Li> <Li> Coliseum Cineplex </Li> <Li> APEX </Li> <Li> UMG </Li> <Li> Other <Ul> <Li> Kosa </Li> <Li> Prince </Li> <Li> MVP </Li> <Li> Five Star </Li> <Li> Vista </Li> <Li> Fairy </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Turkey ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Atlantis </Li> <Li> Avsar </Li> <Li> Cinemaximum </Li> <Li> Cinecity </Li> <Li> Cinema Pink </Li> <Li> Cinemarine </Li> <Li> Cineplex </Li> <Li> Cinetech </Li> <Li> Prestige </Li> <Li> Vizyon </Li> <Li> Sinemay Sinemalari </Li> <Li> Cinens </Li> </Ul> <H3> United Arab Emirates ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> VOX Cinemas </Li> <Li> Novo Cinemas </Li> <Li> Reel Cinemas </Li> <Li> Oscar Cinemas </Li> <Li> Star Cinemas </Li> <Li> Cine Royal Cinemas -- Abu Dhabi </Li> <Li> Roxy Cinemas -- Dubai </Li> <Li> Cinemacity Cinemas -- Arabian Center , Dubai </Li> <Li> La Playa Lounge -- Out Door Cinema </Li> </Ul> <H3> Vietnam ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> CGV Cinemas ( formerly Megastar Cineplex ) </Li> <Li> Galaxy Cinemas </Li> <Li> BHD Star Cineplex </Li> <Li> Lotte Cinema </Li> <Li> PLATINUM Cineplex </Li> <Li> National Cinema Center </Li> <Li> August Cinema </Li> <Li> FaFim Vietnam </Li> <Li> Beta Cineplex </Li> <Li> Starlight </Li> <Li> Cinestar </Li> <Li> MegaGS </Li> <Li> Cinebox </Li> <Li> Ramestar </Li> <Li> Goldstar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Europe ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Belgium ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kinepolis </Li> <Li> UGC </Li> <Li> Imagix </Li> <Li> Pathé </Li> <Li> Quai 10 </Li> </Ul> <H3> France ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gaumont Pathé ( EuroPalaces ) </Li> <Li> UGC </Li> <Li> MK2 </Li> <Li> CGR </Li> <Li> Cinéville </Li> <Li> Mégarama </Li> <Li> Kinepolis </Li> <Li> Utopia </Li> </Ul> <H3> Germany ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> CineStar </Li> <Li> UCI </Li> <Li> Cineplex </Li> <Li> CinemaxX </Li> <Li> K - Motion </Li> <Li> Kinopolis </Li> <Li> Capitol </Li> <Li> Ufa </Li> <Li> Yorck </Li> <Li> Kinostar </Li> <Li> Drive - In </Li> <Li> Apollo </Li> <Li> Rex </Li> <Li> Filmpalast </Li> </Ul> <H3> Italy ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cecchi Gori Group </Li> <Li> Cineplexx Cinemas </Li> <Li> The Space Cinema ( Vue ) </Li> <Li> UCI Cinemas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Spain ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cinesa </Li> <Li> Kinépolis </Li> <Li> Mégarama </Li> <Li> Cines Golem </Li> <Li> Cines Plaza </Li> <Li> Sade Cine </Li> <Li> Cines Victoria </Li> <Li> Cines Colci </Li> <Li> Odéon Multicines </Li> <Li> Al - Ándalus </Li> <Li> Balaña </Li> <Li> Cineápolis </Li> <Li> Cines ABC </Li> <Li> Cines Artesiete </Li> <Li> Cines Filmax </Li> <Li> Cines IMF </Li> <Li> Cines Renoir </Li> <Li> Cines Verdi </Li> <Li> Cinesur </Li> <Li> La Dehesa </Li> <Li> Neocine </Li> <Li> Ocine </Li> <Li> Yelmo Cines </Li> </Ul> <H3> Switzerland ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Apollo </Li> <Li> Arthouse </Li> <Li> Kitag Cinemas </Li> <Li> Pathé </Li> <Li> Rex </Li> </Ul> <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cineworld </Li> <Li> Odeon ( AMC ) </Li> <Li> Vue </Li> <Li> National Amusements </Li> <Li> Picturehouse Cinemas ( Cineworld ) </Li> <Li> Empire Cinemas </Li> <Li> Curzon </Li> <Li> Hollywood Cinemas </Li> <Li> Merlin Cinemas </Li> <Li> Picturedrome Cinemas </Li> <Li> Reel Cinemas </Li> <Li> S & B Cinemas -- operates a small number of cinemas in Somerset , UK </Li> </Ul> <H3> Rest of Europe ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> AMC </Li> <Li> Castello Lopes -- cinema chain in Portugal </Li> <Li> Cinamon -- cinema chain in the Baltic states </Li> <Li> Cinemark </Li> <Li> Cinema City International </Li> <Li> Cineplex </Li> <Li> CinemaxX </Li> <Li> CineStar </Li> <Li> Euroscoop </Li> <Li> Kinepolis -- cinema chain in Netherlands , Poland and in Belgium , France , Spain </Li> <Li> Multikino </Li> <Li> Multiplex Cinemas ( Ukraine ) </Li> <Li> Odessa Kino </Li> <Li> Omniplex -- cinema chain in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Palace -- operating sites in the Czech Republic and Slovakia </Li> <Li> Parkway Cinemas -- family owned independent chain with 4 cinemas </Li> <Li> Scott </Li> <Li> Showcase </Li> <Li> SF Bio -- the dominant cinema chain in Sweden </Li> <Li> UCI ( United Cinemas International ) </Li> <Li> Utopolis </Li> <Li> Village </Li> <Li> Ward Anderson </Li> <Li> Cinemas NOS -- cinema chain in Portugal </Li> <Li> UCI Cinemas -- cinema chain in Portugal </Li> <Li> Finnkino -- cinema chain in Finland </Li> <Li> Nordisk Film Biografer -- Biggest cinema chain in Denmark </Li> </Ul> <H3> Former chains ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> ABC </Li> <Li> Apollo -- cinema chain in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Cannon </Li> <Li> Essoldo </Li> <Li> MGM </Li> <Li> Sandrews -- cinema chain in Sweden </Li> <Li> Silver Screen -- merged with Multikino </Li> <Li> Virgin </Li> <Li> Granada </Li> </Ul> See also : Movie theaters in the Netherlands and Template : Major UK Cinema Chains <H2> Oceania ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Circuit </Th> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Th> Locations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Event Cinemas </Td> <Td> Sydney , NSW </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dendy Cinemas </Td> <Td> Sydney , NSW </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Howard Cinemas </Td> <Td> Taree , NSW </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hoyts ( owned by Wanda Cinemas ) </Td> <Td> Sydney , NSW </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Independent Exhibitors </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Palace Cinemas </Td> <Td> Balwyn , VIC </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Reading Cinemas </Td> <Td> South Melbourne , VIC </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> United Cinemas </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Wallis </Td> <Td> Richmond , SA </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Cineplex Australia </Td> <Td> Brisbane , QLD </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Grand Cinemas </Td> <Td> Perth , WA </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Village Cinemas </Td> <Td> Melbourne , VIC </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> David & Carol Stonnill </Td> <Td> Victor Harbor , SA </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Majestic Cinemas </Td> <Td> Sydney , NSW </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Ace Cinemas </Td> <Td> Sydney , NSW </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Cineplex Australia </Li> <Li> Dendy Cinemas </Li> <Li> Event Cinemas previously known as Greater Union , Birch , Carroll & Coyle and Village Cinemas </Li> <Li> Howard Cinemas </Li> <Li> Hoyts </Li> <Li> Independent Exhibitors </Li> <Li> Palace Cinemas and Luna Palace Cinemas </Li> <Li> The Movie Masters -- Ace Cinemas and Grand Cinemas </Li> <Li> Reading Cinemas </Li> <Li> United Cinemas </Li> <Li> Victa Cinemas </Li> <Li> Wallis </Li> </Ul> <H3> New Zealand ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ascot Cinema </Li> <Li> Berkeley Cinemas </Li> <Li> Bridgeway Cinema </Li> <Li> Capitol Cinema </Li> <Li> Cinema 3 Pukekohe </Li> <Li> Event Cinemas </Li> <Li> Hoyts </Li> <Li> Lido Cinema </Li> <Li> Light House Cinema </Li> <Li> Monterey Cinemas </Li> <Li> SKYCITY Cinemas </Li> <Li> Reading Cinemas </Li> <Li> Rialto Cinemas </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film screening </Li> <Li> Home cinema </Li> <Li> Movie palace </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon movie theater </Li> <Li> Surround sound and THX </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Silverbird Group '' . Silverbird Group . Silverbird Cinemas . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Silverbird Film Distribution '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to The Film House Cinemas '' . Film House , Nigeria . The Film House Cinemas . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Genesis Deluxe Cinemas : About Us '' . Genesis Deluxe . Genesis Deluxe Cinemas . Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What you should know about Viva Entertainment Cinema '' . IB Pulse . March 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ozone Cinemas -- About Us '' . Ozone Cinemas . Ozone Cinemas . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Ten U.S. & Canadian Circuits '' . Natoonline.org. 2015 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cinema pub complex opening soon in Manchester at a record time for movie theaters - New Hampshire '' . unionleader.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview - AMC Theatres '' . investor.amctheatres.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About - Regal Cinemas & Regal Entertainment Group '' . www.regmovies.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . www.cinemark.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://intranet.cinepolis.com/SitePages/Fact%20Sheet.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cineplex.com - Information '' . www.cineplex.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Cinémas Ciné Entreprise - Horaires at Cinémas '' . www.cinentreprise.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Movies , Small Prices - Film.Ca Cinemas in Oakville , ON '' . Film.Ca Cinemas in Oakville , ON . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier Theatres '' . www.premiertheatres.ca . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 U.S. & Canadian Circuits '' . NATO . 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AMC Theatres Closes Carmike Cinemas Acquisition to Become Largest U.S. Exhibitor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` B&B Theatres '' , Wikipedia , 2018 - 07 - 22 , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Cinemark '' . www.cinemark.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Cinemark '' . www.cinemark.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cinemark USA , Inc . Acquires Century Theatres , Inc '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cinemark Closes $240 M Acquisition of Rave Theatres '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classic Cinemas About Us '' . Classic Cinemas . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CMX Cinemas Acquires Cobb Theatres '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Epic News Epic Theatres '' . www.epictheatres.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fairchild bringing reclining movie seats , alcohol to Canyon Lakes '' . tri-cityherald . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grand Theatres in Bismarck , ND - Cinema Treasures '' . cinematreasures.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` iPic Entertainment - Overview '' . iPic Entertainment . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Us Find Out More Landmark Theatres '' . www.landmarktheatres.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Theatres About Us '' . www.metrotheatres.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Los Angeles Business Journal announcement </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About - Regal Cinemas & Regal Entertainment Group '' . www.regmovies.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Theaters -- About Us '' . Gohollywood.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regency Theatres '' . Regency Theatres . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santikos Theatres '' . Santikos.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas ( 1992 ) . Shared pleasures : a history of movie presentation in the United States . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 39 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13214 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ VIP Cinemas http://vipcinemas.com/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warren IMAX tops North American attendance '' . kansas.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Theatres '' . Wehrenberg . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zurich Cinemas - Proudly serving New York with the latest movies from Hollywood '' . www.zurichcinemas.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tickets.bigmoviescinema.com/Default.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://qfxcinemas.com/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` China Film Industry Report 2014 - 2015 ( In Brief ) '' ( PDF ) . english.entgroup.cn . EntGroup Inc . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Patrick Brzeski ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Is An Unknown Force in China '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Urvi Malvania ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Coming soon : Multiplex boom across India '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PVR acquires DLF 's DT Cinemas for Rs 500 crore '' . Times of India . Jun 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carnival eyes number two spot by end of FY15 -- Business Standards '' . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kochi - based Carnival Cinemas aims to become second largest in multiplex space by FY15 -- VC Circle '' . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CINEMA 21 - Largest Indonesian Cinema Network - CINEMA 21 '' . www.21cineplex.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CGV . `` Evolving Beyond Movies - CGV Cinemas '' . www.cgv.id . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Cinemaxx Theater '' . www.cinemaxxtheater.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ city , Platinumcineplex.co.id - An Intenational Cinema Theatre - Choose your . `` Platinum Cineplex - An International Cinema Theatre '' . www.platinumcineplex.co.id . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Star Cineplex Official Site -- Jadwal Tayang Bioskop NSC8 '' . New Star Cineplex Official Site . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SELAMAT DATANG -- BIOSKOP 88 '' . www.holiday88.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MOVIMAX CINEMAS - OFFICIAL SITE - www.movimax.co.id - LIHAT JADWAL - BOOKING TIKET ONLINE MOVIMAX '' . www.movimax.co.id . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SemiColonWeb . `` Flix '' . www.flixcinema.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Arena Cinemas '' . thearena.com.pk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 3D Super Cinema '' . supercinema.com.pk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taj Mahal Multiplex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Universal Lahore , Universal Cinemas - movie times & tickets '' . universalcinemas.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Koreans are No. 1 moviegoers in the world -- The Korea Times '' . www.koreatimesus.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 國賓 電影 網站 入口 - 國賓 影 城 - 國賓 大 戲院 '' . www.ambassador.com.tw . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 中影 股份 有限 公司 '' . www.movie.com.tw . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 喜 滿 客 影 城 . `` 喜 滿 客 影 城 '' . www.cinemark.com.tw . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miramar Cinemas </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shin Kong Cineplex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Showtimes ) , Showtimes . `` 秀 泰 影 城 : : 痞 客 邦 : : '' . pixnet.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SPOT 光 點 台北 電影 館 '' . www.spot.org.tw . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CINEMAS , 威 秀 影 城 - VIESHOW . `` 威 秀 影 城 - VIESHOW CINEMAS '' . 威 秀 影 城 - VIESHOW CINEMAS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` in89 Cinemax '' . www.in89.com.tw . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 華威 影 城 Wovie Cinemas '' . www.woviecinemas.com.tw . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( Welcome to the world of Entertiment ) - Movies in U.A.E - Oscar Cinema '' . oscarcinema.ae . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Cinemas '' . www.starcinemas.ae . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cine Royal Cinema '' . www.cineroyal.ae . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roxy Cinemas '' . theroxycinemas.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cinemacity '' . Cinemacity . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( www.yelmocines.es Yelmo Cines ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Victa Cinemas - Entertaining the Fluerieu since 1923 '' . www.victacinemas.com.au . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinemas . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Theater chains at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> </Ul> This film , television or video - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it with reliably sourced additions . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_movie_theater_chains&oldid=854666296 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cinema and movie theatre chains </Li> <Li> Lists of cinemas </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from June 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Incomplete lists from July 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with Curlie links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 17 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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which of the following is not one of the major u.s. theater chains
[ { "yes_no_answer": "NONE", "long_answer": { "start_token": -1, "candidate_index": -1, "end_token": -1 }, "short_answers": [], "annotation_id": 9837658097702164000 } ]
https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_movie_theater_chains&amp;oldid=854666296
273,449,303,180,608,830
Military History of Italy during World war II - wikipedia <H1> Military History of Italy during World war II </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Italy and its colonies in May 1940 ( Dodecanese islands and Tientsin concession in China are not shown ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Italy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ancient ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Prehistoric Italy </Li> <Li> Etruscan civilization ( 12th -- 6th c. BC ) </Li> <Li> Magna Graecia ( 8th -- 7th c. BC ) </Li> <Li> Ancient Rome ( 753 BC -- 476 AD ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medieval ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Italy in the Middle Ages </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kingdom <Ul> <Li> Odoacer 's </Li> <Li> Ostrogothic </Li> <Li> Vandal </Li> <Li> Lombard </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Byzantine reconquest of Italy ( 6th -- 8th c . ) </Li> <Li> Italy in the Carolingian Empire and HRE </Li> <Li> Islam and Normans in southern Italy </Li> <Li> Maritime Republics and Italian city - states </Li> <Li> Guelphs and Ghibellines </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early modern ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Italian Renaissance ( 14th -- 16th c . ) </Li> <Li> Italian Wars ( 1494 -- 1559 ) </Li> <Li> Foreign domination ( 1559 -- 1814 ) </Li> <Li> Italian unification ( 1815 -- 1861 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Modern ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Monarchy ( 1861 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Italy in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Fascism and Colonial Empire ( 1918 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Italy in World War II ( 1940 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Republic ( 1945 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Years of Lead ( 1970s -- 1980s ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By topic ( show ) <Ul> <Li> List of historic states </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Citizenship </Li> <Li> Currency </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Fashion </Li> <Li> Genetic </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Postage </Li> <Li> Railway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Timeline </P> Italy portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology , politics , and diplomacy , while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors . The imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime , which aspired to restore the Roman Empire in North Africa and the Mediterranean ( the Mare Nostrum , or the Italian Empire ) , were partially met with the annexation of Albania and the Province of Ljubljana , and the occupation of British Somaliland and other territories , but ultimately collapsed after defeats in the East and North African campaigns . In July 1943 , following the Allied invasion of Sicily , Benito Mussolini was arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III , provoking a civil war . Italy surrendered to the Allies at the end of the Italian Campaign . The northern half of the country was occupied by Germans with the fascists help and made a collaborationist puppet state ( with more than 600,000 soldiers ) , while the south was governed by monarchist and liberal forces , which fought for the Allied cause as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army ( at its height numbering more than 50,000 men ) , helped by circa 350,000 partisans of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Imperial ambitions </Li> <Li> 1.2 Industrial strength </Li> <Li> 1.3 Economy </Li> <Li> 1.4 Military </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Outbreak of the Second World War <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Decision to intervene </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Italy enters the war : June 1940 <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Invasion of France </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 North Africa <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Invasion of Egypt </Li> <Li> 4.2 Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 East Africa </Li> <Li> 6 Balkans <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Invasion of Albania </Li> <Li> 6.2 Invasion of Greece </Li> <Li> 6.3 Invasion of Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Mediterranean </Li> <Li> 8 Eastern Front </Li> <Li> 9 Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil War <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Allied invasion of Sicily , Fall of Mussolini and Armistice </Li> <Li> 9.2 Civil War , Allied advance and Liberation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Italy and Japan after the surrender </Li> <Li> 11 Casualties </Li> <Li> 12 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 13 Controversies of historiography </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 Notes </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Imperial ambitions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Imperial Italy ( fascist ) Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936 . <P> During the late 1920s , the Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini spoke with increasing urgency about imperial expansion , arguing that Italy needed an outlet for its `` surplus population '' and that it would therefore be in the best interests of other countries to aid in this expansion . The immediate aspiration of the regime was political `` hegemony in the Mediterranean -- Danubian -- Balkan region '' , more grandiosely Mussolini imagined the conquest `` of an empire stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Hormuz '' . Balkan and Mediterranean hegemony was predicated by ancient Roman dominance in the same regions . There were designs for a protectorate over Albania and for the annexation of Dalmatia , as well as economic and military control of Yugoslavia and Greece . The regime also sought to establish protective patron -- client relationships with Austria , Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , which all lay on the outside edges of its European sphere of influence . Although it was not among his publicly proclaimed aims , Mussolini wished to challenge the supremacy of Britain and France in the Mediterranean Sea , which was considered strategically vital , since the Mediterranean was Italy 's only conduit to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans . </P> <P> In 1935 , Italy initiated the Second Italo - Ethiopian War , `` a nineteenth - century colonial campaign waged out of due time '' . The campaign gave rise to optimistic talk on raising a native Ethiopian army `` to help conquer '' Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . The war also marked a shift towards a more aggressive Italian foreign policy and also `` exposed ( the ) vulnerabilities '' of the British and French . This in turn created the opportunity Mussolini needed to begin to realize his imperial goals . In 1936 , the Spanish Civil War broke out . From the beginning , Italy played an important role in the conflict . Their military contribution was so vast , that it played a decisive role in the victory of the rebel forces led by Francisco Franco . Mussolini had engaged in `` a full - scale external war '' due to the insinuation of future Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire , and as a way of placing the country on a war footing and creating `` a warrior culture '' . The aftermath of the war in Ethiopia saw a reconciliation of German - Italian relations following years of a previously strained relationship , resulting in the signing of a treaty of mutual interest in October 1936 . Mussolini referred to this treaty as the creation of a Berlin - Rome Axis , which Europe would revolve around . The treaty was the result of increasing dependence on German coal following League of Nations sanctions , similar policies between the two countries over the conflict in Spain , and German sympathy towards Italy following European backlash to the Ethiopian War . The aftermath of the treaty saw the increasing ties between Italy and Germany , and Mussolini falling under Adolf Hitler 's influence from which `` he never escaped '' . </P> <P> In October 1938 , in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement , Italy demanded concessions from France . These included a free port at Djibouti , control of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti railroad , Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company , some form of French - Italian condominium over French Tunisia , and the preservation of Italian culture on Corsica with no French assimilation of the people . The French refused the demands , believing the true Italian intention was the territorial acquisition of Nice , Corsica , Tunisia , and Djibouti . On 30 November 1938 , Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano addressed the Chamber of Deputies on the `` natural aspirations of the Italian people '' and was met with shouts of `` Nice ! Corsica ! Savoy ! Tunisia ! Djibouti ! Malta ! '' Later that day , Mussolini addressed the Fascist Grand Council `` on the subject of what he called the immediate goals of ' Fascist dynamism ' . '' These were Albania ; Tunisia ; Corsica , an integral part of France ; the Ticino , a canton of Switzerland ; and all `` French territory east of the River Var '' , including Nice , but not Savoy . </P> <P> Beginning in 1939 Mussolini often voiced his contention that Italy required uncontested access to the world 's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty . On 4 February 1939 , Mussolini addressed the Grand Council in a closed session . He delivered a long speech on international affairs and the goals of his foreign policy , `` which bears comparison with Hitler 's notorious disposition , minuted by colonel Hossbach '' . He began by claiming that the freedom of a country is proportional to the strength of its navy . This was followed by `` the familiar lament that Italy was a prisoner in the Mediterranean '' . He called Corsica , Tunisia , Malta , and Cyprus `` the bars of this prison '' , and described Gibraltar and Suez as the prison guards . To break British control , her bases on Cyprus , Gibraltar , Malta , and in Egypt ( controlling the Suez Canal ) would have to be neutralized . On 31 March , Mussolini stated that `` Italy will not truly be an independent nation so long as she has Corsica , Bizerta , Malta as the bars of her Mediterranean prison and Gibraltar and Suez as the walls . '' Fascist foreign policy took for granted that the democracies -- Britain and France -- would someday need to be faced down . Through armed conquest Italian North Africa and Italian East Africa -- separated by the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan -- would be linked , and the Mediterranean prison destroyed . Then , Italy would be able to march `` either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia , or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa '' . </P> <P> As early as September 1938 , the Italian military had drawn up plans to invade Albania . On 7 April , Italian forces landed in the country and within three days had occupied the majority of the country . Albania represented a territory Italy could acquire for `` ' living space ' to ease its overpopulation '' as well as the foothold needed to launch other expansionist conflicts in the Balkans . On 22 May 1939 , Italy and Germany signed the Pact of Steel joining both countries in a military alliance . The pact was the culmination of German - Italian relations from 1936 and was not defensive in nature . Rather , the pact was designed for a `` joint war against France and Britain '' , although the Italian hierarchy held the understanding that such a war would not take place for several years . However , despite the Italian impression , the pact made no reference to such a period of peace and the Germans proceeded with their plans to invade Poland . </P> <H3> Industrial strength ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mussolini 's Under - Secretary for War Production , Carlo Favagrossa , had estimated that Italy could not possibly be prepared for major military operations until at least October 1942 . This had been made clear during the Italo - German negotiations for the Pact of Steel , whereby it was stipulated that neither signatory was to make war without the other earlier than 1943 . Although considered a great power , the Italian industrial sector was relatively weak compared to other European major powers . Italian industry did not equal more than 15 % of that of France or of Britain in militarily critical areas such as automobile production : the number of automobiles in Italy before the war was around 374,000 , in comparison to around 2,500,000 in Britain and France . The lack of a stronger automotive industry made it difficult for Italy to mechanize its military . Italy still had a predominantly agricultural - based economy , with demographics more akin to a developing country ( high illiteracy , poverty , rapid population growth and a high proportion of adolescents ) and a proportion of GNP derived from industry less than that of Czechoslovakia , Hungary and Sweden , in addition to the other great powers . In terms of strategic materials , in 1940 , Italy produced 4.4 mega tonnes ( Mt ) of coal , 0.01 Mt of crude oil , 1.2 Mt of iron ore and 2.1 Mt of steel . By comparison , Great Britain produced 224.3 Mt of coal , 11.9 Mt of crude oil , 17.7 Mt of iron ore , and 13.0 Mt of steel and Germany produced 364.8 Mt of coal , 8.0 Mt of crude oil , 29.5 Mt of iron ore and 21.5 Mt of steel . Most raw material needs could be fulfilled only through importation , and no effort was made to stockpile key materials before the entry into war . Approximately one quarter of the ships of Italy 's merchant fleet were in foreign ports at the outbreak of hostilities , and , given no forewarning , were immediately impounded . </P> <H3> Economy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Between 1936 and 1939 , Italy had supplied the Spanish `` Nationalist '' forces , fighting under Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War , with large number of weapons and supplies practically free . In addition to weapons , the Corpo Truppe Volontarie ( `` Corps of Volunteer Troops '' ) had also been dispatched to fight for Franco . The financial cost of the war was between 6 and 8.5 billion lire , approximately 14 to 20 per cent of the country 's annual expenditure . Adding to these problems was Italy 's extreme debt position . When Benito Mussolini took office , in 1921 , the government debt was 93 billion lire , un-repayable in the short to medium term . Only two years later this debt had increased to 405 billion lire . </P> German coal entering Italy through the Brenner Pass . The issue of Italian coal was prominent in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940 . <P> In September 1939 , Britain imposed a selective blockade of Italy . Coal from Germany , which was shipped out of Rotterdam , was declared contraband . The Germans promised to keep up shipments by train , over the Alps , and Britain offered to supply all of Italy 's needs in exchange for Italian armaments . The Italians could not agree to the latter terms without shattering their alliance with Germany . On 2 February 1940 , however , Mussolini approved a draft contract with the Royal Air Force to provide 400 Caproni aircraft ; yet he scrapped the deal on 8 February . British intelligence officer , Francis Rodd , believed that Mussolini was convinced to reverse policy by German pressure in the week of 2 -- 8 February , a view shared by the British ambassador in Rome , Percy Loraine . On 1 March , the British announced that they would block all coal exports from Rotterdam to Italy . Italian coal was one of the most discussed issues in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940 . In April Britain began strengthening their Mediterranean Fleet to enforce the blockade . Despite French uncertainty , Britain rejected concessions to Italy so as not to `` create an impression of weakness '' . Germany supplied Italy with about one million tons of coal a month beginning in the spring of 1940 , an amount that even exceeded Mussolini 's demand of August 1939 that Italy receive six million tons of coal for its first twelve months of war . </P> <H3> Military ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Italian Royal Army ( Regio Esercito ) was comparatively depleted and weak at the commencement of the war . Italian tanks were of poor quality and radios few in number . The bulk of Italian artillery dated to World War I . The primary fighter of the Italian Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) was the Fiat CR. 42 , which , though an advanced biplane , with excellent performance , was obsolete against monoplane fighters of other nations . Of the Regia Aeronautica 's approximately 1,760 aircraft , only 900 could be considered in any way combat - worthy . The Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) had several modern battleships but no aircraft carriers . </P> <P> Italian authorities were acutely aware of the need to modernize and were taking steps to meet the requirements of their own relatively advanced tactical principles . Almost 40 % of the 1939 budget was allocated for military spending . Recognizing the Navy 's need for close air support , the decision was made to build carriers . Three series of modern fighters , capable of meeting the best allied planes on equal terms , were in development , with a few hundred of each eventually being produced . The Carro Armato P40 tank , roughly equivalent to the M4 Sherman and Panzer IV medium tanks , was designed in 1940 ( though no prototype was produced until 1942 and manufacture was not able to begin before the Armistice , owing in part to the lack of sufficiently powerful engines , which were themselves undergoing a development push ; total Italian tank production for the war -- about 3,500 -- was less than the number of tanks used by Germany in its invasion of France ) . The Italians were pioneers in the use of self - propelled guns , both in close support and anti-tank roles . Their 75 / 46 fixed AA / AT gun , 75 / 32 gun , 90 / 53 AA / AT gun ( an equally deadly but less famous peer of the German 88 / 55 ) , 47 / 32 AT gun , and the 20 mm AA autocannon were effective , modern weapons . Also of note were the AB 41 and the Camionetta AS 42 armoured cars , which were regarded as excellent vehicles of their type . None of these developments , however , precluded the fact that the bulk of equipment was obsolete and poor . The relatively weak economy , lack of suitable raw materials and consequent inability to produce suitable quantities of armaments and supplies were therefore the key material reasons for Italian military failure . </P> <P> On paper Italy had one of the world 's largest armies , but the reality was the opposite . According to the estimates of Bierman and Smith , the Italian regular army could field only about 200,000 troops at the war 's beginning . Irrespective of the attempts to modernize , the majority of Italian army personnel were lightly armed infantry lacking sufficient motor transport . There was insufficient budget to train the men in the services , such that the bulk of personnel received much of their training at the front , when it was too late to be of use . Air units had not been trained to operate with the naval fleet and the majority of ships had been built for fleet actions , rather than the convoy protection duties in which they were primarily employed during the war . In any event , a critical lack of fuel kept naval activities to a minimum . </P> <P> Senior leadership was also a problem . Mussolini personally assumed control of all three individual military service ministries with the intention of influencing detailed planning . Comando Supremo ( the Italian High Command ) consisted of only a small complement of staff that could do little more than inform the individual service commands of Mussolini 's intentions , after which it was up to the individual service commands to develop proper plans and execution . The result was that there was no central direction for operations ; the three military services tended to work independently , focusing only on their fields , with little inter-service cooperation . Discrepancies in pay existed for personnel who were of equal rank , but from different units . </P> <H2> Outbreak of the Second World war ( edit ) </H2> See also : Military production during World War II <P> Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , marked the beginning of World War II . Despite being an Axis power , Italy remained non-belligerent until June 1940 . </P> <H3> Decision to intervene ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the German conquest of Poland , Mussolini hesitated to enter the war . The British commander for land forces in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean , General Sir Archibald Wavell , correctly predicted that Mussolini 's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war . Wavell would compare Mussolini 's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board : `` I think he must do something . If he can not make a graceful dive , he will at least have to jump in somehow ; he can hardly put on his dressing - gown and walk down the stairs again . '' </P> <P> Initially , the entry into the war appeared to be political opportunism ( though there was some provocation ) , which led to a lack of consistency in planning , with principal objectives and enemies being changed with little regard for the consequences . Mussolini was well aware of the military and material deficiencies but thought the war would be over soon and did not expect to do much fighting . </P> <H2> Italy enters the war : June 1940 ( edit ) </H2> See also : Fall of France and Italian invasion of France Italy and its colonies in 1940 , before the start of the Western Desert Campaign . <P> On 10 June 1940 , as the French government fled to Bordeaux during the German invasion , declaring Paris an open city , Mussolini felt the conflict would soon end and declared war on Britain and France . As he said to the Army 's Chief - of - Staff , Marshal Badoglio : </P> <P> I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought . </P> <P> Mussolini had the immediate war aim of expanding the Italian colonies in North Africa by taking land from the British and French colonies . </P> <P> About Mussolini 's declaration of war in France , President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States said : </P> <P> On this tenth day of June 1940 , the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor . </P> <P> The Italian entry into the war opened up new fronts in North Africa and the Mediterranean . After Italy entered the war , pressure from Nazi Germany led to the internment in the Campagna concentration camp of some of Italy 's Jewish refugees . </P> <H3> Invasion of France ( edit ) </H3> See also : Italian - occupied France Occupied France in 1940 ; the Italian zone is shown in yellow . <P> In June 1940 , after initial success , the Italian offensive into southern France stalled at the fortified Alpine Line . On 24 June 1940 , France surrendered to Germany . Italy occupied a swathe of French territory along the Franco - Italian border . During this operation , Italian casualties amounted to 1,247 men dead or missing and 2,631 wounded . A further 2,151 Italians were hospitalised due to frostbite . </P> <P> Late in the Battle of Britain , Italy contributed an expeditionary force , the Corpo Aereo Italiano , which took part in the Blitz from October 1940 until April 1941 , at which time the last elements of the force were withdrawn . </P> <P> In November 1942 , the Italian Royal Army occupied south - eastern Vichy France and Corsica as part of Case Anton . From December 1942 , Italian military government of French departments east of the Rhône River was established , and continued until September 1943 , when Italy quit the war . This had the effect of providing a de facto temporary haven for French Jews fleeing the Holocaust . In January 1943 the Italians refused to cooperate with the Nazis in rounding up Jews living in the occupied zone of France under their control and in March prevented the Nazis from deporting Jews in their zone . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop complained to Mussolini that `` Italian military circles ... lack a proper understanding of the Jewish question . '' </P> <P> The Italian Navy established a submarine base at Bordeaux , code named BETASOM , and thirty two Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic . Plans to attack the harbour of New York City with CA class midget submarines in 1943 were disrupted when the submarine converted to carry out the attack , the Leonardo da Vinci , was sunk in May 1943 . The armistice put a stop to further planning . </P> <H2> North Africa ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Invasion of Egypt ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Italian invasion of Egypt , North African Campaign , Western Desert Campaign , and Tunisia Campaign The Italian invasion and British counter-offensive <P> The Italians fared poorly in North Africa almost from the beginning . Within a week of Italy 's declaration of war on 10 June 1940 , the British 11th Hussars had seized Fort Capuzzo in Libya . In an ambush east of Bardia , the British captured the Italian 10th Army Engineer - in - Chief , General Lastucci . On 28 June Marshal Italo Balbo , the Governor - General of Libya , was killed by friendly fire while landing in Tobruk . Mussolini ordered Balbo 's replacement , General Rodolfo Graziani , to launch an attack into Egypt immediately . Graziani complained to Mussolini that his forces were not properly equipped for such an operation , and that an attack into Egypt could not possibly succeed ; nevertheless , Mussolini ordered him to proceed . On 13 September , elements of the 10th Army retook Fort Capuzzo and crossed the border into Egypt . Lightly opposed , they advanced about 100 km ( 62 mi ) to Sidi Barrani , where they stopped and began entrenching themselves in a series of fortified camps . </P> <P> At this time , the British had only 36,000 troops available ( out of about 100,000 under Middle Eastern command ) to defend Egypt , against 236,000 Italian troops . The Italians , however , were not concentrated in one location . They were divided between the 5th army in the west and the 10th army in the east and thus spread out from the Tunisian border in western Libya to Sidi Barrani in Egypt . At Sidi Barrani , Graziani , unaware of the British lack of numerical strength , planned to build fortifications and stock them with provisions , ammunition , and fuel , establish a water pipeline , and extend the via Balbia to that location , which was where the road to Alexandria began . This task was being obstructed by British Royal Navy attacks on Italian supply ships in the Mediterranean . At this stage Italian losses remained minimal , but the efficiency of the British Royal Navy would improve as the war went on . Mussolini was fiercely disappointed with Graziani 's sluggishness . However , according to Bauer he had only himself to blame , as he had withheld the trucks , armaments , and supplies that Graziani had deemed necessary for success . Wavell was hoping to see the Italians overextend themselves before his intended counter at Marsa Matruh . </P> General Rodolfo Graziani . <P> Graziani and his staff lacked faith in the strength of the Italian military . One of his officers wrote : `` We 're trying to fight this ... as though it were a colonial war ... this is a European war ... fought with European weapons against a European enemy . We take too little account of this in building our stone forts ... We are not fighting the Ethiopians now . '' ( This was a reference to the Second Italo - Abyssinian War where Italian forces had fought against a relatively poorly equipped opponent . ) Balbo had said `` Our light tanks , already old and armed only with machine guns , are completely out - classed . The machine guns of the British armoured cars pepper them with bullets which easily pierce their armour . '' </P> <P> Italian forces around Sidi Barrani had severe weaknesses in their deployment . Their five main fortifications were placed too far apart to allow mutual support against an attacking force , and the areas between were weakly patrolled . The absence of motorised transport did not allow for rapid reorganisation , if needed . The rocky terrain had prevented an anti-tank ditch from being dug and there were too few mines and 47 mm anti-tank guns to repel an armoured advance . By the summer of 1941 , the Italians in North Africa had regrouped , retrained and rearmed into a much more effective fighting force , one that proved to be much harder for the British to overcome in encounters from 1941 to 1943 . </P> <H3> Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat ( edit ) </H3> See also : Operation Sonnenblume Rommel meets Italian General Italo Gariboldi in Tripoli , February 1941 . <P> On 8 December 1940 , the British launched Operation Compass . Planned as an extended raid , it resulted in a force of British , Indian , and Australian troops cutting off the Italian 10th Army . Pressing the British advantage home , General Richard O'Connor succeeded in reaching El Agheila , deep in Libya ( an advance of 500 miles ( 800 km ) ) and taking some 130,000 prisoners . The Allies nearly destroyed the 10th Army , and seemed on the point of sweeping the Italians out of Libya altogether . Winston Churchill , however , directed the advance be stopped , initially because of supply problems and because of a new Italian offensive that had gained ground in Albania , and ordered troops dispatched to defend Greece . Weeks later the first troops of the German Afrika Korps started to arrive in North Africa ( February 1941 ) , along with six Italian divisions including the motorized Trento and armored Ariete . </P> <P> German General Erwin Rommel now became the principal Axis field commander in North Africa , although the bulk of his forces consisted of Italian troops . Though subordinate to the Italians , under Rommel 's direction the Axis troops pushed the British and Commonwealth troops back into Egypt but were unable to complete the task because of the exhaustion and their extended supply lines which were under threat from the Allied enclave at Tobruk , which they failed to capture . After reorganising and re-grouping the Allies launched Operation Crusader in November 1941 which resulted in the Axis front line being pushed back once more to El Agheila by the end of the year . </P> <P> In January 1942 the Axis struck back again , advancing to Gazala where the front lines stabilised while both sides raced to build up their strength . At the end of May , Rommel launched the Battle of Gazala where the British armoured divisions were soundly defeated . The Axis seemed on the verge of sweeping the British out of Egypt , but at the First Battle of El Alamein ( July 1942 ) General Claude Auchinleck halted Rommel 's advance only 90 mi ( 140 km ) from Alexandria . Rommel made a final attempt to break through during the Battle of Alam el Halfa but Eighth Army , by this time commanded by Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery , held firm . After a period of reinforcement and training the Allies assumed the offensive at the Second Battle of Alamein ( October / November 1942 ) where they scored a decisive victory and the remains of Rommel 's German - Italian Panzer Army were forced to engage in a fighting retreat for 1,600 mi ( 2,600 km ) to the Libyan border with Tunisia . </P> <P> After the Operation Torch landings in the Vichy French territories of Morocco and Algeria ( November 1942 ) British , American and French forces advanced east to engage the German - Italian forces in the Tunisia Campaign . By February , the Axis forces in Tunisia were joined by Rommel 's forces , after their long withdrawal from El Alamein , which were re-designated the Italian First Army ( under Giovanni Messe ) when Rommel left to command the Axis forces to the north at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass . Despite the Axis success at Kasserine , the Allies were able to reorganise ( with all forces under the unified direction of 18th Army Group commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander ) and regain the initiative in April . The Allies completed the defeat of the Axis armies in North Africa in May 1943 . </P> <H2> East Africa ( edit ) </H2> Main article : East African Campaign Fascist poster calling for revenge against the British takeover of Italian East Africa . <P> In addition to the well - known campaigns in the western desert during 1940 , the Italians initiated operations in June 1940 from their East African colonies of Ethiopia , Italian Somaliland , and Eritrea . </P> <P> As in Egypt , Italian forces ( roughly 70,000 Italian soldiers and 180,000 native troops ) outnumbered their British opponents . Italian East Africa , however , was isolated and far from the Italian mainland , leaving the forces there cut off from supply and thus severely limited in the operations they could undertake . </P> <P> Initial Italian attacks in East Africa took two different directions , one into the Sudan and the other into Kenya . Then , in August 1940 , the Italians advanced into British Somaliland . After suffering and inflicting few casualties , the British and Commonwealth garrison evacuated Somaliland , retreating by sea to Aden . </P> <P> The Italian invasion of British Somaliland was one of the few successful Italian campaigns of World War II accomplished without German support . In the Sudan and Kenya , Italy captured small territories around several border villages , after which the Italian Royal Army in East Africa adopted a defensive posture in preparation for expected British counterattacks . </P> <P> The Regia Marina maintained a small squadron in the Italian East Africa area . The `` Red Sea Flotilla '' , consisting of seven destroyers and eight submarines , was based at the port of Massawa in Eritrea . Despite a severe shortage of fuel , the flotilla posed a threat to British convoys traversing the Red Sea . However , Italian attempts to attack British convoys resulted in the loss of four submarines and one destroyer . </P> Italian war cemetery in Keren , Eritrea . <P> On 19 January 1941 , the expected British counter-attack arrived in the shape of the Indian 4th and Indian 5th Infantry Divisions , which made a thrust from the Sudan . A supporting attack was made from Kenya by the South African 1st Division , the 11th African Division , and the 12th African Division . Finally , the British launched an amphibious assault from Aden to re-take British Somaliland . </P> <P> Fought from February to March , the outcome of the Battle of Keren determined the fate of Italian East Africa . In early April , after Keren fell , Asmara and Massawa followed . The Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa also fell in April 1941 . The Viceroy of Ethiopia , Amedeo , Duke of Aosta , surrendered at the stronghold of Amba Alagi in May . He received full military honours . The Italians in East Africa made a final stand around the town of Gondar in November 1941 . </P> <P> When the port of Massawa fell to the British , the remaining destroyers were ordered on final missions in the Red Sea , some of them achieving small successes before being scuttled or sunk . At the same time , the last four submarines made an epic voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to Bordeaux in France . Some Italians , after their defeat , waged a guerilla war mainly in Eritrea and Ethiopia , that lasted until fall 1943 . Notable among them was Amedeo Guillet . </P> <H2> Balkans ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Greco - Italian War , Axis Occupation of Greece , and World War II in Yugoslavia <H3> Invasion of Albania ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early 1939 , while the world was focused on Adolf Hitler 's aggression against Czechoslovakia , Mussolini looked to the Kingdom of Albania , across the Adriatic Sea from Italy . Italian forces invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and swiftly took control of the small country . Even before the invasion , Albania had been politically dominated by Italy ; after the invasion it was formally made part of Italy and the Italian king took the Albanian crown . Along with the intervention in the Spanish Civil War and the invasion of Abyssinia , the invasion of Albania was part of the Italian contribution to the disintegration of the collective security the League of Nations instituted after World War I. As such , it was part of the prelude to World War II . </P> <H3> Invasion of Greece ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 28 October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War by launching an invasion of the Kingdom of Greece from Albania . In part , the Italians attacked Greece because of the growing influence of Germany in the Balkans . Both Yugoslavia and Greece had governments friendly to Germany . Mussolini launched the invasion of Greece in haste after the Kingdom of Romania , a state which he perceived as lying within the Italian sphere of influence , allied itself with Germany . The order to invade Greece was given by Mussolini to Badoglio and Army Chief of Staff Mario Roatta on 15 October , with the expectation that the attack would commence within 12 days . Badoglio and Roatta were appalled given that , acting on his orders , they had demobilised 600,000 men three weeks prior . Given the expected requirement of at least 20 divisions to facilitate success , the fact that only eight divisions were currently in Albania , and the inadequacies of Albanian ports and connecting infrastructure , adequate preparation would require at least three months . Nonetheless , D - day was set at dawn on 28 October . </P> <P> The initial Italian offensive was quickly contained , and the invasion soon ended in an embarrassing stalemate . Taking advantage of Bulgaria 's decision to remain neutral , the Greek Commander - in - Chief , Lt Gen Alexandros Papagos , was able to establish numerical superiority by mid-November , prior to launching a counter-offensive that drove the Italians back into Albania . In addition , the Greeks were naturally adept at operating in mountainous terrain , while only six of the Italian Army 's divisions , the Alpini , were trained and equipped for mountain warfare . Only when the Italians were able to establish numerical parity was the Greek offensive stopped . By then they had been able to penetrate deep into Albania . </P> <P> An Italian `` Spring Offensive '' in March 1941 , which tried to salvage the situation prior to German intervention , amounted to little . The Italian Army was still pinned down in Albania by the Greeks when the Germans began their invasion of Greece on 6 April . Crucially , the bulk of the Greek Army ( fifteen divisions ) was left deep in Albania as the German attack approached . </P> <P> After British troops arrived in Greece in March 1941 , British bombers operating from Greek bases could reach the Romanian oil fields , vital to the German war effort . Hitler decided that he had to help the Italians and committed German troops to invade Greece via Yugoslavia ( where a coup had deposed the German - friendly government ) . </P> <H3> Invasion of Yugoslavia ( edit ) </H3> Italian Bersaglieri in Yugoslavia , 1941 . <P> On 6 April 1941 , the Wehrmacht invasions of Yugoslavia ( Operation 25 ) and Greece ( Operation Marita ) both started . Together with the rapid advance of the German forces the Italians attacked Yugoslavia in Dalmatia and pushed the Greeks finally out of Albania . On 17 April , Yugoslavia surrendered to the Germans and the Italians . On 30 April , Greece too surrendered to the Germans and Italians , and was divided into German , Italian and Bulgarian sectors . The invasions ended with a complete Axis victory in May when Crete fell . On 3 May , during the triumphal parade in Athens to celebrate the Axis victory , Mussolini started to boast of an Italian Mare Nostrum in the Mediterranean sea . </P> <P> Some 28 Italian divisions participated in the Balkan invasions . The coast of Yugoslavia was occupied by the Italian Army , while the rest of the country was divided between the Axis forces ( a German and Italian puppet State of Croatia was created , under the nominal sovereignty of Prince Aimone , Duke of Aosta , but actually governed by the Croatian fascist Ante Pavelić ) . The Italians assumed control of most of Greece with their 11th Army , while the Bulgarians occupied the northern provinces and the Germans the strategically most important areas . Italian troops would occupy parts of Greece and Yugoslavia until the Italian armistice with the Allies in September 1943 . </P> <P> In spring 1941 , Italy created a Montenegrin client state and annexed most of the Dalmatian coast as the Governorship of Dalmatia ( Governatorato di Dalmazia ) . Yugoslav Partisans fought a guerilla war against the occupying forces until 1945 . </P> <P> In 1942 the Italian military commander in Croatia refused to hand over Jews in his zone to the Nazis . </P> <H2> Mediterranean ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Battle of the Mediterranean Battleship Vittorio Veneto firing upon the Allied cruisers during the Battle of Cape Matapan <P> In 1940 , the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) could not match the overall strength of the British Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Sea . After some initial setbacks , the Italian Navy declined to engage in a confrontation of capital ships . Since the British Navy had as a principal task the supply and protection of convoys supplying Britain 's outposts in the Mediterranean , the mere continued existence of the Italian fleet ( the so - called `` fleet in being '' concept ) caused problems to Britain , which had to utilise warships sorely needed elsewhere to protect Mediterranean convoys . On 11 November , Britain launched the first carrier strike of the war , using a squadron of Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers . This raid at Taranto left three Italian battleships crippled or destroyed for the loss of two British aircraft shot down . </P> <P> The Italian navy found other ways to attack the British . The most successful involved the use of frogmen and riding manned torpedoes to attack ships in harbour . The 10th Light Flotilla , also known as Decima Flottiglia MAS or Xa MAS , which carried out these attacks , sank or damaged 28 ships from September 1940 to the end of 1942 . These included the battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and Valiant ( damaged in the harbour of Alexandria on 18 December 1941 ) , and 111,527 long tons ( 113,317 t ) of merchant shipping . The XMAS used a particular kind of torpedo , the SLC ( Siluro a Lenta Corsa ) , whose crew was composed of two frogmen , and motorboats packed with explosives , called MTM ( Motoscafo da Turismo Modificato ) . </P> <P> Following the attacks on these two battleships , an Italian - dominated Mediterranean Sea appeared much more possible to achieve . However , this was only a brief happy time for Mussolini . The oil and supplies brought to Malta , despite heavy losses , by Operation Pedestal in August and the Allied landings in North Africa , Operation Torch , in November 1942 , turned the fortunes of war against Italy . The Axis forces were ejected from Libya and Tunisia in six months after the Battle of El Alamein , while their supply lines were harassed day after day by the growing and overwhelming aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies . By the summer of 1943 the Allies were poised for an invasion of the Italian homeland . </P> <H2> Eastern front ( edit ) </H2> Italian troops in Russia , July 1942 . Main article : Italian participation in the Eastern Front <P> In July 1941 , some 62,000 Italian troops of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia ( Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia , or CSIR ) left for the Eastern Front to aid in the German invasion of the Soviet Union ( Operation Barbarossa ) . </P> <P> In July 1942 , the Italian Royal Army ( Regio Esercito ) expanded the CSIR to a full army of about 200,000 men named the Italian Army in Russia ( Armata Italiana in Russia , or ARMIR ) . The ARMIR was also known as the `` Italian 8th Army . '' From August 1942 -- February 1943 , the Italian 8th Army took part in the Battle of Stalingrad . At Stalingrad , the 8th Army suffered heavy losses ( some 20,000 dead and 64,000 captured ) when the Soviets isolated the German forces in Stalingrad by attacking the over-stretched Hungarian , Romanian , and Italian forces protecting the German 's flanks . </P> <P> By the summer of 1943 , Rome had withdrawn the remnants of these troops to Italy . Many of the Italian POWs captured in the Soviet Union died in captivity due to the harsh conditions in the Soviet prison camps . </P> <H2> Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil war ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Italian Campaign ( World War II ) and Italian Civil War <H3> Allied invasion of Sicily , fall of Mussolini and armistice ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 25 Luglio American soldiers landing on Sicily . <P> On 10 July 1943 , a combined force of American and British Commonwealth troops invaded Sicily . German generals again took the lead in the defence and , although they lost the island after weeks of bitter fights , they succeeded in ferrying large numbers of German and Italian forces safely off Sicily to the Italian mainland . On 19 July , an Allied air raid on Rome destroyed both military and collateral civil installations . With these two events , popular support for the war diminished in Italy . </P> <P> On 25 July , the Grand Council of Fascism voted to limit the power of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and handed control of the Italian armed forces over to King Victor Emmanuel III . The next day Mussolini met with the King , was dismissed as prime minister , and was then imprisoned . A new Italian government , led by General Pietro Badoglio and Victor Emmanuel III , took over in Italy . Although they publicly declared that they would keep fighting alongside the Germans , the new Italian government began secret negotiations with the Allies to come over to the Allied side . On 3 September , a secret armistice was signed with the Allies at Fairfield Camp in Sicily . The armistice was publicly announced on 8 September . By then , the Allies were on the Italian mainland . </P> <P> On 3 September , British troops crossed the short distance from Sicily to the ' toe ' of Italy in Operation Baytown . Two more Allied landings took place on 9 September at Salerno ( Operation Avalanche ) and at Taranto ( Operation Slapstick ) . The Italian surrender meant that the Allied landings at Taranto took place unopposed , with the troops simply disembarking from warships at the docks rather than assaulting the coastline . </P> German panzer in Rome , 1944 . <P> Because of the time it took for the new Italian government to negotiate the armistice , the Germans had time to reinforce their presence in Italy and prepare for their defection . In the first weeks of August they increased the number of divisions in Italy from two to seven and took control of vital infrastructure . Once the signing of the armistice was announced on 8 September , German troops quickly disarmed the Italian forces and took over critical defensive positions in Operation Achse . This included Italian - occupied southeastern France and the Italian - controlled areas in the Balkans . Only in Sardinia , Corsica , and in part of Apulia and Calabria were Italian troops able to hold their positions until the arrival of Allied forces . In the area of Rome , only one infantry division -- the Granatieri di Sardegna -- and some small armoured units fought with commitment , but by 11 September they were overwhelmed by superior German forces . </P> <P> King Victor Emmanuel III and his family , with Marshal Badoglio , General Mario Roatta , and others , abandoned Rome on 9 September . General Caroni , who was tasked with defending Rome , was given duplicitous orders to have his troops abandon Rome ( something he did not want to do ) , and essentially to provide rear guard protection to the King and his entourage so they could flee to the Abruzzi hills , and later out to sea . They later landed at Brindisi . Most importantly , Badoglio never gave the order `` OP 44 '' for the Italian people to rise up against the Germans until he knew it was too late to do any good ; that is , he belatedly issued the order on 11 September . However , from the day of the announcement of the Armistice , when Italian citizens , military personnel and military units decided to rise up and resist on their own , they were sometimes quite effective against the Germans . </P> <P> On 9 September , two German Fritz X guided bombs sank the Italian battleship Roma off the coast of Sardinia . A Supermarina ( Italian Naval Command ) broadcast led the Italians to initially believe this attack was carried out by the British . </P> Italian soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans in Corfu , September 1943 . <P> On the Greek island of Cephallonia , General Antonio Gandin , commander of the 12,000 - strong Italian Acqui Division , decided to resist the German attempt to forcibly disarm his force . The battle raged from 13 -- 22 September , when the Italians were forced to surrender after suffering some 1,300 casualties . The ensuing massacre of several thousand Italian prisoners of war by the Germans stands as one of the worst single war crimes committed by the Wehrmacht . </P> <P> Italian troops captured by the Germans were given a choice to keep fighting with the Germans . About 94,000 Italians accepted and the remaining 710,000 were designated Italian military internees and were transported as forced labour to Germany . Some Italian troops that evaded German capture in the Balkans joined the Yugoslav ( about 40,000 soldiers ) and Greek Resistance ( about 20,000 ) . The same happened in Albania . </P> <P> After the German invasion , deportations of Italian Jews to Nazi death camps began . However , by the time the German advance reached the Campagna concentration camp , all the inmates had already fled to the mountains with the help of the local inhabitants . Rev. Aldo Brunacci of Assisi , under the direction of his bishop , Giuseppe Nicolini , saved all the Jews who sought refuge in Assisi . In October 1943 Nazis raided the Jewish ghetto in Rome . In November 1943 Jews of Genoa and Florence were deported to Auschwitz . It is estimated that 7,500 Italian Jews became victims of the Holocaust . </P> <H3> Civil war , Allied advance and liberation ( edit ) </H3> Italian Social Republic poster saying : `` Germany is truly your friend '' . Further information : Italian resistance movement <P> About two months after Benito Mussolini was stripped of power , he was rescued by the Germans in Operation Eiche ( `` Oak '' ) . The Germans re-located Mussolini to northern Italy where he set up a new Fascist state , the Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI ) . Many Italian personalities joined the RSI , like General Rodolfo Graziani . </P> <P> The Allied armies continued to advance through Italy despite increasing opposition from the Germans . The Allies soon controlled most of southern Italy , and Naples rose against and ejected the occupying German forces . The Allies organized some Italian troops in the south into what were known as `` co-belligerent '' or `` royalist '' forces . In time , there was a co-belligerent army ( Italian Co-Belligerent Army ) , navy ( Italian Co-Belligerent Navy ) , and air force ( Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force ) . These Italian forces fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war . Other Italian troops , loyal to Mussolini and his RSI , continued to fight alongside the Germans ( among them were the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano , the National Republican Army ) . From this point on , a large Italian resistance movement located in northern Italy fought a guerilla war against the German and RSI forces . </P> Mussolini rescued by German troops from his prison in Campo Imperatore on 12 September 1943 . Americans entering Bologna , 1945 <P> Winston Churchill had long regarded southern Europe as the military weak spot of the continent ( in World War I he had advocated the Dardanelles campaign , and during World War II he favoured the Balkans as an area of operations , for example in Greece in 1940 ) . Calling Italy the `` soft underbelly '' of the Axis , Churchill had therefore advocated this invasion instead of a cross-channel invasion of occupied France . But Italy itself proved anything but a soft target : the mountainous terrain gave Axis forces excellent defensive positions , and it also partly negated the Allied advantage in motorized and mechanized units . The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945 , after Allied troops had breached the Gothic Line , leading to the surrender of German and RSI forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May . Mussolini was captured and killed on 28 April 1945 by the Italian resistance while attempting to flee . </P> <H2> Italy and Japan after the surrender ( edit ) </H2> <P> Japan reacted with shock and outrage to the news of the surrender of Italy to the Allied forces in September 1943 . Italian citizens residing in Japan and in Manchukuo were swiftly rounded up and summarily asked whether they were loyal to the King of Savoy , who dishonoured their country by surrendering to the enemy , or with the Duce and the newly created Repubblica Sociale Italiana , which vowed to continue fighting alongside the Germans . Those who sided with the King were interned in concentration camps and detained in dismal conditions until the end of the war , while those who opted for the Fascist dictator were allowed to go on with their lives , although under strict surveillance by the Kempeitai . </P> <P> The Italian concession of Tientsin was occupied by Japanese troops after resistance from its garrison . The Social Republic of Italy later formally gave it to the Japanese puppet state in China . </P> <P> The news of Italy 's surrender did not reach the crew members of the three Italian submarines Giuliani , Cappellini and Torelli travelling to Singapore , then occupied by Japan , to take a load of rubber , tin and strategic materials bound for Italy and Germany 's war industry . All the officers and sailors on board were arrested by the Japanese army , and after a few weeks of detention the vast majority of them chose to side with Japan and Germany . The Kriegsmarine assigned new officers to the three units , who were renamed as U-boat U. IT. 23 , U. IT. 24 and U. IT. 25 , taking part in German war operations in the Pacific until the Giuliani was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tally - ho in February 1944 and the other two vessels were taken over by the Japanese Imperial Navy upon Germany 's surrender in 1945 . </P> <P> Alberto Tarchiani , an anti-fascist journalist and activist , was appointed as Ambassador to Washington by the cabinet of Badoglio , which acted as provisional head of the Italian government pending the occupation of the country by the Allied forces . On his suggestion , Italy issued a formal declaration of war on Japan on 14 July 1945 . The purpose of this act , which brought no military follow - up , was mainly to persuade the Allies that the new government of Italy deserved to be invited to the San Francisco Peace Conference , as a reward for its co-belligerence . However , the British Prime Minister Churchill and John Foster Dulles were resolutely against the idea , and so Italy 's new government was left out of the Conference . </P> <P> Italy and Japan negotiated the resumption of their respective diplomatic ties after 1951 , and later signed several bilateral agreements and treaties . </P> <H2> Casualties ( edit ) </H2> The 11th - century Abbey of Monte Cassino , almost completely destroyed as an effect of Allied bombings in 1944 , stands as a powerful symbol of the huge devastation Italy suffered during the war . <P> Nearly four million Italians served in the Italian Army during the Second World War and nearly half a million Italians ( including civilians ) lost their lives between June 1940 and May 1945 . </P> Fascist propaganda poster denouncing Allied bombings of Italian cities ( `` Here are the ' Liberators ' ! '' ) . <P> The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940 -- 45 losses listed the following data : </P> <Ul> <Li> Total military dead and missing from 1940 -- 45 : 291,376 <Ul> <Li> Losses prior to the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943 : 204,346 ( 66,686 killed , 111,579 missing , 26,081 died of disease ) </Li> <Li> Losses after the Armistice : 87,030 ( 42,916 killed , 19,840 missing , 24,274 died of disease ) . Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice included 5,927 with the Allies , 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) Fascist forces . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Losses by branch of service : <Ul> <Li> Army 201,405 </Li> <Li> Navy 22,034 </Li> <Li> Air Force 9,096 </Li> <Li> Colonial Forces 354 </Li> <Li> Chaplains 91 </Li> <Li> Fascist militia 10,066 </Li> <Li> Paramilitary 3,252 </Li> <Li> Not indicated 45,078 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Military losses by theatre of war : <Ul> <Li> Italy 74,725 ( 37,573 post armistice ) </Li> <Li> France 2,060 ( 1,039 post armistice ) </Li> <Li> Germany 25,430 ( 24,020 post armistice ) </Li> <Li> Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia 49,459 ( 10,090 post armistice ) </Li> <Li> Soviet Union 82,079 ( 3,522 post armistice ) </Li> <Li> Africa 22,341 ( 1,565 post armistice ) </Li> <Li> At sea 28,438 ( 5,526 post armistice ) </Li> <Li> Other and unknown 6,844 ( 3,695 post armistice ) . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Prisoner - of - war losses are included with military losses mentioned above . </P> <P> Updated studies ( 2010 ) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence have however revised the military deaths to 319,207 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Army 246,432 ; </Li> <Li> Navy 31,347 ; </Li> <Li> Air Force 13,210 ; </Li> <Li> Partisan formations 15,197 ; </Li> <Li> RSI armed forces 13,021 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice ) including 61,432 ( 42,613 post armistice ) in air attacks . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African Campaign of 1940 -- 41 . </P> <P> Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in Italian Libya were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000 . Included in the losses are also 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews Russian sources list the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union ( 1942 -- 1954 ) . </P> <P> The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons . Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,562 ( including Libya ) . </P> <P> After the armistice with the Allies , some 650,000 members of the Italian armed forces who refused to side with the occupying Germans were interned in concentration and labour camps . Of these , around 50,000 died while imprisoned or while under transportation . A further 29,000 died in armed struggles against the Germans while resisting capture immediately following the armistice . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Treaty of Peace with Italy , 1947 spelled the end of the Italian colonial empire , along with other border revisions . The Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 compelled Italy to pay $360,000,000 ( US dollars at 1938 prices ) in war reparations : $125,000,000 to Yugoslavia , $105,000,000 to Greece , $100,000,000 to the Soviet Union , $25,000,000 to Ethiopia and $5,000,000 to Albania . Italy also agreed to pay £ 1,765,000 to Greek nationals whose property in Italian territory had been destroyed or seized during the war . In the Italian constitutional referendum , 1946 the Italian monarchy was abolished , having been associated with the deprivations of the war and the Fascist rule . Unlike in Germany and Japan , no war crimes tribunals were held against Italian military and political leaders , though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them ( such as Mussolini ) at the end of the war . Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on April 28 , 1945 . </P> <H2> Controversies of historiography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Allied press reports of Italian military prowess in the Second World War were almost always dismissive . British wartime propaganda trumpeted the destruction of the Italian 10th Army by a significantly smaller British force during the early phase of the North African Campaign . The propaganda from this Italian collapse , which was designed to boost British morale during a bleak period of the war , left a lasting impression . The later exploits of Rommel and German accounts of events tended to disparage their Italian allies and downplay their contributions ; these German accounts were used as a primary source for the Axis side by English - language historians after the war . Kenneth Macksey wrote in 1972 , that after the split in the Italian state and the reinforcement of fascist Italy by German troops , `` the British threw out the Italian Chicken only to let in the German Eagle '' , for example. . </P> <P> James Sadkovich , Peter Haining , Vincent O'Hara , Ian Walker and others have attempted to reassess the performance of the Italian forces . Many previous authors used only German or British sources , not considering the Italian ones , hampered by few Italian sources being translated into English . Contemporary British reports ignored an action of Bir El Gobi , where a battalion of Giovani Fascisti held up the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade and destroyed dozens of tanks of the 22nd Armoured Brigade . Sadkovich , Walker and others have found examples of actions where Italian forces were effective , yet are rarely discussed by most histories . During the Tunisian Campaign , where Italian units were involved in most encounters , such as Kasserine Pass , Mareth , Akarit and Enfidaville , it was observed by General Alexander , `` ... the Italians fought particularly well , outdoing the Germans in line with them '' . Rommel also conceded praise on several occasions . Other times , German mistakes were blamed on Italians , or the Germans left the Italians in hopeless situations where failure was unavoidable . Questionable German advice , broken promises and security lapses had direct consequences at the Battle of Cape Matapan , in the convoy war and North Africa . According to Sadkovich , Rommel often retreated leaving immobile infantry units exposed , withdrew German units to rest even though the Italians had also been in combat , would deprive the Italians of their share of captured goods , ignore Italian intelligence , seldom acknowledge Italian successes and often resist formulation of joint strategy . Alan J. Levine , an author who has also extensively worked with Italian sources , points out that while Allied efforts to choke off Rommel 's supply lines were eventually successful and played the decisive role in the Allied victory in Africa , the Italians who defended it , especially navy commanders , were not feeble - minded or incompetent at all . He criticises Rommel for ignoring the good advice of Italians during the Crusader Offensive ( although he also presents a positive picture of the Field Marshal in general ) , and in review of Sadkovich 's work The Italian Navy in World War II , criticises it for being unreliable and recommends Bragadin and the Italian official history instead . Gerhard L. Weinberg , in his 2011 George C. Marshall Lecture `` Military History -- Some Myths of World War II '' ( 2011 ) complained that `` there is far too much denigration of the performance of Italy 's forces during the conflict . '' </P> <P> In addition , Italian ' cowardice ' did not appear to be more prevalent than the level seen in any army , despite claims of wartime propaganda . Ian Walker wrote : </P> <P> ... it is perhaps simplest to ask who is the most courageous in the following situations : the Italian carristi , who goes into battle in an obsolete M14 tank against superior enemy armour and anti-tank guns , knowing they can easily penetrate his flimsy protection at a range where his own small gun will have little effect ; the German panzer soldier or British tanker who goes into battle in a Panzer IV Special or Sherman respectively against equivalent enemy opposition knowing that he can at least trade blows with them on equal terms ; the British tanker who goes into battle in a Sherman against inferior Italian armour and anti-tank guns , knowing confidently that he can destroy them at ranges where they can not touch him . It would seem clear that , in terms of their motto Ferrea Mole , Ferreo Cuore , the Italian carristi really had `` iron hearts '' , even though as the war went on their `` iron hulls '' increasingly let them down . </P> -- Walker <P> The problems that stand out to the vast majority of historians pertain to Italian strategy and equipment . Italian equipment was , in general , not up to the standard of either the Allied or the German armies . An account of the defeat of the Italian 10th Army noted that the incredibly poor quality of the Italian artillery shells saved many British soldiers ' lives . More crucially , they lacked suitable quantities of equipment of all kinds and their high command did not take necessary steps to plan for most eventualities . This was compounded by Mussolini 's assigning unqualified political favourites to key positions . Mussolini also dramatically overestimated the ability of the Italian military at times , sending them into situations where failure was likely , such as the invasion of Greece . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Italy portal </Li> <Li> World War II portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Black Brigades </Li> <Li> Italian Army equipment in World War II </Li> <Li> Italian Campaign ( World War II ) , Allied operations in and around Italy , from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe </Li> <Li> Italian war crimes </Li> <Li> List of World War II Battles </Li> <Li> MVSN ( Blackshirts ) </Li> <Li> North African Campaign timeline </Li> <Li> Treaty of Peace with Italy , 1947 </Li> <Li> Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Footnotes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The decision to continue with a front - line biplane fighter , due to the success of the highly manoeuvrable Fiat CR. 32 during the Spanish Civil war was probably one of the most glaring strategic oversights . Another was the mistaken belief that fast bombers need no fighter escort , particularly modern aircraft with radar support . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Italian doctrine envisaged a blitzkrieg style approach as early as 1936 - 8 , considerably beyond what most theorists discerned at the time . This stressed massed armour , massed and mobile artillery , action against enemy flanks , deep penetration and exploitation , and the ' indirect ' approach . Their manuals envisioned M tanks as the core , P tanks as the mobile artillery and reserves for the ' Ms ' and L tanks . These were to be combined with fast ( celere ) infantry divisions and forward anti-tank weapons . The Italians were never able to build the armoured divisions described in their manuals -- although they often attempted to mass what they had to make up for the poor performance of some pieces . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This was being expedited through the conversion of two passenger liners and the scavenging of parts from other vessels . The SS Roma , converted into the Aquila , received 4 - shaft turbine engines scavenged from the unfinished light cruisers Cornelio Silla and Paolo Emilio . She was to have a maximum complement of 51 Reggiane Re. 2001 fighters . The decision to build carriers came late . The Aquila was virtually ready by the time of the armistice with the Allies in 1943 . She was captured by the Germans , who scuttled her in 1945 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiat G. 55 , Macchi C. 205 , & Reggiane Re. 2005 ; Italian fighters built around the Daimler - Benz DB 605 engine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example : the Fiat G55 Centauro received much German interest and was defined by Oberst Petersen , advisor to Goering , as the `` best Axis fighter '' and the Macchi C. 205 `` Veltro '' fighter has been argued by many to be the best Italian fighter ( and one of the best overall ) of the war . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The M13 / 40s and M14 / 41s were not ( initially ) obsolete when they entered service in late 1940 / 1941 . Their operators ( in the form of the Ariete and Littoro divisions ) met with much unaccredited success . Yet they became obsolete as the war progressed . It was necessary to maintain production and they suffered unduly as a result of the Italian 's inability to produce a suitable successor in time and in numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In light of the economic difficulties it was proposed , in 1933 , by Marshal Italo Balbo to limit the number of divisions to 20 and ensure that each was fully mobile for ready response , equipped with the latest weaponry and trained for amphibious warfare . The proposal was rejected by Mussolini ( and senior figures ) who wanted large numbers of divisions to intimidate opponents . To maintain the number of divisions , each became binary , consisting of only two regiments , and therefore equating to a British brigade in size . Even then , they would often be thrown into battle with an under strength complement . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The French and British , for their part had caused Italy a long list of grievances since during WWI through the extraction of political and economic concessions and the blockading of imports . Aware of Italy 's material and planning deficiencies leading up to WWII , and believing that Italy 's entry into the war on the side of Germany was inevitable , the English blockaded German coal imports from 1 March 1940 in an attempt to bring Italian industry to a standstill . The British and the French then began amassing their naval fleets ( to a twelve - to - two superiority in capital ships over the Regia Marina ) both in preparation and provocation . They thought wrongly that Italy could be knocked out early , underestimating its determination . Prior to this , from 10 September 1939 , the Italians made several attempts to intermediate peace . While Hitler was open to it , the French were not responsive and the British only invited the Italians to change sides . For Mussolini , the risks of staying out of the war were becoming greater than those for entering . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graziani believed the British were over 200,000 strong . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker states that the Greeks had assembled 250,000 men against 150,000 Italians ; Bauer states that by 12 November , General Papagos had at the front over 100 infantry battalions fighting in terrain to which they were accustomed , compared with less than 50 Italian battalions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Other examples : Bishop and Warner ( 2001 ) -- `` It was Germany 's misfortune to be allied to Italy ... the performance of most Italian infantry units risable ... could be relied on to fold like a house of cards ... dash and elan but no endurance '' ; Morrison ( 1984 ) -- `` There was also the Italian fleet to guard against , on paper , but the ' Dago Navy ' had long been regarded by British tars as a huge joke '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Writing about the fighting at the First Battle of El Alamein Rommel stated : `` The Italians were willing , unselfish and good comrades in the frontline . There can be no disputing that the achievement of all the Italian units , especially the motorised elements , far outstripped any action of the Italian Army for 100 years . Many Italian generals and officers earned our respect as men as well as soldiers '' . During the Second Battle of El Alamein the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment exhibited a strong regimental spirit in the fight for Hill 28 that impressed Rommel to comment positively . On a plaque dedicated to the Bersaglieri that fought at Mersa Matruh and Alamein , Rommel wrote : `` The German soldier has impressed the world , however the Italian Bersaglieri has impressed the German soldier . '' Describing the behaviour of the ' Ariete Armoured division ' during the last phases of the battle of El Alamein , Rommel also wrote : Enormous dust - clouds could be seen south and south - east of headquarters ( of the DAK ) , where the desperate struggle of the small and inefficient Italian tanks of XX Corps was being played out against the hundred or so British heavy tanks which had come round their open right flank . I was later told by Major von Luck , whose battalion I had sent to close the gap between the Italians and the Afrika Korps , that the Italians , who at that time represented our strongest motorised force , fought with exemplary courage . Tank after tank split asunder or burned out , while all the time a tremendous British barrage lay over the Italian infantry and artillery positions . The last signal came from the Ariete at about 15.30 hours : `` Enemy tanks penetrated south of Ariete . Ariete now encircled . Location 5 km north - west Bir el Abd . Ariete tanks still in action . '' ( ... ) In the Ariete we lost our oldest Italian comrades , from whom we had probably always demanded more than they , with their poor armament , had been capable of performing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ripley asserted : `` The Italians supplied the bulk of the Axis troops fighting in North Africa , and too often the German Army unfairly ridiculed Italian military effectiveness either due to its own arrogance or to conceal its own mistakes and failures . In reality , a significant number of Italian units fought skilfully in North Africa , and many `` German '' victories were the result of Italian skill - at - arms and a combined Axis effort . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierman and Smith documented multiple instances of Italian armour advancing against such odds , including when a disproportionate number of their contingent were knocked out . </Li> </Ol> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The phrase `` prisoner in the Mediterranean '' had been used in parliament as early as 30 March 1925 , by the naval minister Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel . Revel was arguing for naval funding to receive priority over army funding . </Li> </Ol> <P> Citations </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gianni Oliva , I vinti ei liberati : 8 settembre 1943 - 25 aprile 1945 : storia di due anni , Mondadori , 1994 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mack Smith 1982 , p. 170 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , pp. 184 and 198 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 , p. 467 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 70 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 198 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Preston 1999 , pp. 21 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Preston 1996 , pp. 22 , 50 -- 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 73 -- 74 , 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grenville 2001 , p. 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atkin 2011 , p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burgwyn 1997 , pp. 182 -- 183 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark 2005 , p. 243 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bell 1997 , p. 72 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Salerno 2002 , pp. 105 -- 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knox 2000 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark 2005 , p. 244 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 72 -- 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey 2009 , p. 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mallett 2003 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zabecki 1999 , p. 1353 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 73 , 291 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg 1994 , p. 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 291 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steinberg ( 1990 ) , pp. 189,191 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 231 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 26 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) pp. 45 , 47 , 88 -- 89,148,152,167,222 -- 4,247,322 -- 6,360,405 -- 6,415 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonner and Wiggin ( 2006 ) , p. 84 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cliadakis 1974 , p. 178 -- 80 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mallett 1997 , p. 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich 1989 , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen 1968 , p. 550 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eden & Moeng ( Eds . ) ( 2002 ) , pp. 680 -- 681 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bierman & Smith ( 2002 ) , pp. 13 -- 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) pp. 290 -- 91 ; and references therein </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) pp. 30 -- 53 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sadkovich ( 1991 ) pp. 287 -- 291 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steinberg ( 1990 ) , p. 189 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 146 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eden & Moeng ( Eds . ) ( 2002 ) , pp. 684 -- 685,930 , 1061 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bishop ( 1998 ) p. 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bishop ( 1998 ) pp. 17 -- 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 48 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sadkovich ( 1991 ) p. 290 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 109 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bishop ( 1998 ) pp. 149,164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henderson , Jim . `` Autoblinda '' . Commando Supremo : Italy at War website . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 112 - 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mussolini , Peter Neville , pg 140 , Routledge , 2004 ISBN 0 - 415 - 24989 - 9 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Walker ( 2003 ) p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , pp. 96,493 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 11 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Walker ( 2003 ) p. 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , pp. 90 -- 95 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2008 ) . The Real History of World War II . Sterling Publishing . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4090 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson Page ( 1920 ) chapt . XXIII </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Hara ( 2009 ) p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) p. 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) p. 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Badoglio , Pietro ( 1946 ) . L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale ( Italy in the Second World War ) ( in Italian ) . Milan : Mondadori . p. 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Voices of World War II , 1937 -- 1945 '' . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Italy and the Jews -- Timeline by Elizabeth D. Malissa </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 93 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 113 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 95 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jowett , Philip S. ( 2001 ) . The Italian Army 1940 -- 1945 : Africa 1940 -- 43 . Men - at - Arms. 2 . Osprey . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 865 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carrier , Dr Richard ( March 2015 ) . `` Some Reflections on the Fighting Power of the Italian Army in North Africa , 1940 -- 1943 '' . War in History . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . ISSN 0968 - 3445 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 118 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilmott 1944 , p. 65 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 121 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bauer 2000 , p. 99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ) , p. 105 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000 , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000 , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000 , pp. 11 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tompkins , Peter , Italy Betrayed , Simon & Schuster ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hara and Cernuschi ( 2009 ) , p. 46 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hara and Cernuschi ( 2009 ) , p. 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Charles T. , Forgotten battles : Italy 's war of liberation , 1943 -- 1945 . Illustrated ed. , Publisher : Lexington Books , Year : 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0195 - 1 , p. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Charles T. , Forgotten battles : Italy 's war of liberation , 1943 -- 1945 . Illustrated ed. , Publisher : Lexington Books , Year : 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0195 - 1 , p. 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 -- History -- Warlords : Churchill '' . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Battle At Gallipoli , 1915 '' . EyeWitness to History , www.eyewitnesstohistory.com . Ibis Communications , Inc. 2001 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sicily July 10 -- August 17 , 1943 -- World War II Multimedia Database '' . Archived from the original on 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doody , Richard . `` Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 -- 1945 '' . The World at War worldatwar.net . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito . Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa -- Edizioni 1986 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica ' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome 1957 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy A first attempt Demographic Research Vol 13 , No. 15 '' . Demographic-research.org . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Del Boca , Angelo , The Ethiopian war . Univ. of Chicago Press . 1969 ISBN 0 - 226 - 14217 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 p. 90 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rudolph Joseph Rummel , Democide : Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 p. 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donald Kendrick , The Destiny of Europe 's Gypsies . Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0 - 465 - 01611 - 1 p. 184 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 p. 244 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Palmieri , Marco ; Avagliano . `` Breve storia dell'internamento militare italiano in Germania Dati , fatti e considerazioni '' ( PDF ) . Associazione Nazionale Reduci dalla Prigionia , dall'Internamento , dalla Guerra di Liberazione e loro Familiari ( A.N.R.P. ) . p. 39 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ITALIAN PAYMENT TO GREECE '' . Cairns Post ( 15,963 ) . Queensland , Australia . 9 May 1953 . p. 5 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , pp. 6 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , pp. 291 -- 293 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , pp. 60 -- 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , pp. 284 -- 301 & 310 -- 312 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) , pp. xiv -- xvi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macksey ( 1972 ) , p. 163 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bishop and Warner ( 2001 ) , p. 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison ( 1984 ) , p. 189 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , ed. by Loyd E. ( 1997 ) . World War II in Europe , Africa , and the Americas , with general sources : a handbook of literature and research ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Westport , Conn. ( u.a. ) : Greenwood Press . p. 142 . ISBN 9780313293252 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , p299 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich 1991 , pp. 297 , 298 -- 299 , 302 -- 303 , 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker 2003 , pp. 71 , 82 -- 85 , 92 -- 95 , 100 -- 101 , 109 -- 129,153 -- 155 , 171 -- 179 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hara & Cernuschi ( 2009 ) , pp. 52 -- 55 ; O'Hara ( 2009 ) , pp. XV , 91 -- 98,136 -- 137 ; Bierman & Smith ( 2002 ) , p. 14 ; Johnston ( 2000 ) , p. 13 ; Steinberg ( 1990 ) , p. 208 ; Zabecki ( 1999 ) , p. 1578 ; Wilmot ( 1944 ) , p. 8 , 46 ; Rommel & Pimlott ( 1994 ) , p. 128 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 428 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rommel & Pimlott ( 1994 ) , p. 128 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jon E. Lewis ( 1999 ) , The Mammoth Book of True War Stories , p. 318 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El Alamein 2 '' ( in Italian ) . Ardito2000 website . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Rommel Papers , p. 325 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker 2003 , p. 188 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ripley ( 2003 ) , p. 136 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Hara ( 2009 ) , pp. XV , 91 -- 98,136 -- 137 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , p. 296 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , pp. 296 -- 301 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine 1999 , p. 181 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , Alan ( 2012 ) . From Axis Victories to the Turn of the Tide : World War II , 1939 - 1943 . Potomac Books , Inc . pp. 127 , 129 , 138 , 139 . ISBN 9781597977968 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , Alan J. ( 1999 ) . The War Against Rommel 's Supply Lines , 1942 - 1943 . Praeger . p. 183 . ISBN 9780275965211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg , 2011 , Some Myths of World War II , p. 707 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See for example : Bauer ( 2000 ) , Bierman & Smith ( 2002 ) , Haining ( 2005 ) , O'Hara ( 2009 ) , Ripley ( 2003 ) , Sadkovich ( 1991 ) , Walker ( 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierman and Smith ( 2003 ) , pp. 299 -- 311 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker 2003 , p. 199 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph 2009 , p. 66 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 2003 ) , pp. 11 -- 29 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bauer , Eddy ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Young , Peter , ed . The History of World War II ( rev . ed . ) . London : Orbis . ISBN 1 - 85605 - 552 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 2165 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Bishop , Chris , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia : Weapons of World War II . New York : Barnes & Noble Inc . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 1022 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Bishop , Chris ; Warner , Adam , eds. ( 2001 ) . German Campaigns of World War II . London : Grange Books . ISBN 1 - 84013 - 420 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Bierman , John ; Smith , Colin ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . War without Hate : The Desert Campaign of 1940 -- 1943 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200394 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Bonner , William ; Wiggin , A. ( 2006 ) . Empire of Debt : The Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 98048 - X . </Li> <Li> Caccia Dominioni de Sillavengo , Paolo ( 1966 ) . Alamein 1933 -- 1962 : An Italian Story . trans . Dennis Chamberlin . London : Allen & Unwin . OCLC 2188258 . </Li> <Li> Ceva , Lucio , Storia delle Forze Armati Italiane , Turin , 1981 . </Li> <Li> De Waal , Franz ( 1990 ) . Peacemaking Among Primates . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 65921 - X . </Li> <Li> Eden , Paul ; Moeng , S. , eds. ( 2002 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft . Enderby , Leicester : Silverdale Books ; Aerospace Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85605 - 705 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Ehlers , Robert S. Jr . The Mediterranean Air War : Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Garibaldi , Luciano ( 2001 ) . Century of War . New York : Friedman / Fairfax . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 342 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Haining , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Chianti Raiders : The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain . London : Robson Books . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 829 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Irving , David ( 1977 ) . The Trial of the Fox : The Search for the True Field Marshal Rommel . New York : William Morrow . </Li> <Li> Johnston , Mark ( 2000 ) . Fighting the Enemy : Australian Soldiers and their Adversaries in World War II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78222 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Mackenzie , Compton ( 1951 ) . Eastern Epic : September 1939 -- March 1943 Defence . I. London : Chatto & Windus . OCLC 1412578 . </Li> <Li> Macksey , Kenneth J. ( 1972 ) . Tank Warfare : A History of Tanks in Battle . New York : Stein and Day . </Li> <Li> Morison , Samuel E. ( 1984 ) . Operations in North African Wars 1942 -- June 1943 . Boston : Little Brown . </Li> <Li> O'Hara , Vincent P. ; Cernuschi , Enrico ( 2009 ) . Dark Navy : The Regina Marina and the Armistice of 8 September 1943 . Ann Arbor : Nimble Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934840 - 91 - 7 . </Li> <Li> O'Hara , Vincent P. ( 2009 ) . Struggle for the Middle Sea : The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean 1940 -- 1945 . London : Conway . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84486 - 102 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Page , Thomas Nelson ( 1920 ) . Italy and the World War . New York : Scribner 's . </Li> <Li> Quartermaine , Luisa ( 2000 ) . Mussolini 's Last Republic : Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic ( R.S.I. ) 1943 -- 45 . Elm Bank modern language studies . Intellect Books . ISBN 1 - 902454 - 08 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Ripley , Tim ( 2003 ) . The Wehrmacht : The German Army of World War II , 1939 -- 1945 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 312 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Rothenberg , Gunther Erich ( 1981 ) . The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20260 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Sadkovich , James . J , ' The Italo - Greek War in Context : Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy ' , Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 28 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1993 ) , pp. 439 -- 464. JSTOR 260641 </Li> <Li> Sadkovich , James . J. ( 1991 ) . `` Of Myths and Men : Rommel and the Italians in North Africa '' . The International History Review . XIII ( 2 ) : 284 -- 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 07075332.1991. 9640582 . JSTOR 40106368 . </Li> <Li> Steinberg , Jonathan ( 1990 ) . All Or Nothing : The Axis and the Holocaust , 1941 -- 1943 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07142 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Tompkins , Peter ( 1966 ) . Italy Betrayed . Simon & Schuster . </Li> <Li> Toppe , Generalmajor Alfred ( 1990 ) ( ~ 1947 ) . German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II ( PDF ) . II . The Black Vault . Washington : U.S. Marine Corps . FMFRP 12 - 96 - II . Retrieved 1 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Walker , Ian W. ( 2003 ) . Iron Hulls , Iron Hearts : Mussolini 's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa . Ramsbury : The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 86126 - 646 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1995 ) . Germany , Hitler and World War II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47407 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Zabecki , David T. ( 1999 ) . World War II in Europe : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7029 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ABC - CLIO Schools ; Minorities and Women During World War II -- `` Italian Army '' , by A.J.L. 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Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spain <Ul> <Li> Galicia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> British Empire </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vatican City </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World War II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia and the Pacific <Ul> <Li> China </Li> <Li> South - East Asia </Li> <Li> North and Central Pacific </Li> <Li> South - West Pacific </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Europe <Ul> <Li> Western </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mediterranean and Middle East <Ul> <Li> North Africa </Li> <Li> East Africa </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West Africa </Li> <Li> Atlantic </Li> <Li> North America </Li> <Li> South America </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Casualties </Li> <Li> Military engagements </Li> <Li> Conferences </Li> <Li> Commanders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Allies ( leaders ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Free France ( from June 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Italy ( from September 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Philippines ( Commonwealth ) </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Southern Rhodesia </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States <Ul> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China </Li> <Li> Independent State of Croatia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Free India </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Italy ( until September 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Italian Social Republic </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Manchukuo </Li> <Li> Philippines ( Second Republic ) </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vichy France <Ul> <Li> Armed neutrality </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resistance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Czech lands </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jewish </Li> <Li> Korea </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northeast China </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland <Ul> <Li> Anti-communist </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Western Ukraine </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia <Ul> <Li> Monarchists </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Prelude </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Asia </Li> <Li> Europe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1939 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Phoney War </Li> <Li> Winter War </Li> <Li> Atlantic </Li> <Li> Changsha </Li> <Li> China </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Weserübung </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> France <Ul> <Li> Armistice of 22 June 1940 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Britain </Li> <Li> North Africa </Li> <Li> West Africa </Li> <Li> British Somaliland </Li> <Li> North China </Li> <Li> Baltic States </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Compass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1941 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> East Africa </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Shanggao </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Crete </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Syria and Lebanon </Li> <Li> Kiev </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Leningrad </Li> <Li> Gorky </Li> <Li> Moscow </Li> <Li> Sevastopol </Li> <Li> Pearl Harbor <Ul> <Li> The outbreak of the Pacific War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Changsha </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1942 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Changsha </Li> <Li> Java Sea </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> Gazala </Li> <Li> Dutch Harbor </Li> <Li> Attu ( occupation ) </Li> <Li> Kiska </Li> <Li> Zhejiang - Jiangxi </Li> <Li> Midway </Li> <Li> Rzhev </Li> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Stalingrad </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Dieppe </Li> <Li> El Alamein </Li> <Li> Guadalcanal </Li> <Li> Torch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1943 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Kursk </Li> <Li> Smolensk </Li> <Li> Gorky </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Attu </Li> <Li> Sicily </Li> <Li> Cottage </Li> <Li> Lower Dnieper </Li> <Li> Italy <Ul> <Li> Armistice of Cassibile </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gilbert and Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Northern Burma and Western Yunnan </Li> <Li> Changde </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1944 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monte Cassino / Shingle </Li> <Li> Narva </Li> <Li> Korsun -- Cherkassy </Li> <Li> Tempest </Li> <Li> Ichi - Go </Li> <Li> Overlord </Li> <Li> Neptune </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Mariana and Palau </Li> <Li> Bagration </Li> <Li> Western Ukraine </Li> <Li> Tannenberg Line </Li> <Li> Warsaw </Li> <Li> Eastern Romania </Li> <Li> Belgrade </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Dragoon </Li> <Li> Gothic Line </Li> <Li> Market Garden </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Crossbow </Li> <Li> Pointblank </Li> <Li> Lapland </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Leyte </Li> <Li> Ardennes <Ul> <Li> Bodenplatte </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1945 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vistula -- Oder </Li> <Li> Iwo Jima </Li> <Li> Western invasion of Germany </Li> <Li> Okinawa </Li> <Li> Italy ( Spring 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Borneo </Li> <Li> Syrmian Front </Li> <Li> Berlin </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Budapest </Li> <Li> West Hunan </Li> <Li> Guangxi </Li> <Li> Surrender of Germany </Li> <Li> Project Hula </Li> <Li> Manchuria </Li> <Li> Manila </Li> <Li> Borneo </Li> <Li> Taipei </Li> <Li> Atomic bombings <Ul> <Li> Debate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kuril Islands <Ul> <Li> Shumshu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Surrender of Japan <Ul> <Li> End of World War II in Asia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aspects </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Famines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bengal famine of 1943 </Li> <Li> Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 </Li> <Li> Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Vietnamese Famine of 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Air warfare of World War II </Li> <Li> Blitzkrieg </Li> <Li> Comparative military ranks </Li> <Li> Cryptography </Li> <Li> Diplomacy </Li> <Li> Home front <Ul> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Australian </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lend - Lease </Li> <Li> Manhattan Project </Li> <Li> Military awards </Li> <Li> Military equipment </Li> <Li> Military production </Li> <Li> Nazi plunder </Li> <Li> Opposition </Li> <Li> Technology <Ul> <Li> Allied cooperation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Total war </Li> <Li> Strategic bombing </Li> <Li> Puppet states </Li> <Li> Women </Li> <Li> Art and World War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aftermath </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Expulsion of Germans </Li> <Li> Operation Paperclip </Li> <Li> Operation Osoaviakhim </Li> <Li> Operation Keelhaul </Li> <Li> 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when did italy become an ally in ww2
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&amp;oldid=815847832
814,080,407,650,631,600
Chernozem - wikipedia <H1> Chernozem </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chernozem </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chernozemic soil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chernozem field in Black Dirt Region of Orange County , New York , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Used in </Th> <Td> WRB , other </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WRB code </Th> <Td> CH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Profile </Th> <Td> AhBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent material </Th> <Td> Loess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate </Th> <Td> Humid continental </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up chernozem in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Chernozem ( Russian : Чернозём , tr . chernozyom , IPA : ( tɕɪrnɐˈzjom ) ; `` black soil '' ) is a black - colored soil containing a high percentage of humus ( 4 % to 16 % ) , and high percentages of phosphoric acids , phosphorus and ammonia . Chernozem is very fertile and can produce high agricultural yields with its high moisture storage capacity . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Distribution </Li> <Li> 2 Canadian and United Nations soil classification </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Distribution ( edit ) </H2> Global distribution <P> The name comes from the Russian terms for black and soil , earth or land ( chyorn + zemlya ) . The soil , rich in organic matter presenting a black color , was first identified by Russian geologist Vasily Dokuchaev in 1883 in the tallgrass steppe or prairie of European Russia . </P> <P> Chernozems cover about 230 million hectares of land . There are two `` chernozem belts '' in the world : the Eurasian steppe which extends from eastern Croatia ( Slavonia ) , along the Danube ( northern Serbia , northern Bulgaria ( Danubian Plain ) , southern Romania ( Wallachian Plain ) and Moldova ) to northeast Ukraine across the Central Black Earth Region of southern Russia into Siberia , and the other from the Canadian Prairies in Manitoba through the Great Plains of the United States as far south as Kansas . Similar soil types occur in Texas and Hungary . Chernozem layer thickness may vary widely , from several centimetres up to 1.5 metres ( 60 inches ) in Ukraine , as well as the Red River Valley region in the Northern United States and Canada ( an area formerly known as lake Agassiz ) . </P> <P> The terrain can also be found in small quantities elsewhere ( for example , on 1 % of Poland ) . It also exists in Northeast China , near Harbin . The only true Chernozem in Australia is located around Nimmitabel producing some of the richest soils in the nation . </P> <P> There is a large black market for the soil in Ukraine , where it is known as chornozem ( Ukrainian : чорно́зем , translit . chornózem ) . The sale of agricultural land has been illegal in Ukraine since 1992 , but the soil , transported by the truckload , has approximately US $900 million annually in black market sales . </P> <H2> Canadian and United Nations soil classification ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chernozemic soils are a soil type in the Canadian system of soil classification and the United Nations ' FAO soil classification . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Chernozemic soil type equivalents , in Canadian , FAO , and USA soil taxonomy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canadian </Th> <Th> FAO </Th> <Th> United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chernozemic </Td> <Td> Kastanozem , Chernozem , Greyzem , Phaeozem </Td> <Td> Borolls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown Chernozem </Td> <Td> Kastanozem ( aridic ) </Td> <Td> Aridic Boroll subgroups </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dark Brown Chernozem </Td> <Td> Kastanozem ( Haplic ) </Td> <Td> Typic Boroll subgroups </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black Chernozem </Td> <Td> Chornozem </Td> <Td> Udic Boroll subgroups </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dark Grey Chernozem </Td> <Td> Greyzem </Td> <Td> Boralfic Boroll subgroups , Albolls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Source : Pedosphere.com . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Theories of Chernozem origin : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1761 -- Johan Gottschalk Wallerius ( plant decomposition ) </Li> <Li> 1763 -- Mikhail Lomonosov ( plant and animal decomposition ) </Li> <Li> 1799 -- Peter Simon Pallas ( reeds marsh ) </Li> <Li> 1835 -- Charles Lyell ( loess ) </Li> <Li> 1840 -- Sir Roderick Murchison ( weathered from Jurassic marine shales ) </Li> <Li> 1850 -- Karl Eichwald ( peat ) </Li> <Li> 1851 -- А . Petzgold ( swamps ) </Li> <Li> 1852 -- Nikifor Borisyak ( peat ) </Li> <Li> 1853 -- Vangengeim von Qualen ( silt from northern swamps ) </Li> <Li> 1862 -- Rudolf Ludwig ( bog on place of forests ) </Li> <Li> 1866 -- Franz Josef Ruprecht ( decomposed steppe grasses ) </Li> <Li> 1879 -- First chernozem papers translated from Russian </Li> <Li> 1883 -- Vasily Dokuchaev published his book Russian Chernozem with a complete study of this soil in European Russia . </Li> <Li> 1929 -- Otto Schlüter ( man - made ) </Li> <Li> 1999 -- Michael W.I Schmidt ( ancient biomass burning ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dark earth </Li> <Li> Terra preta </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Deckers , Jozef A. ; Nachtergaele , F. ( 1998 ) . World Reference Base for Soil Resources : Introduction . ACCO . pp. 61 -- 62 . ISBN 9789033441240 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russia Investment and Business Guide . International Business Publications . 2007 . p. 63 . ISBN 9781433041686 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chernozem '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ecology of Arable Land - Perspectives and Challenges by M. Clarholm and L. Bergström ISBN 978 - 94 - 010 - 6950 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ukraine : Soils in Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KG McQueen . `` Tertiary Geology And Geomorphology Of The Monaro : The Perspective In 1994 '' Centre For Australian Regolith Studies , Canberra 1994 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black market for rich black earth , Kyiv Post ( 9 November 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallerius J.G. Agriculturae fundamenta chemica , åkerbrukets chemiska grunder . Upsaliae , 1761 . 8 , 4 , 322 p. ; The natural and chemical elements of agriculture . London , York : Bell , Etherington , 1770 . 198 p . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lomonosov M.V. § 125 . / / On the strata of the Earth : a translation of `` O sloiakh zemnykh '' ( 1763 ) / translated by S.M. Rowland , S. Korolev . Boulder : Geological Soc. of America , 2012 . 41 p . ( Special paper ; 485 ) `` And so , there is no doubt that black soil is not primordial matter , but that it has been produced by the decomposition of animal and plant bodies over time '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geikie , A. ( 1875 ) , Life of Sir Roderick I , Murchison , 1 , ASIN B0095632AU </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fedotova , Anastasia A. ( August 2010 ) , `` The Origins of the Russian Chernozem Soil ( Black Earth ) : Franz Joseph Ruprecht 's ' Geo - Botanical Researches into the Chernozem ' of 1866 '' , Environment and History , White House Press , 16 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 293 , doi : 10.3197 / 096734010x519762 , JSTOR 20723789 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dokoutchaief B. Tchernozème ( terre noire ) de la Russie d'Europe . St. - Ptb. : Soc . Imp . libre économ. , 1879 . 66 p . ( Comptes - rendus Soc . Imp . libre économ . T. 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dokuchaev V.V. Russian Chernozem ( 1883 ) / / Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. ( for USDA - NSF ) , S. Monson , Jerusalem , 1967 . ( Translated from Russian into English by N. Kaner ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eckmeier , Eileen ; Gerlach , Renate ; Gehrt , Ernst ; Schmidt , Michael W.I. ( 2007 ) , `` Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe -- A review '' ( PDF ) , Geoderma , Elsevier B.V. , 139 : 288 -- 299 , Bibcode : 2007Geode. 139 ... 288E , doi : 10.1016 / j. geoderma. 2007.01. 009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , M.W.I. ; Skjemstad , J.O. ; Jäger , C. ( 2002 ) , `` Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon : Black chernozemic soils in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning '' , Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 16 ( 4 ) : 70 -- 1 -- 70 -- 8 , Bibcode : 2002GBioC ... 16.1123 S , doi : 10.1029 / 2002GB001939 , These data challenge the common paradigm that chernozems are zonal soils with climate , parent material and bioturbation dominating soil formation , and introduce fire as a novel , important factor in the formation of these soils </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckmeier , E. ( 2007 ) , Detecting prehistoric fire - based farming using biogeochemical markers , University of Zurich , Faculty of Science. , doi : 10.5167 / uzh - 3752 , It is now an open question as to whether Neolithic settlers did indeed prefer to grow crops where Chernozems occurred or if Neolithic burning formed the chernozemic soils . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Soil classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> USDA soil taxonomy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alfisols </Li> <Li> Andisols </Li> <Li> Aridisols </Li> <Li> Entisols </Li> <Li> Gelisols </Li> <Li> Histosols </Li> <Li> Inceptisols </Li> <Li> Mollisols </Li> <Li> Oxisols </Li> <Li> Spodosols </Li> <Li> Ultisols </Li> <Li> Vertisols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Reference Base for Soil Resources ( 1998 -- ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acrisols </Li> <Li> Albeluvisols </Li> <Li> Alisols </Li> <Li> Andosols </Li> <Li> Anthrosols </Li> <Li> Arenosols </Li> <Li> Calcisols </Li> <Li> Cambisols </Li> <Li> Chernozem </Li> <Li> Cryosols </Li> <Li> Durisols </Li> <Li> Ferralsols </Li> <Li> Fluvisols </Li> <Li> Gleysols </Li> <Li> Gypsisols </Li> <Li> Histosol </Li> <Li> Kastanozems </Li> <Li> Leptosols </Li> <Li> Lixisols </Li> <Li> Luvisols </Li> <Li> Nitisols </Li> <Li> Phaeozems </Li> <Li> Planosols </Li> <Li> Plinthosols </Li> <Li> Podzols </Li> <Li> Regosols </Li> <Li> Solonchaks </Li> <Li> Solonetz </Li> <Li> Stagnosol </Li> <Li> Technosols </Li> <Li> Umbrisols </Li> <Li> Vertisols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other systems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FAO soil classification ( 1974 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Unified Soil Classification System </Li> <Li> AASHTO Soil Classification System </Li> <Li> Référentiel pédologique ( French classification system ) </Li> <Li> Canadian system of soil classification </Li> <Li> Australian Soil Classification </Li> <Li> Polish Soil Classification </Li> <Li> 1938 USDA soil taxonomy </Li> <Li> List of U.S. state soils </Li> <Li> List of vineyard soil types </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Types of soil </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chernozem . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The dictionary definition of chernozem at Wiktionary </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&oldid=856019059 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Pedology </Li> <Li> Types of soil </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Geology of Canada </Li> <Li> Geology of Russia </Li> <Li> Geology of the United States </Li> <Li> Geology of Ukraine </Li> <Li> Eurasia </Li> <Li> Canadian Prairies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing Russian - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Ukrainian - language text </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from April 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 28 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 10 : 03 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where is black soil found in the world
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Chernozem&amp;oldid=856019059
-6,860,029,598,255,829,000
New Deal - wikipedia <H1> New Deal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States economic program . For other uses , see New Deal ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 95 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( October 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> New Deal <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Top left : The Tennessee Valley Authority , part of the New Deal , being signed into law in 1933 Top right : President Roosevelt was responsible for initiatives and programs of the New Deal Bottom : A public mural from one of the artists employed by the Works Progress Administration , part of the New Deal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 1933 -- 1937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Economic program </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cause </Th> <Td> Great Depression </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organized by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> President Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr . </Li> <Li> Secretary Harry Hopkins </Li> <Li> Secretary Frances Perkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> Society of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Td> Disputed / American economic recovery / Lasting unemployment relief </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Progressivism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Atomic Age </Li> <Li> Enlightenment </Li> <Li> Industrial Age </Li> <Li> Information Age </Li> <Li> Jet Age </Li> <Li> Machine Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> Space Age </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ideas ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Economic development <Ul> <Li> Broad measures </Li> <Li> Economic growth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Empirical evidence </Li> <Li> Direct democracy </Li> <Li> Freedom of movement </Li> <Li> Human enhancement </Li> <Li> Idea of Progress </Li> <Li> Industrialisation </Li> <Li> Linear history </Li> <Li> Modernity </Li> <Li> Philosophical progress </Li> <Li> Progressive education <Ul> <Li> in Latin America </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Progressive rationalism </Li> <Li> Reform movement </Li> <Li> Social organization </Li> <Li> Social progress <Ul> <Li> List of countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Scientific progress </Li> <Li> Social change </Li> <Li> Sustainable design <Ul> <Li> Ecological engineering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Self - determination </Li> <Li> Scientific management </Li> <Li> Scientific method </Li> <Li> Sustainable development </Li> <Li> Technological change </Li> <Li> Techno - progressivism </Li> <Li> Welfare </Li> <Li> Women 's suffrage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Edith Abbott </Li> <Li> Grace Abbott </Li> <Li> Jane Addams </Li> <Li> Sophonisba Breckinridge </Li> <Li> William Jennings Bryan </Li> <Li> Marquis de Condorcet </Li> <Li> Charles Evans Hughes </Li> <Li> Robert M. La Follette , Sr . </Li> <Li> Immanuel Kant </Li> <Li> John Stuart Mill </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Al Smith </Li> <Li> William Howard Taft </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson </Li> <Li> Long Yun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By region ( show ) <Ul> <Li> In the Muslim world </Li> <Li> In South Korea </Li> <Li> In the fire island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Philosophy portal </Li> <Li> Politics portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The New Deal was a series of federal programs , public work projects , financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression . Some of these federal programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . These programs included support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly as well as new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and changes to the monetary system . Most programs were enacted between 1933 -- 1938 , though some were later . They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders , most during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the `` 3 Rs '' : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 -- 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as an alleged enemy of business and growth and liberals accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated most presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress from 1939 -- 1964 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Summary of First and Second New Deal programs </Li> <Li> 2 Origins <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Economic collapse ( 1929 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Campaign </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 The First 100 Days ( 1933 ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Fiscal policy </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Banking reform </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Monetary reform </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Securities Act of 1933 </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 Repeal of Prohibition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Relief <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Public works </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Farm and rural programs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Recovery <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 NRA `` Blue Eagle '' campaign </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Housing sector </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Reform <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 Trade liberalization </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 Puerto Rico </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1938 ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Social Security Act </Li> <Li> 4.2 Labor relations </Li> <Li> 4.3 Works Progress Administration </Li> <Li> 4.4 Tax policy </Li> <Li> 4.5 Housing Act of 1937 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Court - packing plan and jurisprudential shift </Li> <Li> 6 Recession of 1937 and recovery </Li> <Li> 7 World War II and full employment <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Federal budget soars </Li> <Li> 7.2 Wartime welfare projects </Li> <Li> 7.3 Fair Employment Practices </Li> <Li> 7.4 Growing equality of income </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Legacy </Li> <Li> 9 Historiography and evaluation of New Deal policies <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Fiscal policy </Li> <Li> 9.2 Race and gender <Ul> <Li> 9.2. 1 African Americans <Ul> <Li> 9.2. 1.1 Segregation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.2. 2 Women and the New Deal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.3 Relief </Li> <Li> 9.4 Recovery <Ul> <Li> 9.4. 1 Economic growth and unemployment ( 1933 -- 1941 ) </Li> <Li> 9.4. 2 Mainstream economics interpretation <Ul> <Li> 9.4. 2.1 Keynesians : halted the collapse but lacked Keynesian deficit spending </Li> <Li> 9.4. 2.2 Monetarist interpretation <Ul> <Li> 9.4. 2.2. 1 Milton Friedman </Li> <Li> 9.4. 2.2. 2 Bernanke and Parkinson : cleared the way for a natural recovery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.4. 2.3 New Keynesian economics : crucial source of recovery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.4. 3 Real business - cycle theory : rather harmful </Li> <Li> 9.4. 4 Libertarian interpretation : rather harmful </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.5 Reform </Li> <Li> 9.6 Impact on federal government and states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Charges <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Charges of fascism </Li> <Li> 10.2 Charges of conservatism </Li> <Li> 10.3 Communists in government </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Political metaphor </Li> <Li> 12 Works of art and music </Li> <Li> 13 New Deal programs </Li> <Li> 14 Statistics <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Depression statistics </Li> <Li> 14.2 Relief statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> <Li> 17 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 17.1 Surveys </Li> <Li> 17.2 State and local studies </Li> <Li> 17.3 Biographies </Li> <Li> 17.4 Economics , farms , labor and relief </Li> <Li> 17.5 Social and cultural history </Li> <Li> 17.6 Politics </Li> <Li> 17.7 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 18 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Summary of first and Second New Deal programs ( edit ) </H2> <P> By 1936 , the term `` liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal and `` conservative '' for its opponents . From 1934 to 1938 , Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavors by a `` pro-spender '' majority in Congress ( drawn from two - party , competitive , non-machine , progressive and left party districts ) . In the 1938 midterm election , Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition . Many historians distinguish between a First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) and a Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1938 ) , with the second one more liberal and more controversial . </P> <P> The First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) provided $500 million ( $9.45 billion today ) for relief operations by states and cities , while the short - lived CWA gave locals money to operate make - work projects in 1933 -- 1934 . The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash . The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was also part of the First New Deal . </P> <P> The Second New Deal in 1935 -- 1938 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) relief program ( which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation ) , the Social Security Act and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers . The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and the FSA , which both occurred in 1937 ; and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers . The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration , which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression . </P> <P> The economic downturn of 1937 -- 1938 and the bitter split between the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal conservative coalition . By 1942 -- 1943 , they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and the CCC and blocked major liberal proposals . Nonetheless , Roosevelt turned his attention to the war effort and won reelection in 1940 -- 1944 . Furthermore , the Supreme Court declared the NRA and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) unconstitutional , but the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) left the New Deal largely intact , even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs , which Republican Richard Nixon generally retained . However , after 1974 the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) lasted until it was suspended in the 1990s . </P> <P> Several New Deal programs remain active and those operating under the original names include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) and the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) . The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Economic collapse ( 1929 -- 1933 ) ( edit ) </H3> American annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) highlighted Unemployment rate in the United States from 1910 -- 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) highlighted ( accurate data begins in 1939 ) <P> From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third . Prices fell by 20 % , causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder . Unemployment in the United States increased from 4 % to 25 % . Additionally , one - third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part - time on much smaller paychecks . In the aggregate , almost 50 % of the nation 's human work - power was going unused . </P> <P> Before the New Deal , there was no insurance on deposits at banks . When thousands of banks closed , depositors lost their savings as at that time there was no national safety net , no public unemployment insurance and no Social Security . Relief for the poor was the responsibility of families , private charity and local governments , but as conditions worsened year by year demand skyrocketed and their combined resources increasingly fell far short of demand . </P> <P> The depression had devastated the nation . As Roosevelt took the oath of office at noon on March 4 , 1933 , all state governors had authorized bank holidays or restricted withdrawals -- many Americans had little or no access to their bank accounts . Farm income had fallen by over 50 % since 1929 . An estimated 844,000 non-farm mortgages had been foreclosed between 1930 -- 1933 , out of five million in all . Political and business leaders feared revolution and anarchy . Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , who remained wealthy during the Depression , stated years later that `` in those days I felt and said I would be willing to part with half of what I had if I could be sure of keeping , under law and order , the other half '' . </P> <H3> Campaign ( edit ) </H3> <P> The phrase `` New Deal '' was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt , Stuart Chase , although the term was originally used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . </P> <P> Upon accepting the 1932 Democratic nomination for president , Roosevelt promised `` a new deal for the American people '' , saying : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Throughout the nation men and women , forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government , look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth ... I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people . This is more than a political campaign . It is a call to arms . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) </H2> 1935 cartoon by Vaughn Shoemaker in which he parodied the New Deal as a card game with alphabetical agencies <P> Roosevelt entered office without a specific set of plans for dealing with the Great Depression -- so he improvised as Congress listened to a very wide variety of voices . Among Roosevelt 's more famous advisers was an informal `` Brain Trust '' , a group that tended to view pragmatic government intervention in the economy positively . His choice for Secretary of Labor , Frances Perkins , greatly influenced his initiatives . Her list of what her priorities would be if she took the job illustrates : `` a forty - hour workweek , a minimum wage , worker 's compensation , unemployment compensation , a federal law banning child labor , direct federal aid for unemployment relief , Social Security , a revitalized public employment service and health insurance '' . </P> <P> The New Deal policies drew from many different ideas proposed earlier in the 20th century . Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold led efforts that hearkened back to an anti-monopoly tradition rooted in American politics by figures such as Andrew Jackson and Thomas Jefferson . Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , an influential adviser to many New Dealers , argued that `` bigness '' ( referring , presumably , to corporations ) was a negative economic force , producing waste and inefficiency . However , the anti-monopoly group never had a major impact on New Deal policy . Other leaders such as Hugh S. Johnson of the NRA took ideas from the Woodrow Wilson Administration , advocating techniques used to mobilize the economy for World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917 -- 1918 . Other New Deal planners revived experiments suggested in the 1920s , such as the TVA . The `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 1934 ) encompassed the proposals offered by a wide spectrum of groups ( not included was the Socialist Party , whose influence was all but destroyed ) . This first phase of the New Deal was also characterized by fiscal conservatism ( see Economy Act , below ) and experimentation with several different , sometimes contradictory , cures for economic ills . </P> <P> There were dozens of new agencies created by Roosevelt through Executive Orders . They are typically known by their alphabetical initials . </P> <H3> The first 100 days ( 1933 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's presidency <P> The American people were generally extremely dissatisfied with the crumbling economy , mass unemployment , declining wages and profits and especially Herbert Hoover 's policies such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act and the Revenue Act of 1932 . Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital . Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the `` first hundred days '' of the administration , in which he met with Congress for 100 days . During those 100 days of lawmaking , Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked and passed a few programs ( such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts ) that he opposed . Ever since , presidents have been judged against Roosevelt for what they accomplished in their first 100 days . Walter Lippmann famously noted : </P> <P> At the end of February we were a congeries of disorderly panic - stricken mobs and factions . In the hundred days from March to June we became again an organized nation confident of our power to provide for our own security and to control our own destiny . </P> <P> The economy had hit bottom in March 1933 and then started to expand . Economic indicators show the economy reached nadir in the first days of March , then began a steady , sharp upward recovery . Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production sank to its lowest point of 52.8 in July 1932 ( with 1935 -- 1939 = 100 ) and was practically unchanged at 54.3 in March 1933 . However , by July 1933 it reached 85.5 , a dramatic rebound of 57 % in four months . Recovery was steady and strong until 1937 . Except for employment , the economy by 1937 surpassed the levels of the late 1920s . The Recession of 1937 was a temporary downturn . Private sector employment , especially in manufacturing , recovered to the level of the 1920s , but failed to advance further until the war . The U.S. population was 124,840,471 in 1932 and 128,824,829 in 1937 , an increase of 3,984,468 . The ratio of these numbers , times the number of jobs in 1932 , means there was a need for 938,000 more 1937 jobs to maintain the same employment level . </P> Fiscal policy ( edit ) <P> The Economy Act , drafted by Budget Director Lewis Williams Douglas , was passed on March 14 , 1933 . The act proposed to balance the `` regular '' ( non-emergency ) federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and cutting pensions to veterans by fifteen percent . It saved $500 million per year and reassured deficit hawks , such as Douglas , that the new President was fiscally conservative . Roosevelt argued there were two budgets : the `` regular '' federal budget , which he balanced ; and the emergency budget , which was needed to defeat the depression . It was imbalanced on a temporary basis . </P> <P> Roosevelt initially favored balancing the budget , but soon found himself running spending deficits to fund his numerous programs . However , Douglas -- rejecting the distinction between a regular and emergency budget -- resigned in 1934 and became an outspoken critic of the New Deal . Roosevelt strenuously opposed the Bonus Bill that would give World War I veterans a cash bonus . Congress finally passed it over his veto in 1936 and the Treasury distributed $1.5 billion in cash as bonus welfare benefits to 4 million veterans just before the 1936 election . </P> <P> New Dealers never accepted the Keynesian argument for government spending as a vehicle for recovery . Most economists of the era , along with Henry Morgenthau of the Treasury Department , rejected Keynesian solutions and favored balanced budgets . </P> Banking reform ( edit ) Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression <Table> <Tr> <Td> Roosevelt 's ebullient public personality , conveyed through his declaration that `` the only thing we have to fear is fear itself '' and his `` fireside chats '' on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation 's confidence </Td> <Td> Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> At the beginning of the Great Depression , the economy was destabilized by bank failures followed by credit crunches . The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking , followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers withdrew their deposits because they believed the bank might become insolvent . As the bank run progressed , it generated a self - fulfilling prophecy : as more people withdrew their deposits , the likelihood of default increased and this encouraged further withdrawals . </P> <P> Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz have argued that the drain of money out of the banking system caused the monetary supply to shrink , forcing the economy to likewise shrink . As credit and economic activity diminished , price deflation followed , causing further economic contraction with disastrous impact on banks . Between 1929 and 1933 , 40 % of all banks ( 9,490 out of 23,697 banks ) failed . Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs . </P> <P> Herbert Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . However , Roosevelt gave a radio address , held in the atmosphere of a Fireside Chat , in which he explained to the public in simple terms the causes of the banking crisis , what the government will do and how the population could help . He closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation . </P> <P> On March 9 , 1933 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion : depositors lost a total of $540 million and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits -- it is a common myth that they received nothing back . </P> <P> The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations . It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $2,500 , ending the risk of runs on banks . This banking reform offered unprecedented stability as while throughout the 1920s more than five hundred banks failed per year , it was less than ten banks per year after 1933 . </P> Monetary reform ( edit ) <P> Under the gold standard , the United States kept the dollar convertible to gold . The Federal Reserve would have had to execute an expansionary monetary policy to fight the deflation and to inject liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling -- but lower interest rates would have led to a gold outflow . Under the gold standards , price -- specie flow mechanism countries that lost gold , but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline ( deflation ) . As long as the Federal Reserve had to defend the gold parity of the Dollar it had to sit idle while the banking system crumbled . </P> <P> In March and April in a series of laws and executive orders , the government suspended the gold standard . Roosevelt stopped the outflow of gold by forbidding the export of gold except under license from the Treasury . Anyone holding significant amounts of gold coinage was mandated to exchange it for the existing fixed price of U.S. dollars . The Treasury no longer paid out gold in exchange for dollars and gold would no longer be considered valid legal tender for debts in private and public contracts . </P> <P> The dollar was allowed to float freely on foreign exchange markets with no guaranteed price in gold . With the passage of the Gold Reserve Act in 1934 , the nominal price of gold was changed from $20.67 per troy ounce to $35 . These measures enabled the Federal Reserve to increase the amount of money in circulation to the level the economy needed . Markets immediately responded well to the suspension in the hope that the decline in prices would finally end . In her essay `` What ended the Great Depression ? '' ( 1992 ) , Christina Romer argued that this policy raised industrial production by 25 % until 1937 and by 50 % until 1942 . </P> Securities Act of 1933 ( edit ) <P> Before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , there was no regulation of securities at the federal level . Even firms whose securities were publicly traded published no regular reports or even worse rather misleading reports based on arbitrarily selected data . To avoid another Wall Street Crash , the Securities Act of 1933 was enacted . It required the disclosure of the balance sheet , profit and loss statement , the names and compensations of corporate officers , about firms whose securities were traded . Additionally those reports had to be verified by independent auditors . In 1934 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was established to regulate the stock market and prevent corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting . </P> Repeal of prohibition ( edit ) <P> In a measure that garnered substantial popular support for his New Deal , Roosevelt moved to put to rest one of the most divisive cultural issues of the 1920s . He signed the bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of alcohol , an interim measure pending the repeal of prohibition , for which a constitutional amendment of repeal ( the 21st ) was already in process . The repeal amendment was ratified later in 1933 . States and cities gained additional new revenue and Roosevelt secured his popularity especially in the cities and ethnic areas by helping the beer start flowing . </P> <H3> Relief ( edit ) </H3> <P> Relief was the immediate effort to help the one - third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression . Relief was also aimed at providing temporary help to suffering and unemployed Americans . </P> Public Works ( edit ) Public Works Administration Project Bonneville Dam <P> To prime the pump and cut unemployment , the NIRA created the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , a major program of public works , which organized and provided funds for the building of useful works such as government buildings , airports , hospitals , schools , roads , bridges and dams . From 1933 to 1935 PWA spent $3.3 billion with private companies to build 34,599 projects , many of them quite large . </P> <P> Under Roosevelt , many unemployed persons were put to work on a wide range of government financed public works projects , building bridges , airports , dams , post offices , courthouses and thousands of miles of road . Through reforestation and flood control , they reclaimed millions of hectares of soil from erosion and devastation . As noted by one authority , Roosevelt 's New Deal `` was literally stamped on the American landscape '' . </P> Farm and rural programs ( edit ) Pumping water by hand from sole water supply in this section of Wilder , Tennessee ( Tennessee Valley Authority , 1942 ) <P> The rural U.S. was a high priority for Roosevelt and his energetic Secretary of Agriculture , Henry A. Wallace . Roosevelt believed that full economic recovery depended upon the recovery of agriculture and raising farm prices was a major tool , even though it meant higher food prices for the poor living in cities . </P> <P> Many rural people lived in severe poverty , especially in the South . Major programs addressed to their needs included the Resettlement Administration ( RA ) , the Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) , rural welfare projects sponsored by the WPA , National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , Forest Service and Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , including school lunches , building new schools , opening roads in remote areas , reforestation and purchase of marginal lands to enlarge national forests . </P> <P> In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration launched the Tennessee Valley Authority , a project involving dam construction planning on an unprecedented scale to curb flooding , generate electricity and modernize poor farms in the Tennessee Valley region of the Southern United States . Under the Farmers ' Relief Act of 1933 , the government paid compensation to farmers who reduced output , thereby raising prices . As a result of this legislation , the average income of farmers almost doubled by 1937 . </P> <P> In the 1920s , farm production had increased dramatically thanks to mechanization , more potent insecticides and increased use of fertilizer . Due to an overproduction of agricultural products , farmers faced a severe and chronic agricultural depression throughout the 1920s . The Great Depression even worsened the agricultural crises and at the beginning of 1933 agricultural markets nearly faced collapse . Farm prices were so low that in Montana wheat was rotting in the fields because it could not be profitably harvested . In Oregon , sheep were slaughtered and left to the buzzards because meat prices were not sufficient to warrant transportation to markets . </P> <P> Roosevelt was keenly interested in farm issues and believed that true prosperity would not return until farming was prosperous . Many different programs were directed at farmers . The first 100 days produced the Farm Security Act to raise farm incomes by raising the prices farmers received , which was achieved by reducing total farm output . The Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) in May 1933 . The act reflected the demands of leaders of major farm organizations ( especially the Farm Bureau ) and reflected debates among Roosevelt 's farm advisers such as Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace , M.L. Wilson , Rexford Tugwell and George Peek . </P> <P> The AAA aimed to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity . The AAA used a system of domestic allotments , setting total output of corn , cotton , dairy products , hogs , rice , tobacco and wheat . The farmers themselves had a voice in the process of using government to benefit their incomes . The AAA paid land owners subsidies for leaving some of their land idle with funds provided by a new tax on food processing . To force up farm prices to the point of `` parity , '' 10 million acres ( 40,000 km ) of growing cotton was plowed up , bountiful crops were left to rot and six million piglets were killed and discarded . </P> <P> The idea was to give farmers a `` fair exchange value '' for their products in relation to the general economy ( `` parity level '' ) . Farm incomes and the income for the general population recovered fast since the beginning of 1933 . Food prices remained still well below the 1929 peak . The AAA established an important and long - lasting federal role in the planning on the entire agricultural sector of the economy and was the first program on such a scale on behalf of the troubled agricultural economy . The original AAA did not provide for any sharecroppers or tenants or farm laborers who might become unemployed , but there were other New Deal programs especially for them . </P> <P> A Gallup poll printed in the Washington Post revealed that a majority of the American public opposed the AAA . In 1936 , the Supreme Court declared the AAA to be unconstitutional , stating that `` a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production , ( is ) a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government '' . The AAA was replaced by a similar program that did win Court approval . Instead of paying farmers for letting fields lie barren , this program subsidized them for planting soil enriching crops such as alfalfa that would not be sold on the market . Federal regulation of agricultural production has been modified many times since then , but together with large subsidies is still in effect today . </P> <P> The Farm Tenancy Act in 1937 was the last major New Deal legislation that concerned farming . In turn , it created the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , which replaced the Resettlement Administration . </P> <P> The Food Stamp Plan -- a major new welfare program for urban poor -- was established in 1939 to provide stamps to poor people who could use them to purchase food at retail outlets . The program ended during wartime prosperity in 1943 , but was restored in 1961 . It survived into the 21st century with little controversy because it was seen to benefit the urban poor , food producers , grocers and wholesalers as well as farmers , thus it gained support from both liberal and conservative Congressmen . In 2013 , Tea Party activists in the House nonetheless tried to end the program , now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program , while the Senate fought to preserve it . </P> <H3> Recovery ( edit ) </H3> <P> Recovery was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health . By most economic indicators , this was achieved by 1937 -- except for unemployment , which remained stubbornly high until World War II began . Recovery was designed to help the economy bounce back from depression . Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities , 1929 -- 1937 . They estimated that every additional $153,000 in relief spending ( in 1935 dollars , or $1.95 million in year 2000 dollars ) was associated with a reduction of one infant death , one suicide and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease . </P> NRA `` Blue Eagle '' campaign ( edit ) Main article : National Recovery Administration National Recovery Administration Blue Eagle Manufacturing employment in the U.S. from 1920 to 1940 <P> From 1929 to 1933 , the industrial economy had been suffering from a vicious cycle of deflation . Since 1931 , the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , the voice of the nation 's organized business , promoted an anti-deflationary scheme that would permit trade associations to cooperate in government - instigated cartels to stabilize prices within their industries . While existing antitrust laws clearly forbade such practices , organized business found a receptive ear in the Roosevelt Administration . </P> <P> Roosevelt 's advisers believed that excessive competition and technical progress had led to overproduction and lowered wages and prices , which they believed lowered demand and employment ( deflation ) . He argued that government economic planning was necessary to remedy this . New Deal economists argued that cut - throat competition had hurt many businesses and that with prices having fallen 20 % and more , `` deflation '' exacerbated the burden of debt and would delay recovery . They rejected a strong move in Congress to limit the workweek to 30 hours . Instead their remedy , designed in cooperation with big business , was the NIRA . It included stimulus funds for the WPA to spend and sought to raise prices , give more bargaining power for unions ( so the workers could purchase more ) and reduce harmful competition . </P> <P> At the center of the NIRA was the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) , headed by former General Hugh S. Johnson , who had been a senior economic official in World War I. Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap `` blanket code '' : a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour , a maximum workweek of 35 -- 45 hours and the abolition of child labor . Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the `` blanket code '' would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment . To mobilize political support for the NRA , Johnson launched the `` NRA Blue Eagle '' publicity campaign to boost what he called `` industrial self - government '' . The NRA brought together leaders in each industry to design specific sets of codes for that industry -- the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages and agreements on maintaining employment and production . In a remarkably short time , the NRA announced agreements from almost every major industry in the nation . By March 1934 , industrial production was 45 % higher than in March 1933 . </P> <P> NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson was showing signs of mental breakdown due to the extreme pressure and workload of running the National Recovery Administration . After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt , Johnson resigned on September 24 , 1934 and Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board , of which Donald Richberg was named Executive Director . </P> <P> On May 27 , 1935 , the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Schechter v. United States . After the end of the NRA , quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom Connally 's federal Hot Oil Act of 1935 , which guaranteed that illegal `` hot oil '' would not be sold . By the time NRA ended in May 1935 , well over 2 million employers accepted the new standards laid down by the NRA , which had introduced a minimum wage and an eight - hour workday , together with abolishing child labor . These standards were reintroduced by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . </P> Housing sector ( edit ) <P> The New Deal had an important impact in the housing field . The New Deal followed and increased President Hoover 's lead and seek measures . The New Deal sought to stimulate the private home building industry and increase the number of individuals who owned homes . The New Deal implemented two new housing agencies ; Home Owners ' Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) and the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) . HOLC set uniform national appraisal methods and simplified the mortgage process . The Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) created national standards for home construction . </P> <H3> Reform ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent instability of the market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy and to balance the interests of farmers , business and labor . Reforms targeted the causes of the depression and sought to prevent a crisis like it from happening again . In other words , financially rebuilding the U.S. while ensuring not to repeat history . </P> Trade Liberalization ( edit ) <P> There is consensus amongst economic historians that protectionist policies , culminating in the Smoot - Hawley Act of 1930 , worsened the Depression . Roosevelt already spoke against the act while campaigning for president during 1932 . In 1934 , the Reciprocal Tariff Act was drafted by Cordell Hull . It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral , reciprocal trade agreements with other countries . The act enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe and it is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day . </P> Puerto Rico ( edit ) <P> A separate set of programs operated in Puerto Rico , headed by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . It promoted land reform and helped small farms , it set up farm cooperatives , promoted crop diversification and helped local industry . The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration was directed by Juan Pablo Montoya Sr. from 1935 to 1937 . </P> <H2> Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1938 ) ( edit ) </H2> See also : Second New Deal <P> In the spring of 1935 , responding to the setbacks in the Court , a new skepticism in Congress and the growing popular clamor for more dramatic action , the Administration proposed or endorsed several important new initiatives . Historians refer to them as the `` Second New Deal '' and note that it was more liberal and more controversial than the `` First New Deal '' of 1933 -- 1934 . </P> <H3> Social Security Act ( edit ) </H3> A poster publicizing Social Security benefits <P> Until 1935 there were just a dozen states that had old age insurance laws , but these programs were woefully underfunded and therefore almost worthless . Just one state ( Wisconsin ) had an insurance program . The United States was the only modern industrial country where people faced the Depression without any national system of social security . Even the work programs of the `` First New Deal '' were just meant as immediate relief , destined to run less than a decade . </P> <P> The most important program of 1935 and perhaps the New Deal as a whole was the Social Security Act , drafted by Frances Perkins . It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions ( Social Security ) , unemployment insurance and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present . It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system . Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund -- he said : `` We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal , moral , and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits . With those taxes in there , no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program '' . </P> <P> Compared to the social security systems in western European countries , the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative , but for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged , the temporarily unemployed , dependent children and the handicapped . </P> <H3> Labor Relations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , also known as the Wagner Act , finally guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions of their own choice . The Act also established the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress the repeated labor disturbances . The Wagner Act did not compel employers to reach agreement with their employees , but it opened possibilities for American labor . The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions , especially in the mass - production sector , composing the American Federation of Labor . Labor thus became a major component of the New Deal political coalition . </P> <P> The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set maximum hours ( 44 per week ) and minimum wages ( 25 cents per hour ) for most categories of workers . Child labour of children under the age of 16 was forbidden , children under 18 years were forbidden to work in hazardous employment . As a result , the wages of 300,000 people were increased and the hours of 1.3 million were reduced . It was the last major New Deal legislation that Roosevelt succeeded in enacting into law before the conservative coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats won control of Congress that year . While he could usually use the veto to restrain Congress , it could block any Roosevelt legislation it disliked . </P> <H3> Works Progress Administration ( edit ) </H3> Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) poster promoting the LaGuardia Airport project ( 1937 ) <P> Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by close friend Harry Hopkins . Roosevelt had insisted that the projects had to be costly in terms of labor , long - term beneficial and the WPA was forbidden to compete with private enterprises -- therefore the workers had to be paid smaller wages . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) was created to return the unemployed to the work force . The WPA financed a variety of projects such as hospitals , schools and roads , and employed more than 8.5 million workers who built 650,000 miles of highways and roads , 125,000 public buildings as well as bridges , reservoirs , irrigation systems , parks , playgrounds and so on . </P> <P> Prominent projects were the Lincoln Tunnel , the Triborough Bridge , the LaGuardia Airport , the Overseas Highway and the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . The Rural Electrification Administration used co-ops to bring electricity to rural areas , many of which still operate . The National Youth Administration was another the semi-autonomous WPA program for youth . Its Texas director , Lyndon B. Johnson , later used the NYA as a model for some of his Great Society programs in the 1960s . The WPA was organized by states , but New York City had its own branch Federal One , which created jobs for writers , musicians , artists and theater personnel . It became a hunting ground for conservatives searching for communist employees . </P> <P> The Federal Writers ' Project operated in every state , where it created a famous guide book -- it also catalogued local archives and hired many writers , including Margaret Walker , Zora Neale Hurston and Anzia Yezierska , to document folklore . Other writers interviewed elderly ex-slaves and recorded their stories . Under the Federal Theater Project , headed by charismatic Hallie Flanagan , actresses and actors , technicians , writers and directors put on stage productions . The tickets were inexpensive or sometimes free , making theater available to audiences unaccustomed to attending plays . </P> <P> One Federal Art Project paid 162 trained woman artists on relief to paint murals or create statues for newly built post offices and courthouses . Many of these works of art can still be seen in public buildings around the country , along with murals sponsored by the Treasury Relief Art Project of the Treasury Department . During its existence , the Federal Theatre Project provided jobs for circus people , musicians , actors , artists and playwrights , together with increasing public appreciation of the arts . </P> <H3> Tax policy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1935 , Roosevelt called for a tax program called the Wealth Tax Act ( Revenue Act of 1935 ) to redistribute wealth . The bill imposed an income tax of 79 % on incomes over $5 million . Since that was an extraordinary high income in the 1930s , the highest tax rate actually covered just one individual -- John D. Rockefeller . The bill was expected to raise only about $250 million in additional funds , so revenue was not the primary goal . Morgenthau called it `` more or less a campaign document '' . In a private conversation with Raymond Moley , Roosevelt admitted that the purpose of the bill was `` stealing Huey Long 's thunder '' by making Long 's supporters his own . At the same time , it raised the bitterness of the rich who called Roosevelt `` a traitor to his class '' and the wealth tax act a `` soak the rich tax '' . </P> <P> A tax called the undistributed profits tax was enacted in 1936 . This time the primary purpose was revenue , since Congress had enacted the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act , calling for payments of $2 billion to World War I veterans . The bill established the persisting principle that retained corporate earnings could be taxed . Paid dividends were tax deductible by corporations . Its proponents intended the bill to replace all other corporation taxes -- believing this would stimulate corporations to distribute earnings and thus put more cash and spending power in the hands of individuals . In the end , Congress watered down the bill , setting the tax rates at 7 to 27 % and largely exempting small enterprises . Facing widespread and fierce criticism , the tax deduction of paid dividends was repealed in 1938 . </P> <H3> Housing Act of 1937 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Housing Act of 1937 <P> The United States Housing Act of 1937 created the United States Housing Authority within the U.S. Department of the Interior . It was one of the last New Deal agencies created . The bill passed in 1937 with some Republican support to abolish slums . </P> <H2> Court - packing plan and jurisprudential shift ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 <P> When the Supreme Court started abolishing New Deal programs as unconstitutional , Roosevelt launched a surprise counter-attack in early 1937 . He proposed adding five new justices , but conservative Democrats revolted , led by the Vice President . The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 failed -- it never reached a vote . Momentum in Congress and public opinion shifted to the right and very little new legislation was passed expanding the New Deal . However , retirements allowed Roosevelt to put supporters on the Court and it stopped killing New Deal programs . </P> <H2> Recession of 1937 and recovery ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Recession of 1937 <P> The Roosevelt administration was under assault during Roosevelt 's second term , which presided over a new dip in the Great Depression in the fall of 1937 that continued until most of 1938 . Production and profits declined sharply . Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in May 1937 to 19.0 % in June 1938 . The downturn was perhaps due to nothing more than the familiar rhythms of the business cycle , but until 1937 Roosevelt had claimed responsibility for the excellent economic performance . That backfired in the recession and the heated political atmosphere of 1937 . </P> <H2> World war II and full employment ( edit ) </H2> Female factory workers in 1942 , Long Beach , California <P> The U.S. reached full employment after entering World War II in December 1941 . Under the special circumstances of war mobilization , massive war spending doubled the gross national product ( GNP ) . Military Keynesianism brought full employment and federal contracts were cost - plus . Instead of competitive bidding to get lower prices , the government gave out contracts that promised to pay all the expenses plus a modest profit . Factories hired everyone they could find regardless of their lack of skills -- they simplified work tasks and trained the workers , with the federal government paying all the costs . Millions of farmers left marginal operations , students quit school and housewives joined the labor force . </P> <P> The emphasis was for war supplies as soon as possible , regardless of cost and inefficiencies . Industry quickly absorbed the slack in the labor force and the tables turned such that employers needed to actively and aggressively recruit workers . As the military grew , new labor sources were needed to replace the 12 million men serving in the military . Propaganda campaigns started pleading for people to work in the war factories . The barriers for married women , the old , the unskilled -- and ( in the North and West ) the barriers for racial minorities -- were lowered . </P> <H3> Federal budget soars ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1929 , federal expenditures accounted for only 3 % of GNP . Between 1933 and 1939 , federal expenditures tripled , but the national debt as a percent of GNP showed little change . Spending on the war effort quickly eclipsed spending on New Deal programs . In 1944 , government spending on the war effort exceeded 40 % of GNP . The U.S. economy experienced dramatic growth during the Second World War mostly due to the deemphasis of free enterprise in favor of the imposition of strict controls on prices and wages . These controls shared broad support among labor and business , resulting in cooperation between the two groups and the U.S. government . This cooperation resulted in the government subsidizing business and labor through both direct and indirect methods . </P> <H3> Wartime welfare projects ( edit ) </H3> <P> Conservative domination of Congress during the war meant that all welfare projects and reforms had to have their approval , which was given when business supported the project . For example , the Coal Mines Inspection and Investigation Act of 1941 significantly reduced fatality rates in the coal - mining industry , saving workers ' lives and company money . In terms of welfare , the New Dealers wanted benefits for everyone according to need . However , conservatives proposed benefits based on national service -- especially tied to military service or working in war industries -- and their approach won out . </P> <P> The Community Facilities Act of 1940 ( the Lanham Act ) provided federal funds to defense - impacted communities where the population had soared and local facilities were overwhelmed . It provided money for the building of housing for war workers as well as recreational facilities , water and sanitation plants , hospitals , day care centers and schools . </P> <P> The Servicemen 's Dependents Allowance Act of 1942 provided family allowances for dependents of enlisted men . Emergency grants to states were authorized in 1942 for programs for day care for children of working mothers . In 1944 , pensions were authorized for all physically or mentally helpless children of deceased veterans regardless of the age of the child at the date the claim was filed or at the time of the veteran 's death , provided the child was disabled at the age of sixteen and that the disability continued to the date of the claim . The Public Health Service Act , which was passed that same year , expanded federal - state public health programs and increased the annual amount for grants for public health services . </P> <P> The Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program ( EMIC ) , introduced in March 1943 by the Children 's Bureau , provided free maternity care and medical treatment during an infant 's first year for the wives and children of military personnel in the four lowest enlisted pay grades . One out of seven births was covered during its operation . EMIC paid $127 million to state health departments to cover the care of 1.2 million new mothers and their babies . The average cost of EMIC maternity cases completed was $92.49 for medical and hospital care . A striking effect was the sudden rapid decline in home births as most mothers now had paid hospital maternity care . </P> <P> Under the 1943 Disabled Veterans Rehabilitation Act , vocational rehabilitation services were offered to wounded World War II veterans and some 621,000 veterans would go on to receive assistance under this program . The G.I. Bill ( Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 ) was a landmark piece of legislation , providing 16 million returning veterans with benefits such as housing , educational and unemployment assistance and played a major role in the postwar expansion of the American middle class . </P> <H3> Fair employment practices ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Fair Employment Practice Committee <P> In response to the March on Washington Movement led by A. Philip Randolph , Roosevelt promulgated Executive Order 8802 in June 1941 , which established the President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practices ( FEPC ) `` to receive and investigate complaints of discrimination '' so that `` there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race , creed , color , or national origin '' . </P> <H3> Growing equality of income ( edit ) </H3> <P> A major result of the full employment at high wages was a sharp , long lasting decrease in the level of income inequality ( Great Compression ) . The gap between rich and poor narrowed dramatically in the area of nutrition because food rationing and price controls provided a reasonably priced diet to everyone . White collar workers did not typically receive overtime and therefore the gap between white collar and blue collar income narrowed . Large families that had been poor during the 1930s had four or more wage earners and these families shot to the top one - third income bracket . Overtime provided large paychecks in war industries and average living standards rose steadily , with real wages rising by 44 % in the four years of war , while the percentage of families with an annual income of less than $2,000 fell from 75 % to 25 % of the population . </P> <P> In 1941 , 40 % of all American families lived on less than the $1,500 per year defined as necessary by the Works Progress Administration for a modest standard of living . The median income stood at $2,000 a year , while 8 million workers earnt below the legal minimum . From 1939 to 1944 , wages and salaries more than doubled , with overtime pay and the expansion of jobs leading to a 70 % rise in average weekly earnings during the course of the war . Membership in organized labor increased by 50 % between 1941 and 1945 and because the War Labor Board sought labor - management peace , new workers were encouraged to participate in the existing labor organizations , thereby receiving all the benefits of union membership such as improved working conditions , better fringe benefits and higher wages . As noted by William H. Chafe , `` with full employment , higher wages and social welfare benefits provided under government regulations , American workers experienced a level of well - being that , for many , had never occurred before '' . </P> <P> As a result of the new prosperity , consumer expenditures rose by nearly 50 % , from $61.7 billion at the start of the war to $98.5 billion by 1944 . Individual savings accounts climbed almost sevenfold during the course of the war . The share of total income held by the top 5 % of wage earners fell from 22 % to 17 % while the bottom 40 % increased their share of the economic pie . In addition , during the course of the war the proportion of the American population earning less than $3,000 ( in 1968 dollars ) fell by half . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> The New Deal was the inspiration for President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society in the 1960s : Johnson ( on right ) headed the Texas NYA and was elected to Congress in 1938 <P> Analysts agree the New Deal produced a new political coalition that sustained the Democratic Party as the majority party in national politics into the 1960s . A 2013 study found that `` an average increase in New Deal relief and public works spending resulted in a 5.4 percentage point increase in the 1936 Democratic voting share and a smaller amount in 1940 . The estimated persistence of this shift suggests that New Deal spending increased long - term Democratic support by 2 to 2.5 percentage points . Thus , it appears that Roosevelt 's early , decisive actions created long - lasting positive benefits for the Democratic party ... The New Deal did play an important role in consolidating Democratic gains for at least two decades '' . </P> <P> However , there is disagreement about whether it marked a permanent change in values . Cowie and Salvatore in 2008 argued that it was a response to Depression and did not mark a commitment to a welfare state because the U.S. has always been too individualistic . MacLean rejected the idea of a definitive political culture . She says they overemphasized individualism and ignored the enormous power that big capital wields , the Constitutional restraints on radicalism and the role of racism , antifeminism and homophobia . She warns that accepting Cowie and Salvatore 's argument that conservatism 's ascendancy is inevitable would dismay and discourage activists on the left . Klein responds that the New Deal did not die a natural death -- it was killed off in the 1970s by a business coalition mobilized by such groups as the Business Roundtable , the Chamber of Commerce , trade organizations , conservative think tanks and decades of sustained legal and political attacks . </P> <P> Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt 's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole . Roosevelt also established the presidency as the prominent center of authority within the federal government . Roosevelt created a large array of agencies protecting various groups of citizens -- workers , farmers and others -- who suffered from the crisis and thus enabled them to challenge the powers of the corporations . In this way , the Roosevelt administration generated a set of political ideas -- known as New Deal liberalism -- that remained a source of inspiration and controversy for decades . New Deal liberalism lay the foundation of a new consensus . Between 1940 and 1980 , there was the liberal consensus about the prospects for the widespread distribution of prosperity within an expanding capitalist economy . Especially Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal and in the 1960s Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs . </P> <P> The New Deal 's enduring appeal on voters fostered its acceptance by moderate and liberal Republicans . </P> <P> As the first Republican President elected after Roosevelt , Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) built on the New Deal in a manner that embodied his thoughts on efficiency and cost - effectiveness . He sanctioned a major expansion of Social Security by a self - financed program . He supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing -- he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs ( rather than jobs program ) . In a private letter , Eisenhower wrote : </P> <P> Should any party attempt to abolish social security and eliminate labor laws and farm programs , you would not hear of that party again in our political history . There is a tiny splinter group of course , that believes you can do these things ( ... ) Their number is negligible and they are stupid . </P> <P> In 1964 , Barry Goldwater , an unreconstructed anti-New Dealer , was the Republican presidential candidate on a platform that attacked the New Deal . The Democrats under Lyndon B. Johnson won a massive landslide and Johnson 's Great Society programs extended the New Deal . However , the supporters of Goldwater formed the New Right which helped to bring Ronald Reagan into the White House in the 1980 presidential election . Once an ardent supporter of the New Deal , Reagan turned against it , now viewing government as the problem rather than solution and as president moved the nation away from the New Deal model of government activism , shifting greater emphasis to the private sector . </P> <P> A 2017 review study of the existing literature in the Journal of Economic Literature summarized the findings of the research as follows : </P> <P> The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one , increased consumption activity , attracted internal migration , reduced crime rates , and lowered several types of mortality . The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers , tenants , and farm workers . The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact , although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes . </P> <H2> Historiography and evaluation of New Deal policies ( edit ) </H2> <P> Historians debating the New Deal have generally divided between liberals who support it , conservatives who oppose it and some New Left historians who complain it was too favorable to capitalism and did too little for minorities . There is consensus on only a few points , with most commentators favorable toward the CCC and hostile toward the NRA . </P> <P> Consensus historians of the 1950s , such as Richard Hofstadter , according to Lary May : </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( B ) elieved that the prosperity and apparent class harmony of the post-World War II era reflected a return to the true Americanism rooted in liberal capitalism and the pursuit of individual opportunity that had made fundamental conflicts over resources a thing of the past . They argued that the New Deal was a conservative movement that built a welfare state , guided by experts , that saved rather than transformed liberal capitalism . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Liberal historians argue that Roosevelt restored hope and self - respect to tens of millions of desperate people , built labor unions , upgraded the national infrastructure and saved capitalism in his first term when he could have destroyed it and easily nationalized the banks and the railroads . Historians generally agree that apart from building up labor unions , the New Deal did not substantially alter the distribution of power within American capitalism . `` The New Deal brought about limited change in the nation 's power structure '' . The New Deal preserved democracy in the United States in a historic period of uncertainty and crises when in many other countries democracy failed . </P> <P> The most common arguments can be summarized as follows : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Harmful </Dd> </Dl> Further information : List of critics of the New Deal <Ul> <Li> The New Deal vastly increased the federal debt ( Billington and Ridge ) while liberal Keynesians criticize that the federal deficit between 1933 and 1939 averaged only 3.7 % which was not enough to offset the reduction in private sector spending during the Great Depression </Li> <Li> Fostered bureaucracy and administrative inefficiency ( Billington and Ridge ) and enlarged the powers of the federal government </Li> <Li> Slowed the growth of civil service reform by multiplying offices outside the merit system ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> <Li> Infringed upon free business enterprise ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> <Li> Rescued capitalism when the opportunity was at hand to nationalize banking , railroads and other industries ( New Left critique ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Neutral </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Stimulated the growth of class consciousness among farmers and workers ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> <Li> Raised the issue of how far economic regulation could be extended without sacrificing the liberties of the people ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Beneficial </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The nation came through its greatest depression without undermining the capitalist system ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> <Li> Making the capitalist system more beneficial by enacting banking and stock market regulations to avoid abuses and providing greater financial security through , for example the introduction of Social Security or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( David M. Kennedy ) </Li> <Li> Created a better balance among labor , agriculture and industry ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> <Li> Produced a more equal distribution of wealth ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> <Li> Help conserve natural resources ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> <Li> Permanently established the principle that the national government should take action to rehabilitate and preserve America 's human resources ( Billington and Ridge ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fiscal policy ( edit ) </H3> National debt as gross national product climbs from 20 % to 40 % under President Herbert Hoover ; levels off under Roosevelt ; and soars during World War II from Historical States US ( 1976 ) <P> Julian Zelizer ( 2000 ) has argued that fiscal conservatism was a key component of the New Deal . A fiscally conservative approach was supported by Wall Street and local investors and most of the business community -- mainstream academic economists believed in it as apparently did the majority of the public . Conservative southern Democrats , who favored balanced budgets and opposed new taxes , controlled Congress and its major committees . Even liberal Democrats at the time regarded balanced budgets as essential to economic stability in the long run , although they were more willing to accept short - term deficits . As Zelizer notes , public opinion polls consistently showed public opposition to deficits and debt . Throughout his terms , Roosevelt recruited fiscal conservatives to serve in his administration , most notably Lewis Douglas the Director of Budget in 1933 -- 1934 ; and Henry Morgenthau Jr. , Secretary of the Treasury from 1934 to 1945 . They defined policy in terms of budgetary cost and tax burdens rather than needs , rights , obligations , or political benefits . Personally , Roosevelt embraced their fiscal conservatism , but politically he realized that fiscal conservatism enjoyed a strong wide base of support among voters , leading Democrats and businessmen . On the other hand , there was enormous pressure to act and spending money on high visibility work programs with millions of paychecks a week . </P> <P> Douglas proved too inflexible and he quit in 1934 . Morgenthau made it his highest priority to stay close to Roosevelt , no matter what . Douglas 's position , like many of the Old Right , was grounded in a basic distrust of politicians and the deeply ingrained fear that government spending always involved a degree of patronage and corruption that offended his Progressive sense of efficiency . The Economy Act of 1933 , passed early in the Hundred Days , was Douglas 's great achievement . It reduced federal expenditures by $500 million , to be achieved by reducing veterans ' payments and federal salaries . Douglas cut government spending through executive orders that cut the military budget by $125 million , $75 million from the Post Office , $12 million from Commerce , $75 million from government salaries and $100 million from staff layoffs . As Freidel concludes : `` The economy program was not a minor aberration of the spring of 1933 , or a hypocritical concession to delighted conservatives . Rather it was an integral part of Roosevelt 's overall New Deal '' . </P> <P> Revenues were so low that borrowing was necessary ( only the richest 3 % paid any income tax between 1926 and 1940 ) . Douglas therefore hated the relief programs , which he said reduced business confidence , threatened the government 's future credit and had the `` destructive psychological effects of making mendicants of self - respecting American citizens '' . Roosevelt was pulled toward greater spending by Hopkins and Ickes and as the 1936 election approached he decided to gain votes by attacking big business . </P> <P> Morgenthau shifted with Roosevelt , but at all times tried to inject fiscal responsibility -- he deeply believed in balanced budgets , stable currency , reduction of the national debt and the need for more private investment . The Wagner Act met Morgenthau 's requirement because it strengthened the party 's political base and involved no new spending . In contrast to Douglas , Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt 's double budget as legitimate -- that is a balanced regular budget and an `` emergency '' budget for agencies , like the WPA , PWA and CCC , that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand . He fought against the veterans ' bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt 's veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936 . His biggest success was the new Social Security program as he managed to reverse the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees . It was Morgenthau who insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way . </P> <H3> Race and gender ( edit ) </H3> African Americans ( edit ) <P> While many Americans suffered economically during the Great Depression , African Americans also had to deal with social ills , such as racism , discrimination and segregation . Black workers were especially vulnerable to the economic downturn since most of them worked the most marginal jobs such as unskilled or service - oriented work , therefore they were the first to be discharged and additionally many employers preferred white workers . When jobs were scarce some employers even dismissed blacks to create jobs for whites . In the end there were three times more African American workers on public assistance or relief than white workers . </P> <P> The WPA , NYA and CCC relief programs allocated 10 % of their budgets to blacks ( who comprised about 10 % of the total population , and 20 % of the poor ) . They operated separate all - black units with the same pay and conditions as white units . Some leading white New Dealers , especially Eleanor Roosevelt , Harold Ickes and Aubrey Williams , worked to ensure blacks received at least 10 % of welfare assistance payments . However , these benefits were small in comparison to the economic and political advantages that whites received . Most unions excluded blacks from joining and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the South was virtually impossible , especially since most blacks worked in hospitality and agricultural sectors . </P> <P> The New Deal programs put millions of Americans immediately back to work or at least helped them to survive . The programs were not specifically targeted to alleviate the much higher unemployment rate of blacks . Some aspects of the programs were even unfavorable to blacks . The Agricultural Adjustment Acts for example helped farmers which were predominantly white , but reduced the need of farmers to hire tenant farmers or sharecroppers which were predominantely black . While the AAA stipulated that a farmer had to share the payments with those who worked the land this policy was never enforced . The Farm Service Agency ( FSA ) , a government relief agency for tenant farmers , created in 1937 , made efforts to empower African Americans by appointing them to agency committees in the South . Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina raised opposition to the appointments because he stood for white farmers who were threatened by an agency that could organize and empower tenant farmers . Initially , the FSA stood behind their appointments , but after feeling national pressure FSA was forced to release the African Americans of their positions . The goals of the FSA were notoriously liberal and not cohesive with the southern voting elite . Some New Deal measures inadvertently discriminated against harmed blacks . Thousands of blacks were thrown out of work and replaced by whites on jobs where they were paid less than the NRA 's wage minimums because some white employers considered the NRA 's minimum wage `` too much money for Negroes '' . By August 1933 , blacks called the NRA the `` Negro Removal Act '' . An NRA study found that the NIRA put 500,000 African Americans out of work . </P> <P> However , since blacks felt the sting of the depression 's wrath even more severely than whites they welcomed any help . Until 1936 almost all African Americans ( and many whites ) shifted from the `` Party of Lincoln '' to the Democratic Party . This was a sharp realignment from 1932 , when most African Americans voted the Republican ticket . New Deal policies helped establish a political alliance between blacks and the Democratic Party that survives into the 21st century . </P> <P> There was no attempt whatsoever to end segregation , or to increase black rights in the South . Roosevelt appointed an unprecedented number of blacks to second - level positions in his administration -- these appointees were collectively called the Black Cabinet . </P> <P> The wartime Fair Employment Practices Commission ( FEPC ) executive orders that forbade job discrimination against African Americans , women and ethnic groups was a major breakthrough that brought better jobs and pay to millions of minority Americans . Historians usually treat FEPC as part of the war effort and not part of the New Deal itself . </P> Segregation ( edit ) <P> The New Deal was racially segregated as blacks and whites rarely worked alongside each other in New Deal programs . The largest relief program by far was the WPA -- it operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate the NYA . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North , but of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues that `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation '' . In its first few weeks of operation , CCC camps in the North were integrated . By July 1935 , practically all the camps in the United States were segregated , and blacks were strictly limited in the supervisory roles they were assigned . Kinker and Smith argue that `` even the most prominent racial liberals in the New Deal did not dare to criticize Jim Crow '' . </P> <P> Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes was one of the Roosevelt Administration 's most prominent supporters of blacks and former president of the Chicago chapter of the NAACP . In 1937 , when Senator Josiah Bailey Democrat of North Carolina accused him of trying to break down segregation laws Ickes wrote him to deny that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> I think it is up to the states to work out their social problems if possible , and while I have always been interested in seeing that the Negro has a square deal , I have never dissipated my strength against the particular stone wall of segregation . I believe that wall will crumble when the Negro has brought himself to a high educational and economic status ... . Moreover , while there are no segregation laws in the North , there is segregation in fact and we might as well recognize this . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The New Deal 's record came under attack by New Left historians in the 1960s for its pusillanimity in not attacking capitalism more vigorously , nor helping blacks achieve equality . The critics emphasize the absence of a philosophy of reform to explain the failure of New Dealers to attack fundamental social problems . They demonstrate the New Deal 's commitment to save capitalism and its refusal to strip away private property . They detect a remoteness from the people and indifference to participatory democracy and call instead for more emphasis on conflict and exploitation . </P> Women and the New Deal ( edit ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) camp for unemployed women in Maine , 1934 <P> At first , the New Deal created programs primarily for men as it was assumed that the husband was the `` breadwinner '' ( the provider ) and if they had jobs the whole families would benefit . It was the social norm for women to give up jobs when they married -- in many states there were laws that prevented both husband and wife holding regular jobs with the government . So too in the relief world , it was rare for both husband and wife to have a relief job on FERA or the WPA . This prevailing social norm of the breadwinner failed to take into account the numerous households headed by women , but it soon became clear that the government needed to help women as well . </P> <P> Many women were employed on FERA projects run by the states with federal funds . The first New Deal program to directly assist women was the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , begun in 1935 . It hired single women , widows , or women with disabled or absent husbands . The WPA employed about 500,000 women and they were assigned mostly to unskilled jobs . 295,000 worked on sewing projects that made 300 million items of clothing and bedding to be given away to families on relief and to hospitals and orphanages . Women also were hired for the WPA 's school lunch program . Both men and women were hired for the small but highly publicized arts programs ( such as music , theater and writing ) . </P> <P> The Social Security program was designed to help retired workers and widows , but did not include domestic workers , farmers or farm laborers , the jobs most often held by blacks . However , Social Security was not a relief program and it was not designed for short - term needs , as very few people received benefits before 1942 . </P> <H3> Relief ( edit ) </H3> Anti-relief protest sign near Davenport , Iowa by Arthur Rothstein , 1940 <P> The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government , particularly to help the poor , the unemployed , youth , the elderly and stranded rural communities . The Hoover administration started the system of funding state relief programs , whereby the states hired people on relief . With the CCC in 1933 and the WPA in 1935 , the federal government now became involved in directly hiring people on relief in granting direct relief or benefits . Total federal , state and local spending on relief rose from 3.9 % of GNP in 1929 to 6.4 % in 1932 and 9.7 % in 1934 -- the return of prosperity in 1944 lowered the rate to 4.1 % . In 1935 -- 1940 , welfare spending accounted for 49 % of the federal , state and local government budgets . In his memoirs , Milton Friedman said that the New Deal relief programs were an appropriate response . He and his wife were not on relief , but they were employed by the WPA as statisticians . Friedman said that programs like the CCC and WPA were justified as temporary responses to an emergency . Friedman said that Roosevelt deserved considerable credit for relieving immediate distress and restoring confidence . </P> <H3> Recovery ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples , Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University , anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association . Members were asked to disagree , agree , or agree with provisos with the statement that read : `` Taken as a whole , government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression '' . While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement , 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed . Almost an identical percent of the two groups ( 21 % and 22 % ) agreed with the statement `` with provisos '' ( a conditional stipulation ) while 74 % of those who worked in the history department and 51 % in the economic department disagreed with the statement outright . </P> Economic growth and unemployment ( 1933 -- 1941 ) ( edit ) WPA employed 2 to 3 million unemployed at unskilled labor <P> From 1933 to 1941 , the economy expanded at an average rate of 7.7 % per year . Despite high economic growth , unemployment rates fell slowly . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Unemployment rate </Th> <Th> 1933 </Th> <Th> 1934 </Th> <Th> 1935 </Th> <Th> 1936 </Th> <Th> 1937 </Th> <Th> 1938 </Th> <Th> 1939 </Th> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Th> 1941 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Workers in job creation programs counted as unemployed </Td> <Td> 24.9 % </Td> <Td> 21.7 % </Td> <Td> 20.1 % </Td> <Td> 16.9 % </Td> <Td> 14.3 % </Td> <Td> 19.0 % </Td> <Td> 17.2 % </Td> <Td> 14.6 % </Td> <Td> 9.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Workers in job creation programs counted as employed </Td> <Td> 20.6 % </Td> <Td> 16.0 % </Td> <Td> 14.2 % </Td> <Td> 9.9 % </Td> <Td> 9.1 % </Td> <Td> 12.5 % </Td> <Td> 11.3 % </Td> <Td> 9.5 % </Td> <Td> 8.0 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> John Maynard Keynes explained that situation as an underemployment equilibrium where skeptic business prospects prevent companies from hiring new employees . It was seen as a form of cyclical unemployment . </P> <P> There are different assumptions as well . According to Richard L. Jensen , cyclical unemployment was a grave matter primarily until 1935 . Between 1935 and 1941 , structural unemployment became the bigger problem . Especially the unions successes in demanding higher wages pushed management into introducing new efficiency - oriented hiring standards . It ended inefficient labor such as child labor , casual unskilled work for subminimum wages and sweatshop conditions . In the long term , the shift to efficiency wages led to high productivity , high wages and a high standard of living , but it necessitated a well - educated , well - trained , hard - working labor force . It was not before war time brought full employment that the supply of unskilled labor ( that caused structural unemployment ) downsized . </P> Mainstream Economics interpretation ( edit ) U.S. GDP annual pattern and long - term trend ( 1920 -- 1940 ) in billions of constant dollars Keynesians : halted the collapse but lacked Keynesian deficit spending ( edit ) <P> At the beginning of the Great Depression , many economists traditionally argued against deficit spending . The fear was that government spending would `` crowd out '' private investment and would thus not have any effect on the economy , a proposition known as the Treasury view , but Keynesian economics rejected that view . They argued that by spending vastly more money -- using fiscal policy -- the government could provide the needed stimulus through the multiplier effect . Without that stimulus , business simply would not hire more people , especially the low skilled and supposedly `` untrainable '' men who had been unemployed for years and lost any job skill they once had . Keynes visited the White House in 1934 to urge President Roosevelt to increase deficit spending . Roosevelt afterwards complained that `` he left a whole rigmarole of figures -- he must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' . </P> <P> The New Deal tried public works , farm subsidies and other devices to reduce unemployment , but Roosevelt never completely gave up trying to balance the budget . Between 1933 and 1941 , the average federal budget deficit was 3 % per year . Roosevelt did not fully utilize deficit spending . The effects of federal public works spending were largely offset by Herbert Hoover 's large tax increase in 1932 , whose full effects for the first time were felt in 1933 and it was undercut by spending cuts , especially the Economy Act . According to Keynesians like Paul Krugman , the New Deal therefore was not as successful in the short run as it was in the long run . </P> <P> Following the Keynesian consensus ( that lasted until the 1970s ) , the traditional view was that federal deficit spending associated with the war brought full - employment output while monetary policy was just aiding the process . In this view , the New Deal did not end the Great Depression , but halted the economic collapse and ameliorated the worst of the crises . </P> Monetarist interpretation ( edit ) Milton Friedman ( edit ) <P> More influential among economists has been the monetarist interpretation of Milton Friedman , which includes a full - scale monetary history of what he calls the `` Great Contraction '' . Friedman concentrated on the failures before 1933 and points out that between 1929 and 1932 the Federal Reserve allowed the money supply to fall by a third which is seen as the major cause that turned a normal recession into a Great Depression . Friedman especially criticized the decisions of Hoover and the Federal Reserve not to save banks going bankrupt . Monetarists state that the banking and monetary reforms were a necessary and sufficient response to the crises . They reject the approach of Keynesian deficit spending . </P> <P> You have to distinguish between two classes of New Deal policies . One class of New Deal policies was reform : wage and price control , the Blue Eagle , the national industrial recovery movement . I did not support those . The other part of the new deal policy was relief and recovery ... providing relief for the unemployed , providing jobs for the unemployed , and motivating the economy to expand ... an expansive monetary policy . Those parts of the New Deal I did support . </P> Bernanke and Parkinson : cleared the way for a natural recovery ( edit ) <P> Ben Bernanke and Martin Parkinson declared in `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression '' ( 1989 ) that `` the New Deal is better characterized as having cleared the way for a natural recovery ( for example , by ending deflation and rehabilitating the financial system ) rather than as being the engine of recovery itself '' . </P> New Keynesian Economics : crucial source of recovery ( edit ) <P> Challenging the traditional view , monetarists and New Keynesians like J. Bradford DeLong , Lawrence Summers and Christina Romer argued that recovery was essentially complete prior to 1942 and that monetary policy was the crucial source of pre-1942 recovery . The extraordinary growth in money supply beginning in 1933 lowered real interest rates and stimulated investment spending . According to Bernanke , there was also a debt - deflation effect of the depression which was clearly offset by a reflation through the growth in money supply . However , before 1992 scholars did not realize that the New Deal provided for a huge aggregate demand stimulus through a de facto easing of monetary policy . While Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz argued in A Monetary History of the United States ( 1963 ) that the Federal Reserve System had made no attempt to increase the quantity in high - powered money and thus failed to foster recovery , they somehow did not investigate the impact of the monetary policy of the New Deal . In 1992 , Christina Romer explained in `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' that the rapid growth in money supply beginning in 1933 can be traced back to a large unsterilized gold inflow to the U.S. which was partly due to political instability in Europe , but to a larger degree to the revaluation of gold through the Gold Reserve Act . The Roosevelt administration had chosen not to sterilize the gold inflow precisely because they hoped that the growth of money supply would stimulate the economy . </P> <P> Replying to DeLong et al. in the Journal of Economic History , J.R. Vernon argues that deficit spending leading up to and during World War II still played a large part in the overall recovery , according to his study `` half or more of the recovery occurred during 1941 and 1942 '' . </P> <P> According to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer , the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations . The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive just in March 1933 when Roosevelt took office . Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation , industrial production bottomed out in March 1933 , investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933 . There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround . Money supply was still falling and short - term interest rates remained close to zero . Before March 1933 , people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment . However , when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion . With those expectations , interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued , the economy would have continued its free - fall in 1933 and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 . </P> Real business - cycle theory : rather harmful ( edit ) <P> Followers of the real business - cycle theory believe that the New Deal caused the depression to persist longer than it would otherwise have . Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian say Roosevelt 's policies prolonged the depression by seven years . According to their study , the `` New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression '' , but that the `` New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression '' . They claim that the New Deal `` cartelization policies are a key factor behind the weak recovery '' . They say that the `` abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s '' . The study by Cole and Ohanian is based on a real business - cycle theory model . The underlying assumptions of this theory are subject to numerous criticisms and the theory is unable to posit any convincing explanations for the initial causes of the Great Depression . Laurence Seidman noted that according to the assumptions of Cole and Ohanian , the labor market clears instantaneously , which leads to the incredible conclusion that the surge in unemployment between 1929 and 1932 ( before the New Deal ) was in their opinion both optimal and solely based on voluntary unemployment . Additionally , Cole and Ohanian 's argument does not count workers employed through New Deal programs . Such programs built or renovated 2,500 hospitals , 45,000 schools , 13,000 parks and playgrounds , 7,800 bridges , 700,000 miles ( 1,100,000 km ) of roads , 1,000 airfields and employed 50,000 teachers through programs that rebuilt the country 's entire rural school system . </P> Libertarian interpretation : rather harmful ( edit ) <P> Lowell E. Gallaway and Richard K. Vedder argue on the basis of libertarian theories that the Great Depression was caused by too high wages which they say had caused a loss of depositor confidence which caused the bank runs . They further conclude that the `` Great Depression was very significantly prolonged in both its duration and its magnitude by the impact of New Deal programs '' . They suggest that without Social Security , work relief , unemployment insurance , mandatory minimum wages and without special government - granted privileges for labor unions , business would have hired more workers and the unemployment rate during the New Deal years would have been 6.7 % instead of 17.2 % . Amity Shlaes wrote that `` from 1929 to 1940 , from Hoover to Roosevelt , government intervention helped to make the Depression Great '' . Shlaes said that the NRA was misguided because it used price setting to fix monetary problems . According to Shlaes , Roosevelt 's experimentation frightened business into inaction and prevented recovery . Eric Rauchway showed that Shlaes tried to diminish the economic growth by referring to the unrepresentative Dow Jones Industrial Average . He continued that usually a historian or economist would have referred to the gross domestic product , which according to the Historical Statistics of the United States grew impressively by 9 % annually during Roosevelt 's first term and by 11 % annually after the short recession of 1937 -- 1938 . </P> <H3> Reform ( edit ) </H3> Francis Perkins looks on as Roosevelt signs the National Labor Relations Act <P> The economic reforms were mainly intended to rescue the capitalist system by providing a more rational framework in which it could operate . The banking system was made less vulnerable . The regulation of the stock market and the prevention of some corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting addressed the worst excesses . Roosevelt allowed trade unions to take their place in labor relations and created the triangular partnership between employers , employees and government . </P> <P> David M. Kennedy wrote that `` the achievements of the New Deal years surely played a role in determining the degree and the duration of the postwar prosperity '' . </P> <P> Paul Krugman stated that the institutions built by the New Deal remain the bedrock of the United States economic stability . Against the background of the 2007 -- 2012 global financial crisis , he explained that the financial crises would have been much worse if the New Deals Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had not insured most bank deposits and older Americans would have felt much more insecure without Social Security . Libertarian economist Milton Friedman after 1960 attacked Social Security from a free market view stating that it had created welfare dependency . </P> <P> The New Deal banking reform was weakened since the 1980s . The repeal of the Glass - Steagall Act in 1999 allowed the shadow banking system to grow rapidly . Since it was neither regulated nor covered by a financial safety net , the shadow banking system was central to the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 and the subsequent Great Recession . </P> <H3> Impact on federal government and States ( edit ) </H3> <P> While it is essentially consensus among historians and academics that the New Deal brought about a large increase in the power of the federal government , there has been some scholarly debate concerning the results of this federal expansion . Historians like Arthur M. Schlesinger and James T. Patterson have argued that the augmentation of the federal government exacerbated tensions between the federal and state governments . However , contemporaries such as Ira Katznelson have suggested that due to certain conditions on the allocation of federal funds , namely that the individual states get to control them , the federal government managed to avoid any tension with states over their rights . This is a prominent debate concerning the historiography of federalism in the United States and -- as Schlesinger and Patterson have observed -- the New Deal marked an era when the federal - state power balance shifted further in favor of the federal government , which heightened tensions between the two levels of government in the United States . </P> <P> Ira Katznelson has argued that although the federal government expanded its power and began providing welfare benefits on a scale previously unknown in the United States , it often allowed individual states to control the allocation of the funds provided for such welfare . This meant that the states controlled who had access to these funds , which in turn meant many Southern states were able to racially segregate -- or in some cases , like a number of counties in Georgia , completely exclude African - Americans -- the allocation of federal funds . This enabled these states to continue to relatively exercise their rights and also to preserve the institutionalization of the racist order of their societies . While Katznelson has conceded that the expansion of the federal government had the potential to lead to federal - state tension , he has argued it was avoided as these states managed to retain some control . As Katznelson has observed , `` furthermore , they ( state governments in the South ) had to manage the strain that potentially might be placed on local practices by investing authority in federal bureaucracies ... To guard against this outcome , they key mechanism deployed was a separation of the source of funding from decisions about how to spend the new monies '' . </P> <P> However , Schlesinger has disputed Katznelson 's claim and has argued that the increase in the power of the federal government was perceived to come at the cost of states ' rights , thereby aggravating state governments , which exacerbated federal - state tensions . Schlesinger has utilized quotes from the time to highlight this point , Schlesinger has observed that `` the actions of the New Deal , ( Ogden L . ) Mills said , `` abolish the sovereignty of the States . They make of a government of limited powers one of unlimited authority over the lives of us all '' . </P> <P> Moreover , Schlesinger has argued that this federal - state tension was not a one - way street and that the federal government became just as aggravated with the state governments as they did with it . State governments were often guilty of inhibiting or delaying federal policies . Whether through intentional methods , like sabotage , or unintentional ones , like simple administrative overload -- either way these problems aggravated the federal government and thus heightened federal - state tensions . As Schlesinger has also noted that `` students of public administration have never taken sufficient account of the capacity of lower levels of government to sabotage or defy even a masterful President '' . </P> <P> James T. Patterson has reiterated this argument , though he observes that this increased tension can be accounted for not just from a political perspective , but from an economic one too . Patterson has argued that the tension between the federal and state governments at least partly also resulted from the economic strain under which the states had been put by the federal government 's various policies and agencies . Some states were either simply unable to cope with the federal government 's demand and thus refused to work with them , or admonished the economic restraints and actively decided to sabotage federal policies . This was demonstrated , Patterson has noted , with the handling of federal relief money by Ohio governor , Martin L. Davey . The case in Ohio became so detrimental to the federal government that Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , had to federalize Ohio relief . Although this argument differs somewhat from Schlesinger 's , the source of federal - state tension remained the growth of the federal government . As Patterson has asserted , `` though the record of the FERA was remarkably good -- almost revolutionary -- in these respects it was inevitable , given the financial requirements imposed on deficit - ridden states , that friction would develop between governors and federal officials '' . </P> <P> In this dispute it can be inferred that Katznelson and Schlesinger and Patterson have only disagreed on their inference of the historical evidence . While both parties have agreed that the federal government expanded and even that states had a degree of control over the allocation of federal funds , they have disputed the consequences of these claims . Katznelson has asserted that it created mutual acquiescence between the levels of government , while Schlesinger and Patterson have suggested that it provoked contempt for the state governments on the part of the federal government and vice versa , thus exacerbating their relations . In short , irrespective of the interpretation this era marked an important time in the historiography of federalism and also nevertheless provided some narrative on the legacy of federal - state relations . </P> <H2> Charges ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Charges of fascism ( edit ) </H3> Further information : The New Deal and corporatism <P> Worldwide , the Great Depression had the most profound impact in the German Reich and the United States . In both countries the pressure to reform and the perception of the economic crisis were strikingly similar . When Hitler came to power he was faced with exactly the same task that faced Roosevelt , overcoming mass unemployment and the global Depression . The political responses to the crises were essentially different : while American democracy remained strong , Germany replaced democracy with fascism , a Nazi dictatorship . </P> <P> The initial perception of the New Deal was mixed . On the one hand , the eyes of the world were upon the United States because many democrats in Europe and the United States saw in Roosevelt _́ s reform program a positive counterweight to the seductive powers of the two great alternative systems , communism and fascism . As the historian Isaiah Berlin wrote in 1955 : `` The only light in the darkness was the administration of Mr. Roosevelt and the New Deal in the United States '' . </P> <P> By contrast , enemies of the New Deal sometimes called it `` fascist '' , but they meant very different things . Communists denounced the New Deal in 1933 and 1934 as fascist in the sense that it was under the control of big business . They dropped that line of thought when Stalin switched to the `` Popular Front '' plan of cooperation with liberals . </P> <P> In 1934 , Roosevelt defended himself against those critics in a `` fireside chat '' : </P> <P> ( Some ) will try to give you new and strange names for what we are doing . Sometimes they will call it ' Fascism ' , sometimes ' Communism ' , sometimes ' Regimentation ' , sometimes ' Socialism ' . But , in so doing , they are trying to make very complex and theoretical something that is really very simple and very practical ... Plausible self - seekers and theoretical die - hards will tell you of the loss of individual liberty . Answer this question out of the facts of your own life . Have you lost any of your rights or liberty or constitutional freedom of action and choice ? </P> <P> After 1945 , only few observers continued to see similarities and later on some scholars such as Kiran Klaus Patel , Heinrich August Winkler and John Garraty came to the conclusion that comparisons of the alternative systems do not have to end in an apology for Nazism since comparisons rely on the examination of both similarities and differences . Their preliminary studies on the origins of the fascist dictatorships and the American ( reformed ) democracy came to the conclusion that besides essential differences `` the crises led to a limited degree of convergence '' on the level of economic and social policy . The most important cause was the growth of state interventionism since in the face of the catastrophic economic situation both societies no longer counted on the power of the market to heal itself . </P> <P> John Garraty wrote that the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was based on economic experiments in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , without establishing a totalitarian dictatorship . Contrary to that , historians such as Hawley have examined the origins of the NRA in detail , showing the main inspiration came from Senators Hugo Black and Robert F. Wagner and from American business leaders such as the Chamber of Commerce . The model for the NRA was Woodrow Wilson 's War Industries Board , in which Johnson had been involved too . Historians argue that direct comparisons between Fascism and New Deal are invalid since there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization . Gerald Feldman wrote that fascism has not contributed anything to economic thought and had no original vision of a new economic order replacing capitalism . His argument correlates with Mason _́ s that economic factors alone are an insufficient approach to understand fascism and that decisions taken by fascists in power can not be explained within a logical economic framework . In economic terms , both ideas were within the general tendency of the 1930s to intervene in the free market capitalist economy , at the price of its laissez - faire character , `` to protect the capitalist structure endangered by endogenous crises tendencies and processes of impaired self - regulation '' . </P> <P> Stanley Payne , a historian of fascism , examined possible fascist influences in the United States by looking at the KKK and its offshoots and movements led by Father Coughlin and Huey Long . He concluded that `` the various populist , nativist , and rightist movements in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s fell distinctly short of fascism '' . According to Kevin Passmore , lecturer in History at Cardiff University , the failure of fascism in the United States was due to the social policies of the New Deal that channelled anti-establishment populism into the left rather than the extreme right . </P> <H3> Charges of conservatism ( edit ) </H3> <P> For decades , the New Deal was generally held in very high regard in the scholarship and the textbooks . That changed in the 1960s when New Left historians began a revisionist critique that said the New Deal was a bandaid for a patient that needed radical surgery to reform capitalism , put private property in its place and lift up workers , women and minorities . The New Left believed in participatory democracy and therefore rejected the autocratic machine politics typical of the big city Democratic organizations . </P> <P> In the 1960s , New Left historians have been among the New Deal 's harsh critics . In a 1968 essay , Barton J. Bernstein compiled a chronicle of missed opportunities and inadequate responses to problems . The New Deal may have saved capitalism from itself , Bernstein charged , but it had failed to help -- and in many cases actually harmed -- those groups most in need of assistance . In The New Deal ( 1967 ) , Paul K. Conkin similarly chastised the government of the 1930s for its weak policies toward marginal farmers , for its failure to institute sufficiently progressive tax reform , and its excessive generosity toward select business interests . In 1966 , Howard Zinn criticized the New Deal for working actively to actually preserve the worst evils of capitalism . </P> <P> By the 1970s , liberal historians were responding with a defense of the New Deal based on numerous local and microscopic studies . Praise increasingly focused on Eleanor Roosevelt , seen as a more appropriate crusading reformer than her husband . Since then , research on the New Deal has been less interested in the question of whether the New Deal was a `` conservative '' , `` liberal '' , or `` revolutionary '' phenomenon than in the question of constraints within which it was operating . </P> <P> In a series of articles , political sociologist Theda Skocpol has emphasized the issue of `` state capacity '' as an often - crippling constraint . Ambitious reform ideas often failed , she argued , because of the absence of a government bureaucracy with significant strength and expertise to administer them . Other more recent works have stressed the political constraints that the New Deal encountered . Conservative skepticism about the efficacy of government was strong both in Congress and among many citizens . Thus some scholars have stressed that the New Deal was not just a product of its liberal backers , but also a product of the pressures of its conservative opponents . </P> <H3> Communists in government ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the New Deal the communists established a network of a dozen or so members working for the government . They were low level and had a minor influence on policies . Harold Ware led the largest group which worked in the Agriculture Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) . Secretary of Agriculture Wallace got rid of them all in a famous purge in 1935 . Ware died in 1935 and some individuals such as Alger Hiss moved to other government jobs . Other communists worked for the National Labor Relations Board , the National Youth Administration , the Works Progress Administration , the Federal Theater Project , the Treasury and the Department of State . </P> <H2> Political metaphor ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since 1933 , politicians and pundits have often called for a `` new deal '' regarding an object -- that is , they demand a completely new , large - scale approach to a project . As Arthur A. Ekirch Jr. ( 1971 ) has shown , the New Deal stimulated utopianism in American political and social thought on a wide range of issues . In Canada , Conservative Prime Minister Richard B. Bennett in 1935 proposed a `` new deal '' of regulation , taxation and social insurance that was a copy of the American program , but Bennett 's proposals were not enacted and he was defeated for reelection in October 1935 . In accordance with the rise of the use of U.S. political phraseology in Britain , the Labour government of Tony Blair termed some of its employment programs `` new deal '' , in contrast to the Conservative Party 's promise of the `` British Dream '' . </P> <H2> Works of Art and music ( edit ) </H2> The federal government commissioned a series of public murals from the artists it employed : William Gropper 's `` Construction of a Dam '' ( 1939 ) is characteristic of much of the art of the 1930s , with workers seen in heroic poses , laboring in unison to complete a great public project <P> The Works Progress Administration subsidized artists , musicians , painters and writers on relief with a group of projects called Federal One . While the WPA program was by far the most widespread , it was preceded by three programs administered by the US Treasury which hired commercial artists at usual commissions to add murals and sculptures to federal buildings . The first of these efforts was the short - lived Public Works of Art Project , organized by Edward Bruce , an American businessman and artist . Bruce also led the Treasury Department 's Section of Painting and Sculpture ( later renamed the Section of Fine Arts ) and the Treasury Relief Art Project ( TRAP ) . The Resettlement Administration ( RA ) and Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) had major photography programs . The New Deal arts programs emphasized regionalism , social realism , class conflict , proletarian interpretations and audience participation . The unstoppable collective powers of common man , contrasted to the failure of individualism , was a favorite theme . </P> `` Created Equal '' : Act I , Scene 3 of `` Spirit of 1776 '' , Boston ( Federal Theatre Project , 1935 ) <P> Post Office murals and other public art , painted by artists in this time , can still be found at many locations around the U.S. The New Deal particularly helped American novelists . For journalists and the novelists who wrote non-fiction , the agencies and programs that the New Deal provided , allowed these writers to describe about what they really saw around the country . </P> <P> Many writers chose to write about the New Deal and whether they were for or against it and if it was helping the country out . Some of these writers were Ruth McKenney , Edmund Wilson and Scott Fitzgerald . Another subject that was very popular for novelists was the condition of labor . They ranged from subjects on social protest to strikes . </P> <P> Under the WPA , the Federal Theatre project flourished . Countless theatre productions around the country were staged . This allowed thousands of actors and directors to be employed , among them were Orson Welles , and John Huston . </P> <P> The FSA photography project is most responsible for creating the image of the Depression in the U.S. Many of the images appeared in popular magazines . The photographers were under instruction from Washington as to what overall impression the New Deal wanted to give out . Director Roy Stryker 's agenda focused on his faith in social engineering , the poor conditions among cotton tenant farmers and the very poor conditions among migrant farm workers -- above all he was committed to social reform through New Deal intervention in people 's lives . Stryker demanded photographs that `` related people to the land and vice versa '' because these photographs reinforced the RA 's position that poverty could be controlled by `` changing land practices '' . Though Stryker did not dictate to his photographers how they should compose the shots , he did send them lists of desirable themes , such as `` church '' , `` court day '' , `` barns '' . </P> <P> Films of the late New Deal era such as Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) ridiculed so - called `` great men '' while the heroism of the common man appeared in numerous movies , such as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) . Thus in Frank Capra 's famous films , including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ( 1939 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) and It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) , the common people come together to battle and overcome villains who are corrupt politicians controlled by very rich , greedy capitalists . </P> <P> By contrast , there was also a smaller but influential stream of anti-New Deal art . Gutzon Borglum 's sculptures on Mount Rushmore emphasized great men in history ( his designs had the approval of Calvin Coolidge ) . Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway disliked the New Deal and celebrated the autonomy of perfected written work as opposed to the New Deal idea of writing as performative labor . The Southern Agrarians celebrated a premodern regionalism and opposed the TVA as a modernizing , disruptive force . Cass Gilbert , a conservative who believed architecture should reflect historic traditions and the established social order , designed the new Supreme Court building ( 1935 ) . Its classical lines and small size contrasted sharply with the gargantuan modernistic federal buildings going up in the Washington Mall that he detested . Hollywood managed to synthesize liberal and conservative streams as in Busby Berkeley 's Gold Digger musicals , where the storylines exalt individual autonomy while the spectacular musical numbers show abstract populations of interchangeable dancers securely contained within patterns beyond their control . </P> <H2> New Deal programs ( edit ) </H2> <P> The New Deal had many programs and new agencies , most of which were universally known by their initials . Most were abolished during World War II while others remain in operation today . They included the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , 1935 : program that focused on providing work and education for Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 . Ended in 1943 . </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) : a Hoover agency expanded under Jesse Holman Jones to make large loans to big business . Ended in 1954 . </Li> </Ul> The WPA hired unemployed teachers to provide free adult education programs <Ul> <Li> Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) : a Hoover program to create unskilled jobs for relief ; expanded by Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins ; replaced by WPA in 1935 . </Li> <Li> United States bank holiday , 1933 : closed all banks until they became certified by federal reviewers . </Li> <Li> Abandonment of gold standard , 1933 : gold reserves no longer backed currency ; still exists . </Li> <Li> Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , 1933 -- 1942 : employed young men to perform unskilled work in rural areas ; under United States Army supervision ; separate program for Native Americans . </Li> <Li> Homeowners Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) : helped people keep their homes , the government bought properties from the bank allowing people to pay the government instead of the banks in installments they could afford , keeping people in their homes and banks afloat . </Li> <Li> Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) , 1933 : effort to modernize very poor region ( most of Tennessee ) , centered on dams that generated electricity on the Tennessee River ; still exists . </Li> <Li> Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) , 1933 : raised farm prices by cutting total farm output of major crops and livestock ; replaced by a new AAA because the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional . </Li> <Li> National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) , 1933 : industries set up codes to reduce unfair competition , raise wages and prices ; ended 1935 . The Supreme Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional . </Li> <Li> Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , 1933 : built large public works projects ; used private contractors ( did not directly hire unemployed ) . Ended 1938 . </Li> <Li> Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) : insures bank deposits and supervises state banks ; still exists . </Li> <Li> Glass -- Steagall Act : regulates investment banking ; repealed 1999 ( not repealed , only two provisions changed ) . </Li> <Li> Securities Act of 1933 , created the SEC , 1933 : codified standards for sale and purchase of stock , required awareness of investments to be accurately disclosed ; still exists . FERA camp for unemployed black women , Atlanta , 1934 </Li> <Li> Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , 1933 -- 1934 : provided temporary jobs to millions of unemployed . </Li> <Li> Indian Reorganization Act , 1934 : moved away from assimilation ; policy dropped . </Li> <Li> Social Security Act ( SSA ) , 1935 : provided financial assistance to : elderly , handicapped , paid for by employee and employer payroll contributions ; required 7 years contributions , so first payouts were in 1942 ; still exists . </Li> <Li> Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , 1935 : a national labor program for more than 2 million unemployed ; created useful construction work for unskilled men ; also sewing projects for women and arts projects for unemployed artists , musicians and writers ; ended 1943 . </Li> <Li> National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) ; Wagner Act , 1935 : set up National Labor Relations Board to supervise labor - management relations ; In the 1930s , it strongly favored labor unions . Modified by the Taft - Hartley Act ( 1947 ) ; still exists . </Li> <Li> Judicial Reorganization Bill , 1937 : gave the President power to appoint a new Supreme Court judge for every judge 70 years or older ; failed to pass Congress . </Li> <Li> Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , 1938 : insures crops and livestock against loss of production or revenue . Was restructured during the creation of the Risk Management Agency in 1996 but continues to exist . </Li> <Li> Surplus Commodities Program ( 1936 ) : gives away food to poor ; still exists as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program . </Li> <Li> Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 : established a maximum normal work week of 44 hours and a minimum wage of 40 cents / hour and outlawed most forms of child labor ; still exists , hours have been lowered to 40 hours over the years . </Li> </Ul> Surplus Commodities Program , 1936 <Ul> <Li> Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) : one of the federal executive departments of the United States government charged with providing public utilities ( electricity , telephone , water , sewer ) to rural areas in the U.S. via public - private partnerships . still exists . </Li> <Li> Resettlement Administration ( RA ) : resettled poor tenant farmers ; replaced by Farm Security Administration in 1935 . </Li> <Li> Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) : helped poor farmers by a variety of economic and educational programs ; some programs still exists as part of the Farmers Home Administration . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Depression Statistics ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932 , which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically '' . Economic indicators show the American economy reached nadir in summer 1932 to February 1933 , then began recovering until the recession of 1937 -- 1938 . Thus the Federal Reserve Industrial Production Index hit its low of 52.8 on July 1 , 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1 , 1933 , but by July 1 , 1933 it reached 85.5 ( with 1935 -- 39 = 100 and for comparison 2005 = 1,342 ) . In Roosevelt 's 12 years in office , the economy had an 8.5 % compound annual growth of GDP , the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country , but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product ( GDP ) per adult was still 27 % below trend . </P> <Table> Table 1 : statistics <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 1929 </Th> <Th> 1931 </Th> <Th> 1933 </Th> <Th> 1937 </Th> <Th> 1938 </Th> <Th> 1940 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 101.4 </Td> <Td> 84.3 </Td> <Td> 68.3 </Td> <Td> 103.9 </Td> <Td> 96.7 </Td> <Td> 113.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Consumer Price Index ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 122.5 </Td> <Td> 108.7 </Td> <Td> 92.4 </Td> <Td> 102.7 </Td> <Td> 99.4 </Td> <Td> 100.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Index of Industrial Production ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) </Td> <Td> 46.6 </Td> <Td> 42.7 </Td> <Td> 32.2 </Td> <Td> 45.7 </Td> <Td> 49.3 </Td> <Td> 55.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exports ( $ billions ) </Td> <Td> 5.24 </Td> <Td> 2.42 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> <Td> 3.35 </Td> <Td> 3.18 </Td> <Td> 4.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 16.1 </Td> <Td> 25.2 </Td> <Td> 13.8 </Td> <Td> 16.5 </Td> <Td> 13.9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ( 1 ) in 1929 dollars </Li> <Li> ( 2 ) 1935 -- 1939 = 100 </Li> </Ul> <Table> Table 2 : unemployment ( % labor force ) <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Lebergott </Th> <Th> Darby </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> 24.9 </Td> <Td> 20.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> 21.7 </Td> <Td> 16.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> 20.1 </Td> <Td> 14.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 16.9 </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 12.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> 17.2 </Td> <Td> 11.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 14.6 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Darby counts WPA workers as employed ; Lebergott as unemployed </Li> <Li> Source : Historical Statistics US ( 1976 ) series D - 86 ; Smiley 1983 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Relief statistics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Families on relief 1936 -- 1941 Relief cases 1936 -- 1941 ( monthly average in 1,000 ) <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> 1936 </Th> <Th> 1937 </Th> <Th> 1938 </Th> <Th> 1939 </Th> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Th> 1941 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Workers employed : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WPA </Td> <Td> 1,995 </Td> <Td> 2,227 </Td> <Td> 1,932 </Td> <Td> 2,911 </Td> <Td> 1,971 </Td> <Td> 1,638 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CCC and NYA </Td> <Td> 712 </Td> <Td> 801 </Td> <Td> 643 </Td> <Td> 793 </Td> <Td> 877 </Td> <Td> 919 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other federal work projects </Td> <Td> 554 </Td> <Td> 663 </Td> <Td> 452 </Td> <Td> 488 </Td> <Td> 468 </Td> <Td> 681 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Public assistance cases : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Social security programs </Td> <Td> 602 </Td> <Td> 1,306 </Td> <Td> 1,852 </Td> <Td> 2,132 </Td> <Td> 2,308 </Td> <Td> 2,517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General relief </Td> <Td> 2,946 </Td> <Td> 1,484 </Td> <Td> 1,611 </Td> <Td> 1,647 </Td> <Td> 1,570 </Td> <Td> 1,206 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total families helped </Td> <Td> 5,886 </Td> <Td> 5,660 </Td> <Td> 5,474 </Td> <Td> 6,751 </Td> <Td> 5,860 </Td> <Td> 5,167 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unemployed workers ( Bur Lab Stat ) </Td> <Td> 9,030 </Td> <Td> 7,700 </Td> <Td> 10,390 </Td> <Td> 9,480 </Td> <Td> 8,120 </Td> <Td> 5,560 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coverage ( cases / unemployed ) </Td> <Td> 65 % </Td> <Td> 74 % </Td> <Td> 53 % </Td> <Td> 71 % </Td> <Td> 72 % </Td> <Td> 93 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Great Depression </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Arthurdale , West Virginia , New Deal planned community </Li> <Li> Conservative coalition , the opponents of the New Deal </Li> <Li> Fair Deal of U.S. President Harry S. Truman </Li> <Li> Great Depression in the United States </Li> <Li> Liberalism in the United States </Li> <Li> Living New Deal , a research project about the impact of the New Deal </Li> <Li> Modern liberalism in the United States </Li> <Li> New Deal coalition </Li> <Li> Square Deal of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Social programs in the United States </Li> <Li> Timeline of the Great Depression </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Civilian Conservation Corps '' . history.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Civil Works Administration '' . ohiohistorycentral.org . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federal Housing Administration '' . usa.gov . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Industrial Recovery Act '' . u-s-history.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Social Security Administration '' . usa.gov . 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ISBN 0547175604 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert L. Fuller , `` Phantom of Fear '' The Banking Panic of 1933 ( 2011 ) pp. 156 -- 157 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ March 4 was a Saturday and banks were not open on weekends . On Monday Roosevelt officially closed all banks . Arthur Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal ( 1959 ) , p. 3 ; Brands , Traitor to his class ( 2008 ) p. 288 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Alter , The Defining Moment : FDR 's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope , esp . ch. 31 . ( 2007 ) ; Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1977 ) series K220 , N301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laurence Leamer ( 2001 ) . The Kennedy Men : 1901 -- 1963 . HarperCollins . p. 86 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stuart Chase , 97 ; Coined Phrase ' A New Deal ' '' . The New York Times . 1985 . 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Address by Gifford Pinchot before the Roosevelt Club of St. Paul , Minnesota , June 11 , 1910 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Roosevelt Week '' . Time . New York . July 11 , 1932 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg pp. 33 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Downey , Kirstin ( 2009 ) . The Woman Behind the New Deal ; The Life of Frances Perkins , FDR 's Secretary of Labor and His Moral Conscience . New York : Nan A. Talese , an imprint of The Doubleday Publishing Group , a division of Random House , Inc. , . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51365 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger , The coming of the New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 , Houghton Mifflin , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 34086 - 6 , S. 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NPG Historical U.S. Population Growth : 1900 -- 1998 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 45 -- 46 ; Robert Paul Browder and Thomas G. 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Princeton University Press . pp. 438 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00354 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susan E. Kennedy , The Banking Crisis of 1933 ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear ( 1999 ) pp. 65 , 366 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 16 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2004 ) . `` A History of the Federal Reserve : 1913 -- 1951 '' : 442 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romer , Christina D. ( December 1992 ) . `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' . The Journal of Economic History . Economic History Association . 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 84 . doi : 10.1017 / s002205070001189x . JSTOR 2123226 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear ( 1999 ) p. 367 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal pp. 46 -- 47 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe , second edition , p. 117 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg pp. 70 , 133 -- 34 ; Jason Scott Smith , Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Time - Life Books , Library of Nations : United States , Sixth European English language printing , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyer , The Oxford Companion to United States History , Oxford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508209 - 5 , pp. 20 , 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 106 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Coming of the New Deal pp. 27 -- 84 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann , Depression and New Deal in Virginia . ( 1983 ) p. 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul S. 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Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 137 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Badger , New Deal pp. 89 . 153 -- 57 . for price data and farm income see Statistical Abstract 1940 online Archived October 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barry Cushman , Rethinking the New Deal Court ( 1998 ) p. 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rachel Louise Moran , `` Consuming Relief : Food Stamps and the New Welfare of the New Deal , '' Journal of American History , March 2011 , Vol. 97 Issue 4 , pp. 1001 -- 22 online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Bjerga & Derek Wallbank , `` Food Stamps Loom Over Negotiations to Pass Farm Bill '' BloombergOct 30 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Whaples and Randall E. Parker , eds. ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Modern Economic History . Routledge . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price V. Fishback , Michael R. Haines , and Shawn Kantor , `` Births , deaths , and New Deal relief during the Great Depression . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics 89.1 ( 2007 ) : 1 -- 14 , citing page online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau , Statistical Abstract Archived December 29 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . and converted into SVG format by me . The numbers come from this U.S. Census document , p. 17 , column 127 . Note that the graph only covers factory employment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernard Bellush , The Failure of the NRA , ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pederson , William D. ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . The FDR Years . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9780816074600 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal ( 1959 ) , 87 -- 135 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Reserve System , National Summary of Business Conditions ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black , Conrad . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom . New York : PublicAffairs , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 184 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 6859 - Reorganizing the N.R.A. and Establishing the National Industrial Recovery Board . '' September 27 , 1934 . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . ( Online . ) Santa Barbara , Calif. : University of California ( hosted ) , Gerhard Peters ( database ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 9.2. 1 Records of the National Industrial Recovery Board . '' Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States . 3 vols . Compiled by Robert B. Matchette , et al. Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration , 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Handbook of Texas Online : Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 Archived September 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ( 1969 ) . `` What the New Deal Did '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David C. 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'' Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 19 # 4 ( 1947 ) : 621 + online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piehler , G.K. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Military Science . SAGE Publications . p. 220 . ISBN 9781452276328 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael J. Bennett , When Dreams Came True : The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merl E. Reed , Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement : The President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practice , 1941 -- 1946 ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ch 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ America in our time : from World War II to Nixon -- what happened and why by Godfrey Hodgson </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Unfinished Journey : America Since World War II by William H. Chafe </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kantor , Shawn ; Fishback , Price V. ; Wallis , John Joseph ( October 2013 ) . `` Did the New Deal solidify the 1932 Democratic realignment ? '' . Explorations in Economic History . New Views of Roosevelt 's New Deal . 50 ( 4 ) : 620 -- 633 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2013.08. 001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowie , Jefferson ; Salvatore , Nick ( 2008 ) . `` The Long Exception : Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.1017 / s0147547908000112 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacLean , Nancy ( 2008 ) . `` Getting New Deal History Wrong '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 : 49 -- 55 . doi : 10.1017 / s014754790800015x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , Jennifer ( August 2008 ) . `` A New Deal Restoration : Individuals , Communities , and the Long Struggle for the Collective Good '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 48 . doi : 10.1017 / S0147547908000148 . ISSN 1471 - 6445 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 68 -- 75 , 119 , 254 , 329 -- 30 , 340 -- 41 , Random House , New York , NY , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , Dana T. Building Victory : Aircraft Production in the Los Angeles Area in World War II , p. 8 , Cypress , CA , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9897906 - 0 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roderick P. Hart ( 2001 ) . Politics , Discourse , and American Society : New Agendas . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 46 . ISBN 0742500713 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mayer , Michael S. ( 2009 ) . The Eisenhower Years . p. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5387 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne , Blaine T. ; Cottrell , Robert C. ( 2008 ) . Modern American Lives : Individuals and Issues in American History Since 1945 . M.E. Sharpe , Inc. p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2222 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fishback , Price ( 2017 ) . `` How Successful Was the New Deal ? The Microeconomic Impact of New Deal Spending and Lending Policies in the 1930s '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Literature. 55 ( 4 ) : 1435 -- 1485 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 20161054 . ISSN 0022 - 0515 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lary May , `` Review , '' Journal of American History ( December 2010 ) 97 # 3 p. 765 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sitkoff ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quote from Mary Beth Norton , et al . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States ( 1994 ) , 2 : 783 . See also Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 ( 1958 ) p. ix ; Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , `` How FDR Saved Capitalism '' , in It Did n't Happen Here : Why Socialism Failed in the United States ( 2001 ) ; Eric Rauchway , The Great Depression and the New Deal ( 2007 ) , pp. 86 , 93 -- 97 ; Cass R. Sunstein , The Second Bill of Rights : FDR 's Unfinished Revolution , ( 2006 ) pp. 129 -- 30 ; C. Wright Mills , The Power Elite ( 1959 ) 272 -- 74 ; David Edwin Harrell , Jr. et al. Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) p. 921 ; William Leuchtenburg , The White House Looks South ( 2005 ) p. 121 ; Robert S. McElvaine , The Great Depression : America , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1993 ) p. 168 ; Alan Brinkley , Liberalism and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) p. 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Carol Sheriff und David M. Katzman , A People and a Nation : A History of the United States , Volume II : Since 1865 , Wadsworth Inc Fulfillment , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0495915904 , p. 681 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ray Allen Billington ; Martin Ridge ( 1981 ) . American History After 1865 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 193 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 205 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ira Katznelson and Mark Kesselman , The Politics of Power , 1975 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul K. Conkin </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ as summarized by Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 219 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , ( 2000 ) 30 # 2 . pp 331 + online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freidel 1990 , p. 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census . Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1946 . p. 321 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism ; Savage 1998 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 106 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sitkoff ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ira Katznelson , When Affirmative Action was White ( 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , pp. 105 , 108 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip S. Foner . Organized Labor and the Black Worker , 1619 -- 1981 ( New York : International Publishers , 1981 ) , p. 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce Bartlett . Wrong on Race : The Democratic Party 's Buried Past . ( New York : Palgrave McMillan , 2008 ) , Kindle location 2459 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sitkoff ( 2008 ) ; Nancy J. Weiss , Farewell to the Party of Lincoln : Black Politics in the Age of FDR ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles L. Lumpkins ( 2008 ) . American Pogrom : The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics . Ohio UP . p. 179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cheryl Lynn Greenberg ( 2009 ) . To Ask for an Equal Chance : African Americans in the Great Depression . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony J. Badger ( 2011 ) . New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader . U. of Arkansas Press . p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kay Rippelmeyer ( 2015 ) . The Civilian Conservation Corps in Southern Illinois , 1933 -- 1942 . Southern Illinois Press . pp. 98 -- 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold Ickes , The secret diary of Harold L. Ickes Vol. 2 : The inside struggle , 1936 -- 1939 ( 1954 ) p. 115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David L. Chappell ( 2009 ) . A Stone of Hope : Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow . pp. 9 -- 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip A. Klinkner ; Rogers M. Smith ( 2002 ) . The Unsteady March : The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America . U of Chicago Press . p. 130 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Auerbach , Jerold S. ( 1969 ) . `` New Deal , Old Deal , or Raw Deal : Some Thoughts on New Left Historiography '' . Journal of Southern History . 35 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . JSTOR 2204748 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unger , Irwin ( 1967 ) . `` The ' New Left ' and American History : Some Recent Trends in United States Historiography '' . American Historical Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1237 -- 63 . JSTOR 1847792 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Children in the family were allowed to hold CCC or NYA jobs -- indeed , CCC jobs were normally given to young men whose fathers were on relief . Young women were eligible for NYA jobs which began in 1935 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susan Ware , Beyond Suffrage : Women in the New Deal ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martha Swain , ' `` The Forgotten Woman ' : Ellen S. Woodward and Women 's Relief in the New Deal '' Prologue , ( 1983 ) 15 # 4 pp 201 - 213 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sara B. Marcketti , `` The Sewing - Room Projects of the Works Progress Administration . '' Textile History 41.1 ( 2010 ) : 28 - 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louise Rosenfield Noun , Iowa Women in the WPA ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1975 ) p. 340 series H1 and H2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1999 ) . Two Lucky People : Memoirs . U. of Chicago Press . p. 59 . ISBN 9780226264158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1981 ) . Free to Choose . Avon Books . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 52548 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , pp. 139 -- 54 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1975 ) . Historical statistics of the United States , colonial times to 1970 . pp. 217 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gene Smiley , `` Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1983 ) 43 # 2 pp. 487 -- 93 . In JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 , p. 249 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Elliot Brownlee , Federal Taxation in America : A Short History ( 2004 ) p. 103 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Government Spending Chart : United States 1900 -- 2016 -- Federal State Local Data . Usgovernmentdebt.us . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : New York Times , Paul Krugman , Franklin Delano Obama ? , November 10 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason Scott Smith , A Concise History of the New Deal , Cambridge University Press , 2014 , ISBN 9781139991698 , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PBS , Interview with Milton Friedman , 10.01. 2000 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Romer , Christina ( December 1992 ) . `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' . The Journal of Economic History . 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 84 . doi : 10.1017 / s002205070001189x . JSTOR 2123226 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( May 1989 ) . `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression : Are There Lessons for Europe ? '' . The American Economic Review . 79 ( 2 ) : 210 -- 14 . JSTOR 1827758 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeLong , J. Bradford , Lawrence H. Summers , N. Gregory Mankiw , and Christina D. Romer . `` How does macroeconomic policy affect output ? . '' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity ( 1988 ) : 467 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vernon , J.R. ( December 1994 ) . `` World War II fiscal policies and the end of the Great Depression '' . Journal of Economic History . 54 ( 4 ) : 850 -- 68 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700015515 . JSTOR 2123613 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gauti B. Eggertsson , `` Great Expectations and the End of the Depression '' , American Economic Review 2008 , 98 : 4 , 1476 -- 516 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christina Romer , `` The Fiscal Stimulus , Flawed but Valuable '' , The New York Times , October 20 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Temin , Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , 1992 , ISBN 9780262261197 , pp. 87 -- 101 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FDR 's Policies Prolonged Depression by 7 Years , UCLA Economists Calculate , ucla.edu , 8 / 10 / 2004 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cole , Harold L. and Ohanian , Lee E. New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression : A General Equilibrium Analysis Archived May 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snowden , Brian ( Fall 2007 ) . `` The New Classical Counter-Revolution : False Path or Illuminating Complement ? '' . Eastern Economic Journal . 33 ( 4 ) : 541 -- 62 . JSTOR 20642377 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Laurence ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Reply to : `` The New Classical Counter-Revolution : False Path or Illuminating Complement ? '' `` . Eastern Economic Journal . 33 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 65 . doi : 10.1057 / eej. 2007.41 . JSTOR 20642378 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The right - wing New Deal conniption fit SalonRevisionist historians and economists keep trying to stomp on FDR 's legacy . But declaring that WPA workers were unemployed is just silly '' . Salon.com . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darby , Michael R. ( 1976 ) . `` Three - And - A-Half Million U.S. Employees Have Been Mislaid : Or , An Explanation of Unemployment , 1934 -- 1941 '' . Journal of Political Economy. 84 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1086 / 260407 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin , Daniel ( 1994 ) . `` Out of Work : Unemployment and Government in Twentieth - Century America by Richard K. Vedder ; Lowell E. Gallaway '' . Public Choice . 79 ( 3 / 4 ) : 373 -- 75 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01047782 . JSTOR 30026888 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallaway , Lowell E. and Vedder , Richard K. Out of Work : Unemployment and Government in Twentieth - Century America , New York University Press ; Updated edition ( July 1997 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amity Shlaes , The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression . New York : HarperCollins Publishers , Inc. , 2007 . Kindle location 170 -- 229 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Politiko , Matthew Dallek , Revisionists ' blind view of New Deal Archived September 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , February 13 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) p. 363 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1962 ) . Capitalism and Freedom : Fortieth Anniversary Edition . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 182 -- 87 . ISBN 9780226264189 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholas Crafts , Peter Fearon , The Great Depression of the 1930s : Lessons for Today , Oxford University Press , 2013 , ISBN 9780199663187 , p. 202 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katznelson , Ira ( 2005 ) . When Affirmative Action was White : An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth - Century America . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katznelson , Ira ( 2005 ) . When Affirmative Action was White : An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth - Century America . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 1958 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : The Riverside Press . p. 473 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 1958 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : The Riverside Press . p. 536 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1969 ) . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1969 ) . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 Cambridge University Press 2005 , pp. 3 -- 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83416 - 2 , Cambridge University Press 2005 , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin , `` The Natural '' ( 1955 ) . Atlantic Monthly . pp. 230 -- . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fraser M. Ottanelli ( 1991 ) . The Communist Party of the United States : From the Depression to World War II . Rutgers University Press . p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franklin Delano Roosevelt ; edited by Russell D. Buhite and David W. Levy ( 1992 ) . Fdr 's Fireside Chats . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0806123702 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83416 - 2 , Cambridge University Press 2005 , pp. 5 , 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garraty , John A . The American Nation : A History of the United States Since 1865 . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers ( 1979 ) , p. 656 ISBN 0 - 06 - 042268 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellis Hawley , The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly , Princeton University Press , 1966 , ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1609 - 8 , p. 23 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Daniel Woodley , Fascism and Political Theory : Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology , Routledge Chapman & Hall , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 87157 - 7 , pp. 160 , 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne ( 1996 ) . A History of Fascism , 1914 -- 1945 . University of Wisconsin Pres . p. 350 . ISBN 0299148734 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kevin Passmore , Fascism : A Very Short Introduction , Chapter 6 , Oxford University Press , 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For a list of relevant works , see the list of suggested readings appearing toward the bottom of the article . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krueger , Thomas A. ( 1975 ) . `` New Deal Historiography at Forty '' . Reviews in American History . 3 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 88 . JSTOR 2701507 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger . Jr. ( 1959 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The coming of New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0618340866 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aaron D. Purcell ( 2011 ) . White Collar Radicals : TVA 's Knoxville Fifteen , the New Deal , and the McCarthy Era . U. of Tennessee . ISBN 9781572336834 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger . Jr . The Age of Roosevelt : The coming of New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 . p. 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2000 ) . Joseph McCarthy : Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America 's Most Hated Senator . The Free Press . p. 104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathews 1975 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William E. Leuchtenbrg . The FDR Years : On Roosevelt and his Legacy ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1995 ) , 243 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : M.J. Heale. Franklin . D. Roosevelt : The New Deal and War ( London , 1999 ) 36 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 310 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 312 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 314 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cara A. Finnegan . Picturing Poverty : Print Culture and FSA Photographs ( Smithsonian Books , 2003 ) pp. 43 -- 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harry M. Benshoff , Sean Griffin , America on film : representing race , class , gender , and sexuality at the movies ( 2003 ) pp. 172 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blodgett , `` Cass Gilbert , Architect : Conservative at Bay , '' Journal of American History , December 1985 , Vol. 72 Issue 3 , pp. 615 -- 36 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szalay 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , p. 404 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Industrial Production Index '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series F31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angus Maddison , The World Economy : Historical Statistics ( OECD 2003 ) ; Japan is close , see p 174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Dept of Commerce , National Income and Product Accounts Real GDP and GNP ; Mitchell 446 , 449 , 451 ; Consumer Price Index AND M2 Money Supply : 1800 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smiley , Gene , `` Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s '' , Journal of Economic History , June 1983 , 43 , 487 -- 93 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further Reading ( edit ) </H2> See also : Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt <H3> Surveys ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Badger , Anthony J. The New Deal : The Depression Years , 1933 -- 1940 . ( 2002 ) general survey from British perspective </Li> <Li> Burns , James Macgregor . Roosevelt the Lion and the Fox ( 1956 ) online </Li> <Li> Chafe , William H. ed . The Achievement of American Liberalism : The New Deal and its Legacies ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Collins , Sheila and Gertrude Goldberg , When Government Helped : Learning from the Successes and Failures of the New Deal , ( Oxford UP , 2014 ) , ISBN 9780199990696 </Li> <Li> Conkin , Paul K . The New Deal . ( 1967 ) , a brief New Left critique . </Li> <Li> Dubofsky , Melvyn , ed . The New Deal : Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives. ( 1992 ) , older historiography </Li> <Li> Eden , Robert , ed . New Deal and Its Legacy : Critique and Reappraisal ( 1989 ) , essays by scholars </Li> <Li> Hiltzik , Michael . The New Deal : A Modern History ( 2011 ) , popular history by journalist ; 512pp </Li> <Li> Leuchtenburg , William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal , 1932 -- 1940 . ( 1963 ) . A standard interpretive history . online </Li> <Li> Kennedy , David M. `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , 124 ( Summer 2009 ) , 251 -- 68 . online </Li> <Li> Kennedy , David M. Freedom From Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . ( 1999 ) , survey ; Pulitzer Prize borrow for 14 days </Li> <Li> Kirkendall , Richard S . `` The New Deal As Watershed : The Recent Literature '' , The Journal of American History , ( 1968 ) 54 # 4 pp. 839 -- 52 . in JSTOR , older historiography </Li> <Li> McElvaine Robert S . The Great Depression 2nd ed ( 1993 ) , social history </Li> <Li> Polenberg , Richard . `` The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1945 A Brief History with Documents '' ISBN 0 - 312 - 13310 - 3 </Li> <Li> Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr ( 1957 -- 60 ) , The Age of Roosevelt , the 3 - volume classic narrative history . Strongly supports FDR . <Ul> <Li> Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age of Roosevelt vol 1 : The Crisis Of The Old Order ( 1919 -- 1933 ) ( 1956 ) online to March 1933 </Li> <Li> Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age Of Roosevelt vol 2 : The Coming of the New Deal ( 1958 ) online covers 1933 -- 34 </Li> <Li> Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age of Roosevelt vol 3 : The Age of Upheaval ( 1960 ) ; ( https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.462866/2015.462866.The-Age.pdf online </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sitkoff , Harvard . ed . Fifty Years Later : The New Deal Evaluated. ( 1984 ) . A friendly liberal evaluation . </Li> <Li> Smith , Jason Scott . A Concise History of the New Deal ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> State and local studies ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Arrington , Leonard J. `` Western Agriculture and the New Deal . '' Agricultural History 44 # 4 ( 1970 ) : 337 -- 53 . </Li> <Li> Biles , Roger . The South and the New Deal ( 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Biles , Roger . Big City Boss in Depression and War : Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago . ( 1984 ) ; mayor 1933 -- 1947 </Li> <Li> Biles , Roger . Memphis : In the Great Depression ( U of Tennessee Press , 1986 ) . </Li> <Li> Blakey , George T. Hard Times and New Deal in Kentucky : 1929 -- 1939 ( 1986 ) . </Li> <Li> Braeman , John , Robert H. Bremner and David Brody , eds . The New Deal : Volume Two -- the State and Local Levels ( 1975 ) ; 434 pp ; chapters on Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Virginia , Louisiana , Oklahoma , Wyoming , Montana , Colorado , New Mexico , Oregon , Pittsburgh , and Kansas City . </Li> <Li> Christin , Pierre , and Olivier Balez , eds . Robert Moses : The Master Builder of New York City ( 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Ferguson , Karen Jane . Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta ( 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> Grant , Michael Johnston . Down and Out on the Family Farm : Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> Heineman , Kenneth J. A Catholic New Deal : Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh ( 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Ingalls , Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York 's Little New Deal ( 1975 ) . </Li> <Li> Leader , Leonard . Los Angeles and the Great Depression . ( 1991 ) . 344 pp . </Li> <Li> Lowitt , Richard . The New Deal and the West ( 1984 ) . </Li> <Li> Malone , Michael P ( 1969 ) . `` the New Deal in Idaho '' . Pacific Historical Review . 38 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 310 . JSTOR 3636101 . </Li> <Li> Mullins , William H. The Depression and the Urban West Coast , 1929 -- 1933 : Los Angeles , San Francisco , Seattle , and Portland . ( 1991 ) . 176 pp . </Li> <Li> Nicolaides , Becky M. My Blue Heaven : Life and Politics in the Working - Class Suburbs of Los Angeles , 1920 -- 1965 . ( 2002 ) . 412 pp . </Li> <Li> Patterson , James T . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition ( Princeton UP , 1969 ) . </Li> <Li> Starr , Kevin . Endangered Dreams : The Great Depression in California ( 1997 ) ; excerpt and text search ; </Li> <Li> Stave , Bruce M. The New Deal and the Last Hurrah : Pittsburgh Machine Politics ( 1970 ) . </Li> <Li> Sternsher , Bernard ed. , Hitting Home : The Great Depression in Town and Country ( 1970 ) , essays by scholars on local history . </Li> <Li> Stock , Catherine McNicol . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains ( 1992 ) . </Li> <Li> Strickland , Arvarh E. `` The New Deal Comes to Illinois . '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 63 # 1 ( 1970 ) : 55 -- 68 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Thomas , Jerry Bruce . An Appalachian New Deal : West Virginia in the Great Depression ( 1998 ) . </Li> <Li> Trout , Charles H. Boston , the Great Depression , and the New Deal ( 1977 ) . </Li> <Li> Tweton , D. Jerome , and Roberta Klugman . The New Deal at the Grass Roots : Programs for the People in Otter Tail County , Minnesota ( Minnesota Historical Society Press , 1988 ) . </Li> <Li> Volanto , Keith J. Texas , Cotton , and the New Deal ( 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Volanto , Keith . `` Where are the New Deal Historians of Texas ? : A Literature Review of the New Deal Experience in Texas . '' East Texas Historical Journal 48 + 2 ( 2010 ) : 7 + online </Li> <Li> Wickens , James F. `` The New Deal in Colorado . '' Pacific Historical Review 38 # 3 ( 1969 ) : 275 -- 91 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Williams , Mason B. City of Ambition : FDR , LaGuardia , and the Making of Modern New York ( 2013 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Biographies ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Beasley , Maurine H. , Holly C. Shulman , Henry R. Beasley . The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Brands , H.W. Traitor to His Class : The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Charles , Searle F. Minister of Relief : Harry Hopkins and the Depression ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Cohen , Adam , Nothing to Fear : FDR 's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Graham , Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander , eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt : His Life and Times . ( 1985 ) . An encyclopedic reference . </Li> <Li> Ingalls , Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York 's Little New Deal ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Pederson , William D. ed . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt ( Blackwell Companions to American History ) ( 2011 ) ; 35 essays by scholars ; many deal with politics </Li> </Ul> <H3> Economics , farms , labor and relief ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bernstein , Irving . Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 -- 1941 ( 1970 ) , cover labor unions </Li> <Li> Best , Gary Dean . Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 . ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 93524 - 8 ; conservative perspective </Li> <Li> Blumberg Barbara . The New Deal and the Unemployed : The View from New York City ( 1977 ) . </Li> <Li> Bremer William W. `` Along the American Way : The New Deal 's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed '' . Journal of American History 62 ( December 1975 ) : 636 -- 52 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Brock William R. Welfare , Democracy and the New Deal ( 1988 ) , a British view </Li> <Li> Burns , Helen M. The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms , 1933 -- 1935 ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Folsom , Burton . New Deal or Raw Deal ? : How FDR 's Economic Legacy has Damaged America ( 2008 ) ISBN 1 - 4165 - 9222 - 9 , conservative interpretation </Li> <Li> Fox , Cybelle . Three Worlds of Relief : Race , Immigration , and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Gordon , Colin . New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics , 1920 -- 1935 ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Grant , Michael Johnston . Down and Out on the Family Farm : Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hawley , Ellis W . The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Howard , Donald S . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Huibregtse , Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal , 1919 -- 1935 ; ( University Press of Florida ; 2010 ; 172 pp . ) </Li> <Li> Jensen , Richard J ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . </Li> <Li> Leff , Mark H. The Limits of Symbolic Reform : The New Deal and Taxation ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Lindley , Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley . A New Deal for Youth : The Story of the National Youth Administration ( 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Malamud ; Deborah C. `` ' Who They Are -- or Were ' : Middle - Class Welfare in the Early New Deal '' University of Pennsylvania Law Review v 151 No. 6 2003 . pp. 2019 + . </Li> <Li> Meriam ; Lewis . Relief and Social Security ( 1946 ) . Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs ; 912 pages online </Li> <Li> Mitchell , Broadus . Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1947 ) , survey by economic historian </Li> <Li> Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review </Li> <Li> Parker , Randall E. Reflections on the Great Depression ( 2002 ) interviews with 11 leading economists </Li> <Li> Powell , Jim FDR 's Folly : How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 7615 - 0165 - 7 </Li> <Li> Rosenof , Theodore . Economics in the Long Run : New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies , 1933 -- 1993 ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Rosen , Elliot A. Roosevelt , the Great Depression , and the Economics of Recovery ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2368 - 9 </Li> <Li> Rothbard , Murray . America 's Great Depression ( 1963 ) . </Li> <Li> Saloutos , Theodore . The American Farmer and the New Deal ( 1982 ) . </Li> <Li> Schwartz , Bonnie Fox . The Civil works administration , 1933 -- 1934 : the business of emergency employment in the New Deal ( Princeton University Press , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Singleton , Jeff . The American Dole : Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Skocpol , Theda ; Finegold , Kenneth ( 1982 ) . `` State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal '' . Political Science Quarterly . 97 : 255 -- 78 . JSTOR 2149478 . </Li> <Li> Skocpol , Theda ; Finegold , Kenneth ( 1977 ) . `` Explaining New Deal Labor Policy '' . American Political Science Review . 84 : 1297 -- 304 . JSTOR 1963265 . </Li> <Li> Zelizer ; Julian , E ( 2000 ) . `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 30 ( 2 ) : 331 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Social and cultural History ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Best , Gary Dean . The Nickel and Dime Decade : American Popular Culture during the 1930s ( 1993 ) online </Li> <Li> Cooney , Terry A. Balancing Acts : American Thought and Culture in the 1930s ( Twayne , 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Dickstein , Morris . Dancing in the Dark : A Cultural History of the Great Depression ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Eldridge , David Nicholas . American Culture in the 1930s ( Edinburgh University Press , 2008 ) online </Li> <Li> Kelly , Andrew . Kentucky by Design : The Decorative Arts , American Culture , and the Federal Art Project 's Index of American Design ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> McKinzie , Richard . The New Deal for Artists ( 1984 ) , well illustrated scholarly study </Li> <Li> Mathews , Jane De Hart ( 1975 ) . `` Arts and the People : The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy '' . Journal of American History . 62 : 316 -- 39 . JSTOR 1903257 . </Li> <Li> Pells , Richard . Radical Visions and American Dreams : Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years ( 1973 ) . </Li> <Li> Roddick , Nick . A New Deal in Entertainment : Warner Brothers in the 1930s ( London , BFI , 1983 ) . </Li> <Li> Shlaes , Amity . The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression ( 2007 ) , a conservative approach </Li> <Li> Shindler , Colin . Hollywood in Crisis : Cinema and American Society , 1929 -- 1939 ( Routledge , 1996 ) . </Li> <Li> Stott , William . Documentary Expression and Thirties America ( University of Chicago Press , 1973 ) . </Li> <Li> Wecter , Dixon . The Age of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1948 ) , social history </Li> </Ul> <H3> Politics ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alswang , John . The New Deal and American Politics ( 1978 ) , voting analysis </Li> <Li> Alter , Jonathan . The Defining Moment : FDR 's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope ( 2006 ) , popular account </Li> <Li> Badger , Anthony J. FDR : The First Hundred Days ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Badger , Anthony J. New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bernstein , Barton J. `` The New Deal : The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform '' . In Barton J. Bernstein , ed. , Towards a New Past : Dissenting Essays in American History , pp. 263 -- 88 . ( 1968 ) , an influential New Left attack on the New Deal . </Li> <Li> Best , Gary Dean . The Critical Press and the New Deal : The Press Versus Presidential Power , 1933 -- 1938 ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 94350 - X </Li> <Li> Best , Gary Dean . Retreat from Liberalism : Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 94656 - 8 </Li> <Li> Brinkley , Alan . The End of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War . ( 1995 ) what happened after 1937 </Li> <Li> Cobb , James and Michael Namaroto , eds . The New Deal and the South ( 1984 ) . </Li> <Li> Conklin , Paul K . `` The Myth of New Deal Radicalism '' in Myth America : A Historical Anthology , Volume II . 1997 . Gerster , Patrick , and Cords , Nicholas . ( editors . ) Brandywine Press , ISBN 1 - 881089 - 97 - 5 </Li> <Li> Domhoff , G. William , and Michael J. Webber . Class and Power in the New Deal : Corporate Moderates , Southern Democrats , and the Liberal - Labor Coalition ( Stanford University Press ; 2011 ) 304 pp. uses class dominance theory to examine the Agricultural Adjustment Act , the National Labor Relations Act , and the Social Security Act . </Li> <Li> Ekirch Jr. , Arthur A. Ideologies and Utopias : The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Fraser , Steve and Gary Gerstle , eds. , The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order , ( 1989 ) , essays focused on the long - term results . </Li> <Li> Garraty , John A ( 1973 ) . `` The New Deal , National Socialism , and the Great Depression '' . American Historical Review . 78 ( 4 ) : 907 -- 44 . JSTOR 1858346 . </Li> <Li> Higgs , Robert . Crisis and Leviathan : Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government ( 1987 ) , libertarian critique </Li> <Li> Ladd , Everett Carll and Charles D. Hadley . Transformations of the American Party System : Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s ( 1975 ) , voting behavior </Li> <Li> Lowitt , Richard . The New Deal and the West ( 1984 ) . </Li> <Li> Manza ; Jeff ( 2000 ) . `` Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 26 : 297 -- 322 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 26.1. 297 . </Li> <Li> Milkis , Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur , eds . The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Rosen , Eliot A . The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt : Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sitkoff , Harvard . A New Deal for Blacks : The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue : The Depression Decade ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Smith , Jason Scott . Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Szalay , Michael . New Deal Modernism : American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Tindall George B . The Emergence of the New South , 1915 -- 1945 ( 1967 ) . survey of entire South </Li> <Li> Trout Charles H. Boston , the Great Depression , and the New Deal ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Venn , Fiona ( 1998 ) . The New Deal . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 145 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Ware , Susan . Beyond Suffrage : Women and the New Deal ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Williams , Gloria - Yvonne. ( 2014 ) . `` African - Americans and the Politics of Race During the New Deal . '' In The New Deal and the Great Depression ( pp. 131 -- 44 ) . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . on academia.edu author 's page </Li> <Li> Williams , Mason B. City of Ambition : FDR , La Guardia , and the Making of Modern New York ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of the Census , Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1951 ( 1951 ) full of useful data ; online </Li> <Li> Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) part 1 online ; part 2 online </Li> <Li> Cantril , Hadley and Mildred Strunk , eds . Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1946 ( 1951 ) , massive compilation of many public opinion polls </Li> <Li> Carter , Susan B. et al. eds . The Historical Statistics of the United States ( 6 vol : Cambridge UP , 2006 ) ; huge compilation of statistical data ; online at some universities </Li> <Li> Gallup , George Horace , ed . The Gallup Poll ; Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1971 3 vol ( 1972 ) summarizes results of each poll . </Li> <Li> Lowitt , Richard and Beardsley Maurice , eds . One Third of a Nation : Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Moley , Raymond . After Seven Years ( 1939 ) , conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster </Li> <Li> Nixon , Edgar B. ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs ( 3 vol 1969 ) , covers 1933 -- 37 . 2nd series 1937 -- 39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries . </Li> <Li> Roosevelt , Franklin D. ; Rosenman , Samuel Irving , ed . The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 13 vol , 1938 , 1945 ) ; public material only ( no letters ) ; covers 1928 -- 1945 . </Li> <Li> Zinn , Howard , ed . New Deal Thought ( 1966 ) , a compilation of primary sources . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Deal . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : New Deal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Living New Deal Project , a digital database of the lasting effects of the New Deal founded in the Department of Geography at the University of California , Berkeley </Li> <Li> The Smithsonian American Art Museum 's Exhibition `` 1934 : A New Deal for Artists '' </Li> <Li> Art , Culture , and Government : The New Deal at 75 . Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Documentation of March 13 -- 14 , 2008 Symposium including webcasts of presentations </Li> <Li> Hannsgen , Greg E. and Papadimitriou , Dimitri B. Lessons from the New Deal : Did the New Deal Prolong or Worsen the Great Depression ? Working Paper No. 581 , The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College . October 2009 . </Li> <Li> New Deal by Alan Brinkley on History.com </Li> <Li> Robert E. Burke Collection . 1892 -- 1994 . 60.42 cubic feet ( 68 boxes plus 2 oversize folders and one oversize vertical file ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Contains material collected by Robert E. Burke on the New Deal from 1932 to 1959 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Franklin D. 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which new deal critic encouraged the creation of a pension plan
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=New_Deal&amp;oldid=833185815
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The Gulag Archipelago - wikipedia <H1> The Gulag Archipelago </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> The Gulag Archipelago <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original title </Th> <Td> Архипела́г ГУЛА́Г </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Translator </Th> <Td> Geneviève Johannet , José Johannet , Nikita Struve ( French ) Thomas P. Whitney ( English ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Russian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Éditions du Seuil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published in English </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 06 - 013914 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 802879 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dewey Decimal </Th> <Td> 365 /. 45 / 0947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> HV9713 . S6413 1974 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Gulag Archipelago ( Russian : Архипела́г ГУЛА́Г , Arkhipelág GULÁG ) is a three - volume book written between 1958 and 1968 by Russian writer and historian Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn . It was first published in 1973 , followed by an English translation the following year . It covers life in the gulag , the Soviet forced labour camp system , through a narrative constructed from various sources , including Solzhenitsyn 's own experience as a gulag prisoner , reports , interviews , statements , diaries , and legal documents . </P> <P> Following its publication , the book initially circulated in samizdat underground publication in the Soviet Union until its appearance in the literary journal Novy Mir in 1989 , in which a third of the work was published in three issues . Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , The Gulag Archipelago has been officially published , and since 2009 , is mandatory reading as part of the Russian school curriculum . A fiftieth anniversary edition will be released in 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure and factual basis </Li> <Li> 2 Historical impact of the text </Li> <Li> 3 Publication </Li> <Li> 4 Criticism </Li> <Li> 5 TV documentary </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure and factual basis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Structurally , the text comprises seven sections divided ( in most printed editions ) into three volumes : parts 1 -- 2 , parts 3 -- 4 , and parts 5 -- 7 . At one level , the Gulag Archipelago traces the history of the system of forced labor camps that existed in the Soviet Union from 1918 to 1956 . Solzhenitsyn begins with V.I. Lenin 's original decrees which were made shortly after the October Revolution ; they established the legal and practical framework for a series of camps where political prisoners and ordinary criminals would be sentenced to forced labor . The book then describes and discusses the waves of purges and the assembling of show trials in the context of the development of the greater Gulag system ; Solzhenitsyn gives particular attention to its purposive legal and bureaucratic development . </P> <P> The legal and historical narrative ends in 1956 at the time of Nikita Khrushchev 's Secret Speech ( `` On the Personality Cult and its Consequences '' ) . Khrushchev gave the speech at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , denouncing Stalin 's personality cult , his autocratic power , and the surveillance that pervaded the Stalin era . Although Khrushchev 's speech was not published in the USSR for a long time , it was a break with the most atrocious practices of the Gulag system . </P> <P> Despite the efforts by Solzhenitsyn and others to confront the legacy of the Gulag , the realities of the camps remained a taboo subject until the 1980s . Solzhenitsyn was also aware that although many practices had been stopped , the basic structure of the system had survived and it could be revived and expanded by future leaders . While Khrushchev , the Communist Party , and the Soviet Union 's supporters in the West viewed the Gulag as a deviation of Stalin , Solzhenitsyn and many among the opposition tended to view it as a systemic fault of Soviet political culture -- an inevitable outcome of the Bolshevik political project . </P> <P> Parallel to this historical and legal narrative , Solzhenitsyn follows the typical course of a zek ( a slang term for an inmate ) , derived from the widely used abbreviation `` z / k '' for `` zakliuchennyi '' ( prisoner ) through the Gulag , starting with arrest , show trial , and initial internment ; transport to the `` archipelago '' ; the treatment of prisoners and their general living conditions ; slave labor gangs and the technical prison camp system ; camp rebellions and strikes ( see Kengir uprising ) ; the practice of internal exile following the completion of the original prison sentence ; and the ultimate ( but not guaranteed ) release of the prisoner . Along the way , Solzhenitsyn 's examination details the trivial and commonplace events of an average prisoner 's life , as well as specific and noteworthy events during the history of the Gulag system , including revolts and uprisings . </P> <P> Solzhenitsyn also waxes philosophical : </P> <P> Macbeth 's self - justifications were feeble -- and his conscience devoured him . Yes , even Iago was a little lamb , too . The imagination and spiritual strength of Shakespeare 's evildoers stopped short at a dozen corpses . Because they had no ideology . Ideology -- that is what gives evildoing its long - sought justification and gives the evildoer the necessary steadfastness and determination . That is the social theory which helps to make his acts seem good instead of bad in his own and others ' eyes ... That was how the agents of the Inquisition fortified their wills : by invoking Christianity ; the conquerors of foreign lands , by extolling the grandeur of their Motherland ; the colonizers , by civilization ; the Nazis , by race ; and the Jacobins ( early and late ) , by equality , brotherhood , and the happiness of future generations ... Without evildoers there would have been no Archipelago . </P> <P> Solzhenitsyn draws on his own and fellow prisoners ' long experiences in the gulag as the basis for this non-fiction work . Solzhenitsyn spent time as an inmate at a sharashka or scientific prison , an experience that he also used as the basis of the 1968 novel The First Circle . However , the ultimate integrity and authority of The Gulag Archipelago is rooted in the first - hand testimony of 227 fellow prisoners . The sheer volume of firsthand testimony and primary documentation that Solzhenitsyn managed to assemble in this work made all subsequent Soviet and KGB attempts to discredit the work useless . Much of the impact of the treatise stems from the closely detailed stories of interrogation routines , prison indignities and ( especially in section 3 ) camp massacres and inhuman practices . Solzhenitsyn also poetically re-introduces his character of Ivan Denisovich towards the conclusion of the book . When questioned by the book 's author if he has faithfully recounted the story of the Gulag , Denisovich ( now apparently freed from the camps ) replies that `` you ( the author ) have not even begun ... '' . </P> <P> One chapter of the third volume of the book was written by a prisoner named Georg Tenno , whose exploits so amazed Solzhenitsyn to the extent that he offered to name Tenno as co-author of the book ; Tenno declined . </P> <P> There had been works about the Soviet prison / camp system before , and its existence had been known to the Western public since the 1930s . However , never before had the general reading public been brought face to face with the horrors of the Gulag in this way . The controversy surrounding this text , in particular , was largely due to the way Solzhenitsyn definitively and painstakingly laid the theoretical , legal , and practical origins of the Gulag system at Lenin 's feet , not Stalin 's . According to Solzhenitsyn 's testimony , Stalin merely amplified a concentration camp system that was already in place . This is significant , as many Western intellectuals viewed the Soviet concentration camp system as a `` Stalinist aberration '' . </P> <H2> Historical impact of the text ( edit ) </H2> <P> Solzhenitsyn documented the Soviet government 's reliance on the prison system for governance and labor , placing doubt on the entire moral standing of the Soviet system . The government could not govern without the threat of imprisonment . The Soviet economy depended on the productivity and output of the forced labor camps , especially insofar as the development and construction of public works and infrastructure were concerned . </P> <P> In Western Europe , the book eventually contributed strongly to the need for a rethinking of the historical role of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov , Lenin . With The Gulag Archipelago , Lenin 's political and historical legacy became problematic , and those factions of Western communist parties who still based their economic and political ideology on Lenin were left with a heavy burden of proof against them . George F. Kennan , the influential U.S. diplomat , called The Gulag Archipelago `` the most powerful single indictment of a political regime ever to be leveled in modern times '' . The book was published at a time when many communists in the West were already re-thinking their relationship towards the USSR , as many were deeply disappointed by the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 . In Germany , it sparked discussions not only about Leninism but also about how to deal with the memory of World War II . </P> <P> In an interview with German weekly Die Zeit , British historian Orlando Figes asserted that many gulag inmates he interviewed for his research identified so strongly with the book 's contents that they became unable to distinguish between their own experiences and what they read : `` The Gulag Archipelago spoke for a whole nation and was the voice of all those who suffered '' . </P> <H2> Publication ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the KGB had confiscated Solzhenitsyn 's materials in Moscow , during 1965 -- 1967 , the preparatory drafts of The Gulag Archipelago were turned into finished typescript , sometimes in hiding at his friends ' homes in the Moscow region and elsewhere . While held at the KGB 's Lubyanka Prison in 1945 , Solzhenitsyn had befriended Arnold Susi , a lawyer and former Estonian Minister of Education , who had been taken captive after the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1940 . Solzhenitsyn entrusted Susi with the original typed and proofread manuscript of the finished work , after copies had been made of it both on paper and on microfilm . Arnold Susi 's daughter , Heli Susi , subsequently kept the `` master copy '' hidden from the KGB in Estonia until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . </P> <P> In 1973 the KGB seized one of only three existing copies of the text still on Soviet soil . This they achieved after interrogating Elizaveta Voronyanskaya , one of Solzhenitsyn 's trusted typists who knew where the typed copy was hidden ; within days of her release by the KGB she hanged herself ( 3 August 1973 ) . Although he had earlier wanted it published in Russia first , after Solzhenitsyn learned of her death , he decided the next month , September , to allow its publication in Paris . </P> <P> The first edition of the work was published ( in Russian ) by the French publishing house Éditions du Seuil a few days after Christmas 1973 ; they had received a go - ahead from Solzhenitsyn but had decided to release the work about ten days earlier than he had expected . News of the nature of the work immediately caused a stir , and translations into many other languages followed within the next few months , sometimes produced in a race against time . American Thomas Whitney produced the English version ; the English and French translations of Volume I appeared in the spring and summer of 1974 . </P> <P> Solzhenitsyn had wanted the manuscript to be published in Russia first , but knew this was impossible under conditions then extant . The work had a profound effect internationally . Not only did it provoke energetic debate in the West ; a mere six weeks after the work had left Parisian presses Solzhenitsyn himself was forced into exile . </P> <P> Because possession of the manuscript incurred the risk of a long prison sentence for `` anti-Soviet activities '' , Solzhenitsyn never worked on the manuscript in complete form . Since he was under constant KGB surveillance , Solzhenitsyn worked on only parts of the manuscript at any one time , so as not to put the full book into jeopardy if he happened to be arrested . For this reason , he secreted the various parts of the work throughout Moscow and the surrounding suburbs , in the care of trusted friends . Sometimes when he was purportedly visiting them on social calls he actually worked on the manuscript in their homes . During much of this time , Solzhenitsyn lived at the dacha of the world - famous cellist Mstislav Rostropovich , and due to the reputation and standing of the musician , despite the elevated scrutiny of the Soviet authorities , Solzhenitsyn was reasonably safe from KGB searches there . </P> <P> Solzhenitsyn did not think this series would be his defining work , as he considered it journalism and history rather than high literature . However , with the possible exception of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich , it is his best - known and most popular work , at least in the West . </P> <P> Finished in 1968 , The Gulag Archipelago was microfilmed and smuggled out to Solzhenitsyn 's main legal representative , Dr Fritz Heeb of Zürich , to await publication ( a later paper copy , also smuggled out , was signed by Heinrich Böll at the foot of each page to prove against possible accusations of a falsified work ) . </P> <P> Solzhenitsyn was aware that there was a wealth of material and perspectives that deserved to be continued in the future , but he considered the book finished for his part . The royalties and sales income for the book were transferred to the Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund for aid to former camp prisoners , and this fund , which had to work in secret in its native country , managed to transfer substantial amounts of money to those ends in the 1970s and 1980s . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> Natalya Reshetovskaya , Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's first wife , wrote in her memoirs that The Gulag Archipelago was based on `` campfire folklore '' as opposed to objective facts . She wrote that she was `` perplexed '' that the Western media had accepted The Gulag Archipelago as `` the solemn , ultimate truth '' , saying that its significance had been `` overestimated and wrongly appraised '' . She said that her husband did not regard the work as `` historical research , or scientific research '' , and added that The Gulag Archipelago was a collection of `` camp folklore '' , containing `` raw material '' which her husband was planning to use in his future productions . However , it is likely that her memoirs were part of a KGB campaign , orchestrated by Yuri Andropov in 1974 , to discredit Solzhenitsyn . Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft asserts that it is essentially a `` literary and political work '' , and `` never claimed to place the camps in a historical or social - scientific quantitative perspective '' . </P> <H2> Tv documentary ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 12 December 2009 , the Russian channel Rossiya K showed the French television documentary L'Histoire Secrète de l'Archipel du Goulag made by Jean Crépu and Nicolas Miletitch and translated it into Russian under the title Taynaya Istoriya `` Arkhipelaga GULAG '' ( Secret History : The Gulag Archipelago ) . The documentary covers events related to the writing and publication of The Gulag Archipelago . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Art and culture in the Gulag labor camps </Li> <Li> Article 58 ( RSFSR Penal Code ) , the legal basis for imprisonment for `` anti-Soviet activities '' </Li> <Li> Black site </Li> <Li> Julius Margolin </Li> <Li> Seven - Eighths Rule , whereby persons were imprisoned for theft of communal property , including trivially small items </Li> <Li> Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century </Li> <Li> Kulak , peasants imprisoned as `` class enemies '' for possessing a little more than average </Li> <Li> The Black Book of Communism </Li> <Li> Tom Rob Smith 's novels </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> 1. ^ A similar network of forced labour camps , known as katorga , existed in the Russian Empire since the early 18th century . It was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government in 1917 . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph Pearce ( 2011 ) . Solzhenitsyn : A Soul in Exile . Ignatius Press . pp. 81 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58617 - 496 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Gulag Archipelago is included in the obligatory school program '' . Izvestia . September 2009 . Retrieved June 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , Chapter 4 , p. 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Donald Michael ( 1998 ) . Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn : A Century in his Life . London : Abacus . p. 439 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn : Speaking truth to power '' , The Economist , 7 August 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ulrich Rosenbaum : Ist der Wurm nun aus dem Apfel Gefallen ? , `` Vorwärts '' , 21 February 1974 , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elisa Kriza ( 2014 ) . Alexander Solzhenitsyn : Cold War Icon , Gulag Author , Russian Nationalist ? A Study of His Western Reception . Stuttgart : Ibidem , pp. 194 -- 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Held des Westens , Die Zeit , 7 August 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solzhenitsyn , The Oak and the Calf and Invisible Allies </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Alla ; Norton T. Dodge ( 2001 ) . Art of the Baltics : The Struggle for Freedom of Artistic Expression Under the Soviets , 1945 -- 1991 . Rutgers University Press . pp. 55 , 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3042 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solzhenitsyn , Aleksandr ( 1997 ) . Invisible Allies . Basic Books . pp. 46 -- 64 The Estonians . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887178 - 42 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solzhenitsyn , Literary Giant Who Defied Soviets Dies at 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , 1998 , p. 398 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scammell , Solzhenitsyn , a Biography , 1985 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , Paul ( 2003 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Natalya Reshetovskaya , 84 , Is Dead ; Solzhenitsyn 's Wife Questioned ' Gulag ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) , The Mitrokhin Archive : The KGB in Europe and the West , Gardners Books , pp. 416 -- 19 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 028487 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Stephen ( 1996 ) . `` The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings , 1930 -- 45 '' ( PDF ) . Europe - Asia Studies . 48 ( 8 ) : 1330 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139608412415 . JSTOR 152781 . When Solzhenitsyn wrote and distributed his Gulag Archipelago it had enormous political significance and greatly increased popular understanding of part of the repression system . But this was a literary and political work ; it never claimed to place the camps in a historical or social - scientific quantitative perspective , Solzhenitsyn cited a figure of 12 -- 15 million in the camps . But this was a figure that he hurled at the authorities as a challenge for them to show that the scale of the camps was less than this . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` '' Тайная история `` Архипелага ГУЛАГ '' `` . Премьера фильма '' . The press service the channel Rossiya K. 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marina , Nicolaev ( 10 October 2009 ) . `` Ultimul interviu Aleksandr Soljeniţîn : `` L \ ' histoire secrète de L \ ' ARCHIPEL DU GULAG '' `` . Poezie . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret History : The Gulag Archipelago ( in Russian ) . Video.yandex.ru . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Jakobson . Origins Of The Gulag : The Soviet Prison Camp System , 1917 -- 1934 . p. 16 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Gulag Archipelago </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Solzhenitsyn , Aleksandr . The Gulag Archipelago ( in Russian ) . All volumes for reading in browser , or plaintext : parts 1 and 2 , parts 3 and 4 , and parts 5 , 6 , and 7 . </Li> <Li> Solzhenitsyn , Aleksandr . The Gulag Archipelago . Internet Archive ( various formats ) . All Volumes </Li> <Li> Saving the Nation Is the Utmost Priority for the State at the Wayback Machine ( archived 27 May 2006 ) Moscow News ( 2006 - 05 - 02 ) </Li> <Li> Cohen , Stephen F. ( June 16 , 1974 ) . `` Books : The Gulag Archipelago '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poetry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prose Poems ( 1958 -- 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Prussian Nights ( 1974 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Love - Girl and the Innocent ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Candle in the Wind ( 1960 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The First Circle ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Cancer Ward ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> The Red Wheel <Ul> <Li> August 1914 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> November 1916 ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> March 1917 ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> April 1917 ( c. 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> An Incident at Krechetovka Station ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Matryona 's Place ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> For the Good of the Cause ( 1963 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Gulag Archipelago ( 1973 -- 78 ) </Li> <Li> The Oak and the Calf ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Two Hundred Years Together ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BNF : cb120051289 ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4739174 - 1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gulag_Archipelago&oldid=843205387 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1973 books </Li> <Li> Gulag memoirs </Li> <Li> Novels by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn </Li> <Li> Novels about political repression in the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Novels set in the Stalin era </Li> <Li> Novels set in the Gulag </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 errors : dates </Li> <Li> CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) </Li> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles containing Russian - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2011 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Башҡортса </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 28 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 16 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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the book that brought down the soviet union
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Gulag_Archipelago&amp;oldid=843205387
-2,171,186,810,209,218,300
Animal Welfare Board of India - Wikipedia <H1> Animal Welfare Board of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Animal Welfare Board of India is a statutory advisory body advising the Government </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Founding </Li> <Li> 2 Selected history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Lab animals </Li> <Li> 2.2 Animals in entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Functions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Recognition of Animal Welfare Organisations </Li> <Li> 3.2 Financial assistance </Li> <Li> 3.3 Animal welfare Laws and Rules </Li> <Li> 3.4 Raising awareness </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Founding ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Animal Welfare Board of India was established in 1962 under Section 4 of The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act , 1960 . Well - known humanitarian Rukmini Devi Arundale was instrumental in setting up the board and was its first chair . The Board consists of 28 Members , who serve for a period of 3 years . It has its headquarters in Chennai , India </P> <P> The Board was initially within the jurisdiction of the Government of India 's Ministry of Food and Agriculture . In 1990 , the subject of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was transferred to the Ministry of Environment , Forests and Climate change , where it now resides . </P> <H2> Selected history ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Lab animals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Concerned about the abuse of animals in research , in the Board 's early history , it recommended that the government create the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals ( CPCSEA ) . The Committee was created , and the Board 's representative Dr. S. Chinny Krishna deposed twice before the Committee about `` the dismal state of laboratories in India . '' </P> <P> A number of years passed before the subject was `` taken up effectively by the Government . '' In 2001 , the government passed Rules covering the breeding and experimentation on animals . </P> <H3> Animals in entertainment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Another early concern of the Board was the cruelty involved when animals were used in entertainment . In 1964 , the Board published the booklet , `` Circuses - Amusement for the Uncivilised '' . In 2001 , the government passed the Performing Animals Rules , which were amended in 2005 . In 2012 , the Board reported that the Rules were being implemented in an effective way . </P> <H2> Functions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some of the functions of the Board include : </P> <H3> Recognition of Animal Welfare Organisations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Board oversees Animal Welfare Organisations ( AWOs ) by granting recognition to them if they meet its guidelines . The organisation must submit paperwork ; agree to nominate a representative of the Animal Welfare Board of India on its Executive Committee ; and to submit to regular inspections . After meeting the requirements and an inspection , the organisation is considered for grant of recognition . The AWBI also appoints key people to the positions of ( Hon ) Animal Welfare Officers , who serve as the key point of contact between the people , the government and law enforcement agencies . </P> <H3> Financial assistance ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Board provides financial assistance to recognised Animal Welfare Organisations ( AWOs ) , who submit applications to the Board . Categories of grants include Regular Grant , Cattle Rescue Grant , Provision of Shelter House for looking after the Animals , Animal Birth Control ( ABC ) Programme , Provision of Ambulance for the animals in distress and Natural Calamity grant . </P> <H3> Animal Welfare laws and Rules ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Board suggests changes to laws and rules about animal welfare issues . In 2011 , a new draft Animal Welfare Act was published for comment . Guidance is also offered to organisations and officials such as police to help them interpret and apply the laws . </P> <H3> Raising awareness ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Board issues publications to raise awareness of various animal welfare issues . The Board 's Education Team gives talks on animal welfare subjects , and trains members of the community to be Board Certified Animal Welfare Educators . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Animal welfare and rights in India </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction '' , Animal Welfare Board of India , accessed August 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering The Board 's Early Days '' , Dr. S. Chinny Krishna , Animal Citizen , Animal Welfare Board of India , July - Sept. 2012 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Recognition '' , Animal Welfare Board of India , accessed August 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Financial Assistance '' , Animal Welfare Board of India , accessed August 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Draft Animal Welfare Act 2011 '' , Animal Welfare Board of India , accessed August 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Protection Laws for guidance of Police , HAWOs , NGOs & AWOs '' , Animal Welfare Board of India , accessed August 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Publications '' , Animal Welfare Board of India , accessed August 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AWBI Launches Humane Education Project '' , Animal Citizen , Animal Welfare Board of India , July - Sept. 2012 , p. 2 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Animal rights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overview </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abolitionism </Li> <Li> Animal protectionism </Li> <Li> Animal welfare </Li> <Li> Speciesism </Li> <Li> Vegaphobia </Li> <Li> Veganism </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Issues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ahimsa </Li> <Li> Anarchism </Li> <Li> Animal cognition </Li> <Li> Animal consciousness </Li> <Li> Animal law </Li> <Li> Animal model </Li> <Li> Animal rights and the Holocaust </Li> <Li> Animal product </Li> <Li> Animal rights movement </Li> <Li> Animal testing </Li> <Li> Animal testing on non-human primates </Li> <Li> Animals in sport </Li> <Li> Anthrozoology </Li> <Li> Anti-hunting </Li> <Li> Bile bear </Li> <Li> Bioethics </Li> <Li> Blood sport </Li> <Li> Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness </Li> <Li> Carnism </Li> <Li> Cosmetics testing </Li> <Li> Chick culling </Li> <Li> Christianity and animal rights </Li> <Li> Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation </Li> <Li> Cormorant culling </Li> <Li> Covance </Li> <Li> Cruelty to animals </Li> <Li> Deep ecology </Li> <Li> Ethics of eating meat </Li> <Li> Fox hunting </Li> <Li> Fur trade </Li> <Li> Great ape research ban </Li> <Li> Green Scare </Li> <Li> Huntingdon Life Sciences </Li> <Li> Intensive animal farming </Li> <Li> Ivory trade </Li> <Li> Livestock </Li> <Li> Meat paradox </Li> <Li> Nafovanny </Li> <Li> Nonviolence </Li> <Li> Open rescue </Li> <Li> Operation Backfire </Li> <Li> Pain in animals </Li> <Li> Pain and suffering in laboratory animals </Li> <Li> Primate trade </Li> <Li> Seal hunting </Li> <Li> Slaughterhouse </Li> <Li> Stock - free agriculture </Li> <Li> Toxicology testing </Li> <Li> Veganism </Li> <Li> Vegetarianism </Li> <Li> Western Australian shark cull </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brown Dog affair </Li> <Li> Cambridge University primates </Li> <Li> McLibel case </Li> <Li> Pit of despair </Li> <Li> Silver Spring monkeys </Li> <Li> University of California Riverside 1985 laboratory raid </Li> <Li> Unnecessary Fuss </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Advocates </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Academics and writers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carol Adams </Li> <Li> Tom Beauchamp </Li> <Li> Marc Bekoff </Li> <Li> Paola Cavalieri </Li> <Li> Stephen R.L. 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Ryder </Li> <Li> Peter Singer </Li> <Li> Henry Stephens Salt </Li> <Li> Steve Sapontzis </Li> <Li> Gary Steiner </Li> <Li> Cass Sunstein </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cleveland Amory </Li> <Li> Greg Avery </Li> <Li> Matt Ball </Li> <Li> Martin Balluch </Li> <Li> Barbi twins </Li> <Li> Brigitte Bardot </Li> <Li> Bob Barker </Li> <Li> Gene Baur </Li> <Li> Frances Power Cobbe </Li> <Li> Rod Coronado </Li> <Li> Evandro Costa </Li> <Li> Karen Davis </Li> <Li> Chris DeRose </Li> <Li> Robert Enke </Li> <Li> John Feldmann </Li> <Li> Bruce Friedrich </Li> <Li> Juliet Gellatley </Li> <Li> Jordan Halliday </Li> <Li> Barry Horne </Li> <Li> Ronnie Lee </Li> <Li> Lizzy Lind af Hageby </Li> <Li> Jo - Anne McArthur </Li> <Li> Bill Maher </Li> <Li> Keith Mann </Li> <Li> Dan Mathews </Li> <Li> Ingrid Newkirk </Li> <Li> Heather Nicholson </Li> <Li> Alex Pacheco </Li> <Li> Jill Phipps </Li> <Li> Craig Rosebraugh </Li> <Li> Nathan Runkle </Li> <Li> Henry Spira </Li> <Li> Kim Stallwood </Li> <Li> Marianne Thieme </Li> <Li> Darren Thurston </Li> <Li> Andrew Tyler </Li> <Li> Gary Yourofsky </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Movement </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Groups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animal Aid </Li> <Li> Animal Legal Defense Fund </Li> <Li> Animal Liberation Front </Li> <Li> British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection </Li> <Li> Centre for Animals and Social Justice </Li> <Li> Chinese Animal Protection Network </Li> <Li> Direct Action Everywhere </Li> <Li> Farm Animal Rights Movement </Li> <Li> Great Ape Project </Li> <Li> Hunt Saboteurs Association </Li> <Li> In Defense of Animals </Li> <Li> Korea Animal Rights Advocates </Li> <Li> Last Chance for Animals </Li> <Li> Mercy for Animals </Li> <Li> New England Anti-Vivisection Society </Li> <Li> Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics </Li> <Li> Oxford Group </Li> <Li> People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals </Li> <Li> United Poultry Concerns </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AAEVP ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> Animal Justice Party ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> Animal Welfare Party ( UK ) </Li> <Li> PACMA ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Party for the Animals ( Netherlands ) </Li> <Li> Partito Animalista Italiano ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> Tierschutzpartei ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> V - Partei3 ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> People -- Animals -- Nature ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animals ' Rights : Considered in Relation to Social Progress ( 1894 ) </Li> <Li> Animals , Men and Morals ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Animal Liberation ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Case for Animal Rights ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Lives of Animals ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Striking at the Roots ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> An American Trilogy ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Animals Film ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> A Cow at My Table ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Meet Your Meat ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Peaceable Kingdom ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Earthlings ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Behind the Mask ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Cove ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Forks Over Knives ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Vegucated ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Speciesism : The Movie ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Ghosts in Our Machine ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Categories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animal advocacy parties </Li> <Li> Animal law </Li> <Li> Animal Liberation Front </Li> <Li> Animal rights </Li> <Li> Animal rights activists </Li> <Li> Animal right media </Li> <Li> Animal rights movement </Li> <Li> Animal rights scholars </Li> <Li> Animal testing </Li> <Li> Blood sports </Li> <Li> Livestock </Li> <Li> Meat industry </Li> <Li> Poultry </Li> <Li> Veganism </Li> <Li> Vegetarianism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Animal rights portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chennai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Early history ( pre-1500 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sangam period </Li> <Li> Thomas the Apostle </Li> <Li> Pallava Dynasty </Li> <Li> Chola Dynasty </Li> <Li> Vijayanagar Empire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colonial period ( 1500 -- 1900 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> São Tomé de Meliapore </Li> <Li> Raja of Chandragiri </Li> <Li> Agency of Fort St George </Li> <Li> 1721 Madras cyclone </Li> <Li> Carnatic Wars ( Madras Adyar Chingleput ) </Li> <Li> Anglo - Mysore Wars </Li> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern period ( 1900 -- present ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arbuthnot Bank Crash </Li> <Li> Besant v. Narayaniah </Li> <Li> Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden </Li> <Li> de La Haye scandal </Li> <Li> 1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike </Li> <Li> Neil Statue Satyagraha </Li> <Li> 1928 South Indian Railway Strike </Li> <Li> 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike </Li> <Li> 1943 Chennai floods </Li> <Li> Madras Manade </Li> <Li> Anti-Hindi agitations </Li> <Li> Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi </Li> <Li> R.S.S. Chennai bombing </Li> <Li> 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake </Li> <Li> 2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests </Li> <Li> 2015 South Indian floods </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writers and historians </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> S. Muthiah </Li> <Li> Randor Guy </Li> <Li> S. Theodore Baskaran </Li> <Li> V. Sriram </Li> <Li> A.R. Venkatachalapathy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography and wildlife </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Metropolitan Area </Li> <Li> Central Chennai </Li> <Li> North Chennai </Li> <Li> South Chennai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivers and waterways </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adyar River </Li> <Li> Buckingham Canal </Li> <Li> Coovum River </Li> <Li> Kosasthalaiyar River </Li> <Li> Otteri Nullah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chembarambakkam Lake </Li> <Li> Chetput Lake </Li> <Li> Long Tank </Li> <Li> Manali Lake </Li> <Li> Porur Lake </Li> <Li> Red Hills Lake </Li> <Li> Retteri </Li> <Li> Veeranam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kattupalli Island </Li> <Li> Quibble Island </Li> <Li> The Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zoological parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arignar Anna Zoological Park </Li> <Li> Chennai Snake Park </Li> <Li> Guindy National Park </Li> <Li> Madras Crocodile Bank </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reserve Forests </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nanmangalam Reserve Forest </Li> <Li> Vandalur Reserve Forest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marshlands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ennore creek </Li> <Li> Pallikaranai Wetland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heritage monuments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amir Mahal </Li> <Li> Bharat Insurance Building </Li> <Li> Brodie Castle </Li> <Li> Chennai Central Prison </Li> <Li> Chepauk Palace </Li> <Li> LIC Building </Li> <Li> Lighthouse </Li> <Li> Police headquarters </Li> <Li> Port Trust Building </Li> <Li> Puzhal Central Prison </Li> <Li> Ripon Building </Li> <Li> Royapuram railway station </Li> <Li> University of Madras Senate House </Li> <Li> Southern Railway headquarters </Li> <Li> Valluvar Kottam </Li> <Li> Victoria Public Hall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marina Beach Statues </Li> <Li> Thomas Munro </Li> <Li> Triumph of Labour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Memorials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gandhi Mandapam </Li> <Li> Kamarajar Mandapam </Li> <Li> Rajaji Mandapam </Li> <Li> Rajiv Gandhi Memorial </Li> <Li> Madras War Cemetery </Li> <Li> Victory War Memorial </Li> <Li> Vivekanandar Illam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Administration and Politics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Districts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai District </Li> <Li> Tiruvallur District </Li> <Li> Kanchipuram District </Li> <Li> Vellore District </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taluks </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chennai District </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aminjikarai </Li> <Li> Ayanavaram </Li> <Li> Egmore </Li> <Li> Guindy </Li> <Li> Mambalam </Li> <Li> Mylapore </Li> <Li> Perambur </Li> <Li> Purasaiwalkam </Li> <Li> Tondiarpet </Li> <Li> Velachery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tiruvallur district </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tiruvottiyur </Li> <Li> Madhavaram </Li> <Li> Ambattur </Li> <Li> Avadi </Li> <Li> Maduravoyal </Li> <Li> Ponneri </Li> <Li> Poonamallee </Li> <Li> Tiruvallur </Li> <Li> Gummidipoondi </Li> <Li> Uthukottai </Li> <Li> Tiruttani </Li> <Li> Pallipattu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kanchipuram district </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alandur </Li> <Li> Sholinganallur </Li> <Li> Pallavaram </Li> <Li> Tambaram </Li> <Li> Chengalpattu </Li> <Li> Thiruporur </Li> <Li> Tirukalukundram </Li> <Li> Sriperumbudur </Li> <Li> Walajabad </Li> <Li> Kanchipuram </Li> <Li> Uthiramerur </Li> <Li> Madurantakam </Li> <Li> Cheyyur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vellore District </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arakkonam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parliamentary constituencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Central </Li> <Li> Chennai North </Li> <Li> Chennai South </Li> <Li> Sriperumbudur </Li> <Li> Thiruvallur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assembly constituencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alandur </Li> <Li> Ambattur </Li> <Li> Anna Nagar </Li> <Li> Avadi </Li> <Li> Chengalpattu </Li> <Li> Chepauk </Li> <Li> Egmore </Li> <Li> Harbour </Li> <Li> Kolathur </Li> <Li> Madhavaram </Li> <Li> Maduravoyal </Li> <Li> Mylapore </Li> <Li> Pallavaram </Li> <Li> Perambur </Li> <Li> Ponneri </Li> <Li> Poonamallee </Li> <Li> RK Nagar </Li> <Li> Royapuram </Li> <Li> Saidapet </Li> <Li> Sholinganallur </Li> <Li> Sriperumbudur </Li> <Li> T. Nagar </Li> <Li> Tambaram </Li> <Li> Thiru . Vi . Ka . Nagar </Li> <Li> Thiruvottiyur </Li> <Li> Thousand Lights </Li> <Li> Tiruvallur </Li> <Li> Villivakkam </Li> <Li> Virugambakkam </Li> <Li> Velachery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nodal Agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Chennai Corporation </Li> <Li> Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority </Li> <Li> Chennai MetroWater and Sewage Board </Li> <Li> Chennai Police Commissionerate </Li> <Li> General Post Office </Li> <Li> Greater Chennai Police </Li> <Li> Madras High Court <Ul> <Li> Sheriff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu Electricity Board </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Economy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Business districts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burma Bazaar </Li> <Li> Kothawal Chavadi </Li> <Li> Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex </Li> <Li> Panagal Park </Li> <Li> Parry 's Corner </Li> <Li> Pondy Bazaar </Li> <Li> Purasawalkam </Li> <Li> Ranganathan Street </Li> <Li> Ritchie Street </Li> <Li> Velachery </Li> <Li> Washermanpet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SEZ </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SEZ Corridor </Li> <Li> MEPZ </Li> <Li> Tidel Park </Li> <Li> World Trade Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies and institutions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aavin </Li> <Li> Ashok Leyland </Li> <Li> Basin Bridge Gas </Li> <Li> Blue Dart Aviation </Li> <Li> Chettinad Group </Li> <Li> EID Parry </Li> <Li> Ennore Thermal </Li> <Li> GMR Vasavi </Li> <Li> Heavy Vehicles Factory </Li> <Li> Higginbotham 's </Li> <Li> Indian Bank </Li> <Li> Indian Overseas Bank </Li> <Li> Integral Coach Factory </Li> <Li> Madras Atomic Power Station </Li> <Li> Madras Cements </Li> <Li> Madras Rubber Factory </Li> <Li> Madras Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> Murugappa Group </Li> <Li> North Chennai Thermal </Li> <Li> Reserve Bank of India </Li> <Li> Royal Enfield </Li> <Li> SPIC </Li> <Li> Sun Group </Li> <Li> The Hindu </Li> <Li> The New Indian Express </Li> <Li> TI Cycles of India </Li> <Li> TVS Motors </Li> <Li> Vallur Thermal </Li> <Li> World Bank office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Automotive </Li> <Li> Electronics </Li> <Li> Retail </Li> <Li> Software </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Culture and recreation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture of Chennai </Li> <Li> Kollywood </Li> <Li> Madrassi </Li> <Li> Madras Bashai </Li> <Li> Madras School </Li> <Li> Tourism in Chennai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beaches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Covelong </Li> <Li> Elliot 's Beach </Li> <Li> Golden Beach </Li> <Li> Marina Beach </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anna Nagar Tower Park </Li> <Li> Semmozhi Poonga </Li> <Li> Tholkappia Poonga </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinemas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SPI Cinemas </Li> <Li> Mayajaal Multiplex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Periodic events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Book Fair </Li> <Li> Chennai International Film Festival </Li> <Li> Chennai Sangamam </Li> <Li> Lit for Life </Li> <Li> Madras Day </Li> <Li> Madras Music Season </Li> <Li> Saarang </Li> <Li> Techofes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EVP World </Li> <Li> MGM Dizzee World </Li> <Li> Queens Land </Li> <Li> VGP Universal Kingdom </Li> <Li> Dash N Splash </Li> <Li> Kishkinta </Li> <Li> Mayajaal Beach Resort </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shopping Malls </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abhirami Mega Mall </Li> <Li> Alsa Mall </Li> <Li> Ampa Skywalk </Li> <Li> Chandra Mall </Li> <Li> Chennai Citi Centre </Li> <Li> Chennai Trade Centre </Li> <Li> Coromandel Plaza </Li> <Li> Express Avenue </Li> <Li> Gold Souk Grande Mall </Li> <Li> Phoenix Market City </Li> <Li> Ramee Mall </Li> <Li> Spectrum Mall </Li> <Li> Spencer Plaza </Li> <Li> Forum Vijaya Mall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gymkhana Club </Li> <Li> Madras Boat Club </Li> <Li> Royal Madras Yacht Club </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Religion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temples </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ayyappan Temple </Li> <Li> Ashtalakshmi Kovil </Li> <Li> ISKCON Temple Chennai </Li> <Li> Kapaleeswarar Temple </Li> <Li> Kalikambal Temple </Li> <Li> Madhya Kailash </Li> <Li> Marundeeswarar Temple </Li> <Li> Parthasarathy Temple </Li> <Li> Ravishwarar </Li> <Li> Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Churches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenian Church </Li> <Li> Church of Our Lady of Light </Li> <Li> St. Andrew 's Kirk </Li> <Li> St. George 's Cathedral </Li> <Li> St. Patrick 's Cathedral </Li> <Li> Santhome Basilica </Li> <Li> St. Mary 's Church </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahabodhi Centre </Li> <Li> Thousand Lights Mosque </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Transport </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Air </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai International Airport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Port </Li> <Li> Ennore Port </Li> <Li> Kattupalli Shipyard </Li> <Li> Royapuram fishing harbour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rail </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Central </Li> <Li> Chennai Metro </Li> <Li> Chennai MRTS </Li> <Li> Chennai Suburban Railway </Li> <Li> Southern Railway </Li> <Li> Railway stations in Chennai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Road </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Roads and expressways </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anna Salai </Li> <Li> Cenotaph Road </Li> <Li> Chennai Bypass </Li> <Li> Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway </Li> <Li> China Bazaar Road </Li> <Li> East Coast Road </Li> <Li> Inner Ring Road </Li> <Li> Nungambakkam High Road </Li> <Li> Outer Ring Road </Li> <Li> Peters Road </Li> <Li> Poonamallee High Road </Li> <Li> Rajiv Gandhi Salai </Li> <Li> Sardar Patel Road </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grade separators and flyovers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anna Flyover </Li> <Li> Chennai Airport Flyover </Li> <Li> Chrompet Flyover </Li> <Li> Irumbuliyur Junction </Li> <Li> Kathipara Junction </Li> <Li> Koyambedu Junction </Li> <Li> Madhavaram Junction </Li> <Li> Maduravoyal Junction </Li> <Li> Moolakadai Junction </Li> <Li> Padi Junction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus </Li> <Li> Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus </Li> <Li> Metropolitan Transport Corporation </Li> <Li> State Express Transport Corporation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sport </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guindy Race Course </Li> <Li> Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium </Li> <Li> M.A. Chidambaram Stadium </Li> <Li> Madras Motor Race Track </Li> <Li> Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium </Li> <Li> MRF Pace Foundation </Li> <Li> Mudaliarkuppam boat house </Li> <Li> Muttukadu boat house </Li> <Li> Rajarathinam Stadium </Li> <Li> SDAT Tennis Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Cheetahs </Li> <Li> Chennai City F.C. </Li> <Li> Chennai Smashers </Li> <Li> Chennai Spikers </Li> <Li> Chennai Super Kings </Li> <Li> Chennai Superstars </Li> <Li> Chennai Veerans </Li> <Li> Chennaiyin FC </Li> <Li> V Chennai Warriors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chennai Open </Li> <Li> M.J. Gopalan Trophy </Li> <Li> Madras Presidency Matches </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Institutions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alliance Française de Madras </Li> <Li> Anna Centenary Library </Li> <Li> Birla Planetarium </Li> <Li> Cholamandal Artists ' Village </Li> <Li> Connemara Public Library </Li> <Li> DakshinaChitra </Li> <Li> Government Museum </Li> <Li> Kalakshetra </Li> <Li> KM Music Conservatory </Li> <Li> Madras Music Academy </Li> <Li> Schools in Chennai </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Universities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anna University </Li> <Li> University of Madras </Li> <Li> Dr MGR Medical University </Li> <Li> Dr Ambedkar Law University </Li> <Li> Indian Maritime University </Li> <Li> Veterinary and Animal Sciences University </Li> <Li> VIT University Chennai </Li> <Li> SRM University </Li> <Li> BS Abdur Rahman University </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu Open University </Li> <Li> Vels University </Li> <Li> Hindustan University </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engineering colleges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indian Institute of Technology Madras </Li> <Li> College of Engineering , Guindy </Li> <Li> Madras Institute of Technology </Li> <Li> Alagappa College of Technology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medical colleges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madras Medical College </Li> <Li> Stanley Medical College </Li> <Li> Kilpauk Medical College </Li> <Li> Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute </Li> <Li> National Institute of Siddha </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arts and science colleges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Loyola </Li> <Li> Madras Christian College </Li> <Li> Presidency College </Li> <Li> Queen Mary 's ( Women ) </Li> <Li> Vivekananda </Li> <Li> Pachaiyappa 's College </Li> <Li> Stella Mary 's ( Women ) </Li> <Li> DG Vaishnav </Li> <Li> MOP Vaishnav ( Women ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Research </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Leather Research Institute </Li> <Li> National Institute of Ocean Technology </Li> <Li> Institute of Mathematical Sciences </Li> <Li> Chennai Mathematical Institute </Li> <Li> Regional Meteorological Centre </Li> <Li> Structural Engineering Research Centre </Li> <Li> Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology ( India ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diplomatic missions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Consulate </Li> <Li> British Deputy High Commission </Li> <Li> Singapore Consulate </Li> <Li> Malaysian Consulate </Li> <Li> Russian Consulate </Li> <Li> German Consulate </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission </Li> <Li> Royal Thai Consulate </Li> <Li> Japanese Consulate </Li> <Li> Australian Consulate </Li> <Li> Belgian Consulate </Li> <Li> South Korean Consulate </Li> <Li> Chinese Consulate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hospitals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Government General Hospital </Li> <Li> Government multi super speciality hospital </Li> <Li> Royapettah Hospital </Li> <Li> Stanley 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where is the headquarters of animal welfare boards of india located
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India&amp;oldid=783957980
-7,374,852,886,120,826,000
A Bushel and a Peck - Wikipedia <H1> A Bushel and a Peck </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` A Bushel and a Peck '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Frank Loesser </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` A Bushel and a Peck '' is a popular song written by Frank Loesser and published in 1950 . The song was introduced in the Broadway musical Guys and Dolls , which opened at the 46th Street Theater on November 24 , 1950 . It was performed on stage by Vivian Blaine , who later reprised her role as Miss Adelaide in the 1955 film version of the play . `` A Bushel and a Peck , '' however , was not included in the film , and instead replaced by a new song , titled `` Pet Me , Poppa . '' </P> <P> A popular recording by Perry Como and Betty Hutton ( made on September 12 , 1950 , and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 47 - 3930 ) first reached the Billboard magazine charts on October 27 , 1950 , and lasted 18 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 6 . </P> <P> Another contemporary recording that had some popularity was by Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely ( recorded on September 13 , 1950 , and released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1234 ) . The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on October 20 , 1950 , and lasted 13 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 13 . </P> <P> Doris Day 's recording ( made on September 13 , 1950 , and released by Columbia Records as 78rpm catalog number 39008 and 45rpm catalog number 6 - 838 ) made the chart on January 5 , 1951 , at # 30 for one week . Day 's rendition of the song enjoyed a surge in popularity due to its usage in a 2017 State Farm Insurance TV commercial . </P> <P> Many other recording artists also did versions of the song . </P> <P> On Cash Box magazine 's Best - Selling Record charts , where all versions of the song are combined , the song reached # 5 on December 2 , 1950 . </P> <P> The song gained so much popularity before the musical actually opened that it was moved from its original spot at the start of the second act into the first act . </P> <P> The number , in context of the show , can be performed either as `` Miss Adelaide and her Chick Chick Chickedies , '' where the girls are dressed in yellow feathers , or as `` Miss Adelaide and the Hot Box Farmerettes , '' where skimpy plantation outfits are worn ( often jean cutoffs and checkered racing shirts or short gingham sundresses ) . </P> <H2> Recorded versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Andrews Sisters ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Vivian Blaine ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como and Betty Hutton ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Doris Day ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Desmond ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Connie Haines ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Frankie Laine and Jo Stafford ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Sharon , Lois & Bram From In The Schoolyard ( 1981 ) T.V recording ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> VeggieTales Junior 's Bedtime Songs ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Dan Zanes & Friends Rocket Ship Beach ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Faith Prince Guys and Dolls 1992 Broadway Revival Cast Recording </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) State Farm Insurance `` Remodel '' </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Perry Como </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> So Smooth ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> We Get Letters ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Como Swings ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> By Request ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Seattle ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> I Think of You ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> And I Love You So ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Perry ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Today ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' </Li> <Li> `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' </Li> <Li> `` And I Love You So '' </Li> <Li> `` As Time Goes By '' </Li> <Li> `` Bali Ha'i '' </Li> <Li> `` Because '' </Li> <Li> `` Beyond Tomorrow '' </Li> <Li> `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' </Li> <Li> `` Blue Room '' </Li> <Li> `` A Bushel and a Peck '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Catch a Falling Star '' </Li> <Li> `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Confessin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Days of Wine and Roses '' </Li> <Li> `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' </Li> <Li> `` Delaware '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' </Li> <Li> `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' </Li> <Li> `` El Cóndor Pasa '' </Li> <Li> `` Feelings '' </Li> <Li> `` Fly Me to the Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` For the Good Times '' </Li> <Li> `` Forever and Ever '' </Li> <Li> `` Forget Domani '' </Li> <Li> `` Give Me Your Hand '' </Li> <Li> `` Glendora '' </Li> <Li> `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' </Li> <Li> `` Hello , Young Lovers '' </Li> <Li> `` Here , There and Everywhere '' </Li> <Li> `` Home for the Holidays '' </Li> <Li> `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' </Li> <Li> `` A House Is Not a Home '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' </Li> <Li> `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I Think I Love You '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Kewpie Doll '' </Li> <Li> `` The Lord 's Prayer '' </Li> <Li> `` Magic Moments '' </Li> <Li> `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' </Li> <Li> `` Maria '' </Li> <Li> `` Moon River '' </Li> <Li> `` More '' </Li> <Li> `` No Other Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Papa Loves Mambo '' </Li> <Li> `` Prisoner of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Round and Round '' </Li> <Li> `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Seattle '' </Li> <Li> `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' </Li> <Li> `` Some Enchanted Evening '' </Li> <Li> `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' </Li> <Li> `` The Songs I Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' </Li> <Li> `` Surrender '' </Li> <Li> `` Till the End of Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Unchained Melody '' </Li> <Li> `` Wanted '' </Li> <Li> `` The Way You Look Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` What 'll I Do '' </Li> <Li> `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' </Li> <Li> `` Young at Heart '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Perry Como discography </Li> <Li> Perry Como television and radio shows </Li> <Li> Beat the Band </Li> <Li> The Chesterfield Supper Club </Li> <Li> List of songs recorded by Perry Como </Li> <Li> Goodman Ace </Li> <Li> Mitchell Ayres </Li> <Li> Ray Charles </Li> <Li> Frank Gallop </Li> <Li> Nick Perito </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Frank Loesser , Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows 's Guys and Dolls ( 1950 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inspiration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Damon Runyon 's `` The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown '' and `` Blood Pressure '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guys and Dolls ( 1955 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Bushel and a Peck '' </Li> <Li> `` Adelaide 's Lament '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Were a Bell '' </Li> <Li> `` I 've Never Been in Love Before '' </Li> <Li> `` Luck Be a Lady '' </Li> <Li> `` Sit Down , You 're Rockin ' the Boat '' </Li> <Li> `` A Woman in Love '' ( film only ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guys and Dolls Like Vibes ( 1958 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Andrews Sisters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> LaVerne Andrews </Li> <Li> Maxene Andrews </Li> <Li> Patty Andrews </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Bei Mir Bist Du Schön '' </Li> <Li> `` Nice Work If You Can Get It '' </Li> <Li> `` Shortenin ' Bread '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh ! Ma - Ma ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Beer Barrel Polka ( Roll Out the Barrel ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Ciribiribin ( They 're So In Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Say Si Si ( Para Vigo Me Voy ) '' </Li> <Li> `` The Woodpecker Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Beat Me Daddy , Eight to the Bar '' </Li> <Li> `` Scrub Me , Mama , With a Boogie Beat '' </Li> <Li> `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` I Yi , Yi , Yi , Yi ( I Like You Very Much ) '' </Li> <Li> `` ( I 'll Be With You ) In Apple Blossom Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Sonny Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Sit Under the Apple Tree '' </Li> <Li> `` Mister Five By Five '' </Li> <Li> `` Pistol Packin ' Mama '' </Li> <Li> `` Jingle Bells '' </Li> <Li> `` Shoo - Shoo Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` Down In the Valley '' </Li> <Li> `` Straighten Up and Fly Right '' </Li> <Li> `` Tico Tico '' </Li> <Li> `` Is You Is Or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` A Hot Time In the Town of Berlin '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Fence Me In '' </Li> <Li> `` Rum and Coca - Cola '' </Li> <Li> `` Accentuate the Positive '' </Li> <Li> `` The Three Caballeros '' </Li> <Li> `` Along the Navajo Trail '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Your Kicks On Route 66 '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Know Why '' </Li> <Li> `` House of Blue Lights '' </Li> <Li> `` Rumors Are Flying '' </Li> <Li> `` Winter Wonderland '' </Li> <Li> `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' </Li> <Li> `` Near You '' </Li> <Li> `` Civilization ( Bongo , Bongo , Bongo ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Sabre Dance '' </Li> <Li> `` Underneath the Arches '' </Li> <Li> `` You Call Everybody Darling '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Rob Another Man 's Castle '' </Li> <Li> `` I Can Dream , Ca n't I ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Charley , My Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` Have I Told You Lately That I Love You '' </Li> <Li> `` The Wedding Samba '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wanna Be Loved '' </Li> <Li> `` A Bushel and a Peck '' </Li> <Li> `` Mele Kalikimaka '' </Li> <Li> `` Sparrow in the Tree Top '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : The Andrews Sisters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This pop standards - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bushel_and_a_Peck&oldid=841636764 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Andrews Sisters songs </Li> <Li> 1950 songs </Li> <Li> Perry Como songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Frank Loesser </Li> <Li> Songs from Guys and Dolls </Li> <Li> Margaret Whiting songs </Li> <Li> Jimmy Wakely songs </Li> <Li> Pop standard stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 02 : 03 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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cause i love you a bushel and a peck
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=A_Bushel_and_a_Peck&amp;oldid=841636764
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Southern American English - wikipedia <H1> Southern American English </H1> `` Southern Drawl '' redirects here . For the album by Alabama , see Southern Drawl ( album ) . This article is about English as spoken in the Southern United States . For older English dialects spoken in this same region , see Older Southern American English . For English as spoken in South America , see South American English . <P> Southern American English or Southern U.S. English is a large collection of related American English dialects spoken throughout the Southern United States , though increasingly in more rural areas and primarily by white Americans . Commonly in the United States , the dialects are together simply referred to as Southern . Other , much more recent ethno - linguistic terms within American linguistics include Southern White Vernacular English and Rural White Southern English . </P> <P> A regional Southern American English consolidated and expanded throughout all the traditional Southern States since the last quarter of the nineteenth century until around World War II , largely superseding the older Southern American English dialects . With this younger and more unified pronunciation system , Southern American English now comprises the largest American regional accent group by number of speakers . As of 2006 , its Southern accent is strongly reported throughout the U.S. states of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Alabama , Mississippi , Tennessee , Arkansas , Louisiana , and Kentucky , as well as most of Texas , eastern and southern Oklahoma , southern Missouri , southeastern Maryland , West Virginia , northern Florida , and southeastern New Mexico . The accent of some Midland American English ( often identified as a South Midland accent ) is documented as sharing key features with Southern American English , though to a weaker extent , including in northern Oklahoma , eastern and central Kansas , Missouri generally , the southern halves of Illinois and Indiana , southern Ohio , western Delaware , and south - central Pennsylvania . </P> <P> Southern American English as a regional dialect can be divided into various sub-dialects , the most phonologically advanced ( i.e. , the most innovative ) ones being southern varieties of Appalachian English and certain varieties of Texan English . African - American English has many common points with Southern American English dialects due to the strong historical ties of African Americans to the South . Recently , the Southern accent has been receding , particularly among younger people and in urban areas . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Speech example An example of a Texas - raised male with a rhotic accent ( George W. Bush ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Speech example An example of a Plains , Georgia male with a non-rhotic accent ( Jimmy Carter ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Speech example An example of a southwestern Arkansas male with a rhotic accent ( Bill Clinton ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography </Li> <Li> 2 Modern phonology <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Inland South and Texas </Li> <Li> 2.2 Distinct phonologies <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Atlanta , Charleston , and Savannah </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Southern Louisiana </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Older phonologies </Li> <Li> 4 Grammar </Li> <Li> 5 Vocabulary <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Y'all </Li> <Li> 5.2 Southern Louisiana </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Relationship to African - American English </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Sources </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> The dialects collectively known as Southern American English stretch across the south - eastern and south - central United States , but exclude the southernmost areas of Florida and the extreme western and south - western parts of Texas as well as the Rio Grande Valley ( Laredo to Brownsville ) . This linguistic region includes Alabama , Georgia , Tennessee , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Louisiana , and Arkansas , as well as most of Texas , Virginia , Kentucky , Oklahoma , West Virginia , and northern and central Florida . Southern American English dialects can also be found in extreme southern parts of Missouri , Maryland , Delaware , and Illinois . </P> <P> Southern dialects originated in large part from a mix of immigrants from the British Isles , who moved to the American South in the 17th and 18th centuries , and the creole or post-creole speech of African slaves . Upheavals such as the Great Depression , the Dust Bowl and World War II caused mass migrations of those and other settlers throughout the United States . </P> <H2> Modern phonology ( edit ) </H2> The approximate extent of Southern American English , based upon The Atlas of North American English . <Table> A list of typical Southern vowels show <Tr> <Th> English diaphoneme </Th> <Th> Southern phoneme </Th> <Th> Example words </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Pure vowels ( Monophthongs ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / æ / </Td> <Td> ( æ ~ æjə ~ æ̠ɛæ̠ ) </Td> <Td> act , pal , trap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( eə ~ æjə ) </Td> <Td> ham , land , yeah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> ( ɑ ) </Td> <Td> blah , bother , father , lot , top , wasp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɒ / </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( ɑɒ ~ ɑ ) ( older : ( ɔo ~ ɑɒ ) ) </Td> <Td> all , dog , bought , loss , saw , taught </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɛ / </Td> <Td> ( ɛ ~ ɛjə ) preceding a nasal consonant : ( ɪ ~ ɪ ( j ) ə ) </Td> <Td> dress , met , bread </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> ( ə ) </Td> <Td> about , syrup , arena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( ɪ ~ ɪ̈ ~ ə ) </Td> <Td> island , gamut , wasted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> ( ɪ ~ ɪjə ~ iə ) </Td> <Td> hit , skim , tip </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> ( i̞i ~ ɪi ) </Td> <Td> beam , chic , fleet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʌ / </Td> <Td> ( ɜ ) </Td> <Td> bus , flood , what </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʊ / </Td> <Td> ( ʊ̈ ~ ʏ ) </Td> <Td> book , put , should </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> ( ʊu ~ ɵu ~ ʊ̈y ~ y̞y ~ ʉ̞u̟ ) </Td> <Td> food , glue , new </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Diphthongs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> ( äː ~ äɛ ) </Td> <Td> ride , shine , try </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( ( ɐi ~ äɪ ~ äɛ ) ) </Td> <Td> bright , dice , psych </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / aʊ / </Td> <Td> ( æɒ ~ ɛjɔ ) </Td> <Td> now , ouch , scout </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> ( ɛi ~ æ̠i ) </Td> <Td> lake , paid , rein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɔɪ / </Td> <Td> ( oi ) </Td> <Td> boy , choice , moist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> ( ɜʊ ~ ɜʊ̈ ~ ɜʏ ) preceding / l / or a hiatus : ( ɔu ) </Td> <Td> goat , oh , show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> R - colored vowels </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɑːr / </Td> <Td> rhotic Southern dialects : ( ɒɚɣ ~ ɑɚɣ ) non-rhotic Southern dialects : ( ɒː ~ ɑː ) </Td> <Td> barn , car , park </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɛər / </Td> <Td> rhotic : ( e̞ɚɣ ~ ɛ ( j ) ɚɣ ) non-rhotic : ( ɛ ( j ) ə ) </Td> <Td> bare , bear , there </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɜːr / </Td> <Td> ( ɚɣ ~ ɐɚɣ ) ( older : ( ɜ ~ ə ) ) </Td> <Td> burn , first , herd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ər / </Td> <Td> rhotic : ( ɚɣ ) non-rhotic : ( ə ) </Td> <Td> better , martyr , doctor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɪər / </Td> <Td> rhotic : ( iɚɣ ) non-rhotic : ( iə ) </Td> <Td> fear , peer , tier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɔːr / </Td> <Td> rhotic : ( o ( u ) ɚɣ ) non-rhotic : ( o ( u ) ə ) </Td> <Td> hoarse , horse , poor score , tour , war </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʊər / </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / jʊər / </Td> <Td> rhotic : ( juɚɣ ~ jɚɣ ) non-rhotic : ( juə ) </Td> <Td> cure , Europe , pure </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Most of the Southern United States underwent several major sound changes from the beginning to the middle of the twentieth century , during which a more unified , region - wide sound system developed , markedly different from the sound systems of the nineteenth - century Southern dialects . </P> <P> The South as a present - day dialect region generally includes all of these pronunciation features below , which are popularly recognized in the United States as a `` Southern accent '' . However , there is still variation in Southern speech regarding potential differences based on factors like a speaker 's exact sub-region , age , ethnicity , etc . The following phonological phenomena focus on the developing sound system of the twentieth - century Southern dialects of the United States that altogether largely ( though certainly not entirely ) superseded the older Southern regional patterns : </P> <Ul> <Li> Southern Vowel Shift ( or Southern Shift ) : A chain shift regarding vowels is fully completed , or occurring , in most Southern dialects , especially younger ones , and at the most advanced stage in the `` Inland South '' ( i.e. away from the coastline ) and `` Texas South '' ( i.e. most of central and northern Texas ) . This 3 - stage chain movement of vowels , called the Southern Shift , is first triggered by Stage 1 that dominates the entire Southern region , followed by Stage 2 that covers almost all of that area , and Stage 3 that is concentrated only in speakers of certain core sub-regions . Stage 1 ( defined below ) may have begun in some Southern dialects as early as the first half of the 1800s with a glide weakening of / aɪ / to ( aɛ ) or ( aə ) ; however , it was still largely incomplete or absent in the mid-1800s , before expanding rapidly from the last quarter of the 1800s into the middle 1900s ; today , this glide weakening or even total glide deletion is the pronunciation norm throughout all of the Southern United States . <Ul> <Li> Stage 1 ( / aɪ / → ( aː ) and / æ / → ( ɛ ( j ) ə ) ) : <Ul> <Li> The starting point , or first stage , of the Southern Shift is the transition of the gliding vowel ( diphthong ) / aɪ / ( listen ) towards a `` glideless '' long vowel ( aː ) ( listen ) , so that , for example , the word ride commonly approaches a sound that most other American English speakers would hear as rod or rad . Stage 1 is now complete for a majority of Southern dialects . Southern speakers particularly exhibit the Stage 1 shift at the ends of words and before voiced consonants , but often not before voiceless consonants , where the diphthong instead retains its glide , so that ride is ( ɹäːd ) , but right is ( ɹäɪt ) . Inland ( i.e. non-coastal ) Southern speakers , however , indeed delete the glide of / aɪ / in all contexts , as in the stereotyped pronunciation `` nahs whaht rahss '' for nice white rice ; these most shift - advanced speakers are largely found today in an Appalachian area that comprises eastern Tennessee , western North Carolina and northern Alabama , as well as in central Texas . Some traditional East Coast Southern accents do not exhibit this Stage 1 glide deletion , particularly in Charleston , SC and possibly Atlanta and Savannah , GA ( cities that are , at best , considered marginal to the modern Southern dialect region ) . </Li> <Li> This new glideless ( aː ~ äː ) vowel encroaches on the territory of the `` short a '' vowel , / æ / ( as in rat or bad ) , thus pushing / æ / generally higher and fronter in the mouth ( and also possibly giving it a complex gliding quality , often starting higher and then gliding lower ) ; thus / æ / can range variously away from its original position : ( æ ( j ) ə ~ æɛæ ~ ɛ ( j ) ə > ɛ ) . An example is that , to other English speakers , the Southern pronunciation of yap sounds something like yeah - up . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stage 2 ( / eɪ / → ( ɛɪ ) and / ɛ / → ( e ( j ) ə ) ) : <Ul> <Li> By removing the existence of ( aɪ ) , Stage 1 leaves open a lower space for / eɪ / ( as in name and day ) to occupy , causing Stage 2 : the pulling of the diphthong / eɪ / into a lower starting position , towards ( ɛɪ ) ( listen ) or to an even lower and / or more retracted sound . </Li> <Li> At the same time , the pushing of / æ / into the vicinity of / ɛ / ( as in red or belt ) , forces / ɛ / itself into a higher and fronter position , occupying the ( e ) area ( previously the vicinity of / eɪ / ) . / ɛ / also often acquires an in - glide : thus , ( e ( j ) ə ) . An example is that , to other English speakers , the Southern pronunciation of yep sounds something like yay - up . Stage 2 is most common in heavily stressed syllables . Southern accents originating from cities that formerly had the greatest influence and wealth in the South ( Richmond , VA ; Charleston , SC ; Atlanta , Macon , and Savannah , GA ; and all of Florida ) do not traditionally participate in Stage 2 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stage 3 ( / i / → ( ɪi ) and / ɪ / → ( iə ) ) : By the same pushing and pulling domino effects described above , / ɪ / ( as in hit or lick ) and / i / ( as in beam or meet ) follow suit by both possibly becoming diphthongs whose nuclei switch positions . / ɪ / may be pushed into a diphthong with a raised beginning , ( iə ) , while / i / may be pulled into a diphthong with a lowered beginning , ( ɪi ) . An example is that , to other English speakers , the Southern pronunciation of fin sounds something like fee - in , while meal sounds something like mih - eel . Like the other stages of the Southern shift , Stage 3 is most common in heavily stressed syllables and particularly among Inland Southern speakers . </Li> <Li> Southern vowel breaking ( `` Southern drawl '' ) : All three stages of the Southern Shift often result in the short front pure vowels being `` broken '' into gliding vowels , making one - syllable words like pet and pit sound as if they might have two syllables ( as something like pay - it and pee - it respectively ) . This short front vowel gliding phenomenon is popularly recognized as the `` Southern drawl '' . The `` short a '' , `` short e '' , and `` short i '' vowels are all affected , developing a glide up from their original starting position to ( j ) , and then often back down to a schwa vowel : / æ / → ( æjə ~ ɛjə ) ; / ɛ / → ( ɛjə ~ ejə ) ; and / ɪ / → ( ɪjə ~ ijə ) , respectively . This phenomenon is on the decline , being most typical of Southern speakers born before 1960 , though mostly after the mid-1800s . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Unstressed , word - final / ŋ / → ( n ) : The phoneme / ŋ / in an unstressed syllable at the end of a word fronts to ( n ) , so that singing / ˈsɪŋɪŋ / is sometimes written phonetically as singin ( ˈsɪŋɪn ) . This is common in vernacular English dialects around the world . </Li> <Li> Lacking or transitioning cot -- caught merger : The historical distinction between the two vowels sounds / ɔː / and / ɒ / , in words like caught and cot or stalk and stock is mainly preserved . In much of the South during the 1900s , there was a trend to lower the vowel found in words like stalk and caught , often with an upglide , so that the most common result today is the gliding vowel ( ɑɒ ) . However , the cot -- caught merger is becoming increasingly common throughout the United States , thus affecting Southeastern and even some Southern dialects , towards a merged vowel ( ɑ ) . In the South , this merger , or a transition towards this merger , is especially documented in central , northern , and ( particularly ) western Texas . </Li> </Ul> The merger of pin and pen in Southern American English . In the purple areas , the merger is complete for most speakers . Note the exclusion of the New Orleans area , Southern Florida , and of the Lowcountry of South Carolina and Georgia . The purple area in California consists of the Bakersfield and Kern County area , where migrants from the south - central states settled during the Dust Bowl . There is also debate whether or not Austin , Texas is an exclusion . Based on Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 68 ) . <Ul> <Li> Pin - pen merger : the vowels ( ɛ ) and ( ɪ ) now merge when before nasal consonants , so that pen and pin , for instance , or hem and him , are pronounced the same , as pin or him , respectively . The merger , towards the sound ( ɪ ) , is still unreported among some vestigial varieties of the older South , and other geographically Southern U.S. varieties that have eluded the Southern Vowel Shift , such as the Yat dialect of New Orleans or the anomalous dialect of Savannah , Georgia . </Li> <Li> Rhoticity : The `` dropping '' of the r sound after vowels was historically widespread in the South , particularly in former plantation area . This phenomenon , non-rhoticity , was considered prestigious before World War II , after which the social perception in the South reversed . Now , rhoticity ( sometimes called r - fulness ) , in which all r sounds are pronounced , is dominant throughout the entire South , and even more so among younger and female white Southerners ; the only major exception is among African American Southerners , whose modern vernacular dialect continues to be mostly non-rhotic . The sound quality of the Southern r is the distinctive `` bunch - tongued r '' , produced by strongly constricting the root and / or midsection of the tongue . </Li> <Li> Lax and tense vowels often neutralize before / l / , making pairs like feel / fill and fail / fell homophones for speakers in some areas of the South . Some speakers may distinguish between the two sets of words by reversing the normal vowel sound , e.g. , feel in Southern may sound like fill , and vice versa . </Li> <Li> The back vowel / u / ( in goose or true ) is fronted in the mouth to the vicinity of / ʉ / or even farther forward , which is then followed by a slight gliding quality ; different gliding qualities have been reported , including both backward and ( especially in the eastern half of the South ) forward glides . </Li> <Li> Back Upglide ( Chain ) Shift : In Southern regional dialects , / aʊ / shifts forward and upward to ( æʊ ) ( also possibly realized , variously , as ( æjə ~ æo ~ ɛɔ ~ eo ) ) ; thus allowing the back vowel / ɔː / to fill an area similar to the former position of / aʊ / in the mouth , becoming lowered and developing an upglide ( ɑɒ ) ; this , in turn , allows ( though only for the most advanced Southern speakers ) the upgliding / ɔɪ / , before / l / , to lose its glide ( ɔː ) ( for instance , causing the word boils to sound something like the British or New York City pronunciations of balls ) . </Li> <Li> The vowel / ʌ / , as in bug , luck , strut , etc. , is realized as ( ɜ ) , occasionally fronted to ( ɛ̈ ) or raised in the mouth to ( ə ) . In former plantation areas , a more backed form , ( ʌ ) , is common among older speakers . </Li> <Li> / z / becomes ( d ) before / n / , for example ( ˈwʌdn̩t ) was n't , ( ˈbɪdnɪs ) business , but has n't may keep the ( z ) to avoid merging with had n't . </Li> <Li> Many nouns are stressed on the first syllable that are stressed on the second syllable in most other American accents . These may include police , cement , Detroit , Thanksgiving , insurance , behind , display , hotel , motel , recycle , TV , guitar , July , and umbrella . Today , younger Southerners tend to keep this initial stress for a more reduced set of words , perhaps including only insurance , defense , Thanksgiving , and umbrella . </Li> <Li> Phonemic incidence is sometimes unique in the South , so that : <Ul> <Li> Florida is typically pronounced / ˈflɑrɪdə / rather than General American / ˈflɔrɪdə / , and lawyer is / ˈlɒ. jər / rather than General American / ˈlɔɪ. ( j ) ər / ( i.e. , the first syllable of lawyer sounds like law , not loy ) . </Li> <Li> The / deɪ / in words like Monday and Sunday is commonly / di / . </Li> <Li> Spigot ( a water tap ) is often pronounced / ˈspɪkət / , as if spelled spicket . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lacking or incomplete happy tensing : The tensing of unstressed , word - final / ɪ / ( the second vowel sound in words like happy , money , Chelsea , etc . ) to a higher and fronter vowel like ( i ) is typical throughout the United States , except in the South . The South maintains a sound not obviously tensed : ( ɪ ) or ( ɪ ~ i ) . </Li> <Li> Words ending in unstressed / oʊ / ( especially with the spelling ⟨ ow ⟩ ) may be pronounced as / ə / or / ʊ / , making yellow sound like yella or tomorrow like tomorra . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Inland South and Texas ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Appalachian English and Texan English <P> William Labov et al. identify the `` Inland South '' as a large linguistic sub-region of the South located mostly in southern Appalachia ( specifically naming the cities of Greenville SC , Asheville NC , Knoxville and Chattanooga TN , and Birmingham and Linden AL ) , inland from both the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts , and the originating region of the Southern Vowel Shift . The Inland South , along with the `` Texas South '' ( an urban core of central Texas : Dallas , Lubbock , Odessa , and San Antonio ) are considered the two major locations in which the Southern regional sound system is the most highly developed , and therefore the core areas of the current - day South as a dialect region . </P> <P> The accents of Texas are actually diverse , for example with important Spanish influences on its vocabulary ; however , much of the state is still an unambiguous region of modern rhotic Southern speech , strongest in the cities of Dallas , Lubbock , Odessa , and San Antonio , which all firmly demonstrate the first stage of the Southern Shift , if not also further stages of the shift . Texan cities that are noticeably `` non-Southern '' dialectally are Abilene and Austin ; only marginally Southern are Houston , El Paso , and Corpus Christi . In western and northern Texas , the cot -- caught merger is very close to completed . </P> <H3> Distinct phonologies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some sub-regions of the South , and perhaps even a majority of the biggest cities , are showing a gradual shift away from the Southern accent since the second half of the twentieth century to the present . Such well - studied cities include Houston , Texas , and Raleigh , North Carolina ; in Raleigh , for example , this retreat from the accent appears to have begun around 1950 . Other sub-regions are unique in that their inhabitants have never spoken with the Southern regional accent , instead having their own distinct accents . </P> Atlanta , Charleston , and Savannah ( edit ) <P> The Atlas of North American English identified Atlanta , Georgia as a dialectal `` island of non-Southern speech '' , Charleston , South Carolina likewise as `` not markedly Southern in character '' , and the traditional local accent of Savannah , Georgia as `` giving way to regional ( Midland ) patterns '' , despite these being three prominent Southern cities . The dialect features of Atlanta are best described today as sporadic from speaker to speaker , with such variation increased due to a huge movement of non-Southerners into the area during the 1990s . Modern - day Charleston speakers have leveled in the direction of a more generalized Midland accent , away from the city 's now - defunct , traditional Charleston accent , whose features were `` diametrically opposed to the Southern Shift ... and differ in many other respects from the main body of Southern dialects '' . The Savannah accent is also becoming more Midland - like . The following vowel sounds of Atlanta , Charleston , and Savannah have been unaffected by typical Southern phenomena like the Southern drawl and Southern Vowel Shift : </P> <Ul> <Li> / æ / as in bad ( the `` default '' General American nasal short - a system is in use , in which / æ / is tensed only before / n / or / m / ) . </Li> <Li> / aɪ / as in bide ( however , some Atlanta and Savannah speakers do variably show Southern / aɪ / glide weakening ) . </Li> <Li> / eɪ / as in bait . </Li> <Li> / ɛ / as in bed . </Li> <Li> / ɪ / as in bid . </Li> <Li> / iː / as in bead . </Li> <Li> / ɔː / as in bought ( which is lowered , as in most of the U.S. , and approaches ( ɒ ~ ɑ ) ; the cot -- caught merger is mostly at a transitional stage in these cities ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Today , the accents of Atlanta , Charleston , and Savannah are most similar to Midland regional accents or at least Southeastern super-regional accents . In all three cities , some speakers ( though most consistently documented in Charleston and least consistently in Savannah ) demonstrate the Southeastern fronting of / oʊ / and the status of the pin -- pen merger is highly variable . Non-rhoticity ( r - dropping ) is now rare in these cities , yet still documented in some speakers . </P> Southern Louisiana ( edit ) Main articles : Cajun English and New Orleans English <P> Most of southern Louisiana constitutes Acadiana , a cultural region dominated for hundreds of years by monolingual speakers of Cajun French , which combines elements of Acadian French with other French and Spanish words . Today , this French dialect is spoken by many oolder Cajun ethnic group and is said to be dying out . A related language , Louisiana Creole French , also exists . Since the early 1900s , Cajuns additionally began to develop their own vernacular dialect of English , which retains some influences and words from French , such as `` cher '' ( dear ) or `` nonc '' ( uncle ) . This dialect fell out of fashion after World War II , but experienced a renewal in primarily male speakers born since the 1970s , who have been the most attracted by , and the biggest attractors for , a successful Cajun cultural renaissance . The accent includes : variable non-rhoticity ( or r - dropping ) , high nasalization ( including in vowels before nasal consonants ) , deletion of any word 's final consonant ( s ) ( hand becomes ( hæ̃ ) , food becomes ( fuː ) , rent becomes ( ɹɪ̃ ) , New York becomes ( nuˈjɔə ) , etc . ) , a potential for glide weakening in all gliding vowels ( e.g. / oʊ / ( as in Joe ) , / eɪ / as in jay , and / ɔɪ / as in joy , have reduced glides : ( oː ) , ( eː ) , and ( ɔː ) , respectively ) , and the cot -- caught merger towards ( ä ) . </P> <P> One historical English dialect spoken only by those raised in the Greater New Orleans area is traditionally non-rhotic and noticeably shares more pronunciation commonalities with the New York accent than with other Southern accents . Since at least the 1980s , this local New Orleans dialect has popularly been called `` Yat '' , from the common local greeting `` Where you at ? '' . The New York accent features shared with the Yat accent include : non-rhoticity , a short - a split system ( so that bad and back , for example , have different vowels ) , / ɔː / as high gliding ( ɔə ) , / ɑːr / as rounded ( ɒː ~ ɔː ) , and the coil -- curl merger ( traditionally , though now in decline ) . Yat also lacks the typical vowel changes of the Southern Shift and the pin -- pen merger that are commonly heard elsewhere throughout the South . Yat is associated with the working and lower - middle classes , though a spectrum with fewer notable Yat features is often heard the higher one 's socioeconomic status ; such New Orleans affluence is associated with the New Orleans Uptown and the Garden District , whose speech patterns are sometimes considered distinct from the lower - class Yat dialect . </P> <H2> Older phonologies ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Older Southern American English <P> Prior to becoming a phonologically unified dialect region , the South was once home to an array of much more diverse accents at the local level . Features of the deeper interior Appalachian South largely became the basis for the newer Southern regional dialect ; thus , older Southern American English primarily refers to the English spoken outside of Appalachia : the coastal and former plantation areas of the South , best documented before the Civil War , on the decline during the early 1900s , and basically non-existent in speakers born since the Civil Rights Movement . </P> <P> Little unified these older Southern dialects , since they never formed a single homogeneous dialect region to begin with . Some older Southern accents were rhotic ( most strongly in Appalachia and west of the Mississippi ) , while the majority were non-rhotic ( most strongly in plantation areas ) ; however , wide variation existed . Some older Southern accents showed ( or approximated ) Stage 1 of the Southern Vowel Shift -- namely , the glide weakening of / aɪ / -- however , it is virtually unreported before the very late 1800s . In general , the older Southern dialects clearly lacked the Mary -- marry -- merry , cot -- caught , horse -- hoarse , wine -- whine , full -- fool , fill -- feel , and do -- dew mergers , all of which are now common to , or encroaching on , all varieties of present - day Southern American English . Older Southern sound systems included those local to : </P> <Ul> <Li> Plantation South ( the Black Belt excluding the Lowcountry ) : phonologically characterized by / aɪ / glide weakening , non-rhoticity ( for some accents , including a coil -- curl merger ) , and the Southern trap -- bath split ( a version of the trap -- bath split unique to older Southern U.S. speech that causes words like lass ( ɫæs ~ ɫæɛæs ) not to rhyme with words like pass ( phæes ) ) . <Ul> <Li> Eastern and central Virginia ( often identified as the `` Tidewater accent '' ) : further characterized by Canadian raising and some vestigial resistance to the vein -- vain merger . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lowcountry ( of South Carolina and Georgia ; often identified as the traditional `` Charleston accent '' ) : characterized by no / aɪ / glide weakening , non-rhoticity ( including the coil - curl merger ) , the Southern trap -- bath split , Canadian raising , the cheer -- chair merger , / eɪ / pronounced as ( e ( ə ) ) , and / oʊ / pronounced as ( o ( ə ) ) . </Li> <Li> Outer Banks and Chesapeake Bay ( often identified as the `` Hoi Toider accent '' ) : characterized by no / aɪ / glide weakening ( with the on - glide strongly backed , unlike any other U.S. dialect ) , the card -- cord merger , / aʊ / pronounced as ( aʊ ~ äɪ ) , and up - gliding of pure vowels especially before / ʃ / ( making fish sound almost like feesh and ash like aysh ) . It is the only dialect of the older South still extant on the East Coast , due to being passed on through generations of geographically isolated islanders . </Li> <Li> Appalachian and Ozark Mountains : characterized by strong rhoticity and a tor -- tore -- tour merger ( which still exist in that region ) , the Southern trap -- bath split , plus the original and most advanced instances of the Southern Vowel Shift now defining the whole South . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Grammar ( edit ) </H2> <P> These grammatical features are characteristic of both older and newer Southern American English . </P> <Ul> <Li> Use of done as an auxiliary verb between the subject and verb in sentences conveying the past tense . <Dl> <Dd> I done told you before . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of done ( instead of did ) as the past simple form of do , and similar uses of the past participle in place of the past simple , such as seen replacing saw as past simple form of see . <Dl> <Dd> I only done what you done told me . </Dd> <Dd> I seen her first . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of other non-standard preterites , Such as drownded as the past tense of drown , knowed as past tense of know , choosed as the past tense of choose , degradated as the past tense of degrade . <Dl> <Dd> I knowed you for a fool soon as I seen you . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of was in place of were , or other words regularizing the past tense of be to was . <Dl> <Dd> You was sittin ' on that chair . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of been instead of have been in perfect constructions . <Dl> <Dd> I been livin ' here darn near my whole life . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of double modals ( might could , might should , might would , used to could , etc. -- also called `` modal stacking '' ) and sometimes even triple modals that involve oughta ( like might should oughta ) <Dl> <Dd> I might could climb to the top . </Dd> <Dd> I used to could do that . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of ( a - ) fixin ' to , or just `` fixing to '' in more modern Southern , to indicate immediate future action in place of intending to , preparing to , or about to . <Dl> <Dd> He 's fixin ' to eat . </Dd> <Dd> They 're fixing to go for a hike . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Preservation of older English me , him , etc. as reflexive datives . <Dl> <Dd> I 'm fixin ' to paint me a picture . </Dd> <Dd> He 's gon na catch him a big one . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Saying this here in place of this or this one , and that there in place of that or that one . <Dl> <Dd> This here 's mine and that there is yours . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Existential It , a feature dating from Middle English which can be explained as substituting it for there when there refers to no physical location , but only to the existence of something . <Dl> <Dd> It 's one lady that lives in town . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of ever in place of every . <Dl> <Dd> Ever'where's the same these days . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Use of `` over yonder '' in place of `` over there '' or `` in or at that indicated place '' , especially to refer to a particularly different spot , such as in `` the house over yonder '' . Additionally , `` yonder '' tends to refer to a third , larger degree of distance beyond both `` here '' and `` there '' , indicating that something is a longer way away , and to a lesser extent , in a wide or loosely defined expanse , as in the church hymn `` When the Roll Is Called Up Yonder '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Vocabulary ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , the following vocabulary is mostly unique to , or best associated with , Southern U.S. English : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ai n't to mean am not , is not , are not , have not , has not , etc . </Li> <Li> Buggy to mean shopping cart </Li> <Li> Carry to additionally mean escort or accompany </Li> <Li> Catty - corner to mean located or placed diagonally </Li> <Li> Chill bumps as a synonym for goose bumps </Li> <Li> Coke to mean any sweet , carbonated soft drink </Li> <Li> Crawfish to mean crayfish </Li> <Li> Devil is beating his wife to describe the weather phenomenon of a sunshower </Li> <Li> Icing ( preferred over frosting , in the confectionary sense ) </Li> <Li> Liketa to mean almost or nearly ( particularly in Alabama and Appalachian English ) </Li> <Li> Ordinary to mean disreputable </Li> <Li> Ornery to mean bad - tempered or surly ( derived from ordinary ) </Li> <Li> Powerful to mean great in number or amount ( used as an adverb ) </Li> <Li> Right to mean very or extremely ( used as an adverb ) </Li> <Li> Reckon to mean think , guess , or conclude </Li> <Li> Rolling to mean the prank of toilet papering </Li> <Li> Slaw as a synonym for coleslaw </Li> <Li> Toboggan to mean knit cap </Li> <Li> Tote to mean carry </Li> <Li> Veranda to mean large , roofed porch </Li> <Li> Yonder to mean over there </Li> </Ul> <P> Unique words can occur as Southern nonstandard past - tense forms of verbs , particularly in the Southern highlands and Piney Woods , as in yesterday they riz up , come outside , drawed , and drownded , as well as participle forms like they have took it , rode it , blowed it up , and swimmed away . Drug is traditionally both the past tense and participle form of the verb drag . </P> <H3> Y'all ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Y'all Frequency of either `` Y'all '' or `` You all '' to address multiple people , according to an Internet survey of American dialect variation . Frequency of just `` Y'all '' to address multiple people , according to an Internet survey of American dialect variation . <P> Y'all is a second person plural pronoun and the usual Southern plural form of the word you . It is originally a contraction -- you all -- which is used less frequently . This term originated with the modern Southern dialect region and is not found in older Southern dialects . </P> <Ul> <Li> When addressing a group , y'all is general ( I know y'all ) and is used to address the group as a whole , whereas all y'all is used to emphasize specificity of each and every member of the group ( `` I know all y'all . '' ) The possessive form of Y'all is created by adding the standard `` - 's '' . <Dl> <Dd> `` I 've got y'all's assignments here . '' / jɔːlz / </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Y'all is distinctly separate from the singular you . The statement `` I gave y'all my truck payment last week , '' is more precise than `` I gave you my truck payment last week . '' You ( if interpreted as singular ) could imply the payment was given directly to the person being spoken to -- when that may not be the case . </Li> <Li> `` All y'all '' is used to specify that all members of the second person plural ( i.e. , all persons currently being addressed and / or all members of a group represented by an addressee ) are included ; that is , it operates in contradistinction to `` some of y'all '' , thereby functioning similarly to `` all of you '' in standard English . </Li> <Li> In rural southern Appalachia an `` n '' is added to pronouns indicating `` one '' `` his'n '' `` his one '' `` her'n '' `` her one '' `` Yor'n '' `` your one '' i.e. `` his , hers and yours '' . Another example is yernses . It may be substituted for the 2nd person plural possessive yours . <Dl> <Dd> `` That book is yernses . '' / ˈjɜːrnzəz / </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Southern Louisiana ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Cajun English and New Orleans English <P> Southern Louisiana English especially is known for some unique vocabulary : long sandwiches are often called poor boys or po ' boys , woodlice / roly - polies called doodle bugs , the end of a bread loaf called a nose , pedestrian islands and median strips alike called neutral ground , and sidewalks called banquettes . </P> <H2> Relationship to African - American English ( edit ) </H2> Main article : African - American Vernacular English <P> Discussion of `` Southern dialect '' in the United States popularly refers to those English varieties spoken by white Southerners ; however , as a geographic term , it may also encompass the dialects developed among other social or ethnic groups in the South , most prominently including African Americans . Today , African - American Vernacular English ( AAVE ) is a fairly unified variety of English spoken by working - and middle - class African Americans throughout the United States . AAE exhibits an evident relationship with both older and newer Southern dialects , though the exact nature of this relationship is poorly understood . It is clear that AAE was influenced by older speech patterns of the Southern United States , where Africans and African Americans were held as slaves until the American Civil War . These slaves originally spoke a diversity of indigenous African languages but picked up English to communicate with one another , their white masters , and the white servants and laborers they often closely worked alongside . Many features of AAE suggest that it largely developed from nonstandard dialects of colonial English ( with some features of AAE absent from other modern American dialects , yet still existing in certain modern British dialects ) . However , there is also evidence of the influence of West African languages on AAE vocabulary and grammar . </P> <P> It is uncertain to what extent early white Southern English borrowed elements from early African American English versus the other way around . Like many white accents of English once spoken in Southern plantation areas -- namely , the Lowcountry , Virginia Piedmont and Tidewater , lower Mississippi Valley , and western Black Belt -- the modern - day AAE accent is mostly non-rhotic ( or `` r - dropping '' ) . The presence of non-rhoticity in both black English and older white Southern English is not merely coincidence , though , again , which dialect influenced which is unknown . It is better documented , however , that white Southerners borrowed some morphological processes from black Southerners . </P> <P> Many grammatical features were used alike by older speakers of white Southern English and African American English more so than by contemporary speakers of the same two varieties . Even so , contemporary speakers of both continue to share these unique grammatical features : `` existential it '' , the word y'all , double negatives , was to mean were , deletion of had and have , them to mean those , the term fixin ' to , stressing the first syllable of words like hotel or guitar , and many others . Both dialects also continue to share these same pronunciation features : / ɪ / tensing , / ʌ / raising , upgliding / ɔː / , the pin -- pen merger , and the most defining sound of the current Southern accent ( though rarely documented in older Southern accents ) : the glide weakening of / aɪ / . However , while this glide weakening has triggered among white Southerners a complicated `` Southern Vowel Shift '' , black speakers in the South and elsewhere on the other hand are `` not participating or barely participating '' in much of this shift . AAE speakers also do not front the vowel starting positions of / oʊ / and / uː / , thus aligning these characteristics more with the speech of nineteenth - century white Southerners than twentieth - century white Southerners . </P> <P> One strong possibility for the divergence of black American English and white Southern American English ( i.e. , the disappearance of older Southern American English ) is that the civil rights struggles caused these two racial groups `` to stigmatize linguistic variables associated with the other group '' . This may explain some of the differences outlined above , including why all traditionally non-rhotic white Southern accents have shifted to now becoming intensely rhotic . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Accent perception </Li> <Li> African - American English </Li> <Li> Chicano English </Li> <Li> Drawl </Li> <Li> High Tider </Li> <Li> Regional vocabularies of American English </Li> <Li> Southern literature </Li> <Li> Texan English </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 4 , 11 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen J. Nagle & Sara L. Sanders ( 2003 ) . English in the Southern United States . Cambridge University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 9781139436786 ( This page differentiates between `` Traditional Southern '' and `` New Southern '' ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Southern '' . Dictionary.com . Dictionary.com , based on Random House , Inc. 2014 ( See definition 7 . ) Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Southern '' . Merriam - Webster . Merriam - Webster , Inc. 2014 ( See under the `` noun '' heading . ) Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Erik R. ( 2007 ) `` Phonological and phonetic characteristics of African American Vernacular English , '' Language and Linguistics Compass , 1 , 450 -- 75 . p. 453 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Thomas ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English : Volume 1 , p. 329 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 241 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Do You Speak American : What Lies Ahead '' . PBS . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 126 , 131 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Map from the Telsur Project . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Map from Craig M. Carver ( 1987 ) , American Regional Dialects : A Word Geography , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ASA 147th Meeting Lay Language Papers - The Nationwide Speech Project '' . Acoustics.org. 2004 - 05 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Map '' . ling.upenn.edu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heggarty , Paul et al , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` Accents of English from Around the World '' . University of Edinburgh . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English : Volume 1 , p. 332 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 244 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 245 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English : Volume 1 , p. 301 , 311 - 312 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 248 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 2006 : 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen J. Nagle & Sara L. Sanders ( 2003 ) . English in the Southern United States . Cambridge University Press . p. 151 . ISBN 9781139436786 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 137 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 61 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 16 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 15 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 69 -- 73 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 10 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 254 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 7 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolfram ( 2004 : 55 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English : Volume 1 , p. 331 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vaux , Bert and Scott Golder. 2003 . The Harvard Dialect Survey . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Linguistics Department . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1988 ) . Accents of English 1 : An Introduction . Cambridge University Press . p. 165 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells ( 1988 : 167 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 148 , 150 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Varieties : Texan English . Public Broadcasting Service . MacNeil / Lehrer Productions . 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 69 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 131 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 254 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodsworth , Robin ( 2013 ) `` Retreat from the Southern Vowel Shift in Raleigh , NC : Social Factors , '' University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics : Vol. 19 : Iss. 2 , Article 5 . Available at : https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol19/iss2/5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 181 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 304 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 260 -- 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 259 -- 260 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 68 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 48 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dubois , Sylvia and Barbara Horvath ( 2004 ) . `` Cajun Vernacular English : phonology . '' In Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider ( Ed ) . A Handbook of Varieties of English : A Multimedia Reference Tool . New York : Mouton de Gruyter . p. 412 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dubois , Sylvia and Barbara Horvath ( 2004 ) . `` Cajun Vernacular English : phonology . '' In Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider ( ed ) . A Handbook of Varieties of English : A Multimedia Reference Tool . New York : Mouton de Gruyter . p. 409 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alvarez , Louis ( director ) ( 1985 ) . Yeah You Rite ! ( Short documentary film ) . USA : Center for New American Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 6 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Regional Note from The Free Dictionary </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Algeo , John ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . The Cambridge History of the English Language , Volume 3 ; Volume 6 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 275 - 277 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carry '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . 2017 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Liketa '' . Yale Grammatical Diversity Project . Yale University . 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dictionary.com . Dictionary.com Unabridged , based on the Random House Dictionary . Random House , Inc. 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berrey , Lester V. ( 1940 ) . `` Southern Mountain Dialect '' . American Speech , vol. 15 , no . 1 . p. 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Right '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . 2017 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reckon '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . 2017 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dialect Survey Results '' . www4.uwm.edu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harvard Dialect Survey - word use : a group of two or more people '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hazen , Kirk and Fluharty , Ellen . `` Linguistic Diversity in the South : Changing Codes , Practices and Ideology '' . Page 59 . Georgia University Press ; 1st Edition : 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2586 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` banquette '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition . 2000 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 19 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lanehart , Sonja L. ( editor ) ( 2001 ) . Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 113 - 114 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2006 : 19 - 20 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 2006 : 4 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bernstein , Cynthia ( 2003 ) . `` Grammatical features of southern speech '' . In Stephen J. Nagel ; Sara L. Sanders . English in the Southern United States . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82264 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Crystal , David ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82348 - X . </Li> <Li> Cukor - Avila , Patricia ( 2003 ) . `` The complex grammatical history of African - American and white vernaculars in the South '' . In In Stephen J. Nagel and Sara L. Sanders . English in the Southern United States . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82264 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Labov , William ; Ash , Sharon ; Boberg , Charles ( 2006 ) , The Atlas of North American English , Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 016746 - 8 </Li> <Li> Hazen , Kirk & Fluharty , Ellen ( 2004 ) . `` Defining Appalachian English '' . In Bender , Margaret . Linguistic Diversity in the South . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2586 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Wolfram , Walt ; Schilling - Estes , Natalie ( 2004 ) , American English ( Second ed . ) , Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing </Li> <Li> Thomas , Erik R. ( 2003 ) , `` Rural White Southern Accents '' ( PDF ) , Atlas of North American English ( online ) , Mouton de Gruyter , pp. 1 -- 37 . ( Later published as a chapter in : Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . A Handbook of Varieties of English : A Multimedia Reference Tool . New York : Mouton de Gruyter , pp. 300 - 324 . ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` U.S. dialect map '' . UTA.fi . </Li> <Li> Beard , Robert . `` Southernese '' . Glossary of Southernisms . </Li> <Li> `` Southern Accent Tutorial , with Voices of Native Speakers '' . A Site About Nothing . </Li> <Li> `` Southern Fried Vocab No. 10 '' . Smarty 's World . February 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Guy , Yvette Richardson ( Jan 22 , 2010 ) . `` Great day , the things that grandparents say '' . The Post and Courier . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Varieties by common name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Barrovian </Li> <Li> Black Country </Li> <Li> Brummie </Li> <Li> Bristolian </Li> <Li> Cheshire </Li> <Li> Cockney <Ul> <Li> `` Mockney '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cornish </Li> <Li> Cumbrian </Li> <Li> East Anglian </Li> <Li> East Midlands </Li> <Li> Essex </Li> <Li> Estuary </Li> <Li> Geordie </Li> <Li> Kentish </Li> <Li> Lancastrian </Li> <Li> Mackem </Li> <Li> Mancunian </Li> <Li> Multicultural London </Li> <Li> Norfolk </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Pitmatic </Li> <Li> Potteries </Li> <Li> Received Pronunciation </Li> <Li> Scouse </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Suffolk </Li> <Li> Sussex </Li> <Li> West Country <Ul> <Li> `` Mummerset '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West Midlands </Li> <Li> Yorkshire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Varieties by geographic location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> East of England <Ul> <Li> Essex </Li> <Li> Norfolk </Li> <Li> Suffolk </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> East Midlands </Li> <Li> North <Ul> <Li> Cheshire </Li> <Li> Cumbria <Ul> <Li> Barrow </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lancashire </Li> <Li> Manchester </Li> <Li> Merseyside </Li> <Li> Northumbria <Ul> <Li> Sunderland </Li> <Li> Tyneside </Li> <Li> Pitmatic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Yorkshire </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> Kent </Li> <Li> London <Ul> <Li> Cockney </Li> <Li> Multicultural London </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sussex </Li> <Li> Thames Estuary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West Country <Ul> <Li> Bristol </Li> <Li> Cornwall </Li> <Li> Dorset </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West Midlands <Ul> <Li> Black Country </Li> <Li> Birmingham </Li> <Li> Stoke - on - Trent </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland & Northern Ireland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scottish Highlands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wales </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abercraf </Li> <Li> Cardiff </Li> <Li> Gower </Li> <Li> Port Talbot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dublin </Li> <Li> South & West </Li> <Li> Ulster </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elsewhere </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Isle of Man </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North and South America </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Varieties by common name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> African American <Ul> <Li> Vernacular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Appalachian </Li> <Li> Baltimorese </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Cajun </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Chicago ; Detroit ; Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Chicano </Li> <Li> General American </Li> <Li> Hoi Toider </Li> <Li> Indian ; Native American </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> <Li> Midland </Li> <Li> Midwestern </Li> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> New Mexican </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Old Southern </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania Dutch </Li> <Li> Pittsburghese </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Texan </Li> <Li> Upper Midwestern </Li> <Li> Western </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Yat </Li> <Li> Yeshivish </Li> <Li> Yooper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Varieties by geographic location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Delaware Valley ; Mid-Atlantic <Ul> <Li> Pennsylvania Dutch </Li> <Li> Philadelphia ; South Jersey </Li> <Li> Baltimore </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Midland </Li> <Li> Midwest <Ul> <Li> Great Lakes ; Inland North </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula of Michigan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> New England <Ul> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> New York City ; Northeastern New Jersey <Ul> <Li> New York Latino </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> Acadiana </Li> <Li> Appalachia </Li> <Li> Chesapeake ; Pamlico </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> <Li> New Orleans </Li> <Li> Tangier </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> California </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Western Pennsylvania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aboriginal </Li> <Li> Atlantic <Ul> <Li> Cape Breton </Li> <Li> Newfoundland </Li> <Li> Lunenburg </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Standard <Ul> <Li> Ottawa Valley </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Quebec </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Trinidad </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elsewhere </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aboriginal </Li> <Li> Broad ; Strine </Li> <Li> General </Li> <Li> South Australian </Li> <Li> Torres Strait </Li> <Li> West Australian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elsewhere </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other continents </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> South Africa <Ul> <Li> White <Ul> <Li> Cultivated </Li> <Li> General </Li> <Li> Broad </Li> <Li> Cape Flats </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Black </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Burma or Myanmar </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Languages in italics are extinct . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dialects of American English </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> African - American English </Li> <Li> Appalachian English </Li> <Li> Baltimore English </Li> <Li> Boston English </Li> <Li> Cajun English </Li> <Li> California English </Li> <Li> Chicano English </Li> <Li> Eastern New England English </Li> <Li> General American English </Li> <Li> High Tider English </Li> <Li> Inland Northern American English </Li> <Li> Miami English </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English </Li> <Li> Maine English </Li> <Li> Midland American English </Li> <Li> New England Englishes </Li> <Li> New Mexican Englishes </Li> <Li> New Orleans English </Li> <Li> New York City English </Li> <Li> New York Latino English </Li> <Li> Northern American English </Li> <Li> North - Central American English </Li> <Li> Ozark English </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest English </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania Dutch English </Li> <Li> Philadelphia English </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican English </Li> <Li> Southern American English </Li> <Li> Texan English </Li> <Li> Tidewater English </Li> <Li> Transatlantic English </Li> <Li> Upper Michigan English </Li> <Li> Western American English </Li> <Li> Western New England English </Li> <Li> Western Pennsylvania English </Li> <Li> Yeshiva English </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral Indigenous Languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Families </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Algic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abenaki </Li> <Li> Anishinnabemowin </Li> <Li> Arapaho </Li> <Li> Blackfoot </Li> <Li> Cheyenne </Li> <Li> Cree </Li> <Li> Fox </Li> <Li> Gros Ventre </Li> <Li> Mahican </Li> <Li> Massachusett </Li> <Li> Menominee </Li> <Li> Mi'kmaq </Li> <Li> Mohegan - Pequot </Li> <Li> Munsee </Li> <Li> Myaamia </Li> <Li> Nanticoke </Li> <Li> Narragansett </Li> <Li> Pamlico </Li> <Li> Potawatomi </Li> <Li> Powhatan </Li> <Li> Quiripi </Li> <Li> Shawnee </Li> <Li> Unami </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Etchemin </Li> <Li> Loup </Li> <Li> Nawathinehena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austronesian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chamorro </Li> <Li> Hawaiian </Li> <Li> Refaluwasch </Li> <Li> Samoan </Li> <Li> Tokelauan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caddoan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arikara </Li> <Li> Caddo </Li> <Li> Wichita </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kitsai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chinookan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kathlamet </Li> <Li> Tsinúk </Li> <Li> Upper Chinook </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chumashan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barbareño </Li> <Li> Cruzeño </Li> <Li> Obispeño </Li> <Li> Purisimeño </Li> <Li> Ventureño </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dené -- Yeniseian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ahtna </Li> <Li> Deg Xinag </Li> <Li> Dena'ina </Li> <Li> Gwich'in </Li> <Li> Hän </Li> <Li> Hupa </Li> <Li> Jicarilla </Li> <Li> Koyukon </Li> <Li> Lower Tanana </Li> <Li> Mescalero - Chiricahua </Li> <Li> Navajo </Li> <Li> Tanacross </Li> <Li> Tolowa </Li> <Li> Upper Kuskokwim </Li> <Li> Upper Tanana </Li> <Li> Western Apache </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cahto </Li> <Li> Eyak </Li> <Li> Holikachuk </Li> <Li> Kwalhioqua - Clatskanie </Li> <Li> Lipan </Li> <Li> Mattole </Li> <Li> Plains Apache </Li> <Li> Tsetsaut </Li> <Li> Tututni </Li> <Li> Upper Umpqua </Li> <Li> Wailaki </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eskaleut </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inuit </Li> <Li> Inupiat </Li> <Li> Aleut </Li> <Li> Alutiiq </Li> <Li> Central Alaskan Yup'ik </Li> <Li> Central Siberian Yupik </Li> <Li> Chevak Cup'ik </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iroquoian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cayuga </Li> <Li> Cherokee </Li> <Li> Mohawk </Li> <Li> Oneida </Li> <Li> Onondaga </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Tuscarora </Li> <Li> Wyandot </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Erie </Li> <Li> Neutral Huron </Li> <Li> Nottoway </Li> <Li> Susquehannock </Li> <Li> Wenrohronon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kalapuyan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Kalapuya </Li> <Li> Northern Kalapuya </Li> <Li> Yoncalla </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Keresan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cochiti Pueblo </Li> <Li> San Felipe -- Santo Domingo </Li> <Li> Zia -- Santa Ana Pueblos </Li> <Li> Western Keres </Li> <Li> Acoma Pueblo </Li> <Li> Laguna Pueblo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maiduan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Konkow </Li> <Li> Maidu </Li> <Li> Nisenan </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chico </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Muskogean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Chickasaw </Li> <Li> Choctaw </Li> <Li> Koasati </Li> <Li> Mikasuki </Li> <Li> Muscogee </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Apalachee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Palaihnihan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Achumawi </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Atsugewi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plateau Penutian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nez Perce </Li> <Li> Sahaptin </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Klamath </Li> <Li> Molala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pomoan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Pomo </Li> <Li> Eastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Kashaya </Li> <Li> Southeastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Southern Pomo </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Northeastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Northern Pomo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salishan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coeur d'Alene </Li> <Li> Columbia - Moses </Li> <Li> Halkomelem </Li> <Li> Klallam </Li> <Li> Lushootseed </Li> <Li> Nooksack </Li> <Li> North Straits Salish </Li> <Li> Okanagan </Li> <Li> Salish </Li> <Li> Thompson </Li> <Li> Twana </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cowlitz </Li> <Li> Lower Chehalis </Li> <Li> Quinault </Li> <Li> Tillamook </Li> <Li> Upper Chehalis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Siouan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assiniboine </Li> <Li> Crow </Li> <Li> Dakota </Li> <Li> Hidatsa </Li> <Li> Kansa </Li> <Li> Lakota </Li> <Li> Mandan </Li> <Li> Omaha -- Ponca </Li> <Li> Quapaw </Li> <Li> Stoney </Li> <Li> Winnebago </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Biloxi </Li> <Li> Catawba </Li> <Li> Chiwere </Li> <Li> Mitchigamea </Li> <Li> Moneton </Li> <Li> Ofo </Li> <Li> Tutelo - Saponi </Li> <Li> Woccon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tanoan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jemez </Li> <Li> Kiowa </Li> <Li> Picuris </Li> <Li> Southern Tiwa </Li> <Li> Taos </Li> <Li> Tewa </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Piro Pueblo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tsimshianic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coast Tsimshian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uto - Aztecan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Comanche </Li> <Li> Hopi </Li> <Li> Ivilyuat </Li> <Li> Kawaiisu </Li> <Li> Kitanemuk </Li> <Li> Luiseño </Li> <Li> Mono </Li> <Li> Northern Paiute </Li> <Li> O'odham </Li> <Li> Serrano </Li> <Li> Shoshoni </Li> <Li> Timbisha </Li> <Li> Tübatulabal </Li> <Li> Ute - Chemehuevi </Li> <Li> Yaqui </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cupeño </Li> <Li> Tongva </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wakashan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Makah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wintuan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nomlaki </Li> <Li> Patwin </Li> <Li> Wintu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yuk - Utian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Southern Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Tule - Kaweah Yokuts </Li> <Li> Valley Yokuts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bay Miwok </Li> <Li> Buena Vista Yokuts </Li> <Li> Coast Miwok </Li> <Li> Gashowu Yokuts </Li> <Li> Kings River Yokuts </Li> <Li> Lake Miwok </Li> <Li> Northern Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Palewyami </Li> <Li> Plains Miwok </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yuman -- Cochimí </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cocopah </Li> <Li> Havasupai -- Hualapai </Li> <Li> Ipai </Li> <Li> Kumeyaay </Li> <Li> Maricopa </Li> <Li> Mojave </Li> <Li> Quechan </Li> <Li> Tiipai </Li> <Li> Yavapai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Haida </Li> <Li> Karuk </Li> <Li> Kutenai </Li> <Li> Siuslaw </Li> <Li> Washo </Li> <Li> Yuchi </Li> <Li> Zuni </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chitimacha </Li> <Li> Tonkawa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mixed or Trade Languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinook Jargon </Li> <Li> Michif </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mohawk Dutch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual Indigenous languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hand Talk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anishinaabe Sign Language </Li> <Li> Blackfoot Sign Language </Li> <Li> Cheyenne Sign Language </Li> <Li> Cree Sign Language </Li> <Li> Navajo Sign Language </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Plateau Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawai'i Sign Language </Li> <Li> Inuk Sign Language </Li> <Li> Keresan Pueblo </Li> <Li> Navajo Family Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral settler languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> French </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Louisiana <Ul> <Li> Cajun </Li> <Li> Colonial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Métis </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Muskrat </Li> <Li> New England </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> German </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pennsylvania Dutch </Li> <Li> Hutterite </Li> <Li> Plautdietsch </Li> <Li> Bernese </Li> <Li> Alsatian </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spanish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caló ( Chicano ) </Li> <Li> New Mexican </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican </Li> <Li> Isleño </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual settler languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Black American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Pro-Tactile American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> BANZSL </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samoan Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kentish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sandy River Valley Sign Language </Li> <Li> Henniker Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immigrant languages ( number of speakers in 2010 in millions ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spanish ( 37 ) </Li> <Li> Varieties of Chinese ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> French ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Tagalog ( 1.6 ) </Li> <Li> Vietnamese ( 1.4 ) </Li> <Li> German ( 1.1 ) </Li> <Li> Korean ( 1.1 ) </Li> <Li> Arabic ( 0.9 ) </Li> <Li> Russian ( 0.9 ) </Li> <Li> Italian ( 0.7 ) </Li> <Li> Portuguese ( 0.7 ) </Li> <Li> Polish ( 0.6 ) </Li> <Li> Hindi ( 0.6 ) </Li> <Li> Persian ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Urdu ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Gujarati ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Japanese ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Greek ( 0.3 ) </Li> <Li> Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language in the United States ( 0.3 ) </Li> <Li> Armenian ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Khmer ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Hmong ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Hebrew ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Laotian ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Yiddish ( 0.2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_American_English&oldid=857093249 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American English </Li> <Li> African - 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what is the origin of the southern accent
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Southern_American_English&amp;oldid=857093249
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List of Steven Universe episodes - Wikipedia <H1> List of Steven Universe episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Warp Tour '' redirects here . For the music festival , see Warped Tour . <P> Steven Universe is an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network . The series revolves around Steven Universe ( voiced by Zach Callison ) , who protects his hometown of Beach City alongside Garnet ( voiced by Estelle ) , Amethyst ( voiced by Michaela Dietz ) and Pearl ( voiced by Deedee Magno ) , three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems . The series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season in March 2016 . </P> <P> As of May 29 , 2017 , 128 regular 11 - minute episodes of Steven Universe have aired over the course of the series , plus two special double - length 22 - minute episodes . Episodes have variously been broadcast once a week ( most recently on Friday nights ) , or in blocks of five new episodes in the course of a week , which are marketed as `` Stevenbombs '' , the latest of which aired from May 8 -- 11 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Season 5 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Internet shorts <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season 2 shorts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 4 shorts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Home media <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Video on demand </Li> <Li> 4.2 DVD </Li> <Li> 4.3 Blu - ray </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Pilot </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 52 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs improved plot summaries . ( June 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following lists are ordered according to the list on the official website of the series , which reflects the intended watching order of the creators . While similar to the original broadcast order , three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season . </P> <H3> Pilot ( 2013 ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Time Thing '' </Td> <Td> Phil Rynda ( creative ) , Sue Mondt ( art ) , and Genndy Tartakovsky ( timing ) </Td> <Td> Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( online ) </Td> <Td> 501 - ? ? ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Upon returning from an intergalactic mission , the Crystal Gems -- Garnet , Amethyst , and Pearl -- have brought a mysterious magical hourglass . Steven Universe , the youngest member of the Crystal Gems , gets his hands on the device and discovers that it has the ability to let him travel back in time in order to make snappy comebacks . However , his actions soon bring about a deadly adversary , with everyone 's lives dependent on Steven being able to make a worthwhile comeback . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) </H3> <P> The supervising director for this season is Ian Jones - Quartey . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Art direction by </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Gem Glow '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 003 </Td> <Td> 1.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is disappointed that his favorite ice - cream sandwich brand , Cookie Cat , gets taken off the market . He soon cheers up upon discovering that the Gems managed to get hold of some of the last remaining Cookie Cats , which he comes to believe may be the key to activating his gem . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Laser Light Cannon '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Kat Morris and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 001 </Td> <Td> 1.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a menacing `` Red Eye '' is about to hit Beach City , the only thing that can destroy it is a Laser Light Cannon that once belonged to Steven 's mother , Rose Quartz . Steven and his father , Greg , search through Greg 's storage for the cannon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Ian Jones - Quartey and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 002 </Td> <Td> 1.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The Crystal Gems go on a mission to place a Moon Goddess statue on top of the ruined Lunar Sea Spire , and Steven tries to prove he can be useful with the help of his new novelty Cheeseburger Backpack . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Together Breakfast '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Ian Jones - Quartey , Rebecca Sugar , and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 004 </Td> <Td> 1.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven 's attempt to get the Gems to share his special breakfast sends him on a journey through their ancient Crystal Temple . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Frybo '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 008 </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven brings a mascot costume to life with a magical gem shard in order help his friend Peedee , but it backfires when the mascot goes rogue . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Cat Fingers '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Kat Morris , Hilary Florido , Ian Jones - Quartey , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 005 </Td> <Td> 1.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Trying to master his shapeshifting abilities , Steven turns his fingers into cats , which get out of control . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Bubble Buddies '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Kat Morris and Aleth Romanillos </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 006 </Td> <Td> 1.61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven forms a magic bubble around himself and a girl named Connie to save her from a falling rock , but he has no idea how to make it disappear . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Serious Steven '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 007 </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While navigating through an ancient Gem maze , Steven tries to prove to the Gems that he can take the mission seriously . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Tiger Millionaire '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 011 </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven joins an underground wrestling league with Amethyst , who 's tired of Garnet and Pearl bringing her down . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Steven 's Lion '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart and Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Aleth Romanillos </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 012 </Td> <Td> 1.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven befriends a magical lion he finds in the desert during a mission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Arcade Mania '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams , Aleth Romanillos , and Luke Weber </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 009 </Td> <Td> 1.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven takes the Gems to the Funland Arcade , where Garnet becomes enchanted by a rhythm game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Giant Woman '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dart </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 010 </Td> <Td> 1.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven encourages Amethyst and Pearl to fuse together into a four - armed `` giant woman '' named Opal ( Aimee Mann ) , but Amethyst and Pearl keep quarrelling . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` So Many Birthdays '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 014 </Td> <Td> 1.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After learning that the Gems are thousands of years old , Steven throws a party to make up for all the birthdays they 've missed , and he begins to worry about what it means to grow up himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Matt Braly </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 015 </Td> <Td> 1.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Lars hang out with the cool kids ( Jenny Pizza , Buck Dewey , and Sour Cream ) , but their teenage shenanigans get them into magical trouble . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Onion Trade '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 018 </Td> <Td> 1.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> A toy trade between Steven and Onion escalates into epic proportions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 013 </Td> <Td> 1.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Pearl 's attempt to teach Steven the art of sword - fighting using a holographic version of herself goes awry when she gets injured and has to retreat into her gem to heal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 017 </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Connie try to ride Lion to the movie theater , but Lion instead takes them to a mysterious Gem armory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Beach Party '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 020 </Td> <Td> 1.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After a battle damages the Fish Stew Pizza sign , the Gems are banned from the restaurant , so Steven throws a cookout on the beachside to mend the relationship between the Pizza family and the Gems . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Rose 's Room '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 019 </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven 's desire for some alone time unlocks a room in the temple that answers his every wish . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Coach Steven '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 016 </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Against Pearl 's advice , Steven becomes determined to get stronger after watching Garnet and Amethyst fuse into the mighty ( and destructive ) Sugilite ( Nicki Minaj ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Joking Victim '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 024 </Td> <Td> 1.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Lars fakes an injury to take a sick day from work , Steven helps Sadie out at the Big Donut , and they pull a prank on Lars to get back at him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Steven and the Stevens '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 021 </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven needs a musical partner for an upcoming show , so he uses a time travel device to recruit himself as the perfect bandmate . This episode re-uses the time - travel device from the non-canonical pilot episode . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Monster Buddies '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 022 </Td> <Td> 2.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven accidentally releases a captured Gem monster from her bubble and attempts to tame her wild form . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` An Indirect Kiss '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 023 </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tells Connie about his mission with the Gems to heal Amethyst when she cracked her gem . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` Mirror Gem '' ( Part 1 ) </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 025 </Td> <Td> 2.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven befriends a magical mirror that can mysteriously communicate with him , and ends up freeing its prisoner : Lapis Lazuli , another mysterious Gem . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> `` Ocean Gem '' ( Part 2 ) </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 026 </Td> <Td> 2.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Lapis Lazuli disappears after reigniting a past conflict with the three Crystal Gems and takes the ocean with her , leaving Beach City in a panic on the first day of summer . Steven , Connie , Greg , Lion and the Gems go on a mission to confront Lapis and set things right . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> `` House Guest '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 027 </Td> <Td> 2.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Left temporarily homeless and with a broken leg after the events of the previous episode , Greg stays in Steven 's house while his leg heals and unintentionally interferes with Steven 's healing powers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> `` Space Race '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 028 </Td> <Td> 1.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven , Pearl , and Greg visit Greg 's family 's barn and work together to build a spaceship so that Pearl can revisit the wonders of the cosmos , but Pearl gets a little carried away . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> `` Secret Team '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 030 </Td> <Td> 2.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When they accidentally pop a bubble containing gem shards , Steven forms a secret team with Amethyst and Pearl to retrieve the shards before Garnet finds out . After doing so , Steven wants to keep the secret team going . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> `` Island Adventure '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 033 </Td> <Td> 1.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to mend Lars and Sadie 's friendship by taking them on vacation to the mysterious Mask Island ; but they become stranded there for several days . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> `` Keep Beach City Weird '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 029 </Td> <Td> 1.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is taken in by Ronaldo 's conspiracy theories about the paranormal occurrences in Beach City . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> `` Fusion Cuisine '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 031 </Td> <Td> 1.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven asks the Gems to fuse together into Alexandrite ( Rita Rani Ahuja ) and pretend to be his mother at a dinner with Connie 's family . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> `` Garnet 's Universe '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 036 </Td> <Td> 1.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Garnet returns from a mission , Steven imagines a story about what she did all day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> `` Watermelon Steven '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 035 </Td> <Td> 1.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven grows a patch of watermelons shaped like himself , but they soon come to life and attack the people of Beach City and the Crystal Gems . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 032 </Td> <Td> 1.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Lion keeps lying on Steven 's face while he 's sleeping , leading Steven to discover a pocket dimension in Lion 's mane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> `` Warp Tour '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 037 </Td> <Td> 1.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven becomes uneasy after seeing an unknown object traversing a warp stream , despite the Gems ' attempts to disprove his claims . They learn that the source of the mysterious objects is Peridot , a Gem from the Gem Homeworld checking up on Earth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> `` Alone Together '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 034 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While practicing how to fuse with the Gems , Steven accidentally fuses with Connie , forming an unprecedented Gem / human fusion named Stevonnie ( AJ Michalka ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> `` The Test '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 038 </Td> <Td> 1.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven finds out that the Lunar Sea Spire mission from the third episode was meant to be a test of his ability to join the Gems on missions , so he demands a new test . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> `` Future Vision '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 039 </Td> <Td> 2.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven learns that Garnet can see into the future and becomes paranoid about the possible dangers around him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> `` On the Run '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 040 </Td> <Td> 2.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Amethyst try out life on the road , and Amethyst reveals her origin to Steven : she was created on Earth as part of the original Gem colonization of the planet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> `` Horror Club '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 041 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven goes to the lighthouse to watch scary movies with Ronaldo , Lars , and Sadie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> `` Winter Forecast '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 043 </Td> <Td> 2.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven has to take Connie back to her home before a blizzard hits Beach City , and Garnet shows him some future outcomes of this before they leave . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> `` Maximum Capacity '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 042 </Td> <Td> 1.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While cleaning out Greg 's storage unit , he and Amethyst are distracted by watching old episodes of their favorite sitcom Li'l Butler . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> `` Marble Madness '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 044 </Td> <Td> 1.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When droids from space descend towards warp pad zones , Steven and the Gems attempt to find out their purpose . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> `` Rose 's Scabbard '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 045 </Td> <Td> 1.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Pearl takes Steven to a special place that belonged to Rose Quartz after Lion finds the scabbard for Rose 's sword . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> `` Open Book '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 046 </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Connie is upset by the ending of her favorite book series , Steven takes her to Rose 's room to attempt to remake the ending . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> `` Shirt Club '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 047 </Td> <Td> 1.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Buck make T - shirts featuring Steven 's crudely drawn advertisement for Greg 's guitar lessons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> `` Story for Steven '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 048 </Td> <Td> 2.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Greg tells Steven the story of how he met Rose Quartz . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> `` The Message '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 049 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and the Gems need Greg 's help to retrieve a message being transmitted through a Gem artifact called a Wailing Stone . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> `` Political Power '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 050 </Td> <Td> 1.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After the Gems cause a power outage in Beach City , Steven helps Mayor Dewey control the situation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> `` The Return '' ( Part 1 ) </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 051 </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven helps evacuate Beach City in the face of an invasion from the Gem Homeworld by Peridot and the warrior Gem Jasper . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> `` Jail Break '' ( Part 2 ) </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1026 - 052 </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Trapped on the Gem Warship , Steven attempts to rescue the Gems , including two mysterious Gems named Ruby and Sapphire , from Peridot and Jasper 's clutches . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Full Disclosure '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 053 </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to avoid Connie so he does n't have to tell her about his ordeal with the Homeworld Gems from the previous episodes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Joy Ride '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 054 </Td> <Td> 1.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The cool kids take Steven out on a late - night joyride to lift his spirits , and end up discovering Peridot 's escape pod . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Say Uncle '' </Td> <Td> Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 056 </Td> <Td> 1.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> In this non-canon crossover episode , Uncle Grandpa arrives to aid Steven in unlocking the power of his gem . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Love Letters '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 055 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Jamie the mailman falls in love with Garnet , Steven and Connie must help turn him down gently . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Reformed '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 057 </Td> <Td> 1.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Amethyst keeps trying to find a new form to regenerate into while she , Steven and Garnet chase after a Gem monster loose in the temple . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Sworn to the Sword '' </Td> <Td> Ian Jones - Quartey ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 060 </Td> <Td> 1.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Connie , wanting to protect Steven , takes swordfighting lessons with Pearl . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Rising Tides , Crashing Skies '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 059 </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Ronaldo investigates the Crystal Gems in a web documentary for his `` Keep Beach City Weird '' blog . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Keeping It Together '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 061 </Td> <Td> 1.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While the Crystal Gems chase after Peridot in the Kindergarten , Steven and Garnet discover a dark secret while exploring its inner workings . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` We Need to Talk '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 062 </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After witnessing Steven and Connie fuse again , Greg explains to them how he learned about fusion from his time with Rose Quartz , hoping to pull it off himself in order to grow closer to her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Chille Tid '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 063 </Td> <Td> 1.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is exhausted from searching the ocean for Jasper and Lapis Lazuli 's fusion , Malachite , so Garnet has Pearl and Amethyst stay with him for a slumber party . Steven , discovering that he has the power of astral projection , is rattled by recurring dreams of Lapis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Cry for Help '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 064 </Td> <Td> 1.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When TV broadcasts are disrupted by a video signal emitted by Peridot from the Gem communication tower , Garnet chooses to fuse with Pearl into Sardonyx to destroy it , which dismays Amethyst . As the tower keeps being fixed , however , Steven and Amethyst are shocked to discover who 's really behind it . Guest star : Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Keystone Motel '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1020 - 065 </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While she accompanies Greg and Steven on a road trip to another state and a visit to a motel , Garnet 's anger over what Pearl did in the previous episode causes her to split into Ruby and Sapphire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Onion Friend '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 067 </Td> <Td> 1.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> During a visit to Onion 's house , Amethyst rekindles her friendship with his mother , Vidalia , while Onion shows Steven around his room . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Historical Friction '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> July 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 066 </Td> <Td> 1.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is asked by Jamie to participate in a play funded by Mayor Dewey about Beach City 's founding , with Pearl stepping in to provide a more historically accurate script . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Friend Ship '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 068 </Td> <Td> 1.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After the recent events , Pearl wants to redeem herself by capturing Peridot , who then traps the Crystal Gems in an old , abandoned Gem spaceship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Nightmare Hospital '' </Td> <Td> Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 069 </Td> <Td> 1.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After Connie 's mother confiscates Rose 's sword , Steven and Connie sneak into the hospital where she works to retrieve it from her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Sadie 's Song '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 073 </Td> <Td> 1.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven helps Sadie with an act for the annual Beach - a-Palooza talent show . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Catch and Release '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 070 </Td> <Td> 1.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The Crystal Gems finally capture Peridot , but Steven suspects that she has information that the Crystal Gems need to know and attempts to learn what it is , allowing her to live in his bathroom . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` When It Rains '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 071 </Td> <Td> 1.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After Steven explains life on Earth to Peridot , and she experiences her first rainstorm , she decides to tell him about her mission : to locate an experimental Gem creation called the Cluster . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Back to the Barn '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 072 </Td> <Td> 1.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> At the barn , when Peridot and Pearl fight over who will lead the construction of a drill that will take the group to the Cluster 's location , Steven suggests they build robots and compete with each other . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Too Far '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 074 </Td> <Td> 1.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Peridot gets carried away with Gem gossip and reveals something about Amethyst , unintentionally offending her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` The Answer '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 075 </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Garnet tells Steven the story of how Ruby and Sapphire first met and joined the Crystal Gems . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Steven 's Birthday '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 079 </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While celebrating his fourteenth birthday with the Gems , Greg , and Connie , Steven takes on a more adult form using his shapeshifting powers . However , this proves harmful to his human half . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` It Could 've Been Great '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 076 </Td> <Td> 1.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and the Gems travel to an information archive on the Moon to discover the Cluster 's exact location . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` Message Received '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 077 </Td> <Td> 1.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven becomes devastated and mistrustful of Peridot after she steals a communication device from the Moon Base , which she uses to contact her leader , Yellow Diamond . Guest star : Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 078 </Td> <Td> 1.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While Peridot is in turmoil over what she did in the previous episode , Steven listens to her audio diary and learns how she and Garnet learned to get along during their time at the barn , despite their radical differences . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2016 ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Super Watermelon Island '' ( Part 1 ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 080 </Td> <Td> 1.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Using his astral projection ability , Steven discovers that the Watermelon Stevens have formed their own civilization on Mask Island . However , when he sees Malachite on the island as well , the Gems head into action to fight Malachite as Alexandrite , with the Watermelon Stevens helping them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Gem Drill '' ( Part 2 ) </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 081 </Td> <Td> 1.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> With the other Gems stranded on Mask Island and the Cluster beginning to show signs of forming , Steven and Peridot drill deep underground alone in order to stop the Cluster and save Earth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Same Old World '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 083 </Td> <Td> 1.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Lapis Lazuli has nowhere left to go after being freed from her fusion with Jasper , so Steven shows her the locations Earth has to offer to find her a new home . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Barn Mates '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 082 </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to help Peridot and Lapis Lazuli resolve their past conflicts and get along at the barn . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Hit the Diamond '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 084 </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> A dispatch team of five Ruby soldiers arrive from Homeworld in search of the missing Earth mission leader . To protect Peridot , the Crystal Gems ( with Garnet splitting into Ruby and Sapphire again ) attempt to get rid of the gullible Rubies by challenging them to a game of baseball . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Steven Floats '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Upon returning home with the Gems , Steven discovers he has the ability to float in the air . However , after jumping too high , he becomes stuck in the sky ; the Gems spend all night attempting to get him back on the ground . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Drop Beat Dad '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Sour Cream 's estranged biological father Marty returns to Beach City and aids him in hosting a concert , much to the dismay of his stepdad , Yellowtail . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Mr. Greg '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 088 </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> In this special musical episode , after Greg suddenly comes into a great deal of money , he takes Steven and Pearl on a vacation to Empire City . However , Pearl is having trouble letting go of her resentment of Greg 's relationship with Rose Quartz . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Too Short to Ride '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven , Amethyst and Peridot visit Funland for the day , but Peridot becomes resentful when using shapeshifting powers she does n't have seems to be the only way to have fun . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The New Lars '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven attempts to improve Lars ' life when he accidentally ends up in Lars 's body due to his astral projection ability . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Beach City Drift '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven and Connie run into Kevin , an obnoxious teenager who had harassed Stevonnie in an earlier episode , they fuse again to try to humiliate him by beating him in a car race . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Restaurant Wars '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven accidentally re-ignites an old feud between restaurant owners Mr. Fryman and Kofi Pizza , it is up to Steven and the restaurant owners ' children to try to stop the feud . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Kiki 's Pizza Delivery Service '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Colin Howard and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Kiki has been having nightmares due to being overworked at Fish Stew Pizza when her sister skips work , so Steven helps by using his astral projection to go into Kiki 's dreams . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Monster Reunion '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven 's healing powers suddenly return , he re-releases the Centipeetle and attempts to heal her . He ca n't fully cure her corruption , but he learns from her about her history as a Homeworld officer abandoned on Earth at the end of the war . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Alone at Sea '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido , Kat Morris , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1031 - 094 </Td> <Td> 1.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Greg take Lapis Lazuli on a boat ride to help her recover from her trauma . However , Jasper follows them and confronts Lapis , seeking to fuse into Malachite again . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Greg the Babysitter '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven asks Greg how he started working at the car wash , Greg tells Steven about a day he and Rose spent babysitting Sour Cream for Vidalia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Gem Hunt '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Colin Howard and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Connie goes on her first mission with Steven and Pearl to find a loose Gem monster in the Great North . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Crack the Whip '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Garnet and Pearl return to the Great North to look for Jasper , Amethyst is put in charge of Steven and Connie . They continue their battle training together and try to have a fun day in Beach City , but are interrupted by the reappearance of Jasper . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Steven vs. Amethyst '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Following the events of the previous episode , Amethyst 's self - esteem has hit rock bottom . With Steven 's rising power , Amethyst begins to suspect that she is now the weakest Gem on the team . This leads Steven and Amethyst to engage in a duel to see who really is the weakest Gem . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 99 </Th> <Td> 20 21 </Td> <Td> `` Bismuth '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams , Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Bismuth , one of the original Crystal Gems , is accidentally freed by Steven from a bubble inside Lion 's mane . She is welcomed back with open arms by Pearl and Garnet , while Amethyst quickly warms up to her company . However , Steven soon notices that Bismuth 's outlook on the rebellion is radically different from the other Gems ' when she shows eagerness to re-ignite the Gem War with an unethical secret weapon . Guest star : Uzo Aduba as Bismuth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Beta '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Amethyst can not stop thinking about losing to Jasper the last time they fought , Steven takes her to visit Peridot and Lapis Lazuli at the barn . Peridot and Lapis show off their attempts at creating art ( which they call `` meepmorp '' ) ; when that fails to cheer Amethyst up , Peridot tries showing her Jasper 's birthplace : a heavily rushed and poorly made Kindergarten in the middle of a desert . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Earthlings '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven , Amethyst and Peridot encounter Jasper at the Beta Kindergarten , Amethyst and Steven fuse into Smoky Quartz for a showdown with Jasper . In the heat of battle , Jasper makes a rash decision that results in her meeting a nasty fate . Guest star : Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Back to the Moon '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The dispatch team of Rubies have returned to the barn still searching for Jasper . To try to get rid of them once again , Amethyst impersonates Jasper , but things get awry when the Rubies take her and the other Crystal Gems to contact Yellow Diamond at the Moon Base . Along the way , Steven learns a shocking fact about his mother . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` Bubbled '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Colin Howard and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After being sucked out of the Moon Base 's airlock , Steven , to stay safe , puts himself in a bubble and floats through space . Along the way , Steven runs into a murderous Ruby . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Kindergarten Kid '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> In an episode described as a homage to Warner Bros . ' Road Runner cartoons , Steven and Peridot are determined to catch a fast , elusive Gem monster . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 105 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Know Your Fusion '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven and Amethyst introduce Smoky Quartz to Garnet and Pearl , they fuse into Sardonyx and interview Smoky Quartz about what makes them special . Guest stars : Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx and Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 106 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Buddy 's Book '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Connie takes Steven to the Public Library , he discovers an old journal by William Dewey 's first mate Buddy , which chronicles his visits to various Gem locations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 107 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mindful Education '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Takafumi Hori </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Connie continue their combat training , and practice fighting while fused as Stevonnie . However , when overwhelming guilt from both Steven and Connie over past events gets in their way , Garnet helps them find inner peace . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 108 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Future Boy Zoltron '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After accidentally breaking an old fortune telling machine at Funland , Steven decides to take its place and tell people 's futures . While initially fun , he eventually meets a mysterious man ( voiced by Brian George ) who seems to only have depressing futures . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Last One Out of Beach City '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1040 - 110 </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Pearl offers to go with Steven and Amethyst to a rock show , deciding to get in touch with her rebellious side whilst trying to impress a woman who looks similar to Rose . Guest star : Mike Krol as himself </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Onion Gang '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Onion brings Steven into the woods to introduce him to his friends and have a fun day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 111 112 </Th> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> `` Gem Harvest '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , Hilary Florido , and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Steven visits Lapis and Peridot at the barn , they get an unexpected visit from Greg 's grumpy cousin Andy . To get to know his uncle and make him feel at home , Steven attempts to host a family dinner with Andy , Greg , and the Gems . Guest star : Dave Willis as Andy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 113 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Three Gems and a Baby '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Greg tells Steven about his first winter as a baby : when Steven was only a few months old , the Gems were still struggling with learning to understand that Rose Quartz had given up her form to allow Steven to be born and was n't coming back . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 114 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Steven 's Dream '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Jeff Liu and Colin Howard </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven begins to have a strange dream that causes him to cry , which he quickly realizes is related to Pink Diamond . When he asks the Gems to give him information about Pink Diamond , however , they refuse to give any , so Steven and Greg travel to Korea to find the truth themselves . Guest stars : Dave Willis as Andy and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 115 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Adventures in Light Distortion '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After Greg is abducted by Blue Diamond , Steven and the Gems rush off into space with the Rubies ' ship to rescue him . Faster - than - light travel has unexpected effects on the Gems ' bodies , and in Steven 's haste , he puts himself and the Gems in danger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 116 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Gem Heist '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The Gems reach a space station that once belonged to Pink Diamond , and sneak in to rescue Greg , but in order to do so , they must play the roles they were made for , so as not to arouse suspicion . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Zoo '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven finds Greg in Pink Diamond 's `` Human Zoo '' , and tries to look for a way out . This proves easier said than done as the humans there are guided through a strictly scheduled and regimented life . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` That Will Be All '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) </Td> <Td> Colin Howard , Joe Johnston , and Rebecca Sugar </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While Blue Diamond and Yellow Diamond argue over their diverging ways of coping with Pink Diamond 's death , Steven , Greg and the Crystal Gems attempt to escape the space station before they are discovered . Guest stars : Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The New Crystal Gems '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Connie tells Steven the story of how she , Peridot , and Lapis attempted to take the Crystal Gems ' places as the protectors of Beach City while he was in space . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 120 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Storm in the Room '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Colin Howard and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven uses his room in the temple to create a simulated image of Rose Quartz in order to try to experience what it would be like to know his mother . He ends up confronting her with his troubled feelings about her complex legacy and her choice to create him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 121 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Rocknaldo '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Ronaldo decides to join the Crystal Gems . However , once Steven lets him join the team , Ronaldo 's self - centered attitude begins to try Steven 's patience . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 122 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Tiger Philanthropist '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Amethyst quits wrestling at the abandoned warehouse , Steven continues doing so himself as Tiger Philanthropist . However , Steven soon begins to doubt the point of wrestling when the audience does n't take to his new persona . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 123 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Room for Ruby '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> `` Navy '' , one of the Rubies who came to Earth to find Jasper , crashes on Earth and is welcomed in by Steven to be a Crystal Gem . However , Lapis Lazuli does not trust Navy 's overly optimistic nature , knowing of Navy 's previous encounters with the Crystal Gems . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 124 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Lion 4 : Alternate Ending '' </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven tries to search for secret messages Rose may have left him about his `` magical destiny '' . Lion eventually leads him to a tape -- but it 's just an alternate version of the message from Rose he 's already seen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 125 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Doug Out '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Connie 's father , Doug , comes to Beach City to investigate a break - in at Funland . He invites Steven and Connie to join him to stake out the amusement park . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 126 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` The Good Lars '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) </Td> <Td> Colin Howard and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1040 - 128 </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The Cool Kids invite Steven , Lars and Sadie to a potluck . Steven and Sadie encourage Lars to bake a cake for the party , but Lars is insecure about revealing his baking skills . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Are You My Dad ? '' ( Part 1 ) </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) </Td> <Td> Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Lars , Sadie , Onion and Jamie have mysteriously disappeared . While investigating the mystery , Steven comes across a new Gem , who keeps asking `` Are you my dad ? '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` I Am My Mom '' ( Part 2 ) </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and the Gems race to rescue all of Steven 's friends from Aquamarine and Topaz , and find out the horrifying truth behind their actions , but as the stakes keep rising , Steven must make the most difficult decision of his life . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 ( 2017 ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Stuck Together '' ( Part 1 ) </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lauren Zuke </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven and Lars , stuck inside Topaz , try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld - bound ship . Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz 's sympathy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Trial '' ( Part 2 ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) </Td> <Td> Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Steven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz 's assassination of Pink Diamond . During the trial , Steven 's attorney ( a Zircon ) analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond 's death does n't make sense , and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up . Guest stars : Amy Sedaris as the Zircons , Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond , and Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Off Colors '' ( Part 3 ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After escaping from the Diamonds , Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the `` off - colors '' , a group of `` defective '' Gems who live in hiding from Gem society . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 132 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Lars ' Head '' ( Part 4 ) </Td> <Td> Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) </Td> <Td> Jeff Liu and Madeline Queripel </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers , he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion . When Steven realizes that he can use Lars 's hair to teleport him back to Earth ( via Lion 's mane ) , he and Lars must make a difficult choice . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 133 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Dewey Wins '' </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) </Td> <Td> Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 134 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 135 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 136 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 137 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 138 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Internet shorts </H2> <H3> Season 2 shorts </H3> <P> All six digital shorts combined make up one full production code of season 2 ( 1031 - 058 ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` We Are the Crystal Gems '' </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido , Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> July 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) ( San Diego Comic - Con ) </Li> <Li> September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) ( Cartoon Network 's website ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Young Steven moves in with the three Crystal Gems , as the extended version of the title theme and second opening sequence shows . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` What Are Gems ? '' </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Pearl teaches Steven about Gems , with some demonstrations from Garnet and Amethyst . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` How Are Gems Made ? '' </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Amethyst tells Steven how Gems are made . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Fusion '' </Td> <Td> Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Garnet takes over a dance studio to demonstrate to Steven how fusion works . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Unboxing '' </Td> <Td> Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Steven creates a video where he receives and unboxes a new Hot Dog duffel bag from the Wacky Sack company . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Lion Loves to Fit in a Box '' </Td> <Td> Katie Mitroff </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) ( Nordic Cartoon Network YouTube channels ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Lion unsuccessfully attempts to get into various boxes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 shorts </H3> <P> All five of these shorts combined make up one full production code of season 4 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Written and storyboarded by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Cooking with Lion '' </Td> <Td> Colin Howard </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Steven and Lion make cheese puff snack sushi for their online cooking show . Lion eats the dish at the end of the episode . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Gem Karaoke '' </Td> <Td> Colin Howard </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Connie records Steven and the Gems singing karaoke . Connie is reluctant to participate , but Steven convinces her to join in for the final verse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Steven Reacts '' </Td> <Td> Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Steven films a reaction video to the new episode of Crying Breakfast Friends . The events of the Crying Breakfast Friends episode and Steven 's reactions humorously draw parallels to events in Steven Universe itself and fan reactions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Video Chat '' </Td> <Td> Colin Howard </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> On Connie 's laptop , Steven video chats with Peridot on her tablet . Lapis , however , believes him to be trapped in the tablet . Steven rushes to the barn to explain . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Steven 's Song Time '' </Td> <Td> Jeff Liu </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Steven makes a guitar tutorial for a song he composed . He explains that the song is his way of expressing feelings he has been having trouble talking about . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home Media </H2> <H3> Video on demand </H3> <P> Depending on the customer 's region , Steven Universe is available through various video on demand services such as Hulu , Google Play , iTunes , Amazon Video , and Microsoft Movies & TV . </P> <H3> DVD </H3> <P> Episodes on the Steven Universe DVDs are not in original broadcast order . In the table below , the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD , and are numbered according to the order in which they were originally broadcast . A new Steven Universe DVD titled `` The Return '' was announced to be released on June 7 , 2016 , as well as having cover art shown . The Australian company , Madman Entertainment , has released both a Blu - ray and DVD collection of Season 1 in Region 4 , however , the series has yet to see any Blu - ray releases in the North American market . </P> <Table> Region 1 <Tr> <Th> DVD title </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Aspect ratio </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> <Th> Total running time </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gem Glow </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 132 minutes </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) and 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Return </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 132 minutes </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) , 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) , 28 ( `` Space Race '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' ) , 36 ( `` Warp Tour '' ) , 37 ( `` Alone Together '' ) , 40 ( `` On the Run '' ) , 44 ( `` Marble Madness '' ) , 45 ( `` Rose 's Scabbard '' ) , 49 ( `` The Message '' ) , 51 ( `` The Return '' ) and 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Region 4 <Tr> <Th> DVD title </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Aspect ratio </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> <Th> Total running time </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gem Glow </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 132 minutes </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) and 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arcade Mania </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 132 minutes </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 3 ( `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' ) , 4 ( `` Together Breakfast '' ) , 5 ( `` Frybo '' ) , 8 ( `` Serious Steven '' ) , 11 ( `` Arcade Mania '' ) , 16 ( `` Steven The Sword Fighter '' ) , 13 ( `` So Many Birthdays '' ) , 20 ( `` Coach Steven '' ) , 17 ( `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight To Video '' ) , 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) and 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steven Universe : Season 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 572 minutes </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Season 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Blu - ray </H3> <Table> Australian release by Madman Entertainment -- region B <Tr> <Th> Blu - ray title </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Aspect ratio </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> <Th> Total running time </Th> <Th> Release date ( s ) </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steven Universe : Season 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 572 minutes </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Season 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steven Universe : Season 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 286 minutes </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Season 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steven Universe : Season 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 275 minutes </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Season 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : These episodes were bumped to air during season 2 in order to facilitate the airing of the final `` arc '' of season 1 as the first uninterrupted week - long `` Stevenbomb . '' Consequently , some sources treat them as part of season 2 , while Cartoon Network 's website lists them as part of Season 1 , as intended . `` Open Book '' aired after `` Full Disclosure '' and both `` Story for Steven '' and `` Shirt Club '' aired after `` Say Uncle '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Starting with this episode , a new title sequence is used . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at New York Comic Con on October 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on May 21 , 2016 in France . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 22 , 2016 in France . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This episode was advertised as the show 's 100th episode , as the Season 2 shorts take up a production code . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This episode is double - length . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This episode first aired on August 5 , 2016 in Canada . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on January 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The episode misattributes the writing and storyboards to Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on March 23 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Cartoon Network renews ' Steven Universe ' and ' Uncle Grandpa ' through season 5 '' . 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Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Rio Olympics land on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe and Peridot hunt their Road Runner '' . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paltridge , Peter ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) . `` NYCC 2017 : A New Steven Universe Clip At Last - ToonZone News '' . ToonZone News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Release date on the CN app , with a broadcast to follow in December . Polo , Susana ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Steven Universe has a return date '' . Polygon . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burnett , Matt ( @ mcburnett ) ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bismuth ( airing Thursday ) is the 100th SU episode because all digital shorts made up an episode ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Sweden . `` Lejon '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Denmark . `` Løve '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Norway . `` Løve '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner Classic all 5 of these shorts will make a full episode of season 4 Movies . `` Zach Callison Filmography '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Universe Season 1 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe DVD news : Announcement for Volume 2 : The Return '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Gem Glow '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Arcade Mania '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Universe Season 1 DVD And Blu - ray Now Available In Australia '' . RegularCapital . May 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 3 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Production code columns </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Production codes are stamped on numerous model sheets and storyboards that must be searched for , in : Steven Crewniverse . `` Steven Crewniverse Behind - the - Scenes Universe : Archive '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/shows/steven-universe/pictures/index.html </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Steven Universe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Rebecca Sugar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven </Li> <Li> Garnet </Li> <Li> Pearl </Li> <Li> Stevonnie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 <Ul> <Li> `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' </Li> <Li> `` Jail Break '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Season 2 <Ul> <Li> `` Say Uncle '' </Li> <Li> `` Cry for Help '' </Li> <Li> `` The Answer '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Season 3 <Ul> <Li> `` Super Watermelon Island '' </Li> <Li> `` Gem Drill '' </Li> <Li> `` Mr. Greg '' </Li> <Li> `` Bismuth '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Season 4 <Ul> <Li> `` Mindful Education '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Season 5 <Ul> <Li> `` Off Colors '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Universe : Attack the Light ! </Li> <Li> Steven Universe : Save the Light </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Steven_Universe_episodes&oldid=808793026 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cartoon Network - related lists </Li> <Li> Lists of American animated television series episodes </Li> <Li> Steven Universe episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 05 : 35 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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when is season 5 of steven universe coming out
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Steven_Universe_episodes&amp;oldid=808793026
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United States presidential inauguration - wikipedia <H1> United States presidential inauguration </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Presidential inauguration at the western front of the U.S. Capitol ( Barack Obama , 2009 ) Presidential inauguration at the eastern front of the U.S. Capitol ( Lyndon B. Johnson , 1965 ) Inauguration Day 2005 : President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush lead the inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House <P> The inauguration of the President of the United States is a ceremony to mark the commencement of a new four - year term of the President of the United States . This ceremony takes place for each new presidential term , even if the president is continuing in office for a second term . Since 1937 , it has taken place on January 20 , which is 72 to 78 days after the November presidential election ( on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November ) . The term of a president commences at noon ( ET ) on that day , when the Chief Justice administers the oath to the president . However , when January 20 falls on a Sunday , the Chief Justice administers the oath to the president on that day privately and then again in a public ceremony the next day , on Monday , January 21 . The most recent presidential inauguration ceremony was the swearing in of Donald Trump to a four - year term of office on Friday , January 20 , 2017 . </P> <P> The only inauguration element mandated by the United States Constitution is that the president make an oath or affirmation before that person can `` enter on the Execution '' of the office of the presidency . However , over the years , various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath - taking ceremony to a day - long event , including parades and multiple social gatherings . The inauguration is carried live via the major U.S. commercial television networks , as well as cable news networks , which provide all - day coverage . Additionally , various networks live stream the ceremony on their websites . </P> <P> Since the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan , the ceremony has been held at the west front of the United States Capitol . Other swearing - in ceremonies have taken place at the Capitol 's east portico , inside the Old Senate Chamber , the House chamber , and the Rotunda . Additionally , on two occasions -- in 1817 and 1945 -- they were held at other locations in Washington , D.C. . </P> <P> Although the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office , it is typically administered by the chief justice . Since 1789 , the oath has been administered at 58 scheduled public inaugurations , by 15 chief justices , one associate justice , and one New York state judge . Others , in addition to the chief justice , have administered the oath of office to several of the nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation intra-term . When a new president assumed office under these circumstances the inauguration is conducted without pomp or fanfare . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Inaugural ceremonies <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Dates </Li> <Li> 1.2 Locations </Li> <Li> 1.3 Organizers </Li> <Li> 1.4 Attendees </Li> <Li> 1.5 Communication </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Ceremony elements <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Oaths of office </Li> <Li> 2.2 Inaugural address </Li> <Li> 2.3 Prayers </Li> <Li> 2.4 Poems </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other elements <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Congressional luncheon </Li> <Li> 3.2 Inaugural parade </Li> <Li> 3.3 Prayer service </Li> <Li> 3.4 Inaugural balls </Li> <Li> 3.5 Security </Li> <Li> 3.6 Presidential medals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 List of inaugural ceremonies <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Inaugural ceremonies ( edit ) </H2> Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt , 1905 <H3> Dates ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first inauguration , that of George Washington , took place on April 30 , 1789 . All subsequent ( regular ) inaugurations from 1793 until 1933 , were held on March 4 , the day of the year on which the federal government began operations under the U.S. Constitution in 1789 . The exception to this pattern being those years in which March 4 fell on a Sunday . When it did , the public inauguration ceremony would take place on Monday , March 5 . This happened on four occasions , in : 1821 , 1849 , 1877 , and 1917 . Inauguration Day moved to January 20 , beginning in 1937 , following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution , where it has remained since . A similar Sunday exception and move to Monday is made around this date as well ( which happened in 1957 , 1985 , and 2013 ) . </P> <P> Inauguration Day , while not a federal holiday , is observed as a holiday by federal employees who work in the District of Columbia ; Montgomery and Prince George 's Counties in Maryland ; Arlington and Fairfax Counties in Virginia , and the cities of Alexandria and Fairfax in Virginia , and who are regularly scheduled to perform non-overtime work on Inauguration Day . There is no in - lieu - of holiday for employees or students who are not regularly scheduled to work or attend school on Inauguration Day . </P> <H3> Locations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most presidential inaugurations since 1801 have been held in Washington D.C. at the Capitol Building . Prior inaugurations were held , first at Federal Hall in New York City ( 1789 ) , and then at Congress Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 1793 and 1797 ) . Each city was , at the time , the nation 's capital . The location for James Monroe 's 1817 swearing in was moved to the Old Brick Capitol in Washington due to on - going restoration work at the Capitol building following the War of 1812 . In 1909 , William H. Taft 's inauguration was moved to the Senate Chamber due to a blizzard . Three other inaugurations -- Franklin D. Roosevelt 's fourth ( 1945 ) , Harry S. Truman 's first ( 1945 ) , and Gerald Ford 's ( 1974 ) -- were held at the White House . Presidential inaugurations ( not including intra-term ceremonies following the death or resignation of a president ) have traditionally been outdoor public ceremonies . Andrew Jackson , in 1829 , was the first of 35 held on the east front of the Capitol . Since the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan , they have been held on the Capitol 's west front ; a move designed to both cut costs and to provide more space for spectators . </P> <H3> Organizers ( edit ) </H3> Inauguration platform under construction for Woodrow Wilson 's first inauguration in 1913 <P> Prior to Inauguration Day , the president - elect will name a Presidential Inaugural Committee . This committee is the legal entity responsible for fundraising for and the planning and coordination of all official events and activities surrounding the inauguration of president and vice president ( other than the ceremony ) , such as the balls and parade . </P> <P> Since 1901 , the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies has been responsible for the planning and execution of the swearing - in ceremonies at the U.S. Capitol . Since 1953 , the committee has also hosted a luncheon at the Capitol for the new president , vice president , and guests . </P> <P> The Joint Task Force National Capital Region , composed of service members from all branches of the United States Armed Forces , including Reserve and National Guard components , is responsible for all military support to ceremonies and to civil authorities for the inaugural period ( in 2017 , January 15 -- 24 ) . U.S. military personnel have participated in Inauguration Day ceremonies since 1789 , when members of the Continental Army , local militia units and Revolutionary War veterans escorted George Washington to his first inauguration ceremony . Their participation traditionally includes musical units , color guards , salute batteries and honor cordons . Military support to the inauguration honors the new president , who is commander - in - chief of the armed forces , and recognizes civilian control of the military . </P> <H3> Attendees ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to the public , the attendees at the ceremony generally include Members of Congress , Supreme Court justices , high - ranking military officers , former presidents , living Medal of Honor recipients , and other dignitaries . The outgoing president customarily attends the president - elect 's inauguration . Only five have chosen not to do so . John Adams , still smarting over the outcome of the election of 1800 , did not remain in Washington to witness the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson , his successor . In 1829 , John Quincy Adams also left town , unwilling to be present to see Andrew Jackson 's accession to the White House . In 1869 , Andrew Johnson was angrily conducting a cabinet meeting even as his successor , Ulysses S. Grant , was being inaugurated . More recently , Woodrow Wilson did not attend Warren G. Harding 's 1921 inauguration ( though he rode to the Capitol with him ) , nor did Richard Nixon attend Gerald Ford 's 1974 inauguration ( having left Washington , D.C. , prior to his resignation taking effect ) . </P> <H3> Communication ( edit ) </H3> <P> The way inauguration ceremony events are communicated to the public has changed over the years with each advance in technology . Improvements in mass media technologies have allowed presidents to reach substantially greater numbers of their constituents . In 1829 , Andrew Jackson spoke to approximately 10,000 people at his inauguration . Most recently , in 2017 , it is estimated that about 160,000 people were in the National Mall areas in the hour leading up to Donald Trump 's swearing in . An additional 30.6 million people in the United States watched it on television , and more than 6.8 million worldwide streamed it live on Twitter . Among the inauguration mass communication milestones are : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1801 first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson , first newspaper extra of an inaugural address , printed by the National Intelligencer </Li> <Li> 1845 inauguration of James K. Polk , first inauguration to be covered by telegraph , and first known newspaper illustration of a presidential inauguration ( The Illustrated London News ) </Li> <Li> 1857 inauguration of James Buchanan , first inauguration known to have been photographed </Li> <Li> 1905 second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt , first time that telephones were installed on the Capitol Grounds for an inauguration </Li> <Li> 1925 second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge , first inauguration to be broadcast nationally by radio </Li> <Li> 1929 inauguration of Herbert Hoover , first inauguration to be recorded by a talking newsreel </Li> <Li> 1949 second inauguration of Harry S. Truman , first inauguration to be televised </Li> <Li> 1981 first inauguration of Ronald Reagan , first closed - captioning of television broadcast for the hearing impaired </Li> <Li> 1997 second inauguration of Bill Clinton , first time that the ceremony was broadcast live on the Internet </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ceremony elements ( edit ) </H2> <P> Inauguration procedure is governed by tradition rather than the Constitution , the only constitutionally required procedure being the presidential oath of office ( which may be taken anywhere , with anyone in attendance who can legally witness an oath , and at any time prior to the actual beginning of the new president 's term ) . Traditionally , the president - elect arrives at the White House and proceeds to the inaugural grounds at the United States Capitol with the incumbent president . Only three incumbent presidents have refused to accompany the president - elect : John Adams , John Quincy Adams , and Andrew Johnson . Around or after 12 noon , the president takes the oath of office , usually administered by the Chief Justice of the United States , and then delivers the inaugural address . </P> <H3> Oaths of office ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Oath of office of the President of the United States and Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States <Table> <Tr> <Td> Barack Obama takes the oath of office from Chief Justice John Roberts during his 2009 presidential inauguration on January 20 , 2009 . </Td> <Td> First inauguration of Barack Obama ( January 20 , 2009 ) Play media Video of the First inauguration of Barack Obama . First inauguration of Barack Obama ( January 20 , 2009 ) audio only version </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The vice president - elect is sworn into office at the same ceremony as the president - elect ; a practice begun in 1937 . Before then , the vice presidential oath was administered in the Senate Chamber ( in keeping with the vice president 's position as President of the Senate ) . The vice-president - elect recites the oath first . Immediately afterwards , the United States Marine Band will perform four ruffles and flourishes , followed by Hail , Columbia . Unlike the presidential oath , however , the Constitution does not specify specific words that must be spoken . Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789 . The current form , which is also recited by Senators , Representatives , and other government officers , has been in use since 1884 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> I , < full name > , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> At noon , the new presidential and vice presidential terms begin . At about that time , the president - elect takes the oath of office , traditionally administered by the Chief Justice of the United States , using the form mandated in Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> I , < full name > , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to Washington Irving 's biography of George Washington , after reciting the oath at his ( and the nation 's ) first inauguration , Washington added the words `` so help me God '' . However , the only contemporaneous source that fully reproduced Washington 's oath completely lacks the religious codicil . The first newspaper report that actually described the exact words used in an oath of office , Chester Arthur 's in 1881 , repeated the `` query - response '' method where the words , `` so help me God '' were a personal prayer , not a part of the constitutional oath . The time of adoption of the current procedure , where both the chief justice and the president speak the oath , is unknown . </P> <P> The oath of office was administered to Washington in 1789 by Robert Livingston , Chancellor of New York State . Four years later , the oath was administered by Supreme Court Associate Justice William Cushing . Since the 1797 inauguration of John Adams it has become customary for the new president to be sworn into office by the Supreme Court 's Chief Justice . Others have administered the oath on occasions when a new president assumed office intra-term due to the incumbent 's death or resignation . William Cranch , chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court , administered the oath of office to John Tyler in 1841 when he succeeded to the presidency upon William Henry Harrison 's death , and to Millard Fillmore in 1850 when Zachary Taylor died . In 1923 , upon being informed of Warren Harding 's death , while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch , Vermont , Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father , John Calvin Coolidge , Sr. , a notary public . Most recently , Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy 's assassination on November 22 , 1963 . </P> <P> Since 1789 there have been 58 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four - year term of a president of the United States , and an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president . With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump , the oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 persons . This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors : a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office , and , because the day of inauguration has sometimes fallen on a Sunday , five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies . In addition , three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges . </P> <P> There is no requirement that any book , or in particular a book of sacred text , be used to administer the oath , and none is mentioned in the Constitution . By convention , incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office . While most have , Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901 ; neither did John Quincy Adams in 1825 . In 1853 , Franklin Pierce affirmed the oath of office rather than swear it . More recently , a Catholic missal was used for Lyndon Johnson 's 1963 swearing in ceremony . </P> <P> Bibles of historical significance have sometimes been used at inaugurations . George H.W. Bush , Jimmy Carter and Dwight D. Eisenhower used the George Washington Inaugural Bible . Barack Obama placed his hand upon the Lincoln Bible for his oaths in 2009 and 2013 , as did Donald Trump in 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Four ruffles and flourishes played before `` Hail to the Chief '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Immediately after the presidential oath , the United States Marine Band will perform four ruffles and flourishes , followed by Hail to the Chief , while simultaneously , a 21 - gun salute is fired using artillery pieces from the Presidential Guns Salute Battery , 3d United States Infantry Regiment `` The Old Guard '' located in Taft Park , north of the Capitol . The actual gun salute begins with the first ruffle and flourish , and ' run long ' ( i.e. the salute concludes after Hail to the Chief has ended ) . The Marine Band , which is believed to have made its inaugural debut in 1801 for Thomas Jefferson 's first inauguration , is the only musical unit to participate in all three components of the Presidential inauguration : the swearing - in ceremony , the inaugural parade , and an inaugural ball . During the ceremony , the band is positioned directly below the presidential podium at the U.S. Capitol . </P> <H3> Inaugural address ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Inaugural Address of President Donald Trump . Play media The inaugural address , in full , made by Donald Trump after being sworn in as the 45th President of the United States on January 20 , 2017 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Newly sworn - in presidents usually give a speech referred to as an inaugural address . As with many inaugural customs , this one was started by George Washington in 1789 . After taking his oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall , he proceeded to the Senate chamber where he read a speech before members of Congress and other dignitaries . Every President since Washington has delivered an Inaugural address . While many of the early Presidents read their addresses before taking the oath , current custom dictates that the chief justice administer the oath first , followed by the president 's speech . William McKinley requested the change in 1897 , so that he could reiterate the words of the oath at the close of his first inaugural address . </P> <P> William Henry Harrison delivered the longest inaugural address , at 8,445 words , in 1841 . John Adams ' 1797 address , which totaled 2,308 words , contained the longest sentence , at 737 words . In 1793 , Washington gave the shortest inaugural address on record , just 135 words . </P> <P> Most presidents use their inaugural address to present their vision of America and to set forth their goals for the nation . Some of the most eloquent and powerful speeches are still quoted today . In 1865 , in the waning days of the Civil War , Abraham Lincoln stated , `` With malice toward none , with charity for all , with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right , let us strive on to finish the work we are in , to bind up the nation 's wounds , to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan , to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations . '' In 1933 , Franklin D. Roosevelt avowed , `` we have nothing to fear but fear itself . '' And in 1961 , John F. Kennedy declared , `` And so my fellow Americans : ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country . '' </P> <P> On the eight occasions where the new president succeeded to the office upon their predecessor 's death intra-term , none gave an address , but each did address Congress soon thereafter . When Gerald Ford became president in 1974 , following the resignation of Richard Nixon , he addressed the nation after taking the oath , but he characterized his speech as `` Not an inaugural address , not a fireside chat , not a campaign speech -- just a little straight talk among friends . '' </P> <H3> Prayers ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations The Reverend Donn Moomaw delivers the invocation at the first inauguration of Ronald Reagan , 1981 . <P> Since 1937 , the ceremony has incorporated one or more prayers . Since 1933 an associated prayer service either public or private attended by the President - elect has often taken place on the morning of the day . At times a major public or broadcast prayer service takes place after the main ceremony most recently on the next day . </P> <H3> Poems ( edit ) </H3> Maya Angelou delivering her poem `` On the Pulse of Morning '' at Bill Clinton 's inauguration in 1993 <P> Five inaugural ceremonies since 1961 have included a reading by a poet . The following poetry readings have taken place : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy : Robert Frost read his poem `` The Gift Outright '' </Li> <Li> 1993 First inauguration of Bill Clinton : Maya Angelou read her poem `` On the Pulse of Morning '' </Li> <Li> 1997 second inauguration of Bill Clinton : Miller Williams read his poem `` Of History and Hope '' </Li> <Li> 2009 first inauguration of Barack Obama : Elizabeth Alexander read her poem `` Praise Song for the Day '' </Li> <Li> 2013 second inauguration of Barack Obama : Richard Blanco read his poem `` One Today '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other elements ( edit ) </H2> <P> Over the years , various inauguration traditions have arisen that have expanded the event from a simple oath - taking ceremony to a day - long one , including parades , speeches , and balls . In fact , contemporary inaugural celebrations typically span 10 days , from five days before the inauguration to five days after . On some occasions however , either due to the preferences of the new president or to other constraining circumstances , they have been scaled back . Such was the case in 1945 , because of rationing in effect during World War II . More recently , in 1973 , the celebrations marking Richard Nixon 's second inauguration were altered because of the death of former President Lyndon B. Johnson two days after the ceremony . All pending events were cancelled so preparations for Johnson 's state funeral could begin . Because of the construction work on the center steps of the East Front , Johnson 's casket was taken up the Senate wing steps of the Capitol when taken into the rotunda to lie in state . When it was brought out , it came out through the House wing steps of the Capitol . </P> <H3> Congressional luncheon ( edit ) </H3> Barack Obama 's 2009 inaugural luncheon <P> Since 1953 , the president and vice president have been guests of honor at a luncheon held by the leadership of the United States Congress immediately following the inaugural ceremony . The luncheon is held in Statuary Hall and is organized by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies , and attended by the leadership of both houses of Congress as well as guests of the president and vice president . By tradition , the outgoing president and vice president do not attend . </P> <H3> Inaugural parade ( edit ) </H3> The Inaugural parade on Pennsylvania Avenue passes the presidential reviewing stand in front of the White House in January 2005 . <P> Following the arrival of the presidential entourage to the White House , it is customary for the president , vice-president , their respective families and leading members of the government and military to review an inaugural parade from an enclosed stand at the edge of the North Lawn , a custom begun by James Garfield in 1881 . The parade , which proceeds along the 1.5 miles of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the stand and the Front Lawn in view of the presidential party , features both military and civilian participants from all 50 states and the District of Columbia ; this parade largely evolved from the post-inaugural procession to the White House , and occurred as far back as Jefferson 's second inauguration in 1805 , when workers from the Washington Navy Yard , accompanied by military music , marched with the president on foot as he rode on horseback from the Capitol to the White House . By the time of William Henry Harrison 's inauguration in 1841 , political clubs and marching societies would regularly travel to Washington for the parade . That year was also the first in which floats were part of the parade . It was at Lincoln 's second inauguration , in 1865 , that Native Americans and African Americans participated in the inaugural parade for the first time . Women were involved for the first time in 1917 . </P> <P> In 1829 , following his first inaugural parade , Andrew Jackson held a public reception at the White House , during which 20,000 people created such a crush that Jackson had to escape through a window . Nevertheless , White House receptions continued until lengthy afternoon parades created scheduling problems . Reviving the idea in 1989 , President George H.W. Bush invited the public to a `` White House American Welcome '' on the day after the inaugural . </P> <P> Grover Cleveland 's 1885 inaugural parade lasted three hours and showcased 25,000 marchers . Eighty years later , Lyndon Johnson 's parade included 52 select bands . Dwight D. Eisenhower 's 1953 parade included about 22,000 service men and women and 5,000 civilians , which included 50 state and organization floats costing $100,000 . There were also 65 musical units , 350 horses , 3 elephants , an Alaskan dog team , and the 280 - millimeter atomic cannon . </P> <P> In 1977 , Jimmy Carter became the first president to set out by foot for more than a mile on the route to the White House . The walk has become a tradition that has been matched in ceremony if not in length by the presidents who followed . </P> <P> Twice during the 20th century an inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue was not held . In 1945 , at the height of World War II , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's fourth Inauguration was simple and austere with no fanfare or formal celebration following the event . There was no parade because of gas rationing and a lumber shortage . In 1985 , as temperatures hovered near zero , all outdoor events for Ronald Reagan 's second inauguration were canceled or moved indoors . The obverse had been the case four years earlier for Reagan 's first inauguration , as the noontime temperature was an unseasonably 55 degrees . That parade was held as breaking news spread across Washington , D.C. and the rest of the nation that the 52 American hostages held in Iran for the previous 444 days had been released . </P> <H3> Prayer service ( edit ) </H3> Barack Obama , Michelle Obama , Joe Biden , and Jill Biden at the 2013 National Prayer Service <P> A tradition of a national prayer service , usually the day after the inauguration , dates back to George Washington and since Franklin Delano Roosevelt , the prayer service has been held at the Washington National Cathedral . This is not the same as the Inaugural Prayer , a tradition also begun by Washington , when on June 1 , 1789 , Methodist Bishops Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke , Rev. John Dickins , the pastor of Old St. George 's ( America 's oldest Methodist Church ) and Major Thomas Morrell , one of President Washington 's former aides - de-camp called upon Washington in New York City . This tradition resumed in 1985 with President Reagan and continues under the auspices of a Presidential Inaugural Prayer Committee based at Old St. George 's . </P> <H3> Inaugural balls ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States presidential inaugural balls <P> The first Inaugural Ball was held on the night of James Madison 's first inauguration in 1809 . Tickets were $4 and it took place at Long 's Hotel . </P> <H3> Security ( edit ) </H3> A U.S. Customs and Border Protection boat patrolling the waterways around Washington , D.C. prior to the inauguration of Donald Trump <P> The security for the inaugural celebrations is a complex matter , involving the Secret Service , Department of Homeland Security , Federal Protective Service ( DHS - FPS ) , all five branches of the Armed Forces , the Capitol Police , the United States Park Police ( USPP ) , and the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia ( MPDC ) . Federal law enforcement agencies also sometimes request assistance from various other state and local law - enforcement agencies throughout the United States . </P> <H3> Presidential medals ( edit ) </H3> A presidential medal from the inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt in 1905 <P> Beginning with George Washington , there has been a traditional association with Inauguration festivities and the production of a presidential medal . With the District of Columbia attracting thousands of attendees for inauguration , presidential medals were an inexpensive souvenir for the tourists to remember the occasion . However , the once - simple trinket turned into an official presidential election memento . In 1901 , the first Inauguration Committee on Medals and Badges was established as part of the official Inauguration Committee for the re-election of President McKinley . The Committee saw official medals as a way to raise funding for the festivities . Gold medals were to be produced as gifts for the president , vice president , and committee chair ; silver medals were to be created and distributed among Inauguration Committee members ; and bronze medals would be for sale for public consumption . McKinley 's medal was simple with his portrait on one side and writing on the other side . </P> <P> Unlike his predecessor , when Theodore Roosevelt took his oath of office in 1905 , he found the previous presidential medal unacceptable . As an art lover and admirer of the ancient Greek high - relief coins , Roosevelt wanted more than a simple medal -- he wanted a work of art . To achieve this goal , the president hired Augustus Saint - Gaudens , a famous American sculptor , to design and create his inauguration medal . Saint - Gaudens 's obsession with perfection resulted in a forestalled release and the medals were distributed after the actual inauguration . Nonetheless , President Roosevelt was very pleased with the result . Saint Gardens ' design , executed by Adolph A. Weinman , was cast by Tiffany & Company and was proclaimed an artistic triumph . Saint - Gaudens ' practice of creating a portrait sculpture of the newly elected president is still used today in presidential medal creation . After the president sits for the sculptor , the resulting clay sketch is turned into a life mask and plaster model . Finishing touches are added and the epoxy cast that is created is used to produce the die cuts . The die cuts are then used to strike the president 's portrait on each medal . </P> <P> From 1929 through 1949 , the official medal was struck by the U.S. Mint . This changed in 1953 when the Medallic Art Company was chosen to strike Walker Hancock 's portrait of President Eisenhower . The official medals have been struck by private mints ever since . The Smithsonian Institution and The George Washington University hold the two most complete collections of presidential medals in the United States . </P> <H2> List of inaugural ceremonies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 58 inaugural ceremonies marking the start of a new four - year presidential term of office and also the nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president are listed in the table below . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Oath Administered by </Th> <Th> Address length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01 ! 1st </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1789 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> washingtona ! First inauguration of George Washington </Td> <Td> Front balcony , Federal Hall New York , New York </Td> <Td> livingston ! Robert Livingston , Chancellor of New York </Td> <Td> 1431 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02 ! 2nd </Td> <Td> 000000001793 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1793 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> washingtonb ! Second inauguration of George Washington </Td> <Td> Senate Chamber , Congress Hall Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> cushing ! William Cushing , Associate Justice , U.S. Supreme Court </Td> <Td> 135 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03 ! 3rd </Td> <Td> 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1797 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> adamsa ! Inauguration of John Adams </Td> <Td> House Chamber , Congress Hall </Td> <Td> ellsworth ! Oliver Ellsworth , Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 2308 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04 ! 4th </Td> <Td> 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1801 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> jeffersona ! First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson </Td> <Td> Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> marshalla ! John Marshall , Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 1730 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05 ! 5th </Td> <Td> 000000001805 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1805 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> jeffersonb ! Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson </Td> <Td> Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> marshallb ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2166 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 06 ! 6th </Td> <Td> 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1809 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> madisona ! First inauguration of James Madison </Td> <Td> House Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> marshallc ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1177 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 07 ! 7th </Td> <Td> 000000001813 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1813 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> madisonb ! Second inauguration of James Madison </Td> <Td> House Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> marshalld ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1211 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08 ! 8th </Td> <Td> 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1817 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> monroea ! First inauguration of James Monroe </Td> <Td> Front steps , Old Brick Capitol </Td> <Td> marshalle ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 3375 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 09 ! 9th </Td> <Td> 000000001821 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1821 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> monroeb ! Second inauguration of James Monroe </Td> <Td> House Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> marshallf ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 4472 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 ! 10th </Td> <Td> 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1825 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> adamsq ! Inauguration of John Quincy Adams </Td> <Td> House Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> marshallg ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2915 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 ! 11th </Td> <Td> 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1829 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> jacksona ! First inauguration of Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> marshallh ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1128 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 ! 12th </Td> <Td> 000000001833 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1833 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> jacksonb ! Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> House Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> marshalli ! John Marshall , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1176 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 ! 13th </Td> <Td> 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1837 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> vanburen ! Inauguration of Martin Van Buren </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tanneya ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 3843 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 ! 14th </Td> <Td> 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1841 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> harrisonw ! Inauguration of William Henry Harrison </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tanneyb ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 8640 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001841 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1841 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> tyler ! Inauguration of John Tyler ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> Brown 's Indian Queen Hotel , Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> crancha ! William Cranch Chief Judge , U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 ! 15th </Td> <Td> 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1845 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> polk ! Inauguration of James K. Polk </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tanneyc ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 4809 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 ! 16th </Td> <Td> 000000001849 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1849 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> taylor ! Inauguration of Zachary Taylor </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tanneyd ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1090 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001850 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1850 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> fillmore ! Inauguration of Millard Fillmore ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> House Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> cranchb ! William Cranch Circuit Court Judge </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 ! 17th </Td> <Td> 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1853 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> pierce ! Inauguration of Franklin Pierce </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tanneye ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 3336 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 ! 18th </Td> <Td> 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1857 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> buchanan ! Inauguration of James Buchanan </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tanneyf ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2831 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 ! 19th </Td> <Td> 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1861 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> lincolna ! First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tanneyg ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 3637 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 ! 20th </Td> <Td> 000000001865 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1865 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> lincolnb ! Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> chasea ! Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 700 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1865 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> johnsona ! Inauguration of Andrew Johnson ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> Kirkwood House Hotel , Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> chaseb ! Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 ! 21st </Td> <Td> 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1869 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> granta ! First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> chasec ! Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1127 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 ! 22nd </Td> <Td> 000000001873 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1873 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> grantb ! Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> chased ! Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1339 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 ! 23rd </Td> <Td> 000000001877 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1877 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> hayes ! Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> waitea ! Morrison Waite , Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 2486 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 ! 24th </Td> <Td> 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1881 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> garfield ! Inauguration of James A. Garfield </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> waiteb ! Morrison Waite , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2979 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001881 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1881 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> arthur ! Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> Chester A. Arthur Home , New York , New York </Td> <Td> brady ! John R. Brady , Justice of the New York Supreme Court </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 ! 25th </Td> <Td> 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1885 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> clevelanda ! First inauguration of Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> waitec ! Morrison Waite , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1686 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 ! 26th </Td> <Td> 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1889 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> harrisonb ! Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> fullera ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 4392 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 ! 27th </Td> <Td> 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1893 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> clevelandb ! Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> fullerb ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2015 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 ! 28th </Td> <Td> 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1897 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> mckinleya ! First inauguration of William McKinley </Td> <Td> Front of original Senate Wing U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> fullerc ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 3968 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 ! 29th </Td> <Td> 000000001901 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1901 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> mckinleyb ! Second inauguration of William McKinley </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> fullerd ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2218 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1901 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> rooseveltta ! First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> Ainsley Wilcox Home , Buffalo , New York </Td> <Td> hazel ! John R. Hazel , Judge , U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 ! 30th </Td> <Td> 000000001905 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1905 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> roosevelttb ! Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> fullere ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 984 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 ! 31st </Td> <Td> 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> taft ! Inauguration of William Howard Taft </Td> <Td> Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> fullerf ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 5434 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 ! 32nd </Td> <Td> 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> wilsona ! First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> whitea ! Edward D. White , Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 1704 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 ! 33rd </Td> <Td> 000000001917 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1917 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> wilsonb ! Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> whiteb ! Edward D. White Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1526 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 ! 34th </Td> <Td> 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1921 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> harding ! Inauguration of Warren G. Harding </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> whitec ! Edward D. White Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 3329 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001923 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1923 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> coolidgea ! First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> Coolidge Homestead , Plymouth Notch , Vermont </Td> <Td> coolidge ! John Calvin Coolidge Notary public </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 ! 35th </Td> <Td> 000000001925 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1925 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> coolidgeb ! Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> tafta ! William Howard Taft Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 4055 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 ! 36th </Td> <Td> 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1929 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> hoover ! Inauguration of Herbert Hoover </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> taftb ! William H. Taft Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 3672 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 ! 37th </Td> <Td> 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1933 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> rooseveltfa ! First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> hughesa ! Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 1880 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 ! 38th </Td> <Td> 000000001937 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1937 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> rooseveltfb ! Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> hughesb ! Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1800 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 ! 39th </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1941 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> rooseveltfc ! Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> hughesc ! Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1359 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 ! 40th </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1945 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> rooseveltfd ! Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> <Td> South Portico , White House </Td> <Td> stonea ! Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 559 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1945 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> trumana ! First inauguration of Harry S. Truman ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> Cabinet Room , White House </Td> <Td> stoneb ! Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 ! 41st </Td> <Td> 000000001949 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1949 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> trumanb ! Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> vinsona ! Fred M. Vinson Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 2273 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 ! 42nd </Td> <Td> 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1953 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> eisenhowera ! First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> vinsonb ! Fred M. Vinson Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2459 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 ! 43rd </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1957 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> eisenhowerb ! Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> warrena ! Earl Warren Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 1658 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 ! 44th </Td> <Td> 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1961 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> kennedy ! Inauguration of John F. Kennedy </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> warrenb ! Earl Warren Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1366 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1963 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> johnsonla ! First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> Air Force One , Dallas Love Field , Dallas , Texas </Td> <Td> hughes ! Sarah T. Hughes Judge , U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 ! 45th </Td> <Td> 000000001965 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1965 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> johnsonlb ! Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> warrenc ! Earl Warren Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1507 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 ! 46th </Td> <Td> 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1969 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> nixona ! First inauguration of Richard Nixon </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> warrend ! Earl Warren Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2128 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 ! 47th </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1973 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> nixonb ! Second inauguration of Richard Nixon </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> burgera ! Warren Burger Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 1803 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 ! -- </Td> <Td> 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1974 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> ford ! Inauguration of Gerald Ford ( Extraordinary inauguration ) </Td> <Td> East Room , White House </Td> <Td> burgerb ! Warren Burger Chief Justice </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 ! 48th </Td> <Td> 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1977 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> carter ! Inauguration of Jimmy Carter </Td> <Td> East Portico , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> burgerc ! Warren Burger Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1229 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 ! 49th </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> reagana ! First inauguration of Ronald Reagan </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> burgerd ! Warren Burger Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2427 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 ! 50th </Td> <Td> 000000001985 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1985 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> reaganb ! Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan </Td> <Td> Rotunda , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> burgere ! Warren Burger Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2561 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 ! 51st </Td> <Td> 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1989 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> bushh ! Inauguration of George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> rehnquista ! William Rehnquist Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 2320 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 ! 52nd </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1993 ( Wednesday ) </Td> <Td> clintona ! First inauguration of Bill Clinton </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> rehnquistb ! William Rehnquist Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1598 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 ! 53rd </Td> <Td> 000000001997 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1997 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> clintonb ! Second inauguration of Bill Clinton </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> rehnquistc ! William Rehnquist Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2155 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 ! 54th </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2001 ( Saturday ) </Td> <Td> bushwa ! First inauguration of George W. Bush </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> rehnquistd ! William Rehnquist Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1592 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 ! 55th </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2005 ( Thursday ) </Td> <Td> bushwb ! Second inauguration of George W. Bush </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> rehnquiste ! William Rehnquist Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2071 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 ! 56th </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2009 ( Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> obamaa ! First inauguration of Barack Obama </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> robertsa ! John Roberts Chief Justice of the United States </Td> <Td> 2395 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 ! 57th </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2013 ( Monday ) </Td> <Td> obamab ! Second inauguration of Barack Obama </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> robertsb ! John Roberts Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 2096 words Full text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 ! 58th </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2017 ( Friday ) </Td> <Td> trump ! Inauguration of Donald Trump </Td> <Td> West Front , U.S. Capitol </Td> <Td> robertsc ! John Roberts Chief Justice </Td> <Td> 1433 words Full text </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Events ( Inaugurations ) sort alphabetically by president 's last name . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Term began Sunday , March 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Term began when President Garfield died on September 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Term began when President Harding died on August 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Term began Sunday , January 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ After taking the oath of office , Ford delivered a speech that he said was `` not an inaugural address , not a fireside chat , not a campaign speech -- just a little straight talk among friends . '' Full text </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States presidential transition </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Brenna Williams ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Presidents change , Inauguration Day stays the same '' . CNN . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federal , state , and local holidays '' . US Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exhibit : President George Washington 's inaugural address '' . National Archives and Records Administration . August 17 , 1998 . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . George Washington 's first inauguration took place at Federal Hall in New York City ( ... ) George Washington 's first inaugural address , April 30 , 1789 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 8th Presidential Inauguration : James Monroe , March 4 , 1817 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Presidential Inaugurations : William Howard Taft ( Virtual Programs & Services , Library of Congress ) '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The President 's Swearing - in Ceremony '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PIC records '' . National Archives . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Inaugural Address '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JTF - NCR About Us '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A History of the Presidency - Transitions '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1922 Harding becomes first president to be heard on the radio '' . This Day in History . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallace , Tim ; Parlapiano , Alicia ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Crowd Scientists Say Women 's March in Washington Had 3 Times More People Than Trump 's Inauguration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nielsen : 31 million viewers saw Trump 's swearing - in '' . Washington Post . January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edkins , Brett ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Record 6.8 Million Watched Trump 's Inauguration On Twitter 's Live Stream '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Terri Bimes , ed . Michael A. Genovese , Encyclopedia of the American Presidency , p 262 - 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 3331 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present : A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance '' . 2002-2009-fpc.state.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Documentary History of the First Federal Congress , Vol. 15 , pages 404 -- 405 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The New Administration : President Arthur Formally Inaugurated '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 22 , 1881 . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenn D. Kittler , Hail to the Chief ! : The Inauguration Days of our Presidents , 1965 , page 167 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter H. Dale , The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited : An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale , republished in Vermont History magazine , 1994 , Volume 62 , pages 214 - 222 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Presidential Inaugurations : Theodore Roosevelt '' . Web guides . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Presidential Inaugurations : John Quincy Adams '' . Web guides . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Presidential Inaugurations : Franklin Pierce '' . Web guides . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glass , Andrew J. ( February 26 , 1967 ) . `` Catholic Church Missal , Not Bible , Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas '' ( PDF ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Usborne , Simon ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` The LBJ missal : Why a prayer book given to John F Kennedy was used to swear in the 36th US President '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President - elect Barack Obama to be Sworn in Using Lincoln 's Bible '' . Presidential Inaugural Committee . December 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mettler , Katie ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` The symbolism of Trump 's two inaugural Bible choices , from Lincoln to his mother '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inauguration 2017 '' . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford 's Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office as President '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present : A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Newdow '' . `` Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Morning Worship Service '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Washington National Cathedral : Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services '' . Washington National Cathedral . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tuten , Nancy Lewis ; Zubizarreta , John ( 2001 ) . The Robert Frost Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 9780313294648 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelloway , Kate . ( 1993 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Poet for the New America , '' The Observer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Harry ( 20 January 1997 ) . `` Poet Addresses Inaugural Event '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katharine Q. Seelye ( 2008 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Poet Chosen for Inauguration Is Aiming for a Work That Transcends the Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce , Mary ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' One Today ' : Full Text of Richard Blanco Inaugural Poem '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Foley , Thomas ( January 25 , 1973 ) . `` Thousands in Washington Brave Cold to Say Goodbye to Johnson '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Marine Band Inauguration History '' ( PDF ) . Marine Band Public Affairs Office . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bendat , Jim ( 2012 ) . Democracy 's Big Day : The Inauguration of Our President , 1789 - 2013 . iUniverse . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935278 - 47 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rossman , Sean ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` From Washington to Trump : Inauguration firsts '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Inaugurations : Celebrate New Times '' . The White House Historical Association . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1953 Presidential Inauguration '' . Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum & Boyhood Home . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hauser ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Inaugural Parade , and the Presidents Who Walked It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 40th Presidential Inauguration Franklin D. Roosevelt January 20 , 1945 '' . The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knowlton , Brian ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` On His First Full Day , Obama Tackles Sobering Challenges '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ I The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury Chap. 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vocal , Youth . `` presidential inaugural committee 2017 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacNeil , Neil . The President 's medal , 1789 -- 1977 . New York : Published in association with the National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Institution , by C.N. Potter , 1977 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Levine , H. Joseph . `` History of the Official Inaugural Medal '' . Lori Ferber Collectibles . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , H. Joseph . Collectors Guide to Presidential Medals and Memorabilia . Danbury , Conn. : Johnson & Jensen , 1981 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ( ed . ) . `` Inaugural Addresses ( including length in words ) Washington - Trump '' . University of California , Santa Barbara : The American Presidency Project . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States . Bartleby.com. 1989 . ISBN 1 - 58734 - 025 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Democracy 's Big Day The Inauguration of our President 1789 - 2009 by JIm Bendat </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. presidential inaugurations . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration Ceremonies , U.S. Senate </Li> <Li> U.S. Presidential Inaugurations : `` I Do Solemnly Swear ... '' A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress </Li> <Li> Full texts of all U.S. Inaugural Addresses at Bartleby.com </Li> <Li> Historical Inauguration Speeches at YouTube from C - SPAN , 12 videos , spanning 1933 through 2013 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States presidential inaugurations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Washington ( 1789 ) </Li> <Li> Washington ( 1793 ) </Li> <Li> J. Adams ( 1797 ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson ( 1801 ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson ( 1805 ) </Li> <Li> Madison ( 1809 ) </Li> <Li> Madison ( 1813 ) </Li> <Li> Monroe ( 1817 ) </Li> <Li> Monroe ( 1821 ) </Li> <Li> J. Q. Adams ( 1825 ) </Li> <Li> Jackson ( 1829 ) </Li> <Li> Jackson ( 1833 ) </Li> <Li> Van Buren ( 1837 ) </Li> <Li> W. H. Harrison ( 1841 ) </Li> <Li> Tyler ( 1841 ) * </Li> <Li> Polk ( 1845 ) </Li> <Li> Taylor ( 1849 ) </Li> <Li> Fillmore ( 1850 ) * </Li> <Li> Pierce ( 1853 ) </Li> <Li> Buchanan ( 1857 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln ( 1861 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln ( 1865 ) </Li> <Li> A. Johnson ( 1865 ) * </Li> <Li> Grant ( 1869 ) </Li> <Li> Grant ( 1873 ) </Li> <Li> Hayes ( 1877 ) </Li> <Li> Garfield ( 1881 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur ( 1881 ) * </Li> <Li> Cleveland ( 1885 ) </Li> <Li> B. Harrison ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Cleveland ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> McKinley ( 1897 ) </Li> <Li> McKinley ( 1901 ) </Li> <Li> T. Roosevelt ( 1901 ) * </Li> <Li> T. Roosevelt ( 1905 ) </Li> <Li> Taft ( 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Wilson ( 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Wilson ( 1917 ) </Li> <Li> Harding ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Coolidge ( 1923 ) * </Li> <Li> Coolidge ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Hoover ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> F. D. Roosevelt ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> F. D. Roosevelt ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> F. D. Roosevelt ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> F. D. Roosevelt ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Truman ( 1945 ) * </Li> <Li> Truman ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Eisenhower ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Eisenhower ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Kennedy ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> L. B. Johnson ( 1963 ) * </Li> <Li> L. B. Johnson ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Nixon ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Nixon ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Ford ( 1974 ) * </Li> <Li> Carter ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Reagan ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Reagan ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> G. H. W. Bush ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Clinton ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Clinton ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> G. W. Bush ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> G. W. Bush ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Obama ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Obama ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Trump ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> * Non-scheduled ( extraordinary ) inaugurations </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Presidents </Li> <Li> List of Vice Presidents </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Autobiographies </Li> <Li> Birth </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Death </Li> <Li> Historical rankings </Li> <Li> Lifespan timeline </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> <Li> Pension and benefits </Li> <Li> Portraits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional careers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Approval rating </Li> <Li> Assassination attempts and plots </Li> <Li> Campaign slogans </Li> <Li> Control of Congress </Li> <Li> Doctrines </Li> <Li> Inaugurations </Li> <Li> International trips </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments </Li> <Li> Libraries </Li> <Li> Military rank </Li> <Li> Military service </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Pardons </Li> <Li> Previous experience </Li> <Li> Vetoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personal life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Deaths in office </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Facial hair </Li> <Li> Firsts </Li> <Li> Multilingualism </Li> <Li> Net worth </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Pets </Li> <Li> Home state </Li> <Li> Previous occupation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Residences </Li> <Li> Slave owners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Place of primary affiliation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Tie - 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when did the inauguration change from march to january
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_inauguration&amp;oldid=807314963
-7,649,164,149,053,042,000
Day of the Dead - wikipedia <H1> Day of the Dead </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Day of the Dead </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cultural Syncretic Christian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significance </Th> <Td> Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celebrations </Th> <Td> Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Begins </Th> <Td> October 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ends </Th> <Td> November 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> October 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next time </Th> <Td> 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Annual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related to </Th> <Td> All Saints ' Day </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . </P> <P> The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . </P> <P> Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . </P> <P> Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . </P> <P> The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Observance in Mexico <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 1.2 Beliefs </Li> <Li> 1.3 Food </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Observances outside Mexico <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Americas <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Belize </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Bolivia </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Brazil </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Guatemala </Li> <Li> 2.1. 5 Ecuador </Li> <Li> 2.1. 6 Peru </Li> <Li> 2.1. 7 United States <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 7.1 California </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Asia <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Goa , India </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 The Philippines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Europe </Li> <Li> 2.4 Oceania </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Similar traditions </Li> <Li> 4 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> Observance in Mexico </H2> <H3> Origins </H3> Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic <P> The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . </P> <P> By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . </P> <H3> Beliefs </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> -- Latina and Latino Voices in Literature </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . </P> Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar <P> Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . </P> <P> Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . </P> Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 <P> Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . </P> <P> Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . </P> <P> Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . </P> Modern representations of Catrina <P> José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . </P> <P> A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . </P> <P> The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . </P> <P> In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . </P> <P> In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . </P> <P> Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . </P> <H3> Food </H3> <P> During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . </P> <P> Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . </P> <P> In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . </P> <P> Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . </P> <H2> Observances outside Mexico </H2> See also : Festival of the Dead <H3> Americas </H3> Belize <P> In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . </P> Bolivia <P> Dia de los ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . </P> Brazil <P> The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . </P> Guatemala <P> Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . </P> Ecuador <P> In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . </P> Perú <P> Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . </P> United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California <P> In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . </P> <P> In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . </P> <P> The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . </P> <P> The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . </P> California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 <P> Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . </P> <P> In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . </P> <P> Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . </P> <H3> Asia </H3> Goa , india <P> The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . </P> The philippines <P> While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . </P> <H3> Europe </H3> <P> In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . </P> <P> In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . </P> <P> In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . </P> <P> As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . </P> <H3> Oceania </H3> <P> Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . </P> <H2> Similar traditions </H2> <P> Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . </P> <P> In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . </P> <P> The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明 节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明 節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼 月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . </P> <P> The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . </P> <P> In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋 夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . </P> <P> During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . </P> <P> The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . </P> <P> The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . </P> <P> In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . </P> <P> The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . </P> <P> The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Literary Calaverita </Li> <Li> Danse Macabre </Li> <Li> Samhain </Li> <Li> Skull art </Li> <Li> Thursday of the Dead </Li> <Li> Veneration of the dead </Li> <Li> Walpurgis Night </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <H3> Notes </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Andrade , Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 </Li> <Li> Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . </Li> <Li> Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . </Li> <Li> Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . </Li> <Li> Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . </Li> <Li> Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 </Li> <Li> Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 </Li> <Li> Conklin , Paul . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 66 ( 2001 ) : 38 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> Garcia - Rivera , Alex . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 62 ( 1997 ) : 50 . </Li> <Li> Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 </Li> <Li> Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . </Li> <Li> Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 </Li> <Li> Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . </Li> <Li> Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . </Li> <Li> Roy , Ann . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . 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what are the three days of the dead
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&amp;oldid=815297465
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List of most - viewed YouTube videos - wikipedia <H1> List of most - viewed YouTube videos </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi ( left ) featuring Daddy Yankee ( right ) is the most viewed video on YouTube , with over 4.8 billion views as of February 2018 . <P> YouTube is an American video - sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . Since its establishment in 2005 , the website has featured a `` most viewed '' section , which lists the most viewed videos on the site . Although the most viewed videos were initially viral videos , such as Evolution of Dance and Charlie Bit My Finger , the most viewed videos were increasingly related to music videos . In fact , since Lady Gaga 's `` Bad Romance '' , every video that has reached the top of the `` most viewed YouTube videos '' list has been a music video . Although the most viewed videos are no longer listed on the site , reaching the top of the list is still considered a tremendous feat . </P> <P> By June 21 , 2015 , only two videos , `` Gangnam Style '' and `` Baby '' , had exceeded one billion views . However , three and a half months later , on October 7 , ten videos had done so . As of February 2018 , all the videos on the list have exceeded one billion views , with 21 of them exceeding two billion views ; four of which exceed three billion views and one of which exceeds four billion views . `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach three billion views on August 4 , 2017 , followed by `` See You Again '' on August 6 , 2017 , and then on November 25 , 2017 , `` Gangnam Style '' became the third video to hit three billion views , followed by `` Shape of You '' on January 7 , 2018 , doing so in 343 days . `` Despacito '' also became the first video to reach four billion views on October 11 , 2017 . </P> <P> As of February 2018 , the five fastest videos to reach the one billion view mark are `` Hello '' ( 87 days ) , `` Despacito '' ( 96 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 97 days ) , `` Mi Gente '' ( 102 days ) and `` Sorry '' ( 136 days ) . </P> <P> The five fastest videos to reach two billion views are `` Despacito '' ( 154 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 187 days ) , `` Chantaje '' ( 379 days ) , `` Sorry '' ( 394 days ) and `` See You Again '' ( 515 days ) . </P> <P> As of February 2018 , Justin Bieber is the only artist to have five videos exceeding one billion views , while Katy Perry has four . Taylor Swift , Calvin Harris , Shakira , Ariana Grande , Bruno Mars , Nicky Jam and Adele each have three , and Fifth Harmony , Psy , Ellie Goulding , The Weeknd , Ed Sheeran , Eminem , Maluma , J Balvin , Ricky Martin , channel Get Movies and Sia each have two . Swift , Perry and Sheeran are the only artists to have two videos exceeding two billion views . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Top videos </Li> <Li> 2 By year of release </Li> <Li> 3 Historical most viewed videos </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Top videos </H2> <P> The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube , with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views , as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube . </P> -- This indicates the upload is not a music video <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Video name </Th> <Th> Uploader / artist </Th> <Th> Views ( billions ) </Th> <Th> Upload date </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Despacito '' </Td> <Td> Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee </Td> <Td> 4.85 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` See You Again '' </Td> <Td> Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth </Td> <Td> 3.41 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Shape of You '' </Td> <Td> Ed Sheeran </Td> <Td> 3.26 </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Gangnam Style '' </Td> <Td> Psy </Td> <Td> 3.10 </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Uptown Funk '' </Td> <Td> Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> 2.96 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Sorry '' </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> 2.89 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Masha and the Bear : Recipe for Disaster '' </Td> <Td> Get Movies </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Sugar '' </Td> <Td> Maroon 5 </Td> <Td> 2.52 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Shake It Off '' </Td> <Td> Taylor Swift </Td> <Td> 2.51 </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Bailando '' </Td> <Td> Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona </Td> <Td> 2.47 </Td> <Td> April 11 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Roar '' </Td> <Td> Katy Perry </Td> <Td> 2.42 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Lean On '' </Td> <Td> Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Blank Space '' </Td> <Td> Taylor Swift </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Dark Horse '' </Td> <Td> Katy Perry featuring Juicy J </Td> <Td> 2.24 </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Hello '' </Td> <Td> Adele </Td> <Td> 2.24 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` All About That Bass '' </Td> <Td> Meghan Trainor </Td> <Td> 2.17 </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Thinking Out Loud '' </Td> <Td> Ed Sheeran </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Counting Stars '' </Td> <Td> OneRepublic </Td> <Td> 2.13 </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Chantaje '' </Td> <Td> Shakira featuring Maluma </Td> <Td> 2.10 </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` Wheels on the Bus '' </Td> <Td> LittleBabyBum </Td> <Td> 2.07 </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' </Td> <Td> The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey </Td> <Td> 2.01 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` This Is What You Came For '' </Td> <Td> Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna </Td> <Td> 1.93 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` What Do You Mean ? '' </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> 1.87 </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` Baby '' </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` Chandelier '' </Td> <Td> Sia </Td> <Td> 1.80 </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` Work from Home '' </Td> <Td> Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign </Td> <Td> 1.79 </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 . </Td> <Td> `` Let Her Go '' </Td> <Td> Passenger </Td> <Td> 1.78 </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 . </Td> <Td> `` Rockabye '' </Td> <Td> Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne - Marie </Td> <Td> 1.77 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 . </Td> <Td> `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' </Td> <Td> Shakira featuring Freshlyground </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 . </Td> <Td> `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' </Td> <Td> Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 . </Td> <Td> `` Love Me Like You Do '' </Td> <Td> Ellie Goulding </Td> <Td> 1.68 </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 . </Td> <Td> `` Mi Gente '' </Td> <Td> J Balvin and Willy William </Td> <Td> 1.63 </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 . </Td> <Td> `` Faded '' </Td> <Td> Alan Walker </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 . </Td> <Td> `` Worth It '' </Td> <Td> Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink </Td> <Td> 1.53 </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 . </Td> <Td> `` Treat You Better '' </Td> <Td> Shawn Mendes </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 . </Td> <Td> `` Love the Way You Lie '' </Td> <Td> Eminem featuring Rihanna </Td> <Td> 1.48 </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 . </Td> <Td> `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' </Td> <Td> Silentó </Td> <Td> 1.47 </Td> <Td> June 25 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 . </Td> <Td> `` Rude '' </Td> <Td> Magic ! </Td> <Td> 1.46 </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 . </Td> <Td> `` Ay Vamos '' </Td> <Td> J Balvin </Td> <Td> 1.45 </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 . </Td> <Td> `` Wake Me Up '' </Td> <Td> Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc </Td> <Td> 1.45 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 . </Td> <Td> `` Party Rock Anthem '' </Td> <Td> LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock </Td> <Td> 1.43 </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 . </Td> <Td> `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' </Td> <Td> ChuChu TV </Td> <Td> 1.39 </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 . </Td> <Td> `` Let It Go '' </Td> <Td> Idina Menzel </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 . </Td> <Td> `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' </Td> <Td> Ricky Martin featuring Maluma </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 . </Td> <Td> `` Hotline Bling '' </Td> <Td> Drake </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 . </Td> <Td> `` Propuesta Indecente '' </Td> <Td> Romeo Santos </Td> <Td> 1.33 </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 . </Td> <Td> `` The Lazy Song '' </Td> <Td> Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 . </Td> <Td> `` Starboy '' </Td> <Td> The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 . </Td> <Td> `` Love Yourself '' </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 . </Td> <Td> `` All of Me '' </Td> <Td> John Legend </Td> <Td> 1.28 </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 . </Td> <Td> `` Rolling in the Deep '' </Td> <Td> Adele </Td> <Td> 1.28 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 . </Td> <Td> `` Hasta el Amanecer '' </Td> <Td> Nicky Jam </Td> <Td> 1.28 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 . </Td> <Td> `` Felices los 4 '' </Td> <Td> Maluma </Td> <Td> 1.27 </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 . </Td> <Td> `` Side to Side '' </Td> <Td> Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj </Td> <Td> 1.26 </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 . </Td> <Td> `` Stressed Out '' </Td> <Td> Twenty One Pilots </Td> <Td> 1.25 </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 . </Td> <Td> `` The Gummy Bear Song '' </Td> <Td> icanrockyourworld </Td> <Td> 1.24 </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 . </Td> <Td> `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' </Td> <Td> CNCO </Td> <Td> 1.24 </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 . </Td> <Td> `` Burn '' </Td> <Td> Ellie Goulding </Td> <Td> 1.21 </Td> <Td> July 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 . </Td> <Td> `` How Deep Is Your Love '' </Td> <Td> Calvin Harris featuring Disciples </Td> <Td> 1.19 </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 . </Td> <Td> `` Summer '' </Td> <Td> Calvin Harris </Td> <Td> 1.19 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 . </Td> <Td> `` Hey Mama '' </Td> <Td> David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha and Afrojack </Td> <Td> 1.19 </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 . </Td> <Td> `` The Hills '' </Td> <Td> The Weeknd </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 . </Td> <Td> `` On the Floor '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 . </Td> <Td> `` Bad Blood '' </Td> <Td> Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 . </Td> <Td> `` That 's What I Like '' </Td> <Td> Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 . </Td> <Td> `` Picky '' </Td> <Td> Joey Montana </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 . </Td> <Td> `` Thrift Shop '' </Td> <Td> Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz </Td> <Td> 1.16 </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 . </Td> <Td> `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' </Td> <Td> Ryan ToysReview </Td> <Td> 1.16 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 . </Td> <Td> `` Shaky Shaky '' </Td> <Td> Daddy Yankee </Td> <Td> 1.16 </Td> <Td> July 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 . </Td> <Td> `` Andas en Mi Cabeza '' </Td> <Td> Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee </Td> <Td> 1.15 </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 . </Td> <Td> `` Gentleman '' </Td> <Td> Psy </Td> <Td> 1.15 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 . </Td> <Td> `` Diamonds '' </Td> <Td> Rihanna </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 . </Td> <Td> `` Criminal '' </Td> <Td> Natti Natasha featuring Ozuna </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 . </Td> <Td> `` Animals '' </Td> <Td> Martin Garrix </Td> <Td> 1.13 </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 . </Td> <Td> `` Bang Bang '' </Td> <Td> Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj </Td> <Td> 1.12 </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 . </Td> <Td> `` El Perdón '' </Td> <Td> Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias </Td> <Td> 1.11 </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 . </Td> <Td> `` El Perdedor '' </Td> <Td> Maluma </Td> <Td> 1.11 </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 . </Td> <Td> `` La Bicicleta '' </Td> <Td> Carlos Vives and Shakira </Td> <Td> 1.11 </Td> <Td> July 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 . </Td> <Td> `` El Pollito Pio '' </Td> <Td> pulcinopiotv </Td> <Td> 1.10 </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 . </Td> <Td> `` Problem '' </Td> <Td> Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> <Td> May 30 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 . </Td> <Td> `` Firework '' </Td> <Td> Katy Perry </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 . </Td> <Td> `` Just the Way You Are '' </Td> <Td> Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 . </Td> <Td> `` Ahora Dice '' </Td> <Td> Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin , Ozuna and Arcángel </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 . </Td> <Td> `` Not Afraid '' </Td> <Td> Eminem </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 . </Td> <Td> `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' </Td> <Td> Katy Perry </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 . </Td> <Td> `` El Amante '' </Td> <Td> Nicky Jam </Td> <Td> 1.05 </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 . </Td> <Td> `` Masha and the Bear : Bon appétit ! '' </Td> <Td> Get Movies </Td> <Td> 1.04 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 . </Td> <Td> `` Someone like You '' </Td> <Td> Adele </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 . </Td> <Td> `` Call Me Maybe '' </Td> <Td> Carly Rae Jepsen </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 . </Td> <Td> `` La Gozadera '' </Td> <Td> Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 . </Td> <Td> `` Me Rehúso '' </Td> <Td> Danny Ocean </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 . </Td> <Td> `` La Mordidita '' </Td> <Td> Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 . </Td> <Td> `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' </Td> <Td> Gotye featuring Kimbra </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 . </Td> <Td> `` Mayores '' </Td> <Td> Becky G and Bad Bunny </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> July 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 . </Td> <Td> `` Axel F '' </Td> <Td> Crazy Frog </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 . </Td> <Td> `` New Rules '' </Td> <Td> Dua Lipa </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> <Td> July 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 . </Td> <Td> `` Swalla '' </Td> <Td> Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 . </Td> <Td> `` Cheap Thrills ( Lyric video ) '' </Td> <Td> Sia featuring Sean Paul </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 . </Td> <Td> `` Where Are Ü Now '' </Td> <Td> Jack Ü and Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 . </Td> <Td> `` Timber '' </Td> <Td> Pitbull featuring Kesha </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> As of February 20 , 2018 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> By year of release </H2> <P> The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year , with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views , as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube . </P> <P> As of February 2018 , Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with five , while Taylor Swift has four and Adele and Bruno Mars have three . Only Linkin Park ( 2007 ) , Gummibär / icanrockyourworld ( 2007 ) and Taylor Swift ( 2014 ) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year , with both the English and French versions of Gummibär 's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Video name </Th> <Th> Uploader </Th> <Th> Views ( billions ) </Th> <Th> Upload date </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> `` Life Goes On '' </Td> <Td> fhearnoiz </Td> <Td> 0.10 </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Hurt '' </Td> <Td> beachbuggy </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> December 12 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Tarzan Boy '' </Td> <Td> nailofgilead </Td> <Td> 0.07 </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' </Td> <Td> Frozentoast </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Me at the zoo '' </Td> <Td> jawed </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2005 ) </Th> <Th> 0.36 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Td> `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' </Td> <Td> Galinha Pintadinha </Td> <Td> 0.48 </Td> <Td> December 28 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Ella y Yo '' </Td> <Td> JosephIngma </Td> <Td> 0.33 </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Evolution of Dance '' </Td> <Td> Judson Laipply </Td> <Td> 0.30 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' </Td> <Td> Fueled By Ramen </Td> <Td> 0.22 </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` If you are happy '' </Td> <Td> Alicia Kids ! </Td> <Td> 0.18 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2006 ) </Th> <Th> 1.51 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Td> `` The Gummy Bear Song '' </Td> <Td> icanrockyourworld </Td> <Td> 1.24 </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' </Td> <Td> HDCYT </Td> <Td> 0.86 </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Numb '' </Td> <Td> Linkin Park </Td> <Td> 0.78 </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' </Td> <Td> icanrockyourworld </Td> <Td> 0.35 </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` What I 've Done '' </Td> <Td> Linkin Park </Td> <Td> 0.34 </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> 3.57 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Td> `` Hot n Cold '' </Td> <Td> KatyPerryVEVO </Td> <Td> 0.77 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha '' </Td> <Td> Galinha Pintadinha </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' </Td> <Td> Queen Official </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Viva la Vida '' </Td> <Td> Coldplay Official </Td> <Td> 0.47 </Td> <Td> August 4 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Colgando en tus manos '' </Td> <Td> Carlos Baute </Td> <Td> 0.38 </Td> <Td> October 29 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2008 ) </Th> <Th> 2.64 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Td> `` Axel F '' </Td> <Td> CrazyFrogVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` November Rain '' </Td> <Td> GunsNRosesVEVO </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> <Td> December 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Bad Romance '' </Td> <Td> LadyGagaVEVO </Td> <Td> 0.90 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` You Belong with Me '' </Td> <Td> TaylorSwiftVEVO </Td> <Td> 0.81 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Zombie '' </Td> <Td> TheCranberriesVEVO </Td> <Td> 0.69 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> 4.36 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Baby '' </Td> <Td> JustinBieberVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' </Td> <Td> shakiraVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.72 </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Love the Way You Lie '' </Td> <Td> EminemVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.48 </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Rolling in the Deep '' </Td> <Td> AdeleVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.28 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Firework '' </Td> <Td> KatyPerryVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> 7.38 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Td> `` Party Rock Anthem '' </Td> <Td> LMFAOVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.42 </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Lazy Song '' </Td> <Td> Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` On the Floor '' </Td> <Td> JenniferLopezVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' </Td> <Td> KatyPerryVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Someone like You '' </Td> <Td> AdeleVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2011 ) </Th> <Th> 6.00 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Td> `` Gangnam Style '' </Td> <Td> officialpsy </Td> <Td> 3.09 </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша '' </Td> <Td> Get Movies </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Let Her Go '' </Td> <Td> Passenger </Td> <Td> 1.77 </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Thrift Shop '' </Td> <Td> Macklemore LCC </Td> <Td> 1.16 </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Diamonds '' </Td> <Td> RihannaVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2012 ) </Th> <Th> 9.98 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Td> `` Roar '' </Td> <Td> KatyPerryVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.42 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Counting Stars '' </Td> <Td> OneRepublicVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.12 </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Rude '' </Td> <Td> ournameismagicVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.46 </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Wake Me Up '' </Td> <Td> AviciiVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.44 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Propuesta Indecente '' </Td> <Td> RomeoSantosVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.33 </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2013 ) </Th> <Th> 8.77 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Td> `` Uptown Funk '' </Td> <Td> MarkRonsonVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.94 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Shake It Off '' </Td> <Td> TaylorSwiftVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.50 </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Bailando '' </Td> <Td> EnriqueIglesiasVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.47 </Td> <Td> April 11 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Blank Space '' </Td> <Td> TaylorSwiftVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Dark Horse '' </Td> <Td> KatyPerryVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.24 </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> 12.41 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> `` See You Again '' </Td> <Td> Wiz Khalifa </Td> <Td> 3.40 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Sorry '' </Td> <Td> JustinBieberVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.88 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Sugar '' </Td> <Td> Maroon5VEVO </Td> <Td> 2.51 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Lean On '' </Td> <Td> majorlazer </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Hello '' </Td> <Td> AdeleVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.23 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2015 ) </Th> <Th> 13.29 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Td> `` Chantaje '' </Td> <Td> shakiraVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.09 </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' </Td> <Td> ChainsmokersVEVO </Td> <Td> 2.01 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` This Is What You Came For '' </Td> <Td> CalvinHarrisVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.92 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Work from Home '' </Td> <Td> FifthHarmonyVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.79 </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Rockabye '' </Td> <Td> Clean Bandit </Td> <Td> 1.77 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> 9.58 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2017 </Th> <Td> `` Despacito '' </Td> <Td> LuisFonsiVEVO </Td> <Td> 4.85 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Shape of You '' </Td> <Td> Ed Sheeran </Td> <Td> 3.26 </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Mi Gente '' </Td> <Td> jbalvinVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.63 </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Felices los 4 '' </Td> <Td> MalumaVEVO </Td> <Td> 1.27 </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` That 's What I Like '' </Td> <Td> Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> 12.19 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 </Th> <Td> `` Finesse '' </Td> <Td> Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> 0.26 </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Dura '' </Td> <Td> Daddy Yankee </Td> <Td> 0.23 </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` El Farsante ( Remix ) '' </Td> <Td> Ozuna </Td> <Td> 0.20 </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Amantes de Una Noche '' </Td> <Td> Natti Natasha </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td> January 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` El Baño '' </Td> <Td> EnriqueIglesiasVEVO </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2018 ) </Th> <Th> 0.95 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> As of February 14 , 2018 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Historical most viewed videos </H2> <P> The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube 's most viewed video , from October 2005 to the present . </P> Current record Former record Indicates the video has since been removed from YouTube <Table> <Tr> <Th> Video name </Th> <Th> Uploader </Th> <Th> Views * </Th> <Th> Upload date </Th> <Th> Date achieved </Th> <Th> Days held </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Despacito '' </Td> <Td> LuisFonsiVEVO </Td> <Td> 2,993,700,000 </Td> <Td> Jan 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Aug 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` See You Again '' </Td> <Td> Wiz Khalifa </Td> <Td> 2,894,000,000 </Td> <Td> Apr 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Jul 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Gangnam Style '' </Td> <Td> officialpsy </Td> <Td> 803,700,000 </Td> <Td> Jul 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Nov 24 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 1,689 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Baby '' </Td> <Td> JustinBieberVEVO </Td> <Td> 245,400,000 </Td> <Td> Feb 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Jul 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 862 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Bad Romance '' </Td> <Td> LadyGagaVEVO </Td> <Td> 178,400,000 </Td> <Td> Nov 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Apr 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' </Td> <Td> HDCYT </Td> <Td> 128,900,000 </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Oct 25 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Evolution of Dance '' </Td> <Td> Judson Laipply </Td> <Td> 118,900,000 </Td> <Td> Apr 6 , 2006 </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Girlfriend '' </Td> <Td> RCARecords </Td> <Td> 92,600,000 </Td> <Td> Feb 27 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Jul 17 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 289 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Evolution of Dance '' </Td> <Td> Judson Laipply </Td> <Td> 78,400,000 </Td> <Td> Apr 6 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Mar 15 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Music Is My Hot Hot Sex '' </Td> <Td> CLARUSBARTEL72 </Td> <Td> 76,600,000 </Td> <Td> Apr 9 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Feb 29 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Evolution of Dance '' </Td> <Td> Judson Laipply </Td> <Td> 10,600,000 </Td> <Td> Apr 6 , 2006 </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' </Td> <Td> Smosh </Td> <Td> 4,300,000 </Td> <Td> Nov 28 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Mar 12 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Myspace - The Movie '' </Td> <Td> eggtea </Td> <Td> 2,700,000 </Td> <Td> Jan 31 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Feb 18 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Phony Photo Booth '' </Td> <Td> mugenized </Td> <Td> 3,400,000 </Td> <Td> Dec 1 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Jan 21 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' </Td> <Td> youtubedude </Td> <Td> 2,300,000 </Td> <Td> Dec 18 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Jan 9 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' </Td> <Td> Nikesoccer </Td> <Td> 255,000 </Td> <Td> Oct 21 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Oct 31 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` I / O Brush '' </Td> <Td> larfus </Td> <Td> 247,000 </Td> <Td> Oct 5 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Oct 29 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="8"> As of February 20 , 2018 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> * The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube 's most viewed video . </P> Charts <P> Timeline of Most Viewed Videos ( Oct 2005 - Feb 2018 ) </P> <P> No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2005 - Jun 2006 ) </P> <P> No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Apr 2006 - Jan 2010 ) </P> <P> No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2009 - Jan 2013 ) </P> <P> No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Jan 2012 - Feb 2018 ) </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of most - viewed Vevo videos </Li> <Li> List of most - disliked YouTube videos </Li> <Li> List of most - liked YouTube videos </Li> <Li> List of most - subscribed YouTube channels </Li> <Li> List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours </Li> <Li> List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours </Li> <Li> List of viral music videos </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the fifty - fourth video to reach 1 billion views on April 20 , 2017 , doing so in 96 days ; twelfth video to reach 2 billion views on June 16 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 154 days ; first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 204 days ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 ; currently Vevo 's most viewed video with over 4.8 billion views and YouTube 's most liked video with over 26.1 million likes as of February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as the most viewed video on July 10 , 2017 ; tenth video to reach 1 billion views on October 7 , 2015 ; second video to reach 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 , doing so in 515 days ; second video to reach 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 , doing so in 853 days ; currently YouTube 's second most liked video with over 18.9 million likes as of February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shape of You '' is the fourth video to reach 3 billion views on January 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' surpassed `` Baby '' as the most viewed video on November 24 , 2012 ; first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 ; third video to reach 3 billion views on November 25 , 2017 ; currently holds the record for the longest reign as YouTube 's most viewed video with 1,689 days . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Disaster '' is the most viewed non-music video of all time , as of February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As of February 2018 , `` Hello '' is the fastest video to reach one billion views , doing so in 87 days . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Closer '' is the most viewed lyric video of all time , as of February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baby '' surpassed `` Bad Romance '' as the most viewed video on July 16 , 2010 ; second video to reach 1 billion views on March 4 , 2014 ; currently YouTube 's most disliked video with over 8.7 million dislikes as of February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny , Yes Papa '' is a nursery rhyme originating in Kenya . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This is a sing - along version of the song Let It Go , entitled `` Let It Go Sing Along '' , posted by `` Disney UK '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Gummy Bear Song '' is the oldest YouTube video to exceed one billion views , as of February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2005 <Ul> <Li> A video titled `` guitar '' was published on December 20 , 2005 and received over 92 million views . It was deleted in October 2017 . Its view count would place it as the second most viewed video of 2005 , had it not been removed . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Me at the zoo '' is the first video that was uploaded to YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2006 <Ul> <Li> A video titled `` The Sneezing Baby Panda '' was published on November 6 , 2006 and gained over 221 million views . It was deleted in March 2017 and is the sixth most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . </Li> <Li> A video titled `` Hahaha '' was published on November 1 , 2006 , and gained over 208 million views . It peaked at number 12 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in May 2011 and was deleted in November 2011 . It is the seventh most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fifth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video on three separate occasions : May 19 , 2006 -- February 29 , 2008 , March 15 , 2008 -- July 17 , 2008 , and May 2 , 2009 -- October 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2007 <Ul> <Li> A video titled `` Parto in un letto '' was published on May 9 , 2007 , and gained over 325 million views . It peaked at number 8 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in November 2011 and was deleted in January 2012 for violating YouTube Community Guidelines . It is currently the most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2007 , had it not been removed . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from October 24 , 2009 to April 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from April 14 , 2010 to July 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baby '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 16 , 2010 to November 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from November 24 , 2012 to July 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 10 , 2017 to August 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' currently holds the title of YouTube 's most viewed video . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baby '' became to first video to reach 500 million views on March 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' became the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' became the first video to reach 100 million views on March 11 , 2008 . The uploader then deleted the video four days later . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' became the first video to reach 20 million views on June 5 , 2006 ; first video to reach 50 million views on June 7 , 2007 . It is the only video on this list to hold the No. 1 spot on more than one separate occasion . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' became the first video to reach 10 million views on May 6 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube in June 2007 for copyright infringement . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phony Photo Booth '' became the first video to reach 5 million views on February 8 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube on February 18 , 2006 for copyright infringement . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' became the first video to reach 500,000 views on November 3 , 2005 ; first video to reach 1 million views on November 11 , 2005 ; first video to reach 2 million views on December 12 , 2005 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Billion View Club : YouTube 's 10 Most Watched Videos '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` A Billion Views on YouTube ? Once Exclusive Club Is Getting Crowded '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is The First Video To Reach 4 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 1 billion '' . Kworb . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 2 billion '' . Kworb . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flores , Griselda ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi 's ' Despacito ' With Daddy Yankee Reaches 1 Billion Views on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 20 : 45 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 23 : 27 : 11 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , Brandon ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is Now The Most Viewed Video In Youtube History '' . UPROXX . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Wiz Khalifa - See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gangnam Style ' is no longer YouTube 's most - watched video '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' See You Again ' takes YouTube top spot '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' hits 1 billion views on YouTube '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 3 , 2016 , 19 : 07 : 21 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 4 , 2016 , 18 : 08 : 34 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran - Shape of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` PSY - GANGNAM STYLE ( 강남 스타일 ) M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kosner , Anthony Wing ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber 's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gruger , William ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Video Hits 1 Billion Views , Unprecedented Milestone '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jess ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Ronson - Uptown Funk ft . Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Sorry ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Маша плюс каша ( 17 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 - Sugar '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Shake It Off '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Enrique Iglesias - Bailando ( Español ) ft . Descemer Bueno , Gente De Zona '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Roar ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake - Lean On ( feat . MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Blank Space '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Dark Horse ( Official ) ft . Juicy J '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Hello '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Crunching the Numbers Behind ' Despacito 's Rise to the No. 1 All - Time Spot on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic - Counting Stars '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Chantaje ( Official video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wheels On The Bus 54 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Chainsmokers - Closer ( Lyric ) ft . Halsey '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris - This Is What You Came For ( Official Video ) ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Baby ft . Ludacris '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Beats Lady Gaga In YouTube Video Popularity -- For Now '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wooton , Christopher ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Baby just hit a billion views on VEVO '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sia - Chandelier ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Harmony - Work From Home ft . Ty Dolla $ ign '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger Let Her Go ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Bandit - Rockabye ft . Sean Paul & Anne - Marie ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup TM Song ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth - We Do n't Talk Anymore ( feat . Selena Gomez ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` J. Balvin , Willy William - Mi Gente ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alan Walker - Faded '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony - Worth It ft . Kid Ink '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem - Love the Way You Lie ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` MAGIC ! - Rude '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J. Balvin - Ay Vamos '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii - Wake Me Up ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem ft . Lauren Bennett , GoonRock '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny Yes Papa and Many More Videos Popular Nursery Rhymes Collection by ChuChu TV '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , Francelia ( January 1 , 1989 ) . Skipping around the World : The Ritual Nature of Folk Rhymes . University of Michigan : Library Professional Publications . pp. 165 -- 166 . ISBN 9780208021946 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FROZEN - Let It Go Sing - along Official Disney HD '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Sing - Along , Royal Albert Hall review - ' pure , sparkly joy ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - Vente Pa ' Ca ( Official Video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drake - Hotline Bling '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo Santos - Propuesta Indecente '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - Starboy ft . Daft Punk '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Love Yourself ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Legend - All of Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Rolling in the Deep '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hasta el Amanecer - Nicky Jam Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maluma - Felices los 4 ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Side To Side ft . Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Stressed Out ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Gummy Bear Song - Long English Version '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CNCO - Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Burn '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris & Disciples - How Deep Is Your Love '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris - Summer '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David Guetta - Hey Mama ( Official Video ) ft Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha & Afrojack '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - The Hills '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lopez - On The Floor ft . Pitbull '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - Bad Blood ft . Kendrick Lamar '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - That 's What I Like ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joey Montana - Picky '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis - Thrift Shop feat . Wanz ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge Inflatable water slide Disney Cars Toys Paw Patrol Spiderman '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daddy Yankee - Shaky Shaky Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chino y Nacho - Andas En Mi Cabeza ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PSY - GENTLEMAN M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna - Diamonds '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Natti Natasha x Ozuna - Criminal ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martin Garrix - Animals ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jessie J , Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj - Bang Bang ft . Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 21 . El Perdón - Nicky Jam y Enrique Iglesias ( Official Music Video YTMAs ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El Perdedor - Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carlos Vives , Shakira - La Bicicleta ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PULCINO PIO - El Pollito Pio ( Official video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Problem ft . Iggy Azalea '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Firework ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris Jeday - Ahora Dice ( Official Video ) ft . J. Balvin , Ozuna , Arcángel '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Not Afraid '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 05 . El Amante - Nicky Jam ( Video Oficial ) ( Álbum Fénix ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Приятного аппетита ( 24 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Someone Like You '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gente de Zona - La Gozadera ( Official Video ) ft . Marc Anthony '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danny Ocean - Me Rehúso ( Official Audio ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - La Mordidita ( Official Video ) ft . Yotuel '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gotye - Somebody That I Used To Know ( feat . Kimbra ) - official video '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Becky G , Bad Bunny - Mayores ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Crazy Frog - Axel F '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa - New Rules ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jason Derulo - Swalla ( feat . Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla $ ign ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sia - Cheap Thrills ( Lyric Video ) ft . Sean Paul '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Skrillex and Diplo - `` Where Are Ü Now '' with Justin Bieber ( Official Video ) `` . Youtube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pitbull - Timber ft . Ke $ ha '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Life Goes On - Tupac '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Hurt '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baltimora - Tarzan Boy '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Me at the zoo '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time # 4 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos . `` Most Viewed Videos of 2005 and 2006 '' . YouTube . 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YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What I 've Done ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry - Hot N Cold '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galinha Pintadinha '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - Viva La Vida '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carlos Baute - Colgando en tus manos ( con Marta Sanchez ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses - November Rain '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Gaga - Bad Romance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cranberries - Zombie '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - Finesse ( Remix ) ( Feat . Cardi B ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dura - Daddy Yankee ( Video Oficial ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ozuna x Romeo Santos - El Farsante Remix '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Natti Natasha x Bad Bunny - Amantes de Una Noche ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Enrique Iglesias - EL BAÑO ft . Bad Bunny '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube '' . Forbes . Forbes Media . 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Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on November 2 , 2005 , 10 : 21 : 32 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Medina , Martín ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` What was the first video to hit one million YouTube views ? How long did it take for it to reach one million views ? '' . Quora . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celebrating ten years since Ronaldinho broke the Internet with the first YouTube video to reach 1 million views '' . Nike Soccer Twitter . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I / O Brush '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ References : <Ul> <Li> `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> `` I / O Brush on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on October 29 , 2005 , 5 : 03 : 49 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . 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whats the most viewed video on you tube
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos&amp;oldid=826773920
335,386,210,456,729,540
Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) - wikipedia <H1> Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joe Mantegna </Li> <Li> Matthew Gray Gubler </Li> <Li> A.J. Cook </Li> <Li> Kirsten Vangsness </Li> <Li> Aisha Tyler </Li> <Li> Daniel Henney </Li> <Li> Adam Rodriguez </Li> <Li> Paget Brewster </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 12 Next → Season 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Criminal Minds episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7 , 2017 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 in a new time slot at 10 : 00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9 : 00PM on Wednesday since its inception . The season concluded on April 18 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 1.2 Special guest star </Li> <Li> 1.3 Recurring cast </Li> <Li> 1.4 Guest cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Production <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Development </Li> <Li> 2.2 Casting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5 Home media </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <P> The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . His character was killed off in the season premiere off - screen . </P> <P> Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , it was announced that Daniel Henney ( Matt Simmons ) would join the cast this season as a series regular . </P> <H3> Main cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Joe Mantegna as David Rossi </Li> <Li> Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid </Li> <Li> A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau </Li> <Li> Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia </Li> <Li> Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis </Li> <Li> Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons </Li> <Li> Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez </Li> <Li> Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special guest star ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . </Li> <Li> Kelly Frye as Kristy Simmons </Li> <Li> Declan Whaley as David Simmons </Li> <Li> Kim Rhodes as Assistant Director Linda Barnes </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch </Li> <Li> Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker </Li> <Li> Jamie Kennedy as Floyd Feylinn Ferell </Li> <Li> Zelda Williams as Melissa Miller </Li> <Li> Lou Diamond Phillips as Sheriff Clifford </Li> <Li> Daniella Alonso as Lisa Douglas </Li> <Li> Gail O'Grady as Krystall Richards </Li> <Li> Danielle C. Ryan as Portia Richards </Li> <Li> Sebastian Sozzi as Carlos Garica </Li> <Li> James Urbaniak as Special Agent Owen Quinn </Li> <Li> Karen David as Special Agent Mary Meadows </Li> <Li> Michael Hogan as Benjamin David Merva </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7 , 2017 . The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . </P> <P> Matthew Gray Gubler directed the seventeenth episode of the season and it was said to be `` the spookiest episode of Season 13 '' and involved clowns . On August 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season . On August 12 , 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season , which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> Shemar Moore reprised his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode . <P> On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show '' . </P> <P> On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season . </P> <P> On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ( `` Lucky Strikes '' ) . His character returned to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 278 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Wheels Up '' </Td> <Td> Glenn Kershaw </Td> <Td> Breen Frazier </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1301 </Td> <Td> 7.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When escaped serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) launches a devastating final assault on the BAU and takes one of their own as a hostage , Garcia brings in former International Response Team member Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to help apprehend Lewis before more lives are lost . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 279 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` To A Better Place '' </Td> <Td> Diana C. Valentine </Td> <Td> Bruce Zimmerman </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1302 </Td> <Td> 6.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When three vintage suitcases containing sets of human remains are found throughout Naples , Florida , the BAU returns from their bureau - dictated vacation to determine what connects the victims . Meanwhile , Reid learns about a condition to his reinstatement and the team officially welcomes Simmons into the fold . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 280 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Blue Angel '' </Td> <Td> Sharat Raju </Td> <Td> Christopher Barbour </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1304 </Td> <Td> 5.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When two businessmen are tortured and emasculated in Detroit , Michigan , the BAU interrogates a former escort who was involved with both men only to unearth a dark family secret that changes the course of the investigation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 281 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Killer App '' </Td> <Td> Alec Smight </Td> <Td> Stephanie SenGupta </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1303 </Td> <Td> 5.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When three employees are gunned down in a Silicon Valley workplace shooting , the BAU works with the Department of Homeland Security to determine why the victims were targeted . Meanwhile , Prentiss confronts Alvez about the events surrounding his final confrontation with Peter Lewis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 282 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Lucky Strikes '' </Td> <Td> Tawnia McKiernan </Td> <Td> Jim Clemente </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 1306 </Td> <Td> 5.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a Florida prostitute is found dead with both legs severed and several fingers cut off , the BAU attempts to determine if incarcerated serial killer Floyd Feylinn Ferell ( Jamie Kennedy ) has embarked on another killing spree or if a copycat killer is trying to frame him . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) visits Garcia after she finds herself overwhelmed by memories of a ten - year - old trauma . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 283 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Bunker '' </Td> <Td> Aisha Tyler </Td> <Td> Karen Maser </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1305 </Td> <Td> 5.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a Richmond , Virginia chef disappears while leaving her place of her work , the BAU sets out to connect the abduction to a series of open missing persons cases in both Richmond and Culpeper . Meanwhile , JJ bonds with a potential victim 's sister and Garcia searches for a new apartment . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 284 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Dust and Bones '' </Td> <Td> Marcus Stokes </Td> <Td> Erica Meredith </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1307 </Td> <Td> 5.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When three women are disfigured in Austin , Texas , the BAU sets out to identify a budding serial abductor obsessed with a venemous creature . Meanwhile , Alvez tries to find a way to help his former Fugitive Task Force partner come to terms with his paralysis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 285 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Neon Terror '' </Td> <Td> Bethany Rooney </Td> <Td> Erik Stiller </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1308 </Td> <Td> 6.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When the latest in a series of brutal robbery - homicides occurs in Miami , Florida , the BAU sets out to catch a spree killer who releases footage of his crimes to the media as a cry for attention . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 286 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` False Flag '' </Td> <Td> Joe Mantegna </Td> <Td> Breen Frazier </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1309 </Td> <Td> 5.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When two members of a Roswell , New Mexico conspiracy theory group die in quick succession , the BAU suspects that the crimes were committed by a serial killer only to find themselves reexamining the evidence following a catastrophic encounter . Meanwhile , Lewis struggles to keep her emotions in check as she interrogates a young podcaster ( Zelda Williams ) with ties to the group . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 287 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Submerged '' </Td> <Td> Rob Bailey </Td> <Td> Bruce Zimmerman </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 1310 </Td> <Td> 5.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When the latest in a series of perplexing robbery - homicides occurs in Ramona , California , the BAU works with a frustrated sheriff ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) to track down a serial killer with mysterious motives and an even more mysterious past . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 288 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' </Td> <Td> Simon Mirren </Td> <Td> Erica Messer & Kirsten Vangsness </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1311 </Td> <Td> 5.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When the wife of a Virginia police chief survives a brutal home invasion - homicide , the BAU coordinates with local authorities to catch her attempted killer only to uncover a multitude of secrets being kept by the town 's inhabitants . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 289 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' </Td> <Td> Christoph Schrewe </Td> <Td> Karen Maser </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1312 </Td> <Td> 5.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a New York City jogger 's gruesome murder is connected to a series of equally gruesome murder - mutilations , the BAU searches for a killer suffering from a bizarre condition . Meanwhile , Alvez deals with the fallout of a blind date gone wrong . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 290 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Cure '' </Td> <Td> Glenn Kershaw </Td> <Td> Christopher Barbour </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1313 </Td> <Td> 5.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a cryptic message is found inside the mouth of a Washington , D.C. financier , the BAU sets out to catch a serial killer determined to eradicate institutions of power . Meanwhile , JJ grows increasingly concerned after receiving an email asking her to sit down with Assistant Director Linda Barnes ( Kim Rhodes ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 291 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Miasma '' </Td> <Td> Leon Ichaso </Td> <Td> Erica Meredith </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 1314 </Td> <Td> 5.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a mass grave is uncovered in a New Orleans cemetery , the BAU searches for a killer who sees himself as a modern - day plague doctor . Meanwhile , Prentiss finds herself forced to endure a hostile interrogation after Barnes suspends her from active duty and summons her for an internal audit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 292 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Annihilator '' </Td> <Td> Rob Bailey </Td> <Td> Erik Stiller </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1315 </Td> <Td> 5.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> With Prentiss still suspended from active duty and Reid refusing to work without her , Barnes takes the lead and joins the remaining members of the BAU as they search St. Louis for the perpetrator of a quadruple homicide . Meanwhile , Reid attempts to dissuade Prentiss from making a bold decision . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 293 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Last Gasp '' </Td> <Td> Adam Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Stephanie SenGupta </Td> <Td> March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1316 </Td> <Td> 5.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> In the wake of Barnes ' attempt to restructure the BAU , the divided team works behind her back to identify a serial abductor who photographs Washington , D.C. call girls before killing them and incinerating their bodies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 294 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` The Capilanos '' </Td> <Td> Matthew Gray Gubler </Td> <Td> Erica Messer </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1317 </Td> <Td> 5.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a seven - year - old child residing in Guymon , Oklahoma claims a man dressed as a clown killed his father , the BAU attempts to determine whether or not the child 's statement is true . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 295 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Dance of Love '' </Td> <Td> Joe Mantegna </Td> <Td> Bruce Zimmerman </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1318 </Td> <Td> 6.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When two women residing in Chicago , Illinois are stabbed to death on consecutive nights and found with a single red rose in their mouths , the BAU searches for a serial killer with unexpected motives . Meanwhile , Rossi takes personal time off after receiving a phone call from his third ex-wife Krystall ( Gail O'Grady ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 296 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Ex Parte '' </Td> <Td> Lily Mariye </Td> <Td> Christopher Barbour </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1319 </Td> <Td> 5.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a hostage situation takes place at a Washington , D.C. law firm , the BAU juggles resolving the situation and determining the perpetrators ' motivations . Meanwhile , Simmons becomes emotionally involved in the case after learning that his wife Kristy ( Kelly Frye ) is one of the hostages . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 297 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` All You Can Eat '' </Td> <Td> Diana C. Valentine </Td> <Td> Karen Maser </Td> <Td> April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1320 </Td> <Td> 5.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When two sudden deaths in Virginia are believed to be acts of bioterrorism , the BAU works with the CDC to prevent a large - scale incident from taking place . Meanwhile , Garcia reunites with her stepbrother Carlos ( Sebastian Sozzi ) after learning that the drunk driver who killed their parents is eligible for parole . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 298 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Mixed Signals '' </Td> <Td> Alec Smight </Td> <Td> Erica Meredith & Erik Stiller </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1321 </Td> <Td> 5.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When two people residing in Taos , New Mexico are subjected to crude lobotomies , the BAU suspects the perpetrator is obsessed with proving an inexplicable collection of phenomena exists . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 299 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Believer '' </Td> <Td> Glenn Kershaw </Td> <Td> Breen Frazier </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1322 </Td> <Td> 5.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When a former VICAP agent is found locked inside a storage unit , the BAU investigates his frantic claims of an active serial killer nicknamed `` The Strangler '' only to find themselves questioning everything they think they know . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Wheels Up '' </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 5 </Td> <Td> 7.00 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 4.15 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 11.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` To a Better Place '' </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.1 / 4 </Td> <Td> 6.17 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 3.98 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 10.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Blue Angel '' </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.1 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.87 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.82 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Killer App '' </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.94 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 3.87 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Lucky Strikes '' </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.91 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.81 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Bunker '' </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 5.50 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.53 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 9.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Dust and Bones '' </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.64 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.76 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Neon Terror '' </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 6.31 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.70 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 10.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` False Flag '' </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.34 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 4.04 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Submerged '' </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 5.41 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 3.93 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.70 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 4.13 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.63 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 4.02 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Cure '' </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 5.30 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 4.12 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Miasma '' </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.42 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.90 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Annihilator '' </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 5.05 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 4.06 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 9.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Last Gasp '' </Td> <Td> March 14 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.69 </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 4.16 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` The Capilanos '' </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.26 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 3.94 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Dance of Love '' </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.1 / 5 </Td> <Td> 6.59 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 3.54 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 10.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Ex Parte '' </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.90 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.71 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` All You Can Eat '' </Td> <Td> April 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.20 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.94 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 9.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Mixed Signals '' </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.92 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 3.05 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 8.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Believer '' </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 4 </Td> <Td> 5.39 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 3.35 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 8.74 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The Complete Thirteenth Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Set details </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Special features </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 22 episodes </Li> <Li> 6 - disc set ( Region 1 ) </Li> <Li> 5 - disc set ( Region 2 & 4 ) </Li> <Li> Aspect Ratio : 1.78 : 1 </Li> <Li> Subtitles : English </Li> <Li> English : Dolby Digital 5.1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Getting Lucky </Li> <Li> Bunker Mentality </Li> <Li> Breaking Up The BAU </Li> <Li> The Table Read : Mixed Signals </Li> <Li> Thirteen Minds </Li> <Li> Would You Make A Good FBI Agent ? </Li> <Li> Pilot Episode of `` SEAL Team '' </Li> <Li> Pilot Episode of `` Bull '' </Li> <Li> Gag Reel </Li> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> DVD release date </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Region 1 </Td> <Td> Region 2 </Td> <Td> Region 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gupton , Damon ( @ DamonGupton ) ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` wanted to let you know I appreciate this as I just lost my job . You throwing out the 1st pitch is pure class and a monumental image '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Daniel Henney Of ' Beyond Borders ' Joins Mothership Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on X-Files , Riverdale , Supergirl , Supernatural , Chuck , NCIS , Elementary and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Today starts 1305 prep . Director : Aisha Tyler Writer : Karen Maser `` The Bunker '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Then you will be happy to watch Ep 1311 to be written by the fabulous @ ecmess & @ Vangsness '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` # 1316 . It will be written by Stephanie Sengupta '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Set for Encore , to Help Garcia With ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' and ' SNL Thanksgiving ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds : The Thirteenth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Criminal Minds on IMDb </Li> <Li> Criminal Minds at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Criminal Minds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criminal Minds </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jason Gideon </Li> <Li> Aaron Hotchner </Li> <Li> Elle Greenaway </Li> <Li> Derek Morgan </Li> <Li> Spencer Reid </Li> <Li> Jennifer Jareau </Li> <Li> Penelope Garcia </Li> <Li> Emily Prentiss </Li> <Li> David Rossi </Li> <Li> Alex Blake </Li> <Li> Tara Lewis </Li> <Li> Matt Simmons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Video game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Suspect Behavior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sam Cooper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beyond Borders </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Garrett </Li> <Li> Clara Seger </Li> <Li> Russ Montgomery </Li> <Li> Matt Simmons </Li> <Li> Mae Jarvis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South Korean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&oldid=865628395 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Criminal Minds </Li> <Li> 2017 American television seasons </Li> <Li> 2018 American television seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when does criminal minds season 13 come out on dvd
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&amp;oldid=865628395
-5,431,741,553,387,931,000
List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia <H1> List of Toy Story characters </H1> <P> This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Primary characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Sheriff Woody </Li> <Li> 1.2 Buzz Lightyear </Li> <Li> 1.3 Jessie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Toy characters by owner <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Andy 's toys <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head </Li> <Li> 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head </Li> <Li> 2.1. 6 Bullseye </Li> <Li> 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men </Li> <Li> 2.1. 8 Barbie </Li> <Li> 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers </Li> <Li> 2.1. 10 Bo Peep </Li> <Li> 2.1. 11 RC </Li> <Li> 2.1. 12 Wheezy </Li> <Li> 2.1. 13 Etch </Li> <Li> 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell </Li> <Li> 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar </Li> <Li> 2.1. 16 Lenny </Li> <Li> 2.1. 17 Snake </Li> <Li> 2.1. 18 Robot </Li> <Li> 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark </Li> <Li> 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike </Li> <Li> 2.1. 21 See ' n Say </Li> <Li> 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown </Li> <Li> 2.1. 23 Troikas </Li> <Li> 2.1. 24 Troll </Li> <Li> 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck </Li> <Li> 2.1. 26 Magic 8 - Ball </Li> <Li> 2.1. 27 Hockey Puck </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Bonnie 's toys <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Chuckles </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Dolly </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 Trixie </Li> <Li> 2.2. 5 Buttercup </Li> <Li> 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod </Li> <Li> 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty </Li> <Li> 2.2. 8 Totoro </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Combat Carl </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls </Li> <Li> 2.3. 3 Mutant toys </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Mason 's toys </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Toy characters by location <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Ken </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Big Baby </Li> <Li> 3.2. 4 Twitch </Li> <Li> 3.2. 5 Stretch </Li> <Li> 3.2. 6 Chunk </Li> <Li> 3.2. 7 Sparks </Li> <Li> 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone </Li> <Li> 3.2. 9 Bookworm </Li> <Li> 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Toys in other projects <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Non-toy characters <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Humans <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Andy Davis </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Molly Davis </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis </Li> <Li> 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips </Li> <Li> 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips </Li> <Li> 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin </Li> <Li> 4.1. 8 Mrs. Anderson </Li> <Li> 4.1. 9 Geri the Cleaner </Li> <Li> 4.1. 10 Emily </Li> <Li> 4.1. 11 Daisy </Li> <Li> 4.1. 12 Ron </Li> <Li> 4.1. 13 Mason </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Animals <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Scud </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Buster </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Primary characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sheriff Woody ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Sheriff Woody <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll , and Andy 's favorite toy . Appearing in all three Toy Story films , he usually acts as the leader of the gang . His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film . In Toy Story 2 , he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector , causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission . In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center . </P> <H3> Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Buzz Lightyear <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) </Li> <Li> Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , few video games , merchandise , attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Mike MacRae ( video games ) ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure , and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet , a laser `` weapon , '' and various sound effects . In the films , he acts as Woody 's second - in - command . In Toy Story , he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody , who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer . During the film , he comes to realize that he is just a toy , and eventually becomes good friends with Woody . He is extremely loyal to his friends . During his time trapped at Sid 's house , Hannah , Sid 's sister , called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit . In Toy Story 2 , Buzz -- with Mr. Potato Head , Hamm , Rex , and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) -- goes to save Woody from Al , where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like . In Toy Story 3 , a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie . He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode . '' </P> <H3> Jessie ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 </Li> <Li> Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 </Li> <Li> Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Jessie is a cowgirl doll , and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang . Jessie is also Buzz Lightyear 's girlfriend . She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete . Initially , Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's toys . After she becomes part of the family , she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ) . In Toy Story 3 , she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence . She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out . Later in the film , Jessie feels close with Buzz , even when Buzz got switched into Spanish . At the end , Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters , Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley . Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror ! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop . </P> <H2> Toy characters by owner ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Andy 's toys ( edit ) </H3> Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Andrew Stanton ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper . He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends , and are often seen playing games , such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ) . Out of all the toys , he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside , often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown , likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . </P> <P> In Toy Story , Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00 . Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody , along with Potato Head . When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window , Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him . However , Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive . At the end , Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot . When Woody is stolen , he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys . After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV , Hamm goes with Buzz , Slinky , Rex , and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody . In Al 's Toy Barn , Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz , thinking he is Andy 's Buzz , though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move . While reading the truck 's manual , he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage '' . Eventually , Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence , appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang . Later , when the toys are accidentally thrown out , Hamm is angry , believing that Andy threw them out on purpose . He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare , where he is initially happy to be played with , but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough . Later that night , Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy . When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen , Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica . When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo . He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz , who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso , so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container . Hamm and Rex , being the heaviest of the toys , sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping . When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back , Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down . When they were about to die in the incinerator , Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex . Later , after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness , Hamm , along with Slinky , wants revenge , but Woody talks them both out of it . He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie , where he becomes best friends with Buttercup . </P> <P> He , as well as several of other characters across the Pixar Universe appeared in the post-credit scene of Cars as part of a homage and self - parody to Ratzenberger ( who voices the Mack Super-Liner in the film ) . The scene involves the main characters ( of Cars ) going to a Drive - in theater and included automotive spoofs of scenes from Toy Story , Monsters , Inc. and A Bug 's Life , all featuring characters voiced by Ratzenberger . </P> <P> In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3 , Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers . He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode . </P> <P> Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He will appear in Kingdom Hearts III , with Ratzenberger reprising his role . </P> Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Earl Boen ( video games ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Rex is an excitable large , green , plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex . Rex suffers from anxiety , an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough . Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another , scarier dinosaur . He is among the largest of Andy 's toys , and is often depicted as the heaviest . He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ) . Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature . </P> <P> In Toy Story , he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally , real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro , but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ) . He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad , then tries to scare Woody with his roar . When Buzz arrives , Rex is fascinated by his cool features . Later , when Woody knocks Buzz out the window , he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys . He is , however , a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys . He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along . He gains confidence at the end , saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater . </P> <P> The beginning of Toy Story 2 , he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game , which he loses , much to his frustration . He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control . When Woody was kidnapped by Al , Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help , but he did n't know how to write FBI , and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody . Inside Al 's Toy Barn , he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide , which he takes with him . He loses the guide later , but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg . In a parody of Jurassic Park , he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn , in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror . It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them . When the other Toys , led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment , the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate . When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2 , he turns away , not bearing to look anymore , but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft , making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel . Eventually , he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence , where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar , but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys . He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys , expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments . When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup , he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag . He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside , and is visibly sad when Woody leaves , but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers , commenting `` Andy never played with us like that ! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang . Later , at the garbage dump , Rex is the last to escape the shredder , only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan . He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight , but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator . When the toys are finally given to Bonnie , Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops . </P> <P> In an outtake of Toy Story 2 , when used as a battering ram , Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate . Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters , Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park . Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . In the movie WALL - E , Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck . </P> <P> Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! , and Toy Story That Time Forgot . He will appear in Kingdom Hearts III , with Shawn reprising his role . </P> Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here . For the original toy , see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ) . <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jim Varney ( 1995 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Blake Clark ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Darryl Kurylo ( Toy Story Racer ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body , who speaks with a southern accent . Slinky 's head , feet , and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string . Slinky also has a green collar . Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries , which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries , Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character . </P> <P> In Toy Story , he likes playing checkers with Woody , usually choosing the red side . Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains . Slinky is fascinated by Buzz , along with the rest of the toys , but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do . When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window , Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident . Later , when Andy notices Woody is missing , he and Bo Peep are worried about him , in contrast to the others , who are glad he 's gone . Later , he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's , but Potato Head stops him . Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm . He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck , but is fixed by the end of the film . </P> <P> At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat , and joins Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house . When the toys break into Al 's apartment , Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody . After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport , Slinky , stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz , Hamm and Potato Head , reaches for the case that contains Woody , and almost manages to save him , but is thwarted by the Prospector . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals . They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside . When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ) , Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery . After rescuing Woody , they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier . In an outtake , he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ) , and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film . Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence . At Sunnyside Daycare , Slinky has been tangled up by the young children . Later that night , Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic . Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang . He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return , and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras . When the toys reach the dumpster , Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety , although they are stopped by Lotso . When the toys end up at the dump , Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body . When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator , Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate . After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens , he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it . He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys . </P> <P> His catchphrase , said in all three movies , is `` Golly bob - howdy ! '' </P> <P> Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation , in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene . </P> <P> Disneyworld , Orlando , FL , has a family rollercoaster , Slinky Dog Dash , in Toy Story Land . </P> Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool . He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body . He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages . He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body . For example , he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed , as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached . The same thing applies to his `` Mrs . '' counterpart , as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind . While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag , he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ) , it does have its uses , particularly in the second and third films . </P> <P> In Toy Story , it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film , until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten , and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody . Then , when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string . After Buzz is knocked out of the window , Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody , and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out , thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often , and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them . When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later , Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him , still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz . But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck . Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz , Potato Head , still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ) , orders the other toys to mutiny again , and `` toss him overboard '' , however , when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth , '' the toys realize their mistake . He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails . When Woody tosses RC in the truck , Potato Head gets hit . At the end of the film , he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , after Al McWhiggin steals Woody , he goes with Buzz , Hamm , Rex , and Slinky to rescue Woody . Later , when they are going to leave , Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment . When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn , they cause a semi to jackknife , and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break , freeing the pipe , which rolls down the street , during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him . After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram , Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes , but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake . When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody , Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors , letting the toys pass through . Outside , he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby . While the toys chase Al in the truck , Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move . He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window . In the airport , when he sees the luggage area , he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens . He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him , but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier , he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens , much to his dismay . In an outtake , he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys , saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , Potato Head is resentful of the aliens , who still worship him for saving their lives . Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore , and complains all that to Woody . He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '' , when he was actually going to put them in the attic . Again , Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident . Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside . After a rough playtime with the toddlers , he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor , and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose . Later that night , his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom , spots that Andy is looking for his toys , making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked . When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed , he tries to defend his friends from Lotso , but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders . When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy , Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong . The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors , and he is thrown in the box once again . Only his smaller parts are able to escape , through a small hole . He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla , checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal . Pecked at by a pigeon , the tortilla falls apart , and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body . Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him . The toys manage to escape Sunnyside , and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck . Eventually , they end up in a landfill , facing death in the incinerator . However , Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children , who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful , just as the aliens had told him when they met . They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed . Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room . Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film . </P> <P> Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mr. Potato Head 's actor , Don Rickles , however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film , Toy Story 4 . </P> <P> He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania ! . It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy . </P> Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) </P> <P> Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart . Unlike her husband , Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient . Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie , she is not seen until Toy Story 2 . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , her husband has found her lost earring . Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops , she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment . She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know ! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film . She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck , as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives . She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , she has a more central role . She is `` One - Eyed Betty '' , One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence . She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back , and eventually off the train . After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold , they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box , Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes . She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose . They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare . She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room . When the toys hear something from the halls , Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door . She at first just sees the dark hall , but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room , due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house . She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato , '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories . But Lotso takes off her mouth . Near the end of the film , she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children , and much to her delight , her husband now accepts them . She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie . Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film , the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys . </P> <P> Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures . She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . </P> Bullseye ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) </P> <P> Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2 . He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse . He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage . Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody . He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy , as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave . When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room , it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him . At the airport , after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case , Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan . Although Woody gets separated from Buzz , Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody , as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway . The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz , seconds before the plane takes off . After the toys return home , both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys . Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves . </P> <P> Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room . He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty . Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans . Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore . After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash , Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin . The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare . At Sunnyside , he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him . He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic . Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy . After the toddler play session , Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout , which is removed by Jessie . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat , making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone . Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat . The toys then plan an escape . Bullseye helps by going through the playground , carrying the aliens on his back . He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak . But they hide inside a pail safely . The toys then go to the garbage dump , and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator . They are rescued by the three aliens . At the end , Bullseye is donated to Bonnie , along with the rest of the toys . In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me . '' </P> <P> Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways . Unlike most of the other toys , Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak . According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website , Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions . </P> <P> Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . </P> Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jeff Pidgeon ( 1995 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story </Li> <Li> Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins </Li> </Ul> <P> The Squeeze Toy Aliens , also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series , are a series of green , three - eyed squeaky toy aliens . They appear in all three films , and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2 . Similar to Buzz , they think they 're real aliens . Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance , they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys , '' implying that all three are male . </P> <P> In Toy Story , Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet . Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens . When Buzz asks who is in charge , the Little Green Men say `` the claw '' , which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay '' . Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him . Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch , but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw . Woody , Buzz , and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house . Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog , Scud , who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror . Near the end of the movie , the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact , and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck . Buzz groans when he sees them , remembering them from the claw game in the first film . When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move , they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ) , which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game . They nearly fall out of the window , due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car . Mr. Potato Head saves them . The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear . Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives , we are eternally grateful , '' much to Potato Head 's dismay . The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal '' . They chase after the luggage with Rex , Hamm , and Potato Head , only to find cameras . Back home , the trio , along with Bullseye and Jessie , end up becoming some of Andy 's toys . They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head , and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives , so she suggests that they adopt them , with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy '' . </P> <P> They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty , and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette . The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . In the present time , the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head . When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash , she puts the toys on the curb , but they manage to escape the garbage bag . They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys . In Sunnyside , the Little Green Men find a toy crane , which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet . The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers . The toys plan to escape Sunnyside . The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye . They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks , but manage to hide inside a pail . Later when Andy 's toys escape , one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute , possibly after being pulled by Lotso , who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby . Woody goes in to help , but after he helps the Little Green Man , Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives . The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill . The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off , having spotted a crane . Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them , but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer . In the end , however , they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children , reciting their repetitive line , `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful . '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys . </P> <P> The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . They will appear in Kingdom Hearts III . </P> Barbie ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them . During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience . After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face . She then leaves for her break . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated . </P> <P> Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation . They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation . The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up . They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow . </P> Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) <P> Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) </P> <P> Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket . </P> <P> In Toy Story , he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions . They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance . Woody describes them as `` professionals . '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them . They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors , but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor . However , they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor . Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window , so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody , along with the other toys . In the moving van , the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van , making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now . However , Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident , attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys , and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , the role of Sarge is very minor . He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box . When Buster was about to come to the room , Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry , but Buster bursts open the door , causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere . When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house , he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line . At the end , Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , several years after Toy Story 2 , only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen . Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone . That plan , however , fails , and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag , Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life . Buzz believes they are going AWOL , but Sarge claims that their mission is complete , and that when trash bags come out , the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day , or were sold in a yard sale ) . They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside , and possibly recognizing Barbie , begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership . </P> <P> They will appear in Kingdom Hearts III . </P> Bo Peep ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful , sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep , who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films . In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys , like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy . In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories , and she is depicted as gentle , ladylike , and kindhearted . In the first film , after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention , she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity . After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window , she was one of the only toys who did not antagonize him . She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2 , flirting with him while playing a minor role . However , she did not return in Toy Story 3 , except in flashback footage , as , over the years , she had apparently been sold , much to Woody 's distress , like a few of the other characters . The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially , though Woody shows grief over her loss . In August 2015 , however , it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4 . The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody , along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back . </P> RC ( edit ) <P> RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy . He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front . RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds , although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless . RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer . </P> <P> In Toy Story , RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features . When Woody becomes really jealous , he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk . Woody sneaks over to RC , starts him up , and tried to hit Buzz but misses . However , RC hits a board instead , causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll . Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him . RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window . RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz . When Woody went to the moving van , he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film . </P> <P> After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC , they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street . RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well . Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody . Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck , but RC 's batteries deplete , causing him to slow down and finally stop . When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back , Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck , but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC . Nevertheless , Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , RC has a very minor role . He was used when Andy played with his toys . With Buzz riding him , he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down . He is not seen again until the end of the film , when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . </P> <P> RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 , having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys . Instead , he only appears via archival footage . </P> Wheezy ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) </Li> <Li> Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf . Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke . Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf , intending to fix his broken squeaker later , but she forgot about him . He is about to be sold at the yard sale , and in saving him , Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al . At the end of the film , he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me , '' the ending theme of the movie . During the outtakes , he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times . </P> <P> Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2 , as mentioned by Woody , but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ) . Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game , where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep . </P> Etch ( edit ) <P> Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company . Etch can draw quickly and accurately . Such sketches include guns , portraits of Buzz , Woody and Al , and even semi-complicated maps . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk . </P> <P> In Toy Story , Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west . He was also seen in the background many times , such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes . He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him . Angered by this , Woody erased it . He apparently , like most of the toys , temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , Etch was seen helping Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper , Al . Later on , when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn , Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz . Near the end of the movie , sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp , Etch , as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens ) , were aligned to welcome Andy home , with a `` Welcome Home , Andy '' sign written on Etch . </P> <P> Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story , was mentioned by Woody , and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3 . </P> Mr. Spell ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon </P> <P> Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments . He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed . '' He also reveals the words he is saying . </P> <P> When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party , the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell , along with basically everyone else aside from Woody , ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents . Then later , when Andy 's friends were running up to his room , Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , when Buster finds Woody , Mr. Spell displays 13.5 , the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody , setting a new record . Later , after Woody is stolen from a yard sale , Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody . </P> <P> Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Rocky Gibraltar , Lenny , Snake , Robot , Mr. Shark , Mr. Mike , Roly Poly Clown , See ' n Say , the Troikas , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . </P> Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) </Li> <Li> Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Rocky Gibraltar , more simply referred to as Rocky , is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler . He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room , after Buzz Lightyear . In the first movie , he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake , Troll , Buzz , Mr. Potato Head , and Rex . Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys . Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies , but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive . In the Activity Center computer game , he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person , saying , `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles . '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody , who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window . After Woody throws RC off the moving truck , Rocky , under Mr. Potato Head 's orders , spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally . But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck , Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , Rocky , along with Sarge 's toy soldiers , tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering , but Buster rams the door open , causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying . Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission . At the end of the movie , Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child . </P> <P> Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar . Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . </P> Lenny ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Joe Ranft </P> <P> Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars . He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch and has a major role in Toy Story . Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2 , unlike the first film , and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody . Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young . Lenny was sold , possibly at a yard sale , before the events of Toy Story 3 . Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . </P> Snake ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : Jack Angel </P> <P> Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot , as they are often seen together . He has a major role in the first film . He is unable to talk , but he communicates through hissing . When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window , he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody . Later , at the end of the film , he and the other toys try to help Woody , Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , Snake has a very minor role in the film . He is first seen when Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody . He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . </P> <P> He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot , Bo Peep , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Shark and the other toys , but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film . </P> Robot ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon </P> <P> Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool . Unlike his best pal Snake , he speaks English . He is shown to be good with building blocks . In Toy Story , he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship . He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window . He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck , but then try to help Woody , Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . </P> <P> Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others , but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film . </P> Mr. Shark ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : Jack Angel </P> <P> Mr. Shark is a blue rubber , squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box . In the first film , he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime . At the end of the film , he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . </P> Mr. Mike ( edit ) <P> Mr. Mike , also known as Microphone , is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine . He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3 . </P> See ' n Say ( edit ) <P> See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story . Whenever he feels strong emotions , his central arrow wheel spins rapidly . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch , Mr. Spell and Mike , he gets around by waddling on his stand . See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2 . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . However , a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken , Twitch , Sparks , Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine . </P> Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) <P> Roly Poly Clown is a rocking , chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . While not being able to talk , he mainly communicates through facial expressions . He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet . When not out , Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Robot , Snake , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Mr. Shark , the Troikas , and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . </P> Troikas ( edit ) <P> The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ) , a cat ( second largest ) , a duck ( medium ) , a fish ( smallest ) , and a ladybug ( second smallest ) . They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . </P> Troll ( edit ) <P> Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky , Rex , Mr. Potato Head , Robot and Snake . In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . </P> Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) <P> The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Troll . </P> Magic 8 - ball ( edit ) <P> The Magic 8 - Ball is a magic 8 - ball that appeared in Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and Toy Story 3 . Woody asked him if Andy would pick him instead of Buzz Lightyear , but the ball 's reply was `` Do n't Count On It ! '' , and Woody got rid of him . </P> Hockey Puck ( edit ) <P> The Hockey Puck appeared very briefly in Toy Story , right before the toys had a staff meeting . He is not seen at the staff meeting , or anywhere else in the movie . </P> <H3> Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) </H3> <P> These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films . </P> Chuckles ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bud Luckey ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ) , and is later owned by Bonnie . He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house , where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past , stating that Lotso used to be a good friend . Chuckles explains that he , Lotso , and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family , and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house , both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced , which caused Lotso to snap . Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced , but Lotso silenced him , and lied to Big Baby , saying that Daisy did not love him anymore . After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over , running it like a prison , Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home . He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso , but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong . He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy , which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him . In one of the end credits sequences , Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him , and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile , '' making Chuckles happy again , for the first time in many years . </P> <P> Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry . </P> Dolly ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Bonnie Hunt </P> <P> Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair , googly - eyes , an orange dress with buttons sewn on , and gently blushing cheeks . She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys . In the Toy Story 3 video game , she is seen as a witch . It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys . </P> <P> Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . </P> Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Timothy Dalton </P> <P> Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed hedgehog . He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat , and views himself as a thespian . Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys . Throughout Toy Story 3 , he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect , takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously . Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character . During the credits , he plays Romeo , with one of the aliens playing Juliet . </P> <P> Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . </P> Trixie ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Kristen Schaal </P> <P> Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops . She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237 . '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits , playing cooperatively on a computer . </P> <P> Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . </P> Buttercup ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Jeff Garlin </P> <P> Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose . Despite his appearance , he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality . He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home . He later appears at the end of the movie , now very close friends with Hamm . </P> <P> He also appears in Small Fry , Hawaiian Vacation , and Partysaurus Rex . </P> Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) <P> Voiced by </P> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Bright , Amber Kroner , and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 </Li> <Li> Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry </Li> </Ul> <P> Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft , plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod . They have the personalities of small children , and their names are Peaty , Peatrice , and Peanelope . </P> <P> The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation . They also appear in Small Fry . </P> Angel Kitty ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Emma Hudak </P> <P> Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot . A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy . She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals . She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes '' . </P> Totoro ( edit ) <P> Totoro , the title character from My Neighbor Totoro , who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli , appears as one of Bonnie 's toys . He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film , nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name . He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes , and at the end of the film , he is seen juggling the alien triplets , while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch . According to the tie - in book , The Art of Toy Story 3 , Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki , who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter . In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki , another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases . </P> <H3> Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following toys are only seen in the first film . </P> Combat Carl ( edit ) <P> Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character . He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story . Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film . </P> <P> A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror ! </P> Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> For Janie , see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys . '' </Li> <Li> Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie . Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress . After Sid is attacked by the toys , Sid sees Sally , then runs off in fright , thinking that Sally will come to life . </Li> <Li> Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party . One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ) , and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress . A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls . It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys . Yet , she is able to play with them . `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ) , based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys . </Li> </Ul> Mutant toys ( edit ) <P> The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room . They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ) . They do not speak , though it is revealed they know Morse Code . Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them , before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate . They fix Buzz 's broken arm , Janie and the Pterodactyl , and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid . They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated , and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice . In Toy Story Treats , the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house . </P> <Ul> <Li> Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys , he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces . Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed . One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw . This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid . When the mutant toys gain on Sid , Baby Face , suspended by Legs , lands on Sid 's head , scaring him . Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . </Li> <Li> Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs . She is shown to be very strong , being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight . When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid , he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky . Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch , where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell . After Ducky catches the Frog , Legs pulls both toys up to safety . Later , when the mutant toys advance on Sid , Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head , scaring him . </Li> <Li> Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family . A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box , it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising . During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid , Hand - in - the - box , held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head , extends its hand to the doorknob , ready to open the door when the signal comes . After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud , Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him . </Li> <Li> Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure , whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard . After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud , Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard . </Li> <Li> The Frog -- The speediest toy of all . A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs . The Frog is missing his left front foot . As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid , Woody orders , `` Wind the Frog ! '' , and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy . When Ducky rings the doorbell , the Frog is let out of Sid 's room , allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch , where he is caught by Ducky , and Legs reels both toys up to safety . </Li> <Li> Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination . He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure . He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button . He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob . </Li> <Li> Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base . Other than Rockmobile , he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally . He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent , and Ducky , suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs , swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it , giving Woody the signal to release the Frog . Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety . </Li> <Li> Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar , in which is a steering wheel from a toy car . Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands . </Li> <Li> Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms . He can run and climb very quickly . As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid , when Woody orders to wind the Frog , the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back , giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch . </Li> <Li> Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll , Janie , and Sid 's creepy toy , a small plastic Pterodactyl , are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '' , called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ) . The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies . After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after , Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's back yard . Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress . </Li> <Li> Red Pickup Truck -- a toy Toyota Hilux . It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts , missing rear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox . It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car . </Li> <Li> Burned Rag Doll -- a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or fire . It repeatedly utters `` Mama ! '' , which signifies that it talks . It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mason 's toys ( edit ) </H3> <P> Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot , these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason . </P> <Ul> <Li> Battlesaurs -- A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films , and Buzz 2 in the second film ) . This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas , and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate . However , Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy , and they happily embrace their life as toys . <Ul> <Li> Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) -- The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs , who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her . Initially , Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything , feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable . However , Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable , and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys . Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie . </Li> <Li> The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) -- An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs . The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys , but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys . However , his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything . </Li> <Li> Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) -- A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs , his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor , with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex . </Li> <Li> Goliathon -- An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly . </Li> <Li> Guards -- Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections , with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Toy characters by location ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story , this section contains characters from Toy Story 2 . Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . </P> Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) </Li> <Li> Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Stinky Pete , also known as Prospector , is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2 . He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show , Woody 's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete , and Bullseye . The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors . </P> <P> In contrast to the character on the show , Stinky Pete is quite intelligent , manipulative , and well - spoken and , when he first appears , he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor . However , he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him . Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear , whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik , causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys , shifting their interest to space adventures instead . </P> <P> Years after being purchased , Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup . After Al had stolen Woody , Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan , where they will be treated with respect . Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis , which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost , despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy . </P> <P> When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm , Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV . He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick . He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning , which is done after Al calls in a cleaner . After Woody 's arm is fixed , Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner , that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college , but in Japan , Woody will be treasured forever . Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy , much to Stinky Pete , Jessie and Bullseye 's delight . </P> <P> However , Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy , but Woody angrily refuses , resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him . However , before leaving , Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan , leaving Woody to think over his choice . However , Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them , and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house . However , Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house , and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV , causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it . He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold , '' similar to his fate before Al found him , and does not want Woody , Jessie , and Bullseye to suffer the same fate . He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill '' . This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life , unlike Woody and Jessie . When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase , Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in . </P> <P> When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue , Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend . Stinky Pete manages to overpower him , ripping his right arm in the process . He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told , assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces . The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's . Buzz , surviving the fall , captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) , who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos , as punishment and revenge for his betrayal , knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime . Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls , Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home . Ironically , this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete . Since much of his anger came from never being sold , opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years . </P> <P> However , after the film 's release , the film 's website featured interviews with the characters . In Stinky Pete 's interview , he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him , as well of being fond of Amy herself . </P> <P> Despite his appearance , Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film , because he was no longer mentioned , though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ) . He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college , and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys , which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare , and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently , where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's . The last part of his prediction did not come true . </P> <P> According to his box , Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings . In one outtake , Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box , promising them a role in the third film . In another outtake , Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay , until he suffers a bout of flatulence , which he later implies is the reason for his nickname . </P> <P> Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film , Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . </P> <P> According to the DVD commentary , the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie . </P> Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Tim Allen </P> <P> When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn , Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle , causing him to stare in awe . While looking around , Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt . '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt . When Buzz tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who thinks he is a real Space Ranger , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him , believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger . Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded , which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him . Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser is actually a light bulb . This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him . Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave , only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him . After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in , he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang . When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on , Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg . While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz , they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear ! I 'm always sure ! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator , which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz , who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown , but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ) . </P> <P> Heading to the elevator on the way down , they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle . When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father , Zurg responds he is his father , causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ) . Rex defeats Zurg by accident , sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz , upsetting him . He is last seen playing catch with his `` father , '' the Zurg toy , whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall . </P> Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Wayne Knight ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) </Li> <Li> Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) </Li> <Li> James Patrick Stuart ( Disney Magic Kingdoms ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy . He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth , silver horns on his head , a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon , a gun ( which has a power control that , as a homage to This is Spinal Tap , goes to 11 ) . In some cases , he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm . </P> <P> In the first film , Zurg is a referenced character , and does not appear at all . However , Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ) . In the ensuing battle , Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun , killing him . The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex . </P> <P> As the story progresses , a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear , who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . Zurg is deluded , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film . In the second film , another copy of Buzz Lightyear , deluded in the same way as Andy 's Buzz in the first film , escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg on top of an elevator . In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader , the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy , Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz , in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back . As Zurg attempts to finish off Buzz at point - blank range , Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail and sends him falling down the elevator shaft . The second Buzz looks down the shaft in despair , thinking he has lost his father , while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life . Near the end of the film , Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the second Buzz . He supposedly bumped his head so hard that he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy . In the novelisation , however , Zurg is killed by the fall , and Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him . </P> <P> Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode . Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits , where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by the resident toys . </P> <P> Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins . Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear , before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim . Whether or not this is actually true , Buzz definitely does not know who his father is . This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up , going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent , similar to Skeletor . This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches , maintaining a troll doll collection , and various other comedic habits . He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series . It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg , but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ) . Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description , also much like Darth Vader . However , it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology . There is yet to be a clear answer . In the TV series , he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots , as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods . The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ) . In various media surrounding the film , his planet is said to be called Xrghthung . However , because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z . '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds , but , if he does , they have not been revealed . Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance . Despite being frequently gullible and bungling , Zurg is evidently highly intelligent , able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes . Additionally , he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them , showing how aware he is of his similarity to them . For example , when designing a vast prison on Planet Z , he declines building an execution arena , for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away . '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base , he expressly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room . `` And , may I remind you , no giant trash compactor ! When heroes fall in , they always have enough time to figure a way out . Make it -- an incinerator ! '' </P> <P> Despite his camp nature , he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart . Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains . In fact , he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil . He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is . He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars , Darkseid on DC Comics , Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon , Megatron on Transformers , Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man . </P> <P> Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions . He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality . His mini counterpart is featured in the short Small Fry . </P> <P> Zurg appears in the 2015 live - action Disney movie , Tomorrowland . </P> Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Jodi Benson </P> <P> Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2 . When Hamm , Slinky Dog , Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving . She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different , ' limited - edition ' Buzz ) . After the outtakes of the film , Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling . She then leaves for a break . </P> <H3> Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) </H3> <P> These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre . All appear in Toy Story 3 only . </P> Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Ned Beatty </P> <P> Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush , hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose , a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent , who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane ( although he is still able to walk even without it ) . He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center . He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker , but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden , although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room . Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy , but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie . Woody learns from Chuckles , one of Bonnie 's toys , that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy , having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas . Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby . One day , Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside . When she fell asleep , her parents drove her home , inadvertently leaving the toys behind . Not wanting to give up , Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house , only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear . Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced , leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles . Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys . Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer , while Chuckles was broken , and was discovered by Bonnie and taken home . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room . Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him , Lotso only approves the transfer to him . When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room , Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys . </P> <P> When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center . Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives , but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster . Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded . His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster . As the toys attempt to flee , a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump . </P> <P> At the landfill , the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder . Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag , Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder , only to realize that it leads to an incinerator . As they are about to reach the incinerator , Lotso sees an emergency stop button , and with Woody and Buzz 's help , manages to reach it . However , instead of pushing the button , he chooses to leave them behind , as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump . When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens , Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die , but Woody talks them out of it , claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him . Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child , and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away . </P> <P> Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ) , but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters , Inc. in 2001 , so he was saved for the third film . However , an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me ? Up on the shelf , can you hear me ? Great ! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial . </P> <P> Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself . However , according to the DVD commentary , director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator . The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright , selfish liar . </P> <P> Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed . </P> <P> Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso , and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance . IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010 . </P> Ken ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Michael Keaton </P> <P> Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie . He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts , and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves . His accessories include matching ascot , sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt . He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse , a big yellow doll house with three stories , a large wardrobe room , and an elevator . Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him , Lotso , his other henchmen , and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive . Piqued , Ken orders her locked up as well . </P> <P> However , as part of a plan to escape , she pretends to forgive Ken , gaining access to his dream house . Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal . As a provocation , she entangles him in an ironing board and rips his clothing apart . Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his prized Nehru jacket . He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster , where he is the first to turn on Lotso . Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso , having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics . Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '' , but Ken insists that for him , there is no one else like her , and wins back her affections . </P> <P> In the end credits of the film , he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again , and with Lotso gone , they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders . He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken . Due to being called a `` girl 's toy , '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes , him wearing Barbie 's scarf , his rather feminine boxer - shorts , Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels , as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note , only to discover Ken 's signature at the end . </P> <P> Ken , along with Barbie , appears in the theatrical short , Hawaiian Vacation , in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii , but ends up in Bonnie 's room , where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes . </P> Big Baby ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 -- present ) </P> <P> Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos . He normally does not speak , instead communicating through baby sounds , with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside . Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he , Lotso , and Chuckles were lost at a rest area . After returning home , Lotso lied to Big Baby , claiming that Daisy replaced and no longer loved them . They eventually took over Sunnyside Daycare , where Big Baby became Lotso 's third - in - command . Eventually , Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them and gives Big Baby his pendant , sparking his memory of his former owner , whom he called `` Mama '' . Lotso derides Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy and smashes the pendant with his mallet . Big Baby turns against Lotso and throws him in the dumpster ( a parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ) , blows him a raspberry , and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside . </P> <P> In the credits , Big Baby is much happier at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care , and even wears gold diapers to match their outfits at a party at the daycare . </P> <P> The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody , '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account , and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ) . </P> Twitch ( edit ) <P> Voiced by John Cygan </P> <P> Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head , orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles , wings , and two muscular arms . He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso . He helps to reprogram Buzz , and later apprehends Andy 's other toys . He keeps a search light working in the playground . He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken . Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby , Twitch turns on Lotso , along with the other gang members . During the credits , he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room , switching with Chunk so he can rest . </P> <P> Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line , and other similar lines . </P> Stretch ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg </P> <P> Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery , purple body . She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang , and at first welcomes the toys , but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles . With her cohorts , she later catches Woody and his friends , and was eager to push them into the dumpster , should they not admit defeat . However , Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives , as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed . After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket , he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster , which Stretch is now reluctant to do , causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys . Eventually , Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery , and Stretch immediately leaves the area , shocked at what had happened but relieved . In the credits , she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack . She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s . </P> Chunk ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Jack Angel </P> <P> Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy . He has two red eyes when fierce , blue eyes when he 's friendly , huge fists , and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head . He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside , but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them . He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby , and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety . In the credits , he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children , later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place . He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline . </P> <P> Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene , he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the ... place ... where they ... keep the knives '' . He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy . '' </P> Sparks ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Jan Rabson </P> <P> Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare . He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic . Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels , but is completely safe for children . He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller . He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen , but in the dumpster scene , when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top , he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other . Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach . They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster , and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape . In the end , he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer . </P> <P> Sparks has only one line , when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence , he says , `` Neither are you , Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz . </P> Chatter Telephone ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Teddy Newton </P> <P> Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name . He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle . He lives in the Caterpillar Room . He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside , and becomes an ally to Woody . When Woody returns to Sunnyside , he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low . He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside . For this , he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape , and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped , but are caught just before they can do so . He sadly apologizes to Woody who shows sympathy for the broken toy . In the credits , he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso , having been invited into the Butterfly Room . When Woody talked to him , he called him Ol ' Timer . </P> Bookworm ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Richard Kind </P> <P> The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses . He is a genius who loves reading books . He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside , and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear . He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ) . It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not , since he is never seen with him very often . In the credits , he is happy without Lotso , and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside . He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s . He only has two lines in the film . </P> Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) <P> Vocal effects by Frank Welker </P> <P> The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night , and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom . Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape . Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet . In the credits , he is seen in a much happier situation , gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses . </P> <H3> Toys in other projects ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : </P> Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) <P> Appearing in Small Fry , the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace . Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz . Among the Fun Meal Toys are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation . </Li> <Li> T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians . </Li> <Li> DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up . </Li> <Li> Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard , a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe . </Li> <Li> Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a circus clown by day , 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night . </Li> <Li> Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine . Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express . '' </Li> <Li> Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face . Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard . </Li> <Li> Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy . At one point , Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand . When Neptuna calls on her , Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it . Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo '' . </Li> <Li> Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg . </Li> <Li> Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess . </Li> <Li> Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain , the eyes , and the nervous system . Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating . </Li> <Li> Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet . </Li> <Li> Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set . Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe . </Li> <Li> Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is a boxing - themed turtle . Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids . This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice . </Li> <Li> Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue recycling bin with arms . Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled . '' </Li> <Li> Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck . </Li> <Li> Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle . Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name . </Li> <Li> Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters . Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history , but on wheels . '' </Li> <Li> Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter . It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest . His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest , such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games . Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad . </Li> </Ul> Sleep well toys ( edit ) <P> A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana , Mr. Jones , so that Ron could sell them online . They appear in Toy Story of Terror ! , where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet . They eventually escape with help from Jessie , and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck . </P> <Ul> <Li> Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) -- A G.I. Joe-esque action figure . He is African - American in appearance , unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film . He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured , having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process . Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person , but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone . He was owned by a boy named Billy , to whom he is determined to return . </Li> <Li> Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) -- A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self . </Li> <Li> Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) -- Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four , '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items . His fellows Zipper Man , Snaps , and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys . </Li> <Li> Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) -- a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses , and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel . </Li> <Li> Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components . Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Non-toy characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Humans ( edit ) </H3> Andy Davis ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> John Morris -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Toy Story 3 </Li> <Li> Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( young ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Andrew Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films . He lived with his mother and sister Molly , but left to go to college when he was 17 . However , his father is never seen or mentioned in the films . Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy , and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles , John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father . '' </P> <P> In Toy Story , Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party . Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody , who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite . Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy , but still has a special place in his heart for Woody . Thus , he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time , fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house . </P> <P> In Toy Story 2 , Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending . During his appearances , it is clear that he still loves his toys very much . At the end of the film , Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie , Bullseye , and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection . He marks them , as he has all his toys , with his name on the soles of their feet , or in Bullseye 's case , one letter of his name on each hoof . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college , intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody , whom he initially plans to take with him . While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away , he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys , referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ) . When they go missing , however , he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them . Before he goes to college , Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it , causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them . He passes them on to young Bonnie , who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction , stating the qualities that make each of them special . When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well , Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy , but ultimately relents , allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with . He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college , and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him . He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks , guys '' . </P> <P> According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article , John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children , looking for the right name for Woody 's owner . Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey , the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey , Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody . Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection . </P> <P> In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast , the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right , and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine , Morris was perfect for teenage Andy . </P> Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Emily Hahn </P> <P> Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare . She becomes the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film . Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys , she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults , but she quickly warms up to Andy , when he donates his toys to her . She finds Woody , who was trying to escape Sunnyside , takes him home , and plays with him . Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her . Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys , and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him . </P> <P> In the short film Hawaiian Vacation , Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room . </P> Molly Davis ( edit ) <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 </Li> <Li> Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 </Li> </Ul> <P> Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister , seen as an infant in the first film , a toddler in the second film , and as a preteen in the third film . Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film , implying they are sharing a room . When the family moves later in the film , Andy and Molly get separate rooms , though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college . In the first film , she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib , causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him . At the end of the film , she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas . In Toy Story 3 , she also owned a Barbie doll , which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen . </P> Mrs. Davis ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) </P> <P> Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother . In the first film , she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail . In the other two films , her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown , she has blonde hair and leaves it down . Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly , Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys , as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants . Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films , though they are not malicious . In the first film , she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday , prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home . In the second film , she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ) , prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al . In the third film , she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the toys Andy was putting in the attic when she thinks that the bag he put them in is a trash bag , causing them to be donated to a daycare center . Despite this , in the second film , she is overly protective of Woody , describing him as an old family toy . At the end of the third film , she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son , but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart . This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie , thus giving them a new lease on their lives . </P> <P> Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner , Emily from her flashback memories . The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2 . The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s , which is when she would have been a child . The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area , and Emily 's hair was brown , just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film . </P> Sid Phillips ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Erik von Detten </P> <P> Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves , but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other . Sid Philips is the primary antagonist of Toy Story . Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys . Many of his toys are either destroyed , have missing pieces , or replaced with parts from other toys , even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass . He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding , burning , and decapitating them . He also enjoys skateboarding , and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards . The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD , the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie '' . It is also implied that he does not have the best home life . His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film , and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room . </P> <P> He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life . At the end of the first film , Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid , which causes him to become very frightened of toys . The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else . This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming , and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll . </P> <P> Sid does not appear in the second film , although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin . Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters , Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom ! Comics . </P> <P> In the third film , Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten . He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard , recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt . His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs , and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones . </P> Hannah Phillips ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Sarah Freeman </P> <P> Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured , younger sister who appears a few times in the first film . In Toy Story , Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid . Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts , and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys . She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls . </P> Al McWhiggin ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Wayne Knight </P> <P> Al McWhiggin -- nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys -- is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series . He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . He is unscrupulously obsessive , overweight , very impatient , and lazy , as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '' , despite his apartment only being across the street from the store . He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2 , Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie . Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al , while the film 's director John Lasseter said that Al is inspired by himself . </P> <P> Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn '' . The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys , but Al did not appear . He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV . He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom . After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box , Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him , along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia , to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money . Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang . Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck . ( In the original script , Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage , Andy 's toys are able to save Woody , Jessie and Bullseye , getting Jessie off of the plane at the last second , while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal . During his latest commercial soon after , Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result , which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well , I guess crime does n't pay . '' </P> <P> Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film , but was cut in the final screenplay . However , Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys . </P> <P> Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also , when he is done taking pictures , he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name . According to Disney Adventures magazine , Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid , which led to his toy - collecting niche . It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone . </P> <P> His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN , which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ) . It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon , co-director of Toy Story 2 , according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary . </P> Mrs. Anderson ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Lori Alan </P> <P> Mrs. Anderson is the mother of Bonnie . She wears purple glasses . In Toy Story 3 , she is the receptionist at Sunnyside Daycare . When Andy comes to return his toys to Bonnie , Mrs. Anderson is amazed to see a grown - up college student donating his childhood toys to her daughter . During the credits scene , she carries another box of donation toys into the Butterfly Room at Sunnyside that contains Emperor Zurg . </P> <P> In Toy Story of Terror , she and Bonnie are driving in the countryside at nighttime when the car tire punctures . In the morning , the curtain behind the manager 's desk fell down revealing all her missing toys . Mrs. Anderson calls the police to arrest the manager who stole the toys . </P> Geri the cleaner ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Jonathan Harris </P> <P> Geri , an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit , comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan . He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job , asserting , `` You ca n't rush art . '' </P> <P> Geri previously appeared in Pixar 's 1997 short , Geri 's Game , where he plays a chess game against himself . In that short , he is voiced by Bob Peterson . One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces , a reference to the short . </P> Emily ( edit ) <P> Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film . She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played . During this sequence , Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy . As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses , along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show , apparent through her love of Jessie . As she became a teenager , her interest began to shift towards makeup , pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box . She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film , when she fears of being thrown away by Andy , saying `` I should 've seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . </P> Daisy ( edit ) <P> Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3 . She owned Lotso , Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning , but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road . In order to pacify her , Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys , which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about , and changed him into a sinister , ruthless toy . </P> Ron ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky </P> <P> Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel , appearing in Toy Story of Terror . He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet , with the help from his pet iguana , Mr. Jones . When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire , Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys , including Woody , Buzz , and Jessie . Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale , awaiting buyers . Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain , revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother , who then calls the police . </P> <P> Two police officers later arrive to question Ron , who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign . The police officers initiate a manhunt for him . </P> Mason ( edit ) <P> Voiced by R.C. Cope </P> <P> Mason is Bonnie 's best friend , and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system . However , due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys . He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie . </P> <H3> Animals ( edit ) </H3> Scud ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Frank Welker </P> <P> Scud is Sid 's aggressive Bull Terrier . His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly . Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house . First , as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him , forcing him and Buzz to hide . When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket , Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room . The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz . Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them , but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him . </P> Buster ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Frank Welker </P> <P> Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund , whom he receives at the end of Toy Story . Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In Toy Story 2 , he is depicted as being very energetic . Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive , and is fiercely loyal to Woody , obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale , Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy . However , he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever . Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 , Buster is now older and looks very aged , with mixed brown and gray fur , a gray - white snout , overweight , and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ) , although he remains nice and loyal to them . He tends to fall asleep as well . </P> Crazy Critters ( edit ) <P> Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo , bat , bear , beaver , bird , deer , vulture , bear cub , porcupine , flying squirrel , rabbit , skunk , snake , fox , raccoon , tortoise and bobcat . They come quickly when Jessie calls them , with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others . Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show . The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania ! , and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64 . </P> Mr. Jones ( edit ) <P> Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker </P> <P> Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in Toy Story of Terror ! , owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel , Ron . He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet . During the majority of the special , he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems . Eventually , he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand . However , he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain , revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother . It is unknown what happens to him afterwards , although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Master of the insult : Comedian Don Rickles Dies At 90 '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had Not Recorded His Role in ' Toy Story 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep '' . Collider . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer . '' Anime News Network . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer . '' MTV . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney Magic Kingdoms ( Video Game 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ) , Toy Story 3 '' . IGN . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unkrich , Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3 . And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice ? Woody . Truth '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained ! '' . Latino Review Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story '' . Kotaku . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic '' . Moviepilot . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Toy Story </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 </Li> <Li> Toy Story 3 </Li> <Li> Toy Story 4 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sheriff Woody </Li> <Li> Buzz Lightyear </Li> <Li> Jessie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buzz Lightyear of Star Command <Ul> <Li> The Adventure Begins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Toy Story of Terror ! </Li> <Li> Toy Story That Time Forgot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story </Li> <Li> Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue </Li> <Li> Toy Story Racer </Li> <Li> Buzz Lightyear of Star Command </Li> <Li> Toy Story Mania ! </Li> <Li> Toy Story 3 : The Video Game </Li> <Li> Toy Story : Smash It ! </Li> <Li> Disney Infinity </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts III </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shorts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story Treats </Li> <Li> Toy Story Toons <Ul> <Li> Hawaiian Vacation </Li> <Li> Small Fry </Li> <Li> Partysaurus Rex </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buzz Lightyear </Li> <Li> Jessie 's Critter Carousel </Li> <Li> RC Racer </Li> <Li> Slinky Dog Dash </Li> <Li> Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin </Li> <Li> Toy Story Midway Mania ! </Li> <Li> Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop </Li> <Li> Toy Story Land </Li> <Li> Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue </Li> <Li> Woody 's Roundup Village </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' </Li> <Li> `` When She Loved Me '' </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' </Li> <Li> Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story : The Musical </Li> <Li> Lego Toy Story </Li> <Li> Tiny Toy Stories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=866038125 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of Disney characters </Li> <Li> Toy Story characters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what's the horse called in toy story
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&amp;oldid=866038125
4,182,894,454,525,750,000
Preventable causes of death - Wikipedia <H1> Preventable causes of death </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The World Health Organization has traditionally classified death according to the primary type of disease or injury . However , causes of death may also be classified in terms of preventable risk factors -- such as smoking , unhealthy diet , sexual behavior , and reckless driving -- which contribute to a number of different diseases . Such risk factors are usually not recorded directly on death certificates , although they are acknowledged in medical reports . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Worldwide <Ul> <Li> 1.1 2001 figures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 United States <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Accidental death </Li> <Li> 2.2 Annual number of deaths and causes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Among children worldwide </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Worldwide ( edit ) </H2> <P> It is estimated that of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe , about two thirds -- 100,000 per day -- die of age - related causes because they have aged . In industrialized nations the proportion is much higher , reaching 90 % . Thus , albeit indirectly , biological aging ( senescence ) is by far the leading cause of death . Whether senescence as a biological process itself can be slowed down , halted , or even reversed is a subject of current scientific speculation and research . </P> <H3> 2001 figures ( edit ) </H3> <P> Leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001 , according to researchers working with the Disease Control Priorities Network ( DCPN ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . ( The WHO 's 2008 statistics show very similar trends . ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cause </Th> <Th> Number of deaths resulting ( millions per year ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hypertension </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smoking tobacco </Td> <Td> 5.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malnutrition </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sexually transmitted diseases </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poor diet </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Overweight and obesity </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Physical inactivity </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alcohol </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indoor air pollution from solid fuels </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unsafe water and poor sanitation </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2001 , on average 29,000 children died of preventable causes each day ( that is , about 20 deaths per minute ) . The authors provide the context : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> About 56 million people died in 2001 . Of these , 10.6 million were children , 99 % of whom lived in low - and - middle - income countries . More than half of child deaths in 2001 were attributable to acute respiratory infections , measles , diarrhea , malaria , and HIV / AIDS . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> United States ( edit ) </H2> <P> The three most common preventable causes of death in the population of the United States are smoking , high blood pressure , and being overweight . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Leading preventable causes of death in the United States in the year 2000 . Note : This data is outdated and has been significantly revised , especially for obesity - related deaths . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Accidental death ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> <P> Leading causes of accidental death in the United States by age group as of 2002 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Leading causes of accidental death in the United States as of 2002 , as a percentage of deaths in each group . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H3> Annual number of deaths and causes ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cause </Th> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Percent of total </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smoking tobacco </Td> <Td> 435,000 </Td> <Td> 18.1 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preventable medical errors in hospitals </Td> <Td> 210,000 to 448,000 </Td> <Td> 23.1 % </Td> <Td> Estimates vary , significant numbers of preventable deaths also result from errors outside of hospitals . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Being overweight and obesity </Td> <Td> 111,909 </Td> <Td> 4.6 % </Td> <Td> There was considerable debate about the differences in the numbers of obesity - related diseases . The numbers reported in the referenced article have been found to be the most accurate . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alcohol </Td> <Td> 85,000 </Td> <Td> 3.5 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infectious diseases </Td> <Td> 75,000 </Td> <Td> 3.1 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toxic agents including toxins , particulates and radon </Td> <Td> 55,000 </Td> <Td> 2.3 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Traffic collisions </Td> <Td> 43,000 </Td> <Td> 1.8 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preventable colorectal cancers </Td> <Td> 41,400 </Td> <Td> 1.7 % </Td> <Td> Colorectal cancer ( bowel cancer , colon cancer ) caused 51,783 deaths in the US in 2011 . About 80 percent of colorectal cancers begin as benign growths , commonly called polyps , which can be easily detected and removed during a colonoscopy . Accordingly , the tabulated figure assumes that 80 % of the fatal cancers could have been prevented . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Firearms deaths </Td> <Td> 31,940 </Td> <Td> 1.3 % </Td> <Td> Suicide : 19,766 ; homicide : 11,101 ; Accidents : 852 ; Unknown : 822 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sexually transmitted infections </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> 0.8 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drug abuse </Td> <Td> 17,000 </Td> <Td> 0.7 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Among children worldwide ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various injuries are the leading cause of death in children 9 -- 17 years of age . In 2008 , the top five worldwide unintentional injuries in children are as follows : </P> Leading causes of death by injury among children worldwide . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cause </Th> <Th> Number of deaths resulting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Traffic collision </Td> <Td> <P> 260,000 per year </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drowning </Td> <Td> <P> 175,000 per year </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burns </Td> <Td> <P> 96,000 per year </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Falls </Td> <Td> <P> 47,000 per year </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toxins </Td> <Td> <P> 45,000 per year </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of causes of death by rate </Li> <Li> Preventive medicine </Li> <Li> Public health </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aubrey D.N.J , de Grey ( 2007 ) . `` Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate : Societal Considerations '' ( PDF ) . Studies in Ethics , Law , and Technology . 1 ( 1 , Article 5 ) . doi : 10.2202 / 1941 - 6008.1011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SENS Foundation '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DCP3 '' . washington.edu . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lopez AD , Mathers CD , Ezzati M , Jamison DT , Murray CJ ( May 2006 ) . `` Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors , 2001 : systematic analysis of population health data '' . Lancet . 367 ( 9524 ) : 1747 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 68770 - 9 . PMID 16731270 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Smoking , high blood pressure and being overweight top three preventable causes of death in the U.S '' . The President and Fellows of Harvard College . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mokdad AH , Marks JS , Stroup DF , Gerberding JL ( March 2004 ) . `` Actual causes of death in the United States , 2000 '' ( PDF ) . JAMA. 291 ( 10 ) : 1238 -- 45 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 291.10. 1238 . PMID 15010446 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Vital Statistics Report , Vol. 50 , No. 15 , September 16 , 2002 as compiled at ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A New , Evidence - based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care '' . Journal of Patient Safety . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flegal , K.M. , B.I. Graubard , D.F. Williamson , and M.H. Gail. ( 2005 ) . `` Obesity '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 293 ( 15 ) : 1861 -- 1867 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 293.15. 1861 . PMID 15840860 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Controversies in Obesity Mortality : A Tale of Two Studies '' ( PDF ) . RTI International . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . `` Colorectal Cancer Statistics '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carol A. Burke ; Laura K. Bianchi . `` Colorectal Neoplasia '' . Cleveland Clinic . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deaths : Preliminary Data for 2011 '' ( PDF ) . CDC . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` BBC NEWS Special Reports UN raises child accidents alarm '' . BBC News . December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Death </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Outline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In medicine </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Cell death </Dt> <Dd> Necrosis <Dl> <Dd> Avascular necrosis </Dd> <Dd> Coagulative necrosis </Dd> <Dd> Liquefactive necrosis </Dd> <Dd> Gangrenous necrosis </Dd> <Dd> Caseous necrosis </Dd> <Dd> Fat necrosis </Dd> <Dd> Fibrinoid necrosis </Dd> <Dd> Temporal lobe necrosis </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Programmed cell death <Dl> <Dd> AICD </Dd> <Dd> Anoikis </Dd> <Dd> Apoptosis </Dd> <Dd> Autophagy </Dd> <Dd> Intrinsic apoptosis </Dd> <Dd> Necroptosis </Dd> <Dd> Paraptosis </Dd> <Dd> Parthanatos </Dd> <Dd> Phenoptosis </Dd> <Dd> Pseudoapoptosis </Dd> <Dd> Pyroptosis </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Autolysis </Dd> <Dd> Autoschizis </Dd> <Dd> Eschar </Dd> <Dd> Immunogenic cell death </Dd> <Dd> Ischemic cell death </Dd> <Dd> Pyknosis </Dd> <Dd> Karyorrhexis </Dd> <Dd> Karyolysis </Dd> <Dd> Mitotic catastrophe </Dd> <Dd> Suicide gene </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Abortion </Li> <Li> Autopsy </Li> <Li> Brain death <Ul> <Li> Brainstem death </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Clinical death <Ul> <Li> DOA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Death by natural causes </Li> <Li> Death rattle </Li> <Li> Dysthanasia </Li> <Li> End - 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in the united states which of the following is the single greatest preventable cause of death
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Preventable_causes_of_death&amp;oldid=804322994
-7,019,404,780,656,329,000
Chael Sonnen - wikipedia <H1> Chael Sonnen </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chael Sonnen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Chael Patrick Sonnen ( 1977 - 04 - 03 ) April 3 , 1977 ( age 41 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> The American Gangster The People 's Champ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight </Th> <Td> 222 lb ( 101 kg ; 15 st 12 lb ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Td> Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reach </Th> <Td> 73 in ( 185 cm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fighting out of </Th> <Td> West Linn , Oregon , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Td> Team Quest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> Purple belt in Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu under Fabiano Scherner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wrestling </Th> <Td> NCAA Division I wrestling Olympic Greco - Roman trialist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1997 -- 2014 , 2016 -- present ( Mixed martial arts ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mixed martial arts record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wins </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By knockout </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By submission </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By decision </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Losses </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By knockout </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By submission </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By decision </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Draws </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Amateur record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wins </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By knockout </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Mixed martial artist , promoter and entrepreneur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> University </Th> <Td> University of Oregon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> last updated on : October 11 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Chael Sonnen <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Medal record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Men 's Greco - Roman Wrestling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Representing United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> World University Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 Tokyo </Td> <Td> 85 kg </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Chael Patrick Sonnen ( / ˈtʃeɪl ˈsʌnən / ; born April 3 , 1977 ) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Heavyweight division of Bellator MMA . A professional MMA competitor since 1997 , Sonnen has also fought in the UFC , WEC and Pancrase . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and career </Li> <Li> 2 Mixed martial arts career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 UFC </Li> <Li> 2.2 Bodog Fight </Li> <Li> 2.3 World Extreme Cagefighting </Li> <Li> 2.4 Return to UFC <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Silva vs Sonnen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 CSAC suspensions and appeals <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Initial appeal </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Subsequent suspension by CSAC </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 Second return to UFC <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 Silva vs Sonnen II </Li> <Li> 2.6. 2 Return to light heavyweight </Li> <Li> 2.6. 3 The Ultimate Fighter : Brazil 3 , failed drug tests , termination and retirement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.7 Bellator MMA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Political candidacy </Li> <Li> 4 Sports commentary and analysis </Li> <Li> 5 Real estate and pizza disputes </Li> <Li> 6 Film and television appearances </Li> <Li> 7 Personal life </Li> <Li> 8 Championships and accomplishments <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Amateur wrestling </Li> <Li> 8.2 Mixed martial arts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Mixed martial arts record </Li> <Li> 10 Submission grappling record </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life and career </H2> <P> Sonnen was born in either Milwaukie , Oregon , or West Linn , Oregon ( sources differ ) , and began wrestling from a young age . He attended West Linn High School , where he was a state runner - up . In 1996 , Sonnen began training in boxing , with the hope of competing in the UFC upon graduating from high school . </P> <P> After high school , Sonnen attended Brigham Young University before transferring to the University of Oregon when BYU began considering cutting their wrestling program . At Oregon , Sonnen earned All - American honors , was a two - time PAC - 10 runner - up , was a silver medalist at the 2000 Greco - Roman World University Championships , and was a two - time Dave Schultz Memorial International Greco - Roman winner . He graduated from the University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Science degree in sociology . </P> <H2> Mixed martial arts career </H2> <P> Sonnen started his mixed martial arts career in 1997 at the age of 19 , by defeating Ben Hailey in Vancouver , Washington . He next defeated future ICON Sport Middleweight Champion and Strikeforce Middleweight contender Jason `` Mayhem '' Miller . He won his first six fights , before losing to Trevor Prangley . In late 2003 , he was submitted by future Ultimate Fighter winner and UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Forrest Griffin with a triangle choke submission . </P> <H3> UFC </H3> <P> Sonnen made his UFC debut in a Light Heavyweight bout against former IFC Light Heavyweight Champion Renato Sobral at UFC 55 , submitting to a second - round triangle choke . He then avenged his first loss , by winning a unanimous decision over Trevor Prangley at UFC Ultimate Fight Night 4 . At UFC 60 , he fought Jeremy Horn for the third time and submitted to an armbar . Shortly after , he was released from the UFC . </P> <H3> Bodog fight </H3> <P> In May 2006 , Sonnen debuted for Bodog Fight , defeating Tim Credeur via TKO . He went on to win a unanimous decision over Alexey Oleinik , defeat Tim McKenzie in 13 seconds with a D'arce choke , and finish UFC and PRIDE veteran Amar Suloev via TKO . After leaving Bodog , Sonnen defeated future Ultimate Fighter member Kyacey Uscola at SuperFight 20 : Homecoming . </P> <H3> World Extreme Cagefighting </H3> <P> In December 2007 , Sonnen fought Paulo Filho for the WEC Middleweight Championship . Sonnen lost via a controversial submission at 4 : 55 of the second round . Sonnen did not tap out but screamed in pain , which the referee interpreted as a verbal submission . In his post-fight interview , Sonnen said he told the referee not to stop the fight , and continually said `` No '' when the referee asked if he wanted to submit . Keith Kizer , executive director of the Nevada State Athletic Commission , claimed Sonnen only yelled `` No '' after the referee stopped the fight . Kizer and Dana White ( who was watching ringside ) both agreed with the call . </P> <P> A rematch was scheduled for March 26 , 2008 , but was cancelled after Filho entered a drug rehabilitation program . Sonnen instead faced undefeated contender Bryan Baker and dominated him for three rounds to win a unanimous decision . Sonnen and Filho eventually met again on November 5 , 2008 , and Sonnen won a unanimous decision . Prior to the fight , Filho weighed in almost seven pounds over the 185 pound limit , so the bout was ruled a non-title match . After Filho lost , he announced he would ship Sonnen the championship belt . </P> <H3> Return to UFC </H3> <P> Following the dissolution of WEC 's Middleweight division , Sonnen returned to the UFC . </P> <P> In his first fight for the promotion since UFC 60 , he was submiited by jiu - jitsu ace Demian Maia via triangle choke submission at UFC 95 . </P> <P> At UFC 98 in May 2009 , Sonnen defeated Dan Miller via unanimous decision . He was a late replacement for Yushin Okami , who tore ligament while training . He took the fight on 22 days notice , and lost 36 pounds in order to compete . </P> <P> In his next fight , at UFC 104 , Sonnen outwrestled Okami for a unanimous decision victory . </P> <P> Sonnen was expected to face Nate Marquardt at UFC 110 , but the fight was moved to UFC 109 on February 6 . Sonnen won a unanimous decision , after escaping two deep guillotine chokes in the first and third rounds . With the victory , Sonnen became the number one contender for the UFC Middleweight Championship . </P> Silva vs. Sonnen <P> At UFC 117 on August 7 , 2010 , Sonnen challenged Anderson Silva for the UFC Middleweight Championship . Sonnen had trash talked to hype the fight , stating he was going to retire Silva . Heading into the fifth round , Sonnen led on the judges ' scorecards ( 40 -- 34 , 40 -- 36 , and 40 -- 35 ) . At 3 : 10 into the final round , Silva caught Sonnen in a triangle armbar and made him tap out . In a later interview , Sonnen stated it was the choke , not the armbar , that made him submit . The fight earned both fighters Fight of the Night honors , and was considered to be the best fight of the year by many critics . The fight was later awarded ' Fight of the Year ' by World MMA Awards . </P> <H3> CSAC suspensions and appeals </H3> <P> Urinalysis conducted after his loss to Anderson Silva showed Sonnen had an unallowably high testosterone / epitestosterone ( T / E ) ratio of 16.9 : 1 at the time of the fight . An average man has a T / E ratio of 1 : 1 , and testing bodies may allow a ratio as high as 4 : 1 for athletes undergoing TRT treatment . In other words , Sonnen 's T / E ratio was nearly 17 times than a normal man 's and over four times the allowed maximum for an athlete . He was fined $2,500 and suspended for one year ( until September 2 , 2011 ) by the California State Athletic Commission ( CSAC ) . His scheduled rematch with Silva was subsequently cancelled . </P> Initial appeal <P> Sonnen appealed the CSAC 's decision . The hearing was held on December 2 , 2010 . The principal grounds of his appeal were that he had a medical justification for taking testosterone , and he believed he had taken the necessary steps to disclose the condition and its treatment to the CSAC . He testified he had been diagnosed with hypogonadism in 2008 and was undergoing Testosterone replacement therapy ( TRT ) , self - injecting synthetic testosterone two times a week . Sonnen 's physician , Dr. Mark Czarnecki , was present at the hearing and attested to these claims . </P> <P> In his sworn testimony , Sonnen claimed to have been previously approved for TRT by the Nevada State Athletic Commission ( NSAC ) , and to have spoken directly to NSAC 's Executive Director , Keith Kizer , who informed him he was approved for TRT and should not again disclose the treatment on the pre-bout medical disclosure statements required by the NSAC . He said he believed this advice about disclosure also applied to the forms of other state athletic commissions . He said he had previously disclosed his condition to the CSAC before his UFC 104 bout with Yushin Okami , which took place in Los Angeles on October 24 , 2009 . Based on his testimony , the CSAC voted to recharacterize Sonnen 's transgression as a failure to properly disclose a medical treatment , and correspondingly reduced his suspension from twelve months to six , ending March 2 , 2011 . </P> <P> Keith Kizer publicly responded to Sonnen 's testimony , claiming the NSAC had never approved Sonnen for TRT , Sonnen had never applied for the approval process , and he had `` never talked to Chael Sonnen in ( his ) life . '' At a subsequent meeting between the UFC , Sonnen and the NSAC , Kizer asked Sonnen about his testimony at the December 2 , 2010 , CSAC hearing . According to Kizer , Sonnen initially deflected his questions but , when pressed further , admitted no conversation between Kizer and himself had occurred . Sonnen explained `` My manager and you talked about therapeutic exemptions , and therefore , I just used the wrong word . I should have said ' my ' instead of ' I . ' As in ' my manager ' instead of ' I ' '' . Kizer called this a `` strange story '' and a `` ridiculous explanation '' Kizer acknowledged speaking with Sonnen 's manager ( Matt Lindland ) about TRT , but said the conversation concerned only the procedure itself , not the application of any particular fighter . </P> <P> CSAC Executive Director George Dodd has also contradicted Sonnen 's testimony , stating the CSAC has no documentary evidence of Sonnen ever being approved for TRT . </P> Subsequent suspension by CSAC <P> Sonnen 's abbreviated CSAC suspension expired on March 2 , 2011 . However , in the third week of April 2011 , the CSAC announced it had reversed its decision to lower his sentence , and had placed him on indefinite administrative suspension due to his conviction for money laundering ( see below ) and his possibly false testimony during the hearing of December 2 , 2010 . Sonnen appeared before the CSAC on May 18 , 2011 , requesting the suspension be lifted . After hearing testimony from Keith Kizer via streaming video , as well as from Sonnen and his supporters , the CSAC voted 4 -- 1 to uphold the suspension . Two days later , the CSAC clarified that the applicable regulations only allowed Sonnen to be suspended until his existing license expired ( on June 29 , 2011 ) . If Sonnen applied for a new license after June 29 , 2011 , he would have to reappear before the CSAC , which could deny the application . </P> <H3> Second return to UFC </H3> <P> After his suspension , Sonnen returned to the UFC on October 8 , 2011 , defeating Brian Stann with a second round arm triangle choke at UFC 136 . </P> <P> Sonnen was expected to face Mark Muñoz on January at UFC on Fox 2 , but Muñoz was injured and replaced by Michael Bisping . Sonnen was awarded the unanimous decision victory after three rounds . </P> Silva vs. Sonnen II <P> A rematch with Anderson Silva was scheduled UFC 147 , but the bout was moved to UFC 148 on July 7 , 2012 , after a scheduling conflict with the UN Conference on Sustainable Development forced UFC 147 into a smaller venue . The fight was considered by many analysts and several major media outlets as the most highly anticipated bout in UFC history . </P> <P> As the fight finally took place , Sonnen quickly took the champion down in the first round and maintained a dominant position throughout , eventually gaining full mount while attacking with ground - and - pound . One cageside judge scored it a 10 - 8 round as Silva was credited with zero strikes . Sonnen connected with 76 strikes from the top position in the opening round , and held a 22 - to - 15 edge in significant strikes against Silva . However , Sonnen was unable to inflict any damage to the champion , and Silva stopped Sonnen with a knee strike and punches for the TKO at 1 : 55 of the second round , after Sonnen failed to connect with a spinning elbow strike and tripped . </P> Return to Light Heavyweight <P> On August 14 , 2012 , on UFC Tonight , Sonnen announced he would face Forrest Griffin in a Light Heavyweight rematch on December 29 , 2012 , at UFC 155 . But the rematch with Griffin was scrapped after Sonnen was tabbed as a coach for The Ultimate Fighter 17 against Light Heavyweight Champion Jon Jones . </P> <P> A bout between Sonnen and Jones for the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship took place on April 27 , 2013 , at UFC 159 . Sonnen originally accepted a fight with Jon Jones for the title at UFC 151 , after Jones ' original challenger Dan Henderson was injured , but Jones declined . Some fighters were upset with his title opportunity because Sonnen , `` arguably the most legendary talker in UFC history '' , has not fought any bout since returning to the light heavyweight division . Dana White defended the matchup , saying `` Sonnen was willing to fly over to Las Vegas to fight Jones on the same day '' , while other contenders like Maurício Rua and Lyoto Machida turned the offer down . </P> <P> Jon Jones showed his lack of interest in the fight and downplayed the contest , making it clear that he does not believe Sonnen is a fit contender . In an interview , Sonnen did his best to hype up interest but Jones gave him `` silent treatment '' , refusing to make eye contact . Jones dispatched the challenger using Sonnen 's own style to defeat him via TKO in the first round . Despite the beatdown , Sonnen was likely only 27 seconds away from winning the title , as it was later discovered that , while defending a takedown , Jones suffered a serious toe injury that could have resulted in a doctor 's stoppage TKO loss if the bout continued to the second round . </P> <P> Sonnen was expected to face Maurício Rua on June 15 , 2013 , at UFC 161 , replacing Antônio Rogério Nogueira who pulled out of the bout citing a back injury . Though an alleged visa issue created a problem for Sonnen to get into Canada , resulting in Rua being pulled from the event altogether . The bout with Rua eventually took place on August 17 , 2013 , at UFC Fight Night 26 . Sonnen won via a guillotine choke submission in the first round . </P> <P> Sonnen faced Rashad Evans on November 16 , 2013 , at UFC 167 . He lost the fight via TKO in the first round . </P> The Ultimate Fighter : Brazil 3 , failed drug tests , termination and retirement <P> On October 22 , 2013 , it was announced that Sonnen would be coaching The Ultimate Fighter : Brazil 3 , against long - time rival Wanderlei Silva . A bout with Silva , briefly attached to UFC 173 , then at The Ultimate Fighter : Brazil 3 Finale , was expected to take place on July 5 , 2014 , at UFC 175 . Dana White later stated the fight had to be rescheduled because Silva injured his hand from a brawl with Sonnen that took place during the filming of the show . Silva was ultimately pulled from the fight entirely after he failed to submit an application to fight in the state of Nevada , as well as his refusal to undergo a random drug test and was replaced by Vitor Belfort . However , Sonnen subsequently failed his random drug test and was removed from the bout . </P> <P> Following the controversy of his second failed drug test , Sonnen announced on the June 11 , 2014 , episode of UFC Tonight his retirement from MMA competition . </P> <P> Subsequent to his retirement , it was revealed on June 28 , 2014 , by the NSAC that Sonnen had failed a second random drug test -- the third failed drug test throughout his MMA career -- due to the presence of human growth hormone ( HGH ) , recombinant human erythropoietin ( EPO ) , anastrozole , and human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) . </P> <P> On June 30 , 2014 , UFC and FOX Sports announced they had terminated Sonnen 's contract as a UFC analyst due to his multiple failed drug tests . On July 23 , 2014 , the NSAC ruled that Sonnen would be suspended for 2 years from martial arts competition worldwide due to his multiple failed drugs tests . </P> <H3> Bellator MMA </H3> <P> On September 15 , 2016 , it was reported that Sonnen had signed a multi-fight contract with Bellator MMA . </P> <P> Sonnen made his promotional debut in a light heavyweight match against former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion and UFC Hall of Famer Tito Ortiz on January 21 , 2017 in the main event at Bellator 170 . He lost the fight via submission in the first round . </P> <P> His second promotional fight was a rescheduled match up against Wanderlei Silva on June 24 , 2017 in the main event at Bellator NYC . He won the fight via unanimous decision. He got knocked down in the first round but dominated the rest of the fight to guarantee a win over his long - time rival . In his post-fight speech , he called for a bout with heavyweight Fedor Emilianenko , who had lost earlier on the card . </P> <P> Sonnen faced Quinton Jackson for the Bellator Heavyweight World Grand Prix Tournament on January 20 , 2018 at Bellator 192 . He won the fight via unanimous decision , securing a takedown in each round to establish the win . </P> <P> Sonnen is to face Fedor Emelianenko next in the semifinals of the Bellator Heavyweight Grand Prix tournament at a yet - to - be-determined event . </P> <H2> Political candidacy </H2> <P> Sonnen ran as the Republican candidate for the 37th district of the Oregon House of Representatives in 2010 . That June , he dropped out of the race , vaguely referring to a `` 2006 legal issue '' involving real estate . </P> <H2> Sports commentary and analysis </H2> <P> On November 11 , 2014 , ESPN announced it had hired Sonnen as an MMA analyst . He debuted on November 14 , previewing UFC 180 . </P> <P> On May 6 , 2015 , professional wrestling promotion Global Force Wrestling ( GFW ) announced Sonnen as an `` expert analyst '' for its future events . On July 24 , Sonnen was revealed as part of the announce team for GFW 's Amped program . </P> <P> On September 2 , 2015 , it was announced that Sonnen signed with the World Series of Fighting to become a member of their broadcast team beginning at WSOF 23 . </P> <H2> Real estate and Pizza disputes </H2> <P> Sonnen is a licensed realtor in Oregon . In 2006 , as the agent for a home sale , he told the title company to pay a plumbing company owned by Sonnen 's mother for repairs , even though he knew they would not be carried out . After the mortgage company agreed to the loan , the plumbing company was paid $69,000 and , at Sonnen 's direction , paid the home buyer $65,000 . On January 3 , 2011 , Sonnen pleaded guilty to money laundering in connection with mortgage fraud . After agreeing to testify against others involved in the investigation , he was fined $10,000 and sentenced to two years probation . </P> <P> In 2012 , Chael Sonnen started Mean Streets Pizza with business partner Lee Gamble in West Linn , Oregon . In February 2013 Chael Sonnen sued his business partner for embezzlement and unpaid rent . Lee Gamble filed a counter lawsuit seeking $400,000 in damages from Sonnen for defamation , wage reimbursement , and his ownership interest in the business . The case was settled and did not go to trial . Sonnen later sold Mean Streets Pizza and it is under new management . </P> <H2> Film and television appearances </H2> <P> Sonnen has appeared in the following films : </P> <Ul> <Li> Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Grudge Match ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In 2017 , he appeared on The New Celebrity Apprentice , the 8th season of reality game show The Celebrity Apprentice . He was fired by host Arnold Schwarzenegger in the show 's 4th week after it emerged that he had deliberately cut his team 's computer cord in order to gain them more time . </P> <H2> Personal life </H2> <P> Sonnen is a Catholic . </P> <P> Sonnen married his wife , a woman named Brittany , in July 2013 . The couple had their first child , a son named Thero , on June 4 , 2015 . On the next episode of his podcast , he said that he had never understood parents who describe something as mundane as birth as a miracle , but that now he understood . He also said , `` I love hearing him scream . People get upset when their baby cries , man , I 've waited a long time to hear that cry , I 've got no problem with it . In my house , we understand , if you want to be heard , you got ta make a little noise . '' </P> <P> On May 5 , 2013 , Sonnen announced he would like to buy WWE ( valued at roughly $700 million ) after he retires . Though his representative insisted he was not joking , a WWE representative said it was not for sale , and suggested Sonnen purchase stock in the company instead . </P> <H2> Championships and accomplishments </H2> <H3> Amateur wrestling </H3> <Ul> <Li> National Collegiate Athletic Association <Ul> <Li> NCAA Division I All - American out of University of Oregon ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Division I 190 lb -- 8th place out of University of Oregon ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Pac - 10 Conference 197 lb -- 2nd place out of University of Oregon ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Pac - 10 Conference 197 lb -- 2nd place out of University of Oregon ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> University National Greco - Roman Championships <Ul> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 3rd place out of University of Oregon ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 2nd place out of University of Oregon ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 1st place out of University of Oregon ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 1st place out of University of Oregon ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Awarded `` Most Outstanding Wrestler '' of 2000 tournament </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> World University Greco - Roman Championships <Ul> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 2nd place ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Senior National Greco - Roman Championships <Ul> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 4th place ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 185 lb -- 4th place ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2000 US Greco - Roman Olympic Team Trials <Ul> <Li> 187.25 lb West Regional Champion </Li> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 3rd place </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> US Greco - Roman World Team Trials <Ul> <Li> 211.75 lb -- 4th place ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dave Schultz Memorial International Greco - Roman <Ul> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 1st place ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 213.75 lb -- 1st place ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> University National Freestyle Championships <Ul> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 5th place out of University of Oregon ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 3rd place out of University of Oregon ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> 187.25 lb -- 2nd place out of University of Oregon ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Championship Belt Series Winner , University Level ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mixed martial arts </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ultimate Fighting Championship <Ul> <Li> Fight of the Night ( Two times ) vs. Nate Marquardt and Anderson Silva </Li> <Li> Submission of the Night ( One time ) vs. Maurício Rua </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> DangerZone <Ul> <Li> DangerZone Light Heavyweight Championship ( One time ) </Li> <Li> DangerZone Light Heavyweight Tournament Winner </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> George Tragos / Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame <Ul> <Li> George Tragos Award ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gladiator Challenge <Ul> <Li> Gladiator Challenge Light Heavyweight Championship ( One time ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hitman Fighting Productions <Ul> <Li> Hitman Light Heavyweight Championship ( One time ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> World MMA Awards <Ul> <Li> Fight of the Year ( 2010 ) vs. Anderson Silva on August 17 </Li> <Li> Personality of the Year ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards <Ul> <Li> Best on Interviews ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Mixed martial arts record </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Professional record breakdown </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 matches </Td> <Td> 31 wins </Td> <Td> 15 losses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By knockout </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By submission </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By decision </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draws </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Res . </Th> <Th> Record </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Method </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 31 -- 15 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Quinton Jackson </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> Bellator 192 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Inglewood , California , United States </Td> <Td> Bellator Heavyweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 30 -- 15 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Wanderlei Silva </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> Bellator 180 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 29 -- 15 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Tito Ortiz </Td> <Td> Submission ( rear - naked choke ) </Td> <Td> Bellator 170 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 03 </Td> <Td> Inglewood , California , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 29 -- 14 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Rashad Evans </Td> <Td> TKO ( punches ) </Td> <Td> UFC 167 </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 05 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 29 -- 13 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Maurício Rua </Td> <Td> Submission ( guillotine choke ) </Td> <Td> UFC Fight Night : Shogun vs. Sonnen </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 47 </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , United States </Td> <Td> Submission of the Night . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 28 -- 13 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Jon Jones </Td> <Td> TKO ( elbows and punches ) </Td> <Td> UFC 159 </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 33 </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , United States </Td> <Td> Return to Light Heavyweight ; For the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 28 -- 12 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Anderson Silva </Td> <Td> TKO ( knee to the body and punches ) </Td> <Td> UFC 148 </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 55 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> For the UFC Middleweight Championship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 28 -- 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Michael Bisping </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> UFC on Fox : Evans vs. Davis </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , United States </Td> <Td> UFC Middleweight title eliminator . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 27 -- 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Brian Stann </Td> <Td> Submission ( arm - triangle choke ) </Td> <Td> UFC 136 </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 51 </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 26 -- 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Anderson Silva </Td> <Td> Submission ( triangle armbar ) </Td> <Td> UFC 117 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 3 : 10 </Td> <Td> Oakland , California , United States </Td> <Td> For the UFC Middleweight Championship ; Fight of the Night ; Fight of the Year . Sonnen tested positive for elevated testosterone levels . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 26 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Nate Marquardt </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> UFC 109 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> UFC Middleweight title eliminator ; Fight of the Night . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 25 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Yushin Okami </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> UFC 104 </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 24 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dan Miller </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> UFC 98 </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 23 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Demian Maia </Td> <Td> Submission ( triangle choke ) </Td> <Td> UFC 95 </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> <Td> London , United Kingdom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 23 -- 9 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Paulo Filho </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> WEC 36 </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Hollywood , Florida , United States </Td> <Td> Non-title fight . Filho failed to make weight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 22 -- 9 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Bryan Baker </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> WEC 33 </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 21 -- 9 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Paulo Filho </Td> <Td> Submission ( armbar ) </Td> <Td> WEC 31 </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 55 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> For the WEC Middleweight Championship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 21 -- 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kyacey Uscola </Td> <Td> TKO ( punches ) </Td> <Td> SF 20 : Homecoming </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 31 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 20 -- 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Amar Suloev </Td> <Td> TKO ( punches ) </Td> <Td> BodogFIGHT : Alvarez vs. Lee </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 33 </Td> <Td> Trenton , New Jersey , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 19 -- 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Tim McKenzie </Td> <Td> Submission ( D'arce choke ) </Td> <Td> BodogFIGHT : Costa Rica Combat </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 13 </Td> <Td> San José , Costa Rica </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 18 -- 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Oleksiy Oliynyk </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> BodogFIGHT : USA vs. Russia </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 17 -- 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Tim Credeur </Td> <Td> TKO ( punches ) </Td> <Td> BodogFIGHT : To the Brink of War </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 18 </Td> <Td> San José , Costa Rica </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 16 -- 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Jeremy Horn </Td> <Td> Submission ( armbar ) </Td> <Td> UFC 60 </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 17 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 16 -- 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Trevor Prangley </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> UFC Fight Night 4 </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> Return to Middleweight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 15 -- 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Renato Sobral </Td> <Td> Submission ( triangle choke ) </Td> <Td> UFC 55 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 20 </Td> <Td> Uncasville , Connecticut , United States </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight bout . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 15 -- 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Tim Williams </Td> <Td> TKO ( punches ) </Td> <Td> SF 11 : Rumble at the Rose Garden </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 59 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 14 -- 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Adam Ryan </Td> <Td> TKO ( punches ) </Td> <Td> Euphoria : USA vs World </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> <Td> Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 13 -- 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Terry Martin </Td> <Td> TKO ( corner stoppage ) </Td> <Td> XFO 4 : International </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> McHenry , Illinois , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 13 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Alex Stiebling </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> WEC 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Lemoore , California , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 12 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Jeremy Horn </Td> <Td> Submission ( guillotine choke ) </Td> <Td> SF 6 : Battleground in Reno </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 35 </Td> <Td> Reno , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 12 -- 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Keiichiro Yamamiya </Td> <Td> Decision ( majority ) </Td> <Td> Pancrase : 2004 Neo-Blood Tournament Final </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 12 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Jeremy Horn </Td> <Td> TKO ( doctor stoppage ) </Td> <Td> Extreme Challenge 57 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 34 </Td> <Td> Council Bluffs , Iowa , United States </Td> <Td> Doctor stoppage due to cut . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 12 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Justin Bailey </Td> <Td> KO ( flying knee ) </Td> <Td> Rage on the River </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 40 </Td> <Td> Redding , California , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Arman Gambaryan </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> Euphoria : Russia vs USA </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States </Td> <Td> Middleweight debut . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 10 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Homer Moore </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> ROTR 4.5 : Proving Grounds </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Hilo , Hawaii , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 9 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Greg Curnut </Td> <Td> Submission ( punches ) </Td> <Td> FCFF : Rumble at the Roseland 10 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 07 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Jason Lambert </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> Gladiator Challenge 20 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Colusa , California , United States </Td> <Td> Won Gladiator Challenge Light Heavyweight Championship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Forrest Griffin </Td> <Td> Submission ( triangle choke ) </Td> <Td> IFC : Global Domination </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 25 </Td> <Td> Denver , Colorado , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Renato Sobral </Td> <Td> Decision </Td> <Td> Hitman Fighting 3 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2003 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Santa Ana , California , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Akihiro Gono </Td> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> Pancrase : Hybrid 2 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Osaka , Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Trevor Prangley </Td> <Td> Technical Submission ( armbar ) </Td> <Td> XFA 5 : Redemption </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 49 </Td> <Td> West Palm Beach , Florida , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Justin Hawes </Td> <Td> TKO ( punches ) </Td> <Td> UFCF : Rumble in Rochester </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 26 </Td> <Td> Rochester , Washington , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Jesse Ault </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> Real Fighting Championships 1 : The Beginning </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Scott Shipman </Td> <Td> Submission ( forearm choke ) </Td> <Td> Dangerzone 13 : Caged Heat </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 08 </Td> <Td> New Town , North Dakota , United States </Td> <Td> Dangerzone Light Heavyweight Tournament Final ; Won Dangerzone Light Heavyweight Championship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Jesse Ault </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> Dangerzone 13 : Caged Heat </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> New Town , North Dakota , United States </Td> <Td> Dangerzone Light Heavyweight Tournament Semifinal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Jason Miller </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> HFP 1 : Rumble on The Reservation </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 00 </Td> <Td> Anza , California , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Ben Hailey </Td> <Td> Decision ( unanimous ) </Td> <Td> Battle of Fort Vancouver </Td> <Td> 000000001997 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Vancouver , Washington , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Submission grappling record </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Professional record breakdown </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 matches </Td> <Td> 1 win </Td> <Td> 2 losses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By submission </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By decision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By disqualification </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draws </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Result </Td> <Td> Opponent </Td> <Td> Method </Td> <Td> Event </Td> <Td> Date </Td> <Td> Time </Td> <Td> Notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> Craig Jones </Td> <Td> Submission ( heel hook ) </Td> <Td> ADCC 2017 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> Léo Vieira </Td> <Td> Referee Decision </Td> <Td> ADCC 2017 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 25 : 00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> Michael Bisping </Td> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> UR Fight 2016 </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 15 : 00 </Td> <Td> Three 5 minute rounds . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> Renato Sobral </Td> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> Metamoris VI </Td> <Td> May 9 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 20 : 00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> André Galvão </Td> <Td> Submission ( rear - naked choke ) </Td> <Td> Metamoris IV </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 13 : 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of current Bellator fighters </Li> <Li> List of male mixed martial artists </Li> <Li> List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sonnen : `` I do n't bowl , I do n't lay on my back looking to somebody up '' ( Tatame.com , 2012.04. 25 ) Archived April 28 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UFC 's Chael Sonnen Says He 's The People 's Champ , Will Burn Down Black House . YouTube . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BFV Battle of Fort Vancouver . Sherdog.com ( May 10 , 1997 ) . Retrieved on August 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherdog.com . `` Chael Sonnen MMA Stats , Pictures , News , Videos , Biography , and More '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chael Sonnen '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UFC 148 Media Notes '' . UFC . June 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ben Fowlkes . `` In Search of the Real Chael Sonnen on the Mean Streets of West Linn , Oregon '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad McCray . `` The Prodigal Sonnen '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chael Sonnen -- Official UFC ® Fighter Profile . Uk.ufc.com . Retrieved on December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iole , Kevin ( 2007 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Controversy follows Filho 's title defense '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stupp , Dann ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` WEC Champ Paulo Filho Withdraws from March 26 Event '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WEC Middleweight Title Bout Postponed '' . World Extreme Cagefighting . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WEC 33 Live Play - by - Play '' . Sherdog.com. 2008 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wong , Selina ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Filho to Give Up WEC Belt '' . Fighters.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brady , Cory ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Chael Sonnen fills in for Yushin Okami against Dan Miller at UFC 98 '' . FiveOuncesofPain.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCray , Brad ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Despite 36 - pound drop , third - choice Chael Sonnen thankful for UFC 98 slot '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , John ( October 25 , 2009 ) . `` Lyoto Machida survives scare at UFC 104 , retains belt with decision win over `` Shogun '' Rua `` . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( October 24 , 2009 ) . `` UFC 104 live results and play by play '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Anderson Silva vs. Chael Sonnen official for UFC 117 in Oakland '' . Five Knuckles . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Alan ( 2010 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Fighting talk -- Chael Sonnen '' . JOE . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chael Sonnen Continues Trash - Talking At UFC 115 Q&A '' . Fightofthenight.com. 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Jon ( 2010 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Chael Sonnen Is Not a Racist or a Xenophobe : You 're Just an Idiot '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gross , Josh ( 2010 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Sonnen accomplished everything against Silva , except the victory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iole , Kevin ( 2010 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Silva 's comeback one for the ages '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Anderson Silva vs. Chael Sonnen II : Closer Look at Chael 's Triangle - Armbar Loss '' . bleacherreport.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World MMA Awards 2010 '' . mmafighting.com. 2010 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.C. Michaelson , watchkalibrun.com ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Looking At CSAC Released Documents , UFC Fighter Chael Sonnen Steroid Suspension Should Be Upheld '' . Vox Media , Inc . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CSAC Releases Statement on Sonnen Suspension '' . sherdog.com . September 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CSAC : Sonnen tests positive for PEDS at UFC 117 '' . mmajunkie.com . September 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dana White : Chael Sonnen rematch up next for UFC champ Anderson Silva '' . mmajunkie.com . August 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gross , Josh ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Sonnen files request for appeal '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sonnen 's Suspension Reduced to Six Months '' . CagePotato. 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gross , Josh ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Chael Sonnen 's suspension upheld '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Loretta ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) . `` CSAC to review medical exemption policies after Chael Sonnen suspension ruling '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NSAC Director Keith Kizer Calls Chael Sonnen On His Lies '' . mmaconvert.com. April 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Bixenspan , cagesideseats.com ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` NSAC rebuts Sonnen 's expected claims of approved testosterone use '' . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Bixenspan , cagesideseats.com ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Chael Sonnen lied about Keith Kizer yet again '' . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Marrocco , mmajunkie.com ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` NSAC head : Chael Sonnen needs to answer for testosterone , referee criticism '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : David Bixenspan , cagesideseats.com ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` UFC 's Chael Sonnen suspended in CA for perjury & money laundering '' . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Barry , mmaconvert.com ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` CSAC 's George Dodd Pokes Holes In Chael Sonnen 's Rumored TRT Defense '' . MMAconvert.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marrocco , Steven ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` CSAC changes mind , UFC 's Chael Sonnen free to apply for license after June 29 '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Chael Sonnen Now Free to Apply for License '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stupp , Dann ; Morgan , John ( October 8 , 2011 ) . `` UFC 136 main - card results : Champ Edgar storms back for stunning title defense '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mrosko , Geno ( 2011 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Chael Sonnen vs Mark Munoz set for Jan. 28 in Chicago '' . MMAmania.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Munoz out at UFC on FOX 2 ; Bisping vs. Sonnen now set for shot at champ Silva '' . MMAjunkie.com . 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Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UFC 148 Results : Live Play - by - Play & Updates '' . Sherdog.com. 2012 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagenheim , Jeff ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Once a dominant fighter , Anderson Silva is now truly a great one '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Critchfield , Tristen ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) . `` By the Numbers : UFC 148 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iole , Kevin ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Anderson Silva quiets Chael Sonnen , leaving only Jon Jones as a worthy challenger '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helwani , Ariel ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Chael Sonnen to Meet Forrest Griffin in Light Heavyweight Bout on December 29 '' . MMAFighting.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Jones and Chael Sonnen to coach ' The Ultimate Fighter 17 , ' fight on April 27 '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Al - Shatti , Shaun ( 2012 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Pros React to Henderson Injury , Jon Jones Turning Down Chael Sonnen , Cancellation of UFC 151 '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erickson , Matt ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Chael Sonnen says Jon Jones should have moved to heavyweight , but it 's too late '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker , Dana ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Lyoto Machida Questions Chael Sonnen 's Title Shot '' . FightLine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker , Dana ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Dan Henderson Disappointed In Jon Jones - Chael Sonnen Fight '' . FightLine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker , Dana ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Forrest Griffin On Not Fighting Chael Sonnen : ' I 'm Not Mad At Him ' '' . FightLine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mrosko , Gene ( 2012 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Shogun Rua turned down Jon Jones title fight at UFC 152 '' . mmamania.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mrosko , Gene ( 2012 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Lyoto Machida releases statement on turning down Jon Jones fight '' . mmamania.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snowden , Johnathan ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Why Is Jon Jones Refusing to Promote His UFC 159 Fight with Chael Sonnen ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKinnell , Ryan ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) . `` UFC 159 Results : Jon Jones `` Chael Sonnened '' Chael Sonnen for the Win `` . mmaweekly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKinley , Noble ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) . `` UFC 159 Results : Jon Jones Breaks Toe Badly in Win vs. Chael Sonnen '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagenheim , Jeff ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Despite beatdown , Chael Sonnen was 27 seconds away from the title '' . sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ngo , Tom ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Chael Sonnen Came Within 27 Seconds of Beating Jon Jones at UFC 159 '' . 5thround.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chael Sonnen reportedly replaces Nogueira , meets ' Shogun ' Rua at UFC 161 '' . mmajunkie.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Visa issues reportedly scrap Sonnen - Rua at UFC 161 , Jimmo - Pokrajac head to main '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Bohn ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Chael Sonnen vs Shogun Rua fight to serve as first - ever UFC on FOX Sports 1 main event on Aug. 17 in Boston '' . mmamania.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franklin McNeil ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Chael Sonnen submits Maurico Rua '' . espn.go.com.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave Doyle ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Chael Sonnen vs. Rashad Evans set for UFC 167 in Las Vegas '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Erickson ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Chael Sonnen vs. Wanderlei Silva set for UFC 173 co-main event '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ariel Helwani ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Chael Sonnen vs. Wanderlei Silva will headline FOX Sports 1 card on May 31 '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ mmajunkie staff ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Chael Sonnen vs. Wanderlei Silva shifts to UFC 175 '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Marrocco and Mike Bohn ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) . `` White : Wanderlei Silva injured back in Sonnen brawl , had to postpone fight '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Erickson ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Wanderlei Silva out vs. Chael Sonnen , Vitor Belfort in at UFC 175 '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaun Al - Shatti ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Failure to apply for license and take random drug test led to Wanderlei Silva 's removal from UFC 175 '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brett Okamoto ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Chael Sonnen fails random drug test '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chael Sonnen announces he 's retiring from MMA after 17 years of fighting '' . FoxSports.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ariel Helwani ( 2014 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Chael Sonnen fails second drug test , tests positive for HGH and EPO '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UFC and FOX Sports Statement on Chael Sonnen '' . UFC.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaun Al - Shatti ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Chael Sonnen suspended two years by the Nevada Athletic Commission for failed drug tests '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helwani , Ariel ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Sonnen parts ways with UFC , signs with Bellator '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chael Sonnen vs. Tito Ortiz set for Jan. 21 in California as Bellator 170 headliner '' . mmajunkie.com. 2016 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Marrocco ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Chael Sonnen vs. Wanderlei Silva to headline Bellator 180 PPV event at Madison Square Garden '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Marrocco ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` Bellator NYC results : Chael Sonnen uses takedowns to grind past Wanderlei Silva '' . mmajunkie.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherdog.com . `` Bellator 180 - Sonnen vs. Silva '' . Sherdog . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Marrocco ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chael Sonnen ( sort of ) walks back callout of Fedor Emelianenko , who vows to keep fighting '' . mmajunkie.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Rampage ' Jackson - Chael Sonnen is Bellator 192 headliner over Douglas Lima vs. Rory MacDonald title fight '' . MMAjunkie. 2018 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sonnen unanimous over ' Rampage ' at Bellator 192 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fedor Emelianenko 's Bellator 198 KO Of Frank Mir Sets Up Highly Promotable Matchup With Chael Sonnen '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cole , Michelle ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Republicans do n't know why Chael Sonnen dropped out of Oregon House District 37 race '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chael Sonnen hired by ESPN '' . ESPN.go.com. 2014 - 11 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Mike ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Live notes from GFW press conference '' . Pro Wrestling Insider . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( 2015 - 07 - 24 ) . `` GFW news : Global Force reveals announce team for `` Amped '' `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chael Sonnen Joins World Series Of Fighting As Color Commentator For Live NBCSN Telecasts '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagenheim , Jeff ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) . `` IRS troubles , UFC freeze could throw career of Chael Sonnen into jeopardy '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Non , Sergio ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Sonnen admits to money laundering , faces probation '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Chael Sonnen pleads guilty to Money Laundering '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Chael Sonnen Receives Fine and Probation '' . MMAWeekly.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seigneur , Cornelia ( 2012 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Restaurant looks to put some punch in its food '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , Victoria ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) . `` UFC fighter Chael Sonnen sues West Linn restaurant co-owner '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen , Kara ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Mean Street Pizza bout settled '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holland , Jesse ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chael Sonnen fired for cheating on ' Celebrity Apprentice ' ( Video ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WAG Alert , Chael Sonnen Embarks Upon Life 's Journey With New Wife Brittany '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephie Haynes . `` Chael Sonnen just became a father to a baby boy ; details plus a personality close - up '' . Bloody Elbow . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ You 're Welcome ! with Chael Sonnen , Episode 35 , `` Paul Heyman '' ( about 3 : 00 ) , from PodcastOne.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. : NYSE : WWE quotes & news -- Google Finance '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chael Sonnen -- I Wanna Buy the WWE '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chael Sonnen . mixedmartialarts.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chael Sonnen . NCAA Division I Collegiate Championship Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... wrestlinghalloffame.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1999 Pac - 10 Championships Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2001 Pac - 10 Championships Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1997 NCAA Wrestling Championship Biography -- Sonnen Chael . Uni.edu . Retrieved on August 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Wrestling Database . Iat.uni-leipzig.de ( November 6 , 2000 ) . Retrieved on October 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Wrestling Database . Iat.uni-leipzig.de ( February 11 , 2000 ) . Retrieved on October 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Wrestling Database . Iat.uni-leipzig.de . Retrieved on October 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Wrestling Database . Iat.uni-leipzig.de ( May 11 , 2001 ) . Retrieved on October 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheMat.com Retrieved on October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UFC 109 Bonuses : Sonnen picks up $60 K along with title shot '' . sherdog.com. 2010 - 02 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UFC 117 Bonuses : Silva , Sonnen , Hughes , Struve rewarded '' . sherdog.com. 2010 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UFC Fight Night 26 Bonuses update : McDonald earns $100 K , Sonnen and 3 more pocket $50 K '' . sherdog.com. 2013 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First inductee for 2016 Tragos / Thesz HOF '' . Pro Wrestling Torch. 2015 - 11 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Joe O'Regan . `` Browne , White , Gustafsson , Rousey winners at World MMA Awards VI '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Biggest issue of the year : The 2011 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Issue '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , CA : 1 -- 40 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Damon Martin . `` Chael Sonnen Talks Testosterone : ' Yes , I Took It To Get an Edge ' '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hitman Fighting 3 Results ( Official ) '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chael Sonnen at United World Wrestling </Li> <Li> Professional MMA record for Chael Sonnen from Sherdog </Li> <Li> Chael Sonnen profile at the National Wrestling Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> `` Chael Sonnen '' . UFC.com . </Li> <Li> Chael Sonnen GFW Profile </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chael_Sonnen&oldid=843570868 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1977 births </Li> <Li> American athlete - politicians </Li> <Li> American fraudsters </Li> <Li> American male mixed martial artists </Li> <Li> American money launderers </Li> <Li> American podcasters </Li> <Li> American politicians convicted of fraud </Li> <Li> Oregon Republicans </Li> <Li> American male sport wrestlers </Li> <Li> American sportspeople in doping cases </Li> <Li> American white - collar criminals </Li> <Li> Doping cases in mixed martial arts </Li> <Li> Finance fraud </Li> <Li> Light heavyweight mixed martial artists </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Middleweight mixed martial artists </Li> <Li> Mixed martial artists from Oregon </Li> <Li> Oregon Ducks wrestlers </Li> <Li> People from West Linn , Oregon </Li> <Li> Sportspeople from the Portland metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Oregon politicians convicted of crimes </Li> <Li> Professional wrestling announcers </Li> <Li> Wrestlers from Oregon </Li> <Li> American Roman Catholics </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people </Li> <Li> United World Wrestling template using Wikidata </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 58 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who won anderson silva vs chael sonnen 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Chael_Sonnen&amp;oldid=843570868
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Procedures of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia <H1> Procedures of the United States House of Representatives </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> At a hearing during the 109th Congress , then - Chairman Vernon J. Ehlers greets then - Ranking Member Juanita Millender - McDonald . <P> The United States Constitution provides that each `` House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , '' therefore each Congress of the United States , upon convening , approves its own governing rules of procedure . This clause has been interpreted by the courts to mean that a new Congress is not bound by the rules of proceedings of the previous Congress . </P> <P> Currently the procedures of the United States House of Representatives are governed by the Constitution , the House Rules , and Jefferson 's Manual . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Rules of the House </Li> <Li> 2 House floor <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Daily business <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Order of priority of business </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Introducing a bill </Li> <Li> 2.3 House floor action on a bill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Committees <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Standing committees </Li> <Li> 3.2 Membership </Li> <Li> 3.3 Chairman and ranking member </Li> <Li> 3.4 Committee staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Rules of the House ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States House of Representatives </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History of the United States House of Representatives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current members <Ul> <Li> ( by seniority </Li> <Li> by age </Li> <Li> non-voting ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Former members </Li> <Li> Hill committees <Ul> <Li> ( DCCC </Li> <Li> NRCC ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Party leaders </Li> <Li> Democratic Caucus </Li> <Li> Republican Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics and procedure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Committee of the Whole </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Closed session ( list ) </Li> <Li> Saxbe fix </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Committees ( list ) </Li> <Li> Procedures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Origination Clause </Li> <Li> Quorum call </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Unanimous consent </Li> <Li> Salaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Redistricting </Li> <Li> Gerrymandering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Articles of impeachment </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Self - executing rule </Li> <Li> Rules suspension </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> General ticket </Li> <Li> Plural district </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Capitol </Li> <Li> House office buildings <Ul> <Li> ( Cannon </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> <Li> Longworth </Li> <Li> Rayburn ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Prior to the adoption of the rules by the United States House of Representatives , the House operates under general parliamentary rules and Jefferson 's Manual but these are not binding on the current House until they are approved by the membership of the current Congress . Historically , the current Congress will adopt the rules of the previous Congress and make any amendments they think are necessary to govern themselves . </P> <P> The Rules of the House of Representatives are prepared by the Clerk of the House . The 115th United States Congress has the rules of the 114th , subject to the amendments of H. RES. 5 , though rule 28 ( XXVIII ) is reserved . Rule I pertains to the Speaker of the House . </P> <H2> House floor ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Daily business ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Speaker calls the House to order , the Chaplain of the House then offers a prayer , and the Speaker and House approves the legislative journal from the previous legislative day . After approval of the journal the members recite the Pledge of Allegiance , followed by the start of legislative business . </P> Order of priority of business ( edit ) <P> The House generally adheres to the following order of priority as outlined in the House Rules , specifically Rule XIV during the 114th Congress , but variations exist to this order as a result of House Rules or parliamentary rules that take precedence . The House may suspend this order and conduct itself as it sees fit consistent with House Rules and with Parliamentary procedure . </P> <P> 1 ) Prayer by the Chaplain . 2 ) Reading and approval of the Journal . 3 ) The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag . 4 ) Correction of reference of public bills . 5 ) Disposal of business on the Speaker 's table . 6 ) Unfinished business as provided in rules . 7 ) Consideration of bills called up by committees . 8 ) State of the Union 9 ) Orders of the day . </P> <H3> Introducing a bill ( edit ) </H3> <P> Any member of the House can introduce a bill at any time , while the House is in session , by placing ( or most likely having a page place ) a signed copy of the bill in the `` hopper '' at the side of the Clerk 's desk on the Rostrum . Other members of the House may co-sponsor any bill to be introduced in the House by a member . These co-sponsors are not required to sign the bill and are considered under House Rules to be `` original co-sponsors '' and `` additional co-sponsors '' depending on whether they co-sponsored the bill at the time it was introduced or added their names to the bill after its introduction . </P> <P> After the Clerk of the House receives the bill it is then assigned a legislative number , enrolled in the House Journal and printed in the Congressional Record and the Speaker of the House refers the bill to the Committee ( s ) with jurisdiction by sending the bill to the office of the chairman of the committee ( s ) , and the Clerk of the Committee will add the bill to the Committee 's calendar . The Speaker designates one of these committees as a `` primary committee '' with primary jurisdiction and responsibility for the bill and all other committee ( s ) are considered `` additional committees '' and the Speaker may impose time limits on these committee ( s ) if he or she deems it appropriate and traditionally does so if the primary committee has reported out a version of the bill to the full House . </P> <H3> House floor action on a bill ( edit ) </H3> <P> Upon being reported out of Committee or removed from Committee by the House , a bill will be added to the House Calendar and any rules setting out how much time is allowed for debate , or other matters may be passed by the House in the form of a resolution . Generally , the supporters and opponents of a bill control debate time and may yield time to members who wish to speak upon the bill . In many instances this is the chairman and ranking member of the primary committee . If amendments are permitted under the rules governing floor action on the bill they are debated and voted upon at the time of the amendment ( although common practice usually permits the House to debate several amendments without immediately voting on them , then voting back - to - back at the end of the series of amendments , which can either be voice votes or recorded votes ) . After the conclusion of time for debate and after all amendments have been disposed of , the matter is usually voted upon by the full House , unless the rules permit and a member moves to recommit ( or commit ) the bill back to committee . The chair will only recognize a member who is opposed to the bill for a Motion to Recommit and gives preference to members of the minority party . A motion to recommit may take two forms : </P> <Ul> <Li> with instructions to take some action and then report back the bill forthwith , which will result in the Committee chairman immediately re-reporting to the House the bill according to the instructions in the motion to recommit ; </Li> <Li> without instructions , which leaves the bill in committee for reconsideration . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Committees ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of House Committees <P> It is in Committee ( s ) that bills get the most scrutiny and attention and that most of the work on a bill is done . Committees play an important role in the legislative process by providing members the opportunity to study , debate and amend the bill and the public with the opportunity to make comments on the bill . There are three types of House Committees , these are : 1 ) standing committees elected by members of the House , 2 ) select committees appointed by the Speaker of the House , and 3 ) joint committees whose members are chosen according to the statute or resolution that created that committee . As the House Rules limit the amount of floor debate on any given bill the committees play an important function in determining the final content and format of the bill . </P> <P> After the committee conducts any necessary research , and has debated and voted on any amendments that were offered in committee they may take one of three actions . These are reporting a measure to the full House with or without amendments , report the measure to the full House with a negative recommendation or fail to report the measure . The House may under certain rules remove the bill or measure from committee ( known as `` discharging the bill from committee '' ) if the committee fails to report the measure to the House Rules Committee or to the full House and a negative report to the full House does not terminate the bill . The phrase that a `` bill has been killed in committee '' is not completely accurate as the full House always has options under the rules to remove the bill from Committee and to take action . </P> <H3> Standing committees ( edit ) </H3> <P> Standing committees are established at the time that the rules of the House are adopted or by amending the House Rules . The jurisdiction of each standing committee is specified in the House Rules . Under the House Rules the chairman and members of standing committees are selected through a two - step procedure where the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference recommends members to serve on Committees , the majority party recommends a Chairman , and the Minority Party recommends a Ranking Member and finally the full House can approve the recommendation of the Party Caucuses . It is important to note that the Rules of the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference determines the nomination procedure of its own members . Rules of party nominations may therefore differ but approval by the House of these nominations is conducted according to House Rules . Seniority on a Standing Committee is based on the order of the members on the election resolution as approved by the House . The number of members who serve on a committee along with the party ratio of a committee is determined by the Majority and Minority Leaders of the House with the exception of the Committee on Ethics which is limited by the Rules to 5 majority members and 5 minority members . </P> <H3> Membership ( edit ) </H3> <P> The number of members on a committee and the ratio of majority / minority members is determined by the Majority party with consultation with the minority . According to House Rules members of the House of Representatives may serve on two committees and four subcommittees . Seniority on a committee is not based on the longest - serving member of the House but on their order of appointment to that committee by their respective party caucus . The Committee Chairman is usually the ranking majority member in order of seniority ( order of appointment ) . If a member of the House ceases to be a member of his caucus then he ceases having membership on that committee . Independent members of the House may caucus with either the Republican Conference or the Democratic Caucus and thus be appointed to and serve on Committees . Current House Rules also stipulate that a member can not serve as chairman of the same standing committee or subcommittee for more than three consecutive Congresses ( six years ) . </P> <H3> Chairman and ranking member ( edit ) </H3> <P> The House Rules provide that the chairman of a committee presides over its meetings , maintains decorum and ensures that the committee adheres to the House Rules governing committees and generally acts in an administrative role respective to such issues as determining salaries of committee staff , issuing congressional subpoenas for testimony and issuing committee reports . The committee 's minority may also issue a Minority Report at their discretion . Also , a committee chairman along with the ranking member generally control the time each receives on the House Floor respective to a bill that originated or was reported out of their committee . The ranking member is second to the chairman . </P> <H3> Committee staff ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to House Rules each Standing Committee may have up to 30 persons appointed to serve as professional staff , 2 / 3 of which are selected by the majority committee members and 1 / 3 of which are selected by the minority members . This allows each party serving in the Committee to have professional staff available to assist them in performing their committee assignments and duties . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Holman Rule </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Const . Art . I , Sec . V , Clause II </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Ballin , 144 U.S. 1 , 5 ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . 2015 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rules of the House of Representatives , One Hundred Fourteenth Congress , Karen L. Haas , Clerk of the House of Representatives , January 6 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Rules of the House of Representatives , One Hundred Fifteenth Congress , Karen L. Haas , Clerk of the House of Representatives , January 5 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Manual of the House of Representatives , One Hundred Fourteenth Congress , Thomas J. Wickham , Parliamentarian of the House of Representatives , 2015 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States Congress </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> <Li> Senate </Li> <Li> ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) </Li> <Li> Lists of congressional lists </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Members and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> By length of service </Li> <Li> Freshmen </Li> <Li> Youngest members </Li> <Li> Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Delegates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current <Ul> <Li> by seniority </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dean of the Senate </Li> <Li> Former senators <Ul> <Li> Living </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Earliest serving </Li> <Li> Earliest living </Li> <Li> Expelled or censured </Li> <Li> Classes </Li> <Li> Born outside the U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current <Ul> <Li> by seniority </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dean of the House </Li> <Li> Former representatives <Ul> <Li> Living </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oldest living </Li> <Li> Earliest serving </Li> <Li> Expelled , censured , and reprimanded </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leaders </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Senate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> President ( list ) </Li> <Li> President pro tempore ( list ) </Li> <Li> Majority and minority leaders </Li> <Li> Assistant party leaders </Li> <Li> Democratic Caucus ( Chair </Li> <Li> Secretary </Li> <Li> Policy Committee Chair ) </Li> <Li> Republican Conference ( Chair </Li> <Li> Vice-Chair </Li> <Li> Policy Committee Chair ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Speaker </Li> <Li> Leaders </Li> <Li> Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group </Li> <Li> Democratic Caucus </Li> <Li> Republican Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> 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Declaration of Independence painting </Li> <Li> Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States </Li> <Li> Apotheosis of Democracy </Li> <Li> First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln </Li> <Li> Surrender of General Burgoyne </Li> <Li> Surrender of Lord Cornwallis </Li> <Li> Revolutionary War Door </Li> <Li> Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way </Li> <Li> Vice President 's Room </Li> <Li> Vice Presidential Bust Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Office buildings </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Senate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dirksen </Li> <Li> Hart <Ul> <Li> Mountains and Clouds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Russell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Building Commission </Li> <Li> Cannon </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> <Li> Longworth </Li> <Li> O'Neill </Li> <Li> Rayburn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other facilities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botanic Garden </Li> <Li> Health and Fitness Facility </Li> <Li> House Recording Studio </Li> <Li> Senate chamber </Li> <Li> Old Senate Chamber </Li> <Li> Old Supreme Court Chamber </Li> <Li> Power Plant </Li> <Li> Webster Page Residence </Li> <Li> Subway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Websites </Dt> <Dd> House of Representatives </Dd> <Dd> Senate </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=781870253 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States House of Representatives </Li> <Li> Parliamentary procedure </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 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who are the chairman of congressional committees chosen by
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&amp;oldid=781870253
5,404,735,141,009,560,000
List of Mnemonics - Wikipedia <H1> List of Mnemonics </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This article contains lists of mnemonics used to remember various objects , lists etc . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Astronomy </Li> <Li> 2 Biology </Li> <Li> 3 Engineering </Li> <Li> 4 Geology </Li> <Li> 5 History </Li> <Li> 6 Languages <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Grammar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Mathematics <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Quadratic equation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Medicine </Li> <Li> 9 Music <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Guitar </Li> <Li> 9.2 Ukulele </Li> <Li> 9.3 Reading music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Philosophy </Li> <Li> 11 Physics </Li> <Li> 12 Spelling <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Characteristic sequence of letters </Li> <Li> 12.2 Letters of specific syllables in a word </Li> <Li> 12.3 Distinguishing between similar words </Li> <Li> 12.4 First letter mnemonics of spelling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Transportation </Li> <Li> 14 Units of measure </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> <Li> 17 Further reading </Li> <Li> 18 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Astronomy ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Order of planets from the Sun ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune ) </Li> </Ul> See also : Planetary mnemonic <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Mean Very Evil Men Just Shortened Up Nature </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> obsolete ( per the IAU definition of planet ) : <Dl> <Dd> My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Biology ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> To remember the order of taxa in biology ( Domain , Kingdom , Phylum , Class , Order , Family , Genus , Species , ( Variety ) ) : <Ul> <Li> `` Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti / Soup '' is often cited as a non-vulgar method for teaching students to memorize the taxonomic classification system . Other variations tend to start with the mythical king , with one author noting `` The nonsense about King Philip , or some ribald version of it , has been memorized by generations of biology students '' . </Li> <Li> Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk ? </Li> <Li> Dumb Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach </Li> <Li> Do Kindly Place Cover On Fresh Green Spring Vegetables </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> To remember the processes that define living things : <Ul> <Li> MRS GREN : Movement ; Respiration ; Sensation ; Growth ; Reproduction ; Excretion ; Nutrition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> To remember the number of humps on types of camels : <Ul> <Li> D in Dromedary has one hump ; B in Bactrian has two </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Engineering ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> For the EIA electronic color code , Black ( 0 ) , Brown ( 1 ) , Red ( 2 ) , Orange ( 3 ) , Yellow ( 4 ) , Green ( 5 ) , Blue ( 6 ) , Violet ( 7 ) , Gray ( 8 ) , White ( 9 ) , Gold ( 5 % ) , Silver ( 10 % ) , None ( 20 % ) </Li> </Ul> See also : List of electronic color code mnemonics <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Big brown rabbits often yield great big vocal groans when gingerly slapped </Dd> <Dd> Bad boys run our young girls behind victory garden walls </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> A mnemonic to remember which way to turn common ( right - hand thread ) screws and nuts , including light bulbs , is `` Righty - tighty , Lefty - loosey '' ; another is `` Right on , Left off '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geology ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geological periods : Precambrian , Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian , Devonian , Carboniferous , Permian , Triassic , Jurassic , Cretaceous , Paleocene , Eocene , Oligocene , Miocene , Pliocene , Pleistocene , Recent ( Holocene ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Pregnant Camels Often Sit Down Carefully , Perhaps Their Joints Creak ? Possibly Early Oiling Might Prevent Permanent Rheumatism </Li> <Li> Paleozoic to Cenozoic : Pregnant Camels Ordinarily Sit Down Carefully , Perhaps Their Joints Creak </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Mohs scale of mineral hardness 1 - 10 : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> For Talc ( = 1 ) Gypsum ( = 2 ) Calcite ( = 3 ) Fluorite ( = 4 ) Apatite ( = 5 ) Orthoclase ( = 6 ) Quartz ( = 7 ) Topaz ( = 8 ) Corundum ( = 9 ) Diamond ( = 10 ) <Ul> <Li> Tall Girls Can Fight And Other Queer Things Can Develop </Li> <Li> TAll GYroscopes CAn FLy APart ORbiting QUickly TO COmplete DIsintegration </Li> <Li> Toronto Girls Can Flirt And Only Quit To Chase Dwarves </Li> <Li> Terrible Giants Can Find Alligators Or Quaint Trolls Conveniently Digestible </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Differentiating stalactites from stalagmites . <Ul> <Li> The ' mites go up and the ' tites come down . When one has ants in one 's pants , the mites go up and the tights come down . ( In a strict scientific sense , a mite is not an ant , although `` mite '' in common speech can refer to any small creature . ) </Li> <Li> Stalactites hang tight , hang down like tights on a line ; stalagmites might bite ( if you sit on them ) , might reach the roof . </Li> <Li> Tights hang from the Ceiling , and Mites crawling around on the Ground </Li> <Li> You need might to do push - ups ( from the floor ) . You must hold tight doing chin - ups ( off the ceiling ) . </Li> <Li> Stalactites are on the ceiling . Stalagmites are on the ground . </Li> <Li> Stalactites cling tight to the ceiling ; stalagmites might reach the ceiling . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Wives of Henry VIII manner of death : Divorced , beheaded , died / Divorced , beheaded , survived . </Li> <Li> Wives of Henry VIII names : Aragon , Boleyn , Seymour , Cleves , Howard , Parr </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> All Boys Should Come Home Please </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Languages ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Grammar ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Adjective order in English : OSASCOMP ( Opinion , Size , Age , Shape , Color , Origin , Material , Purpose ) </Li> <Li> The verbs in French that use the auxiliary verb être can be memorized using the phrase `` Dr. ( and ) Mrs. Vandertramp '' : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> devenir , revenir , monter , rester , sortir , venir , aller , naître , descendre , entrer , rentrer , tomber , retourner , arriver , mourir , partir </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Mathematics ( edit ) </H2> See also : Mental_calculation , Piphilology , and e ( mathematical constant ) <H3> Quadratic equation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The articulation of the quadratic equation can be sung to the tune of various songs as a mnemonic device . </P> <H2> Medicine ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of medical mnemonics See also : Category : Medical mnemonics <Ul> <Li> To remember the 10 organ systems of the human body : <Ul> <Li> NICER DRUMS ( Nervous , Intergumentary , Circulatory , Endocrine , Respiratory , Digestive , Reproductive , Urinary , Muscular , Skeletal ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Intrinsic muscles of hand </Li> </Ul> <P> ' A OF A OF A ' </P> <P> Thenar ( lateral to medial - palmar surface ) : </P> Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Adductor pollicis <P> Hypothenar ( lateral to medial - palmar surface ) : </P> Opponens digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi <Ul> <Li> Bones of the wrist : Scaphoid bone , Lunate bone , Triquetral bone , Pisiform bone , Trapezium ( bone ) , Trapezoid bone , Capitate bone & Hamate bone </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Some Lovers Try Positions That They Ca n't Handle </Dd> <Dd> She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her </Dd> <Dd> So Long To Pinky , Here Comes The Thumb </Dd> <Dd> Simply Learn The Positions That The Carpus Has </Dd> <Dd> Send Louis To Paris To Tame Carnal Hungers </Dd> <Dd> Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver 's Hands </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Differential Diagnosis </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> VINDICATE </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Cranial nerves </Li> </Ul> <Table> List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves , their respective type and foramen <Tr> <Th> NERVE : </Th> <Th> Olfactory nerve </Th> <Th> Optic nerve </Th> <Th> Oculomotor nerve </Th> <Th> Pathic ( Trochlear ) nerve </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Trigeminal ( dentist ) nerve </Th> <Th> Abducens nerve </Th> <Th> Facial nerve </Th> <Th> Vestibulo - cochlear ( Auditory ) nerve </Th> <Th> Glosso - pharyngeal nerve </Th> <Th> Vagus nerve </Th> <Th> Spinal Accessory nerve </Th> <Th> Hypoglossal nerve </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ophthalmic </Td> <Td> Maxillary </Td> <Td> Mandibular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mnemonic : ( for nerve ) </Th> <Td> OLd </Td> <Td> OPen </Td> <Td> OCeans </Td> <Td> TROuble </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> TRIbesmen </Td> <Td> ABout </Td> <Td> Fish </Td> <Td> VEnom </Td> <Td> Giving </Td> <Td> VArious </Td> <Td> ACute / SPlitting </Td> <Td> Headaches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TYPE : </Th> <Th> Sensory </Th> <Th> Sensory </Th> <Th> Motor </Th> <Th> Motor </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Both ( sensory + motor ) </Th> <Th> Motor </Th> <Th> Both </Th> <Th> Sensory </Th> <Th> Both </Th> <Th> Both </Th> <Th> Motor </Th> <Th> Motor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mnemonic : ( for type ) </Th> <Td> Some </Td> <Td> Say </Td> <Td> Money </Td> <Td> Matters , </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> But </Td> <Td> My </Td> <Td> Brother </Td> <Td> Says </Td> <Td> Big </Td> <Td> Brains </Td> <Td> Matter </Td> <Td> More </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FORAMINA : </Th> <Th> Cribriform plate </Th> <Th> Optic canal </Th> <Th> Superior Orbital Fissure </Th> <Th> Superior Orbital Fissure </Th> <Th> Superior Orbital Fissure </Th> <Th> Foramen Rotundum </Th> <Th> Foramen Ovale </Th> <Th> Superior Orbital Fissure </Th> <Th> Internal Acoustic Meatus </Th> <Th> Internal Acoustic Meatus </Th> <Th> Jugular Foramen </Th> <Th> Jugular Foramen </Th> <Th> Jugular Foramen </Th> <Th> Hypoglossal Canal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mnemonics : ( for foramina ) </Th> <Td> Cleaners </Td> <Td> Only </Td> <Td> Spray </Td> <Td> Smelly </Td> <Td> Stuff </Td> <Td> Right </Td> <Td> On </Td> <Td> Smelly </Td> <Td> Idiots </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Jumbled </Td> <Td> Junkyards </Td> <Td> Juggled </Td> <Td> High </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carl </Td> <Td> Only </Td> <Td> Swims </Td> <Td> South . </Td> <Td> Silly </Td> <Td> Roger </Td> <Td> Only </Td> <Td> Swims </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Infiniti </Td> <Td> Jacuzzis . </Td> <Td> Jane </Td> <Td> Just </Td> <Td> Hitchhikes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Guitar ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mnemonics are also used in remembering guitar string names in standard tuning . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Every Average Dude Gets Better Eventually </Li> <Li> Eggs Are Deliciously Good Breakfast Energy </Li> <Li> Eddy Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddy </Li> <Li> Every Adult Dog Growls Barks Eats . </Li> <Li> Every Acid Dealer Gets Busted Eventually </Li> <Li> Even After Dinner Giant Boys Eat </Li> <Li> Elephants And Donkeys Grow Big Ears </Li> <Li> Every American Dog Gets Bones Easily </Li> <Li> Every Angel Does Good Before Evil </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Thus we get the names of the strings from 6th string to the 1st string in that order . </P> <P> Conversely , a mnemonic listing the strings in the reverse order is : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Every Beginning Guitarist Does All Exercises ! </Li> <Li> Elvis ' Big Great Dane Ate Everything </Li> <Li> Every Big Girl Deserves An Elephant </Li> <Li> Easter Bunny Gets Drunk At Easter </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Ukulele ( edit ) </H3> <P> As for guitar tuning , there is also a mnemonic for ukuleles . </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Good Cooks Eat A-lot </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> In the other direction it is Aunt Evy Cooks Grits </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Reading Music ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Musicians can remember the notes associated with the five lines of the treble clef using any of the following mnemonics , EGBDF : ( from the bottom line to the top ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Every Good Boy Does Fine . </Li> <Li> Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge ( or Footie , Friendship , Fun , Fruit , etc . ) </Li> <Li> Every Green Bogey Deserves Flicking </Li> <Li> Empty Garbage Before Dad Flips </Li> <Li> Ernie Gave Bert Dead Fish </Li> <Li> Every Good Bird Does Fly </Li> <Li> Elvis 's Guitar Broke Down Friday </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The four spaces of the treble clef spell out ( from the bottom to the top ) FACE </Li> <Li> The five lines of the bass clef from the bottom to the top </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Good Boys Do Fine Always </Li> <Li> Grizzly Bears Do n't Fly Airplanes </Li> <Li> Great Basses Dig Fine Altos </Li> <Li> Goblins Bring Death For All </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The four spaces of the bass clef from the bottom to the top </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> All Cows Eat Grass </Li> <Li> All Cars Eat Gas </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The five lines of the alto clef from the bottom to the top </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Fat Alley Cat Eats Garbage </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The four spaces of the alto clef from the bottom to the top </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Green Birds Do Fly </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> Key signatures of C ♯ major or A ♯ minor ( left ) and C ♭ major or A ♭ minor ( right ) <Ul> <Li> The order of sharps in key signature notation is F ♯ , C ♯ , G ♯ , D ♯ , A ♯ , E ♯ , B ♯ , which can be remembered using the phrase </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket . </Li> <Li> Fat Cats Go Down Alleys Eating Birds . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The order of flats is B ♭ , E ♭ , A ♭ , D ♭ , G ♭ , C ♭ , and F ♭ ( reverse order of sharps ) , which can be remembered using the phrase : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet . </Li> <Li> Before Eating A Doughnut Get Coffee First . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Philosophy ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> THE LAD ZAPPA is a mnemonic for the first 11 ( and most important ) Ionian philosophers : Thales , Heraclitus , Empedocles , Leucippus , Anaximander , Democritus , Zeno , Anaximenes , Protagoras , Parmenides , Anaxagoras . </Li> <Li> THE PLAZA PAD is another mnemonic for the first 11 ( and most important ) Ionian philosophers : Thales , Heraclitus , Empedocles , Protagoras , Leucippus , Anaximander , Zeno , Anaximenes , Parmenides , Anaxagoras , Democritus . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Physics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of physics mnemonics <Ul> <Li> Sequence of colors in a rainbow or visible spectrum ( red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo , violet ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> `` Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Riding On Your Granny 's Bike Is Vile '' </Dd> <Dd> Roy G. Biv is also used as a fictitious name </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Microwave frequency bands </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Mnemonic for microwave frequency bands in the increasing wavelengths ( decreasing frequencies ) , which are Ku band , X band , C band , S band , L band , respectively is given by , King Xerxes Can Seduce Lovely princesses '' </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Spelling ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Characteristic sequence of letters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> I always comes before E ( but after C , E comes before I ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In most words like friend , field , piece , pierce , mischief , thief , tier , it is `` i '' which comes before `` e '' . But on some words with c just before the pair of e and i , like receive , perceive , `` e '' comes before `` i '' . This can be remembered by the following mnemonic , </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> I before E , except after C </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> But this is not always obeyed as in case of weird and weigh , weight , height , neighbor etc. and can be remembered by extending that mnemonic as given below </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> I before E , except after C </Dd> <Dd> Or when sounded `` A '' as in neighbor , weigh and weight </Dd> <Dd> Or when sounded like `` eye '' as in height </Dd> <Dd> And `` weird '' is just weird </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Another variant , which avoids confusion when the two letters represent different sounds instead of a single sound , as in atheist or being , runs </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> When it says ee </Dd> <Dd> Put i before e </Dd> <Dd> But not after c </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Where ever there is a Q there is a U too </Li> </Ul> <P> Most frequently u follows q . e.g. : Que , queen , question , quack , quark , quartz , quarry , quit , Pique , torque , macaque , exchequer . Hence the mnemonic : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Where ever there is a Q there is a U too ( But this is violated by some words ; see : List of English words containing Q not followed by U ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Letters of specific syllables in a word ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> BELIEVE </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Do not believe a lie . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> SECRETARY </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> A secretary must keep a secret </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> TEACHER </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> There is an ache in every teacher . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> MEASUREMENT </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Be sure of your measurements before you start work . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> FRIEND </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Fri the end of your friend </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> SPECIAL </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> The CIA have special agents </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> BEAUTIFUL </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Big Elephants Are Ugly </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> SEPARATE </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Always smell a rat when you spell separate </Dd> <Dd> There was a farmer named Sep and one day his wife saw a rat . She yelled , `` Sep ! A rat -- E ! ! ! '' </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Distinguishing between similar words ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Difference between Advice & Advise , Practice & Practise , Licence & License etc . </Li> </Ul> <P> Advice , Practice , Licence etc. ( those with c ) are nouns and Advise , Practise , License etc. are verbs . </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> One way of remembering this is that the word ' noun ' comes before the word ' verb ' in the dictionary ; likewise ' c ' comes before ' s ' , so the nouns are ' practice , licence , advice ' and the verbs are ' practise , license , advise ' . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Here or Hear </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> We hear with our ear . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Complement and Compliment </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> complement adds something to make it enough </Dd> <Dd> compliment puts you in the limelight </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Principle and Principal </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Your principal is your pal </Dd> <Dd> A rule can be called a principle </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Remedial and Menial </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Remedial work is meant to remedy . </Dd> <Dd> Menial work is boring but it 's mean ( - ial ) to complain . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Their , There and They 're </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Theirs is not mine even though ' I ' is in it . </Dd> <Dd> There is where we 'll be . </Dd> <Dd> They 're is a contraction of ' they are . ' </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Stationary and stationery </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Stationery contains er and so does paper ; stationary ( not moving ) contains ar and so does car </Dd> <Dd> A for `` at rest '' , e for envelope </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> First letter Mnemonics of spelling ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> DIARRH ( O ) EA </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Dashing In A Rush , Running Harder ( or ) Else Accident ! </Dd> <Dd> Dining In A Rough Restaurant : Hurry , ( otherwise ) Expect Accidents ! </Dd> <Dd> Diarrhea Is A Really Runny Heap ( of ) Endless Amounts </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> ARITHMETIC </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream </Dd> <Dd> A Red Indian Thought He Might Eat Tulips In Class </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NECESSARY </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Not Every Cat Eats Sardines ( Some Are Really Yummy ) </Dd> <Dd> Never Eat Crisps , Eat Salad Sandwiches , And Remain Young ! </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> BECAUSE </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants </Dd> <Dd> Big Elephants Cause Accidents Under Small Elephants </Dd> <Dd> Big Elephants Ca n't Always Use Small Exits </Dd> <Dd> Big Elephants Ca n't Always Use Small Entrances </Dd> <Dd> Because e Cannot Always ( get ) Under Smaller es </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> MNEMONICS </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Mnemonics Now Erase Man 's Oldest Nemesis , Insufficient Cerebral Storage </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> GEOGRAPHY </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> George 's Elderly Old Grandfather Rode A Pig Home Yesterday . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> TOMORROW </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Trails Of My Old Red Rose Over Window </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> RHYTHM </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Transportation ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Marine </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> `` Red , Right , Return '' reminds the skipper entering ( `` returning to '' ) an IALA region B port to keep red markers to the starboard of the vessel . </Li> <Li> The phrase `` there 's always some red port ( wine ) left '' is used to remember the basics in seafaring . `` Red '' refers to the color of navigation lights on the port ( left ) side of a vessel ( as opposed to green on the starboard side ) . </Li> <Li> `` Nuclear Restrictions Constrain Fishing and Sailing , People Say '' is used to encode the `` order of priority '' for which vessels have right of way ( earlier in the list has priority over later ) : Not under command ; Restricted ; Constrained by draft ; Fishing vessel ; Sailboat ; Powerboat ; Seaplane . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Aviation uses many mnemonics in addition to written checklists . See also Category : Aviation mnemonics </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> pre-landing : GUMPS - Gas , Undercarriage , Mixture , Propeller , Speed . </Li> <Li> pre-final : MARTHA - Missed ( procedure ) , Altitude ( limit ) , Radios ( set ) , Time ( limit ) , Heading ( final ) , Airspeed ( descent ) </Li> <Li> pre-high - altitude - FLOWER - Flow ( enabled ) , Lights ( test ) , Oxygen ( charged ) , Water ( humidity ) , Electricity ( on ) , Radio ( check ) </Li> <Li> pre-flight - paperwork - ARROW - Airworthiness ( certificate ) , Registration , Required ( charts ) , Operating ( checklists ) , Weight and balance </Li> <Li> night collision avoidance : Red , Right , Returning - Red nav light on Right implies target is Returning ( closing ) </Li> <Li> radio loss Instrument course - CDEF - as Cleared , else Direct to last fix , else as directed to Expect , else as flight plan Filed </Li> <Li> spin recovery - POKER - Power ( off ) , Opposite ( full rudder ) , Klean ( flaps , ... ) , Elevator ( briskly forward ) , Recover ( from dive ) </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Units of measure ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Metric System - common SI Prefixes : kilo - , hecto - , deca - , unit , deci - , centi - , milli - , in descending order of magnitude . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Metric System - large SI Prefixes : exa - , peta - , tera - , giga - , mega - kilo - , hecto - , deca - </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Every person that gave me kisses has diarrhea . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Metric System - small SI Prefixes : deci - , centi - , milli - , micro - , nano - , pico - , femto - , atto - </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Dairy cows make milk , not pink fruit , asshole . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mnemonic </Li> <Li> List of firefighting mnemonics </Li> <Li> List of visual mnemonics </Li> <Li> Category : Science mnemonics </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brown , Micheal . How I killed Pluto and Why it Had it Coming . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E.D. Hirsch , Jr. , The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy ( Houghton Mifflin , 1993 ) ; E.D. Hirsch , Jr. , `` What Your Fifth Grader Needs to Know : Fundamentals of a Good Fifth - grade Education '' ( Doubleday , 2005 ) p308 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Hagwood , Memory Power : You Can Develop a Great Memory -- America 's Grand Master Shows You How ( Simon & Schuster , 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert A. Wallace , et al. , Biology , the Science of Life ( Scott , Foresman , 1986 ) p398 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Parkinson , Judy ( 2008 ) . I before E ( except after C ) : old - school ways to remember stuff . Pleasantville , N.Y. : Reader 's Digest Association . ISBN 978 - 07621 - 0917 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Life processes - MRS GREN '' . KS3 Bitesize . BBC . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Psychology : Concepts and Connections , Spencer Rathus </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ^ Jack G. Ganssle , Tammy Noergaard , Fred Eady , Lewin Edwards , David J. Katz , Rick Gentile , Ken Arnold , Kamal Hyder , and Bob Perrin ( 2008 ) . Embedded Hardware : Know It All . Newnes . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8584 - 9 . https://books.google.com/books?id=HLpTtLjEXqcC&pg=PA17&dq=resistor+color-code+mnemonic+%22big+brown%22&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=tzaiSZigOZvgkASsy6GNAg </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ApXSoagqrxcC&pg=PA297&dq=resistor+color-code+mnemonic+"big+brown"&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=tzaiSZigOZvgkASsy6GNAg </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mnemonic : Eras of Life </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mnemonic : Mineral Hardness </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mnemonic : Stalactites and Stalagmites </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mnemonics in English Language Teaching </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Être Verbs - Mnemonic Devices </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quadratic formula song '' . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LBCC - Memory Tricks , Scott Brueckner </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Mnemonic - Intrinsic muscles of hand </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Textbook of Basic Nursing by Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski ( Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2007 ) p194 ; Medical Terminology for Dummies by Beverley Henderson and Jennifer Dorsey ( For Dummies , 2008 ) p327 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski , Textbook of Basic Nursing ( Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2007 ) p194 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welcome englishguitarschool.com - Justhost.com Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Every Good Boy Does Fine - What does EGBDF stand for ? </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schonbrun , Marc ( 2005 ) . The Everything Music Theory Book , p. 68 . ISBN 1 - 59337 - 652 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ chemistrydaily.com - chemistrydaily Resources and Information </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great Mnemonics '' . Fun-with-words.com . Retrieved 29 Aug 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.kidsandlearning.com/mnemonics.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.skillsworkshop.org/sites/skillsworkshop.org/files/resources/word/e1l2mnemonic.pdf </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.audiblox2000.com/spelling-mnemonics.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Is it practise or practice ? - Future Perfect </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mnemonics > Useful mnemonics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuenning , Geoff . `` Definitions and Mnemonics for Sailors and Powerboaters '' . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 06 . in the section `` The coming in going out rule '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Useful Aviation Mnemonics ( published by Dauntless Software , Inc . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schaeffer , Randy S. ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` Math Mnemonics '' . Faculty pages for R.S. Schaeffer . Kutztown PA : Kutztown University . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Evans , Rod L. ( 2007 ) . Every good boy deserves fudge : the book of mnemonic devices ( 1st ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Perigee . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 53351 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Parkinson , Judy ( 2008 ) . I before E ( except after C ) : old - school ways to remember stuff . Pleasantville , N.Y. : Reader 's Digest Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7621 - 0917 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of hundreds of mnemonics belonging to several topics </Li> <Li> Medical mnemonics pdf ( consisting of 22 pages full of ) mnemonics on medical topics ordered alphabetically </Li> <Li> Medical mnemonics </Li> <Li> Searchable database of Medical mnemonics </Li> <Li> Mnemonics generator for numbers </Li> <Li> Collection of Mnemonics </Li> <Li> Collection of Mnemonics by Category </Li> <Li> Community website to collaborate and create new mnemonics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mnemonics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Lists <Ul> <Li> Chemistry </Li> <Li> Color code </Li> <Li> Medical </Li> <Li> Visual </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mnemonics&oldid=817939472 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Science - related lists </Li> <Li> Mnemonics </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with too many examples </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 13 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what mnemonic is spelled out by the first letters of the life processes
[ { "yes_no_answer": "NONE", "long_answer": { "start_token": 367, "candidate_index": 14, "end_token": 564 }, "short_answers": [ { "start_token": 515, "end_token": 528 } ], "annotation_id": 12318810508357552000 } ]
https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_mnemonics&amp;oldid=817939472
-8,387,294,937,665,767,000
List of Tokyo ghoul episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Tokyo ghoul episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul √ A that aired January 8 , 2015 , to March 26 , 2015 , and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul : re , currently airing from April 3 , 2018 . Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul : JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul : Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Episode list <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Tokyo Ghoul </Li> <Li> 1.2 Tokyo Ghoul √ A </Li> <Li> 1.3 Tokyo Ghoul : re </Li> <Li> 1.4 OVA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Home release <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Tokyo Ghoul </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Episode list ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Tokyo ghoul ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Tragedy '' `` Higeki '' ( 悲劇 ) </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2014 </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Ken Kaneki is a young man who befriends the beautiful and enigmatic Rize Kamishiro , unaware that she is a ghoul . Rize reveals her intentions to eat Kaneki but by a stroke of luck Kaneki survives her attack but is mortally wounded . He is saved by an emergency operation , transferring Rize 's organs into himself . This subsequently turns him into a half - ghoul half - human hybrid and Kaneki struggles to survive and cope by himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Incubation '' `` Fuka '' ( 孵化 ) </Td> <Td> July 11 , 2014 </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Kaneki struggles to adapt to his new nature with no success , until another ghoul , Nishiki Nishio , attempts to prey on his friend , Hideyoshi Nagachika , and he must fight to protect him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dove '' `` Shirohato '' ( 白 鳩 ) </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2014 </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> After saving his friend , Kaneki is taken in by Yoshimura , a ghoul who runs the Cafe `` Anteiku '' , who teaches him to blend in human society while hiding his true nature . However , he gets bullied by another ghoul named Touka . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Supper '' `` Bansan '' ( 晩餐 ) </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2014 </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> A ghoul named Tsukiyama approaches Kaneki with unknown intentions and the two start hanging out . However , Tsukiyama has prepared a mortal trap where Kaneki is to be killed and eaten . Kaneki finds himself in an arena facing a giant ghoul executioner , Taro , but Tsukiyama intervenes and kills Taro as he wants Kaneki for himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Scars '' `` Zankon '' ( 残 痕 ) </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2014 </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Intending to consume Kaneki himself , Tsukiyama prepares another trap , using Nishio 's human girlfriend Nishino Kimi as a hostage . Kaneki confronts Tsukiyama and is assisted by Nishio and then Touka . They are no match for Tsukiyama as their kagune are not as strong because they do not consume human flesh , so Touka bites Kaneki , restoring her kagune . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Cloudburst '' `` Shūu '' ( 驟雨 ) </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2014 </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Tsukiyama is defeated by Touka with Nishio 's help . Meanwhile , recent developments in the 20th ward draw the attention of the Commission of Counter Ghoul ( CCG ) , who sends two of their investigators , Kureo Mado & Kōtarō Amon to hunt down all ghouls in the area . They find Hinami 's father , Fueguchi and kill him . They then use some of Fueguchi 's blood to attract ghouls and trap Hinami and her mother , Ryouko . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Captivity '' `` Yūshū '' ( 幽囚 ) </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Hinami 's mother Ryouka is killed by Mado . An angry and vengeful Touka attacks members of the CCG . She kills Kusaba and attacks Amon , but Mado intervenes , using his kagune - like quinque and wounds Touka . Kaneki tells Touka that he wants to fight the ghoul investigators , much to Touka 's chagrin , and is given his mask by Uta . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` Circular '' `` Enkan '' ( 円 環 ) </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2014 </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Mado lures Hinami into a trap , but she is followed by Kaneki and Touka . Touka attacks Mado while Kaneki confronts Amon . During the fight with Amon , Kaneki realizes that he 's the only one that understands the plight of both humans and ghouls . Kaneki bites Amon , releasing his kagune , but then tells Amon to escape , to his surprise . Meanwhile as Mado fights Touka , he reveals that the quinque used by the CCG are made from the kagune of dead ghouls . Hinami eventually uses her kagune to save Touka fatally wounding Mado , but refusing to kill him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` Birdcage '' `` Torikago '' ( 鳥 籠 ) </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2014 </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Amon recalls his early days in the CCG when he was partnered with the experienced Mado . Meanwhile , Touka looks after Hinami above the cafe . Still mourning the loss of his partner , Amon is relocated to the 11th ward , where the CCG have trouble facing dangerous ghouls who do not fear them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` Aogiri '' ( 青桐 ) </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2014 </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> In the 11th ward , Aogiri Tree ghouls attack a CCG branch and kill all the investigators , to the concern of Yoshimura and Yomo . Banjou Kazuichi from the 11th Ward comes to the cafe looking for Rize , then Touka 's brother Ayato arrives , and then Yamori ( Jason ) who brutally beats and then kidnaps Kaneki . While the CCG plan an attack on the Aogiri Tree , Touka , Nishio and Hinami prepare to rescue Kaneki . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` High Spirits '' `` Shōten '' ( 衝天 ) </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2014 </Td> <Td> June 18 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> As Kaneki is tortured mercilessly by Yamori , the CCG storm the Aogiri Tree hideout . Meanwhile the Anteiku group infiltrate the building to rescue Kaneki . The CCG gain the upper hand , but are then confronted by the One - Eyed Owl , the leader of Aogiri Tree . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` Ghoul '' `` Kushu '' ( 喰 種 ) </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2014 </Td> <Td> June 25 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> During the physical and mental tortures he suffers at the hands of Jason , Kaneki 's hair turns white and he sees a vision of Rize . Eventually he comes to accept his ghoul - half and fights back and mortally wounds Yamori . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tokyo ghoul √ a ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` New Surge '' `` Shin Kō '' ( 新 洸 ) </Td> <Td> January 9 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 9 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> An all - out battle takes place between the CCG and the Aogiri led by the One - Eyed Owl . Shinohara and Iwa take on the One - Eyed Owl using new quinque armour called aratas , but are unable to defeat him . As the building collapses , the CCG lose about half of their troops and suspect that it was a trap . Meanwhile , Touka fights her brother Ayato but she is badly injured and saved by Kaneki . To her surprise , Kaneki leaves the Anteiku group to join the Aogiri Tree . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dancing Flowers '' `` Maika '' ( 舞花 ) </Td> <Td> January 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The 9th and 10th wards are lost to the Aogiri , apparently led by a ghoul with an eyepatch . Meanwhile Mado 's daughter Akira , is assigned to become Amon 's new partner . She suggests that a ghoul organization is in control of the 20th ward , but also causes some friction among the investigators because of her abrupt manner . Kaneki has now joined the Aogiri . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Hangman '' `` Tsu hito '' ( 吊 人 ) </Td> <Td> January 23 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 23 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Kaneki and Ayato lead an Aogiri attack on a CCG convoy to rescue Naki , one of Jason 's old cohorts who is being taken to the maximum security prison for ghouls known as Cochlea . During the mission , they are attacked by two one - eyed ghouls in black and white striped masks . Touka pays a visit to the university which Kaneki used to attend , where she has an encounter with Hideyoshi Nagachika ( Hide ) who is now working as a messenger for the CCG . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Deeper Layers '' `` Shinsō '' ( 深層 ) </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> While Amon and Akira visit Cochlea prison to learn more about Aogiri 's plan from Donato Porpora , the Aogiri commence their invasion of Cochlea and free a majority of the imprisoned ghouls . The two one - eyed ghouls , Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , meet up with the idiosyncratic inspector Juzo Suzuya . Kaneki frees the powerful ghoul Matasaka Kamishiro , but is attacked by him and badly beaten . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Rift '' `` Kiretsu '' ( 裂 目 ) </Td> <Td> February 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The battle at Cochlea intensifies on several fronts . Juzo defeats Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , and Shinohara in his arata armour almost kills Ayato . Kaneki undergoes a transformation , generating an additional kagune after consuming dead ghouls , however he is beaten by Amon . Amon recalls the time Kaneki spared him and so he hesitates , reluctant to kill Kaneki . At that moment , the One - Eyed - Owl arrives , grabs Ayato and Kaneki , then departs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Thousand Paths '' `` Chiji '' ( 千 路 ) </Td> <Td> February 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Juzo recalls the time when he was known as Rei , an arena executioner for the ghoul Big Madam , and then his acceptance into the CCG by Shinohara . Amon and Akira spend some time together and develop a better understanding of each other . Meanwhile the CCG prepare a task force to combat the One - Eyed - Owl and the Aogiri . Kaneki painfully tries to gain control his new kagune . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Permeation '' `` Tōka '' ( 透過 ) </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2015 </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Hinami misses Kaneki but is uncertain what to do about it . Sen Takatsuki , Kaneki 's and Hinami 's favourite author , shows up at the Anteiku coffee shop and tells Hinami that in her current state , she can not help her Onii - chan ( Kaneki ) . Takatsuki visits the CCG , and tells Shinohara about Anteiku so he pays a visit with Juzo and meets Yoshimura . Later , Kaneki appears at Anteiku and although Touka rushes there to see him , she beats him up instead of revealing her true feelings for him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` Old Nines '' `` Kyū kyū '' ( 旧 九 ) </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2015 </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Yoshimura tells Kaneki about his early life as the killer Kuzen and that the One - Eyed - Owl is actually his child , Eto , with a human woman , Ukina . Yoshimura then sends Touka and Hinami to safety with Yomo , suspecting that the CCG has discovered the truth about Anteiku and is planning an attack . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` City In Waiting '' `` Machi mochi '' ( 街 望 ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The CCG staff prepare their testamentary notes in their own personal ways in preparation for a potentially fatal full scale assault on Anteiku . They launch the attack using conventional and specialized weapons and are greeted by the Devil Apes and Black Dober groups with Yoshimura and his friends - Yoshimura pretending to be the One - Eyed Owl . Despite being warned of the danger , Touka and Kaneki head to the 20th ward to assist their friends . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` Last Rain '' `` Tsui ame '' ( 終 雨 ) </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Kaneki 's friends from Anteiku are defeated one by one but he arrives to help them . Juzo , Shinohara and a few other investigators finally defeat Yoshimura after a long , fierce battle . Amon faces off against Kaneki , but with victory in sight for the CCG the real One - Eyed Owl appears before the investigators . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` Deluge of Flowers '' `` Mitsuru hana '' ( 溢 花 ) </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2015 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The One - Eyed Owl easily defeats Shinohara and Juzo , and when the Aogiri Tree joins the battle , the CCG is driven into a corner . Kaneki and Amon face off , and reluctantly engage in battle . Eventually the strongest investigator , Kishō Arima appears and attacks the One - Eyed Owl giving the CCG renewed hope to fight on . Badly wounded , the One - Eyed Owl consumes Yoshimura 's body and escapes . Also wounded , Kaneki struggles towards Anteiku . He wakes up in the cafe and finds Hide trying to make coffee for him . In a post-credits scene , the Owl regurgitates a still alive Yoshimura behind an alley and goes back to her original form , revealing herself to be both Sen Takatsuki and the Owl / Eto . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` Ken '' ( 研 ) </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2015 </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Kaneki thinks back to happier times in Anteiku . Hide reveals that he knew Kaneki was a ghoul after Nishiki attacked the two of them . As they talk , Hide collapses from loss of blood and passes out in Kaneki 's arms , having been mortally wounded on the battlefield . Touka sobs when she arrives to see Anteiku burning down . She chases after Kaneki when she sees him walking out , but is stopped by Yomo , who states that Yoshimura 's last request to him was for him to protect her . Kaneki walks toward the CCG , carrying Hide 's body in his arms , and comes face - to - face with Arima . At the next morning , both Kaneki and Amon have disappeared . After the credits , it is shown that Touka has opened up a new café . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tokyo ghoul : re ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` START : Those Who Hunt '' `` Karu Monotachi START '' ( 狩る 者 たち START ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Quinx ( ghoul like modified human ) squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso , who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies . Eventually , they meet with photographer Chie Hori , who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki . Hinami , now an Aogiri Tree member , warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him . Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver , Toru Mutsuki ( one of the members of the Quinx Squad ) discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car . However , this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap . While they face the killer , however , a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks , massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock , and allowing the taxi driver to escape . Sasaki appears and faces Orochi , but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to `` accept '' him in order to kill Orochi brutally . Sasaki then unleashes his kagune . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` member : Fragments '' `` Kakera member '' ( 欠片 member ) </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> When Sasaki removes Orochi 's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath , who calls him `` Kaneki '' , prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane . To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents , Akira Mado tranquilizes him . After returning to his senses , Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader . Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima , before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self `` Kaneki '' were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad . Later , Torso meets with The Rabbit ( Ayato Kirishima ) , to become a member of Aogiri Tree . Sasaki , Ginshi , and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed `` Nutcracker '' who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop : re ( the same one owned by Touka Kirishima ) . While at the shop , Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka . After tasting the coffee she makes for him , he begins to cry , subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku . He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` fresh : Eve '' `` Zen'yasai fresh '' ( 前夜祭 fresh ) </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki , but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he could n't recognize the scent as Kaneki 's . Later , the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted . At the nightclub , two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that `` for Kaneki to come out , Sasaki will have to ' die . ' '' The squad , alongside Juzo Suzuya , then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets . </P> Note : this episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` MAIN : Auction '' `` Ōkushon MAIN '' ( オークション MAIN ) </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Kidnapped and entered into a circus - themed gourmet auction , Toru is sold off to Big Madam . However , Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed . Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement , and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa , who brutally kills a squad leader . During the fray , Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` PresS : Night of Scattering '' `` Chiri Yuku Yoru Press '' ( 散り ゆく 夜 Press ) </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Takizawa , revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa , now a crazed one - eyed ghoul , slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives , while another squad is killed by Nutcracker . Meanwhile , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae , who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama 's reduced mental state , but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae . Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie ( who lied to Toru and Suzuya about being unable to radio in help in order to prevent backup from preventing him from distinguishing himself in battle ) , but mid-way through the fight , Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam . The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki , who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS - rated one - eyed ghoul alone . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` turn : In the End '' `` Sono , Hate ni turn '' ( その 、 果て に turn ) </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Sasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki , while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room . Meanwhile , the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi . Big Madam fights both Urie , who nearly goes insane , and Mutsuki , who unleashes his kagune . She comes face to face with Juzo , who despite that he was tortured by her , is unable to kill her . She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara , who covers Juzo 's ears while the CCG investigators kill her . Meanwhile Hinami , realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki , and Saiko hearing Sasaki 's screams , they both rush into the auction room , where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki . Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa . They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` mind : Days of Recollections '' `` Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind '' ( 心 覚え 在りし 日々 mind ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Hinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima . Sasaki , having survived his encounter with Takizawa , saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody . She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison . In the following weeks after the operation , the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator . At the next morning , he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori . The same night , Eto delivers him a package with Kaneki 's old mask and a book signed by her in it . He goes to the : re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka . After he leaves , Touka , Uta , Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki . Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku . On the same night , Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` TAKe : One Who Writhes '' `` Ugomeku Mono TAKe '' ( 蠢く モノ TAKe ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Tsukiyama is always hungry and ca n't control his kagune.In the meantine , Tatara refuses Ayato 's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea . Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation . In CCG HQ , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang ( actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family ) , who attack Furuta and Kijima . They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei . Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea . Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki 's book . Uta lies about both of them . Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask . Chie Hori delivers Sasaki 's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` play : Departed Spirit '' `` Bōrei play '' ( 亡霊 play ) </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Tsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki . He and Kanae find him on the street , along with the Quinx Squad , and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down . Sasaki hears him saying `` Kaneki '' but he does n't recognise him . Sasaki goes to Uta 's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad , in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation . Kori Ui rejects the plan , knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul . In the meantime , Kijima 's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral . Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki / Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories . Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki , so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki . However , Yamori 's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber . Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune . Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive . Eto watches the entire scene . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` Sway '' `` Yureru '' ( ゆれる ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> OVA ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Tokyo Ghoul : JACK '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( JACK ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( JACK ) ) </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> The story features a serious young Special Investigator Kishou Arima at high school where he first meets the carefree Taishi Fura who joins him in hunting ghouls in the 13th ward . Later , they both become Special Investigators in the CCG , but retain their original opposite attitudes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( PINTO ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( PINTO ) ) </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> The story features Shuu Tsukiyama the `` Gourmet '' during his high school years and Chie Hori . They meet when she photographs Tsukiyama killing a jogger and then about to eat him because of the tone of his body . She being uninterested in exposing him as a Ghoul and seems completely lost in a world of her own , photographing anything that takes her interest . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series was released to DVD and Blu - Ray format in four volumes . </P> <H3> Tokyo Ghoul ( edit ) </H3> <Table> TC Entertainment ( Japan , Region 2 / A ) <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> DVD / Blu - ray Release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Volume 1 </Th> <Td> 1 - 3 </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume 2 </Th> <Td> 4 - 6 </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume 3 </Th> <Td> 7 - 9 </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume 4 </Th> <Td> 10 - 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of April 15 -- 16 , 2017 due to special scheduling . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of May 27 -- 28 , 2017 due to a Samurai Jack marathon . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul √ A did not air on the weekend for September 2 -- 3 , 2017 due to a Dragon Ball Z Kai marathon . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール '' . Media Artis Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Schedule '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール √ A '' . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TV アニメ 『 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール 』 公式 サイト '' ( TV Anime Tokyo Ghoul Official Site - Products - Blu - ray & DVD ) . Tokyo Ghoul Anime Official Site ( in Japanese ) . Marvelous Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tokyo Ghoul by Sui Ishida </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chapters </Li> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Episodes </Li> <Li> Film </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tokyo_Ghoul_episodes&oldid=843621046 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of anime episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from September 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 10 : 07 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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when does the next tokyo ghoul episode come out
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Tokyo_Ghoul_episodes&amp;oldid=843621046
7,198,689,789,641,203,000
Little Shop of Horrors ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Little Shop of Horrors ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1986 film . For other uses , see Little Shop of Horrors . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Little Shop of Horrors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Frank Oz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> David Geffen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Howard Ashman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Little Shop of Horrors by Howard Ashman The Little Shop of Horrors by Roger Corman Charles B. Griffith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rick Moranis </Li> <Li> Ellen Greene </Li> <Li> Vincent Gardenia </Li> <Li> Steve Martin </Li> <Li> Jim Belushi </Li> <Li> John Candy </Li> <Li> Christopher Guest </Li> <Li> Bill Murray </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Stanley Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Miles Goodman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Robert Paynter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> John Jympson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> The Geffen Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 19 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 19 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 94 minutes ( Theatrical Cut ) 103 minutes ( Director 's Cut ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $25 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $38.7 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Little Shop of Horrors is a 1986 American rock musical horror comedy film directed by Frank Oz . It is a film adaptation of the off - Broadway musical comedy of the same name by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman about a geeky florist shop worker who finds out his venus fly trap can speak . Menken and Ashman 's Off - Broadway musical was based on the low - budget 1960 film The Little Shop of Horrors , directed by Roger Corman . The 1986 film stars Rick Moranis , Ellen Greene , Vincent Gardenia , Steve Martin , and Levi Stubbs as the voice of Audrey II . The film also featured special appearances by Jim Belushi , John Candy , Christopher Guest , and Bill Murray . It was produced by David Geffen through The Geffen Company and released by Warner Bros. on December 19 , 1986 . </P> <P> Little Shop of Horrors was filmed on the Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage at the Pinewood Studios in England , where a `` downtown '' set , complete with overhead train track , was constructed . The film was produced on a budget of $25 million , in contrast to the original 1960 film , which , according to Corman , only cost $30,000 . The film 's original 23 - minute finale , based on the musical 's ending , was rewritten and reshot after audiences at the preview screenings did not react positively to it . For years only available as black - and - white workprint footage , the original ending was fully restored in 2012 by Warner Home Video . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Original ending </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Musical numbers </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 4.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 4.4 Operating the plant </Li> <Li> 4.5 The finale </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 5.3 Accolades </Li> <Li> 5.4 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> A three - girl `` Greek chorus '' -- Crystal , Ronnette , and Chiffon -- introduce the movie , warning the audience that some horror is coming their way ( `` Prologue : Little Shop of Horrors '' ) . Seymour Krelborn ( Rick Moranis ) and his colleague , Audrey ( Ellen Greene ) , work at Mushnik 's Flower Shop in a run - down , rough neighborhood referred to as `` Skid Row '' in the slums of New York City . They lament that they can not escape the neighborhood ( `` Skid Row '' ( Downtown ) `` ) . Struggling from a lack of customers , Mr. Mushnik ( Vincent Gardenia ) decides to close the store , but Audrey suggests he may have more success by displaying an unusual plant that Seymour owns . Immediately attracting a customer , Seymour explains he bought the plant , which he dubbed `` Audrey II '' , from a Chinese flower shop during a solar eclipse ( `` Da - Doo '' ) . Attracting business to Mushnik 's shop , the plant soon starts dying , worrying Seymour . Accidentally pricking his finger , he then discovers Audrey II needs human blood to thrive ( `` Grow for Me '' ) . </P> <P> Seymour takes Audrey II and is interviewed on the radio , and Audrey misses the broadcast due to being `` hand - cuffed a little '' by her sadistic , mean - spirited boyfriend Orin Scrivello ( Steve Martin ) . The three girls suggest Audrey dump Orin and get another man to protect her , like Seymour , but Audrey states she does n't deserve a nice guy . Despite this , Audrey has feelings for Seymour and secretly dreams of running off with him to the suburbs ( `` Somewhere That 's Green '' ) . Audrey II continues to grow rapidly and Seymour becomes a local celebrity ( `` Some Fun Now '' ) . Seymour soon attempts to ask Audrey out , but she turns him down because she has a date with her boyfriend , revealed to be a dentist ( `` Dentist ! '' ) . After Seymour closes up shop , Audrey II begins to talk to Seymour , demanding more blood than Seymour can give . The plant proposes that Seymour murder someone in exchange for fame and fortune : Seymour initially refuses , but agrees after witnessing Orin beating Audrey ( `` Feed Me ( Get It ) '' ) . </P> <P> After Orin finishes with his masochistic patient , Arthur Denton ( Bill Murray ) , who requested `` a long , slow , root canal '' , Seymour books an appointment with Orin and arms himself with a revolver ; however , he can not bring himself to use it . Orin , who abuses nitrous oxide , puts on a type of venturi mask to receive a constant flow of the gas . Accidentally breaking an intake valve and unable to remove the mask , Orin begs Seymour for help removing it , but Seymour does nothing . When Orin asks Seymour what he ever did to him , Seymour coldly replies , `` Nothing , it 's what you did to her . '' Orin dies from asphyxiation and Seymour drags his body back to Audrey II . While dismembering the body to feed to the plant , Seymour is unknowingly witnessed by Mushnik , who flees in fear . </P> <P> After feeding Orin 's parts to Audrey II , which has grown to enormous size , Seymour discovers the police investigating Orin 's disappearance . Audrey , feeling guilty about wishing Orin would disappear , is comforted by Seymour and the two admit their feelings for each other ( `` Suddenly , Seymour '' ) . That night , Mushnik confronts Seymour about what he saw and holds Seymour at gunpoint , threatening to report him to the police . Mushnik then changes his mind , saying that since Seymour was `` like a son '' to him , he 'll allow Seymour to leave town , blackmailing him into giving the plant to Mushnik . With no choice , Seymour steadily backs him towards the plant , which swallows Mushnik whole ( `` Suppertime '' ) . </P> <P> Despite widespread success , Seymour worries about Audrey II 's growth and unbridled appetite ( `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' ) . Offered money and a contract for a botany TV show , Seymour plans to escape Skid Row with Audrey using the money , leaving the plant to starve . After Audrey accepts Seymour 's marriage proposal , Audrey II catches Seymour leaving and demands another meal : Seymour agrees , but insists on meat from a butcher . While Seymour is gone , the plant telephones Audrey , coaxes her into the shop , and then tries to eat her . Seymour , returning in time to save Audrey , escapes the store with her . Explaining that he fed the plant to become successful and win Audrey 's heart , Seymour discovers she has always loved him . Approached by an executive from a botanical company named Patrick Martin ( Jim Belushi ) , Seymour is offered a contract to breed Audrey II and sell the saplings worldwide . Horrified by the idea , Seymour drives Martin away , and realizes he must destroy Audrey II for the sake of humanity . </P> <P> Returning to the shop , Seymour learns that Audrey II is actually an alien from outer space ( `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' ) . Audrey II traps Seymour and destroys the shop , but Seymour grabs an exposed electrical cable and electrocutes Audrey II . Leaving the destroyed shop , Seymour safely reunites with Audrey . The two wed and move to the suburbs : as they arrive at their new home , which is the one seen in Audrey 's daydreams , a smiling Audrey II bud can be seen among the flowers in their front yard . </P> <H3> Original ending ( edit ) </H3> <P> During production , director Oz shot a 23 - minute ending based on the off - Broadway musical 's ending . However , after audiences at the preview screenings did not react positively to it , the ending had to be rewritten and re-shot for the theatrical release with a `` happier ending . '' </P> <P> In the original ending , when Audrey is attacked by the plant , Seymour pulls her from its jaws but is too late to save her , as she is mortally wounded . As she is dying she tells him what the plant said about Orin and Mushnik , and then Seymour confesses that he fed them to the plant . Audrey requests that Seymour feed her to the plant too so that it will live and Seymour can earn the success he deserves ( `` Somewhere That 's Green ( Reprise ) '' ) . After fulfilling her dying wish , he attempts suicide by jumping off the roof of a building , only to be stopped by Patrick Martin . Martin offers to reproduce and sell Audrey IIs and has already grown a smaller Audrey II from one of the clippings that he harvested earlier . He also warns Seymour that his consent is n't necessary , as plants are considered to be in the public domain . Realizing Audrey II is planning global domination , Seymour climbs down from the roof with the resolution to destroy the plant . Returning to the shop , he confronts and tries to kill Audrey II , who tears down the shop , fishes him from the rubble and eats him alive . The plant then spits out Seymour 's glasses and laughs victoriously ( `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space ) '' . </P> <P> The three chorus girls appear in front of a large American flag and tell how although Audrey II buds became a worldwide consumer craze , the buds grew into an army of monstrous plants who begin to take over the Earth . Giant Audrey II plants are shown destroying cities , toppling buildings , as well as eating people . The United States Army attempts to fight the buds as they ascend the Statue of Liberty and Audrey II eventually bursts through the movie screen and presumably eats the viewers ( `` Finale ( Do n't Feed The Plants ) '' ) . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rick Moranis as Seymour Krelborn , a nerdy florist who loves `` strange and interesting '' plants . He is nice and well - intentioned , but is easily influenced : the plant , Audrey II , tricks him into feeding it humans . </Li> <Li> Ellen Greene as Audrey , a kind , shy , friendly , and awkward coworker who is the object of Seymour 's affections , but who is dating the sadistic Orin Scrivello . </Li> <Li> Vincent Gardenia as Mr. Mushnik , the grumpy , stingy owner of Mushnik 's Flower Shop . </Li> <Li> Steve Martin as Orin Scrivello , DDS , a sadistic , nitrous oxide - addicted dentist and Audrey 's violent , abusive boyfriend . </Li> <Li> Levi Stubbs as the voice of Audrey II , an evil and boisterous flytrap - like extraterrestrial plant with plans to take over the planet . </Li> <Li> Tichina Arnold , Michelle Weeks , and Tisha Campbell as Crystal , Ronette , and Chiffon , the three mysterious girls who act as a Greek chorus and often provide back - up to the songs throughout the film . </Li> <Li> Jim Belushi as Patrick Martin , a Licensing and Marketing executive from World Botanical Enterprises who offers Seymour a proposal to sell Audrey IIs worldwide . Belushi appears in the theatrical release after re-shoots , as actor Paul Dooley ( who played Martin in the original ending ) was unavailable to reprise his scenes . </Li> <Li> John Candy as Wink Wilkinson , the DJ for WSKID who puts on a radio show about `` weird stuff '' called `` Wink Wilkinson 's Weird World '' . </Li> <Li> Christopher Guest as The First Customer , the first customer to enter the flower shop and notice Audrey II . </Li> <Li> Bill Murray as Arthur Denton , a hyperactive masochist who visits Orin the dentist for `` a long , slow root canal . '' </Li> <Li> Miriam Margolyes as a Dental Nurse , Orin 's cynical nurse / secretary who Orin frequently appears to enjoy hurting . </Li> <Li> Stanley Jones as the Narrator , whose voice is heard reading the opening words . </Li> <Li> Mak Wilson , Danny John - Jules , Danny Cunningham , Gary Palmer , and Paul Swaby as the doo - wop backup singers . </Li> <Li> Jim Henson 's daughter Heather Henson cameos as one of Orin 's patients . </Li> <Li> Vincent Wong as the Chinese Florist </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale as Life magazine assistant </Li> <Li> Audrey II was operated by John Alexander , Anthony Asbury , Don Austen , David Barclay , Michael Barclay , James Barton , Michael Bayliss , Marcus Clarke , Sue Dacre , Graham Fletcher , Brian Henson , Terry Lee , Christopher Leith , Toby Philpott , Mike Quinn , Paul Springer , William Todd - Jones , Ian Tregonnian , Robert Tygner , and Mak Wilson . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Musical numbers ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> `` Prologue : Little Shop of Horrors '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal </Li> <Li> `` Skid Row ( Downtown ) '' -- Seymour , Audrey , Mushnik , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company </Li> <Li> `` Da - Doo '' -- Seymour , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal </Li> <Li> `` Grow for Me '' -- Seymour , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal ( off - screen ) </Li> <Li> `` Somewhere That 's Green '' -- Audrey </Li> <Li> `` Some Fun Now '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal </Li> <Li> `` Dentist ! '' -- Orin , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal </Li> <Li> `` Feed Me ( Git It ) '' -- Audrey II , Seymour </Li> <Li> `` Suddenly , Seymour '' -- Seymour , Audrey , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal </Li> <Li> `` Suppertime '' -- Audrey II , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal </Li> <Li> `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company </Li> <Li> `` Suppertime ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey II , Audrey , Chiffon , Ronette and Crystal ( off screen ) </Li> <Li> `` Suddenly , Seymour ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey , Seymour </Li> <Li> `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' -- Audrey II , the Pods </Li> <Li> `` Little Shop of Horrors medley '' ( end credits ) -- Company </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Original ending </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Somewhere That 's Green ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey , Seymour </Li> <Li> `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' -- Audrey II , the Pods </Li> <Li> `` Finale ( Do n't Feed the Plants ) '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company </Li> </Ol> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> David Geffen was one of the original producers of the off - Broadway show and he began planning to produce a feature film adaptation . Originally Steven Spielberg was to executive produce the film and Martin Scorsese was to direct , but production was stalled when the original film 's screenwriter and actor , Charles B. Griffith , filed a lawsuit . Scorsese wanted to shoot the film in 3 - D , but plans fell through and Scorsese 's first 3 - D film would be Hugo 25 years later . John Landis was also attached to the project for a time . </P> <P> Geffen then offered the film to Frank Oz , who was finishing work on The Muppets Take Manhattan around the same time . Oz initially rejected it , but he later had an idea that got him into the cinematic aspect of the project , which he did not figure out before . Oz spent a month and a half to restructure the script which he felt was stage - bound . Geffen and Ashman liked what he had written and decided to go with what he did . Oz was also studying the Off - Broadway show and how it was thematically constructed , all in order to reconstruct it for a feature film . </P> <P> The film differs only slightly from the stage play . The title song is expanded to include an additional verse to allow for more opening credits . The song `` Ya Never Know '' was re-written into a calypso - style song called `` Some Fun Now '' , although some of the lyrics were retained . Four other songs ( `` Closed for Renovation '' , `` Mushnik and Son '' , `` Now ( It 's Just the Gas ) '' , as well as `` Call Back in the Morning '' ) were cut from the original production score . An original song written by Ashman and Menken , `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' , was created for the film . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Greene was not the first choice for the role of Audrey . The studio wanted Cyndi Lauper , who turned it down . Barbra Streisand was also rumored to have been offered the part . Since Greene was the original off - Broadway Audrey , the role was given to her . `` She 's amazing , '' Oz said . `` I could n't imagine any other Audrey , really . She nailed that part for years off - Broadway . '' The character of the masochistic dental patient , Arthur Denton , played in the original film by Jack Nicholson under the name `` Wilbur Force '' , and cut from the stage version , was added back to the story and played by Bill Murray , who improvised all of his dialogue . It supposedly took Steve Martin six weeks to film all his scenes as Orin . He contributed ideas such as socking the nurse in the face ( originally he was to knock her out using his gas mask ) and ripping off the doll head . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> All the scenes were filmed at Pinewood Studios in England , making use of every sound stage there , including the 007 Stage . Oz and his crew did not want to shoot on location as it would tamper with the fantastical mood of the film . Part of the giant 007 stage was used to film the ' Suddenly Seymour ' number . But because of its size , the stage was impractical to heat properly and thus caused breath condensation to appear from the actor 's lips . This was countered by having Ellen Greene and Rick Moranis put ice cubes in their mouths . This would be the first time Moranis and Martin starred in a film together , and they would later appear together in three more films : Parenthood , My Blue Heaven and L.A. Story . </P> <P> As mentioned , additional sequences and songs from the original off - Broadway show were dropped or re-written in order for the feature version to be paced well . The notable change was for the `` Meek Shall Inherit '' sequence . As originally filmed , it detailed through a dream sequence Seymour 's rising success and the need to keep the plant fed and impress Audrey . In the final cut , the dream sequence and much of the song is cut out . Oz said , `` I cut that because I felt it just did n't work and that was before the first preview in San Jose . It was the right choice , it did n't really add value to the entire cut . '' The full version of the song was included on the film 's soundtrack album , as were the songs from the original ending . The sequence was deemed to be lost until in 2012 when it was rediscovered on a VHS workprint that contained alternate and extended takes and sequences . </P> <H3> Operating the plant ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film 's version of Audrey II was an extremely elaborate creation , using puppets designed by Lyle Conway . </P> <P> While developing the mouth of the plant for the dialogue scenes and musical numbers , Oz , Conway and his crew were struggling to figure out how to make the plant move convincingly . `` We kept trying and trying and it did n't work . '' The solution presented itself while reviewing test footage of the puppet . When the film was run backwards or forward at a faster than normal speed , the footage looked much more convincing and lifelike . They realized they could film the puppet at a slower speed , making it appear to move faster when played back at normal speed . `` By slowing it down it looked it was talking real fast . We then went ' holy cow , look at that . We can do it . ' '' The frame rate for filming the plant was slowed to 12 or 16 frames per second , depending on the scene , and frequent screen cuts were used to minimize the amount of screen time the puppet spent with human actors , and when interaction was totally necessary , the actors ( usually Moranis ) would pantomime and lip sync in slow motion . The film was then sped up to the normal 24 frames per second and voices were reinserted in post-production . Levi Stubbs ' recordings were run through a harmonizer when slowed down so that they were coherent for Moranis or Ellen Greene . </P> <P> There are no blue screens or opticals involved in any of Audrey II 's scenes , with the exception of the reshot ending where the plant is electrocuted , designed by Visual Effects supervisor Bran Ferren , and in some shots during the rampage in the original ending . The plant was made in six different stages of growth and there were three different versions of Mushnik 's shop , making it possible for two units to work with different sized plants at the same time . Each of the talking plants had to be cleaned , re-painted and patched up at the end of each shooting day , which would take up to three hours depending on the size . The `` Suppertime '' number uses two different sizes of Audrey II . When the plant is singing all alone in the shop , it is actually a smaller size : the same size as when it sang `` Feed Me '' , but now standing on a scaled down set to make it look larger . The full size one that is seen to interact with Seymour and Mushnik was not provided with lip movement , but was built to swallow Mushnik 's ( mechanical ) legs . During Audrey II 's final stage of growth , 60 technicians were necessary to operate the one - ton puppet . </P> <H3> The finale ( edit ) </H3> Audrey II on top of the Statue of Liberty in the film 's planned ending , shown here in its unfinished state as taken from an early - stage black - and - white workprint . The visual effects were completed for the Director 's Cut of the film . <P> Oz and Ashman wanted to retain the ending of the musical where Seymour and Audrey die and the plant succeeds and takes over the city of New York , but Geffen was actually against it . `` He said you ca n't do that , '' Oz recounts . `` But again he knew what Howard and I wanted to do , so he supported us . '' A special effects team skilled in working with miniatures , and Special Visual Effects team , went to great lengths to create the finale . The model department was supervised by Richard Conway , known for his model work on Flash Gordon and Brazil . `` It was all model stuff , that was the brilliant thing . He created the bridge , the buildings , several Audrey IIs and created all of it , all on tabletop . It 's all old - fashioned , tabletop animation '' ( although no stop motion animation was used in the film or in the ending ) . The Visual Effects work was supervised by Bran Ferren ( Altered States ) . </P> <P> Reportedly the entire planned climax cost about $5 million to produce , and included elaborate special and visual effects . Oz said in an interview , `` this was , I think , the most expensive film Warner Bros. had done at the time . '' As the film was nearing completion , the excited studio set up a test screening in San Jose . Oz said , `` For every musical number , there was applause , they loved it , it was just fantastic ... until Rick and Ellen died , and then the theatre became a refrigerator , an ice box . It was awful and the cards were just awful . You have to have a 55 percent `` recommend '' to really be released and we got a 13 . It was a complete disaster . '' Oz insisted on setting another test screening in L.A. to see if they would get a different reaction . Geffen agreed to this , but they received the same negative reaction as before . Oz later recounted , `` I learned a lesson : in a stage play , you kill the leads and they come out for a bow -- in a movie , they do n't come out for a bow , they 're dead . They 're gone and so the audience lost the people they loved , as opposed to the theater audience where they knew the two people who played Audrey and Seymour were still alive . They loved those people , and they hated us for it . '' </P> <P> Oz and Ashman scrapped Audrey and Seymour 's grim deaths and the finale rampage , and Ashman rewrote a happier ending , with Jim Belushi replacing Paul Dooley ( who was unavailable for the re-shoot ) as Patrick Martin . The musical number `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' was left mostly intact from the original cut , with new shots of Audrey observing from a window added in . A brief sequence from the `` Mean Green Mother '' number was also removed in which Seymour fires his revolver at Audrey II , only to discover that the bullets ricochet harmlessly off of the plant . In the happy ending , Audrey II is destroyed and Seymour , Audrey , and humanity survive . This happy ending is made somewhat ambiguous , however , with a final shot of a smiling Audrey II bud in Seymour and Audrey 's front yard . Tisha Campbell was unavailable for the final appearance of the chorus girls in the yard and was replaced with a lookalike seen only from the waist down . </P> <P> `` We had to do it , '' Oz recounted. `` ( and do it ) in such a manner that the audience would enjoy the movie . It was very dissatisfying for both of us that we could n't do what we wanted . So creatively , no , it did n't satisfy us and being true to the story . But we also understood the realities that they could n't release the movie if we had that ending . '' `` We had to take ( the workprint ) apart , and we never made a dupe of ( the original ending ) . '' At the time , the only copies of it that were made to be viewed were VHS workprint tapes given to few crew members . The scene in which Seymour proposes to Audrey originally contained the reprise of `` Suddenly , Seymour '' . This scene was re-shot and the reprise was placed later in the new ending . In the final theatrical cut , the only miniatures that are retained are the New York City streets passing behind Steve Martin 's motorcycle ride at the beginning of `` Dentist ! '' `` When we did re-shoot the ending , the crowd reaction went over 50 percent in our favor . Before it was a point where they hated it so much , Warner probably would n't even release the movie , '' Oz said . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Little Shop of Horrors , after a delay needed to complete the revised ending , was released on December 19 , 1986 and was anticipated to do strong business over the 1986 holiday season . The film grossed $38 million at the box office , which , from the view point of the studio , was considered an underperformer . However , it became a smash hit upon its home video release in 1987 on VHS and Beta . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews to give it a score of 90 % based on reviews from 48 critics , the general consensus states : `` Remixing Roger Corman 's B - movie by way of the Off - Broadway musical , Little Shop of Horrors offers camp , horror and catchy tunes in equal measure -- plus some inspired cameos by the likes of Steve Martin and Bill Murray . '' On Metacritic , which uses an average of critics ' reviews , the film has an 81 % rating based on 15 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' ( 14 positive reviews , 1 mixed , and no negative ) . Richard Corliss of Time magazine said , `` You can try not liking this adaptation of the Off - Broadway musical hit -- it has no polish and a pushy way with a gag -- but the movie sneaks up on you , about as subtly as Audrey II . '' </P> <P> In The New York Times , Janet Maslin called it `` a full - blown movie musical , and quite a winning one '' . Roger Ebert said in his review : `` All of the wonders of Little Shop of Horrors are accomplished with an offhand , casual charm . This is the kind of movie that cults are made of , and after Little Shop finishes its first run , I would n't be at all surprised to see it develop as one of those movies that fans want to include in their lives '' . Oz 's friend and Muppet colleague Jim Henson praised the film and said `` the lip sync on the plant in that film is just absolutely amazing '' . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was also nominated for two Academy Awards , one for Best Visual Effects ( Lyle Conway , Bran Ferren , Martin Gutteridge ) , the other for Best Original Song ( Alan Menken , Howard Ashman ) for Audrey II 's new number , `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' . `` Mean Green '' was the first Oscar - nominated song to contain profanity in the lyrics and thus had to be slightly censored for the show . It 's also the first of only two songs sung by a villain to be nominated , the other being `` Blame Canada '' from South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . `` Mean Green '' lost to `` Take My Breath Away '' from Top Gun . It was also nominated for Best Motion Picture - Comedy / Musical ( it lost to Hannah and Her Sisters ) and Best Original Score ( Miles Goodman ) during the 44th Golden Globe Awards . The Score went to Ennio Morricone for The Mission . </P> <H3> Home Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> Little Shop of Horrors was the first DVD to be recalled for content . In 1998 , Warner Bros. released a special edition DVD that contained approximately 23 minutes of unfinished footage from Oz 's original ending , although it was in black and white and was missing some sound , visual , and special effects . Producer and rights owner David Geffen was not aware of this release until it made it to the stores . Geffen said , `` They put out a black - and - white , un-scored , un-dubbed video copy of the original ending that looked like shit . '' As a result , the studio removed it from shelves in a matter of days and replaced it with a second edition that did not contain the extra material . Geffen wanted to re-release the film to theaters with the original ending intact . Geffen also claimed to have a color copy of the original ending , while the studio had lower quality , black and white duplicates as their own color print was destroyed in a studio fire years earlier . But Geffen had not known , until after the DVD was pulled , that the studio did not know there was a colored copy of the original ending in existence . </P> <P> In November 2011 , Oz held a Q&A session at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria , Queens during a Henson themed exhibit . During the talk , he announced that the film would be released as a new special edition with the original ending restored . Warner Bros. reconstructed and restored the ending in an alternate edit , with re-discovered color negatives of the sequence and the help of production notes from Frank Oz and others on the film 's creative team . It was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 9 , 2012 with features returning from the original DVD . It was initially subtitled as `` The Intended Cut '' , but changed to `` The Director 's Cut '' once Oz began to support the release . The new edit was screened at the 50th New York Film Festival in the `` Masterwork '' line - up on September 29 , 2012 , alongside titles such as Laurence Olivier 's Richard III and Heaven 's Gate . Frank Oz worried that the audience would give a negative reaction at the 2012 screening , however , `` the audience accepted Audrey and Seymour 's deaths with applause and roared in glee during the plant rampage , '' says Oz . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of films featuring eclipses </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LITTLE SHOP OF HORRORS ( PG ) '' . Columbia - Cannon - Warner . British Board of Film Classification . January 27 , 1987 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Corman interview '' . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Oz : Muppets maestro discusses ' Little Shop of Horrors ' and the remaking of his classics '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Little Shop of Reshoots '' . DVD Savant . November 20 , 1999 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cinefantastique , Volume 14 , No 2 ( December 1983 / January 1984 ) , `` Little Shop of Horrors : Corman 's now - classic B - Film ends up on stage - and in court '' by Dennis Fischer </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with Howard Ashman '' . Unknown Baltimore Publication. 1984 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Shop - Deleted Scenes FOUND '' . Justn Hoskie . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frank Oz DVD commentary , Little Shop of Horrors ( 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . Review , Little Shop of Horrors , Reelviews.net , 1999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank Oz Interview '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` An Evening with Jim Henson and Frank Oz '' . Aleza Makayla on YouTube . 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( December 24 , 1986 ) . `` ' Kong Lives ' Dies At Box Office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Little Shop of Horrors at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Little Shop of Horrors at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Green and Red for Christmas '' . Time Magazine . 1986 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Screen : ' Little Shop of Horrors ' '' . The New York Times . 1986 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Little Shop of Horrors '' by Roger Ebert `` . Chicago Sun - Times . 1986 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( March 6 , 1998 ) . `` Horror of ' Horrors ' ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan Dosier ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The Muppet Mindset : Frank Oz Visits The Museum of Moving Image '' . Themuppetmindset.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Little Shop of Horrors ' Makes Blu - ray Debut '' . Home Media Magazine . 2012 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Latest MPAA Ratings Bulletin No. 2205 by Brad Brevet January 12 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Little Shop Movie to Screen at New York Film Festival with Original Violent Ending </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Science fiction portal </Li> <Li> Comedy portal </Li> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors on IMDb </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Little Shop of Horrors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Little Shop of Horrors ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Little Shop ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Frank Oz </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Dirty Rotten Scoundrels ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> What About Bob ? ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Housesitter ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Indian in the Cupboard ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> In & Out ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Bowfinger ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Score ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Stepford Wives ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Death at a Funeral ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alan Menken </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Weird Romance ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> King David ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Sister Act ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Newsies ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musical films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Newsies ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Part of Your World '' </Li> <Li> `` Under the Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` Kiss the Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Be Our Guest '' </Li> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast '' </Li> <Li> `` Friend Like Me '' </Li> <Li> `` A Whole New World '' </Li> <Li> `` Just Around the Riverbend '' </Li> <Li> `` Colors of the Wind '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Never Knew You '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' </Li> <Li> `` Out There '' </Li> <Li> `` God Help the Outcasts '' </Li> <Li> `` Hellfire '' </Li> <Li> `` Someday '' </Li> <Li> `` Go the Distance '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Happy Working Song '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's How You Know '' </Li> <Li> `` So Close '' </Li> <Li> `` Ever Ever After '' </Li> <Li> `` Mother Knows Best '' </Li> <Li> `` I See the Light '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Howard Ashman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Smile ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musical films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alan Menken </Li> <Li> Howard Sings Ashman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(film)&oldid=833091821 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1986 films </Li> <Li> English - 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when did little shop of horrors come out
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(film)&amp;oldid=833091821
-1,429,267,766,604,319,200
Florence , South Carolina - wikipedia <H1> Florence , South Carolina </H1> City in South Carolina , United States <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Florence , South Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Aerial view of Florence Civic Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : `` Flo - Town '' `` The Magic City '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Florence County in South Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 34 ° 11 ′ 2 '' N 79 ° 46 ′ 27 '' W  /  34.18389 ° N 79.77417 ° W  / 34.18389 ; - 79.77417 Coordinates : 34 ° 11 ′ 2 '' N 79 ° 46 ′ 27 '' W  /  34.18389 ° N 79.77417 ° W  / 34.18389 ; - 79.77417 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> South Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Florence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Incorporated </Th> <Td> December 24 , 1890 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayor </Th> <Td> Stephen Wukela ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City Manager </Th> <Td> Drew Griffin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 20.9 sq mi ( 54.2 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 20.9 sq mi ( 54.1 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 0.1 sq mi ( 0.3 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 138 ft ( 42 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 37,056 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estimate ( 2015 ) </Th> <Td> 38,228 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> SC : 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 1,830 / sq mi ( 706.6 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban </Th> <Td> 89,557 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro </Th> <Td> 205,566 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> Florentine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> UTC − 5 ( EST ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> UTC − 4 ( EDT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ZIP Codes </Th> <Td> 29501 -- 29506 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 843 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIPS code </Th> <Td> 45 - 25810 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GNIS feature ID </Th> <Td> 1222461 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.cityofflorence.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Florence / ˈflɒrəns / is a city in , and the county seat of , Florence County , South Carolina , United States . It is probably best known for being the intersection of I - 95 and I - 20 , and the eastern terminus of I - 20 . It is the county seat of Florence County and the primary city within the Florence metropolitan area . The area forms the core of the historical `` Pee Dee '' region of South Carolina , which includes the eight counties of northeastern South Carolina , along with sections of southeastern North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population of Florence was 37,056 , and the estimated population in 2015 was 38,228 . </P> <P> Florence is one of the major cities in South Carolina . In 1965 , Florence was named an All - American City , presented by the National Civic League . The city was founded as a railroad hub and became the junction of three major railroad systems , including the Wilmington and Manchester , the Northeastern , and the Cheraw and Darlington . As of today , the city retains its status as a major hub in the coastal plain region of South Carolina , both for industry and infrastructure , while establishing itself as a regional center for business , medicine , culture and finance . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 American Civil War </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early 20th century </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Geography </Li> <Li> 3 Climate </Li> <Li> 4 Government </Li> <Li> 5 Economy </Li> <Li> 6 Education <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Public schools </Li> <Li> 6.2 Private schools </Li> <Li> 6.3 Higher education </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Healthcare </Li> <Li> 8 Transportation <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Highways </Li> <Li> 8.2 Mass transit </Li> <Li> 8.3 Air </Li> <Li> 8.4 Intercity rail </Li> <Li> 8.5 Intercity bus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Downtown revitalization </Li> <Li> 10 People and culture <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Demographics </Li> <Li> 10.2 Religion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Notable people </Li> <Li> 12 Sports </Li> <Li> 13 Media </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The City of Florence was chartered in 1871 and incorporated in 1890 following the 1888 creation of Florence County . Prior to its charter , the city was part of one of the original townships laid out by the Lords Proprietors in 1719 . The area was gradually settled through the late 19th and early 20th century . Early settlers practiced subsistence farming and produced indigo , cotton , naval stores and timber , which were shipped down the Great Pee Dee River to the port at Georgetown and exported . In the mid-19th century two intersecting railroads were built , the Wilmington and Manchester , and the Northeastern . Gen. W.W. Harllee , the president of the W & M , built his home at the junction , and named the community `` Florence '' , after his daughter . </P> <H3> American Civil war ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Civil War the town was an important supply and railroad repair center for the Confederacy , and the site of the Florence Stockade , which held between 12,000 and 18,000 Union prisoners of war . Over 2,800 of the prisoners died of disease , and the burial ground adjacent to the prison became the Florence National Cemetery after the war and now has expanded . </P> <H3> Early 20th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the war , Florence grew and prospered , using the railroad to supply its cotton , timber , and by the turn of the century , tobacco . During the 20th century the economy of Florence came to rely heavily on the healthcare industry , driven by two major hospitals and a number of pharmaceutical plants . Industry grew , especially after World War II , when Florence became increasingly known for textiles , pharmaceuticals , paper , and manufacturing , in addition to agricultural products . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Florence is located in the coastal plain of South Carolina . It is in the northeastern part of the state and the northern part of Florence County . The average elevation above sea level is around 140 ft ( 43 m ) . Jeffries Creek is a tributary of the Great Pee Dee River and is the main waterway that flows through the city , passing south of the city center . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 20.9 square miles ( 54.2 km ) , of which 20.9 square miles ( 54.1 km ) are land and 0.04 square miles ( 0.1 km ) , or 0.22 % , is water . </P> <H2> Climate ( edit ) </H2> <P> Autumn , winter and spring are mild , with occasional winter nights below freezing but rarely extended cold . Florence 's summers can be very hot and humid . The city , like other cities of the Southeast , is prone to inversions , which trap ozone and other pollutants over the area . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Florence , South Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 85 ( 29 ) </Td> <Td> 86 ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> 96 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 97 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 102 ( 39 ) </Td> <Td> 108 ( 42 ) </Td> <Td> 108 ( 42 ) </Td> <Td> 106 ( 41 ) </Td> <Td> 104 ( 40 ) </Td> <Td> 102 ( 39 ) </Td> <Td> 89 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 86 ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> 108 ( 42 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 56 ( 13 ) </Td> <Td> 59 ( 15 ) </Td> <Td> 68 ( 20 ) </Td> <Td> 76 ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 83 ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 88 ( 31 ) </Td> <Td> 91 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 90 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 84 ( 29 ) </Td> <Td> 76 ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 67 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 58 ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> 75 ( 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 35 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 37 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 44 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 51 ( 11 ) </Td> <Td> 60 ( 16 ) </Td> <Td> 67 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 71 ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 64 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 53 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 44 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 37 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 53 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 0 ( − 18 ) </Td> <Td> ( − 16 ) </Td> <Td> 11 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 26 ( − 3 ) </Td> <Td> 36 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 39 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 39 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 26 ( − 3 ) </Td> <Td> 15 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> ( − 16 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( − 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation inches ( mm ) </Th> <Td> 3.25 ( 82.6 ) </Td> <Td> 2.68 ( 68.1 ) </Td> <Td> 3.29 ( 83.6 ) </Td> <Td> 2.7 ( 69 ) </Td> <Td> 3.13 ( 79.5 ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 ( 107 ) </Td> <Td> 4.96 ( 126 ) </Td> <Td> 4.84 ( 122.9 ) </Td> <Td> 3.33 ( 84.6 ) </Td> <Td> 2.88 ( 73.2 ) </Td> <Td> 2.49 ( 63.2 ) </Td> <Td> 2.94 ( 74.7 ) </Td> <Td> 40.69 ( 1,034.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : The Weather Channel </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Government ( edit ) </H2> <P> The city of Florence has a council - manager form of government . City council members are elected every four years , without term limits . The council consists of seven members ( three from districts and three at - large ) , as well as the mayor . The council responsible for making policies and enacting laws , rules and regulations in order to provide for future community and economic growth . The council additionally provides the necessary support for the orderly and efficient operation of city services . Florence holds elections for mayor every four years , alongside national Presidential elections . Mayors serve as a member of the city council , without term limits . The council appoints a city manager to serve as chief administrative officer to run the day - to - day business of the city and to serve at the pleasure of the council . </P> <P> Current members of the Florence City Council : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Council member </Th> <Th> District represented </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephen J Wukela , Mayor </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teresa Myers - Ervin </Td> <Td> District 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat Gibson - Hye Moore </Td> <Td> District 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buddy Brand </Td> <Td> District 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Jebaily </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Octavia Williams - Blake </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glynn Willis </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the latter part of the 20th century and early 21st century , Florence 's economy was transformed from being based largely on rail and farming into a diversified economy as the major commerce , finance , rail and trucking services , health care , and industrial center of the Eastern Carolinas . There are over nine foreign affiliated companies and fourteen Fortune 500 companies in the region . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the Florence metropolitan statistical area as of 2009 was $6.8 billion , one of the highest among MSAs in the state . </P> <P> Milken Institute 2008 Best Performing Cities Index showed the Florence MSA as the 5th largest gainer in their evaluation of the top 124 small metropolitan areas in the United States . The report ranks U.S. metropolitan areas by how well they are creating and sustaining jobs and economic growth . The components include job , wage and salary and technology growth . </P> <P> Florence has blossomed into a strong center for medical care , with four major medical providers McLeod Regional Medical Center , Carolinas Hospital System , Regency Hospital and HealthSouth . The growth of these providers has led to the transformation of the Florence skyline over the last 10 years , with development for demand with multi-story high - rises as well as community relation projects . </P> <P> With such a strong medical community several companies have their global , continental , or national headquarters in Florence , including General Electric Medical Systems manufacturing operations ( MRI ( anufacturing ) , TRICARE , a supplemental insurance company that serves the US Armed Forces and its civilian employees , and Assurant , a real property and personal insurance company . The city also serves the pharmaceutical industry , with a Patheon pharmaceutical manufacturing facility and research and development center for Patheon API Services . </P> <P> Florence also serves as the financial and service hub for the Eastern Carolinas , with many financial and professional management institutions invested heavily within the city . Companies with regional operations and headquarters include BB&T , Monster.com , Otis Elevator , CSX Railway , Wells Fargo and Bank of America . Florence has operation headquarters for AT&T and is the southeastern headquarters of Duke Energy Inc . </P> <P> Florence has benefited from being located at the intersection of I - 95 and I - 20 , approximately halfway between New York City and Miami , Florida . The city is located 80 miles ( 130 km ) east from the state capital Columbia , 70 miles ( 110 km ) west from Myrtle Beach , 120 miles ( 190 km ) North of Charleston , and 110 miles ( 180 km ) southeast of Charlotte , North Carolina . This has allowed Florence to remain competitive and bringing in and sustaining major manufacturers such as Honda , QVC Distribution Center and Otis Elevator . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Public schools ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Florence Public School District One is the governing body of the public schools in the area . As of 2010 , the district has an active enrollment of 14,500 students , attending a total of 18 schools , including 12 elementary schools , three middle schools , and three high schools serving the City of Florence , Effingham and Quinby areas . The school system also supports an alternative school for middle and / or high school students , a vocational career center , and an adult learning center . The district and its schools have been recognized as being among the state 's best with numerous awards , including the Palmetto 's Finest Award . </P> <H3> Private schools ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Florence Christian School </Li> <Li> Montessori School of Florence </Li> <Li> Trinity - Byrnes Collegiate School </Li> <Li> The King 's Academy </Li> <Li> All Saints ' Episcopal Day School </Li> <Li> Saint Anthony Catholic School </Li> </Ul> <H3> Higher education ( edit ) </H3> <P> Facilities of higher education in and around Florence include Francis Marion University and Florence -- Darlington Technical College . Francis Marion University is a public university located in Florence , while Florence -- Darlington Technical College , located in Florence , also operates satellite campuses in Hartsville , Lake City and Mullins . </P> <H2> Healthcare ( edit ) </H2> McLeod Regional Medical Center <P> McLeod Regional Medical Center is a 453 - bed non-profit medical center located on a 75 - acre ( 300,000 m ) campus in downtown Florence . The hospital complex in downtown contains the Cardiovascular Institute , the Center for Advanced Surgery , the Cancer Center , and the only specialised paediatrics unit in the northeastern portion of South Carolina . It encompasses acute care facilities , such as McLeod Regional Medical Center in Florence , McLeod Medical Center in Dillon , McLeod Medical Center in Darlington , and also operates campuses all over the Pee Dee region of South Carolina . </P> <P> Carolinas Hospital System , a regional healthcare facility with 420 - beds , serves eight counties in northeastern South Carolina . </P> <P> Regency Hospital opened in Florence in July 2001 . It is a 40 - bed Long Term Acute Care ( LTAC ) hospital located on the fourth and fifth floors of the Cedar Towers , at 121 Cedar Street . Regency , with its corporate office based in Alpharetta , Georgia , has 20 hospitals nationwide , and continues to aggressively grow throughout the country . </P> <P> McLeod Regional Medical Center and Carolinas Hospital System are the first and third largest employers in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina . </P> <H2> Transportation ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Highways ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> I - 95 is a six - lane freeway that enters the city from the northeast , and exits southwest . The highway leads northeast 87 miles ( 140 km ) to Fayetteville , North Carolina , and southwest 179 miles ( 288 km ) to Savannah , Georgia . </Li> <Li> I - 20 is a four - lane interstate highway , which enters the city from the west and has a terminus in Florence as ( David McLeod Blvd I - 20 Bus . ) . Interstate 20 leads west 83 miles ( 134 km ) to Columbia , then on to Atlanta and ultimately Texas . </Li> <Li> US 52 is a north to south route through the downtown area . The highway crosses Interstate 95 northwest of the downtown area and leads north 157 miles ( 253 km ) to Winston - Salem , North Carolina . To the south it merges with US 301 and eventually leads 113 miles ( 182 km ) to Charleston . </Li> <Li> US 76 enters the city from the west at Interstate 95 , then merges with David McLeod Blvd at Palmetto Street , and finally exits east of the city at the junction with Freedom Blvd . The road leads southwest 39 miles ( 63 km ) to Sumter and east 115 miles ( 185 km ) to Wilmington , North Carolina . </Li> <Li> US 301 offers another northeast to southwest route through Florence . Entering the city merged with US 52 as South Irby Street , it then forms a crescent - shaped bypass around the downtown area as Freedom Boulevard . US 301 then merges with US 76 east of downtown Florence , and exits as such . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mass transit ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Pee Dee Regional Transportation Authority ( PDRTA ) is the principal agency responsible for operating mass transit in greater Florence area including Darlington , Marion , Chesterfield , Dillon , and the Lake City area . PDRTA also operates routes to Columbia , Myrtle Beach and Sumter . </P> <P> PDRTA operates express shuttles , and bus service serving Florence and its immediate surrounding areas . The authority was established in June 1974 ; it is South Carolina 's oldest and largest RTA . PDRTA began operations serving the six - county Pee Dee region of Chesterfield , Darlington , Dillon , Florence , Marion , and Marlboro Counties . The PDRTA has provided transportation for more than 15 million passengers , and transports approximately 2,457 people daily . It operates services with 165 vehicles ranging in size from transit , intercity buses , and trolleys to lift - equipped vans and goshens . </P> <H3> Air ( edit ) </H3> <P> The city and its surroundings are served by Florence Regional Airport ( IATA : FLO ; ICAO : KFLO ) , which is located 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) east of downtown Florence on US 76 . The airport itself is serviced by American Eagle to Charlotte and is the second busiest airport in the region behind Myrtle Beach International Airport . It is located an hour west of Myrtle Beach . </P> <H3> Intercity rail ( edit ) </H3> See also : Florence ( Amtrak station ) <P> Amtrak 's The Palmetto trains 89 , 90 and the Silver Meteor trains 97 , 98 connect Florence with the cities of New York , Philadelphia , Wilmington , Baltimore , Washington , Jacksonville , Tampa and Miami . </P> <H3> Intercity bus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Greyhound Lines and Southeastern Stages operates a station on Irby Street , in the southern part of downtown , providing Florence with intercity bus transportation . </P> <H2> Downtown Revitalization ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2010 , the city of Florence began a massive redevelopment of Downtown Florence . The city has completed several notable projects and has several more planned . The Downtown Redevelopment District was originally a seventy square block area encompassing some 500 acres ( 2.0 km ) in the heart of the City of Florence , but now has added over 100 more acres of the Timrod Park area with its historic homes . The redevelopment of Florence has even created a new branding effort , to include new city department logos ( not to be confused with the city seal ) way finding signs and repainting of water towers . </P> <P> The historic downtown district running from the central business district toward the McLeod Medical Center , features a number of historic buildings that have been rehabilitated . The redevelopment started with the $18 million Drs . Bruce and Lee Foundation Library , and today now has the new Florence Little Theater , some 60 new apartments and the Francis Marion University Performing Arts Center which opened in September 2011 , as well the new Florence Museum Of Art , Science & History which opened October 11 , 2014 . New office space has emerged from once abandoned buildings , and a police substation was added on once crime - ridden Dargan Street . </P> <P> Special efforts are being aimed at the downtown area , which was once the center of the city 's activity but remains dormant after retailers and shoppers left for suburban malls . The goal is to re-establish Evans as a vibrant commercial and residential corridor , and five blocks of Evans Street will be streetscaped . </P> <H2> People and culture ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Demographics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 1,914 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 3,395 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 77.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 4,647 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 7,057 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 10,968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 14,774 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 16,054 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 22,513 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 24,722 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 25,997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 29,842 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29,813 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 0.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 30,248 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37,056 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2016 </Td> <Td> 38,317 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of the census of 2000 , there were 30,248 people , 11,925 households , and 7,882 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,709.4 people per square mile ( 659.8 / km2 ) . There were 13,090 housing units at an average density of 739.7 per square mile ( 285.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 50.0 % White , 46.0 % Black or African - American , 0.18 % Native American , 1.16 % Asian , 0.01 % Pacific Islander , 0.21 % from other races , and 0.71 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.76 % of the population . </P> <P> There were 11,925 households out of which 30.2 % had children living with them , 41.9 % were married couples living together , 20.7 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 33.9 % were non-families. 29.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.03 . </P> <P> In the city , the population was spread out with 25.0 % under the age of 18 , 8.7 % from 18 to 24 , 28.2 % from 25 to 44 , 23.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 37 years . For every 100 females , there were 82.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 77.5 males . </P> <P> The median income for a household in the city was $35,388 , and the median income for a family was $42,250 . Males had a median income of $35,633 versus $23,589 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,336 . Of the population 19.3 % and 15.3 % of families , and 28.2 % of those under and 15.9 % of those 65 and older , were living below the poverty line . </P> <P> Florence is the central city of a metropolitan area with a total population of 205,566 ( 2010 US census ) , including the entire populations of Florence and Darlington counties . However , in the more detailed 2000 Census data , only about 54 % of this metro was urbanized , consisting of the urban areas Florence ( 2000 pop. : 67,314 ) , Hartsville ( 14,907 ) , Darlington ( 12,066 ) , and Lake City ( 8,728 ) . The remainder of the Florence metro is considered rural . </P> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like other midsize cities in the southern United States , Florence 's population is largely dominated by Protestantism , the largest group being the Southern Baptists , followed by the Methodists . The rest of the population are distributed among other Protestant denominations as well as the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches . The Greek Orthodox Church holds a large Greek Festival annually in September . There are two Reform Judaism synagogues in Florence , Beth Israel Congregation . There is also a small Hindu temple . </P> <H2> Notable people ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Arts </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Blackie Collins , author and knife maker </Li> <Li> Graves of Valor , band </Li> <Li> The Independents , band </Li> <Li> William Johnson , artist </Li> <Li> Trey Lorenz , musician </Li> <Li> Philip B. Meggs , author and historian </Li> <Li> Houston Person , musician </Li> <Li> Padgett Powell , author </Li> <Li> Doug Quattlebaum , Piedmont blues guitarist , singer and songwriter </Li> <Li> Sequoyah Prep School , band </Li> <Li> Through the Eyes of the Dead , band </Li> <Li> Henry Timrod , so - called `` poet laureate of the Confederacy '' </Li> <Li> Bill Trader , songwriter </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Entertainment </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> K. Lee Graham , Miss South Carolina Teen USA 201 , Miss Teen USA 2014 </Li> <Li> Mark L. Walberg , television host </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Politics and law </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Beverly Daggett , politician </Li> <Li> Alvin Greene , politician </Li> <Li> Charles Weston Houck , judge </Li> <Li> William C. James , Marine Brigadier general </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Sports </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Buddy Baker , NASCAR racecar driver </Li> <Li> Ron Barfield Jr. , NASCAR racecar driver </Li> <Li> Brandon Bostick , professional football player ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Harry Carson , professional football player ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Jim David , professional football player ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Fisher DeBerry , football coach </Li> <Li> Darian Durant , professional football player ( CFL ) </Li> <Li> Justin Durant , professional football player ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Malliciah Goodman , professional football player ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Clayton Holmes , professional football player ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Reggie Sanders , professional baseball player ( MLB ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence Timmons , professional football player ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Ron Turner , swimming coach </Li> <Li> Cale Yarborough , NASCAR driver , four - time Daytona 500 champion </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Baseball </Dt> </Dl> <P> Baseball has a long history in Florence , dating back to the 1920s when the Florence Swamp Foxes were founded . The Toronto Blue Jays had a minor league team that played in Florence from 1981 to 1986 . Major league players Pat Borders , Jimmy Key , Cecil Fielder and Fred McGriff made stops in Florence during their minor league careers . Florence 's Post 1 American Legion baseball team is one of the longest tenured teams in the state , beginning in 1932 . Drawing the best high school talent from all over the Pee Dee area each summer , Post 1 has had over 30 players move on the professional ranks , including Reggie Sanders . They have won 28 league championships and two state titles . They were the host site of the 2008 American Legion State Tournament . In 2012 , Post 1 won the South Carolina state tournament and the Southeast Regional and participated in the American Legion World Series in Shelby , North Carolina . </P> <P> Florence is home to the Coastal Plain League Florence RedWolves summer collegiate baseball team . Relocated to Florence in 1998 , the team brings in players from collegiate sports conferences , including the Southeastern Conference and the Atlantic Coast Conference . The team hosted the 2004 All - Star game and Home Run Derby . In 2007 , they hosted the Petitt Cup Tournament at their home field . </P> <P> The RedWolves play at the 1,755 - capacity Sparrow Stadium at Francis Marion University . The stadium is also hosts some home games for the Florence -- Darlington Technical College Stingers baseball team . Post 1 plays its home games at American Legion Field , adjacent to Memorial Stadium , where Florence 's three public high schools play their home football games . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Football </Dt> </Dl> <P> Until 2009 , Florence was home to the American Indoor Football league 's Florence Phantoms , which debuted in the league in 2006 . The Phantoms played in the Florence Civic Center . Florence Memorial Stadium is a 7,000 seat football stadium 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) to the east of the city . It is the home stadium for West Florence , Wilson , and South Florence high schools . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Hockey </Dt> </Dl> <P> Florence was also home to the Southern Professional Hockey League 's now - Twin City Cyclones , who played from 2005 to 2007 . This team was part of a two event package in 2004 to replace the now defunct Pee Dee Pride ( to be the Myrtle Beach Thunderboltz ) from the ECHL . The building was also the home of the South Carolina Fire Ants of Major League Roller Hockey in 1998 . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> Florence and Grand Strand share a common defined market by Nielsen Media Research in Horry , Marion , Dillon , Darlington , Marlboro , Scotland , Robeson , and Florence counties . The Florence / Myrtle Beach Market is the 103rd largest market in the US as defined by Nielsen Media Research . CBS affiliate WBTW 13 , ABC affiliate WPDE - TV 15 , CW affiliate WWMB 21 and SCETV ( PBS ) outlet WJPM - TV 33 are licensed to Florence . SCETV 's Myrtle Beach outlet , WHMC 23 , is licensed to Conway . NBC affiliate WMBF - TV 32 and Fox affiliate WFXB 43 are licensed to the city of Myrtle Beach but also serve Florence . Florence , along with The Pee Dee Region , makes up the 217th largest radio market in the United States . </P> <P> The Florence Morning News is the largest daily paper published in the Pee Dee , with a readership base extending from Cheraw , Marion , Darlington to Williamsburg County . The paper has been in existence since 1922 and is published by BH Media Group , a Berkshire Hathaway Company . The area is also served by several weekly papers , including the News Journal and the Community Times . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> South Carolina portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Table 2 : Population Estimates for the 100 Most Populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas Based on July 1 , 2006 Population Estimates : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2006 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . April 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Florence city , South Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 ( PEPANNRES ) : Incorporated Places , South Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Winners of the '' . All - America City Award . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Brenda ; Leach , Jennifer ( 1 February 2004 ) . Florence . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1609 - 7 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Florence , South Carolina -- Great American Stations ( Amtrak ) '' . Greatamericanstations.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Clint ( May 2011 ) . Touring the Carolinas ' Civil War Sites . John F. Blair . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 475 - 7 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dabney , Eric ; Coker , Mike ( 31 January 2006 ) . Historic South Carolina : An Illustrated History . HPN Books . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893619 - 52 - 4 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Felder , James ( 22 May 2012 ) . Civil Rights in South Carolina : From Peaceful Protests to Groundbreaking Rulings . The History Press . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 686 - 9 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . Cityofflorence.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . Cityofflorence.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Florence Business Climate '' . Fcedp.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pace of Economic Recovery : GMP and Jobs '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global Pharma Contract Development & Manufacturing ( CDMO ) '' . Patheon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 FSD1 Fast Facts '' . Florence School District One . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florence County Economic Development Partnership : Largest Employers '' . Fcedp.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florence Airport Stats '' . Florencescairport.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florence Downtown Revitalization '' . Florencedowntown.com . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halpern , Dan ( October 18 , 2009 ) . `` Southern Discomfort '' . New York Times Sunday Magazine . p . SM32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob L. Eagle ; Eric S. LeBlanc ( 1 May 2013 ) . Blues : A Regional Experience . ABC - CLIO . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34424 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cormell Field at Sparrow Stadium '' . fmupatriots.com . Francis Marion University . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . The baseball facility consists of 917 seats with capacity of 1,755 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sparrow Stadium '' . florenceredwolves.com . Florence RedWolves . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baseball Schedule '' . stingerathletics.com . Florence -- Darlington Technical College . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1997 - 98 Major League Roller Hockey ( MLRH ) standings at '' . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florence , South Carolina . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Official tourism website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Municipalities and communities of Florence County , South Carolina , United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Florence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Florence </Li> <Li> Johnsonville </Li> <Li> Lake City </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coward </Li> <Li> Olanta </Li> <Li> Pamplico </Li> <Li> Quinby </Li> <Li> Scranton </Li> <Li> Timmonsville </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unincorporated communities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Effingham </Li> <Li> Evergreen </Li> <Li> Hannah </Li> <Li> Kingsburg </Li> <Li> Mars Bluff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of South Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Columbia ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Coastal Plain </Li> <Li> Blue Ridge Mountains </Li> <Li> Grand Strand </Li> <Li> High Hills of Santee </Li> <Li> Lake Murray Country </Li> <Li> Lowcountry </Li> <Li> Metrolina </Li> <Li> Midlands </Li> <Li> Ninety - Six District </Li> <Li> Olde English District </Li> <Li> Pee Dee </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Sandhills </Li> <Li> Sea Islands </Li> <Li> Upstate </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Seal of South Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Larger cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charleston </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Greenville </Li> <Li> North Charleston </Li> <Li> Rock Hill </Li> <Li> Spartanburg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Smaller cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aiken </Li> <Li> Anderson </Li> <Li> Beaufort </Li> <Li> Bennettsville </Li> <Li> Camden </Li> <Li> Cayce </Li> <Li> Conway </Li> <Li> Easley </Li> <Li> Florence </Li> <Li> Forest Acres </Li> <Li> Gaffney </Li> <Li> Georgetown </Li> <Li> Greenwood </Li> <Li> Greer </Li> <Li> Goose Creek </Li> <Li> Hilton Head Island </Li> <Li> Isle of Palms </Li> <Li> Laurens </Li> <Li> Lexington </Li> <Li> Mauldin </Li> <Li> Myrtle Beach </Li> <Li> North Augusta </Li> <Li> North Myrtle Beach </Li> <Li> Orangeburg </Li> <Li> Simpsonville </Li> <Li> Summerville </Li> <Li> Sumter </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Walterboro </Li> <Li> West Columbia </Li> <Li> York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abbeville </Li> <Li> Barnwell </Li> <Li> Batesburg - Leesville </Li> <Li> Bluffton </Li> <Li> Clemson </Li> <Li> Darlington </Li> <Li> Dillon </Li> <Li> Edgefield </Li> <Li> Fort Mill </Li> <Li> Fountain Inn </Li> <Li> Great Falls </Li> <Li> Hardeeville </Li> <Li> Irmo </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Kingstree </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> McCormick </Li> <Li> Moncks Corner </Li> <Li> Mount Pleasant </Li> <Li> Newberry </Li> <Li> Pageland </Li> <Li> Pendleton </Li> <Li> Pickens </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Sullivan 's Island </Li> <Li> Travelers Rest </Li> <Li> Walhalla </Li> <Li> Westminster </Li> <Li> Williamston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CDPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Berea </Li> <Li> Carolina Forest </Li> <Li> Dentsville </Li> <Li> Gantt </Li> <Li> Garden City </Li> <Li> Ladson </Li> <Li> Parker </Li> <Li> Red Hill </Li> <Li> Saint Andrews </Li> <Li> Seven Oaks </Li> <Li> Socastee </Li> <Li> Taylors </Li> <Li> Wade Hampton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abbeville </Li> <Li> Aiken </Li> <Li> Allendale </Li> <Li> Anderson </Li> <Li> Bamberg </Li> <Li> Barnwell </Li> <Li> Beaufort </Li> <Li> Berkeley </Li> <Li> Calhoun </Li> <Li> Charleston </Li> <Li> Cherokee </Li> <Li> Chester </Li> <Li> Chesterfield </Li> <Li> Clarendon </Li> <Li> Colleton </Li> <Li> Darlington </Li> <Li> Dillon </Li> <Li> Dorchester </Li> <Li> Edgefield </Li> <Li> Fairfield </Li> <Li> Florence </Li> <Li> Georgetown </Li> <Li> Greenville </Li> <Li> Greenwood </Li> <Li> Hampton </Li> <Li> Horry </Li> <Li> Jasper </Li> <Li> Kershaw </Li> <Li> Lancaster </Li> <Li> Laurens </Li> <Li> Lee </Li> <Li> Lexington </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Marlboro </Li> <Li> McCormick </Li> <Li> Newberry </Li> <Li> Oconee </Li> <Li> Orangeburg </Li> <Li> Pickens </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Saluda </Li> <Li> Spartanburg </Li> <Li> Sumter </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Williamsburg </Li> <Li> York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Airports </Li> <Li> Amusement parks </Li> <Li> Census areas </Li> <Li> Colleges and universities </Li> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> <Li> Famous people </Li> <Li> Governors </Li> <Li> Highways </Li> <Li> Historic places </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Legislature </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> Newspapers </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> TV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Shopping malls </Li> <Li> Sports venues </Li> <Li> State House </Li> <Li> State parks </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions </Li> <Li> Wildlife refuges </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Radio stations in the Florence , South Carolina market </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By FM frequency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 88.1 </Li> <Li> 91.7 </Li> <Li> 92.9 </Li> <Li> 93.7 </Li> <Li> 94.3 </Li> <Li> 95.3 </Li> <Li> 98.5 </Li> <Li> 99.3 </Li> <Li> 100.1 </Li> <Li> 100.5 </Li> <Li> 101.3 </Li> <Li> 102.1 </Li> <Li> 102.9 </Li> <Li> 103.3 </Li> <Li> 105.1 </Li> <Li> 105.5 </Li> <Li> 106.3 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By AM frequency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 540 </Li> <Li> 800 </Li> <Li> 970 </Li> <Li> 1230 </Li> <Li> 1260 </Li> <Li> 1400 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By callsign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WBZF </Li> <Li> WCMG </Li> <Li> WDAR </Li> <Li> WDSC </Li> <Li> WEGX </Li> <Li> WFRK </Li> <Li> WHYM </Li> <Li> WJMX </Li> <Li> WJMX - FM </Li> <Li> WLPG </Li> <Li> WMXT </Li> <Li> WOLH </Li> <Li> WPDT </Li> <Li> WQPD </Li> <Li> WRJA </Li> <Li> WSIM </Li> <Li> WWDM </Li> <Li> WWFN - FM </Li> <Li> WWKT </Li> <Li> WWRK </Li> <Li> WYNN ( AM ) </Li> <Li> WYNN - FM </Li> <Li> WZTF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WBSC ( 1550 AM ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> South Carolina radio markets </Dt> <Dd> Charleston </Dd> <Dd> Columbia </Dd> <Dd> Florence </Dd> <Dd> Greenville -- Spartanburg </Dd> <Dd> Myrtle Beach </Dd> <Dd> Rock Hill </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Other South Carolina radio regions </Dt> <Dd> Hilton Head </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> See also </Dt> <Dd> List of radio stations in South Carolina </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Television stations in the Pee Dee region , including Myrtle Beach and Florence , South Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digital television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WBTW ( 13.1 CBS , 13.2 MNTV / ANT , 13.3 Ion TV , 13.4 Escape ) </Li> <Li> WPDE ( 15.1 ABC , 15.2 News / Weather , 15.3 Comet , 15.4 TBD ) </Li> <Li> WWMB ( 21.1 CW , 21.2 CW+ , 21.3 Stadium , 21.4 Charge ! ) </Li> <Li> WHMC 23 / WJPM 33 ( xx. 1 PBS , xx. 2 South Carolina , xx. 3 ETV World , xx. 4 ETV Kids ) </Li> <Li> WUNU ( 31.1 PBS , 31.2 Rootle , 31.3 Explorer , 31.4 North Carolina ) </Li> <Li> WMBF ( 32.1 NBC , 32.2 Bounce , 32.3 Grit , 32.4 Laff ) </Li> <Li> WFXB ( 43.1 Fox , 43.2 QVC , 43.3 This TV , 43.4 MeTV ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> South Carolina broadcast television areas by city </Dt> <Dd> Augusta , GA / Aiken </Dd> <Dd> Charleston </Dd> <Dd> Charlotte , NC </Dd> <Dd> Columbia </Dd> <Dd> Greenville , SC </Dd> <Dd> Myrtle Beach </Dd> <Dd> Savannah , GA / Hilton Head </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> North Carolina broadcast television areas by city </Dt> <Dd> Asheville </Dd> <Dd> Charlotte </Dd> <Dd> Greensboro </Dd> <Dd> Greenville , NC </Dd> <Dd> Myrtle Beach , SC </Dd> <Dd> Norfolk , VA </Dd> <Dd> Raleigh </Dd> <Dd> Wilmington </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence,_South_Carolina&oldid=862368549 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Florence , South Carolina </Li> <Li> Cities in South Carolina </Li> <Li> County seats in South Carolina </Li> <Li> Florence , South Carolina metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Cities in Florence County , South Carolina </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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where is florence south carolina located on the map
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Florence,_South_Carolina&amp;oldid=862368549
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Meg Griffin - wikipedia <H1> Meg Griffin </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> This article is about the cartoon character . For the DJ , see Meg Griffin ( DJ ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Meg Griffin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Family Guy character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Death Has a Shadow '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Seth MacFarlane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Tara Strong ( singing voice ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> High school student </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Griffin ( father ) </Li> <Li> Lois Griffin ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Chris Griffin ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Stewie Griffin ( brother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Megan `` Meg '' Griffin is a fictional character in the animated television series Family Guy . Meg is the eldest child of Peter and Lois Griffin and older sister of Stewie and Chris , but is also the family 's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and bears the brunt of their abuse . She is often bullied , ridiculed , and ignored . </P> <P> Meg first appeared on television , along with the rest of the Griffin family , in a 15 - minute short on December 20 , 1998 . She was created and designed by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane , who was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company , based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve , two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle - aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog , Steve . After the pilot was given the greenlight , the Griffin family appeared in the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . </P> <P> Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season , Meg has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Personality </Li> <Li> 2 Voice actors </Li> <Li> 3 Social life </Li> <Li> 4 Family life </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Personality </H2> <P> Meg is a self - conscious and insecure adolescent girl . She is treated unfairly by various people and has numerous insecurities that prompt her to try to be part of the `` in - crowd '' , which only results in her getting rebuffed by the many bullies of this circle , particularly Connie D'Amico , the head cheerleader of the local high school , James Woods Regional High School . However , a nerdy student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her . </P> <P> Meg is usually the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her unpopularity and `` ugliness '' ; Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names . Stewie and Brian tend to disdain her kindness , but they typically do it behind Meg 's back . Lois constantly puts Meg down , while boosting her own egotistical image . Lois is usually of little to no help to Meg when she is abused by others ; though she is not as abusive towards Meg as Peter is . </P> <P> While Meg is usually a pushover , she can get angry if pushed too far . This can be seen in the episode `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , where she strongly insults and defames Peter , Lois , and even Chris for their inconsiderate actions toward her . This causes Peter , Lois , and Chris to distance themselves in shame and sends Peter into depression ; though she later apologizes upon realizing that the family needs a `` lightning rod '' to absorb the dysfunction . In the episode `` Road to Rupert '' , Meg assaults a man for insulting her after a fender - bender . </P> <P> Many of the show 's storylines about Meg involve her trying to improve her life , find a boyfriend , and reaching breaking points with her family and others who victimize her . </P> <P> Out of all the members of the family , her father Peter abuses her the most , however he is shown to actually care about Meg in various episodes , such as in `` Meg and Quagmire '' when he goes out of his way to prevent Glenn Quagmire from having sex with her , and in `` This Little Piggy '' where he tries to get Meg out of a foot fetishism business objectifying her for men 's sexual amusement . Peter cares about Meg but is not open about it to anyone . </P> <H2> Voice actors </H2> <P> On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode `` Hot Tub '' , Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers . Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season , and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and appearing on Party of Five at the time , although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order . Mila Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak more slowly , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . MacFarlane stated that Kunis `` had a very natural quality to Meg '' and she 's `` in a lot of ways ( ... ) almost more right for the character '' . Kunis 's voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two `` Da Boom '' , and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis . Tara Strong provides Meg 's singing voice in `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Tara Strong ( singing voice ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Social life </H2> <P> Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality . She desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd , but is usually coldly rebuffed . Because of her eagerness for acceptance , she has been recruited `` unknowingly '' into a suicidal religious cult , and later recruited again unwittingly into her school 's Lesbian Alliance ( `` Brian Sings and Swings '' ) . However , Meg does have a moderate number of friends , the best of whom being a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys . In later episodes , these girls , known by the names Beth , Patty , Collette , Esther , and Ruth , are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless , much like Meg . </P> <P> Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own stomach twice ( in shop class ) in order to avoid a date with her , and then in a later episode shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night . In `` Do n't Make Me Over '' , Lois is looking for new clothes for Meg , but with no luck ; a saleswoman ends up pouring gasoline on herself , lighting a match , catching fire , and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans . However , she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman . In `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' , Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia , Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous . This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil 's girlfriend and ( not knowing at first ) his slave , but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him . Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her , mostly due to his very low standards , asking if she has reached the age of consent . Quagmire comes close to succeeding in `` Meg and Quagmire '' when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire 's ' dates ' . Then , they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin , Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens . In several episodes she is shown dating , including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell . She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover ; but , before all that happens , she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman . In `` Jerome is the New Black '' , Jerome , an old flame of Lois 's and Peter 's new friend , admits to having sex with Meg , to which Peter replies indifferently . </P> <P> In the episode `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club , with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was . Desperate to fit in , she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it . At the end of the episode , Meg goes over to Sarah 's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian ( Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied ) , much to Glenn 's ( who was hiding in Sarah 's closet ) disappointment . She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker , but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness . </P> <P> In other episodes , she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend . For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian , the family dog and only after threatening suicide . </P> <P> Earlier in season 2 , she dated Joe Swanson 's son Kevin Swanson , but in `` Stew - Roids '' it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq . In the episode , `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , she dates a boy named Doug , but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex . In the episode `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma ( caused by Peter when he asked her to `` rescue '' beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen ) and they start to date . After he breaks up with Meg ( because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma , he would `` treat her like a princess '' ) , she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged . After finding out that she is not actually pregnant , Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay , however , Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar . In the episode `` Dial Meg for Murder '' , she is dating a convict , while in the episode `` Go , Stewie , Go ! '' she dates an attractive young man named Anthony , who is absolutely normal ( much to the surprise of many of the other characters ) . They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg . It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair . Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse . </P> <P> Overall , Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series . However , there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian : examples of this include `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , `` Stew - Roids '' , and `` Dial Meg for Murder '' . </P> <P> In November 2016 , when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes , showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian , taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics , like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in `` Brian Sings and Swings '' and is identified as a `` transgender man '' named `` Ron '' in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , the latter which takes place in the future . However , Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus is n't officially set to be used in an episode . </P> <H2> Family life </H2> <P> In the first three seasons of the show , Meg was portrayed with a more whiny and uptight personality who was often embarrassed by the family 's acts of bumbling and stupidity , though they cared for her and meant well . In the post-cancellation seasons , this began to change as the inadvertent embarrassment became deliberate bullying and disrespect . Additionally , the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it appears that most of the population of Quahog who knows her , or even just meets her , picks on or disdains her for no reason other than her simply being `` Meg '' . This basically means that she is a victim of circumstance , as Meg is normally docile and well - behaved and never seems to do anything mean or inconsiderate . In an interview , Mila Kunis stated : `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in perpetual mode of humiliation , and it 's fun . '' </P> <P> While Meg is , in reality , the least obnoxious or self - involved of the family , she is also the least respected and most misunderstood , often shown by people avoiding her company , disparaging her in person , gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs , etc . Peter reminds Lois , `` We agreed that if we could only save two , we 'd leave Meg ! '' even randomly shooting her when she simply said `` Hi Dad '' ( `` Peter 's Daughter '' ) but despite this he also was going to say `` I love you '' in `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , and in `` Road to Rupert '' he stated they were ' secret best friends ' before throwing lemonade in her face , saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to `` peer pressure '' , thus giving hope that they may be on good terms . Occasionally , when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room , Peter responds by saying `` Shut up , Meg '' , which is immediately followed by a line from another character . </P> <P> When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them , Meg finds Peter 's letter to her , which says , `` Dear Meg , for the first four years of your life , I thought you were a house cat . '' And in Peter 's short story of her birth , they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth . In the episode `` Stewie Kills Lois '' , Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand . He then says `` two and a half months later , our daughter Meg was born '' -- indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant . Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation , says , `` Hey Meg , did you know that if you 're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work ? ' Cause no one told me ! I just thought you should know '' and laughs awkwardly . On Meg 's 17th birthday , her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age . Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode `` PTV '' , and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in `` Long John Peter '' . In `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven '' , Brian says to Meg 's face that she lives in a home `` where nobody respects or cares about ( her ) , not even enough to get ( her ) a damn mumps shot ! '' Chris , however , has more of a typical brother - sister relationship with Meg , with Chris telling those who condemn her that it is never her fault . Chris , at one point , threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss did n't re-hire Meg ( at the insistence of Lois ) . Like Chris , Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet , and although she has proved it , her father coldly state that they were talking about Chris ' , not hers . Cleveland comments to Peter `` Meg is my least favorite of your children . '' </P> <P> Apparently , a double standard also exists against Meg , further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her . In `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' , an episode wherein Peter loses his memory , as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex , Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children ; in response , Meg attempts an incest joke . She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room . However , in the season finale `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' , Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie , and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter , Lois receives no such violent reaction . Additionally , in `` Model Misbehavior '' , when Lois starts a modeling career , Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois ' pictures , followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming `` Me too ! '' to which Peter shouts `` Oh God , Meg , that 's sick ! That 's your mother ! '' , ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing first . Meg responded by saying `` I was only trying to fit in ! '' Peter immediately kicked her out of the house . Later , during an unrelated conversation , when she tried to insight Peter on how Lois ' behavior from modeling made a poor example for women , he said `` Meg , who let you back in the house ? '' </P> <P> Brian 's attention initially softens the lack of respect from Peter and the rest of family ; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West . While initially seeming to have more common decency for Meg than most people , this appears to almost completely disappear after the tenth season , as Brian 's increasingly shallow and self - centered character begins to take more pleasure and joy in being rotten to Meg and often refuses to give her the time of day , such as desperately trying to avoid having to comfort her , rejecting an offer by Peter to be Meg 's godfather , attempting to pin the blame on ( or trying to frame ) her for a misdeed , finding humor in her being puked on , and even willing to deliberately urinate on her bed . Before the more recent seasons of the series , Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg , for example , taking her to Spring Break at the beach , only for her former younger wild side to kick in and completely exclude Meg from the excitement . Lois would very often comfort Meg when she is down ; however , she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien , and with a `` Whatever happens , happens '' , leaves Meg to her misery . One of the most cruel examples of the family 's lack of humanity or gratitude for Meg comes in the episode `` You Ca n't Do That On Television , Peter '' . When Peter is mauled by a puma , Meg uses medical training to save his life . However , no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out , Peter just tells her to get him water . </P> <P> The family 's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in `` Dial Meg for Murder '' when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal , abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her . It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways . However , it comes to a head once again in `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter , informing them of their own flaws . Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother 's delinquent past . Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent , harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg 's shortcomings . Lois tries to justify that she 's a better person because of her past and she is open that she is n't the perfect parent , but Meg tells her that she 's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to guide her through life and navigate her through the hardships and difficulties of being a young woman . Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18 , she may never want to see her again . </P> <P> This breaks Lois ' heart and she finally admits that she 's been a terrible mother to Meg . Finally , Meg turns on Peter who , unable to comprehend her insults , thinks that his daughter 's argument is amusing , even when she points out Peter 's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her . It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a `` waste of a man . '' A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to `` knock it off '' , but Lois refuses because he did n't stick up for her . Within moments , Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois . Peter finally runs to his room crying , with Lois running after him , leaving behind Meg and Brian , who is now fully recovered from his trip , to discuss what just happened . Brian likes that Meg stood up for herself , but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word , seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins ' `` lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction '' . He commends her on her maturity , and even goes on to say that Meg is the `` strongest person '' in the family . She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault . Since this episode , the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline . She also notices that Peter 's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her , and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show -- which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and ( as it is implied ) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ IMDB -- Family Guy -- Stew - Roids ( 2009 ) Movie Connections </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( 2005 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Sharing the Ratings Spoils '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lacey Chabert interview by GameSpy ( October 6 , 2006 ) - Sonic Retro </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2005 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fox Swears By Family Guy '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Planet Family Guy - Character guide - Meg Griffin Archived 2012 - 09 - 07 at Archive.is </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mila Kunis talks about working on Family Guy `` : EveryJoe - Sports and Entertainment News Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Movie Reviews , Articles , Trailers , and more at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' . Family Guy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 1999 - 04 - 18 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian Sings and Swings '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 19 . 2006 - 01 - 08 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 04 - 25 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Thin White Line '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2001 - 11 - 07 . Fox . Are you 18 yet ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Story on Page One '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . 2000 - 07 - 18 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From Method to Madness '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . 2002 - 01 - 24 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2005 - 06 - 05 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Barely Legal '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Fox . I 'm so fat and gross ! </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newman , Vicki ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Family Guy 's Meg Griffin ' to come out as lesbian ' ... but will she still go on to become transgender man Ron ? '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ennis , Dawn ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Is Meg Griffin of ' Family Guy ' About to Come Out as a Lesbian ? '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 25 Family Guy Characters '' . IGN . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 19 . 2002 - 01 - 31 . Fox Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Petergeist '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 26 . 2006 - 05 - 07 . Fox . Oh yeah right like I 'm going back for Meg </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapons '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2001 - 08 - 22 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter 's Two Dads '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 10 . 2007 - 02 - 11 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Breaking Out Is Hard to Do '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 07 - 17 . Fox Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 09 - 24 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 10 . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Fox . `` I wish you 'd told him that before he lost his memory ! '' -- Meg , after Lois tells Peter he can not have sex with the children </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 21 . 2010 - 06 - 20 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friends Without Benefits '' . Family Guy . Season 11 . Episode 7 . 2012 - 12 - 09 . Fox Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Underage Peter '' . Family Guy . Season 14 . Episode 14 . 2016 - 02 - 21 . Fox Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yug Ylimaf '' . Family Guy . Season 11 . Episode 4 . 2012 - 11 - 11 . Fox Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No Country Club for Old Men '' . Family Guy . Season 11 . Episode 22 . 2013 - 05 - 19 . Fox Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Bitten '' . Family Guy . Season 13 . Episode 15 . 2015 - 04 - 19 . Fox Broadcasting Company . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Meg Griffin at Fox.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Family Guy ( franchise ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Griffin family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter </Li> <Li> Lois </Li> <Li> Meg </Li> <Li> Chris </Li> <Li> Stewie </Li> <Li> Brian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quagmire </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Adam West </Li> <Li> Herbert </Li> <Li> Cleveland Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cast members </Li> <Li> Guest stars </Li> <Li> Writers </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Life of Larry shorts </Li> <Li> Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story </Li> <Li> Live in Vegas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hallmarks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Road to ... episodes </Li> <Li> Star Wars episodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Merchandise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Home video </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Criticism </Li> <Li> Night of the Hurricane </Li> <Li> The Cleveland Show </Li> <Li> American Dad ! </Li> <Li> Animation Domination </Li> <Li> `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' </Li> <Li> `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Family Guy portal </Li> <Li> Animation portal </Li> <Li> Television portal </Li> <Li> Comedy portal </Li> <Li> Fictional characters portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meg_Griffin&oldid=864039038 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Family Guy characters </Li> <Li> Teenage characters in television </Li> <Li> Fictional American people of Irish descent </Li> <Li> Fictional American people of German descent </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1999 </Li> <Li> Animated human characters </Li> <Li> Female characters in animation </Li> <Li> Female characters in television </Li> <Li> Fictional attempted suicides </Li> <Li> Fictional victims of bullies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template archiveis links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles with style issues </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 13 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who has done the voice of meg griffin
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Meg_Griffin&amp;oldid=864039038
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Allies of World war II - wikipedia <H1> Allies of World war II </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Allies of World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Military alliance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Allied Powers ( and their colonies ) </Li> <Li> Allies entering after the attack on Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Axis powers and co-belligerents </Li> <Li> Neutral powers ( and their colonies ) </Li> </Ul> The `` Big Four '' : <Ul> <Li> United States ( from December 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Soviet Union ( from June 1941 ) </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> China </Li> </Ul> Occupied countries with governments - in - exile : <Ul> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> </Ul> Other Allied combatant states : <Ul> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> </Ul> Former Axis powers or co-belligerents : <Ul> <Li> Italy ( from 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Finland ( from 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Romania ( from 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Bulgaria ( from 1944 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Capital </Td> <Td> Not specified </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Political structure </Td> <Td> Military alliance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era </Td> <Td> World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Established </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Disestablished </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by </Td> <Td> Succeeded by </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Allies of World War I </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> United Nations </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NATO </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warsaw Pact </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The `` United Nations Honour Flag '' , used as a symbol of the wartime Allies , c. 1943 -- 1948 The Allied leaders of the European theatre : Joseph Stalin , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at the Tehran Conference in 1943 The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theater : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference in 1943 United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and their advisors in the Casablanca Conference , 1943 <P> The Allies of World War II , called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration , were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) . The Allies promoted the alliance as a means to control German , Japanese and Italian aggression . </P> <P> At the start of the war on 1 September 1939 , the Allies consisted of France , Poland and the United Kingdom , as well as their dependent states , such as British India . Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth : Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa . After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign , the Netherlands , Belgium , Greece , and Yugoslavia joined the Allies . After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict , the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany . The United States provided war materiel and money all along , and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 , but officially joined the Allies in 1941 . </P> <P> The alliance was formalised by the Declaration by United Nations , from 1 January 1942 . However , the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war . The leaders of the `` Big Three '' -- the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- controlled Allied strategy ; relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close . The Big Three together with China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , then were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in the Declaration by United Nations and later as the `` Four Policemen '' of the United Nations . After the war ended , the Allied nations became the basis of the modern United Nations . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins and creation </Li> <Li> 2 Major affiliated state combatants <Ul> <Li> 2.1 United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 War declared <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1.1 Colonies and dependencies <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1.1. 1 In Africa </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.1. 2 In the Americas </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.1. 3 In Asia </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.1. 4 In Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 China <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Factions <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1.1 Nationalists </Li> <Li> 2.2. 1.2 Communists </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 France <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 War declared </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Colonies and dependencies <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 2.1 In Africa </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2.2 In Asia and Oceania </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2.3 In the Americas </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Soviet Union <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Outbreak </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 History </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 United States <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 War justifications </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 History </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3 Colonies and dependencies <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 3.1 In the Americas and the Pacific </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3.2 In Asia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Minor affiliated state combatants <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 3.2 Belgium <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Colonies and dependencies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Brazil </Li> <Li> 3.4 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.5 Cuba </Li> <Li> 3.6 Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> 3.7 Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> 3.8 Greece </Li> <Li> 3.9 Luxembourg </Li> <Li> 3.10 Mexico </Li> <Li> 3.11 Netherlands <Ul> <Li> 3.11. 1 Colonies and dependencies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.12 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 3.13 Norway </Li> <Li> 3.14 Poland </Li> <Li> 3.15 Korea ( Government in exile ) </Li> <Li> 3.16 South Africa </Li> <Li> 3.17 Yugoslavia <Ul> <Li> 3.17. 1 Resistance factions <Ul> <Li> 3.17. 1.1 Partisans </Li> <Li> 3.17. 1.2 Chetniks </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Client states <Ul> <Li> 4.1 British <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Egypt </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 India ( British Raj ) </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Iran </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Iraq </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Soviet <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Bulgaria </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Mongolia </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Poland </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Romania </Li> <Li> 4.2. 5 Tannu Tuva </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Co-belligerent state combatants <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Italy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Associated power <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Albania </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 United Nations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Declaration by United Nations </Li> <Li> 7.2 Alliance growing </Li> <Li> 7.3 Charter of the United Nations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Timeline of Allied nations entering the war <Ul> <Li> 8.1 1939 </Li> <Li> 8.2 1940 </Li> <Li> 8.3 1941 </Li> <Li> 8.4 Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 </Li> <Li> 8.5 1942 </Li> <Li> 8.6 1943 </Li> <Li> 8.7 1944 </Li> <Li> 8.8 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Origins and creation </H2> Main articles : Causes of World War II and Grand Alliance ( World War II ) <P> The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I and cooperation of the victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles . The new Weimar Republic 's legitimacy became shaken . However , the 1920s were peaceful . </P> <P> With the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression , political unrest in Europe soared including the rise in support of revanchist nationalists in Germany who blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles . By the early 1930s , the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933 . The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German - populated Austria , and German - populated territories of Czechoslovakia . The likelihood of war was high , and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement . </P> <P> In Asia , when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 , the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China . Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations in March 1933 . After four quiet years , the Sino - Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forces invading China . The League of Nations condemned Japan 's actions and initiated sanctions on Japan . The United States , in particular , was angered at Japan and sought to support China . </P> Poland first to fight -- British wartime poster supporting Poland after the German invasion , 1939 <P> In March 1939 , Germany took over Czechoslovakia , violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before , and demonstrating that the appeasement policy was a failure . Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war . On 31 March 1939 , Britain formed the Anglo - Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country . Also , the French had a long - standing alliance with Poland since 1921 . The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the western powers , but Hitler ended the risk of a war with Stalin by signing the Nazi -- Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939 . The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of Eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine . On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland ; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany . Then , on 17 September 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east . A Polish government - in - exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies , a model followed by other occupied countries . After a quiet winter , Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands and France . Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini . In June 1941 , Hitler broke the non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Germany invaded the Soviet Union . In December , Japan attacked the US and Britain . The main lines of World War II had formed . </P> <H2> Major affiliated state combatants </H2> Main articles : Four Policemen and Diplomatic history of World War II <P> During December 1941 , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt devised the name `` United Nations '' for the Allies and proposed it to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . He referred to the Big Three and China as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , and then later the `` Four Policemen '' . The Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 was the basis of the modern United Nations ( UN ) . At the Potsdam Conference of July -- August 1945 , Roosevelt 's successor , Harry S. Truman , proposed that the foreign ministers of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States `` should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe '' , which led to the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the `` Big Five '' , and soon thereafter the establishment of those states as the permanent members of the UNSC . </P> <H3> United Kingdom </H3> Further information : Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II British Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft ( bottom ) flying past a German Heinkel He - 111 bomber aircraft ( top ) during the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) British Crusader tanks during the North African Campaign British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal under attack from Italian aircraft during the Battle of Cape Spartivento ( Nov. 27 , 1940 ) British soldiers of the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in Elst , Netherlands on 2 March 1945 War declared <P> Great Britain and other members of the British Commonwealth , most known as the Dominions , declared war on Germany separately from 3 September 1939 with the UK first , all within one week of each other ; these countries were Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and South Africa . </P> Colonies and dependencies Further information : British Empire in World War II In Africa Further information : Southern Rhodesia in World War II <P> British West Africa and the British colonies in East and Southern Africa participated , mainly in the North African , East African and Middle - Eastern theatres . Two West African and one East African division served in the Burma Campaign . </P> <P> Southern Rhodesia was a self - governing colony , having received responsible government in 1923 . It was not a sovereign dominion . It governed itself internally and controlled its own armed forces , but had no diplomatic autonomy , and , therefore , was officially at war as soon as Britain was at war . The Southern Rhodesian colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939 , which made no difference diplomatically , but preceded the declarations of war made by all other British dominions and colonies . </P> In the Americas <P> These included : the British West Indies , British Honduras , British Guiana and the Falkland Islands . Newfoundland was ruled as a royal colony in 1933 -- 49 , with a governor appointed by London who made the decisions . </P> In Asia Further information : India in World War II and Indian Army during World War II <P> British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and ( until 1937 ) Burma / Myanmar , which later became a separate colony . </P> <P> British Malaya covers the areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore , while British Borneo covers the area of Brunei , including Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia . </P> <P> Territories controlled by the Colonial Office , namely the Crown Colonies , were controlled politically by the UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain 's declaration of war . At the outbreak of World War II , the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II , the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . It suffered 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . </P> <P> Protectorates included : Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1920 . The Trucial States were protectorates in the Persian Gulf . </P> <P> Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from former territory of the Ottoman Empire , Iraq . </P> In Europe <P> The Cyprus Regiment was formed by the British Government during the Second World War and made part of the British Army structure . It was mostly Greek Cypriot volunteers and Turkish speaking Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus but also included other Commonwealth nationalities . On a brief visit to Cyprus in 1943 , Winston Churchill praised the `` soldiers of the Cyprus Regiment who have served honourably on many fields from Libya to Dunkirk '' . About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Cyprus Regiment . The regiment was involved in action from the very start and served at Dunkirk , in the Greek Campaign ( Battle of Greece ) ( about 600 soldiers were captured in Kalamata in 1941 ) , North Africa ( Operation Compass ) , France , the Middle East and Italy . Many soldiers were taken prisoner especially at the beginning of the war and were interned in various POW camps ( Stalag ) including Lamsdorf ( Stalag VIII - B ) , Stalag IVC at Wistritz bei Teplitz and Stalag 4b near Most in the Czech Republic . The soldiers captured in Kalamata were transported by train to prisoner of war camps . </P> <H3> China </H3> Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War <P> In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to the Kuomintang , or the Nationalists and helped reorganize their party along Leninist lines : a unification of party , state , and army . In exchange the Nationalists agreed to let members of the Chinese Communist Party join the Nationalists on an individual basis . However , following the nominal unification of China at the end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek purged leftists from his party and fought against the revolting Chinese Communist Party , former warlords , and other militarist factions . A fragmented China provided easy opportunities for Japan to gain territories piece by piece without engaging in total war . Following the 1931 Mukden Incident , the puppet state of Manchukuo was established . Throughout the early to mid-1930s , Chiang 's anti-communist and anti-militarist campaigns continued while he fought small , incessant conflicts against Japan , usually followed by unfavorable settlements and concessions after military defeats . </P> <P> In 1936 Chiang was forced to cease his anti-communist military campaigns after his kidnap and release by Zhang Xueliang , and reluctantly formed a nominal alliance with the Communists , while the Communists agreed to fight under the nominal command of the Nationalists against the Japanese . Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July 1937 , China and Japan became embroiled in a full - scale war . The Soviet Union , wishing to keep China in the fight against Japan , supplied China with military assistance until 1941 , when it signed a non-aggression pact with Japan . Continuous clashes between the Communists and Nationalists behind enemy lines cumulated in a major military conflict between these two former allies that effectively ended their cooperation against the Japanese , and China had been divided between the internationally recognized Nationalist China under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek and Communist China under the leadership of Mao Zedong until the Japanese surrendered in 1945 . </P> Factions Nationalists Main article : Nationalist Government Soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army associated with Nationalist China , during the Second Sino - Japanese War <P> Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan , the Nationalist Government held close relations with both Germany and Italy . In the early 1930s , Sino - German cooperation between the Nationalist Government and Germany in military and industrial matters . Nazi Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports and technical expertise . Relations between the Nationalist Government and Italy during the 1930s varied , however even after the Nationalist Government followed League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia , the international sanctions proved unsuccessful , and relations between the Fascist government in Italy and the Nationalist Government in China returned to normal shortly afterwards . Up until 1936 , Mussolini had provided the Nationalists with Italian military air and naval missions to help the Nationalists fight against Japanese incursions and communist insurgents . Italy also held strong commercial interests and a strong commercial position in China supported by the Italian concession in Tianjin . However , after 1936 the relationship between the Nationalist Government and Italy changed due to a Japanese diplomatic proposal to recognize the Italian Empire that included occupied Ethiopia within it in exchange for Italian recognition of Manchukuo , Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano accepted this offer by Japan , and on 23 October 1936 Japan recognized the Italian Empire and Italy recognized Manchukuo , as well as discussing increasing commercial links between Italy and Japan . </P> <P> The Nationalist Government held close relations with the United States . The United States opposed Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of China 's sovereignty , and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic , economic , and military assistance during its war against Japan . In particular , the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan , Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its petroleum , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . </P> <P> The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government . The Soviet Union also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist China during the war . </P> <P> Even though China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers , it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor , on 7 December 1941 . China fought the Japanese Empire before joining the Allies In the Pacific War . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of the United States into the war , and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis nations . However , Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Allies suffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign . General Sun Li - jen led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung . He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land route to China by the Ledo Road . But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945 . More than 1.5 million Japanese troops were trapped in the China Theatre , troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made a separate peace . </P> Communists Main article : Communist - controlled China ( 1927 -- 49 ) Soldiers of the First Workers ' and Peasants ' Army associated with Communist China , during the Sino - Japanese War Victorious Chinese Communist soldiers holding the flag of the Republic of China during the Hundred Regiments Offensive <P> Communist China had been tacitly supported by the Soviet Union since the 1920s , though the Soviet Union diplomatically recognised the Republic of China , Joseph Stalin supported cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists -- including pressuring the Nationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in the government . This was continued into the 1930s that fell in line with the Soviet Union 's subversion policy of popular fronts to increase communists ' influence in governments . The Soviet Union urged military and cooperation between Soviet China and Nationalist China during China 's war against Japan . Initially Mao Zedong accepted the demands of the Soviet Union and in 1938 had recognized Chiang Kai - shek as the `` leader '' of the `` Chinese people '' . In turn , the Soviet Union accepted Mao 's tactic of `` continuous guerilla warfare '' in the countryside that involved a goal of extending the Communist bases , even if it would result in increased tensions with the Nationalists . </P> <P> After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941 , the Communists prospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on , building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented , mainly through rural mass organizations , administrative , land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants ; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade and fighting the Japanese at the same time . </P> <P> The Communist Party 's position in China was boosted further upon the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 against the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and the Japanese Kwantung Army in China and Manchuria . Upon the intervention of the Soviet Union against Japan in World War II in 1945 , Mao Zedong in April and May 1945 had planned to mobilize 150,000 to 250,000 soldiers from across China to work with forces of the Soviet Union in capturing Manchuria . </P> <H3> France </H3> Main article : France during World War II Further information : Free France and Military history of France during World War II Free French forces at the Battle of Bir Hakeim ( 1942 ) War declared FAFL Free French GC II / 5 `` LaFayette '' receiving ex-USAAF Curtiss P - 40 fighters at Casablanca , French Morocco The French fleet scuttled itself rather than fall into the hands of the Axis after their invasion of Vichy France on 11 November 1942 . <P> After Germany invaded Poland , France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 . In January 1940 , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany : </P> <P> At the end of five months of war , one thing has become more and more clear . It is that Germany seeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in world history . </P> <P> The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of power and the imposition of the supremacy of one nation . It seeks the systematic and total destruction of those conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued . He destroys them . He takes from them their whole political and economic existence and seeks even to deprive them of their history and culture . He wishes only to consider them as vital space and a vacant territory over which he has every right . </P> <P> The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle . He orders their massacre or migration . He compels them to make room for their conquerors . He does not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them . He just takes all their wealth and , to prevent any revolt , he scientifically seeks the physical and moral degradation of those whose independence he has taken away . </P> <P> France experienced several major phases of action during World War II : </P> <Ul> <Li> The `` Phoney War '' of 1939 -- 1940 , also called drôle de guerre in France , dziwna wojna in Poland ( both meaning `` Strange War '' ) , or the `` Sitzkrieg '' ( `` Sitting War '' ) in Germany . </Li> <Li> The Battle of France in May -- June 1940 , which resulted in the defeat of the Allies , the fall of the French Third Republic , the German occupation of northern and western France , and the creation of the rump state Vichy France , which received diplomatic recognition from the Axis and most neutral countries including the United States . </Li> <Li> The period of resistance against the occupation and Franco - French struggle for control of the colonies between the Vichy regime and the Free French , who continued the fight on the Allies ' side after the Appeal of 18 June by General Charles de Gaulle , recognized by the United Kingdom as France 's government - in - exile . It culminated in the Allied landings in North Africa on 11 November 1942 , when Vichy ceased to exist as an independent entity after having been invaded by both the Axis and the Allies simultaneously , being thereafter only the nominal government in charge during the occupation of France . Vichy forces in French North Africa switched allegiance and merged with the Free French to participate in the campaigns of Tunisia and of Italy and the invasion of Corsica in 1943 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> The liberation of mainland France beginning with D - Day on 6 June 1944 and operation Overlord , and then with operation Dragoon on 15 August 1944 , leading to the Liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944 by the Free French 2e Division Blindée and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in the newly liberated capital . </Li> <Li> Participation of the re-established provisional French Republic 's First Army in the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine and the Western Allied invasion of Germany until V-E Day on 8 May 1945 . </Li> </Ul> Colonies and dependencies In Africa <P> In Africa these included : French West Africa , French Equatorial Africa , the League of Nations mandates of French Cameroun and French Togoland , French Madagascar , French Somaliland , and the protectorates of French Tunisia and French Morocco . </P> <P> French Algeria was then not a colony or dependency but a fully - fledged part of metropolitan France . </P> In Asia and Oceania The fall of Damascus to the Allies , late June 1941 . A car carrying Free French commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city , escorted by French Circassian cavalry ( Gardes Tcherkess ) . <P> In Asia and Oceania these included : French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna , New Caledonia , the New Hebrides , French Indochina , French India , the mandates of Greater Lebanon and French Syria . The French government in 1936 attempted to grant independence to its mandate of Syria in the Franco - Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936 signed by France and Syria . However , opposition to the treaty grew in France and the treaty was not ratified . Syria had become an official republic in 1930 and was largely self - governing . In 1941 , a British - led invasion supported by Free French forces expelled Vichy French forces in operation Exporter . </P> In the Americas <P> In the Americas these included : Martinique , Guadeloupe , French Guiana and Saint Pierre and Miquelon . </P> <H3> Soviet Union </H3> Further information : Soviet Union in World War II Soviet soldiers and T - 34 tanks advance in skirmish near Bryansk in 1942 . Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad Soviet Il - 2 ground attack aircraft attacking German ground forces during the Battle of Kursk ( 1943 ) Outbreak <P> The German invasion of the Soviet Union , Operation Barbarossa , began on 22 June 1941 . General Secretary Joseph Stalin and the government of the Soviet Union described the Soviet war effort as a war being fought by the Soviet people for their survival . Stalin had supported popular front movements of anti-fascists including communists and non-communists from 1935 to 1939 . The popular front strategy was terminated from 1939 to 1941 when the Soviet Union cooperated with Germany in 1939 in the occupation and partitioning of Poland while the Soviet Union refused to endorse either the Allies or the Axis from 1939 to 1941 , as it called the Allied - Axis conflict an `` imperialist war '' . After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , Stalin endorsed the Western Allies as part of a renewed popular front strategy against Germany and called for the international communist movement to make a coalition with all those who opposed the Nazis . </P> <P> The Soviet Union intervened against Japan and its client state in Manchuria in 1945 , cooperating with the Nationalist Government of China and the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai - shek ; though also cooperating , preferring , and encouraging the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong to take effective control of Manchuria after expelling Japanese forces . </P> History <P> In the lead up to the war between the Soviet Union and Germany , relations between the Soviet Union and Germany underwent several stages . Stalin studied Hitler , including reading Mein Kampf and from it knew of Hitler 's desire to destroy the Soviet Union . In 1933 , the Soviet Union had immediate concerns with the threat of a potential German invasion of the country should Germany attempt a conquest of the Baltic states , and in December of that year , Polish - Soviet negotiations began for the issuing of a joint declaration by the two countries guaranteeing the sovereignty of the Baltic states . However , Poland withdrew from the negotiations following German and Finnish objections . The Soviet Union and Germany at this time competed with each other for influence in Poland . The Soviet government also was concerned with the anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland and particularly Józef Piłsudski 's proposed Polish federation that would include the territories of Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , and Ukraine within it that threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union . </P> <P> On 20 August 1939 , forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under General Georgy Zhukov , together with the People 's Republic of Mongolia eliminated the threat of conflict in the east with a victory over Imperial Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in eastern Mongolia . </P> <P> On the same day , Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler , suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks . ( After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer , Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom . ) </P> <P> On 23 August , Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined `` spheres of influence '' for the two regimes , and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its `` territorial and political rearrangement '' . </P> <P> On 15 September 1939 , Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan , to take effect the following day ( it would be upgraded to a non-aggression pact in April 1941 ) . The day after that , 17 September , Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east . Although some fighting continued until 5 October , the two invading armies held at least one joint military parade on 25 September , and reinforced their non-military partnership with the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation on 28 September . </P> <P> On 30 November , the Soviet Union attacked Finland , for which it was expelled from the League of Nations . In the following year of 1940 , while the world 's attention was focused upon the German invasion of France and Norway , the USSR militarily occupied the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of Romania . </P> <P> German - Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the German surprise attack on the USSR on 22 June 1941 . The Soviet Union soon entered in alliance with the United Kingdom . Following the USSR , a number of other communist , pro-Soviet or Soviet - controlled forces fought against the Axis powers during the Second World War . They were as follows : the Albanian National Liberation Front , the Chinese Red Army , the Greek National Liberation Front , the Hukbalahap , the Malayan Communist Party , the People 's Republic of Mongolia , the Polish People 's Army , the Tuvan People 's Republic ( annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944 ) , the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans . </P> <H3> United States </H3> Further information : Military history of the United States during World War II American Douglas SBD Dauntless dive - bomber aircraft attacking the Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 American Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign in November 1942 American Consolidated B - 24 Liberator bomber aircraft during the bombing of oil refineries in Ploiești , Romania on 1 August 1943 during Operation Tidal Wave American soldiers depart landing craft during the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 known as D - Day , in the Battle of Normandy . War justifications <P> The United States had indirectly supported Britain 's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement . Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend - Lease Act starting in 1941 . </P> <P> President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving `` the final destruction of Nazi tyranny '' . Signing the Atlantic Charter , and thereby joining the `` United Nations '' was the way a nation joined the Allies , and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945 . </P> <P> The US strongly supported the Nationalist Government in China in its war with Japan , and provided military equipment , supplies , and volunteers to the Nationalist Government of China to assist in its war effort . In December 1941 Japan opened the war with its attack on Pearl Harbor , the US declared war on Japan , and Japan 's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US , bringing the US into World War II . </P> History <P> On 8 December 1941 , following the attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December , bringing the country into the European theatre . </P> <P> The US - led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945 . From 1943 to 1945 , the US - led and coordinated the Western Allies ' war effort in Europe under the leadership of General Dwight D. Eisenhower . </P> <P> The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan 's swift attacks on Allied locations throughout the Pacific , resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war , including losing control of the Philippines , Guam , Wake Island and several Aleutian islands including Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces . American naval forces attained some early successes against Japan . One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the Doolittle Raid . Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during the Battle of the Coral Sea . A major turning point in the Pacific War was the Battle of Midway where American naval forces were outnumbered by Japanese forces that had been sent to Midway to draw out and destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific and seize control of Midway that would place Japanese forces in proximity to Hawaii . However American forces managed to sink four of Japan 's six large aircraft carriers that had initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor along with other attacks on Allied forces . Afterwards the US began an offensive against Japanese - captured positions . The Guadalcanal Campaign from 1942 to 1943 was a major contention point where Allied and Japanese forces struggled to gain control of Guadalcanal . </P> Colonies and dependencies In the Americas and the Pacific <P> The United States held multiple dependencies in the Americas , such as Alaska , the Panama Canal Zone , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . </P> <P> In the Pacific it held multiple island dependencies such as American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Midway Islands , Wake Island and others . These dependencies were directly involved in the Pacific campaign of the war . </P> In Asia Philippine Scouts at Fort William McKinley firing a 37 mm anti-tank gun in training <P> The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an `` associated state '' of the United States . From late 1941 to 1944 , the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces , who established the Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country . </P> <H2> Minor affiliated state combatants </H2> <H3> Australia </H3> Further information : Military history of Australia during World War II <P> Australia was a sovereign Dominion under the Australian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . At the start of the war Australia followed Britain 's foreign policies , and accordingly declared war against Germany on 3 September 1939 . Australian foreign policy became more independent after the Australian Labor Party formed government in October 1941 , and Australia separately declared war against Finland , Hungary and Romania on 8 December 1941 and against Japan the next day . </P> <H3> Belgium </H3> Main article : Belgium in World War II Members of the Belgian Resistance with a Canadian soldier in Bruges , September 1944 during the Battle of the Scheldt <P> Before the war , Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . During the ensuing fighting , Belgian forces fought alongside French and British forces against the invaders . While the British and French were struggling against the fast German advance elsewhere on the front , the Belgian forces were pushed into a pocket to the north . Finally , on 28 May , the King Leopold III surrendered himself and his military to the Germans , having decided the Allied cause was lost . The legal Belgian government was reformed as a government in exile in London . Belgian troops and pilots continued to fight on the Allied side as the Free Belgian Forces . Belgium itself was occupied , but a sizeable Resistance was formed and was loosely coordinated by the government in exile and other Allied powers . </P> <P> British and Canadian troops arrived in Belgium in September 1944 and the capital , Brussels , was liberated on 6 September . Because of the Ardennes Offensive , the country was only fully liberated in early 1945 . </P> Colonies and dependencies <P> Belgium had the colony of the Belgian Congo and the League of Nations mandate of Ruanda - Urundi . The Belgian Congo was not occupied and remained loyal to the Allies as an important economic asset while its deposits of uranium were useful to the Allied efforts to develop the atomic bomb . Troops from the Belgian Congo participated in the East African Campaign against the Italians . The colonial Force Publique also served in other theatres including Madagascar , the Middle - East , India and Burma within British units . </P> <H3> Brazil </H3> Main article : Brazilian Expeditionary Force Brazilian soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force greet civilians in the city of Massarosa , Italy , September 1944 . <P> Initially , Brazil maintained a position of neutrality , trading with both the Allies and the Axis Powers , while Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas 's quasi-Fascist policies indicated a leaning toward the Axis powers . However , as the war progressed , trade with the Axis countries became almost impossible and the United States initiated forceful diplomatic and economic efforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side . </P> <P> At the beginning of 1942 , Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its territory , especially in Natal , strategically located at the easternmost corner of the South American continent , and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany , Japan and Italy . After that , 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the German and Italian navies , which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 . </P> <P> Brazil then sent a 25,700 strong Expeditionary Force to Europe that fought mainly on the Italian front , from September 1944 to May 1945 . Also , the Brazilian Navy and Air Force acted in the Atlantic Ocean from the middle of 1942 until the end of the war . Brazil was the only South American country to send troops to fight in the European theatre in the Second World War . </P> <H3> Canada </H3> Main articles : Declaration of war by Canada § Germany , and Military history of Canada during World War II <P> Canada was a sovereign Dominion under the Canadian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . In a symbolic statement of autonomous foreign policy Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King delayed parliament 's vote on a declaration of war for seven days after Britain had declared war . Canada was the last member of the Commonwealth to declare war on Germany on 10 September 1939 . </P> <H3> Cuba </H3> Main article : Cuba in World War II <P> Because of Cuba 's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico , Havana 's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies , and the country 's natural resources , Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II , and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States ' Lend - Lease program . Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941 , making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict , and by the war 's end in 1945 its military had developed a reputation as being the most efficient and cooperative of all the Caribbean nations . On 15 May 1943 , the Cuban patrol boat CS - 13 sank the German submarine U-176 . </P> <H3> Czechoslovakia </H3> Ludvík Svoboda with Czechoslovak soldiers of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps on the Eastern Front in 1943 <P> Czechoslovakia along with the United Kingdom and France attempted to resolve German irredentist claims to the Sudetenland region in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , however in March 1939 , Czechoslovakia was invaded by Germany and partitioned between Germany , Hungary , Poland , and a German client state of Slovakia . The Czechoslovak government - in - exile joined the Allies , the occupation and partition of Czechoslovakia amongst the Axis powers was not accepted by the Allied powers . Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war . </P> <H3> Dominican Republic </H3> <P> The Dominican Republic was one of the very few countries willing to accept mass Jewish immigration during World War II . At the Évian Conference , it offered to accept up to 100,000 Jewish refugees . The DORSA ( Dominican Republic Settlement Association ) was formed with the assistance of the JDC , and helped settle Jews in Sosúa , on the northern coast . About 700 European Jews of Ashkenazi Jewish descent reached the settlement where each family received 33 hectares ( 82 acres ) of land , 10 cows ( plus 2 additional cows per children ) , a mule and a horse , and a US $ 10,000 loan ( about 166,000 dollars at 2018 prices ) at 1 % interest . </P> <P> The Dominican Republic officially declared war on the Axis powers on December 11 , 1941 , after the attack on Pearl Harbor . However , the Caribbean nation had already been engaged in war actions since before the formal declaration of war . Dominican sailboats and schooners had been attacked on previous occasions by German submarines as , highlighting the case of the 1,993 - ton merchant ship , `` San Rafael '' , which was making a trip from Tampa , Florida to Kingston , Jamaica , when 80 miles away from its final destination , it was torpedoed by the German submarine U-125 , causing the command to abandon the ship by the commander . Although the crew of San Rafael managed to escape the event , it would be remembered by the Dominican press as a sign of the infamy of the German submarines and the danger they represented in the Caribbean . </P> <P> Recently , due to a research work carried out by the Embassy of the United States of America in Santo Domingo and the Institute of Dominican Studies of the City of New York ( CUNY ) , documents of the Department of Defense were discovered in which it was confirmed that Around 340 men and women of Dominican origin were part of the US Armed Forces during the World War II . Many of them received medals and other recognitions for their outstanding actions in combat . </P> <H3> Greece </H3> Further information : Military history of Greece during World War II and Axis occupation of Greece Greek soldiers in March 1941 during the Greco - Italian War <P> Greece was invaded by Italy on 28 October 1940 and subsequently joined the Allies . The Greek Army managed to stop the Italian offensive from Italy 's protectorate of Albania , and Greek forces pushed Italian forces back into Albania . However , after the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 , German forces managed to occupy mainland Greece and , a month later , the island of Crete . The Greek government went into exile , while the country was placed under a puppet government and divided into occupation zones run by Italy , Germany and Bulgaria . From 1942 , a strong resistance movement appeared , chiefly in the mountainous interior , where it established a `` Free Greece '' by mid-1943 . Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans . Axis forces left mainland Greece in October 1944 , although some Aegean islands , notably Crete , remained under German occupation until the end of the war . </P> <H3> Luxembourg </H3> Main article : Luxembourg in World War II See also : Luxembourgish government in exile , Luxembourg Resistance , Battle of the Bulge , and Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial Soldiers from Luxembourg training in Britain , 1943 <P> Before the war , Luxembourg had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . The government in exile fled , winding up in England . It made Luxembourgish language broadcasts to the occupied country on BBC radio . In 1944 , the government in exile signed a treaty with the Belgian and Dutch governments , creating the Benelux Economic Union and also signed into the Bretton Woods system . </P> <H3> Mexico </H3> <P> Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after German submarines attacked the Mexican oil tankers Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro that were transporting crude oil to the United States . These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho to declare war on the Axis powers . </P> <P> Mexico formed Escuadrón 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM -- `` Mexican Expeditionary Air Force '' ) . The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945 . </P> <P> Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work on farms and factories . Some 15,000 US nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts around the world . </P> <H3> Netherlands </H3> Main article : Netherlands in World War II <P> The Netherlands became an Allied member after being invaded on 10 May 1940 by Germany . During the ensuing campaign , the Netherlands were defeated and occupied by Germany . The Netherlands was liberated by Canadian , British , American and other allied forces during the campaigns of 1944 and 1945 . The Princess Irene Brigade , formed from escapees from the German invasion , took part in several actions in 1944 in Arromanches and in 1945 in the Netherlands . Navy vessels saw action in the British Channel , the North Sea and the Mediterranean , generally as part of Royal Navy units . Dutch airmen flying British aircraft participated in the air war over Germany . </P> Colonies and dependencies <P> The Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) was the principal Dutch colony in Asia , and was seized by Japan in 1942 . During the Dutch East Indies Campaign , the Netherlands played a significant role in the Allied effort to halt the Japanese advance as part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian ( ABDA ) Command . The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of Java Sea , at which Doorman gave the order to engage . During the ensuing battle the ABDA fleet suffered heavy losses , and was mostly destroyed after several naval battles around Java ; the ABDA Command was later dissolved . The Japanese finally occupied the Dutch East Indies in February -- March 1942 . Dutch troops , aircraft and escaped ships continued to fight on the Allied side and also mounted a guerrilla campaign in Timor . </P> <H3> New Zealand </H3> Further information : Military history of New Zealand during World War II <P> New Zealand was a sovereign Dominion under the New Zealand monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . It quickly entered World War II , officially declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , just hours after Britain . Unlike Australia , which had felt obligated to declare war , as it also had not ratified the Statute of Westminster , New Zealand did so as a sign of allegiance to Britain , and in recognition of Britain 's abandonment of its former appeasement policy , which New Zealand had long opposed . This led to then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring two days later : </P> <P> With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future we range ourselves without fear beside Britain . Where she goes , we go ; where she stands , we stand . We are only a small and young nation , but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny . </P> <H3> Norway </H3> Norwegian soldiers on the Narvik front , May 1940 <P> Because of its strategic location for control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and the Atlantic , both the Allies and Germany worried about the other side gaining control of the neutral country . Germany ultimately struck first with operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940 , resulting in the two - month - long Norwegian Campaign , which ended in a German victory and their war - long occupation of Norway . </P> <P> Units of the Norwegian Armed Forces evacuated from Norway or raised abroad continued participating in the war from exile . </P> <P> The Norwegian merchant fleet , then the fourth largest in the world , was organized into Nortraship to support the Allied cause . Nortraship was the world 's largest shipping company , and at its height operated more than 1000 ships . </P> <P> Norway was neutral when Germany invaded , and it is not clear when Norway became an Allied country . Great Britain , France and Polish forces in exile supported Norwegian forces against the invaders but without a specific agreement . Norway 's cabinet signed a military agreement with Britain on 28 May 1941 . This agreement allowed all Norwegian forces in exile to operate under UK command . Norwegian troops in exile should primarily be prepared for the liberation of Norway , but could also be used to defend Britain . </P> <H3> Poland </H3> Further information : Polish contribution to World War II , Polish resistance movement in World War II , Polish Armed Forces in the West , and Polish Armed Forces in the East Pilots of the No. 303 `` Kościuszko '' Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain <P> The invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , started the war in Europe , and the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September . Poland fielded the third biggest army among the European Allies , after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom , but before France . The country never officially surrendered to the Third Reich , nor to the Soviet Union , primarily because neither of the totalitarian powers requested an official surrender , and continued the war effort under the Polish government in exile . However , the Soviet Union unilaterally considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and Marshal Edward Rydz - Śmigły on 17 September as an evidence of debellatio causing the extinction of the Polish state , and consequently declared itself allowed to invade ( according to the Soviet position : `` to protect '' ) Eastern Poland starting from the same day . It must be noted that the Red Army had invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before the Polish president fled to Romania . The Soviets invaded on 17 September at 3 a.m. , while president Mościcki crossed the Polish - Romanian border at 21 : 45 on the same day . The Polish military continued to fight , and the last major battle of the war , the Battle of Kock , ended at 1 a.m. on 6 October 1939 with the Independent Operational Group `` Polesie , '' a field army , surrendering due to lack of ammunition . </P> Polish Home Army resistance fighters from the `` Kiliński '' Battalion during the Warsaw Uprising ( 1944 ) <P> Polish soldiers fought under their own flag but under the command of the British military . They were major contributors to the Allies in the theatre of war west of Germany and in the theatre of war east of Germany , with the Soviet Union . The Polish armed forces in the West created after the fall of Poland played minor roles in the Battle of France , and important ones in the Italian and North African Campaigns . The Polish People 's Army took part in the Battle of Berlin , the closing battle of the European theater of war . They occupied the city alongside the Soviet Red Army . </P> <P> The Home Army , the largest underground force in Europe , and other resistance organizations in occupied Poland provided intelligence that enabled successful operations later in the war and led to uncovering of Nazi war crimes ( i.e. , death camps ) to the Western Allies . Notable Polish units fought in every campaign in North Africa and Europe ( outside the Balkans ) . The Soviet Union recognized the London - based government at first . But it broke diplomatic relations after the Katyn massacre of Polish nationals was revealed . In 1943 , the Soviet Union organized the Polish People 's Army under Zygmunt Berling , around which it constructed the post-war successor state People 's Republic of Poland . </P> <H3> Korea ( government in exile ) </H3> Further information : Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and Korean Liberation Army <P> The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on April 13 , 1919 . During the time when the Provisional Government was created , Korea was under the Japanese rule . The Provisional Government had governmental tasks and created important organizations for their independence movement , such as the Korean Liberation Army ( KLA ) on September 17 , 1940 . The Provisional Government also declared war against the Empire of Japan on December 10 , 1941 . The Provisional Government is also the first democratic government of Korea . </P> <P> The KLA participated in the battles ongoing in China with the Kuomintang forces . In 1943 , KLA underground activists , cooperating with British forces in Burma and India , initiated joint operations with British forces . </P> <P> The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle , a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region ( Seoul and Incheon ) , on August 18 , 1945 . The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes , submarines , and airborne troops during the operation . However , the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15 , 1945 . The Provisional Government also faced heavy oppositions against the United States Army Military Government in Korea after World War II . In addition , other governments in the Treaty of San Francisco did not recognize the Provisional Government as a member of the Allies . The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15 , 1948 , under President Syngman Rhee , and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially . </P> <H3> South Africa </H3> Further information : Military history of South Africa during World War II <P> South Africa was a sovereign Dominion under the South African monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . South Africa held authority over the mandate of South - West Africa . </P> <H3> Yugoslavia </H3> Main article : World War II in Yugoslavia The Partisans and the Chetniks carried captured Germans through Užice , autumn 1941 . <P> Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after the invasion of Axis powers on 6 April 1941 . The Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and the country was occupied . The Italian - backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over . King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country . In the United Kingdom , they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi - occupied Europe . Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941 , there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war . </P> Resistance factions Partisan leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito with Winston Churchill in 1944 <P> Before the end of 1941 , the anti-Axis resistance movement split between the royalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Broz Tito who fought both against each other during the war and against the occupying forces . The Yugoslav Partisans managed to put up considerable resistance to the Axis occupation , forming various liberated territories during the war . In August 1943 , there were over 30 Axis divisions on the territory of Yugoslavia , not including the forces of the Croatian puppet state and other quisling formations . In 1944 , the leading Allied powers persuaded Tito 's Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Yugoslav government led by Prime Minister Ivan Šubašić to sign the Treaty of Vis that created the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . </P> Partisans <P> The Partisans were a major Yugoslav resistance movement against the Axis occupation and partition of Yugoslavia . Initially the Partisans were in rivalry with the Chetniks over control of the resistance movement . However , the Partisans were recognized by both the Eastern and Western Allies as the primary resistance movement in 1943 . After that , their strength increased rapidly , from 100,000 at the beginning of 1943 to over 648,000 in September 1944 . In 1945 they were transformed into the Yugoslav army , organized in 4 field armies with 800,000 fighters . </P> Chetniks Chetniks leader General Mihailovic with the members of the US military mission , Operation Halyard 1944 <P> The Chetniks , the short name given to the movement titled the Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland , were initially a major Allied Yugoslav resistance movement . However , due to their royalist and anti-communist views , Chetniks were considered to have begun collaborating with the Axis as a tactical move to focus on destroying their Partisan rivals . The Chetniks presented themselves as a Yugoslav movement , but were primarily a Serb movement . They reached their peak in 1943 with 93,000 fighters . Their major contribution was Operation Halyard in 1944 . In collaboration with the OSS , 413 Allied airmen shot down over Yugoslavia were rescued and evacuated . </P> <H2> Client States </H2> <H3> British </H3> Egypt Main article : Military history of Egypt during World War II <P> The United Kingdom controlled Egypt and used it as a major base for Allied operations throughout the region , especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany . Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean , and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia . </P> <P> The Kingdom of Egypt was nominally an independent state since 1922 but effectively remained in the British sphere of influence with the British Mediterranean fleet being stationed in Alexandria and British Army forces being stationed in the Suez Canal zone . Egypt faced an Axis campaign led by Italian and German forces during the war . British frustration over King Farouk 's reign over Egypt resulted in the Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942 where British Army forces surrounded the royal Abdeen Palace and demanded a new government be established , nearly forcing the abdication of Farouk until he submitted to British demands . The Kingdom of Egypt joined the United Nations on 24 February 1945 . </P> India ( British raj ) Further information : India in World War II <P> At the outbreak of World War II , the Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . During the war India suffered 1,500,000 civilian casualties ( more than the United Kingdom ) , mainly from the Bengal famine of 1943 and 87,000 military casualties , more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom , which suffered 382,000 military casualties . </P> Iran Further information : Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Iraq Further information : Anglo - Iraqi War <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Soviet </H3> Bulgaria Main article : Military history of Bulgaria during World War II <P> After a period of neutrality , Bulgaria joined the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944 . The Orthodox Church and others convinced King Boris to not allow the Bulgarian Jews to be exported to concentration camps . The king died shortly afterwards , suspected of being poisoned after a visit to Germany . Bulgaria abandoned the Axis and joined the Allies when the Soviet Union invaded , offering no resistance to the incoming forces . In the 1947 peace treaties , Bulgaria gained a small area near the Black Sea from Romania , making it the only former German ally to gain territory from WWII . </P> Mongolia Main article : Mongolia in World War II <P> Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the Soviet -- Japanese War in August 1945 to protect its independence and to liberate Southern Mongolia from Japan and China . Mongolia had been a Soviet sphere of influence since the 1920s . </P> Poland Main article : Polish Armed Forces in the East <P> By 1944 , Poland entered the Soviet sphere of influence with the establishment of Władysław Gomułka 's communist regime . Polish forces fought alongside Soviet forces against Germany . </P> Romania Main articles : Romania in World War II and King Michael 's Coup Romanian soldiers in Transylvania , September - October 1944 <P> Romania had initially been a member of the Axis powers but switched allegiance upon facing invasion by the Soviet Union . In a radio broadcast to the Romanian people and army on the night of 23 August 1944 King Michael issued a cease - fire , proclaimed Romania 's loyalty to the Allies , announced the acceptance of an armistice ( to be signed on 12 September ) offered by the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , and declared war on Germany . The coup accelerated the Red Army 's advance into Romania , but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers , who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps . The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944 , on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union . Under the terms of the armistice , Romania announced its unconditional surrender to the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative , in control of the media , communication , post , and civil administration behind the front . </P> Tannu Tuva <P> Tannu Tuva was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia . It was a client state of the Soviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944 . </P> <H2> Co-belligerent state combatants </H2> <H3> Italy </H3> Further information : Italian Civil War , Italian Co-Belligerent Army , and Italian resistance movement The dead bodies of Benito Mussolini , his mistress Clara Petacci , and several Fascist leaders , hanging for public display after they were executed by Italian partisans in 1945 <P> Italy initially had been a leading member of the Axis powers , however after facing multiple military losses including the loss of all of Italy 's colonies to advancing Allied forces , Duce Benito Mussolini was deposed and arrested in July 1943 by order of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in co-operation with members of the Grand Council of Fascism who viewed Mussolini as having led Italy to ruin by allying with Germany in the war . Victor Emmanuel III dismantled the remaining apparatus of the Fascist regime and appointed Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Prime Minister of Italy . On 8 September 1943 , Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies , ending Italy 's war with the Allies and ending Italy 's participation with the Axis powers . Expecting immediate German retaliation , Victor Emmanuel III and the Italian government relocated to southern Italy under Allied control . Germany viewed the Italian government 's actions as an act of betrayal , and German forces immediately occupied all Italian territories outside of Allied control , in some cases even massacring Italian troops . </P> <P> Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies , and the Italian Co-Belligerent Army was created to fight against the German occupation of Northern Italy , where German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from arrest and he was placed in charge of a German puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) . Italy descended into civil war until the end of hostilities after his deposition and arrest , with Fascists loyal to him allying with German forces and helping them against the Italian armistice government and partisans . </P> <H2> Associated power </H2> <H3> Albania </H3> <P> Albania was recognized as an `` Associated Power '' at the 1946 Paris conference and officially signed the treaty ending WWII between the `` Allied and Associated Powers '' and Italy in Paris , on 10 February 1947 . </P> <H2> United Nations </H2> <H3> Declaration by United Nations </H3> Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1941 by the US Office of War Information <P> The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 . There were 26 signatories : </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> <H3> Alliance growing </H3> Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1943 by the US Office of War Information <P> The United Nations began growing immediately after their formation . In 1942 , Mexico , the Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration . The African nation had been restored in its independence by British forces after the Italian defeat on Amba Alagi in 1941 , while the Philippines , still dependent on Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition , was allowed to join on 10 June despite their occupation by Japan . </P> <P> During 1943 , the Declaration was signed by Iraq , Iran , Brazil , Bolivia and Colombia . A Tripartite Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the USSR formalised Iran 's assistance to the Allies . In Rio de Janeiro , Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas was considered near to fascist ideas , but realistically joined the United Nations after their evident successes . </P> <P> In 1944 , Liberia and France signed . The French situation was very confused . Free French forces were recognized only by Britain , while the United States considered Vichy France to be the legal government of the country until Operation Overlord , while also preparing US occupation francs . Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 ; the Prime Minister feared that after the war , Britain could remain the sole great power in Europe facing the Communist threat , as it was in 1940 and 1941 against Nazism . </P> <P> During the early part of 1945 , Peru , Chile , Paraguay , Venezuela , Uruguay , Turkey , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Lebanon , Syria ( these latter two French colonies had been declared independent nations by British occupation troops , despite big protests by Pétain before , and De Gaulle after ) and Ecuador became signatories . Ukraine and Belarus , which were not independent nations but parts of the Soviet Union , were accepted as members of the United Nations as way to provide greater influence to Stalin , who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance . </P> <H3> Charter of the United Nations </H3> Main article : Charter of the United Nations The first version of the flag of the United Nations , introduced in April 1945 <P> The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International Organization , held between April and July 1945 . The Charter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June ( Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st `` original '' signatory ) , and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945 . In 1944 , the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference where the formation and the permanent seats ( for the `` Big Five '' , China , France , the UK , US , and USSR ) of the United Nations Security Council were decided . The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946 . </P> <P> These are the original 51 signatories ( UNSC permanent members are asterisked ) : </P> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentine Republic </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Australia </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Belgium </Li> <Li> Republic of Bolivia </Li> <Li> United States of Brazil </Li> <Li> Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic </Li> <Li> Dominion of Canada </Li> <Li> Republic of Chile </Li> <Li> Republic of China * </Li> <Li> Republic of Colombia </Li> <Li> Republic of Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Republic of Cuba </Li> <Li> Czechoslovak Republic </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Denmark </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Republic of Ecuador </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Egypt </Li> <Li> Republic of El Salvador </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Empire </Li> <Li> French Republic * </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Greece </Li> <Li> Republic of Guatemala </Li> <Li> Republic of Haiti </Li> <Li> Republic of Honduras </Li> <Li> Indian Empire </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Imperial Kingdom of Iran </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Iraq </Li> <Li> Lebanese Republic </Li> <Li> Republic of Liberia </Li> <Li> Grand Duchy of Luxembourg </Li> <Li> United Mexican States </Li> <Li> Kingdom of the Netherlands </Li> <Li> Dominion of New Zealand </Li> <Li> Republic of Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Norway </Li> <Li> Republic of Panama </Li> <Li> Republic of Paraguay </Li> <Li> Republic of Peru </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of the Philippines </Li> <Li> Republic of Poland </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Union of South Africa </Li> <Li> Syrian Republic </Li> <Li> Republic of Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic </Li> <Li> Union of Soviet Socialist Republics * </Li> <Li> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland * </Li> <Li> United States of America * </Li> <Li> Oriental Republic of Uruguay </Li> <Li> United States of Venezuela </Li> <Li> Democratic Federal Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Timeline of Allied Nations entering the war </H2> Main article : Declarations of war during World War II <P> The following list denotes dates on which nations declared war on the Axis powers , or on which an Axis power declared war on them . Nepal was formally independent . The Indian Empire had a status less independent than the Dominions . </P> A British poster from 1941 , promoting the greater alliance against Germany <H3> 1939 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Poland : 1 September 1939 </Li> <Li> France : 3 September 1939 -- On 22 June 1940 , Vichy France under Marshal Pétain formally capitulated to Germany , and became neutral . This capitulation was denounced by General de Gaulle , who established the Free France government - in - exile , which continued to fight against Germany . This led to the Provisional Government of the French Republic , which was officially recognized by the other Allies as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944 . Pétain 's 1940 surrender was also legally nullified , so France is considered an Ally throughout the war . </Li> <Li> United Kingdom : 3 September 1939 <Ul> <Li> India : 3 September 1939 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australia : 3 September 1939 </Li> <Li> New Zealand : 3 September 1939 </Li> <Li> Nepal : 4 September 1939 </Li> <Li> South Africa : 6 September 1939 </Li> <Li> Canada : 10 September 1939 </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1940 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Norway : 8 April 1940 -- German invasion of a neutral country without declaration of war </Li> <Li> Denmark 9 April 1940 -- German invasion without declaration of war </Li> <Li> Belgium : 10 May 1940 </Li> <Li> Luxembourg : 10 May 1940 </Li> <Li> Netherlands : 10 May 1940 </Li> <Li> Greece : 28 October 1940 </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1941 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Yugoslavia : 6 April 1941 ( Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact , becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March ; but was attacked by the Axis on 6 April 1941 . ) </Li> <Li> Soviet Union : 22 June 1941 ; Despite membership of the Soviet Union , Ukraine and Belarus were recognized as separate fighting States by the United Kingdom and the United States at the end of the war . </Li> <Li> Panama : 7 December 1941 </Li> <Li> United States : 8 December 1941 ( war declared against Japan ) <Ul> <Li> Philippines : 8 December 1941 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Costa Rica : 8 December 1941 </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic : 8 December 1941 </Li> <Li> El Salvador : 8 December 1941 </Li> <Li> Haiti : 8 December 1941 </Li> <Li> Honduras : 8 December 1941 </Li> <Li> Nicaragua : 8 December 1941 </Li> <Li> China : 9 December 1941 ( at war with Japan since 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Cuba : 9 December 1941 </Li> <Li> Guatemala : 9 December 1941 </Li> <Li> United States : 11 December 1941 ( war declared on the U.S. by Germany and Italy ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Vietnam ( Viet Minh ) : 7 December 1941 </Li> <Li> Korea ( government in exile ) : 10 December 1941 </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia ( government - in - exile ) : 16 December 1941 </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1942 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Peru : 12 February 1942 </Li> <Li> Mexico : 22 May 1942 </Li> <Li> Brazil : 22 August 1942 </Li> <Li> Ethiopia : 14 December 1942 </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1943 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Iraq : 16 January 1943 </Li> <Li> Bolivia : 7 April 1943 </Li> <Li> Colombia : 26 July 1943 </Li> <Li> Iran : 9 September 1943 </Li> <Li> Italy : 10 October 1943 -- former Axis power </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1944 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Liberia : 27 January 1944 </Li> <Li> Romania : 25 August 1944 -- former Axis power </Li> <Li> Bulgaria : 8 September 1944 -- former Axis power </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1945 </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hungary : 20 January 1945 -- former Axis power </Li> <Li> Ecuador : 2 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Paraguay : 7 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Uruguay : 15 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Venezuela : 15 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Turkey : 23 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Egypt : 24 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Syria : 26 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Lebanon : 27 February 1945 </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia : 1 March 1945 </Li> <Li> Finland : 3 March 1945 -- former co-belligerent of Germany in the Continuation War . On 3 March 1945 , Finland retroactively declared war on Germany from 15 September 1944 . </Li> <Li> Argentina : 27 March 1945 </Li> <Li> Chile : 11 April 1945 declared war on Japan </Li> <Li> Mongolia : August 1945 declared war on Japan </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> World War II portal </Li> <Li> War portal </Li> <Li> History portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Allies of World War I </Li> <Li> Diplomatic history of World War II </Li> <Li> Free World ( World War II ) </Li> <Li> Military production during World War II </Li> <Li> Neutral powers during World War II </Li> <Li> Participants in World War II </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 150 -- 151 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780847694167 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian C.B. Dear and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , pp 29 , 1176 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , Geoffrey C. ; Burns , Ken ( 2014 ) . `` Nothing to Conceal '' . The Roosevelts : An Intimate History . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0385353065 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Nations '' . Wordorigins.org. 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , FDR & the Making of the U.N. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston S. ( 1981 ) ( 1953 ) . The Second World War , Volume VI : Triumph and Tragedy . Houghton - Mifflin Company . p. 561 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood , JRT ( June 2005 ) . So Far And No Further ! Rhodesia 's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959 -- 1965 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 4952 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 58 -- 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 59 -- 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Euan Graham . Japan 's sea lane security , 1940 -- 2004 : a matter of life and death ? Oxon , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Routledge , 2006 . Pp. 77 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Guo wu yuan . Xin wen ban gong shi . Col. C.L. Chennault and Flying Tigers . English translation . State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . Pp. 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frederic J. Fleron , Erik P. Hoffmann , Robbin Frederick Laird . Soviet Foreign Policy : Classic and Contemporary Issues . Third paperback edition . New Brunswick , New Jersey , US : Transaction Publishers , 2009 . Pp. 236 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Crisis '' . Time . 13 November 1944 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 79 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Speeches that Reshaped the World . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When the US wanted to take over France ‐ Le Monde diplomatique ‐ English edition '' . Le Monde diplomatique . May 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helen Rapport . Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara , California , US : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . P. 104 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Bushkovitch . A Concise History of Russia . Cambridge , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . P. 390 -- 391 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Soviet Union and Communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : The Road to Alliance . P. 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kees Boterbloem . A History of Russia and Its Empire : From Mikhail Romanov to Vladimir Putin . P235 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 . P184 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jan Karski . The Great Powers and Poland : From Versailles to Yalta . Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 . P197 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 , p. 184 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Overy 1997 , pp 41 , 43 -- 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 148 -- 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 16 , 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khudoley , Konstantin K. ( 2009 ) . `` The Baltic factor '' . In Hiden , John . The Baltic question during the Cold War . Vahur Made , David J. Smith . Psychology Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37100 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoffrey , Roberts ( 2004 ) . `` Ideology , calculation , and improvisation . Sphere of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939 -- 1945 '' . In Martel , Gordon . The World War Two reader . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22402 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1995 ) . `` Soviet policy and the Baltic States , 1939 -- 1940 a reappraisal '' . Diplomacy & Statecraft . Francis & Taylor . 6 ( 3 ) : 672 -- 700 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592299508405982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toomas Alatalu . Tuva . A State Reawakens . Soviet Studies , Vol. 44 , No. 5 ( 1992 ) , pp. 881 -- 895 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ( 2009 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt : A Rendezvous with Destiny . p. 350 . ISBN 9780316092418 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan G. Utley ( 2005 ) . Going to War with Japan , 1937 -- 1941 . Fordham Univ Press . ISBN 9780823224722 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Henry . The Battle of the Coral Sea . London , England , UK : Compendium Publishing ; Annapolis , Maryland , US : Naval Institute Press , 2003 . P. 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keegan , John . `` The Second World War . '' New York : Penguin , 2005 . ( 275 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKeown , Deirdre ; Jordan , Roy ( 2010 ) . `` Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas '' ( PDF ) . Parliamentary Library . Parliament of Australia . pp. 4 , 8 -- 11 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford U.P. pp. 105 -- 6 . ISBN 9780199271641 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second World War and the Cuban Air Force '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen . World War II : The Encyclopedia of the War Years 1941 -- 1945 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2002 ) . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The Atlantic . University of Illinois Press . 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Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 2 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PM declares NZ 's support for Britain - NZHistory , New Zealand history online '' . 26 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Skodvin , Magne ( red . ) ( 1984 ) : Norge i krig . Bind 7 . Oslo : Aschehoug . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Military contribution of Poland to World War II -- Wojsko Polskie -- Departament Wychowania i Promocji Obronności '' . Wojsko-polskie.pl . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Molotov declaration of 17 September 1939 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 73 . rocznica sowieckiej napaści na Polskę '' . rmf24.pl. 17 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prezydent Ignacy Mościcki cz 3 prof . dr hab . Andrzej Garlicki Uniwersytet Warszawski '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the siege of Tobruk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Basil Davidson : PARTISAN PICTURE '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perica , Vjekoslav ( 2004 ) . Balkan Idols : Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States . Oxford University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517429 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borković , Milan ( 1979 ) . Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji -- Kvislinška uprava 1941 -- 1944 ( Volume 1 , in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sloboda . p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Morewood , The British Defence of Egypt , 1935 - 40 : Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , Chris ( 2011 ) . World War II : The Book of Lists . Stroud : The History Press . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6704 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Romania -- Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . countrystudies.us . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Delia Radu , `` Serialul ' Ion Antonescu şi asumarea istoriei ' ( 3 ) '' , BBC Romanian edition , 1 August 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Dictatura + a + luat + sfarsit + si + cu + ea + inceteaza + toate + asupririle '' `` The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression '' - From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of August 23 1944 , Curierul Naţional , 7 August 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` King Proclaims Nation 's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies '' , The New York Times , 24 August 1944 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josef Becker ; Franz Knipping ( 1986 ) . Great Britain , France , Italy and Germany in a Postwar World , 1945 -- 1950 . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 506 -- 7 . ISBN 9783110863918 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Fall of Mussolini : Italy , the Italians , and the Second World War . Oxford UP . pp. 194 -- 85 . ISBN 9780191578755 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Department of State , Foreign relations of the United States , 1946 . Paris Peace Conference : documents ( 1946 ) , page 802 , Article 26. a ' Memoranda submitted by Albanian Government on the Draft Peace Treaty with Italy ' `` proposed amendment ... For the purposes of this Treaty , Albania shall be considered as an Associated Power . '' , web http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1946v04/reference/frus.frus1946v04.i0011.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Treaties in Force , A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1 , 2013 , Page 453 , accessible online from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/218912.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Axelrod , John ( 5 February 2015 ) . Encyclopedia of World War II . Volume 1 . HW Fowler . p. 824 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 308 - 7 . 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( 2005 ) A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 : Britain and France declare war on Germany '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ordre de la Libération '' . ordredelaliberation.fr . Archived from the original on 4 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental . - Legifrance '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Mark ( 2012 ) . The IRA on Film and Television : A History . McFarland . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8961 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61826 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Australia : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958993 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Zealand declares war on Germany , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , updated 14 - Oct - 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Selley , Ron ; Cocks , Kerrin ( 2014 ) . I Wo n't Be Home Next Summer : Flight Lieutenant R.N. Selley DFC ( 1917Ð1941 ) . Pinetown : 30 Degrees South Publishers . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928211 - 19 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tamelander , M. og N. Zetterling ( 2001 ) : 9 . april . Oslo : Spartacus . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sotirović , Vladislav B. ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Кнез Павле Карађорђевић и приступање Југославије Тројном пакту '' . NSPM. ( in Serbian ) '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kluckhohn , Frank L. ( 8 December 1941 ) . `` U.S. Declares War , Pacific Battle Widens '' . The New York Times : 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 878 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rana Mitter . `` Forgotten ally ? China 's unsung role in World War II '' . CNN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. Wigfall Green ( 2007 ) . The Epic Of Korea . Read Books . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 0320 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 279 - 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Political Chronology of Europe , Psychology Press , 2001 , p. 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Decree 6945 / 45 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Davies , Norman ( 2006 ) , Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 69285 - 3 </Li> <Li> Dear , Ian C.B. and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , comprehensive encyclopedia for all countries </Li> <Li> Holland R. ( 1981 ) , Britain and the Commonwealth alliance , 1918 -- 1939 , London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 27295 - 4 </Li> <Li> Overy , Richard ( 1997 ) , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1994 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Comprehensive coverage of the war with emphasis on diplomacy excerpt and text search </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ready , J. Lee ( 2012 ) ( 1985 ) . Forgotten Allies : The Military Contribution of the Colonies , Exiled Governments , and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780899501178 . 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what countries allied powers in world war 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_II&amp;oldid=850442879
8,505,893,781,086,831,000
List of capitals in the United States - wikipedia <H1> List of capitals in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Washington , D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States , as it has been since 1800 . Each U.S. state has its own capital city , as do many of its Insular areas . Historically , most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state , but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies , territories , kingdoms , and republics typically changed multiple times . There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals , such as the Republic of Texas , Native American nations , and other unrecognized governments . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 State capitals </Li> <Li> 2 Insular area capitals </Li> <Li> 3 Former national capitals <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii </Li> <Li> 3.2 Republic of Texas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Native American capitals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Cherokee Nation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Muscogee Creek Nation </Li> <Li> 4.3 Iroquois Confederacy <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Seneca Nation of Indians </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Navajo Nation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Unrecognized national capitals <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Vermont Republic </Li> <Li> 5.2 State of Franklin </Li> <Li> 5.3 State of Muskogee </Li> <Li> 5.4 Republic of West Florida </Li> <Li> 5.5 Republic of Indian Stream </Li> <Li> 5.6 California Republic </Li> <Li> 5.7 Confederate States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> State capitals ( edit ) </H2> States ( purple ) in which the capital is also that state 's largest city in population ( 2016 estimate ) <P> The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state 's sole capital . Most states have changed their capital city at least once -- see Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals for details . In the case of the thirteen original states , `` statehood '' in the table refers to date of ratification of the U.S. Constitution . </P> <Table> State capitals of the United States <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Abr . </Th> <Th> State - hood </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> Capital since </Th> <Th> Area ( mi2 ) </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipal </Th> <Th> Metropolitan </Th> <Th> Rank in state </Th> <Th> Rank in US </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> AL </Td> <Td> 1819 </Td> <Td> Montgomery </Td> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> 155.4 </Td> <Td> 205,764 </Td> <Td> 374,536 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Birmingham is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> AK </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Juneau </Td> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> 2716.7 </Td> <Td> 31,275 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Largest capital by municipal land area . Anchorage is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> AZ </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 474.9 </Td> <Td> 1,445,632 </Td> <Td> 4,192,887 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Most populous U.S. state capital and the only capital with more than 1 million citizens . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> AR </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Little Rock </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> <Td> 116.2 </Td> <Td> 193,524 </Td> <Td> 877,091 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> CA </Td> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> Sacramento </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> 97.2 </Td> <Td> 466,488 </Td> <Td> 2,527,123 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Supreme Court of California is headquartered in San Francisco . The state 's largest city is Los Angeles . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> 1876 </Td> <Td> Denver </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> 153.4 </Td> <Td> 600,158 </Td> <Td> 2,552,195 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Denver was called Denver City until 1882 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> CT </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Hartford </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> <Td> 124,775 </Td> <Td> 1,212,381 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> Bridgeport is the state 's largest city , Hartford , however , is the state 's largest Metro area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1787 </Td> <Td> Dover </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> <Td> 22.4 </Td> <Td> 36,047 </Td> <Td> 162,310 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Longest - serving capital in terms of statehood . Wilmington is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> FL </Td> <Td> 1845 </Td> <Td> Tallahassee </Td> <Td> 1824 </Td> <Td> 95.7 </Td> <Td> 181,412 </Td> <Td> 367,413 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville is the largest city . Miami is the largest metropolitan area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> GA </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Atlanta </Td> <Td> 1868 </Td> <Td> 131.7 </Td> <Td> 420,003 </Td> <Td> 5,789,700 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> State capital with the most populous metro area in the U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> HI </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Honolulu </Td> <Td> 1845 </Td> <Td> 85.7 </Td> <Td> 337,256 </Td> <Td> 953,207 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> ID </Td> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> Boise </Td> <Td> 1865 </Td> <Td> 63.8 </Td> <Td> 205,671 </Td> <Td> 616,561 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> IL </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> Springfield </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> <Td> 54.0 </Td> <Td> 116,250 </Td> <Td> 208,182 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 241 </Td> <Td> Chicago is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> 1816 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis </Td> <Td> 1825 </Td> <Td> 361.5 </Td> <Td> 829,718 </Td> <Td> 1,756,221 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> IA </Td> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> Des Moines </Td> <Td> 1857 </Td> <Td> 75.8 </Td> <Td> 203,433 </Td> <Td> 580,255 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> KS </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Topeka </Td> <Td> 1856 </Td> <Td> 56.0 </Td> <Td> 127,473 </Td> <Td> 230,824 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> Wichita is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> KY </Td> <Td> 1792 </Td> <Td> Frankfort </Td> <Td> 1792 </Td> <Td> 14.7 </Td> <Td> 25,527 </Td> <Td> 70,758 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louisville is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> LA </Td> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Baton Rouge </Td> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 76.8 </Td> <Td> 229,553 </Td> <Td> 802,484 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> New Orleans is the state 's largest city and home to the Louisiana Supreme Court , although Baton Rouge is located in the state 's most populous parish . It is also home to the tallest state capitol building . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> ME </Td> <Td> 1820 </Td> <Td> Augusta </Td> <Td> 1832 </Td> <Td> 55.4 </Td> <Td> 19,136 </Td> <Td> 117,114 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portland is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> MD </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Annapolis </Td> <Td> 1694 </Td> <Td> 6.73 </Td> <Td> 38,394 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Smallest capital by land area . Baltimore is the state 's largest city and county . Capitol building is the oldest in the U.S. still in use . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Boston </Td> <Td> 1630 </Td> <Td> 48.4 </Td> <Td> 617,594 </Td> <Td> 4,522,858 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Longest continuously serving capital in the U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> MI </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> <Td> Lansing </Td> <Td> 1847 </Td> <Td> 35.0 </Td> <Td> 114,297 </Td> <Td> 464,036 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 239 </Td> <Td> Only state capital that is not also its county seat ( not counting the two state capitals that are independent cities and not located in any county ) . Detroit is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> MN </Td> <Td> 1858 </Td> <Td> Saint Paul </Td> <Td> 1849 </Td> <Td> 52.8 </Td> <Td> 300,851 </Td> <Td> 3,502,891 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Capital 's twin city , Minneapolis , is the state 's largest . The two form the core of the state 's Largest Metro Area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> MS </Td> <Td> 1817 </Td> <Td> Jackson </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> <Td> 104.9 </Td> <Td> 173,514 </Td> <Td> 539,057 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> Only state capital that shares its status as county seat with another city ( Raymond , Mississippi ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> MO </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> <Td> Jefferson City </Td> <Td> 1826 </Td> <Td> 27.3 </Td> <Td> 43,079 </Td> <Td> 149,807 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kansas City is the state 's largest city , and Greater St. Louis is the state 's largest metropolitan area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> MT </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Helena </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> <Td> 14.0 </Td> <Td> 28,190 </Td> <Td> 74,801 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Billings is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> NE </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> Lincoln </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> 74.6 </Td> <Td> 258,379 </Td> <Td> 302,157 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Omaha is the state 's largest city . It shares the largest metro area with Council Bluffs , Iowa . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> NV </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> Carson City </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> 143.4 </Td> <Td> 55,274 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> One of two independent cities that serves as a state capital . Las Vegas is the state 's largest city . It shares the largest metro area with Paradise . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> NH </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Concord </Td> <Td> 1808 </Td> <Td> 64.3 </Td> <Td> 42,695 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manchester is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> NJ </Td> <Td> 1787 </Td> <Td> Trenton </Td> <Td> 1784 </Td> <Td> 7.66 </Td> <Td> 84,913 </Td> <Td> 366,513 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Served as the U.S. capital for a short period in the late 18th century . Newark is the state 's largest city , although Trenton is the center of the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area centered in New Jersey . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> NM </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Santa Fe </Td> <Td> 1610 </Td> <Td> 37.3 </Td> <Td> 75,764 </Td> <Td> 183,732 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Longest serving capital in the United States . Highest elevation of any state capital . Albuquerque is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> 1797 </Td> <Td> 21.4 </Td> <Td> 97,856 </Td> <Td> 857,592 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> New York City is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> NC </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Raleigh </Td> <Td> 1792 </Td> <Td> 114.6 </Td> <Td> 403,892 </Td> <Td> 1,130,490 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Charlotte is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Bismarck </Td> <Td> 1883 </Td> <Td> 26.9 </Td> <Td> 61,272 </Td> <Td> 108,779 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fargo is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 1803 </Td> <Td> Columbus </Td> <Td> 1816 </Td> <Td> 210.3 </Td> <Td> 822,553 </Td> <Td> 1,967,066 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Third - largest state capital ; however , the Cincinnati and Cleveland metropolitan areas are both slightly larger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> OK </Td> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 607.0 </Td> <Td> 580,000 </Td> <Td> 1,252,987 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Shortest serving current state capital . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> OR </Td> <Td> 1859 </Td> <Td> Salem </Td> <Td> 1855 </Td> <Td> 45.7 </Td> <Td> 154,637 </Td> <Td> 390,738 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> Portland is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> PA </Td> <Td> 1787 </Td> <Td> Harrisburg </Td> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> 8.11 </Td> <Td> 49,528 </Td> <Td> 647,390 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philadelphia is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> RI </Td> <Td> 1790 </Td> <Td> Providence </Td> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 18.5 </Td> <Td> 178,042 </Td> <Td> 1,630,956 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> Also served as the state 's capital from 1636 -- 1686 and 1689 -- 1776 . It was one of five co-capitals 1776 -- 1853 , and one of two co-capitals 1853 -- 1900 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> SC </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Columbia </Td> <Td> 1786 </Td> <Td> 125.2 </Td> <Td> 131,686 </Td> <Td> 913,797 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> Charleston is the state 's largest city , while Greenville is the Largest Metro area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> SD </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Pierre </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 13.0 </Td> <Td> 13,646 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sioux Falls is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> TN </Td> <Td> 1796 </Td> <Td> Nashville </Td> <Td> 1826 </Td> <Td> 473.3 </Td> <Td> 635,710 </Td> <Td> 1,582,264 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> TX </Td> <Td> 1845 </Td> <Td> Austin </Td> <Td> 1839 </Td> <Td> 251.5 </Td> <Td> 790,390 </Td> <Td> 1,716,291 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Houston is the state 's largest city and the previous capital , and Dallas -- Fort Worth is the largest metro area . Austin is the largest state capital that is not also the state 's largest city by population . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> UT </Td> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> Salt Lake City </Td> <Td> 1858 </Td> <Td> 109.1 </Td> <Td> 186,440 </Td> <Td> 1,124,197 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> VT </Td> <Td> 1791 </Td> <Td> Montpelier </Td> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> 10.2 </Td> <Td> 7,855 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Least populous U.S. state capital . Burlington is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Richmond </Td> <Td> 1780 </Td> <Td> 60.1 </Td> <Td> 204,214 </Td> <Td> 1,231,675 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Virginia Beach and Norfolk are the state 's largest cities , and Hampton Roads is the state 's largest metro area based in the state . Richmond is one of two independent cities that serves as a state capital . Although Richmond is the county seat of Henrico County , it is not part of the county . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> WA </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Olympia </Td> <Td> 1853 </Td> <Td> 16.7 </Td> <Td> 46,478 </Td> <Td> 234,670 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seattle is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> WV </Td> <Td> 1863 </Td> <Td> Charleston </Td> <Td> 1885 </Td> <Td> 31.6 </Td> <Td> 51,400 </Td> <Td> 304,214 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charleston is the smallest capital city that is still the most populous city in its state . Huntington has the largest metropolitan area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> WI </Td> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> Madison </Td> <Td> 1838 </Td> <Td> 68.7 </Td> <Td> 233,209 </Td> <Td> 561,505 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee is the state 's largest city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> WY </Td> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> Cheyenne </Td> <Td> 1869 </Td> <Td> 21.1 </Td> <Td> 59,466 </Td> <Td> 91,738 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Insular area capitals ( edit ) </H2> <P> An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia , the nation 's federal district . Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below . </P> <Table> Capitals of United States Insular Areas <Tr> <Th> Insular area </Th> <Th> Abr . </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Samoa </Td> <Td> AS </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> Pago Pago </Td> <Td> 3,656 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pago Pago refers to both a village and a group of villages , one of the group is Fagatogo the official seat of government stated in the territory 's constitution since 1967 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guam </Td> <Td> GU </Td> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> Hagåtña </Td> <Td> 1,051 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dededo is the area 's largest village . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Mariana Islands </Td> <Td> MP </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Saipan </Td> <Td> 1,028 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> San Juan </Td> <Td> 395,326 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The city of San Juan was originally called Puerto Rico while the island was called San Juan Bautista . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> VI </Td> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> Charlotte Amalie </Td> <Td> 18,481 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Former National capitals ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1774 to 1800 , Congress met in numerous locations ; therefore , the following cities can be said to have once been the United States capital : </P> <Dl> <Dt> First Continental Congress </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Carpenters ' Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : September 5 , 1774 to October 24 , 1774 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Second Continental Congress </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : May 10 , 1775 to December 12 , 1776 </Li> <Li> Henry Fite House , Baltimore , Maryland : December 20 , 1776 to February 27 , 1777 </Li> <Li> Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : March 4 , 1777 to September 18 , 1777 </Li> <Li> Court House , Lancaster , Pennsylvania : September 27 , 1777 ( one day ) </Li> <Li> Court House , York , Pennsylvania : September 30 , 1777 to June 2 , 1778 </Li> <Li> College Hall , College of Philadelphia : July 2 , 1778 to July 20 , 1778 </Li> <Li> Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : July 23 , 1778 to March 1 , 1781 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Congress of the Confederation </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : March 1 , 1781 to June 21 , 1783 </Li> <Li> Nassau Hall , Princeton , New Jersey : June 30 , 1783 to November 4 , 1783 </Li> <Li> Maryland State House , Annapolis , Maryland : November 26 , 1783 to August 19 , 1784 </Li> <Li> French Arms Tavern , Trenton , New Jersey : November 1 , 1784 to December 24 , 1784 </Li> <Li> City Hall ( Federal Hall ) , New York City , New York : January 11 , 1785 to October 2 , 1788 </Li> <Li> Fraunces Tavern , New York City , New York : October 6 , 1788 to March 3 , 1789 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> United States Constitution </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Federal Hall , New York City , New York : March 4 , 1789 to December 5 , 1790 </Li> <Li> Congress Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : December 6 , 1790 to May 14 , 1800 </Li> <Li> United States Capitol , Washington , Maryland : November 17 , 1800 to February 27 , 1801 </Li> <Li> United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : February 27 , 1801 to December 8 , 1815 </Li> <Li> Old Brick Capitol , Washington , D.C. : December 8 , 1815 to 1819 </Li> <Li> United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : 1819 to present </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898 , Hawaii was an independent country . Five sites served as its capital : </P> <Ul> <Li> Waikīkī . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1795 -- 1796 </Li> <Li> Hilo . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1796 -- 1803 </Li> <Li> Kailua - Kona . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1812 -- 1820 </Li> <Li> Lahaina . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1820 -- 1845 . </Li> <Li> Honolulu <Ul> <Li> Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1803 -- 1812 . </Li> <Li> Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1845 -- January 17 , 1893 . </Li> <Li> Served as the seat of the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii , January 17 , 1893 -- July 4 , 1894 . </Li> <Li> Served as the capital of the Republic of Hawaii when it was established on July 4 , 1894 until the Republic was annexed by the United States on July 7 , 1898 under the Newlands Resolution to become the Territory of Hawaii . On becoming a state in 1959 , Honolulu became the capital of the State of Hawaii . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Republic of Texas ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845 , Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas . Seven cities served as its capital : </P> <Ul> <Li> Washington ( now Washington - on - the - Brazos ) , 1836 </Li> <Li> Harrisburg ( now part of Houston ) , 1836 </Li> <Li> Galveston , 1836 </Li> <Li> Velasco , 1836 </Li> <Li> West Columbia , 1836 </Li> <Li> Houston , 1837 -- 1839 </Li> <Li> Austin , 1839 -- 1845 ( also present - day capital of the State of Texas ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Native American capitals ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some Native American tribes , in particular the Five Civilized Tribes , organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style . Others , like the Iroquois , had long - standing , pre-Columbian traditions of a ' capitol ' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status . Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government , these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense . </P> <H3> Cherokee Nation ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> New Echota 1825 - 1832 </Li> </Ul> <P> New Echota , now near Calhoun , Georgia was founded in 1825 , realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge . Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia , North Carolina , Tennessee and Alabama , and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers . The town 's layout was partly inspired by Ridge 's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore , but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . Complete with the Council House , Supreme Court , Cherokee syllabary printing press , and the houses of several of the Nation 's constitutional officers , New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation . Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils , camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park - like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements . </P> <Ul> <Li> Red Clay 1832 - 1838 </Li> </Ul> <P> The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay , Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia . The log cabins , limestone springs and park - like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ) on the Trail of Tears . </P> <Ul> <Li> Tahlequah 1839 - 1907 , 1938 -- present </Li> </Ul> <P> Tahlequah , in present - day Oklahoma , served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal . After the Civil War , a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia , the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick . The building served as the capitol until 1907 , when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County , Oklahoma . The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation ; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians . </P> <Ul> <Li> Cherokee 20th century - present ( Eastern Band of Cherokee ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract , purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas , along the Oconaluftee river deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina . Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army sent for the `` round up , '' fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina in order to remain in their homeland . In the 20th century , their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians ; its capital is at Cherokee , North Carolina , in the tribally - controlled Qualla Boundary . </P> <H3> Muscogee Creek Nation ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hot Springs , Arkansas c. 1837 - 1866 </Li> </Ul> <P> After Removal from their Alabama - Georgia homeland , the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta . However , the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres ( half of their land ) of what is now Arkansas , after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War . </P> <Ul> <Li> Okmulgee 1867 - 1906 </Li> </Ul> <P> Served as the National capital after the American Civil War . It was probably named after Ocmulgee , on the Ocmulgee river in Macon , a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . However , there were other traditional Creek `` mother - towns '' before removal . The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs . </P> <H3> Iroquois Confederacy ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Onondaga ( Onondaga privilege c. 1450 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee , which means `` People of the Longhouse , '' was an alliance between the Five and later Six - Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York . These include the Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida , Mohawk , and , after 1722 , the Tuscarora Nations . Since the Confederacy 's formation around 1450 , the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum -- which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation . Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario , the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the `` world 's oldest representative democracy . '' </P> Seneca Nation of Indians ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Jimerson Town ( Allegany Reservation ) </Li> <Li> Irving ( Cattaraugus Reservation ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years . Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir . The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital . </P> <H3> Navajo Nation ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Window Rock </Li> </Ul> <P> Window Rock ( Navajo : Tségháhoodzání ) , Arizona , is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation ( 1936 -- present ) , the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America . It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter , adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line . Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council , Navajo Nation Supreme Court , the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President , and many Navajo government buildings . </P> <H2> Unrecognized National capitals ( edit ) </H2> <P> There have been a handful of nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities ; however , these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence . </P> <H3> Vermont Republic ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state , Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic . Two cities served as the capital of the Republic : </P> <Ul> <Li> Westminster , 1777 </Li> <Li> Windsor , 1777 -- 1791 </Li> </Ul> <P> The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier . </P> <H3> State of Franklin ( edit ) </H3> <P> The State of Franklin was an autonomous , secessionist United States territory created , not long after the end of the American Revolution , from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government . Franklin 's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee . Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years . </P> <Ul> <Li> Jonesborough , Tennessee , 1784 -- ? </Li> <Li> Greeneville , Tennessee , 1785 ? -- ? </Li> </Ul> <H3> State of Muskogee ( edit ) </H3> <P> The State of Muskogee was a short - lived Native American state in Florida . It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles . It existed from 1799 to 1803 . It had one capital : </P> <Ul> <Li> Miccosukee , 1799 -- 1803 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Republic of west Florida ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Republic of West Florida was a short - lived republic involving the area known today as Louisiana 's Florida Parishes -- at the time the westernmost portion of Spanish West Florida . The area was soon seized by the United States under President James Madison and incorporated into the Territory of Orleans . </P> <Ul> <Li> St. Francisville , Louisiana , 1810 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Republic of Indian Stream ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire . </P> <Ul> <Li> Pittsburg , New Hampshire , 1832 -- 1835 </Li> </Ul> <H3> California Republic ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 ( following the Mexican -- American War ) , a small portion of north - central California declared itself the California Republic , in an act of independence from Mexico , in 1846 ( see Bear Flag Revolt ) . The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself , to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States . </P> <P> The very short - lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States , Mexico or any other nation . There was one de facto capital of the California Republic : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sonoma , 1846 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Confederate States ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Confederate States of America ( C.S.A. ) had two capitals during its existence . The first capital was established February 4 , 1861 , in Montgomery , Alabama , and remained there until it was moved to Richmond , Virginia , on May 29 , 1861 . </P> <P> The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union ( U.S.A. ) , although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts , some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state , traveling along with secessionist armies . </P> <Ul> <Li> Montgomery , February 4 , 1861 -- May 29 , 1861 </Li> <Li> Richmond , May 29 , 1861 -- April 3 , 1865 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War . State governments operated where and as they could . The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783 . A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812 , during the American Civil War in many Confederate states , and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 -- 1692 in New Mexico . </P> <P> Twenty - two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state , since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory , colony , or republic . Boston , Massachusetts , has been a capital city since 1630 ; it is the oldest continuously - running capital in the United States . Santa Fe , New Mexico , is the oldest capital city , having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt . An even older Spanish city , St. Augustine , Florida , served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820 , more than 250 years . </P> <P> The table below includes the following information : </P> <Ol> <Li> The state , the year in which statehood was granted , and the state 's capital are shown in bold type . NOTE : For the first thirteen states , formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard , the year of statehood is shown as 1776 ( United States Declaration of Independence ) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution . ( See List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union . ) </Li> <Li> The year listed for each capital is the starting date ; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated . </Li> <Li> In many cases , capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state 's present borders . ( Those cities are generally indicated with the two - letter abbreviation for the U.S. state in which the former administrative capital is now located . ) </Li> </Ol> <Table> Historical capitals in the United States of America <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama Statehood in 1819 </Td> <Td> San Agustín </Td> <Td> 1565 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah </Td> <Td> 1733 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1755 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heard 's Fort ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ebenezer ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1784 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1786 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisville ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1796 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natchez ( MS ) </Td> <Td> 1798 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Mississippi Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington ( MS ) </Td> <Td> 1802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Stephens </Td> <Td> 1817 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Alabama Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Huntsville </Td> <Td> 1819 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Alabama . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cahawba </Td> <Td> 1820 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuscaloosa </Td> <Td> 1826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montgomery </Td> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Alabama . ( Capital of the Confederate States of America in 1861 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska Statehood in 1959 </Td> <Td> Novo - Arkhangelsk Sitka </Td> <Td> 1808 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Russian colony of Alaska . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Department of Alaska . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the District of Alaska . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juneau </Td> <Td> 1906 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Alaska . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Alaska . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona Statehood in 1912 </Td> <Td> Santa Fe ( NM ) </Td> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1848 -- 1850 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850 -- 1912 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mesilla ( NM ) </Td> <Td> 1862 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona ( southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Antonio ( TX ) </Td> <Td> 1862 </Td> <Td> Capital of the government - in - exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862 -- 1865 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Whipple </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the U.S. Territory of Arizona . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prescott </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prescott </Td> <Td> 1877 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Arizona . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas Statehood in 1836 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Louisiana Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Missouri Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas Post </Td> <Td> 1819 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Arkansaw Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Little Rock </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Arkansas . ( Washington was the Confederate state capital 1863 -- 1865 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California Statehood in 1850 </Td> <Td> Loreto ( BCS ) </Td> <Td> 1770 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colonies of las Californias . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Presidio Reál de San Carlos de Monterey Monterey </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España province of Alta California . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1821 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Mexican province of Alta California . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> Capital of the U.S. military government of California . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1849 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Provisional Government of California . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe </Td> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vallejo </Td> <Td> 1852 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benicia </Td> <Td> 1853 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacramento </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado Statehood in 1876 </Td> <Td> Denver City </Td> <Td> 1859 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the extralegal Territory of Jefferson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden City </Td> <Td> 1860 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denver City </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Colorado . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado City </Td> <Td> 1862 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden City </Td> <Td> 1862 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denver City Denver </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Colorado . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Fort Amsterdam ( NY ) </Td> <Td> 1625 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Netherlands colony of New Netherland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hartford </Td> <Td> 1639 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut 1639 -- 1686 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New - Haven </Td> <Td> 1640 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of New - Haven until its merger into the Connecticut Colony in 1662 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston ( MA ) </Td> <Td> 1686 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hartford </Td> <Td> 1689 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> joint capitals </Td> <Td> 1701 </Td> <Td> Hartford and New - Haven served as the `` co-capitals '' of the English Colony of Connecticut , with the Assembly holding its May session in Hartford and its October session in New - Haven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Hartford and New - Haven joint capitals of the British Colony of Connecticut . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Hartford and New Haven joint capitals of the State of Connecticut . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hartford </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Connecticut . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Fort Kristina </Td> <Td> 1638 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Swedish colony of Nya Sverige . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Amsterdam Nieuw - Amsterdam New - York Nieuw - Oranje New - York ( NY ) </Td> <Td> 1655 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1664 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of New - York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1673 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1674 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of New - York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia ( PA ) </Td> <Td> 1682 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Pennsylvania . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Castle </Td> <Td> 1704 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Lower Counties on the Delaware . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Lower Counties on the Delaware . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Delaware . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dover </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida Statehood in 1845 </Td> <Td> Fort de la Caroline </Td> <Td> 1564 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French colony of La Caroline 1564 -- 1565 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Agustín St. Augustine </Td> <Td> 1565 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida 1565 -- 1763 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1763 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British province of East Florida 1763 -- 1783 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1783 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Oriental 1783 -- 1821 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santa María de Ochuse Pensacola </Td> <Td> 1763 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British province of British West Florida 1763 -- 1783 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1783 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Occidental 1783 -- 1821 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tallahassee </Td> <Td> 1824 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Florida Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1845 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Florida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> San Agustín </Td> <Td> 1565 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah </Td> <Td> 1733 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1755 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta </Td> <Td> 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heard 's Fort </Td> <Td> 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta </Td> <Td> 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah </Td> <Td> 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ebenezer </Td> <Td> 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah </Td> <Td> 1784 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta </Td> <Td> 1786 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 1796 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milledgeville </Td> <Td> 1807 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macon </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milledgeville </Td> <Td> 1865 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlanta </Td> <Td> 1868 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii Statehood in 1959 </Td> <Td> Lahaina </Td> <Td> 1820 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Kingdom of Hawaii . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honolulu </Td> <Td> 1845 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1894 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Republic of Hawaii . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Hawaii . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Hawai ʻi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho Statehood in 1890 </Td> <Td> Oregon City ( OR ) </Td> <Td> 1843 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Oregon ( all of Idaho 1848 -- 1853 , southern Idaho 1853 -- 1859 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salem ( OR ) </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olympia ( WA ) </Td> <Td> 1853 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Washington ( northern Idaho 1853 -- 1859 , all of Idaho 1859 -- 1863 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lewiston </Td> <Td> 1863 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Idaho . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boise </Td> <Td> 1865 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Idaho . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois Statehood in 1818 </Td> <Td> Marietta ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vincennes ( IN ) </Td> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Indiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaskaskia </Td> <Td> 1809 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Illinois . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Illinois . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vandalia </Td> <Td> 1820 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Springfield </Td> <Td> 1839 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana Statehood in 1816 </Td> <Td> Marietta ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vincennes </Td> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Indiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corydon </Td> <Td> 1813 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1816 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Indiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indianapolis </Td> <Td> 1825 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa Statehood in 1846 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Louisiana Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Missouri Territory ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit ( MI ) </Td> <Td> 1834 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Michigan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belmont ( WI ) </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burlington </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1838 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Iowa . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa City </Td> <Td> 1841 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Iowa . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Des Moines </Td> <Td> 1857 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas Statehood in 1861 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Louisiana Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Missouri Territory ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pawnee </Td> <Td> 1855 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Kansas Territory ( July 2 -- July 6 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shawnee Mission </Td> <Td> 1855 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Kansas Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lecompton </Td> <Td> 1856 </Td> <Td> Capital de jure ( pro-slavery ) of the Territory of Kansas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Topeka </Td> <Td> Capital de facto ( anti-slavery ) of the Territory of Kansas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minneola </Td> <Td> 1858 </Td> <Td> Declared capital by territorial legislature , although this action was later declared void . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Topeka </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Kansas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky Statehood in 1792 </Td> <Td> Williamsburg ( VA ) </Td> <Td> 1699 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richmond ( VA ) </Td> <Td> 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frankfort </Td> <Td> 1792 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Kentucky . ( The government initially met at Lexington but Frankfort was quickly named the capital . Bowling Green was the rival Confederate state capital 1861 -- 62 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana Statehood in 1812 </Td> <Td> San Agustín </Td> <Td> 1565 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> La Mobile </Td> <Td> 1702 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the French colony of La Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bilocci </Td> <Td> 1720 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> La Nouvelle - Orléans Nueva Orleans New Orleans </Td> <Td> 1722 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1763 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish district of Baja Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of La Basse - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Orleans . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donaldsonville </Td> <Td> 1830 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans </Td> <Td> 1831 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baton Rouge </Td> <Td> 1849 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opelousas </Td> <Td> 1862 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shreveport </Td> <Td> 1863 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans </Td> <Td> 1865 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baton Rouge </Td> <Td> 1882 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine Statehood in 1820 </Td> <Td> Île Sainte - Croix </Td> <Td> 1604 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the French colony of l'Acadie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Port - Royal ( NS ) </Td> <Td> 1605 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston ( MA ) </Td> <Td> 1630 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1686 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1689 </Td> <Td> Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1691 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1774 </Td> <Td> Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1780 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portland </Td> <Td> 1820 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Maine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1827 </Td> <Td> Capital de facto of the State of Maine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta </Td> <Td> Capital de jure of the State of Maine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1832 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Maine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> St. Mary 's City </Td> <Td> 1634 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Maryland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anne Arundel 's Towne Annapolis </Td> <Td> 1694 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of Maryland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Maryland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Maryland . ( Capital of the United States of America 1783 -- 1784 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Plimouth </Td> <Td> 1620 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of New - Plimouth 1620 -- 1686 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston </Td> <Td> 1630 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1630 -- 1686 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1686 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America 1686 -- 1689 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plimouth </Td> <Td> 1688 </Td> <Td> Capital of the dissident Colony of New - Plimouth 1688 -- 1692 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston </Td> <Td> 1689 </Td> <Td> Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1689 -- 1692 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1692 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1774 </Td> <Td> Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1780 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan Statehood in 1837 </Td> <Td> Marietta ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio ( all of Michigan 1788 -- 1800 , eastern Michigan 1800 -- 1803 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chillicothe ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 1800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vincennes ( IN ) </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Indiana ( western Michigan 1800 -- 1803 ; all of Michigan 1803 -- 1805 , a portion of the Upper Peninsula 1805 -- 1816 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corydon ( IN ) </Td> <Td> 1813 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit </Td> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( Lower Peninsula 1805 -- 1818 , all of Michigan 1818 -- 1837 . ) ( Detroit was occupied by British Armed Forces 1812 -- 1813 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1837 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Michigan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lansing </Td> <Td> 1847 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota Statehood in 1858 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana 1765 -- 1800 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane ( west of Mississippi River 1800 -- 1804 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( west of Mississippi River under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804 -- 1805 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Louisiana ( west of Mississippi River 1805 -- 1812 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( west of Mississippi River 1812 -- 1821 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marietta ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio ( east of Mississippi River 1788 -- 1800 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vincennes ( IN ) </Td> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Indiana ( east of Mississippi River 1800 -- 1809 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaskaskia ( IL ) </Td> <Td> 1809 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Illinois ( east of Mississippi River 1809 -- 1818 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit ( MI ) </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Mississippi River 1818 - 1834 , all of Minnesota 1834 -- 1836 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belmont ( WI ) </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burlington ( IA ) </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1838 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Iowa ( west of Mississippi River 1838 -- 1841 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madison ( WI ) </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Mississippi River 1838 -- 1848 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa City ( IA ) </Td> <Td> 1841 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Iowa ( west of Mississippi River 1841 -- 1846 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Paul </Td> <Td> 1849 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Minnesota . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1858 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Minnesota . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi Statehood in 1817 </Td> <Td> San Agustín </Td> <Td> 1565 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah </Td> <Td> 1733 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1755 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Georgia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heard 's Fort ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1781 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ebenezer ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1784 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augusta ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1786 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisville ( GA ) </Td> <Td> 1796 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natchez </Td> <Td> 1798 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Mississippi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 1802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natchez </Td> <Td> 1817 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Mississippi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jackson </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri Statehood in 1821 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Louisiana Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Missouri Territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Charles </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Missouri . ( A Confederate state government in exile operated from Neosho 1861 -- 1863 , and from Marshall , Texas , 1863 -- 1865 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jefferson City </Td> <Td> 1826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana Statehood in 1889 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide 1763 -- 1800 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane ( east of Continental Divide 1800 -- 1804 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804 -- 1805 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide 1805 -- 1812 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( east of Continental Divide 1812 -- 1821 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Vancouver ( WA ) </Td> <Td> 1825 </Td> <Td> Capital de facto of the Oregon Country ( west of Continental Divide 1818 -- 1843 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon City ( OR ) </Td> <Td> 1843 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon ( west of Continental Divide 1843 -- 1848 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Oregon ( west of Continental Divide 1848 -- 1853 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salem ( OR ) </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olympia ( WA ) </Td> <Td> 1853 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Washington ( west of Continental Divide 1853 -- 1863 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Omaha ( NE ) </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( east of Continental Divide 1854 -- 1861 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yankton ( SD ) </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Dakota ( east of Continental Divide 1861 -- 1863 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lewiston ( ID ) </Td> <Td> 1863 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Idaho . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bannack </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Montana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia City </Td> <Td> 1865 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helena </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Montana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska Statehood in 1867 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Omaha </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Nebraska . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lancaster Lincoln </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Nebraska . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada Statehood in 1864 </Td> <Td> Fillmore ( UT ) </Td> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Utah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salt Lake City ( UT ) </Td> <Td> 1858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carson City </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Nevada . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Nevada . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Boston ( MA ) </Td> <Td> 1630 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portsmouth </Td> <Td> 1680 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston ( MA ) </Td> <Td> 1686 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portsmouth </Td> <Td> 1689 </Td> <Td> Capital of the dissident Province of New Hampshire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1691 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1698 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1741 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exeter </Td> <Td> 1775 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Revolutionary War government of New Hampshire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of New Hampshire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concord </Td> <Td> 1808 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Fort Amsterdam ( NY ) </Td> <Td> 1625 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1652 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elizabethtown ( now Elizabeth ) </Td> <Td> 1665 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of New Jersey . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perth Amboy </Td> <Td> 1673 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1673 -- 1688 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burlington </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1673 -- 1688 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston ( MA ) </Td> <Td> 1688 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America 1688 -- 1689 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perth Amboy </Td> <Td> 1689 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1689 -- 1702 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burlington </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1689 -- 1702 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> joint capitals </Td> <Td> 1702 </Td> <Td> East Jersey and West Jersey were re-united as the English Province of New Jersey in 1702 . Perth Amboy and Burlington served jointly as the capital until 1784 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Joint capitals of the British Province of New Jersey . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Joint capitals of the State of New Jersey . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trenton </Td> <Td> 1784 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of New Jersey . ( Capital of the United States of America in 1784 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico Statehood in 1912 </Td> <Td> San Juan de los Caballeros </Td> <Td> 1598 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís </Td> <Td> 1610 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Paso del Norte ( now Ciudad Juárez CHH ) </Td> <Td> 1680 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony - in - exile of Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( Pueblo Revolt 1680 -- 1692 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís Santa Fe </Td> <Td> 1692 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1821 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1824 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> Capital of the U.S. military government of New Mexico 1846 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1846 -- 1850 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850 -- 1912 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mesilla </Td> <Td> 1862 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona ( southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Antonio ( TX ) </Td> <Td> 1862 </Td> <Td> Capital of the government - in - exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862 -- 1865 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santa Fe </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of New Mexico . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Fort Amsterdam Nieuw - Amsterdam New - York Nieuw - Oranje New - York </Td> <Td> 1625 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( Novum Belgium ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1652 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1664 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of New York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1673 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1674 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of New York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston ( MA ) </Td> <Td> 1688 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New - York </Td> <Td> 1689 </Td> <Td> Capital of the dissident government of New - York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1691 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of New York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of New York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of New York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingston </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hurley </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poughkeepsie </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of New York . ( Capital of the United States of America 1785 -- 1788 and 1789 -- 1790 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> 1797 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of New York . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> San Agustín ( FL ) </Td> <Td> 1565 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlestown ( SC ) </Td> <Td> 1670 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Bern </Td> <Td> 1712 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of North Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of North Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fayetteville </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raleigh </Td> <Td> 1794 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota Statehood in 1889 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit ( MI ) </Td> <Td> 1834 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1834 -- 1836 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belmont ( WI ) </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1836 -- 1838 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burlington ( IA ) </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1838 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Iowa ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1838 -- 1846 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa City ( IA ) </Td> <Td> 1841 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Paul ( MN ) </Td> <Td> 1849 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Minnesota ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1849 -- 1858 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Omaha ( NE ) </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( west of Missouri River or White Earth River 1854 -- 1861 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yankton ( SD ) </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Dakota . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bismarck </Td> <Td> 1883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of North Dakota . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio Statehood in 1803 </Td> <Td> Marietta </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chillicothe </Td> <Td> 1800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1803 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Ohio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zanesville </Td> <Td> 1810 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chillicothe </Td> <Td> 1812 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Columbus </Td> <Td> 1816 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma Statehood in 1907 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Missouri . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas Post ( AR ) </Td> <Td> 1819 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Arkansaw ( south of the parallel 36 ° 30 ' north 1819 -- 1824 , southeastern Oklahoma 1824 -- 1828 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Little Rock ( AR ) </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahlequah </Td> <Td> 1838 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Cherokee Nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuskahoma </Td> <Td> 1838 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Choctaw Nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tishomingo </Td> <Td> 1855 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Chickasaw Nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wewoka </Td> <Td> 1866 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Seminole Nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Okmulgee </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Creek Nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pawhuska </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> Capital of the Osage Nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guthrie </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Oklahoma . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Oklahoma . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma City </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon Statehood in 1859 </Td> <Td> Champoeg </Td> <Td> 1843 </Td> <Td> Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon City </Td> <Td> 1843 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Oregon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salem </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corvallis </Td> <Td> 1855 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salem </Td> <Td> 1855 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1859 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Oregon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 1682 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . ( Capital of the United States of America 1776 , 1777 , 1778 -- 1783 , and 1790 -- 1800 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lancaster </Td> <Td> 1799 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . ( Capital of the United States of America 1777 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harrisburg </Td> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Providence </Td> <Td> 1636 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Providence 1636 -- 1644 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portsmouth </Td> <Td> 1639 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Aquidneck Island 1639 -- 1644 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1644 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Providence </Td> <Td> 1644 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston ( MA ) </Td> <Td> 1686 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Providence </Td> <Td> 1689 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> five capitals </Td> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> From 1776 to 1853 , the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations rotated among the county seats of the state 's five counties : Providence , Newport , East Greenwich , South Kingstown , and Bristol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> joint capitals </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> From 1854 to 1899 , the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations alternated sessions between Providence and Newport . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Providence </Td> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> San Agustín ( FL ) </Td> <Td> 1565 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlestown </Td> <Td> 1670 </Td> <Td> Capital of the English Province of Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1712 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of South Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of South Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Columbia </Td> <Td> 1786 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota Statehood in 1889 </Td> <Td> Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit ( MI ) </Td> <Td> 1834 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Missouri River 1834 -- 1836 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belmont ( WI ) </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Missouri River 1836 -- 1838 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burlington ( IA ) </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1838 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Iowa ( east of Missouri River 1838 -- 1846 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa City ( IA ) </Td> <Td> 1841 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Paul ( MN ) </Td> <Td> 1849 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Minnesota ( east of Missouri River 1849 -- 1858 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Omaha ( NE ) </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( west of Missouri River 1854 -- 1861 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yankton </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Dakota . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bismarck ( ND ) </Td> <Td> 1883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pierre </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of South Dakota . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee Statehood in 1796 </Td> <Td> New Bern ( NC ) </Td> <Td> 1712 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Province of North Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of North Carolina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rocky Mount </Td> <Td> 1790 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory South of the River Ohio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White 's Fort Knoxville </Td> <Td> 1791 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1796 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Tennessee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingston </Td> <Td> 1807 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Tennessee for one day in 1807 to fulfill treaty obligations with the Cherokee Nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knoxville </Td> <Td> 1807 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Tennessee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nashville </Td> <Td> 1812 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knoxville </Td> <Td> 1817 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murfreesboro </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nashville </Td> <Td> 1826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas Statehood in 1845 </Td> <Td> Los Adaes ( LA ) </Td> <Td> 1729 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Spanish colony of Tejas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Antonio de Béxar ( now San Antonio ) </Td> <Td> 1772 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saltillo ( COA ) </Td> <Td> 1824 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Mexican province of Coahuila y Tejas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monclova ( COA ) </Td> <Td> 1833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington ( now Washington - on - the - Brazos ) </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Republic of Texas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galveston </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harrisburg </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Velasco </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Columbia </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austin </Td> <Td> 1839 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1845 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Texas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah Statehood in 1896 </Td> <Td> Salt Lake City </Td> <Td> 1849 </Td> <Td> Capital of the extralegal State of Deseret . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fillmore </Td> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Utah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salt Lake City </Td> <Td> 1858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Utah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont Statehood in 1791 </Td> <Td> Westminster </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Republic of New Connecticut . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windsor </Td> <Td> 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1777 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Vermont Republic . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1791 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of Vermont . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montpelier </Td> <Td> 1805 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Statehood in 1776 </Td> <Td> Jamestown </Td> <Td> 1619 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle Plantation Williamsburg </Td> <Td> 1698 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richmond </Td> <Td> 1780 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . ( Capital of the Confederate States of America 1861 -- 1865 . ) ( A rival pro-Union state government operated from Wheeling 1861 -- 1863 and from Alexandria 1863 -- 1865 . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington Statehood in 1889 </Td> <Td> Champoeg ( OR ) </Td> <Td> 1843 </Td> <Td> Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon City ( OR ) </Td> <Td> 1843 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Oregon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salem ( OR ) </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olympia </Td> <Td> 1853 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Washington . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Washington . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia Statehood in 1863 </Td> <Td> Jamestown ( VA ) </Td> <Td> 1619 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle Plantation ( VA ) Williamsburg ( VA ) </Td> <Td> 1698 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1776 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Commonwealth of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richmond ( VA ) </Td> <Td> 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheeling </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> Capital of the rival pro-Union government of the Commonwealth of Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1863 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the State of West Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charleston </Td> <Td> 1870 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheeling </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charleston </Td> <Td> 1885 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin Statehood in 1848 </Td> <Td> Marietta ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vincennes ( IN ) </Td> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Indiana . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaskaskia ( IL ) </Td> <Td> 1809 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Illinois . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit ( MI ) </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Michigan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belmont </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burlington ( IA ) </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madison </Td> <Td> 1838 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Wisconsin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming Statehood in 1890 </Td> <Td> Lewiston ( ID ) </Td> <Td> 1863 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Idaho . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yankton ( SD ) </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Dakota . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheyenne </Td> <Td> 1869 </Td> <Td> Capital of the Territory of Wyoming . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> Capital of the State of Wyoming . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Historic regions of the United States </Li> <Li> History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) </Li> <Li> History of the United States </Li> <Li> Lists of capitals </Li> <Li> List of U.S. colonial possessions </Li> <Li> Outline of United States history </Li> <Li> Political divisions of the United States </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution of the United States </Li> <Li> Timeline of country and capital changes </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <P> ^ ( a ) Even though the urbanized area of Carson City is about 15 miles ( 24 km ) from the California border , the larger Consolidated Municipality of Carson City does form part of the Nevada state border . Similarly , the City and Borough of Juneau extends eastward to British Columbia , although the urbanized area of Juneau is about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from the Canada -- US border . ^ ( b ) Congress was forced to move from Philadelphia due to a riot of angry soldiers . See : Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 ^ ( c ) President James Madison fled to the home of Caleb Bentley in Brookeville , Maryland following the burning of Washington on August 24 -- 25 , 1814 . As such , the town claims to have been the `` U.S. Capital for a Day '' despite the fact that Congress never met there . See : `` A Brief History '' . Town of Brookeville , Maryland . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07 . ^ ( d ) Due to flooding in Sacramento , San Francisco served as a temporary capital from January 24 , 1862 to May 15 , 1862 . See `` California 's State Capitols 1850 -- present '' ( PDF ) ... ^ ( e ) The District of Columbia was formed February 27 , 1801 , with the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 . The city of Washington was founded in 1791 and construction of the new capital began while it was still part of Maryland . President John Adams moved to the White House on November 1 , 1800 and the 6th United States Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Nine Capitals of the United States . United States Senate Historical Office . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Based on Fortenbaugh , Robert , The Nine Capitals of the United States , York , PA : Maple Press , 1948 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ehle , John ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books Doubleday . ISBN 0385239548 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Qualla Boundary NCpedia '' . www.ncpedia.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Muscogee Creek Nation - Culture / history '' . Muscogee Creek Nation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ nysmuseum ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) , Haudenosaunee or Iroquois ? , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Confederacy '' . www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Confederacy '' . www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The State of Muskogee , State Flags of Florida , Cultural , Historical and Information Programs , Office of Cultural and Historical Programs website , Florida Department of State , Government of Florida , retrieved October 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Capitals of Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Updated October 29 , 2001 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Spanish name La Florida originally referred to all of the American continent north of Mexico . As other European nations colonized North America , the extent of La Florida shrank to encompass only the Spanish territorial claims in the southeastern portion of the present United States . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions About Alaska . Statewide Library Electronic Doorway . Updated September 21 , 2004 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; based on Alaska Blue Book 1993 -- 94 , 11th ed. , Juneau , Department of Education , Division of State Libraries , Archives & Museums . ExploreNorth : The History of Sitka . Department of Community and Economic Development , Alaska Community Database Online . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Capitals before the Capitol . Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Educational Materials : Facts . Arkansas Secretary of State . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Washington State Park 19th century village in SW Arkansas . Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism , Confederate Capital Old Division of State Parks . 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions . The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansaw on July 4 , 1819 , but the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas on June 15 , 1836 . The name was historically pronounced / ˈɑːrkənsɔː / , / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / , and several other variants . In 1881 , the Arkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution ( Arkansas Statutes , Title 1 , Chapter 4 , Section 105 ) : <P> Whereas , confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings . </P> <P> And , whereas , the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock , which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history , and the early usage of the American immigrants . </P> <P> Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly , that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state , in the opinion of this body , is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound . It should be pronounced in three ( 3 ) syllables , with the final `` s '' silent , the `` a '' in each syllable with the Italian sound , and the accent on the first and last syllables . The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of `` a '' in `` man '' and the sounding of the terminal `` s '' is an innovation to be discouraged . </P> <P> Citizens of the State of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E. Dotson Wilson ( 2006 ) . Ebbert , Brian S. , ed . California 's Legislature ( PDF ) . Sacramento , California : State of California . pp. 157 -- 165 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Early Capitol and Legislative Assembly Locations Colorado State Archives , Colorado State Capitol Virtual Tour . Updated June 20 , 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From December 3 , 1859 , to December 3 , 1861 , Denver City was formally the City of Denver , Auraria , and Highland . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On November 15 , 1902 , the City of Denver became the City and County of Denver . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Florida State History . Florida Division of Historical Resources . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Edwin L. Story of Georgia 's Capitols and Capital Cities Archived 2007 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Carl Vinson Institute of Government . University of Georgia . 1988 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chronological History of Idaho . Idaho Office of the Governor . Created 2000 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clarke , S.A. ( 1905 ) . Pioneer Days of Oregon History . J.K. Gill Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Past Capitols ; based on Illinois Bluebook , 1975 -- 1976 . Created March 5 , 2005 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sabin , Henry . Making of Iowa , chapter 24 : Locating a Capital . Originally published 1900 by A. Flanagan Co. of Chicago and New York ; published online by Iowa History Project , posted August 25 , 2004 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harding , Eldon . Stories from the Kansas State Capital : Choosing a Capital City -- Why Topeka ? . Kansas State Historical Society . April 2001 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Daniel ( 1988 ) . Ghost Towns of Kansas . University Press of Kansas . pp. 61 -- 65 . ISBN 0700603689 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kentucky 's State Capitols . Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Note : The Louisiana Capitals information may be incorrect or incomplete . See http://www.state.la.us/about_history2.htm and elsewhere . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Students Questions Frequently Ask . Maine State Senate . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historical Chronology . Maryland State Archives . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michigan in Brief State of Michigan . Updated March 7 , 2005 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saint Paul 's 150th birthday . City of Saint Paul , Minnesota . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bunn , Mike and Clay Williams , Capitals and Capitols : The Places and Spaces of Mississippi 's Seat of Government . Mississippi History Now . Mississippi Historical Society Online . Posted September 2003 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , Kirby . Montana 's crown jewel of architecture : The Montana state capitol Montana : The Magazine of Western History , Montana Historical Society . Summer 2002 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rocha , Guy Nevada State Archives Historical Myth a Month : Myth # 28 , Las Vegas : Nevada 's Next State Capital . Updated July 14 , 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; originally published as Sierra Sage , Carson City / Carson Valley , Nevada . May 1998 edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Hampshire Senate Page For Kids . New Hampshire General Court . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . New Hampshire History in Brief . New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources . Created 1989 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oregon Legislative Assembly History . Oregon State Archives . Accessed February 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The History of Pennsylvania 's Capital . Pennsylvania Department of Education . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Capital Cities . Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture . 2002 . Accessed March 12 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Early History of Montpelier , Vermont . Vermont Historical Society . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; adapted from Esther Munroe Swift , Vermont Place - Names : Footprints of History , 1977 , 1996 , and Montpelier Heritage Group , Three Walking Tours of Montpelier , Vt. , 1991 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ About Our Capital . Virginia General Assembly . Accessed July 20 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The History of Olympia . City of Olympia . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cravens , Stanley H. `` Capitals and Capitols in Early Wisconsin '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Wisconsin Blue Book Archived 2006 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , 1983 -- 1984 edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saban , Mary Thompson , Wyoming Sage : Brief History of Wyoming . Updated January 17 , 2004 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=4124 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) , `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 - 1818 '' , Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christian Montes . American Capitals : A Historical Geography ( University of Chicago Press ; 2014 ) 394 pages ; scholarly study of geographic and other factors that have shaped the designation of capitals in all 50 states </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutstate capitalat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Florida Facts - The Capitol </Li> <Li> The Capitalization of Georgia </Li> <Li> The State Houses of Louisiana </Li> <Li> Las Vegas : Nevada 's Next State Capital ? </Li> <Li> New Hampshire Senate for Kids - Capitals </Li> <Li> Handbook of Texas Online -- Capitals </Li> <Li> Colonial Capitals of the Dominion of Virginia </Li> <Li> Utah History To Go - Utah 's Capitols </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Nation : </P> <Ul> <Li> US Washington </Li> </Ul> <P> States : </P> <Ul> <Li> AL Montgomery </Li> <Li> AK Juneau </Li> <Li> AZ Phoenix </Li> <Li> AR Little Rock </Li> <Li> CA Sacramento </Li> <Li> CO Denver </Li> <Li> CT Hartford </Li> <Li> DE Dover </Li> <Li> FL Tallahassee </Li> <Li> GA Atlanta </Li> <Li> HI Honolulu </Li> <Li> ID Boise </Li> <Li> IL Springfield </Li> <Li> IN Indianapolis </Li> <Li> IA Des Moines </Li> <Li> KS Topeka </Li> <Li> KY Frankfort </Li> <Li> LA Baton Rouge </Li> <Li> ME Augusta </Li> <Li> MD Annapolis </Li> <Li> MA Boston </Li> <Li> MI Lansing </Li> <Li> MN Saint Paul </Li> <Li> MS Jackson </Li> <Li> MO Jefferson City </Li> <Li> MT Helena </Li> <Li> NE Lincoln </Li> <Li> NV Carson City </Li> <Li> NH Concord </Li> <Li> NJ Trenton </Li> <Li> NM Santa Fe </Li> <Li> NY Albany </Li> <Li> NC Raleigh </Li> <Li> ND Bismarck </Li> <Li> OH Columbus </Li> <Li> OK Oklahoma City </Li> <Li> OR Salem </Li> <Li> PA Harrisburg </Li> <Li> RI Providence </Li> <Li> SC Columbia </Li> <Li> SD Pierre </Li> <Li> TN Nashville </Li> <Li> TX Austin </Li> <Li> UT Salt Lake City </Li> <Li> VT Montpelier </Li> <Li> VA Richmond </Li> <Li> WA Olympia </Li> <Li> WV Charleston </Li> <Li> WI Madison </Li> <Li> WY Cheyenne </Li> </Ul> <P> Territories : </P> <Ul> <Li> AS Pago Pago </Li> <Li> GU Hagåtña </Li> <Li> MP Saipan </Li> <Li> PR San Juan </Li> <Li> VI Charlotte Amalie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States state - 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what is the name of america capital city
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States&amp;oldid=811144500
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Limbal ring - Wikipedia <H1> Limbal ring </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Kayser -- Fleischer ring or Fleischer ring . Blue eye with clearly visible limbal ring . Subject : 18 year old Caucasian female A human eye with prominent limbal ring <P> A limbal ring is a dark ring around the iris of the eye . It is a dark - colored manifestation of the corneal limbus resulting from optical properties of the region . </P> <P> It has been suggested that limbal ring thickness may correlate with health or youthfulness and may contribute to facial attractiveness . Some contact lenses are colored to simulate limbal rings . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Limbus sign </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Circle contact lens </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Shyu , Betsy P. ; Wyatt , Harry J. ( 2009 ) . `` Appearance of the Human Eye : Optical Contributions to the ' Limbal Ring ' '' . Optometry and Vision Science . 86 ( 9 ) : E1069 -- 77 . PMID 19648842 . doi : 10.1097 / OPX. 0b013e3181b4f010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peshek , Semmaknejad , Hoffman , Foley ( 2011 ) . `` Preliminary evidence that the limbal ring influences facial attractiveness '' . Evolutionary Psychology . 9 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 146 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown M , Sacco DF ( 2017 ) . `` Put a ( Limbal ) Ring on It : Women Perceive Men 's Limbal Rings as a Health Cue in Short - Term Mating Domains . '' . Pers Soc Psychol Bull : 146167217733072 . PMID 28978250 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167217733072 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about the eye is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbal_ring&oldid=805989742 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Eye color </Li> <Li> Eye stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 23 : 00 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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what does dark ring around your iris mean
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Limbal_ring&amp;oldid=805989742
5,835,399,519,339,301,000
2018 World rugby Under 20 Championship - wikipedia <H1> 2018 World rugby Under 20 Championship </H1> <Table> 2018 World Rugby Under 20 Championship <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host nation </Th> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 30 May -- 17 June 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of nations </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Final positions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champions </Th> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Td> England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third place </Th> <Td> South Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fourth place </Th> <Td> New Zealand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Matches played </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Top scorer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Louis Carbonel ( 60 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most tries </Th> <Td> Giovanni D'Onofrio Wandisile Simelane ( 6 tries each ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2017 2019 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 World Rugby Under 20 Championship was the eleventh annual international rugby union competition for Under 20 national teams . The event was organised in France by rugby 's governing body , World Rugby . A total of twelve nations played in the tournament , which was held in three cities from 30 May to 17 June . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Teams </Li> <Li> 2 Venues </Li> <Li> 3 Pool stage <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pool A </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pool B </Li> <Li> 3.3 Pool C </Li> <Li> 3.4 Pool stage standings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Knockout stage <Ul> <Li> 4.1 9 -- 12th place play - offs <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Semi-finals </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Eleventh place </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Ninth place </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 5 -- 8th place play - offs <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Semi-finals </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Seventh place </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Fifth place </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Finals <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Semi-finals </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Third place </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Final </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Statistics </Li> <Li> 6 Final placings </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Teams ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following teams participated in the 2018 U20 Championship : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Result ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Best Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> <Td> Third place ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> Runners - up ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Champions ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> Fourth place ( 2011 , 2015 , 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> Tenth place ( 2016 , 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> Runners - up ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> Eighth place ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Tenth place ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Champions ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> Fifth place ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Champions ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> Runners - up ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Promoted from 2017 U20 Trophy </Li> </Ol> <H2> Venues ( edit ) </H2> <P> The venues that play host to the tournament were as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Béziers </Th> <Th> Narbonne </Th> <Th> Perpignan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée </Td> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié </Td> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capacity : 18,555 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 12,000 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 14,593 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Béziers Narbonne Perpignan Stadium locations within the southern french region of Occitanie . </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Pool stage ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Pool stage fixture was as follows : </P> <H3> Pool A ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> PF </Th> <Th> PA </Th> <Th> − / + </Th> <Th> TF </Th> <Th> TA </Th> <Th> BP </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> + 108 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> -- 26 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> + 21 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> -- 103 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 4 </Td> <Td> 30 May 2018 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 21 -- 26 </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Hansen 24 ' m McDermott 76 ' c Con : Lucas ( 1 / 1 ) 77 ' Pen : Lonergan ( 3 / 3 ) 4 ' , 34 ' , 48 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Nicholas 30 ' c Goodchild 37 ' c Con : Evans ( 2 / 2 ) 31 ' , 38 ' Pen : Evans ( 4 / 5 ) 9 ' , 20 ' , 42 ' , 58 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 6 </Td> <Td> 30 May 2018 </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 67 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Tucker 1 ' m Faingaanuku ( 2 ) 3 ' m , 18 ' c Koroi 9 ' c Sullivan 20 ' c Christie 37 ' c Roe 41 ' m Akauola - Laula 52 ' c Spowart ( 3 ) 58 ' c , 60 ' m , 79 ' m Con : Trask ( 6 / 11 ) 10 ' , 19 ' , 21 ' , 38 ' , 53 , 59 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 11 </Td> <Td> 3 June 2018 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 54 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Tupou 3 ' c Hansen 6 ' c Wood 29 ' c Maafu 37 ' c McTaggart 61 ' c McDermott 64 ' c Lonergan ( 2 ) 67 ' c , 70 ' m Con : Lucas ( 4 / 4 ) 4 ' , 7 ' , 30 ' , 38 ' Harrison ( 3 / 4 ) 62 ' , 65 ' , 68 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Yamamoto ( 2 ) 15 ' m , 20 ' c Vakalahi 79 ' c Con : Mamada ( 1 / 2 ) 21 ' Mori ( 1 / 1 ) 80 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 10 </Td> <Td> 3 June 2018 </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 42 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Proctor 3 ' c Sullivan 24 ' m Christie 29 ' c Mafile'o 64 ' c Roe 74 ' c Con : Plummer ( 4 / 5 ) 4 ' , 30 ' , 65 ' , 75 ' Pen : Plummer ( 3 / 3 ) 18 ' , 40 ' , 62 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Basham 9 ' c Con : Evans ( 1 / 1 ) 10 ' Pen : Evans ( 1 / 1 ) 14 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 13 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2018 </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> 18 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Morgan 16 ' c Cross 52 ' m Con : Evans ( 1 / 2 ) 17 ' Pen : Evans ( 2 / 3 ) 31 ' , 36 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Vailea 11 ' m Arai 23 ' m Fifita 75 ' c Con : Mori ( 1 / 1 ) 76 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 14 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2018 </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 27 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Plummer 4 ' c Flanders 11 ' c Spowart 62 ' c Con : Plummer ( 3 / 3 ) 5 ' , 12 ' , 63 ' Pen : Plummer ( 2 / 2 ) 17 ' , 54 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : McReight 28 ' m Penalty try 23 ' Pen : Lucas ( 2 / 2 ) 9 ' , 58 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Pool B ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> PF </Th> <Th> PA </Th> <Th> − / + </Th> <Th> TF </Th> <Th> TA </Th> <Th> BP </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> + 84 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> -- 33 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> -- 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> -- 42 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 3 </Td> <Td> 30 May 2018 </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 26 -- 27 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Dunbar 32 ' m Chapman 37 ' m Dewhirst 51 ' c Con : Chapman ( 1 / 3 ) 52 ' Pen : Chapman ( 3 / 4 ) 9 ' , 49 ' , 61 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Penalty try 27 ' D'Onofrio 58 ' c Forcucci 63 ' m Taddia 80 + 2 ' m Con : Di Marco ( 1 / 3 ) 59 ' Pen : Rizzi ( 1 / 2 ) 44 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 5 </Td> <Td> 30 May 2018 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 39 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Olowofela ( 2 ) 6 ' c , 35 ' m Walker ( 2 ) 14 ' c , 44 ' c Smith 79 ' c Con : Grayson ( 3 / 4 ) 7 ' , 15 ' , 45 ' Hardwick ( 1 / 1 ) 80 ' Pen : Grayson ( 1 / 2 ) 41 ' Hardwick ( 1 / 1 ) 62 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Chocobares 3 ' c Pedemonte 25 ' m Con : Daireaux ( 1 / 2 ) 4 ' Pen : Daireaux ( 1 / 2 ) 9 ' De La Vega Mendia ( 1 / 1 ) 60 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 7 </Td> <Td> 3 June 2018 </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 13 -- 29 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : McLelland 26 ' c Con : Chapman ( 1 / 1 ) 27 ' Pen : Chapman ( 2 / 3 ) 41 ' , 48 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Collado Castro 1 ' c Herrera Rezzonico 20 ' m Carreras 70 ' c Penalty try 79 ' Con : Daireaux ( 2 / 3 ) 2 ' , 71 ' Pen : Daireaux ( 1 / 1 ) 40 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 8 </Td> <Td> 3 June 2018 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 43 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Smith ( 2 ) 6 ' c , 55 ' c Parton 22 ' c Loader ( 2 ) 26 ' c , 36 ' m Ibitoye 52 ' m Brand 64 ' m Con : Smith ( 4 / 6 ) 7 ' , 23 ' , 27 ' , 56 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Koffi 34 ' m </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 15 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2018 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 30 -- 26 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Mazza ( 2 ) 3 ' m , 51 ' m D'Onofrio 19 ' c Manni 30 ' c Con : Di Marco ( 2 / 4 ) 20 ' , 31 ' Pen : Di Marco ( 1 / 1 ) 38 ' Rizzi ( 1 / 1 ) 71 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Herrera Rezzonico 33 ' m Carreras ( 2 ) 41 ' c , 65 ' c Ruiz 79 ' c Con : Daireaux ( 1 / 2 ) 42 ' De La Vega Mendia ( 2 / 2 ) 66 ' , 80 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 16 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2018 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 35 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Ibitoye ( 2 ) 4 ' c , 50 ' m Cutting 18 ' m Scott 21 ' m K'poku 70 ' m Williams 73 ' m Con : Hardwick ( 1 / 6 ) 5 ' Pen : Hardwick ( 1 / 1 ) 57 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Rowe 38 ' c Con : Thompson ( 1 / 1 ) 39 ' Pen : Thompson ( 1 / 2 ) 12 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Pool C ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> PF </Th> <Th> PA </Th> <Th> − / + </Th> <Th> TF </Th> <Th> TA </Th> <Th> BP </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> + 31 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> -- 14 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> -- 19 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 1 </Td> <Td> 30 May 2018 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 33 -- 27 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Simelane 9 ' m Uys ( 2 ) 25 ' c , 55 ' c Green 42 ' c Burger 48 ' c Con : Willemse ( 4 / 5 ) 26 ' , 43 ' , 49 ' , 56 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Lomidze 13 ' c Tapladze 38 ' c Dvalishvili 71 ' c Con : Aprasidze ( 3 / 3 ) 14 ' , 39 ' Abzhandadze ( 1 / 1 ) 72 ' Pen : Aprasidze ( 2 / 2 ) 17 ' , 52 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 2 </Td> <Td> 30 May 2018 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 26 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Marty ( 2 ) 4 ' m , 50 ' c Coville 42 ' c Ntmack 44 ' c Con : Ntmack ( 3 / 4 ) 43 ' , 45 ' , 51 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Dunleavy 20 ' c O'Sullivan 40 + 1 ' c Byrne 71 ' c Con : Byrne ( 3 / 3 ) 21 ' , 40 + 2 ' , 72 ' Pen : Byrne ( 1 / 2 ) 17 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 9 </Td> <Td> 3 June 2018 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 24 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Lavault 24 ' c Vincent 39 ' c Etcheverry 55 ' c Con : Carbonel ( 3 / 3 ) 25 ' , 40 ' , 56 ' Pen : Carbonel ( 1 / 1 ) 9 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Jalagonia 11 ' c Dzagnidze 68 ' m Con : Aprasidze ( 1 / 1 ) 12 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 12 </Td> <Td> 3 June 2018 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 30 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Burger 1 ' c Du Plessis 19 ' m Simelane ( 3 ) 51 ' m , 57 ' m , 76 ' m Con : Willemse ( 1 / 2 ) 2 ' Pen : Lombard ( 1 / 2 ) 68 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Sweetman - Doris 34 ' c Silvester 43 ' c Con : Dean ( 2 / 2 ) 35 ' , 44 ' Pen : Dean ( 1 / 1 ) 22 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 17 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2018 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 20 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 : 30 </Td> <Td> Try : Dean 32 ' m Daly 77 ' c Wojtkowicv 80 + 1 ' m Con : Dean ( 1 / 3 ) 78 ' Pen : Dean ( 1 / 1 ) 13 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Machaladze 10 ' c Svanidze 21 ' c Abzhandadze 43 ' c Con : Aprasidze ( 3 / 3 ) 11 ' , 22 ' , 44 ' Pen : Aprasidze ( 1 / 1 ) 16 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Match 18 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2018 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 29 -- 46 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 : 00 </Td> <Td> Try : Erasmus 36 ' c Van der Merwe 46 ' m Simelane 63 ' m Tshakweni 69 ' m Sandi 74 ' c Con : Dobela ( 1 / 1 ) 37 ' Lombard ( 1 / 4 ) 75 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Joseph ( 2 ) 7 ' c , 19 ' c Carbonel 15 ' m Barassi 26 ' c Ntmack 33 ' c Gros 53 ' c Con : Carbonel ( 3 / 4 ) 8 ' , 34 ' , 54 ' Ntmack ( 2 / 2 ) 20 ' , 27 ' Pen : Carbonel ( 2 / 3 ) 13 ' , 79 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Pool stage standings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Pool </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> − / + </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="15"> Finals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> + 84 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> + 108 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> + 31 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="15"> 5 -- 8th place play - offs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 33 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 26 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> + 21 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="15"> 9 -- 12th place play - offs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 103 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Knockout stage ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 9 -- 12th place play - offs ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Semi-finals </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Ninth place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Eleventh place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Semi-finals ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 12 June 2018 16 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ireland </Th> <Th> 29 -- 45 </Th> <Th> Scotland </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Byrne 10 ' c Sylvester 21 ' c O'Brien 61 ' c Daly 72 ' m Con : Byrne ( 2 / 2 ) 11 ' , 22 ' Dean ( 1 / 2 ) 62 ' Pen : Byrne ( 1 / 1 ) 40 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Richardson ( 2 ) 24 ' c , 32 ' c Trotter 37 ' c Graham 48 ' c Rowe 55 ' c Onojaife 68 ' c Con : Chapman ( 6 / 6 ) 25 ' , 33 ' , 38 ' , 49 ' , 56 ' , 69 ' Pen : Chapman ( 1 / 1 ) 7 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 12 June 2018 18 : 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Georgia </Th> <Th> 24 -- 22 </Th> <Th> Japan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Lomidze 13 ' c Tapladze ( 2 ) 38 ' m , 71 ' c Aprasidze 77 ' m Con : Aprasidze ( 2 / 4 ) 14 ' , 72 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Ishida 7 ' c Vailea 29 ' c Yamasawa 42 ' m Con : Mori ( 2 / 3 ) 8 ' , 30 ' Pen : Mori ( 1 / 2 ) 20 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> </Tr> </Table> Eleventh place ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 17 June 2018 11 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ireland </Th> <Th> 39 -- 33 </Th> <Th> Japan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Stewart 4 ' c Sheehan 10 ' m Sylvester 33 ' c O'Brien 76 ' m Con : Byrne ( 2 / 4 ) 5 ' , 34 ' Pen : Byrne ( 5 / 6 ) 29 ' , 43 ' , 47 ' , 49 ' , 63 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Vailea ( 2 ) 15 ' c , 72 ' c Tsukayama 22 ' m Fifita ( 2 ) 55 ' c , 59 ' c Con : Mori ( 4 / 5 ) 16 ' , 56 ' , 60 ' , 73 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ninth place ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 17 June 2018 13 : 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Scotland </Th> <Th> 31 -- 39 </Th> <Th> Georgia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Smith 7 ' m Trotter ( 2 ) 14 ' c , 33 ' c Rowe 71 ' m Miller 75 ' c Con : Chapman ( 2 / 3 ) 15 ' , 34 ' Thompson ( 1 / 2 ) 76 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Japaridze 2 ' m Marjanishvili ( 2 ) 21 ' c , 63 ' c Gigolashvili ( 2 ) 42 ' c , 55 ' c Con : Abzhandadze ( 4 / 4 ) 22 ' , 43 ' , 56 ' , 64 ' Pen : Abzhandadze ( 1 / 1 ) 49 ' , 79 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 5 -- 8th place play - offs ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Semi-finals </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Fifth place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Seventh place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Semi-finals ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 12 June 2018 14 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wales </Th> <Th> 15 -- 39 </Th> <Th> Argentina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Conbeer 17 ' c Baldwin 32 ' m Con : Evans ( 1 / 2 ) 18 ' Pen : Evans ( 1 / 1 ) 53 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Nogues 23 ' m Penalty try 39 ' Carreras 41 ' c Molina 54 ' c Avellaneda 75 ' c Con : De La Vega Mendia ( 3 / 4 ) 42 ' , 55 ' , 76 ' Pen : De La Vega Mendia ( 2 / 6 ) 14 ' , 62 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 12 June 2018 16 : 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Th> 15 -- 44 </Th> <Th> Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : D'Onofrio ( 3 ) 13 ' m , 20 ' m , 66 ' m </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Hockings 17 ' m Stewart 28 ' c McReight ( 2 ) 42 ' c , 73 ' m Francis 61 ' c Kuenzle 75 ' c Con : Lonergan ( 3 / 4 ) 29 ' , 43 ' , 62 ' Harrison ( 1 / 2 ) 76 ' Pen : Lonergan ( 2 / 2 ) 23 ' , 65 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> </Tr> </Table> Seventh place ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 17 June 2018 16 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wales </Th> <Th> 34 -- 17 </Th> <Th> Italy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Conbeer 11 ' c Davis 23 ' c Penalty try 40 ' Llewellyn 67 ' c Con : Evans ( 3 / 3 ) 12 ' , 24 ' , 68 ' Pen : Evans ( 2 / 2 ) 3 ' , 61 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : D'Onofrio 19 ' c Taddia 64 ' m Romano 74 ' m Con : Rizzi ( 1 / 3 ) 20 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> </Tr> </Table> Fifth place ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 17 June 2018 14 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Argentina </Th> <Th> 15 -- 41 </Th> <Th> Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Carreras 14 ' c Grondona 70 ' m Con : De La Vega Mendia ( 1 / 2 ) 15 ' Pen : De La Vega Mendia ( 1 / 1 ) 46 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Hockings 8 ' c Maafu 21 ' c Ross 56 ' c Hansen 77 ' c Lucas 80 ' c Con : Harrison ( 4 / 4 ) 9 ' , 22 ' , 57 ' , 78 ' Hockings ( 1 / 1 ) 80 + 1 ' Pen : Harrison ( 2 / 2 ) 26 ' , 51 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Finals ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Semi-finals </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Semi-finals ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 12 June 2018 19 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Th> 32 -- 31 </Th> <Th> South Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Parton 10 ' m Hardwick 15 ' c White 22 ' c Olowofela 60 ' c Con : Smith ( 3 / 4 ) 16 ' , 23 ' , 61 ' Pen : Smith ( 2 / 2 ) 39 ' , 48 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Sandi 8 ' c Uys 44 ' m Nortjé 52 ' c Rass 67 ' m Ntlabakanye 74 ' c Con : Lombard ( 3 / 5 ) 9 ' , 53 ' , 75 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié , Narbonne </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 12 June 2018 21 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand </Th> <Th> 7 -- 16 </Th> <Th> France </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Plummer 69 ' c Con : Plummer ( 1 / 1 ) 70 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Ntmack 42 ' c Con : Carbonel ( 1 / 1 ) 43 ' Pen : Carbonel ( 3 / 4 ) 30 ' , 49 ' , 63 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade Aimé Giral , Perpignan </Td> </Tr> </Table> Third place ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 17 June 2018 16 : 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Th> 40 -- 30 </Th> <Th> New Zealand </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Green ( 2 ) 1 ' c , 43 ' c Sandi 16 ' c Nortjé 61 ' m Simelane 63 ' c Ntlabakanye 74 ' c Con : Lombard ( 5 / 6 ) 2 ' , 17 ' , 44 ' , 64 ' , 75 ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Try : Renton 3 ' c Plummer 13 ' m Riedlinger - Kapa 28 ' c Clarke 80 ' m Con : Plummer ( 2 / 4 ) 4 ' , 29 ' Pen : Plummer ( 2 / 4 ) 8 ' , 24 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> </Tr> </Table> Final ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> 17 June 2018 19 : 00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Th> 25 -- 33 </Th> <Th> France </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Try : Olowofela ( 2 ) 40 + 1 ' m , 78 ' c Heyes 71 ' c Con : Grayson ( 2 / 3 ) 72 ' , 79 ' Pen : Smith ( 2 / 2 ) 21 ' , 63 ' </Td> <Td> Report </Td> <Td> Try : Woki 25 ' m Séguret 74 ' c Con : Carbonel ( 1 / 2 ) 75 ' Pen : Carbonel ( 7 / 7 ) 4 ' , 19 ' , 37 ' , 41 ' , 53 ' , 56 ' , 68 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Stade de la Méditerranée , Béziers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The player statistics for the 2018 U20 Championship : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> Top point scorers <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis Carbonel </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harry Plummer </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cai Evans </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harry Byrne </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Charlie Chapman </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marcus Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryan Lonergan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Gela Aprasidze </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giovanni D'Onofrio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wandisile Simelane </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Table> Top try scorers <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Tries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Giovanni D'Onofrio </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wandisile Simelane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jordan Olowofela </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Halatoa Vailea </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamie Spowart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 14 players </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Final placings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> PF </Th> <Th> PA </Th> <Th> − / + </Th> <Th> TF </Th> <Th> TA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> + 39 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> + 77 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> + 11 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> + 95 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="11"> 5 -- 8th place play - offs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> + 76 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> − 11 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> − 33 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> − 79 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="11"> 9 -- 12th place play - offs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> − 4 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> − 24 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> − 29 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td> − 111 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` France to host World Rugby U20 Championship 2018 '' . World Rugby. 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Schedule confirmed for World Rugby U20 Championship 2018 '' . World Rugby. 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 U20 Championship -- Stats '' . World Rugby. 17 June 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World Rugby Junior Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U-20 Championship </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U-20 Trophy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U-21 ( defunct ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U-19 ( defunct ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship&oldid=856430829 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> World Rugby Under 20 Championship </Li> <Li> 2018 rugby union tournaments for national teams </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 in French rugby union </Li> <Li> International rugby union competitions hosted by France </Li> <Li> May 2018 sports events in France </Li> <Li> June 2018 sports events in France </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 04 : 14 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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when does the under 20s rugby world cup start
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2018_World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship&amp;oldid=856430829
4,139,137,227,037,987,300
OK - wikipedia <H1> OK </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Several terms redirect here . For other uses , see OK ( disambiguation ) , Okay ( disambiguation ) and Okey dokey ( disambiguation ) . An OK button on a remote control <P> `` OK '' ( / oʊ keɪ / ; spelling variations include `` okay '' , `` O.K. '' , `` ok '' ) is an English word denoting approval , acceptance , agreement , assent , or acknowledgment . `` OK '' is frequently used as a loanword in other languages . It has been described as the most frequently spoken or written word on the planet . </P> <P> As an adjective , `` OK '' principally means `` adequate '' or `` acceptable '' as a contrast to `` bad '' ( `` The boss approved this , so it is OK to send out '' ) ; it can also mean `` mediocre '' when used in contrast with `` good '' ( `` The french fries were great , but the burger was just OK '' ) . It fulfills a similar role as an adverb ( `` Wow , you did OK for your first time skiing ! '' ) . As an interjection , it can denote compliance ( `` OK , I will do that '' ) , or agreement ( `` OK , that is fine '' ) . It can mean `` assent '' when it is used as a noun ( `` the boss gave his OK to the purchase '' ) or , more colloquially , as a verb ( `` the boss OKed the purchase '' ) . `` OK '' , as an adjective , can express acknowledgment without approval . As a versatile discourse marker or back - channeling item , it can also be used with appropriate voice tone to show doubt or to seek confirmation ( `` OK ? '' or `` Is that OK ? '' ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Proposed etymologies <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Boston abbreviation fad </Li> <Li> 1.2 Choctaw </Li> <Li> 1.3 West African </Li> <Li> 1.4 Alternative etymologies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early history </Li> <Li> 3 Variations </Li> <Li> 4 Usage <Ul> <Li> 4.1 International usage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Gesture </Li> <Li> 6 Computers </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Proposed etymologies </H2> See also : List of proposed etymologies of OK <P> Numerous explanations for the origin of the expression have been suggested , but few have been discussed seriously by linguists . The following proposals have found mainstream recognition . </P> <H3> Boston abbreviation fad </H3> <P> The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on a survey of the word 's early history in print : a series of six articles by Allen Walker Read , in the journal American Speech in 1963 and 1964 . He tracked the spread and evolution of the word in American newspapers and other written documents , and later throughout the rest of the world . He also documented controversy surrounding OK and the history of its folk etymologies , both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself . Read argues that , at the time of the expression 's first appearance in print , a broader fad existed in the United States of `` comical misspellings '' and of forming and employing acronyms , themselves based on colloquial speech patterns : </P> <P> The abbreviation fad began in Boston in the summer of 1838 ... OFM , `` our first men , '' and used expressions like NG , `` no go , '' GT , `` gone to Texas , '' and SP , `` small potatoes . '' Many of the abbreviated expressions were exaggerated misspellings , a stock in trade of the humorists of the day . One predecessor of OK was OW , `` oll wright . '' </P> <P> The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.S. English for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers . OK 's original presentation as `` all correct '' was later varied with spellings such as `` Oll Korrect '' or even `` Ole Kurreck '' . </P> <P> The term appears to have achieved national prominence in 1840 , when supporters of the Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for `` Old Kinderhook '' , a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate , Martin Van Buren , a native of Kinderhook , New York , who was Andrew Jackson 's protégé . `` Vote for OK '' was snappier than using his Dutch name . In response , Whig opponents attributed OK , in the sense of `` Oll Korrect , '' to Andrew Jackson 's bad spelling . The country - wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in OK 's history , widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States . </P> <P> Read proposed an etymology of `` OK '' in `` Old Kinderhook '' in 1941 . The evidence presented in that article was somewhat sparse , and the connection to `` Oll Korrect '' not fully elucidated . Various challenges to the etymology were presented ; e.g. , Heflin 's 1962 article . However , Read 's landmark 1963 -- 1964 papers silenced most of the skepticism . Read 's etymology gained immediate acceptance , and is now offered without reservation in most dictionaries . Read himself was nevertheless open to evaluating alternative explanations : </P> <P> Some believe that the Boston newspaper 's reference to OK may not be the earliest . Some are attracted to the claim that it is of American - Indian origin . There is an Indian word , okeh , used as an affirmative reply to a question . Mr Read treated such doubting calmly . `` Nothing is absolute , '' he once wrote , `` nothing is forever . '' </P> <H3> Choctaw </H3> <P> The folk singer Pete Seeger sang that `` OK '' was of Choctaw Indian origin , as the dictionaries of the time tended to agree . Three major American reference works ( Webster 's , New Century , Funk & Wagnalls ) cited the Choctaw etymology as the probable origin until as late as 1961 . </P> <P> The earliest written evidence for the Choctaw word `` okeh '' is provided in work by the missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825 . These missionaries ended many sentences in their translation of the Bible with the particle `` okeh '' , meaning `` it is so '' . `` Okeh '' was given as an alternative spelling of `` okay '' in the 1913 Webster 's . </P> <P> Byington 's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the `` okeh '' particle , and his Grammar of the Choctaw Language notes the particle - keh is an `` affirmative contradistinctive '' , with the `` distinctive '' o - prefix . </P> <P> Subsequent Choctaw spelling books de-emphasized the spellings lists in favor of straight prose , and they made use of the particle ( , ) but they too never included it in the word lists or discussed it directly . The presumption was that the use of particle `` oke '' or `` hoke '' was so common and self - evident as to preclude any need for explanation or discussion for either its Choctaw or non-Choctaw readership . </P> <P> The Choctaw language was one of the languages spoken at this time in the South - Eastern United States by a tribe with significant contact with African slaves . The major language of trade in this area , Mobilian Jargon , was based on Choctaw - Chickasaw , two Muskogean - family languages . This language was used , in particular , for communication with the slave - owning Cherokee ( an Iroquoian - family language ) . For the three decades prior to the Boston abbreviation fad , the Choctaw had been in extensive negotiation with the US government , after having fought alongside them at the Battle of New Orleans . </P> <P> Arguments for a more Southern origin for the word note the tendency of English to adopt loan words in language contact situations , as well as the ubiquity of the `` okeh '' particle . Similar particles exist in native language groups distinct from Iroquoian ( Algonquian , Cree cf . `` ekosi '' ) and its usefulness in conversation ( a verbal equivalent to nodding one 's head ) as the main reasons for its rapid spread among English speakers . </P> <H3> West African </H3> <P> A verifiable early written attestation of the particle ' kay ' is from transcription by Smyth ( 1784 ) of a North Carolina slave not wanting to be flogged by a European visiting America : </P> <P> Kay , massa , you just leave me , me sit here , great fish jump up into da canoe , here he be , massa , fine fish , massa ; me den very grad ; den me sit very still , until another great fish jump into de canoe ; ... </P> -- <P> A West African ( Mande and / or Bantu ) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources , tracing the word back to the Wolof and Bantu word waw - kay or the Mande ( aka `` Mandinke '' or `` Mandingo '' ) phrase o ke . </P> <P> David Dalby first made the claim that the particle `` OK '' could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture . His argument was reprinted in various newspaper articles between 1969 and 1971 . This suggestion has also been mentioned more recently by Joseph Holloway , who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English ( co-written with a retired missionary ) that various West African languages have near - homophone discourse markers with meanings such as `` yes indeed '' or which serve as part of the back - channeling repertoire . Though Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby 's claims , asserting that there is no documentary evidence that any of these African - language words had any causal link with its use in the American press , one can certainly wonder at the fact that this standard of written proof does not account for the illiteracy in which the West African speakers were kept during the period of slavery in question . </P> <P> The West African hypothesis had not been accepted by 1981 by any etymologists , but nevertheless has since appeared in scholarly sources published by linguists and non-linguists alike . </P> <H3> Alternative etymologies </H3> See also : List of proposed etymologies of OK <P> A large number of origins have been proposed . Some of them are thought to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on apparent similarity between OK and one or another phrase in a foreign language with a similar meaning and sound . Some examples are : </P> <Ul> <Li> A corruption from the speech of the large number of descendants of Scottish and Ulster Scots ( Scots - Irish ) immigrants to North America , of the common Scots phrase och aye ( `` oh yes '' ) . </Li> <Li> A borrowing of the Greek phrase όλα καλά ( óla kalá ) , meaning `` all good '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early history </H2> <P> Allen Walker Read identifies the earliest known use of O.K. in print as 1839 , in the edition of 23 March of the Boston Morning Post ( an American newspaper ) . The announcement of a trip by the Anti-Bell - Ringing Society ( a `` frolicsome group '' according to Read ) received attention from the Boston papers . Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the event using the line that is widely regarded as the first instance of this strain of OK , complete with gloss : </P> <P> The above is from the Providence Journal , the editor of which is a little too quick on the trigger , on this occasion . We said not a word about our deputation passing `` through the city '' of Providence. -- We said our brethren were going to New York in the Richmond , and they did go , as per Post of Thursday . The `` Chairman of the Committee on Charity Lecture Bells , '' is one of the deputation , and perhaps if he should return to Boston , via Providence , he of the Journal , and his train - band , would have his `` contribution box , '' et ceteras , o.k. -- all correct -- and cause the corks to fly , like sparks , upward . </P> <P> Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print . Seven instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on `` all correct '' such as `` oll korrect '' or `` ole kurreck '' , but five appeared with no accompanying explanation , suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and possibly in common colloquial use at the time . </P> <P> Various claims of earlier usage have been made . For example , it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner County , Tennessee , discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam , in which Andrew Jackson apparently said `` proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker , for an uncalled good , which was O.K. '' . However , Read challenged such claims , and his assertions have been generally accepted . The great lawyer who successfully argued many Indian rights claims , however , supports the Jacksonian popularization of the term based on its Choctaw origin . </P> <P> David Dalby ( see above ) brought up some other earlier attested usages . One example from 1941 is the apparent notation `` we arrived ok '' in the hand - written diary of William Richardson going from Boston to New Orleans in 1815 , about a month after the Battle of New Orleans . Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary and notes that : </P> <P> After many attempts to track down this diary , Read and I at last discovered that it is owned by the grandson of the original writer , Professor L. Richardson , Jr. , of the Department of Classical Studies at Duke University . Through his courtesy we were able to examine this manuscript carefully , to make greatly enlarged photographs of it , and to become convinced ( as is Richardson ) that , whatever the marks in the manuscript are , they are not OK . </P> -- <P> Similarly , H.L. Mencken , who originally considered it `` very clear that ' o.k. ' is actually in the manuscript '' , later recanted his endorsement of the expression , asserting that it was used no earlier than 1839 . Mencken ( following Read ) described the diary entry as a misreading of the author 's self - correction , and stated it was in reality the first two letters of the words ah ( andsome ) before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and changing his mind . </P> <P> Another example given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter 's diary of 1816 , which records a black slave saying `` Oh ki , massa , doctor no need be fright , we no want to hurt him '' . Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source , which actually begins `` Oh , ki , massa ... '' , where ki is a phrase by itself : </P> <P> In all other examples of this interjection that I have found , it is simply ki ( once spelled kie ) . As here , it expresses surprise , amusement , satisfaction , mild expostulation , and the like . It has nothing like the meaning of the adjective OK , which in the earliest recorded examples means ' all right , good , ' though it later acquires other meanings , but even when used as an interjection does not express surprise , expostulation , or anything similar . </P> -- <H2> Variations </H2> <P> Whether this word is printed as OK , Ok , ok , okay , or O.K. is a matter normally resolved in the style manual for the publication involved . Dictionaries and style guides such as The Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage provide no consensus . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Variation </Th> <Th> Where used / Origins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> okeh </Td> <Td> Choctaw word for ' it is so ' ( see above ) . An alternative English spelling , no longer common , although it remained in sporadic use well into the 20th century . Also see Okeh Records . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hokay </Td> <Td> Used in English as an alternative . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> kay or ' kay </Td> <Td> Notably used in Herman Wouk 's The Caine Mutiny as a filler word by the maniacal Captain Queeg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> k or kk or oka </Td> <Td> Commonly used in instant messaging , or in SMS messages . Before the days of SMS , `` K '' was used as a Morse code prosign for `` Go Ahead '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Okie dokie </Td> <Td> This slang term was popularized in the film `` The Little Rascals '' ( Oki doki ) . The phrase can be extended further , e.g. `` Okie dokie ( aka ) pokie / smokie / artichokie / karaoke / lokie , '' etc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ôkê </Td> <Td> Used in Vietnam ; okey also used , but ok more commonly . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> okei </Td> <Td> Used in Norwegian , Icelandic , Finnish and Estonian ( together with OK or ok ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> okey </Td> <Td> Used in Catalan , Faroese , Russian , Spanish and Turkish , sounding similar to the English pronunciation OK . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> okej </Td> <Td> Used in Swedish , Bosnian , Slovene , Serbian , Polish , Croatian , Macedonian and sometimes Latvian ; ok also used , but less common . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oké </Td> <Td> Used in Dutch and Hungarian . In Dutch , okee , ok and okay are also used , but are less common in the formal written language . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ookoo </Td> <Td> Used in Finland . Pronounced the same way as `` OK '' ; the spelling arises from the pronunciation of the individual letters in Finnish . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oquei and ocá </Td> <Td> Nowadays , rarely used in Portuguese , but once a fad in Brazil . Pronounced as the English OK or following the names of the letters in Portuguese ( oh - kah ) . In written Portuguese , still very much used as OK . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oukej </Td> <Td> Used in Czech and Slovak . Pronounced as the English OK . When written OK , it is pronounced ( o : ka : ) . Neither version recognized as official . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> owkej </Td> <Td> Used in Maltese . Pronounced as the English `` OK '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oukei </Td> <Td> Used in colloquial Afrikaans . Pronounced also as `` OK '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O.K </Td> <Td> Used in Greek . The abbreviation is pronounced as the English OK . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A-OK </Td> <Td> A more technical - sounding variation popularized by NASA in 1961 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> M'kay </Td> <Td> Slang term popularized by South Park TV show . Pronounced also as `` Mmmm K '' . This variation has connotations of sarcasm , such as condescending disagreement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Okily Dokily ! </Td> <Td> Catchphrase used by Ned Flanders in The Simpsons . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Usage </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1961 , NASA popularized the variant `` A-OK '' during the launch of Alan Shepard 's Mercury mission . </P> <H3> International usage </H3> <P> In Brazil , Mexico and Peru , as well as in other Latin American countries , the word is pronounced just as it is in English and is used very frequently . Spanish speakers often spell the word `` okey '' to conform with the spelling rules of the language . In Brazil , it may be also pronounced as `` ô - kei '' . In Portugal , it is used with its Portuguese pronunciation and sounds something like `` ókâi '' ( similar to the English pronunciation but with the `` ó '' sounding like the `` o '' in `` lost '' or `` top '' ) , or even as ' oh - kapa ' , from the letters O ( ' ó ' ) and K ( ' capa ' ) . </P> <P> In Flanders and the Netherlands , `` OK '' has become part of the everyday Dutch language . It is pronounced the same way . </P> <P> Arabic speakers also use the word ( أوكي ) widely , particularly in areas of former British presence like Egypt , Jordan , Israel / Palestine and Iraq , but also all over the Arab world due to the prevalence of American cinema and television . It is pronounced just as it is in English but is very rarely seen in Arabic newspapers and formal media . </P> <P> In Hebrew , the word OK is common as an equivalent to the Hebrew word בסדר ( b'seder ) ( ' adequate ' , ' in order ' ) . It is written as it sounds in English אוקיי . </P> <P> It is used in Japan and Korea in a somewhat restricted sense , fairly equivalent to `` all right '' . OK is often used in colloquial Japanese as a replacement for 大丈夫 ( daijōbu `` all right '' ) or いい ( ii `` good '' ) and often followed by です ( desu -- the copula ) . A transliteration of the English word , written as オーケー ( lit . `` ōkē '' ) or オッケー ( lit . `` okkē '' ) is also often used in the same manner as the English , and is becoming more popular in recent years . In Korean , 오케이 ( literally `` okay '' ) can be used colloquially in place of 네 ( ne , `` yes '' ) when expressing approval or acknowledgment . </P> <P> In Chinese , the term 好 ; hǎo ; ( literally : `` good '' ) , can be modified to fit most of usages of OK . For example , 好 了 ; hǎo le closely resembles the interjection usage of OK . The `` 了 '' indicates a change of state , in this case it indicates the achievement of consensus . Likewise , `` OK '' is commonly transformed into `` OK 了 '' ( OK le ) when communicating with foreigners or with fellow Cantonese speaking people in at least Hong Kong and possibly to an extent , other regions of China . Other usages of OK such as `` I am OK '' can be translated as 我 还 好 ; wǒ hái hǎo . In Hong Kong , movies or dramas set in modern times use the term `` ok '' as part of the sprinkling of English included in otherwise Cantonese dialog . In Mandarin Chinese , it is also , somewhat humorously , used in the `` spelling '' of the word for karaoke , `` 卡拉 OK '' , pronounced `` kah - lah - oh - kei '' ( Mandarin does not natively have a syllable with the pronunciation `` kei '' ) . On the computer , OK is usually translated as `` 确定 , '' which means `` confirm '' or `` confirmed '' . </P> <P> In Taiwan , `` OK '' is frequently used in various sentences , popular among but not limited to younger generations . This includes the aforementioned `` OK 了 '' ( Okay le ) , `` OK 嗎 '' ( Okay ma ) , meaning `` Is it okay ? '' or `` OK 啦 '' ( Okay la ) , a strong , persuading affirmative , as well as the somewhat tongue - in - cheek explicit yes / no construction `` O 不 OK ? '' ( O bù OK ? ) , `` Is it OK or not ? '' </P> <P> In Russia , `` OK '' is used very frequently for any positive meaning . The word in Russian has many morphologies : `` окей '' , `` океюшки '' , `` ок '' , `` окейно '' , etc . </P> <P> In France and Belgium , `` OK '' is used to communicate agreement , and is generally followed by a French phrase ( e.g. OK , d'accord , `` ok , chef '' ) or another borrowing ( e.g. , OK , boss . ok , bye . ) . Rarely pronounced / ɔk / these days , except by young children encountering dialog boxes for the first times . </P> <P> In the Philippines `` okay lang '' is a common expression , literally meaning `` just okay '' or `` just fine '' . Sometimes spelled as okey . </P> <P> In Malay , it is frequently used with the emphatic suffix `` lah '' : OK - lah . </P> <P> In Vietnamese , it is spelled `` Ô kê '' . </P> <P> In India , it is often used after a sentence to mean `` did you get it ? '' , often not regarded politely , for example , `` I want this job done , OK ? '' or at the end of a conversation ( mostly on the phone ) followed by `` bye '' as in `` OK , bye . '' </P> <P> In Indonesia , `` OK '' is also used as a slogan of national television station RCTI since the year 1994 . </P> <P> In Pakistan , `` OK '' has become a part of Urdu and Punjabi languages . </P> <P> In Germany , `` OK '' is spelled as `` o.k. '' or `` O.K. '' or `` okay '' . It may be pronounced as in English , but / ɔˈkeː / or / oˈkeː / are also common . The meaning ranges from acknowledgement to describing something neither good nor bad , same as in US / UK usage . </P> <P> In Maldivian Okay is used in different ways , often used to agree with something , more often used while departing from a gathering `` Okay Dahnee / Kendee . '' </P> <P> In Singapore , `` OK '' is often used with suffix - es used in `` Singlish '' such as OK lor , OK lah , OK meh , OK leh ... etc. which are used in different occasions . </P> <H2> Gesture </H2> Main article : OK ( gesture ) Okay sign <P> In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is made by touching the index finger with the thumb ( forming a rough circle ) and raising of the remaining fingers . It is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression , or if the gesture appeared first . The gesture was popularized in America in 1836 as a symbol to support then Presidential candidate Martin Van Buren . This was because Van Buren 's nickname , Old Kinderhook , derived from his hometown of Kinderhook , NY , had the initials O K. Similar gestures have different meanings in other cultures , some offensive . </P> <H2> Computers </H2> <P> OK is used to label buttons in modal dialog boxes such as error messages or print dialogs , indicating that the user must press the button to accept the contents of the dialog box and continue . When a modal dialog box contains only one button , it is almost always labeled `` OK '' by convention and default , usually rendered to the screen in upper case without punctuation : OK , rather than O.K. , Okay , or Ok . The OK button can probably be traced to user interface research done for the Apple Lisa . The inspiration was likely the - ok parameter in Unix . </P> <P> The Forth programming language prints ok when ready to accept input from the keyboard . This prompt is used on Sun , Apple , and other computers with the Forth - based Open Firmware ( OpenBoot ) . The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts is the subject of some humor . </P> <P> In HTTP , the HyperText Transfer Protocol , upon which the World Wide Web is based , a successful response from the server is defined as OK ( with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616 ) . The Session Initiation Protocol also defines a response , 200 OK , which conveys success for most requests ( RFC 3261 ) . </P> <P> Some Linux distributions , including those based on Red Hat , display boot progress on successive lines on - screen , which include ( OK ) . </P> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ South China Morning Post : `` OK , ' most spoken word on the planet ' , marks its 175th anniversary '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beaver , David ( 20 February 2011 ) . `` Not OK '' . languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yngve , Victor . `` On getting a word in edgewise , '' page 568 . Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting ( of the ) Chicago Linguistic Society , 1970 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard W. Allen Walker Read , American Scholar in Milestones in the History of English in America ( PDF ) . American Dialect Society 86 , Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary ( good summary of the results of Read 's six articles ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1963 ) . `` The first stage in the history of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 38 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 27 . doi : 10.2307 / 453580 . JSTOR 453580 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1963 ) . `` The second stage in the history of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 38 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 453285 . JSTOR 453285 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1963 ) . `` Could Andrew Jackson spell ? '' . American Speech. 38 ( 3 ) : 188 -- 195 . doi : 10.2307 / 454098 . JSTOR 454098 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1964 ) . `` The folklore of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 39 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 453922 . JSTOR 453922 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1964 ) . `` Later stages in the history of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 39 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 453111 . JSTOR 453111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1964 ) . `` '' Successive revisions in the explanation of `` O.K '' . American Speech. 39 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 267 . doi : 10.2307 / 454321 . JSTOR 454321 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Economist 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read 1941 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heflin 1962 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Online edition of American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Houghton Mifflin ) Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Allen Read '' . The Economist. 24 October 2002 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fay 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` okeh '' . ( n.d. ) Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary . ( 1913 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byington 1915 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byington , Cryus ( 1870 ) . Grammar of the Choctaw Language . McCalla & Stavely . p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flickinger , Robert Elliot ( 1911 ) . The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy . gutenberg.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tiya Miles , Ties that Bind : The Story of an Afro - Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom , University of California Press , 2005 , pp. 170 - 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SLAVERY '' , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture , Oklahoma Historical Society , Retrieved 29 December 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Badger 1971 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopkins . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeRosier Jr , Arthur ( 1967 ) . `` Andrew Jackson and Negotiations for The Removal of the Choctaw Indians '' . The Historian. 29 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 362 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smyth 1784 , pp. 1 : 118 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cassidy 1981 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holloway & Vass 1993 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lighter , Jonathon , ( 1994 ) . The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang , 708 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LINGUIST List 4.705. 14 September 1993 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read 1964 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weber 1942 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George W. Stimpson. ( 1934 ) `` Nuggets Of Knowledge '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Felix S. Cohen , `` Americanizing the White Man , '' The American Scholar vol. 21 , no . 2 ( Spring 1952 ) : 177 - 191 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heflin 1941 , p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wait 1941 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mencken 1945 , p. 275 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Dalby ( Reader in West African Languages , SOAS , U of London ) . ( 1971 ) `` The Etymology of O.K. , '' The Times , 14 January 1971 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I 'm OK , you 're okay '' . Grammarphobia. 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Okeh as variant spelling of `` okay '' `` . Thefreedictionary.com. 28 June 1928 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pearson , Drew . `` Wallace Letter to Truman Led to White House Okeh of Speech '' . St. Petersburg Times , 18 September 1946 , p. 6 . Retrieved on 27 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennewein , Paul . `` Okay is Okeh : Along the Cape Fear '' . Wilmington Morning Star ( Wilmington , N.C. ) , 10 June 1977 , p. 1 - D. Retrieved on 27 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halbrooks , Hap . `` Arthur Davis ' Hand Reported Okeh '' . Florence Times , 19 May 1955 , p. 12 . Retrieved on 27 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Word Wizard : Okie Dokie smokie </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Okie Dokie Artichokie '' ( book ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luong , Ngoc MD . Personal interview by Nu Alpha Pi. 2010 April 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Swedish ) Aftonbladet.se </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Taaladvies.net </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mäkinen , Panu . `` Alphabet '' . Phonology . Panu Mäkinen . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom ( 1988 ) . The Right Stuff ( 17th print ed . ) . Toronto : Bantam Books . p. 227 . ISBN 9780553275568 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calm Voice from Space '' . Time . Time Inc . March 2 , 1962 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3 min 37 s video , Youtube.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/o__k_#block-duden-tiles-4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Nancy & Melissa Wagner. ( 2003 ) Field Guide to Gestures : How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dangerous Body Language Abroad , by Matthew Link . Posted 26 July 2010 01 : 00 PM . Retrieved on 17 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Body Language . Obscene , to be used with extreme moderation ! Retrieved on 17 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple user interface designers pick ' ' OK ' ' '' . Folklore.org. 17 July 1980 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ search for `` - ok command ; '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USENIX - LISA 99 - The C Days of Y2K '' . USENIX. 23 November 1999 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adams , Cecil ( 1 January 1985 ) . `` What does `` OK '' stand for ? `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Badger , Herbert Andrew ( 1971 ) . `` A Descriptive Grammar of Mississippi Choctaw '' . University of Southern Mississippi . OCLC 30845851 . </Li> <Li> Beath , Paul L. ( October 1946 ) . `` ' O.K. ' in Radio Sign Language '' . American Speech. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 . JSTOR 486779 . </Li> <Li> Beaver , David ( 20 February 2011 ) . `` Not OK '' . languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . * Byington , Cyrus ( 1915 ) . A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language . U.S. Government Printing Office . </Li> <Li> Cassidy , Frederic G. ( Winter 1981 ) . `` OK -- Is It African ? '' . American Speech. 56 ( 4 ) : 269 -- 273 . doi : 10.2307 / 455123 . JSTOR 455123 . </Li> <Li> Dalby , David ( 8 January 1971 ) . `` O.K. , A.O.K and O KE ; The Remarkable Career Of an Americanism That Began in Africa '' . The New York Times . p. 31 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` Allen Read '' . The Economist. 24 October 2002 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Eubanks , Ralph T. ( October 1960 ) . `` The Basic Derivation of ' O.K. ' '' . American Speech. 35 ( 3 ) : 188 -- 192 . doi : 10.2307 / 453884 . JSTOR 453884 . </Li> <Li> Fay , Jim ( 14 July 2007 ) . `` The Choctaw Expression `` Okeh '' and the Americanism `` Okay '' `` . Illinois Prairie . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Greco , Frank A. ; Degges , Mary ( Autumn -- Winter 1975 ) . `` The Etymology of OK Again '' . American Speech. 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 333 -- 335 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088024 . JSTOR 3088024 . </Li> <Li> Heflin , Woodford A. ( April 1941 ) . `` ' O.K. ' , But What Do We Know about It ? '' . American Speech. 16 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 487428 . JSTOR 487428 . </Li> <Li> Heflin , Woodford A. ( December 1962 ) . `` ' O.K. ' and Its Incorrect Etymology '' . American Speech. 37 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 248 . doi : 10.2307 / 453377 . JSTOR 453377 . </Li> <Li> Hopkins , Nicolas A . The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies , Inc . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Holloway , Joseph E. ; Vass , Winifred Kellersberger ( 1993 ) . The African Heritage of American English . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0253328381 . </Li> <Li> Levin , Harry ; Gray , Deborah ( Autumn 1983 ) . `` The Lecturer 's OK '' . American Speech. 58 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 455226 . JSTOR 455226 . </Li> <Li> Matthews , Albert ( December 1941 ) . `` A Note on ' O.K. ' '' . American Speech. 16 ( 4 ) : 256 -- 259 . doi : 10.2307 / 486564 . JSTOR 486564 . </Li> <Li> Mencken , H.L. ( 1936 ) . The American Language ( 4 ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 206 -- 207 . ISBN 0394400755 . </Li> <Li> Mencken , H.L. ( April 1942 ) . `` ' O.K. , ' 1840 '' . American Speech. 17 ( 2 ) : 126 -- 127 . doi : 10.2307 / 486458 . JSTOR 486458 . </Li> <Li> Mencken , H.L. ( 1945 ) . The American Language : Supplement I. New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0394400763 . </Li> <Li> Mencken , H.L. ( 1 October 1949 ) , `` The Life and Times of O.K. '' , The New Yorker , pp. 57 -- 61 </Li> <Li> Merriam - Webster , Inc. ( 1989 ) . Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage . Philippines : Merriam - Webster , Inc . ISBN 0877790329 . </Li> <Li> McMillan , B. ( April 1942 ) . `` ' O.K. , ' A Comment '' . American Speech. 17 ( 2 ) : 127 . JSTOR 486459 . </Li> <Li> Pound , Louise ( December 1942 ) . `` Some Folk - Locutions '' . American Speech. 17 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 250 . doi : 10.2307 / 487190 . JSTOR 487190 . </Li> <Li> Pound , Louise ( October 1951 ) . `` Two Queries '' . American Speech. 26 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 224 . doi : 10.2307 / 453088 . JSTOR 453088 . </Li> <Li> Pyles , Thomas ( May 1952 ) . `` ' Choctaw ' Okeh Again : A Note '' . American Speech. 27 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 158 . JSTOR 454369 . </Li> <Li> Read , Allen W. ( 19 July 1941 ) , `` The Evidence on O.K. '' , Saturday Review of Literature , pp. 3 -- 4 , 10 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Read , Allen W. ( February 1964 ) . `` The Folklore of `` O.K. '' `` . American Speech. 39 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 453922 . JSTOR 453922 . </Li> <Li> Rife , J.M. ( October 1966 ) . `` The Early Spread of `` O.K. '' to Greek Schools `` . American Speech. 41 ( 3 ) : 238 . JSTOR 454033 . </Li> <Li> Smyth , J.F.D. ( 1784 ) . A Tour in the United States of America . G. Robinson . </Li> <Li> Wait , William Bell ( April 1941 ) . `` Richardson 's ' O.K. ' of 1815 '' . American Speech. 16 ( 2 ) : 136 . doi : 10.2307 / 487427 . JSTOR 487427 . </Li> <Li> Walser , Richard ( May 1965 ) . `` A Boston `` O.K. '' Poem in 1840 `` . American Speech. 40 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 126 . doi : 10.2307 / 453718 . JSTOR 453718 . </Li> <Li> Weber , Robert ( April 1942 ) . `` A Greek O.K '' . American Speech. 17 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 128 . JSTOR 486460 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Metcalf , Allan . ( 2011 ) . OK : The Improbable Story of America 's Greatest Word . Oxford University Press , Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537793 - 4 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up OK in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to OK . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Where did OKAY come from ? </Li> <Li> The Choctaw Expression Okeh and the Americanism Okay </Li> <Li> Ok . Let 's continue . </Li> <Li> Most Recognized Word on the Planet : OK or O.K. or Okay </Li> <Li> NPR : The Origin of OK ( audio ) </Li> <Li> OK / OKAY - Exhibition at the Grey Art Gallery , Swiss Institute , New York University </Li> <Li> FAQ : `` OK '' </Li> <Li> BBC : How ' OK ' took over the world . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4699958 - 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OK&oldid=816628902 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American English words </Li> <Li> Interjections </Li> <Li> Slang </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with Swedish - language external links </Li> <Li> Articles with Dutch - language external links </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles containing Greek - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from February 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles containing Chinese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Unfit url </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Pages using RFC magic links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Boarisch </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Papiamentu </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 16 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when did the word ok first appear in the english language
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=OK&amp;oldid=816628902
6,124,274,701,738,267,000
Creamy layer - Wikipedia <H1> Creamy layer </H1> <P> Creamy layer is a term used in Indian politics to refer to the relatively forward and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes ( OBCs ) who are not eligible for government - sponsored educational and professional benefit programs . The term was introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971 , which directed that the `` creamy layer '' should be excluded from the reservations ( quotas ) of civil posts . </P> <P> The creamy layer ( income ) criteria were defined as annual family income from all sources more than 100,000 rupees ( ₹ or INR , together abbreviated Rs 1 lakh ) per annum in 1993 , and revised to ₹ 2.5 lakh ( 2004 ) , then ₹ 4.5 lakh ( 2008 ) , Rs 6 lakh ( 2013 ) and Rs 8 lakh ( 2017 ) . In October 2015 , the National Commission for Backward Classes ( NCBC ) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to Rs 15 lakh should be considered as the minimum ceiling for OBC . The NCBC also recommended the sub-division of OBCs into ' backward ' , ' more backward ' , and ' extremely backward ' blocs and divide 27 % quota amongst them in proportion to their population , to ensure that stronger OBCs do n't corner the quota benefits . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Classification </Li> <Li> 2 Application on SC / ST quota </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Supreme Court of India defined the `` creamy layer , '' quoting an Indian governmental office memorandum dated 8 September 1993 . The term was originally introduced in the context of reservation of jobs for certain groups in 1992 . The Supreme Court has said that the benefit of reservation should not be given to OBC children of constitutional functionaries -- such as the President , Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts , employees of central and state bureaucracies above a certain level , public sector employees , and members of the armed forces and paramilitary personnel above the rank of colonel ( SCs , STs , and the unreserved are exempt now ) . </P> <P> The children of persons engaged in trade , industry and professions such as a doctor , lawyer , chartered accountant , income tax consultant , financial or management consultant , dental surgeon , engineer , computer specialist , film artists and other film professional , author , playwright , sports person , sports professional , media professional or any other vocations of like status whose annual income is more than ₹ 800,000 ( Rs 8 lakh ) for a period of three consecutive years are also excluded . ( OBC children belong to any family earning a total gross annual income ( from sources other than salary and agricultural land ) of less than Rs 6 lakh for a period of three consecutive year -- as the 1993 income ceiling for the creamy layer was raised from ₹ 100,000 ( Rs 1 lakh , when the office memo was accepted ) to Rs 6 lakh for a period of three consecutive years ( in May 2013 ) . Individuals belonging to the creamy layer are also excluded from being categorised as `` socially and educationally backward '' regardless of their social / educational backwardness . </P> <H2> Application on SC / ST quota ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ' creamy layer ' categorization is currently meant only for the OBCs and are not applied to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . The reasons cited for this parity is that the provisions for reservations for SC / ST are not for their economical benefits but for their social upliftment . Thus , SC / ST reservations are applicable irrespective of the financial status of the beneficiaries . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Caste system in India </Li> <Li> Crème de la crème ( disambiguation ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Income ceiling for creamy layer raised to Rs 4.5 lakh '' . Business Standard . 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Centre raises OBC creamy layer criteria to Rs 4.5 lakhs '' . Reddiff News . 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Income limit of ' creamy layer ' hiked to Rs. 6 lakh per annum '' . NDTV. 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ghildiyal , Subodh ( 2015 ) . `` Raise ' creamy layer ' to Rs 10.5 lakh : OBC panel '' ( online ) . The Times of India ( 5 May ) . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OBC creamy layer income limit raised to ₹ 8 lakh per annum '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page no 8 ; points 8 , 9 , 10 . `` Office Memorandum regarding the revision of criterion for Creamy Layer '' ( PDF ) . Department of Personnel and Training . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghildiyal , Subodh ( 2015 ) . `` OBC panel backs off , wo n't make ' creamy layer ' reservation criteria stringent '' ( online ) . The Times of India ( 27 October ) . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghildiyal , Subodh ( 2015 ) . `` OBC sub-division , relaxing creamy layer is a must : NCBC tells govt '' ( online ) . The Times of India ( 26 October ) . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Venkatesan , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Caste can be the basis to determine backwardness , rules Supreme Court '' ( online ) . The Hindu ( 11 April ) . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . ( Subtitle : ) OBC should be deemed to mean SEBC after exclusion of creamy layer ... ( Article opening ; ) New Delhi : The Supreme Court has held that caste can be the basis for determining Socially and Educationally Backward Classes ( SEBCs ) for providing 27 per cent reservation in Central higher educational institutions . / Writing the main judgment , Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan said : ' Though for the purpose of convenience , the list is based on caste , it can not be said that backward class has been identified solely on the basis of caste . The only possible objection that could be agitated is that in many of the castes included in this list , there may be an affluent section ( creamy layer ) which can not be included in the list of SEBCs . ' / He added : ' When socially and educationally backward classes are determined by giving importance to caste , it shall not be forgotten that a segment of that caste is economically advanced and they do not require the protection of reservation . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quota : What does ' creamy layer ' mean ? '' . Business Standard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court judgement on OBC quota in education institutions '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Srivastava , Sharad Kumar ( UnderSecretary to the Govt. of India ) ( 2013 - 05 - 27 ) . Subject : Revision of the income criteria to exclude socially advanced persons / sections ( Creamy layer ) from the purview of registration for Other Backward Classes ( OBCs ) - reg ( Office Memorandum No. 36033 / 1 / 2013 - Estt . ( Res . ) ) . New Delhi , IND : Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances & Pensions , Department of Personnel and Training . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Page no 14 , 15 ; note no 4 , 5 , 6 . `` Reservation brochure '' ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BS Reporter ( 2008 ) . `` SC definition is set to kick up more dust '' . Business Standard ( 16 April ) . Archived from the original ( online ) on 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . ( Subtitle : ) But there ` s trouble over creamy layer ... ( Article opening ; ) What is ' creamy layer ' ? Introducing the concept in the context of reservation in jobs in 1992 , the Supreme Court had said the benefit of reservation should not be given to children of constitutional functionaries such as president , judges of the Supreme Court and high courts , employees of central and state bureaucracies above a certain level , public sector employees , armed forces and paramilitary personnel above the rank of colonel , lawyers , chartered accountants , doctors , financial and management consultants , engineers , film artistes , and authors . Children of those earning Rs. 2.5 lakh ( $5,500 ) per year were also kept out . / In the context of today 's judgments , some lawyers believe that according to this definition , the quota go - ahead will not apply to IIMs and AIIMS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Ca n't keep SC / ST creamy layer out of quota benefits ' '' . The Times of India . 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/dopteng.pdf </Li> <Li> Central Creamy layer criteria 1993 , clari fications 2004 , 4.50 lakhs OM 2008 etc . </Li> <Li> Jee IITM Information . </Li> <Li> National Commission for Backward Classes ( NCBC ) government website . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Caste in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caste and reservation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caste </Li> <Li> Caste system in India </Li> <Li> Caste politics in India </Li> <Li> Caste - related violence in India </Li> <Li> Reservation in India </Li> <Li> Court Cases related to Reservation </Li> <Li> IIT reservation policy </Li> <Li> Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Communal Award </Li> <Li> Poona Pact </Li> <Li> Mandal Commission protests of 1990 </Li> <Li> Namantar Andolan </Li> <Li> 2006 anti-reservation protests </Li> <Li> 1996 Bathani Tola Massacre </Li> <Li> 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra </Li> <Li> 2008 Gurjjar agitation </Li> <Li> Patidar agitation </Li> <Li> Jat agitation </Li> <Li> Maratha Kranti Morcha </Li> <Li> Bhima Koregaon protests </Li> <Li> April 2018 protests </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Terms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dalit </Li> <Li> Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC and ST ) </Li> <Li> Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) </Li> <Li> Forward classes </Li> <Li> Affirmative action </Li> <Li> Creamy layer </Li> <Li> Untouchability </Li> <Li> Gramanya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commissions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kalelkar Commission </Li> <Li> Mandal Commission </Li> <Li> National Commission for Backward Classes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Laws </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atrocities Act </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organisations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bahujan Samaj Party </Li> <Li> Dalit Panther </Li> <Li> Justice Party </Li> <Li> Ranvir Sena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scheduled Castes </Li> <Li> Scheduled Tribes </Li> <Li> Other Backward Classes <Ul> <Li> Including Muslim OBC </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> -- -- -- </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creamy_layer&oldid=855244785 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Reservation in India </Li> <Li> Indian caste system </Li> <Li> Other Backward Classes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2012 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 22 : 29 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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what is the difference between creamy layer and non creamy layer in obc
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Creamy_layer&amp;oldid=855244785
9,050,352,009,059,077,000
Cesare Lombroso - wikipedia <H1> Cesare Lombroso </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cesare Lombroso </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Ezechia Marco Lombroso ( 1835 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1835 Verona , Lombardy -- Venetia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 19 October 1909 ( 1909 - 10 - 19 ) ( aged 73 ) Turin , Kingdom of Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Italian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> Italian school of positivist criminology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Scientific career </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Criminology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Influences </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Comte </Li> <Li> Darwin </Li> <Li> Galton </Li> <Li> Morel </Li> <Li> Panizza </Li> <Li> Rokitanski </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Influenced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferri </Li> <Li> Garofalo </Li> <Li> Aletrino </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Signature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cesare Lombroso ( / lɒmˈbroʊsoʊ / ; Italian : ( ˈtʃeːzare lomˈbroːzo , - so ) ; born Ezechia Marco Lombroso ; 6 November 1835 -- 19 October 1909 ) , was an Italian criminologist and physician , founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology . Lombroso rejected the established classical school , which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature . Instead , using concepts drawn from physiognomy , degeneration theory , psychiatry and Social Darwinism , Lombroso 's theory of anthropological criminology essentially stated that criminality was inherited , and that someone `` born criminal '' could be identified by physical ( congenital ) defects , which confirmed a criminal as savage or atavistic . These theories do not have widespread support by scientists in Western countries . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Life </Li> <Li> 2 Concept of criminal atavism </Li> <Li> 3 Legacy </Li> <Li> 4 Psychiatric art </Li> <Li> 5 Spiritualism </Li> <Li> 6 Literary impact </Li> <Li> 7 Works <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Original Italian </Li> <Li> 7.2 English translations </Li> <Li> 7.3 Selected articles </Li> <Li> 7.4 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Life ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Criminology and penology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theory ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Anomie </Li> <Li> Biosocial criminology </Li> <Li> Broken windows </Li> <Li> Collective efficacy </Li> <Li> Crime analysis </Li> <Li> Criminalization </Li> <Li> Differential association </Li> <Li> Deviance </Li> <Li> Labeling theory </Li> <Li> Psychopathy </Li> <Li> Rational choice </Li> <Li> Social control </Li> <Li> Social disorganization </Li> <Li> Social learning </Li> <Li> Strain </Li> <Li> Subculture </Li> <Li> Symbolic interactionism </Li> <Li> Victimology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Types of crime ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Against humanity </Li> <Li> Blue - collar </Li> <Li> Corporate </Li> <Li> Juvenile </Li> <Li> Organized </Li> <Li> Political </Li> <Li> Public - order </Li> <Li> State </Li> <Li> State - corporate </Li> <Li> Victimless </Li> <Li> White - collar </Li> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penology ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deterrence </Li> <Li> Incapacitation </Li> <Li> Pre-trial </Li> <Li> Trial </Li> <Li> Prison <Ul> <Li> reform </Li> <Li> abolition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prisoner <Ul> <Li> prisoner abuse </Li> <Li> prisoners ' rights </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rehabilitation </Li> <Li> Recidivism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Justice in penology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Participatory </Li> <Li> Restorative </Li> <Li> Retributive </Li> <Li> Solitary confinement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schools ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Chicago School </Li> <Li> Classical School </Li> <Li> Conflict Criminology </Li> <Li> Environmental Criminology </Li> <Li> Feminist School </Li> <Li> Frankfurt School </Li> <Li> Integrative Criminology </Li> <Li> Italian School </Li> <Li> Left Realism </Li> <Li> Marxist Criminology </Li> <Li> Neo-classical school </Li> <Li> Positivist School </Li> <Li> Postmodernist School </Li> <Li> Right Realism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lombroso was born in Verona , Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia , on 6 November 1835 to a wealthy Jewish family . His father was Aronne Lombroso , a tradesman from Verona , and his mother was Zeffora ( or Zefira ) Levi from Chieri near Turin . Cesare Lombroso descended from a line of rabbis , which led him to study a wide range of topics in university . Despite pursuing these studies in university , Lombroso eventually settled on pursuing a degree in medicine , which he graduated with from the University of Turin . After leaving the military , Lombroso operated and oversaw an insane asylum in Pesaro . Lombroso married a woman named Nina de Benedetti on April 10 , 1870 . They had five children together , one of whom -- Gina -- would go on to edit Lombroso 's work after his death . Later in life Lombroso came to be influenced by his son - in - law , Guglielmo Ferrero , who led him to believe that not all criminality comes from one 's inborn factors and that social factors also played a significant role in the process of shaping a criminal . He studied literature , linguistics , and archæology at the universities of Padua , Vienna , and Paris , but changed his plans and became an army surgeon in 1859 . In 1866 he was appointed visiting lecturer at Pavia , and later took charge of the insane asylum at Pesaro in 1871 . He became professor of forensic medicine and hygiene at Turin in 1878 . That year he wrote his most important and influential work , L'uomo delinquente , which went through five editions in Italian and was published in various European languages . However , it was not until 1900 that his work was published in English . Lombroso later became professor of psychiatry ( 1896 ) and criminal anthropology ( 1906 ) at the same university . He died in Turin in 1909 . </P> <H2> Concept of criminal atavism ( edit ) </H2> Face measurements based on Lombroso 's criminal anthropology <P> Lombroso 's general theory suggested that criminals are distinguished from noncriminals by multiple physical anomalies . He postulated that criminals represented a reversion to a primitive or subhuman type of person characterized by physical features reminiscent of apes , lower primates , and early humans and to some extent preserved , he said , in modern `` savages '' . The behavior of these biological `` throwbacks '' will inevitably be contrary to the rules and expectations of modern civilized society . </P> <P> Through years of postmortem examinations and anthropometric studies of criminals , the insane , and normal individuals , Lombroso became convinced that the `` born criminal '' ( reo nato , a term given by Ferri ) could be anatomically identified by such items as a sloping forehead , ears of unusual size , asymmetry of the face , prognathism , excessive length of arms , asymmetry of the cranium , and other `` physical stigmata '' . Specific criminals , such as thieves , rapists , and murderers , could be distinguished by specific characteristics , he believed . Lombroso also maintained that criminals had less sensitivity to pain and touch ; more acute sight ; a lack of moral sense , including an absence of remorse ; more vanity , impulsiveness , vindictiveness , and cruelty ; and other manifestations , such as a special criminal argot and the excessive use of tattooing . </P> <P> Besides the `` born criminal '' , Lombroso also described `` criminaloids '' , or occasional criminals , criminals by passion , moral imbeciles , and criminal epileptics . He recognized the diminished role of organic factors in many habitual offenders and referred to the delicate balance between predisposing factors ( organic , genetic ) and precipitating factors such as one 's environment , opportunity , or poverty . </P> <P> In Criminal Woman , as introduced in an English translation by Nicole Hahn Rafter and Mary Gibson , Lombroso used his theory of atavism to explain women 's criminal offending . In the text , Lombroso outlines a comparative analysis of `` normal women '' opposed to `` criminal women '' such as `` the prostitute . '' However , Lombroso 's `` obdurate beliefs '' about women presented an `` intractable problem '' for this theory : `` Because he was convinced that women are inferior to men Lombroso was unable to argue , based on his theory of the born criminal , that women 's lesser involvement in crime reflected their comparatively lower levels of atavism . '' </P> <P> Lombroso 's research methods were clinical and descriptive , with precise details of skull dimension and other measurements . He did not engage in rigorous statistical comparisons of criminals and non-criminals . Although he gave some recognition in his later years to psychological and sociological factors in the etiology of crime , he remained convinced of , and identified with , criminal anthropometry . After he died , his skull and brain were measured according to his own theories by a colleague as he requested in his will ; his head was preserved in a jar and is still displayed with his collection at the Museum of Psychiatry and Criminology in Turin . </P> <P> Lombroso 's theories were disapproved throughout Europe , especially in schools of medicine , with Alexandre Lacassagne in France , but not in the United States , where sociological studies of crime and the criminal predominated.Cd His notions of physical differentiation between criminals and non-criminals were seriously challenged by Charles Goring ( The English Convict , 1913 ) , who made elaborate comparisons and found insignificant statistical differences . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Self - proclaimed the founder of modern scientific psychiatry , Lombroso is purported to have coined the term criminology . He institutionalized the science of psychiatry in universities . His graduating thesis from the University of Pavia dealt with `` endemic cretinism '' . In the next several years , Lombroso 's fascination with criminal behavior and society began , and he gained experience managing a mental institution . After a brief stint in the Italian army , Lombroso returned to the University of Pavia and became the first professor specializing in mental health . By the 1880s , his theories had reached the pinnacle of their fame , and his accolades championed them throughout the fields dedicated to examining mental illness . Lombroso differentiated himself from his predecessor and rival , Cesare Beccaria , through depicting his positivist school in opposition to Beccaria 's classist one ( which centered around the idea that criminal behavior is born out of free will rather than inherited physical traits ) . Lombroso 's psychiatric theories were conglomerated and collectively called the positivist school by his followers . His school of thought was only truly abandoned in Italian universities ' curriculum after World War II . </P> <P> Through his various publications , Lombroso established a school of psychiatry based on biological determinism and the idea that mental illness was via genetic factors . A person 's predisposition to mental illness was determinable through his appearance , as explained in the aforementioned criminal atavism segment . Lombroso 's theory has been cited as possibly `` the most influential doctrine '' in all areas studying human behavior , and indeed , its impact extended far and wide . According to Lombroso , criminal appearance was not just based on inherited physiognomy such as nose or skull shape , but also could be judged through superficial features like tattoos on the body . In particular , Lombroso began searching for a relationship between tattoos and an agglomeration of symptoms ( which are currently diagnosed as borderline personality disorder ) . He also believed that tattoos indicated a certain type of criminal . </P> <P> Through his observations of sex workers and criminals , Lombroso hypothesized a correlation between left - handedness , criminality , and degenerate behavior . He also propagated the idea that left - handedness lead to other disabilities , by linking left - handedness with neurodegeneration and alcoholism . Lombroso 's theories were likely accepted due to the pre-existing regional stigma against left - handedness , and greatly influenced the reception of left - handedness in the 20th century . His hypothesis even manifested in a new way during the 1980s and 1990s with a series of research studies grouping left - handedness with psychiatric disorders and autoimmune diseases . </P> <P> Despite his stance on inherited immorality and biologically - destined criminal behavior , Lombroso believed in socialism and supposedly sympathized with stigmatization of lower socioeconomic statuses , placing him at odds with the biological determinism he espoused . His work stereotyping degenerates can even be seen as an influence behind Benito Mussolini 's movement to clean the streets of Italy . Many adherents to Lombroso 's positivist school stayed powerful during Mussolini 's rule , because of the seamless way criminal atavism and biological determinism justified fascism . However , certain legal institutions did press back against the idea that criminal behavior is biologically determined . </P> <P> Within the penal system , Lombroso 's work led to new forms of punishment , where occasionally punishment varied based on the defendant 's biological background . There are a few instances in which case the physiognomy of the defendant actually mattered more than witness testimony and the defendant was subjected to harsher sentences . </P> <P> During the period in Italy between the 1850s and 1880s , the Italian government debated legislation for the insanity plea . Judges and lawyers backed Beccaria 's classist school , tending to favor the idea that wrongdoers are breaking a societal contract with the option to exercise free will , tying into Beccaria 's classist school of social misbehavior . Lombroso and his followers argued for a criminal code , in which the criminal understood as unable to act with free will due to their biological predisposition to crime . </P> <P> Since his research tied criminal behavior together with the insane , Lombroso is closely credited with the genesis of the criminal insane asylum and forensic psychiatry . His work sponsored the creation of institutions where the criminally insane would be treated for mental illness , rather than placed in jails with their saner counterparts . One example of an asylum for the criminally insane is Bridgewater State Hospital , which is located in the United States . Other examples of these institutions are Matteawan State Hospital and Danvers State Hospital . Most have closed down , but the concept is kept alive with modern correctional facilities like Cook County Jail . This facility houses the largest population of prisoners with mental illness in the United States . However , criminal insane asylums did exist outside of Italy while Lombroso was establishing them within the country . His influence on the asylum was at first regional , but eventually percolated to other countries who adopted some of Lombroso 's measures for treating the criminally insane . </P> <P> In addition to influencing criminal atavisim , Lombroso wrote a book called Genio e Follia , in which he discussed the link between genius and insanity . He believed that genius was an evolutionarily beneficial form of insanity , stemming from the same root as other mental illnesses . This hypothesis led to his request to examine Leo Tolstoy for degenerate qualities during his attendance at the 12th International Medical Congress in Moscow in 1897 . The meeting went poorly , and Tolstoy 's novel Resurrection shows great disdain for Lombroso 's methodology . </P> <P> Towards the end of his life , Lombroso began to study pellagra , a disease which Joseph Goldberger simultaneously was researching , in rural Italy . He postulated that pellagra came from a nutrition deficit , officially proven by Goldberger . This disease also found its roots in the same poverty that caused cretinism , which Lombroso studied at the start of his medical career . Furthermore , before Lombroso 's death the Italian government passed a law in 1904 standardizing treatment in mental asylums and codifying procedural admittance for mentally ill criminals . This law gave psychiatrists free rein within the criminal insane asylum , validating the field of psychiatry through giving the psychiatrists the sole authority to define and treat the causes of criminal behavior ( a position which Lombroso argued for from his early teaching days to his death ) . </P> <H2> Psychiatric art ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cesare Lombroso , in addition to his contributions towards criminality and his notion of ' degeneration ' , believed that genius was closely related to madness . In his attempts to develop these notions , Lombroso traveled to Moscow and met with Lev Tolstoy in hopes of elucidating and providing evidence for his theory of genius reverting or degenerating into insanity . </P> <P> Lombroso published The Man of Genius in 1889 , a book which argued that artistic genius was a form of hereditary insanity . In order to support this assertion , he began assembling a large collection of `` psychiatric art '' . He published an article on the subject in 1880 in which he isolated thirteen typical features of the `` art of the insane . '' Although his criteria are generally regarded as outdated today , his work inspired later writers on the subject , particularly Hans Prinzhorn . </P> <P> Lombroso 's The Man of Genius provided inspiration for Max Nordau 's work , as evidenced by his dedication of Degeneration to Lombroso , whom he considered to be his `` dear and honored master '' . In his exploration of geniuses descending into madness , Lombroso stated that he could only find six men who did not exhibit symptoms of `` degeneration '' or madness ; Galileo , Da Vinci , Voltaire , Machiavelli , Michelangelo , and Darwin . On the other hand , Lombroso cited that men such as Shakespeare , Plato , Aristotle , Mozart and Dante all displayed `` degenerate symptoms '' . In order to justify which geniuses were ' degenerate ' or insane , Lombroso judged each genius by whether or not they displayed `` degenerate symptoms '' , which included precocity , longevity , versatility , and inspiration . Lombroso supplemented these personal observations with measurements including facial angles , `` abnormalities '' in bone structure , and volumes of brain fluid . Measurements of skulls taken included those from Kant , Volta , Foscolo , and Fusinieri . Lombroso 's approach in using skull measurements was inspired by the work and research in the field of phrenology by German doctor Franz Joseph Gall . In commenting on skull measurements , Lombroso would make observations such as `` I have noted several characters which anthropologists consider to belong to the lower races , such as prominence of the styloid apophyses '' . This observation was recorded in response to his analysis of Alessandro Volta 's skull . Lombroso connected geniuses to various health disorders as well , by listing signs of degeneration in chapter two of his work -- some of which include abnormalities and discrepancies in height and pallor . Lombroso listed the following geniuses , among others , as `` sickly and weak during childhood '' ; Demosthenes , Bacon , Descartes , Newton , Locke , Adam Smith , Boyle , Pope , Flaxman , Nelson , Haller , Korner , and Pascal . Other physical afflictions that Lombroso connected with degeneracy included rickets , emaciation , sterility , lefthandedness , unconsciousness , stupidity , somnambulism , smallness or disproportionality of the body , and amnesia . In his explanation of the connection between genius and the `` degenerative marker '' of height , Lombroso cites the following people : Owning , Ibsen , George Eliot , Thiers , Browning , Louis Blanc , and Swinburne among others . He continues by listing the only `` great men of tall stature '' that he knows of , including Petrarch , Schiller , Foscolo , Bismarck , Charlemagne , Dumas , Peter the Great , and Voltaire . Lombroso further cited certain personality traits as markers of degeneracy , such as `` a fondness for special words '' and `` the inspiration of genius '' . </P> <P> Lombroso 's methods and explanations in The Man of Genius were rebutted and questioned by the American Journal of Psychiatry . In a review of The Man of Genius they stated , `` here we have hypothesis claiming to be the result of strict scientific investigation and reluctant conviction , bolstered up by half - told truths , misrepresentations and assumptions . Lombroso 's work was also criticized by Italian anthropologist Giuseppe Sergi who , in his review of Lombroso 's The Man of Genius -- and specifically his classifications and definitions of `` the genius '' -- stated `` by creating a genius according to his own fancy , an ideal and abstract being , and not by examining the personality of a real living genius , he naturally arrives at the conclusion that all theories by which the origin of genius is sought to be explained on a basis of observation , and especially that particular one which finds in degeneration the cause or one of the causes of genius , are erroneous . '' Sergi continued by stating that such theorists are `` like the worshippers of the saints or of fetishes , who do not recognize the material from which the fetish is made , or the human origin from which the saint has sprung '' . </P> <H2> Spiritualism ( edit ) </H2> <P> Later in his life Lombroso began investigating mediumship . Although originally skeptical , he later became a believer in spiritualism . As an atheist Lombroso discusses his views on the paranormal and spiritualism in his book After Death -- What ? ( 1909 ) which he believed the existence of spirits and claimed the medium Eusapia Palladino was genuine . In the British Medical Journal on November 9 , 1895 an article was published titled Exit Eusapia ! . The article questioned the scientific legitimacy of the Society for Psychical Research for investigating Palladino a medium who had a reputation of being a fraud and imposter and was surprised that Lombroso had been deceived by Palladino . </P> <P> The anthropologist Edward Clodd wrote `` ( Lombroso ) swallowed the lot at a gulp , from table raps to materialisation of the departed , spirit photographs and spirit voices ; every story , old or new , alike from savage and civilised sources , confirming his will to believe . '' Lombroso 's daughter Gina Ferrero wrote that during the later years of his life Lombroso suffered from arteriosclerosis and his mental and physical health was wrecked . The skeptic Joseph McCabe wrote that because of this it was not surprising that Palladino managed to fool Lombroso into believing spiritualism by her tricks . </P> <H2> Literary impact ( edit ) </H2> <P> Historian Daniel Pick argues that Lombroso serves `` as a curious footnote to late - nineteenth - century literary studies , '' due to his referencing in famous books of the time . Jacques in Émile Zola 's The Beast Within is described as having a jaw that juts forward on the bottom . It is emphasized especially at the end of the book when he is overwhelmed by the desire to kill . The anarchist Karl Yundt in Joseph Conrad 's The Secret Agent , delivers a speech denouncing Lombroso . The assistant prosecutor in Leo Tolstoy 's Resurrection uses Lombroso 's theories to accuse Maslova of being a congenital criminal . In Bram Stoker 's Dracula , Count Dracula is described as having a physical appearance Lombroso would describe as criminal . </P> <P> Lombroso was used for the name of the institute in Philip Kerr 's techno - thriller A Philosophical Investigation . </P> <H2> Works ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Original Italian ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1859 Ricerche sul cretinismo in Lombardia </Li> <Li> 1864 Genio e follia </Li> <Li> 1865 Studi clinici sulle mallatie mentali </Li> <Li> 1871 L'uomo bianco e l'uomo di colore </Li> <Li> 1873 Sulla microcefala e sul cretinismo con applicazione alla medicina legale </Li> <Li> 1876 L'uomo delinquente </Li> <Li> 1879 Considerazioni al processo Passannante </Li> <Li> 1881 L'amore nel suicidio e nel delitto </Li> <Li> 1888 L'uomo di genio in rapporto alla psichiatria </Li> <Li> 1890 Sulla medicina legale del cadavere ( second edition ) </Li> <Li> 1891 Palimsesti del carcere </Li> <Li> 1892 Trattato della pellagra </Li> <Li> 1893 La Donna Delinquente : La prostituta e la donna normale ( Co-authored with Lombroso 's son - in - law Guglielmo Ferrero ) . </Li> <Li> 1894 Le più recenti scoperte ed applicazioni della psichiatria ed antropologia criminale </Li> <Li> 1894 Gli anarchici </Li> <Li> 1894 L'antisemitismo e le scienze moderne </Li> <Li> 1897 Genio e degenerazione </Li> <Li> 1898 Les Conquêtes récentes de la psychiatrie </Li> <Li> 1899 Le crime ; causes et remédes </Li> <Li> 1900 Lezioni de medicina legale </Li> <Li> 1902 Delitti vecchi e delitti nuovi </Li> <Li> 1909 Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotici e spiritici </Li> </Ul> <P> In 1906 , a collection of papers on Lombroso was published in Turin under the title L'opera di Cesare Lombroso nella scienza e nelle sue applicazioni . </P> <H3> English translations ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1891 The Man of Genius , Walter Scott . </Li> <Li> 1895 The Female Offender . The 1895 English translation was a partial translation which left out the entire section on the normal woman and which , in true Victorian fashion , sanitised Lombroso 's language . </Li> <Li> 1899 Crime : Its Causes and Remedies , </Li> <Li> 1909 After Death - What ? , </Li> <Li> 1911 Criminal Man , According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso . </Li> <Li> 2004 The Criminal Anthropological Writings of Cesare Lombroso . </Li> <Li> 2004 Criminal Woman , the Prostitute , and the Normal Woman . Translated by Nicole Hahn Rafter and Mary Gibson . </Li> <Li> 2006 Criminal Man . Translated by Nicole Hahn Rafter and Mary Gibson . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Selected articles ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Illustrative Studies in Criminal Anthropology , '' The Monist , Vol . I , No. 2 , 1890 . </Li> <Li> `` The Physiognomy of the Anarchists , '' The Monist , Vol . I , No. 3 , 1890 . </Li> <Li> `` Innovation and Inertia in the World of Psychology , '' The Monist , Vol . I , No. 3 , 1890 . </Li> <Li> `` The Modern Literature of Italy Since the Year 1870 , '' The Monist , Vol . I , No. 3 , 1890 . </Li> <Li> `` Criminal Anthropology Applied to Pedagogy , '' The Monist , Vol . VI , No. 1 , October 1895 . </Li> <Li> `` The Heredity of Acquired Characteristics , '' The Forum , Vol . XXIV , 1898 . </Li> <Li> `` Was Columbus Morally Irresponsible ? , '' The Forum , Vol . XXVII , 1899 . </Li> <Li> `` Why Criminals of Genius Have No Type , '' The International Quarterly , Vol . VI , 1902 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Arthur MacDonald , Criminology , with an Introduction by Cesare Lombroso , Funk & Wagnalls Company , 1893 . </Li> <Li> August Drahms , The Criminal , with an Introduction by Cesare Lombroso , The Macmillan Company , 1900 . </Li> <Li> '' Digital Archive `` Cesare Lombroso '' '' , Biblioteca Federata di Medicina F. Rossi , Università degli studi di Torino . Works in Italian , French and German . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alexandre Lacassagne </Li> <Li> Anthropological criminology </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lombroso , Cesare '' in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences ( 1968 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lombroso '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cesare Lombroso , A Brief Biography '' , Brain and Mind ( 1997 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cesare Lombroso , the Inventor of Criminal Anthropology '' , Museo Criminologico , Italian Ministry of Justice , Department of Penitentiary Administration Archived 2006 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cesare Lombroso Museum '' , Museo Criminologico , Italian Ministry of Justice , Department of Penitentiary Administration Archived 2008 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Courtney Kenny , `` The Death of Lombroso , '' Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation , New Series , Vol. 10 , No. 2 ( 1910 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rafter , Nicole Hahn ( 2004 ) . Criminal Woman . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gartner , Rosemary ( September -- October 2004 ) . `` Book Review '' . Canadian Journal of Sociology Online . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 2829 : Cesare Lombroso </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Renneville , Lombroso in France . A paradoxical reception P. Knepper et P. - J. Ystehede . The Cesare Lombroso Handbook , Routledge , pp. 281 - 292 , 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bergman , Gerald ( 2005 ) . `` Darwinian criminality theory : a tragic chapter in history '' . Rivista di biologia. 98.1 : 47 -- 70 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carra , Giuseppe ( April 2004 ) . `` Images in Psychiatry : Cesare Lombroso , M.D. 1835 - 1909 '' . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 161.4 : 624 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ajp. 161.4. 624 -- via ProQuest Central . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Mary ( 2014 ) . `` Forensic psychiatry and the birth of the criminal insane asylum in modern Italy '' . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry . 37 : 117 -- 126 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijlp. 2013.09. 011 -- via ScienceDirect . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kushner , Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Deficit or creativity : Cesare Lombroso , Robert Hertz , and the meanings of left - handedness '' . Laterality. 18.4 : 416 -- 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 1357650X. 2012.697171 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Book Reviews : Mary Gibson . Born to Crime : Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology '' . Journal of the Behavioral Sciences . 41.1 : 79 -- 80 . Winter 2005 . doi : 10.1002 / jhbs. 20062 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mazzarello , Paolo . `` Cesare Lombroso : an anthropologist between evolution and degeneration '' . Functional Neurology . 26 : 97 -- 101 . PMC 3814446 . PMID 21729591 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Deviance , disorder and the self : Degeneration '' . www.bbk.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of `` The Man Of Genius . '' `` . archive.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B. , J. ( 1892 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Genius and Insanity . ( The Man of Genius , by Cesare Lombroso . Contemporary Science Series . C. Scribner 's Sons . ) '' . American Journal of Psychiatry . 48 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 531 . doi : 10.1176 / ajp. 48.4. 529 . ISSN 0002 - 953X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sergi , G. ( 1899 - 01 - 01 ) . `` THE MAN OF GENIUS '' . The Monist. 10 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 115 . doi : 10.5840 / monist189910128 . JSTOR 27899098 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cristina Mazzoni. ( 1996 ) . Saint hysteria : neurosis , mysticism , and gender in European culture . Cornell University Press . p. 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrea Rondini. ( 2001 ) . Cosa da pazzi : Cesare Lombroso e la letteratura . Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali . p. 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The British Medical Journal . ( Nov. 9 , 1895 ) . Exit Eusapia ! . Volume . 2 , No. 1819 . p. 1182 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward Clodd. ( 1917 ) . The Question : A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism . Grant Richards , London . p. 236 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph McCabe. ( 1920 ) . Scientific Men and Spiritualism : A Skeptic 's Analysis . The Living Age . June 12 . pp. 652 - 657 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pick , Daniel ( 1993 ) . Faces of degeneration : a Europeam disorder , c. 1848 - c. 1918 ( 1st pbk . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0521457538 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gould , Stephen Jay ( 2008 ) . The mismeasure of man ( Rev. and expanded , with a new introduction . ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 122 -- 3 . ISBN 0393314251 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip Kerr , A Philosophical Investigation , Chatto & Windus , 1992 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Schwab , `` A Convicted Anarchist 's Reply to Professor Lombroso , '' The Monist , Vol . I , 1890 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Albrecht , Adalbert ( 1910 ) . `` Cesare Lombroso '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology . I ( 2 ) : 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 1133036 . </Li> <Li> Bianchi , A.G. ( 11 Feb 1922 ) . Cesare Lombroso -- A Life of Service . The Living Age . </Li> <Li> Bradley , Kate ( 2009 ) . `` Cesare Lombroso ( 1835 - 1909 ) '' . Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology . Routledge . </Li> <Li> Chiò , A. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Cesare Lombroso , Cortical Dysplasia , and Epilepsy : Keen Findings and Odd Theories '' . Neurology . 63 ( 1 ) : 194 . doi : 10.1212 / wnl. 63.1. 194 - a . </Li> <Li> Fleming , Rebecca B. ( 2000 ) . `` Scanty Goatees and Palmar Tatoos : Cesare Lombroso 's Influence on Science and Popular Opinion '' ( PDF ) . The Concord Review . </Li> <Li> Gaakeer , Jeanne ( 2005 ) . `` The Art to Find the Mind 's Construction in the Face , Lombroso 's Criminal Anthropology and Literature : The Example of Zola , Dostoevsky and Tolstoy '' . Cardozo Law Review . 26 ( 6 ) . </Li> <Li> Gatti , Uberto ; Verde , Alfredo ( 2012 ) . `` Cesare Lombroso : Methodological Ambiguities and Brilliant Intuitions '' . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry . 35 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijlp. 2011.11. 004 . </Li> <Li> Gibson , Mary ( 2002 ) . Born to Crime : Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology . Praeger . </Li> <Li> Gould , Stephen J. ( 1996 ) . The Mismeasure of Man . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31425 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Hill , John S. ( 1970 ) . `` The Influence of Cesare Lombroso on Frank Norris 's Early Fiction '' . American Literature. 42 ( 1 ) : 89 . doi : 10.2307 / 2924383 . </Li> <Li> Horn , David G. ( 2003 ) . The Criminal Body : Lombroso and the Anatomy of Deviance . Routledge . </Li> <Li> Jacobs , Robert G. ( 1968 ) . `` Comrade Ossipon 's Favorite Saint : Lombroso and Conrad '' . Nineteenth - Century Fiction. 23 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 84 . doi : 10.2307 / 2932318 . </Li> <Li> Kenny , Courtney Stanhope ( 1910 ) . `` The Death of Lombroso '' . Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation . New Series . 10 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Knepper , Paul ; Ystehede , P.J. ( 2012 ) . The Cesare Lombroso Handbook . Routledge . </Li> <Li> Kurella , Hans ( 1911 ) . `` Cesare Lombroso : A Modern Man of Science '' . Rebman Company . </Li> <Li> Kushner , Howard I ( 2011 ) . `` Cesare Lombroso and the Pathology of Left - handedness '' . The Lancet . 377 ( 9760 ) : 118 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 11 ) 60009 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Kushner , Howard I. ( 2012 ) . `` Deficit or Creativity : Cesare Lombroso , Robert Hertz , and the Meanings of Left - handedness '' . Laterality : Asymmetries of Body , Brain and Cognition . 18 : 416 -- 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 1357650x. 2012.697171 . </Li> <Li> Mannheim , Hermann ( 1960 ) . Pioneers in Criminology . Stevens & Sons . </Li> <Li> Rafter , Nicole Hahn and Mary Gibson . ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Criminal Woman ( English translation ) . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . </Li> <Li> Past , Elena ( 2012 ) . Methods of Murder : Beccarian Introspection and Lombrosian Vivisection in Italian Crime Fiction . University of Toronto Press . </Li> <Li> Quirós , Constancio Bernaldo de ( 1912 ) . `` Cesare Lombroso , 1836 - 1909 '' . Modern Theories of Criminality . Little , Brown & Company . </Li> <Li> Wolfgang , Marvin E. ( 1961 ) . `` Pioneers in Criminology : Cesare Lombroso ( 1835 - 1909 ) '' . The Journal of Criminal Law , Criminology , and Police Science . 52 ( 4 ) : 361 . doi : 10.2307 / 1141263 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cesare Lombroso . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cesare Lombroso </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Works by Cesare Lombroso at Project Gutenberg </Li> <Li> Works by or about Cesare Lombroso at Internet Archive </Li> <Li> Works by Cesare Lombroso at Open Library </Li> <Li> Cesare Lombroso at Goodreads </Li> <Li> Works by Cesare Lombroso at JSTOR </Li> <Li> Works by Cesare Lombroso at Unz.org </Li> <Li> Works by Cesare Lombroso at Hathi Trust </Li> <Li> Anthropological Criminology North Carolina Wesleyan College </Li> <Li> History of profiling North Carolina Wesleyan College </Li> <Li> Lombroso , Cesare : Jewish Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> References to Cesare Lombroso in European newspapers at The European Library </Li> <Li> Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Lombroso , Cesare '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNE : XX1726156 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12299329c ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 118728970 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 2134 9488 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79089220 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00523933 </Li> <Li> NKC : jo20000080477 </Li> <Li> NLA : 35311078 </Li> <Li> PIC : 273405 </Li> <Li> RKD : 376556 </Li> <Li> ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 006932 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 72267 </Li> <Li> SNAC : w6jq10cb </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 031856128 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 59148930 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&oldid=847928233 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1835 births </Li> <Li> 1909 deaths </Li> <Li> People from Verona </Li> <Li> Italian atheists </Li> <Li> Italian Jews </Li> <Li> Italian criminologists </Li> <Li> History of neuroscience </Li> <Li> Italian non-fiction writers </Li> <Li> Italian male writers </Li> <Li> Jewish atheists </Li> <Li> Criminology </Li> <Li> 19th - century Italian people </Li> <Li> History of psychiatry </Li> <Li> Parapsychologists </Li> <Li> Spiritualists </Li> <Li> University of Turin faculty </Li> <Li> Positive criminology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Biography with signature </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Articles with Project Gutenberg links </Li> <Li> Articles with Internet Archive links </Li> <Li> Open Library ID different from Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles with Open Library links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> AC with 15 elements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Piemontèis </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sardu </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 34 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who argued that criminals are by birth a distinct type
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&amp;oldid=847928233
-1,345,592,894,303,232,000
Ronnie Dapo - wikipedia <H1> Ronnie Dapo </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Cast of The New Phil Silvers Show ( 1964 ) , back row L-R : Sandy Descher , Elena Verdugo . Front : Ronnie Dapo and Phil Silvers <P> Ronald L. Dapo ( born May 8 , 1952 , Plattsburgh , New York ) is an American former child actor who appeared in supporting roles in such television series as the ABC / Warner Brothers situation comedy Room for One More ( 1962 ) and CBS 's The New Phil Silvers Show ( 1964 ) . </P> <H2> Acting career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dapo began acting in 1959 at the age of seven when he played Billy Lacy in John Bromfield 's syndicated series U.S. Marshal . That same year he appeared as Ronnie in The Alcoa Hour in the episode `` Another Day , Another Dollar '' and in `` The Greenhorn Story '' of NBC 's western series Wagon Train starring Ward Bond . He also appeared in the movie - 30 - as Billy , opposite Jack Webb and Whitney Blake as their soon be adopted son . Then in 1960 , he appeared as a schoolboy in the episode `` A Bullet for the Teacher '' on ABC 's Maverick starring James Garner , `` Ocean 's 11 '' starring Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin </P> <P> In 1961 , he guest starred in three ABC / WB series , The Roaring 20s ( episode `` Dance Marathon '' ) , Hawaiian Eye ( as Roger in `` Do n't Kiss Me Good - bye '' ) , and Surfside 6 ( as Little Kelly in `` Little Mister Kelly '' ) . In 1962 , he appeared as Norbert Smith in Meredith Willson 's The Music Man and on two ABC series , as Mike Russo in the episode `` Pandora 's Box '' of The Detectives starring Robert Taylor and as ten - year - old Roy Barrington in `` One Way Ticket '' on Clint Walker 's Cheyenne , with Philip Carey cast as the outlaw Cole Younger . </P> <P> In 1962 , he was also cast as 9 - year - old Flip Rose , one of the four children ( two natural and two foster ) of George and Anna Rose , portrayed by Andrew Duggan and Peggy McCay , in the 26 - week Room for One More . While on Room for One More young Dapo made two appearances on another ABC series , The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , having played himself in `` The Tigers Go to a Dance '' and `` Rick Sends a Picture '' . </P> <P> In 1963 , he guest starred as Danny Saunders in `` The Left Field Caper '' of ABC 's 77 Sunset Strip before he was cast as Phil Silvers 's nephew , Andy , in the comedian 's revised sitcom . The second Silvers series focused on the star 's role of Harry Grafton as the foreman of a plant , with co-stars Stafford Repp , Herbie Faye , and Buddy Lester . Then Elena Verdugo joined the show as Andy 's mother , Audrey , and Sandy Descher as Andy 's older sister , Susan . Like Room for One More , The New Phil Silvers Show soon folded . </P> <P> Young Dapo then appeared in small roles on Lucille Ball 's CBS series The Lucy Show and on Gene Barry 's ABC detective series Burke 's Law in the episode entitled `` Who Killed Andy Zygmunt ? '' . In 1964 , he played Peter McCloud in the film Kisses for My President . From 1963 to 1965 , Dapo appeared twice on CBS 's Lassie and The Munsters . In 1965 , he appeared on ABC 's The Fugitive and The F.B.I. </P> <P> Between 1963 and 1966 , Dapo appeared three times as Arnold Winkler , a friend of Opie Taylor ( played by Ron Howard ) on CBS 's The Andy Griffith Show . The episodes on which Dapo appeared are `` Opie and the Spoiled Kid '' and `` The Haunted House '' ( both in 1963 ) and `` A Baby in the House '' ( 1966 ) . Dapo 's acting career ended in 1966 with two other roles : as Jimmy in the television movie Baby Makes Three and as Virgil ' Tiger ' Higgins in the Disney film Follow Me , Boys ! starring Fred MacMurray and Kurt Russell . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ronnie Dapo '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alex McNeil , Total Television , New York : Penguin Books , 1996 , 4th ed. , p. 706 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNeil , Total Television , p. 598 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ronnie Dapo on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronnie_Dapo&oldid=806751228 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1952 births </Li> <Li> American male child actors </Li> <Li> American male television actors </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Male actors from New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> People from Plattsburgh , New York </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 22 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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who played rafe hollister on andy griffith show
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ronnie_Dapo&amp;oldid=806751228
1,182,374,724,785,587,200
Academy Awards - wikipedia <H1> Academy Awards </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Oscars '' and `` The Oscar '' redirect here . For other uses , see Oscar ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Oscars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 90th Academy Awards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awarded for </Th> <Td> Excellence in cinematic achievements </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First awarded </Th> <Td> 16 May 1929 ; 88 years ago ( 1929 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> oscar.go.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Most recent Academy Award winners <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2016 </Td> <Td> Best in films in 2017 </Td> <Td> 2018 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Best Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winner </Th> <Td> Gary Oldman ( Darkest Hour ) </Td> <Td> Frances McDormand ( Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Td> Best Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> Best Supporting Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winner </Th> <Td> Sam Rockwell ( Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ) </Td> <Td> Allison Janney ( I , Tonya ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Best Original Screenplay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winner </Th> <Td> Guillermo del Toro ( The Shape of Water ) </Td> <Td> Jordan Peele ( Get Out ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Previous Best Picture <P> Moonlight </P> </Td> <Td> Best Picture <P> The Shape of Water </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Academy Awards , also known as the Oscars , are a set of 24 awards for artistic and technical merit in the American film industry , given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the `` Academy Award of Merit '' , which has become commonly known by its nickname `` Oscar '' . The sculpture was created by George Stanley . The awards , first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel , are overseen by AMPAS . </P> <P> The awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953 . It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online . The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony . Its equivalents -- the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music -- are modeled after the Academy Awards . </P> <P> The 90th Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2017 , was held on 4 March 2018 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,072 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 90th . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Institutions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Oscar statuette <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Other awards presented by the Academy </Li> <Li> 2.2 Academy Award of Merit ( Oscar statuette ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Naming </Li> <Li> 2.4 Engraving </Li> <Li> 2.5 Ownership of Oscar statuettes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Nomination <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Voters </Li> <Li> 3.2 Rules </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Awards ceremonies <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Telecast </Li> <Li> 4.2 TV ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Venues </Li> <Li> 6 Awards of Merit categories <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Current categories </Li> <Li> 6.2 Discontinued categories </Li> <Li> 6.3 Proposed categories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Special categories <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Current special categories </Li> <Li> 7.2 Discontinued special categories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Accusations of commercialism </Li> <Li> 8.2 Accusations of bias </Li> <Li> 8.3 Allegations of a lack of diversity </Li> <Li> 8.4 Symbolism or sentimentalization </Li> <Li> 8.5 Refusing the award </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Associated events </Li> <Li> 10 Presenter and performer gifts </Li> <Li> 11 Television ratings and advertisement prices </Li> <Li> 12 Trademark </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first Academy Awards presentation was held on 16 May 1929 , at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people . The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel . The cost of guest tickets for that night 's ceremony was $5 ( $71 in 2017 dollars ) . Fifteen statuettes were awarded , honoring artists , directors and other participants in the film - making industry of the time , for their works during the 1927 -- 28 period . The ceremony ran for 15 minutes . </P> <P> Winners were announced to media three months earlier . That was changed for the second ceremony in 1930 . Since then , for the rest of the first decade , the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 : 00 pm on the night of the awards . This method was used until an occasion when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began ; as a result , the Academy has , since 1941 , used a sealed envelope to reveal the name of the winners . </P> <H3> Institutions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings , for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh . He had to return to Europe before the ceremony , so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier ; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history . At that time , the winners were recognized for all of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period ; for example , Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period , and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films . With the fourth ceremony , however , the system changed , and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film . For the first six ceremonies , the eligibility period spanned two calendar years . </P> <P> At the 29th ceremony , held on 27 March 1957 , the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced . Until then , foreign - language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award . </P> <P> The 74th Academy Awards , held in 2002 , presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . </P> <P> Since 1973 , all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture . </P> <P> Traditionally , the previous year 's winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress , while the previous year 's winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor . </P> <H2> Oscar statuette ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Other Awards presented by the Academy ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> See also § Special categories ( below ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In addition to the Academy Award of Merit ( Oscar award ) , there are nine honorary ( non-competitive ) awards presented by the Academy from time to time ( except for the Academy Honorary Award , the Technical Achievement Award , and the Student Academy Awards , which are presented annually ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Governors Awards : <Ul> <Li> The Academy Honorary Award ( annual ) ( which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette ) ; </Li> <Li> The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award ( since 1938 ) ( in the form of a bust of Thalberg ) ; </Li> <Li> The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( since 1957 ) ( in the form of an Oscar statuette ) ; </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards : <Ul> <Li> Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) ( in the form of an Oscar statuette ) ; </Li> <Li> Scientific and Engineering Award ( in the form of a bronze tablet ) ; </Li> <Li> Technical Achievement Award ( annual ) ( in the form of a certificate ) ; </Li> <Li> The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation ( since 1978 ) ( in the form of a medal ) ; </Li> <Li> The Gordon E. Sawyer Award ( since 1982 ) ; and </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Academy Student Academy Awards ( annual ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting . </P> <H3> Academy Award of Merit ( Oscar statuette ) ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> See also § Awards of Merit categories ( below ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit , more popularly known as the Oscar statuette . Made of gold - plated bronze on a black metal base , it is 13.5 in ( 34.3 cm ) tall , weighs 8.5 lb ( 3.856 kg ) , and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader 's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes . The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy : Actors , Writers , Directors , Producers , and Technicians . </P> <P> The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio `` El Indio '' Fernández . Sculptor George Stanley ( who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl ) sculpted Cedric Gibbons ' design . The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold - plated solid bronze . Within a few years the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal , a pewter - like alloy which is then plated in copper , nickel silver , and finally , 24 - karat gold . Due to a metal shortage during World War II , Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years . Following the war , the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold - plated metal ones . The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base . The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia , Illinois , which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award 's statuettes . From 1983 to 2015 , approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company . It takes between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes . In 2016 , the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes , handing manufacturing duties to Rock Tavern , New York - based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry . While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar , the statuettes retain their modern - era dimensions and black pedestal . Cast in liquid bronze from 3D - printed ceramic molds and polished , they are then electroplated in 24 - karat gold by Brooklyn , New York -- based Epner Technology . The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months . R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating . </P> <H3> Naming ( edit ) </H3> <P> The origin of the name Oscar is disputed . One biography of Bette Davis , who was a president of the Academy , claims she named the Oscar after her first husband , band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson . Another claimed origin is the Academy 's Executive Secretary , Margaret Herrick , first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette 's reminding her of her `` Uncle Oscar '' ( a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce ) . Columnist Sidney Skolsky was present during Herrick 's naming and seized the name in his byline , `` Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette ' Oscar ' . '' </P> <P> One of the earliest mentions of the term Oscar dates to a Time magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards . Walt Disney also thanked the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932 . The trophy officially received the name `` Oscar '' in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . </P> <H3> Engraving ( edit ) </H3> <P> To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony , Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates . Until 2010 , winners returned their statuettes to the Academy , and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars . Since 2010 , winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription - processing station at the Governor 's Ball , a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony . The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony , bearing the name of every potential winner . The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled . </P> <H3> Ownership of Oscar statuettes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since 1950 , the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for US $1 . If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation , then the Academy keeps the statuette . Academy Awards not protected by this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six - figure sums . In December 2011 , Orson Welles ' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane ( Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay ) was put up for auction , after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy . On 20 December 2011 , it sold in an online auction for US $861,542 . </P> <P> In 1992 , Harold Russell needed money for his wife 's medical expenses . In a controversial decision , he consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions , and on 6 August 1992 , in New York City , the Oscar sold to a private collector for $60,500 . Since he won the award before 1950 , he was not required to offer it to the Academy first . Russell defended his decision , saying , `` I do n't know why anybody would be critical . My wife 's health is much more important than sentimental reasons . The movie will be here , even if Oscar is n't . '' Harold Russell is the only Academy Award - winning actor to ever sell an Oscar . </P> <P> While the Oscar is owned by the recipient , it is essentially not on the open market . Michael Todd 's grandson tried to sell Todd 's Oscar statuette to a movie prop collector in 1989 , but the Academy won the legal battle by getting a permanent injunction . Although some Oscar sales transactions have been successful , some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy , which keeps them in its treasury . </P> <H2> Nomination ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since 2004 , Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in late January . Prior to that , the results were announced in early February . </P> <H3> Voters ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , a professional honorary organization , maintains a voting membership of 5,783 as of 2012 . </P> <P> Academy membership is divided into different branches , with each representing a different discipline in film production . Actors constitute the largest voting bloc , numbering 1,311 members ( 22 percent ) of the Academy 's composition . Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers ( and its predecessor Price Waterhouse ) for the past 83 annual awards ceremonies . </P> <P> All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors , on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees . Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures . </P> <P> New membership proposals are considered annually . The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership , although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join . The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members . While the membership had been growing , stricter policies have kept its size steady since then . </P> <P> In 2012 , the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88 % of AMPAS ' voting membership . Of the 5,100 + active voters confirmed , 94 % were Caucasian , 77 % were male , and 54 % were found to be over the age of 60 . 33 % of voting members are former nominees ( 14 % ) and winners ( 19 % ) . </P> <P> In May 2011 , the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013 . </P> <H3> Rules ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules , a film must open in the previous calendar year , from midnight at the start of 1 January to midnight at the end of 31 December , in Los Angeles County , California , and play for seven consecutive days , to qualify ( except for the Best Foreign Language Film , Best Documentary Feature , and Best Documentary Short Subject ) . </P> <P> The Best Foreign Language Film award does not require a U.S. release . The Best Documentary Feature award requires week - long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City during the previous calendar year . </P> <P> The Best Documentary Short Subject award has noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards . First , the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year , instead covering a one - year period starting on 1 September and ending on 31 August of the calendar year before the ceremony . Second , there are multiple methods of qualification . The main method is a week - long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period . Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of a number of competitive film festivals designated by the Academy . Finally , a film that is selected as a gold , silver , or bronze medal winner in the Documentary category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible . </P> <P> For example , the 2009 Best Picture winner , The Hurt Locker , was actually first released in 2008 , but did not qualify for the 2008 awards as it did not play its Oscar - qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009 , thus qualifying for the 2009 awards . Foreign films must include English subtitles , and each country can submit only one film per year . </P> <P> Rule 2 states that a film must be feature - length , defined as a minimum of 40 minutes , except for short - subject awards , and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame / s or 48 frame / s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels . Effective with the 90th Academy Awards , presented in 2018 , multi-part and limited series will be ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award . This followed the win of O.J. : Made in America , an eight - hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN , in that category in 2017 . The Academy 's announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film . </P> <P> Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline ; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline , the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year . The form includes the production credits for all related categories . Then , each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases . </P> <P> In late December ballots and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members . For most categories , members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories ( i.e. only directors vote for directors , writers for writers , actors for actors , etc . ) . In the special case of Best Picture , all voting members are eligible to select the nominees . In all major categories , a variant of the single transferable vote is used , with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees ( ten for Best Picture ) ranked preferentially . In certain categories , including Foreign Film , Documentary and Animated Feature Film , nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches . </P> <P> In most categories the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members . Since 2009 , the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting . Since 2013 , re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects . </P> <P> Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture , in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season . The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members so as to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified . It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders . For example , a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front - runner ( The Hurt Locker eventually won ) . </P> <H2> Awards ceremonies ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Academy Awards ceremonies <H3> Telecast ( edit ) </H3> 31st Academy Awards Presentations , Pantages Theatre , Hollywood , 1959 81st Academy Awards Presentations , Dolby Theatre , Hollywood , 2009 <P> The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony , commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year , and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees . It is the culmination of the film awards season , which usually begins during November or December of the previous year . This is an elaborate extravaganza , with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day . Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men , although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow - tie , and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this . ( The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony , and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast . ) </P> <P> The Academy Awards is the only awards show televised live in all United States time zones ( excluding Hawaii ; they aired live in Alaska since 2011 for the first time since 1996 ) , Canada , the United Kingdom , and gathers millions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world . The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC , which continued to broadcast the event until 1960 , when ABC took over , televising the festivities ( including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966 ) through 1970 . NBC regained the rights for five years ( 1971 -- 75 ) , then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028 . The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets ( especially those outside of the Americas ) in more desirable local timeslots . The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970 , but only two South American countries , Chile and Brazil , purchased the rights to air the broadcast . By that time , the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries . A decade later , the rights were already being sold to 60 countries , and by 1984 , the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries . </P> <P> The ceremonies were moved up from late March / early April to late February since 2004 to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry . Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament , which would cut into the Academy Awards audience . ( In 1976 and 1977 , ABC 's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC 's NCAA title game . ) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC , as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period . Some years , the ceremony is moved into first Sunday of March in over to avoid clash with the Winter Olympic Games . Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter , which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public . Advertising is somewhat restricted , however , as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast . The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history , with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award 's own launch in 1949 . </P> <P> After many years of being held on Mondays at 9 : 00 pm Eastern / 6 : 00 p.m Pacific , since the 1999 ceremonies , it was moved to Sundays at 8 : 30 pm ET / 5 : 30 pm PT . The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays , that Los Angeles rush - hour traffic jams could be avoided , and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier . For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office . In 2010 , the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January , citing TV viewers ' fatigue with the film industry 's long awards season . However , such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members , to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers ( as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail ) . Furthermore , a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games . </P> <P> Originally scheduled for 8 April 1968 , the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days , because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr ... On 30 March 1981 , the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day , after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington , D.C. </P> <P> In 1993 , an In Memoriam segment was introduced , honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months , a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members . This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names . Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect , with the segment having a `` popularity contest '' feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject 's cultural impact ; the applause has since been muted during the telecast , and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead . </P> <P> In terms of broadcast length , the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours . The first Oscars , in 1929 , lasted 15 minutes . At the other end of the spectrum , the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty - three minutes . In 2010 , the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners ' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds . This , according to organizer Bill Mechanic , was to ensure the elimination of what he termed `` the single most hated thing on the show '' -- overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion . In 2016 , in a further effort to streamline speeches , winners ' dedications were displayed on an on - screen ticker . During the 2018 ceremony , host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become , by announcing that he would give a brand - new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night ( a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread ) . </P> <P> Although still dominant in ratings , the viewership of the Academy Awards have steadily dropped ; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest - rated in the past eight years ( although with increases in male and 18 - 49 viewership ) , while the show itself also faced mixed reception . Following the show , Variety reported that ABC was , in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars , seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself . Currently and nominally , AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast , including the choice of production staff and hosting , although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions . In August 2016 , AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028 : the contract neither contains any notable changes , nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast . </P> <H3> TV ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Historically , the `` Oscarcast '' has pulled in a bigger haul when box - office hits are favored to win the Best Picture trophy . More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998 , the year of Titanic , which generated close to US $600 million at the North American box office pre-Oscars . The 76th Academy Awards ceremony in which The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( pre-telecast box office earnings of US $368 million ) received 11 Awards including Best Picture drew 43.56 million viewers . The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date , however , was the 42nd Academy Awards ( Best Picture Midnight Cowboy ) which drew a 43.4 % household rating on 7 April 1970 . </P> <P> By contrast , ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings . The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low - budgeted , independent film Crash ( with a pre-Oscar gross of US $53.4 million ) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91 % . In 2008 , the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66 % household rating , the lowest rated and least watched ceremony to date , in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards . The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independently financed film ( No Country for Old Men ) . </P> <H2> Venues ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1929 , the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel . From 1930 to 1943 , the ceremony alternated between two venues : the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles . </P> <P> Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946 , followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948 . The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what was the Academy 's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood . </P> <P> From 1950 to 1960 , the awards were presented at Hollywood 's Pantages Theatre . With the advent of television , the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York , first at the NBC International Theatre ( 1953 ) and then at the NBC Century Theatre , after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles . The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica , California in 1961 . By 1969 , the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Los Angeles , this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center . </P> <P> In 2002 , the Dolby Theatre ( previously known as the Kodak Theatre ) became the presentation 's current venue . </P> <H2> Awards of Merit categories ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current categories ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Best Picture : since 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Director : since 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Actor in a Leading Role : since 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Actor in a Supporting Role : since 1936 </Li> <Li> Best Actress in a Leading Role : since 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Actress in a Supporting Role : since 1936 </Li> <Li> Best Animated Feature : since 2001 </Li> <Li> Best Animated Short Film : since 1930 / 31 </Li> <Li> Best Cinematography : since 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Costume Design : since 1948 </Li> <Li> Best Documentary Feature : since 1943 </Li> <Li> Best Documentary Short Subject : since 1941 </Li> <Li> Best Film Editing : since 1934 </Li> <Li> Best Foreign Language Film : since 1947 </Li> <Li> Best Live Action Short Film : since 1931 / 32 </Li> <Li> Best Makeup and Hairstyling : since 1981 </Li> <Li> Best Original Score : since 1934 </Li> <Li> Best Original Song : since 1934 </Li> <Li> Best Production Design : since 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Sound Editing : since 1963 </Li> <Li> Best Sound Mixing : since 1929 / 30 </Li> <Li> Best Visual Effects : since 1939 </Li> <Li> Best Adapted Screenplay : since 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Original Screenplay : since 1940 </Li> </Ul> <P> In the first year of the awards , the Best Directing award was split into two categories ( Drama and Comedy ) . At times , the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories ( Drama and Comedy / Musical ) . From the 1930s through the 1960s , the Art Direction ( now Production Design ) , Cinematography , and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories ( black - and - white films and color films ) . Prior to 2012 , the Production Design award was called Art Direction , while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup . </P> <H3> Discontinued categories ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Best Assistant Director : 1932 / 33 to 1937 </Li> <Li> Best Director , Comedy Picture : 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Director , Dramatic Picture : 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Dance Direction : 1935 to 1937 </Li> <Li> Best Engineering Effects : 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Original Musical or Comedy Score : 1995 to 1998 </Li> <Li> Best Original Musical : 1984 </Li> <Li> Best Original Story : 1927 / 28 to 1956 </Li> <Li> Academy Award for Best Original Score : 1962 to 1973 </Li> <Li> Best Short Subject -- 1 Reel : 1936 to 1956 </Li> <Li> Best Short Subject -- 2 Reel : 1936 to 1956 </Li> <Li> Best Short Subject -- Color : 1936 to 1937 </Li> <Li> Best Short Subject -- Comedy : 1931 / 32 to 1935 </Li> <Li> Best Short Subject -- Novelty : 1931 / 32 to 1935 </Li> <Li> Best Title Writing : 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> Best Unique and Artistic Picture : 1927 / 28 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Proposed categories ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories . To date , the following proposed categories have been rejected : </P> <Ul> <Li> Best Casting : rejected in 1999 </Li> <Li> Best Stunt Coordination : rejected every year from 1991 to 2012 </Li> <Li> Best Title Design : rejected in 1999 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Special categories ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees , rather than by the Academy membership as a whole . They are not always presented on a consistent annual basis . </P> <H3> Current special categories ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> For a list of all nine awards , see § Other awards presented by the Academy ( above ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Academy Honorary Award : since 1929 </Li> <Li> Academy Scientific and Technical Award ( three different awards ) : since 1931 </Li> <Li> Gordon E. Sawyer Award : since 1981 </Li> <Li> Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award : since 1957 </Li> <Li> Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award : since 1938 </Li> <Li> Academy Special Achievement Award : from 1972 to 1995 , and again for 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Discontinued special categories ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Academy Juvenile Award : 1934 to 1960 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Accusations of commercialism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards , studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the `` Oscar season '' . This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than quality . William Friedkin , an Academy Award - winning film director and former producer of the ceremony , expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009 , describing it as `` the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself '' . </P> <P> Tim Dirks , editor of AMC 's filmsite.org , has written of the Academy Awards , </P> <P> Unfortunately , the critical worth , artistic vision , cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight . Especially since the 1980s , moneymaking `` formula - made '' blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd - pleasing titans ( and Best Picture winners ) , but they have n't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure . </P> <H3> Accusations of bias ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Oscar bait <P> Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics , biographical dramas , romantic dramedies , and family melodramas , most of which are released in the U.S. the last three months of the calendar year . The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded . This has led to the coining of the term ' Oscar bait ' , describing such movies . This has led at times to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience , e.g. , by favoring ' Oscar bait ' over audience favorites , or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues . </P> <H3> Allegations of a lack of diversity ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees . The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott , based on critics ' perception that its all - white acting nominee list reflected bias . In response , the Academy initiated `` historic '' changes in membership by the year 2020 . </P> <H3> Symbolism or sentimentalization ( edit ) </H3> <P> Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity or presented as a `` career honor '' to recognize a distinguished nominee 's entire body of work . </P> <H3> Refusing the Award ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars . The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols ( Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer ) . Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers ' Guild . Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later , at the 1938 ceremony . Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career . </P> <P> George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award ( Best Actor in 1970 for Patton ) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony . Scott described it as a ' meat parade ' , saying ' I do n't want any part of it . '' </P> <P> The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando , who refused his award ( Best Actor for 1972 's The Godfather ) , citing the film industry 's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans . At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony , Brando sent actress and Civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15 - page speech detailing his criticisms . </P> <H2> Associated events ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards : </P> <Ul> <Li> César Award </Li> <Li> Nominees luncheon </Li> <Li> Governors Awards </Li> <Li> The 25th Independent Spirit Awards ( in 2010 ) , usually held in Santa Monica the Saturday before the Oscars , marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live </Li> <Li> The annual `` Night Before '' , traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel , begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season , benefits the Motion Picture and Television Fund , which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center </Li> <Li> The Governors ' Ball is the Academy 's official after - party , including dinner ( until 2011 ) , and is adjacent to the awards - presentation venue </Li> <Li> The Vanity Fair after - party , historically at the former Morton 's restaurant , since 2009 has been at the Sunset Tower </Li> </Ul> <H2> Presenter and performer gifts ( edit ) </H2> <P> It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars . In recent years , these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners . The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars . In 2014 , the value was reported to be as high as US $80,000 . The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status . Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan , a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant , videophones , a four - night stay at a hotel , watches , bracelets , vacation packages , spa treatments , bottles of vodka , maple salad dressing , and weight - loss gummie candy . Some of the gifts have even had a `` risque '' element to them ; in 2014 , the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a `` Secret Room Gifting Suite '' . Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag , Carolyn Hennesy , Kate Linder , Chris Mulkey , Jim O'Heir , and NBA player John Salley . </P> <H2> Television ratings and advertisement prices ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 2006 onwards , results are Live + SD , all previous years are Live viewing </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Viewers , millions </Th> <Th> Ad price , USD , millions </Th> <Th> Adjusted Price , USD , millions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 32.9 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 34.3 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 37.260 </Td> <Td> 1.95 </Td> <Td> 2.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 43.740 </Td> <Td> 1.8 -- 1.9 </Td> <Td> 1.86 - 1.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 40.376 </Td> <Td> 1.65 -- 1.8 </Td> <Td> 1.73 - 1.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 39.460 </Td> <Td> 1.610 </Td> <Td> 1.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 37.919 </Td> <Td> 1.3684 </Td> <Td> 1.49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41.699 </Td> <Td> 1.1267 </Td> <Td> 1.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 36.310 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 1.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 32.006 </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> <Td> 2.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 40.172 </Td> <Td> 1.6658 </Td> <Td> 1.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 38.939 </Td> <Td> 1.6468 </Td> <Td> 2.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 42.139 </Td> <Td> 1.503 </Td> <Td> 1.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43.531 </Td> <Td> 1.5031 </Td> <Td> 1.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 33.043 </Td> <Td> 1.3458 </Td> <Td> 1.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 41.782 </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> <Td> 1.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 42.944 </Td> <Td> 1.45 </Td> <Td> 2.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 46.333 </Td> <Td> 1.305 </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 45.615 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 55.249 </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> <Td> 1.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 40.075 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.867 </Td> <Td> 0.795 </Td> <Td> 1.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 48.279 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 1.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 45.083 </Td> <Td> 0.6435 </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 45.735 </Td> <Td> 0.6078 </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 44.406 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 42.727 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 40.375 </Td> <Td> 0.45 </Td> <Td> 0.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> 42.619 </Td> <Td> 0.375 </Td> <Td> 0.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 42.227 </Td> <Td> 0.36 </Td> <Td> 0.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37.190 </Td> <Td> 0.335 </Td> <Td> 0.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 37.757 </Td> <Td> 0.32 </Td> <Td> 0.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 38.855 </Td> <Td> 0.315 </Td> <Td> 0.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 42.051 </Td> <Td> 0.275 </Td> <Td> 0.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53.235 </Td> <Td> 0.245 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 46.245 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 39.919 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 48.978 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 46.301 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 48.501 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> 39.719 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 46.751 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48.127 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.712 </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> <Td> Not available </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Trademark ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The term `` Oscar '' is a registered trademark of the AMPAS ; however , in the Italian language , it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony , regardless of which field . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Academy Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of film awards </Li> <Li> List of actors with Academy Award nominations </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Academy Awards portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Greater Los Angeles portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AMPAS Drops ' 85th Academy Awards ' - Now It 's Just ' The Oscars ' '' . TheWrap. 19 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nichols , Chris ( 25 February 2016 ) . `` Meet George Stanley , Sculptor of the Academy Award '' . Los Angeles Magazine . 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Retrieved 11 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff . `` Adam & Eve Had Secret Room Gifting Suite for Oscars ' Celebs '' . Adult Video News . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 24 February 2012 ) . `` With No Blockbusters Up For Best Picture , Expect ' Academy Awards ' Viewership To Fall ; Ratings History + Your Guess For This Year ( Poll ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kantar Media Reports On The Advertising Vitality Of The Academy Awards -- Historical Advertising Data Showcases Ad Pricing Trends and Top Marketers ; Super Bowl Overlap Increases as Sales Rise '' . Kantar Media . 13 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : Oscars Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian . `` The Oscars Beat The Super Bowl In Advertising Premium '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Oscars on ABC Draw Largest Audience in 10 Years '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Brian ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Oscar Ad Prices Hit All - Time High as ABC Sells Out 2014 Telecast ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Tops of 2013 : TV and Social Media '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Crystal , social media fuel Oscar ratings '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Court : ' Oscar ' may be generic term in Italian - Hollywood Reporter Archived 17 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Court : Oscar may be generic term in Italian Reuters Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brokaw , Lauren ( 2010 ) . `` Wanna see an Academy Awards invite ? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars '' . Los Angeles : The Daily Truffle . </Li> <Li> Cotte , Oliver ( 2007 ) . Secrets of Oscar - winning animation : Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations . Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 52070 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Kinn , Gail ; Piazza , Jim ( 2002 ) . The Academy Awards : The Complete History of Oscar . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 240 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Levy , Emanuel ( 2003 ) . All About Oscar : The History and Politics of the Academy Awards . Burns & Oates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1452 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Wright , Jon ( 2007 ) . The Lunacy of Oscar : The Problems with Hollywood 's Biggest Night . Thomas Publishing , Inc . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up Academy Awards in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academy Awards . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences </Li> <Li> Academy Awards on IMDb </Li> <Li> Official Academy Awards Database ( searchable ) </Li> <Li> Academy Awards at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) . </Li> <Li> `` Oscar Greats '' at Time magazine . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Academy Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Most wins per ceremony </Li> <Li> Oscar season </Li> <Li> Governors Awards </Li> <Li> Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting </Li> <Li> Pre-show </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards of Merit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Best Picture </Li> <Li> Director </Li> <Li> Actor </Li> <Li> Actress </Li> <Li> Supporting Actor </Li> <Li> Supporting Actress </Li> <Li> Adapted Screenplay </Li> <Li> Original Screenplay </Li> <Li> Animated Feature </Li> <Li> Documentary Feature </Li> <Li> Foreign Language Film </Li> <Li> Animated Short Film </Li> <Li> Documentary Short Subject </Li> <Li> Live Action Short Film </Li> <Li> Cinematography </Li> <Li> Costume Design </Li> <Li> Film Editing </Li> <Li> Makeup and Hairstyling </Li> <Li> Original Score </Li> <Li> Original Song </Li> <Li> Production Design </Li> <Li> Sound Editing </Li> <Li> Sound Mixing </Li> <Li> Visual Effects </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special awards </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Governors Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academy Honorary Award </Li> <Li> Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award </Li> <Li> Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award </Li> <Li> Special Achievement Academy Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academy Scientific and Technical Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) </Li> <Li> Scientific and Engineering Award </Li> <Li> Technical Achievement Award </Li> <Li> John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation </Li> <Li> Gordon E. Sawyer Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Student Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Student Academy Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former awards </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Merit Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assistant Director </Li> <Li> Dance Direction </Li> <Li> Story </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academy Juvenile Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ceremonies ‡ <Ul> <Li> ( List </Li> <Li> Book ) </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1927 / 28 </Li> <Li> 1928 / 29 </Li> <Li> 1929 / 30 </Li> <Li> 1930 / 31 </Li> <Li> 1931 / 32 </Li> <Li> 1932 / 33 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Footnote </Th> <Td> ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Academy Awards lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Oscar season </Li> <Li> Oscar speech </Li> <Li> History of film </Li> <Li> Most wins per ceremony </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Combined major Oscars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superlatives </Li> <Li> Big Five </Li> <Li> All four acting categories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Combined major awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All nominees </Li> <Li> Best Actor ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Best Actress ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Acting noms in foreign language </Li> <Li> Actor multi-nom years </Li> <Li> Multi-Best Picture acting careers </Li> <Li> Multi-win Actors </Li> <Li> Multi-nom Actors </Li> <Li> Love curse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Best Director ( by age ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Films </Li> <Li> Foreign - language wins </Li> <Li> Foreign - language nominees </Li> <Li> Foreign - language noms in other categories </Li> <Li> Foreign - language : count by country </Li> <Li> Animated feature noms in other categories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethnicity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African </Li> <Li> Argentine </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> Australian </Li> <Li> Black </Li> <Li> Brazilian </Li> <Li> British </Li> <Li> Canadian </Li> <Li> Chilean </Li> <Li> Colombian </Li> <Li> Cuban </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> German - speaking </Li> <Li> Greek </Li> <Li> Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> <Li> Iranian </Li> <Li> Italian </Li> <Li> Jewish </Li> <Li> Latin American </Li> <Li> Mexican </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Pakistani </Li> <Li> Polish </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Uruguayan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ceremonies </Li> <Li> Families </Li> <Li> Fictitious </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> <Li> Multi-win years </Li> <Li> Posthumous </Li> <Li> Best Picture Presenters </Li> <Li> Trophy displays </Li> <Li> Oldest & Youngest </Li> <Li> Awards for Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Women in Non-gendered Categories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cinema of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Films by year </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards and events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Academy Awards ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Guild Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theaters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Movie theater chains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry by state </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry by city </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Baltimore </Li> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Jacksonville </Li> <Li> Kansas City </Li> <Li> Las Vegas </Li> <Li> Lone Pine </Li> <Li> Long Island </Li> <Li> Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) </Li> <Li> Monument Valley </Li> <Li> New York City <Ul> <Li> Harlem </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Palm Springs </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh </Li> <Li> Riverside </Li> <Li> San Diego </Li> <Li> Seattle </Li> <Li> Sonora </Li> <Li> Stamford </Li> <Li> Vasquez Rocks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences </Li> <Li> Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers </Li> <Li> American Society of Cinematographers </Li> <Li> Hollywood Foreign Press Association </Li> <Li> Motion Picture Association of America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Box office </Li> <Li> AFI 100 Years ... series </Li> <Li> National Film Registry </Li> <Li> Pre-Code Hollywood </Li> <Li> Classical Hollywood cinema </Li> <Li> New Hollywood </Li> <Li> List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood </Li> <Li> List of surviving silent film actors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major film awards by countries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ghana Movie Awards ( Ghana ) </Li> <Li> Africa Movie Academy Awards ( Nigeria ) </Li> <Li> South African Film and Television Awards ( South Africa ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Didor International Film Festival ( Tajikistan ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golden Rooster Awards , Hong Kong Film Award , Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards ( China ) </Li> <Li> Japan Academy Prize ( Japan ) </Li> <Li> Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards ( South Korea ) </Li> <Li> Golden Horse Awards ( Taiwan ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Film Awards , Meril Prothom Alo Awards , Bachsas Awards ( Bangladesh ) </Li> <Li> Filmfare Awards , Filmfare Awards South , Filmfare Awards East , National Film Awards ( India ) </Li> <Li> Lux Style Awards , ARY Film Awards and Nigar Awards ( Pakistan ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Myanmar Motion Picture Awards ( Burma ) </Li> <Li> Indonesian Film Festival and Indonesian Movie Actor Awards ( Indonesia ) </Li> <Li> Malaysia Film Festival ( Malaysia ) </Li> <Li> FAMAS Award , Gawad Urian and Luna Award ( Philippines ) </Li> <Li> Suphannahong Awards ( Thailand ) </Li> <Li> Golden Lotus Awards and Golden Kite Prize ( Vietnam ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fajr International Film Festival ( Iran ) </Li> <Li> Ophir Award ( Israel ) </Li> <Li> International Antalya Film Festival ( Turkey ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Czech Lion Awards ( Czech Republic ) </Li> <Li> Polish Film Awards ( Poland ) </Li> <Li> Nika Award ( Russia ) </Li> <Li> Sun in a Net Awards ( Slovakia ) </Li> <Li> Golden Dzyga ( Ukraine ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Awards and Bodil Awards ( Denmark ) </Li> <Li> Jussi Awards ( Finland ) </Li> <Li> Irish Film & Television Awards ( Ireland ) </Li> <Li> Amanda Award ( Norway ) </Li> <Li> Guldbagge Awards ( Sweden ) </Li> <Li> British Academy Film Awards ( United Kingdom ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heart of Sarajevo ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) </Li> <Li> Golden Arena Awards ( Croatia ) </Li> <Li> Hellenic Film Academy Awards ( Greece ) </Li> <Li> David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> Golden Camera Awards ( Macedonia ) </Li> <Li> Sophia Awards ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Goya Awards ( Spain ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Magritte Award ( Belgium ) </Li> <Li> César Award and Lumières Award ( France ) </Li> <Li> Deutscher Filmpreis ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> Golden Calf ( Netherlands ) </Li> <Li> Swiss Film Award ( Switzerland ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canadian Screen Awards ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> Ariel Award ( Mexico ) </Li> <Li> Academy Awards ( United States ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AACTA Awards ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> New Zealand film and television awards ( New Zealand ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro ( Brazil ) </Li> <Li> Golden Precolumbian Circle ( Colombia ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4132171 - 6 </Li> <Li> NDL : 01216110 </Li> <Li> NKC : ph221975 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_Awards&oldid=834095997 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Academy Awards </Li> <Li> American film awards </Li> <Li> Awards established in 1929 </Li> <Li> 1929 establishments in California </Li> <Li> Cinema of Southern California </Li> <Li> Hollywood history and culture </Li> <Li> American annual television specials </Li> <Li> Annual events in Los Angeles County , California </Li> 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who chooses the winners of the academy awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Academy_Awards&amp;oldid=834095997
9,052,539,258,033,248,000
Process modeling - wikipedia <H1> Process modeling </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the jargon used in the Australian republican debate , see Process model ( Australia ) . <P> The term process model is used in various contexts . For example , in business process modeling the enterprise process model is often referred to as the business process model . </P> Abstraction level for processes <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Purpose </Li> <Li> 3 Classification of process models <Ul> <Li> 3.1 By coverage </Li> <Li> 3.2 By alignment </Li> <Li> 3.3 By granularity </Li> <Li> 3.4 By flexibility </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Quality of methods </Li> <Li> 5 Quality of models </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Process models are processes of the same nature that are classified together into a model . Thus , a process model is a description of a process at the type level . Since the process model is at the type level , a process is an instantiation of it . The same process model is used repeatedly for the development of many applications and thus , has many instantiations . One possible use of a process model is to prescribe how things must / should / could be done in contrast to the process itself which is really what happens . A process model is roughly an anticipation of what the process will look like . What the process shall be will be determined during actual system development . </P> <P> The goals of a process model are to be : </P> <Ul> <Li> Descriptive <Ul> <Li> Track what actually happens during a process </Li> <Li> Take the point of view of an external observer who looks at the way a process has been performed and determines the improvements that must be made to make it perform more effectively or efficiently . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prescriptive <Ul> <Li> Define the desired processes and how they should / could / might be performed . </Li> <Li> Establish rules , guidelines , and behavior patterns which , if followed , would lead to the desired process performance . They can range from strict enforcement to flexible guidance . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Explanatory <Ul> <Li> Provide explanations about the rationale of processes . </Li> <Li> Explore and evaluate the several possible courses of action based on rational arguments . </Li> <Li> Establish an explicit link between processes and the requirements that the model needs to fulfill . </Li> <Li> Pre-defines points at which data can be extracted for reporting purposes . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Purpose ( edit ) </H2> <P> From a theoretical point of view , the meta - process modeling explains the key concepts needed to describe what happens in the development process , on what , when it happens , and why . From an operational point of view , the meta - process modeling is aimed at providing guidance for method engineers and application developers . </P> <P> The activity of modeling a business process usually predicates a need to change processes or identify issues to be corrected . This transformation may or may not require IT involvement , although that is a common driver for the need to model a business process . Change management programmes are desired to put the processes into practice . With advances in technology from larger platform vendors , the vision of business process models ( BPM ) becoming fully executable ( and capable of round - trip engineering ) is coming closer to reality every day . Supporting technologies include Unified Modeling Language ( UML ) , model - driven architecture , and service - oriented architecture . </P> <P> Process modeling addresses the process aspects of an enterprise business architecture , leading to an all encompassing enterprise architecture . The relationships of a business processes in the context of the rest of the enterprise systems , data , organizational structure , strategies , etc. create greater capabilities in analyzing and planning a change . One real - world example is in corporate mergers and acquisitions ; understanding the processes in both companies in detail , allowing management to identify redundancies resulting in a smoother merger . </P> <P> Process modeling has always been a key aspect of business process reengineering , and continuous improvement approaches seen in Six Sigma . </P> <H2> Classification of process models ( edit ) </H2> <H3> By coverage ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are five types of coverage where the term process model has been defined differently : </P> <Ul> <Li> Activity - oriented : related set of activities conducted for the specific purpose of product definition ; a set of partially ordered steps intended to reach a goal . </Li> <Li> Product - oriented : series of activities that cause sensitive product transformations to reach the desired product . </Li> <Li> Decision - oriented : set of related decisions conducted for the specific purpose of product definition . </Li> <Li> Context - oriented : sequence of contexts causing successive product transformations under the influence of a decision taken in a context . </Li> <Li> Strategy - oriented : allow building models representing multi-approach processes and plan different possible ways to elaborate the product based on the notion of intention and strategy . </Li> </Ul> <H3> By alignment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Processes can be of different kinds . These definitions `` correspond to the various ways in which a process can be modelled '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> Strategic processes <Ul> <Li> investigate alternative ways of doing a thing and eventually produce a plan for doing it </Li> <Li> are often creative and require human co-operation ; thus , alternative generation and selection from an alternative are very critical activities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tactical processes <Ul> <Li> help in the achievement of a plan </Li> <Li> are more concerned with the tactics to be adopted for actual plan achievement than with the development of a plan of achievement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Implementation processes <Ul> <Li> are the lowest level processes </Li> <Li> are directly concerned with the details of the what and how of plan implementation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> By granularity ( edit ) </H3> <P> Granularity refers to the level of detail of a process model and affects the kind of guidance , explanation and trace that can be provided . Coarse granularity restricts these to a rather limited level of detail whereas fine granularity provides more detailed capability . The nature of granularity needed is dependent on the situation at hand . </P> <P> Project manager , customer representatives , the general , top - level , or middle management require rather coarse - grained process description as they want to gain an overview of time , budget , and resource planning for their decisions . In contrast , software engineers , users , testers , analysts , or software system architects will prefer a fine - grained process model where the details of the model can provide them with instructions and important execution dependencies such as the dependencies between people . </P> <P> While notations for fine - grained models exist , most traditional process models are coarse - grained descriptions . Process models should , ideally , provide a wide range of granularity ( e.g. Process Weaver ) . </P> <H3> By flexibility ( edit ) </H3> Flexibility of Method construction approaches <P> It was found that while process models were prescriptive , in actual practice departures from the prescription can occur . Thus , frameworks for adopting methods evolved so that systems development methods match specific organizational situations and thereby improve their usefulness . The development of such frameworks is also called situational method engineering . </P> <P> Method construction approaches can be organized in a flexibility spectrum ranging from ' low ' to ' high ' . </P> <P> Lying at the ' low ' end of this spectrum are rigid methods , whereas at the ' high ' end there are modular method construction . Rigid methods are completely pre-defined and leave little scope for adapting them to the situation at hand . On the other hand , modular methods can be modified and augmented to fit a given situation . Selecting a rigid methods allows each project to choose its method from a panel of rigid , pre-defined methods , whereas selecting a path within a method consists of choosing the appropriate path for the situation at hand . Finally , selecting and tuning a method allows each project to select methods from different approaches and tune them to the project 's needs . '' </P> <H2> Quality of methods ( edit ) </H2> <P> As the quality of process models is being discussed in this paper , there is a need to elaborate quality of modeling techniques as an important essence in quality of process models . In most existing frameworks created for understanding the quality , the line between quality of modeling techniques and the quality of models as a result of the application of those techniques are not clearly drawn . This report will concentrate both on quality of process modeling techniques and quality of process models to clearly differentiate the two . Various frameworks were developed to help in understanding quality of process modeling techniques , one example is Quality based modeling evaluation framework or known as Q - Me framework which argued to provide set of well defined quality properties and procedures to make an objective assessment of this properties possible . This framework also has advantages of providing uniform and formal description of the model element within one or different model types using one modeling techniques In short this can make assessment of both the product quality and the process quality of modeling techniques with regard to a set of properties that have been defined before . </P> <P> Quality properties that relate to business process modeling techniques discussed in are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Expressiveness : the degree to which a given modeling technique is able to denote the models of any number and kinds of application domains . </Li> <Li> Arbitrariness : the degree of freedom one has when modeling one and the same domain </Li> <Li> Suitability : the degree to which a given modeling technique is specifically tailored for a specific kind of application domain . </Li> <Li> Comprehensibility : the ease with which the way of working and way of modeling are understood by participants . </Li> <Li> Coherence : the degree to which the individual sub models of a way of modeling constitute a whole . </Li> <Li> Completeness ; the degree to which all necessary concepts of the application domain are represented in the way of modeling . </Li> <Li> Efficiency : the degree to which the modeling process uses resources such as time and people . </Li> <Li> Effectiveness : the degree to which the modeling process achieves its goal . </Li> </Ul> <P> To assess the quality of Q - ME framework ; it is used to illustrate the quality of the dynamic essentials modeling of the organisation ( DEMO ) business modeling techniques . </P> <P> It is stated that the evaluation of the Q - ME framework to the DEMO modeling techniques has revealed the shortcomings of Q - ME . One particular is that it does not include quantifiable metric to express the quality of business modeling technique which makes it hard to compare quality of different techniques in an overall rating . </P> <P> There is also a systematic approach for quality measurement of modeling techniques known as complexity metrics suggested by Rossi et al. ( 1996 ) . Techniques of Meta model is used as a basis for computation of these complexity metrics . In comparison to quality framework proposed by Krogstie , quality measurement focus more on technical level instead of individual model level . </P> <P> Authors ( Cardoso , Mendling , Neuman and Reijers , 2006 ) used complexity metrics to measure the simplicity and understandability of a design . This is supported by later research done by Mendling et al. who argued that without using the quality metrics to help question quality properties of a model , simple process can be modeled in a complex and unsuitable way . This in turn can lead to a lower understandability , higher maintenance cost and perhaps inefficient execution of the process in question . </P> <P> The quality of modeling technique is important in creating models that are of quality and contribute to the correctness and usefulness of models . </P> <H2> Quality of models ( edit ) </H2> <P> Earliest process models reflected the dynamics of the process with a practical process obtained by instantiation in terms of relevant concepts , available technologies , specific implementation environments , process constraints and so on . </P> <P> Enormous number of research has been done on quality of models but less focus has been shifted towards the quality of process models . Quality issues of process models can not be evaluated exhaustively however there are four main guidelines and frameworks in practice for such . These are : top - down quality frameworks , bottom - up metrics related to quality aspects , empirical surveys related to modeling techniques , and pragmatic guidelines . </P> <P> Hommes quoted Wang et al. ( 1994 ) that all the main characteristic of quality of models can all be grouped under 2 groups namely correctness and usefulness of a model , correctness ranges from the model correspondence to the phenomenon that is modeled to its correspondence to syntactical rules of the modeling and also it is independent of the purpose to which the model is used . </P> <P> Whereas the usefulness can be seen as the model being helpful for the specific purpose at hand for which the model is constructed at first place . Hommes also makes a further distinction between internal correctness ( empirical , syntactical and semantic quality ) and external correctness ( validity ) . </P> <P> A common starting point for defining the quality of conceptual model is to look at the linguistic properties of the modeling language of which syntax and semantics are most often applied . </P> <P> Also the broader approach is to be based on semiotics rather than linguistic as was done by Krogstie using the top - down quality framework known as SEQUAL . It defines several quality aspects based on relationships between a model , knowledge Externalisation , domain , a modeling language , and the activities of learning , taking action , and modeling . </P> <P> The framework does not however provide ways to determine various degrees of quality but has been used extensively for business process modeling in empirical tests carried out According to previous research done by Moody et al. with use of conceptual model quality framework proposed by Lindland et al. ( 1994 ) to evaluate quality of process model , three levels of quality were identified : </P> <Ul> <Li> Syntactic quality : Assesses extent to which the model conforms to the grammar rules of modeling language being used . </Li> <Li> Semantic quality : whether the model accurately represents user requirements </Li> <Li> Pragmatic quality : whether the model can be understood sufficiently by all relevant stakeholders in the modeling process . That is the model should enable its interpreters to make use of it for fulfilling their need . </Li> </Ul> <P> From the research it was noticed that the quality framework was found to be both easy to use and useful in evaluating the quality of process models however it had limitations in regards to reliability and difficult to identify defects . These limitations led to refinement of the framework through subsequent research done by Krogstie . This framework is called SEQUEL framework by Krogstie et al. 1995 ( Refined further by Krogstie & Jørgensen , 2002 ) which included three more quality aspects . </P> <Ul> <Li> Physical quality : whether the externalized model is persistent and available for the audience to make sense of it . </Li> <Li> Empirical quality : whether the model is modeled according to the established regulations regarding a given language . </Li> <Li> Social quality : This regards the agreement between the stakeholders in the modeling domain . </Li> </Ul> <P> Dimensions of Conceptual Quality framework Modeling Domain is the set of all statements that are relevant and correct for describing a problem domain , Language Extension is the set of all statements that are possible given the grammar and vocabulary of the modeling languages used . Model Externalization is the conceptual representation of the problem domain . </P> <P> It is defined as the set of statements about the problem domain that are actually made . Social Actor Interpretation and Technical Actor Interpretation are the sets of statements that actors both human model users and the tools that interact with the model , respectively ' think ' the conceptual representation of the problem domain contains . </P> <P> Finally , Participant Knowledge is the set of statements that human actors , who are involved in the modeling process , believe should be made to represent the problem domain . These quality dimensions were later divided into two groups that deal with physical and social aspects of the model . </P> <P> In later work , Krogstie et al. stated that while the extension of the SEQUAL framework has fixed some of the limitation of the initial framework , however other limitation remain . In particular , the framework is too static in its view upon semantic quality , mainly considering models , not modeling activities , and comparing these models to a static domain rather than seeing the model as a facilitator for changing the domain . </P> <P> Also , the framework 's definition of pragmatic quality is quite narrow , focusing on understanding , in line with the semiotics of Morris , while newer research in linguistics and semiotics has focused beyond mere understanding , on how the model is used and affects its interpreters . </P> <P> The need for a more dynamic view in the semiotic quality framework is particularly evident when considering process models , which themselves often prescribe or even enact actions in the problem domain , hence a change to the model may also change the problem domain directly . This paper discusses the quality framework in relation to active process models and suggests a revised framework based on this . </P> <P> Further work by Krogstie et al. ( 2006 ) to revise SEQUAL framework to be more appropriate for active process models by redefining physical quality with a more narrow interpretation than previous research . </P> <P> The other framework in use is Guidelines of Modeling ( GoM ) based on general accounting principles include the six principles : Correctness , Clarity deals with the comprehensibility and explicitness ( System description ) of model systems . Comprehensibility relates to graphical arrangement of the information objects and , therefore , supports the understand ability of a model . Relevance relates to the model and the situation being presented . Comparability involves the ability to compare models that is semantic comparison between two models , Economic efficiency ; the produced cost of the design process need at least to be covered by the proposed use of cost cuttings and revenue increases . </P> <P> Since the purpose of organizations in most cases is the maximization of profit , the principle defines the borderline for the modeling process . The last principle is Systematic design defines that there should be an accepted differentiation between diverse views within modeling . Correctness , relevance and economic efficiency are prerequisites in the quality of models and must be fulfilled while the remaining guidelines are optional but necessary . </P> <P> The two frameworks SEQUAL and GOM have a limitation of use in that they can not be used by people who are not competent with modeling . They provide major quality metrics but are not easily applicable by non-experts . </P> <P> The use of bottom - up metrics related to quality aspects of process models is trying to bridge the gap of use of the other two frameworks by non-experts in modeling but it is mostly theoretical and no empirical tests have been carried out to support their use . </P> <P> Most experiments carried out relate to the relationship between metrics and quality aspects and these works have been done individually by different authors : Canfora et al. study the connection mainly between count metrics ( for example , the number of tasks or splits - and maintainability of software process models ) ; Cardoso validates the correlation between control flow complexity and perceived complexity ; and Mendling et al. use metrics to predict control flow errors such as deadlocks in process models . </P> <P> The results reveal that an increase in size of a model appears to reduce its quality and comprehensibility . Further work by Mendling et al. investigates the connection between metrics and understanding and While some metrics are confirmed regarding their effect , also personal factors of the modeler -- like competence -- are revealed as important for understanding about the models . </P> <P> Several empirical surveys carried out still do not give clear guidelines or ways of evaluating the quality of process models but it is necessary to have clear set of guidelines to guide modelers in this task . Pragmatic guidelines have been proposed by different practitioners even though it is difficult to provide an exhaustive account of such guidelines from practice . In , 10 tips for process modeling are summarized , many technical definitions and rules are provided , but it does not teach how to create process models that are effective in their primary mission - maximizing shared understanding of the as - is or to - be process . Most of the guidelines are not easily put to practice but `` label activities verb -- noun '' rule has been suggested by other practitioners before and analyzed empirically . From the research . value of process models is not only dependent on the choice of graphical constructs but also on their annotation with textual labels which need to be analyzed . It was found that it results in better models in terms of understanding than alternative labelling styles . </P> <P> From the earlier research and ways to evaluate process model quality it has been seen that the process model 's size , structure , expertise of the modeler and modularity affect its overall comprehensibility . Based on these a set of guidelines was presented 7 Process Modeling Guidelines ( 7PMG ) . This guideline uses the verb - object style , as well as guidelines on the number of elements in a model , the application of structured modeling , and the decomposition of a process model . The guidelines are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> G1 Minimize the number of elements in a model </Li> <Li> G2 Minimize the routing paths per element </Li> <Li> G3 Use one start and one end event </Li> <Li> G4 Model as structured as possible </Li> <Li> G5 Avoid OR routing elements </Li> <Li> G6 Use verb - object activity labels </Li> <Li> G7 Decompose a model with more than 50 elements </Li> </Ul> <P> 7PMG still though has limitations with its use : Validity problem 7PMG does not relate to the content of a process model , but only to the way this content is organized and represented . It does suggest ways of organizing different structures of the process model while the content is kept intact but the pragmatic issue of what must be included in the model is still left out . The second limitation relates to the prioritizing guideline the derived ranking has a small empirical basis as it relies on the involvement of 21 process modelers only . </P> <P> This could be seen on the one hand as a need for a wider involvement of process modelers ' experience , but it also rises the question what alternative approaches may be available to arrive at a prioritizing guideline . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Model selection </Li> <Li> Process ( science ) </Li> <Li> Process architecture </Li> <Li> Process calculus </Li> <Li> Process flow diagram </Li> <Li> Process ontology </Li> <Li> Process Specification Language </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Colette Rolland ( 1993 ) . Modeling the Requirements Engineering Process . 3rd European - Japanese Seminar on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Colette Rolland and Pernici , C. Thanos ( 1998 ) . A Comprehensive View of Process Engineering . Proceedings of the 10th International Conference CAiSE'98 . B. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1413 . Springer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Dowson ( 1998 ) . Iteration in the Software Process , Proc 9th Int . Conf . on Software Engineering . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P.H. Feiler and W.S. Humphrey. ( 1993 ) . Software Process Development and Enactment : Concepts and Definitions , Proc. 2nd Int . Conf . on `` Software Process '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sianipar , C.P.M. ; Yudoko , G. ; Dowaki , K. ; Adhiutama , A. ( 2014 ) . `` Physiological Concept : Visible Modeling for Feasible Design '' . Applied Mechanics and Materials. 493 : 432 -- 437 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Colette Rolland ( 1994 ) . A Multi-Model View of Process Modelling . Requirements Engineering . Vol 4 , Nr 4 . Springer - Verlag . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Fernström and L. Ohlsson ( 1991 ) . Integration Needs in Process Enacted Environments , Proc. 1st Int . Conf . on the Software Process . IEEE computer Society Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A.F. Harmsen , Sjaak Brinkkemper and J.L.H. Oei ( 1994 ) . Situational Method Engineering for information Systems Project Approaches . North Holland </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colette Rolland ( 1997 ) . ' A Primer for Method Engineering . Proceedings of the INFORSID Conference . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : BJ Hommes , V Van Reijswoud , Assessing the Quality of Business Process Modeling Techniques - Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences -- 2000 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bart - Jan Hommes , The evaluation of business process modeling techniques , phd thesis TU Delft 2004 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : J. Mendling , M. Moser , G. Neumann , H. Verbeek , B. Dongen , W. van der Aalst , A Quantitative Analysis of Faulty EPCs in the SAP Reference Model , BPM Center Report BPM - 06 - 08 , BPMCenter.org , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Software Engineering </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendling , J. ; Reijers , H.A. ; van der Aalst , W.M.P. ( 2010 ) . `` Seven process modeling guidelines ( 7PMG ) '' . Information and Software Technology . 52 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 136 . doi : 10.1016 / j. infsof. 2009.08. 004 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Krogstie , J. ; Sindre , G. ; Jorgensen , H. ( 2006 ) . `` Process models representing knowledge for action : a revised quality framework '' . European Journal of Information Systems . 15 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 102 . doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. ejis. 3000598 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindland , O. ; Sindre , G. ; Sølvberg , A. ( 1994 ) . `` Understanding quality in conceptual modeling '' . IEEE Software . 11 ( 2 ) : 42 -- 49 . doi : 10.1109 / 52.268955 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Moody , G. Sindre , T. Brasethvik and A. Sølvberg , Evaluating the quality of process models : empirical testing of a quality framework . In : S. Spaccapietra , S.T. March and Y . Kambayashi , Editors , Conceptual Modeling -- ER 2002 , 21st International Conference on Conceptual Modeling , Tampere , Finland , October 7 -- 11 , 2002 , Proceedings , Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 2503 , Springer ( 2002 ) , pp. 380 -- 396 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel L. Moody , G. Sindre , T. Brasethvik , A. Sølvberg . Evaluating the Quality of Process Models : Empirical Testing of a Quality Framework </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morris , C.W. ( 1970 ) . Foundations of the Theory of Signs . Chicago : Chicago University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Krogstie , O. Lindland , G. Sindre , Defining quality aspects for conceptual models , in : Proc. IFIP8. 1 Working Conference on Information Systems Concepts : Towards a Consolidation of Views , Marburg , Germany , 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Becker , M. Rosemann and C. Uthmann , Guidelines of business process modeling . In : W. van der Aalst , J. Desel and A. Oberweis , Editors , Business Process Management . Models , Techniques , and Empirical Studies , Springer , Berlin ( 2000 ) , pp. 30 -- 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canfora , G. ; Garcia , F. ; Piattini , M. ; Ruiz , F. ; Visaggio , C. ( 2005 ) . `` A family of experiments to validate metrics for software process models '' . Journal of Systems and Software . 77 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 129 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jss. 2004.11. 007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Mendling , Detection and prediction of errors in epc business process models , Ph. D. thesis , Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration , http://wi.wu-wien.ac.at/home/mendling/publications/Mendling%20Doctoral%20thesis.pdf , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : J. Mendling , H.A. Reijers and J. Cardoso , What makes process models understandable ? In : G. Alonso , P. Dadam and M. Rosemann , Editors , Business Process Management , 5th International Conference , BPM 2007 , Brisbane , Australia , September 24 -- 28 , 2007 , Proceedings , Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 4714 , Springer , Brisbane , Australia ( 2007 ) , pp. 48 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Mendling and M. Strembeck , Influence factors of understanding business process models . In : W. Abramowicz and D. Fensel , Editors , Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Business Information Systems ( BIS 2008 ) , Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing vol. 7 , Springer - Verlag ( 2008 ) , p. 142153 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B. Silver , Ten Tips for Effective Process Modeling , BPMInstitute.org , < http://www.bpminstitute.org/articles/article/article/bpms-watch-ten-tips-for-effective-process-modeling.html > , Wednesday January 30 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Mendling , H.A. Reijers , J. Recker , Activity Labeling in Process Modeling : Empirical Insights and Recommendations , Information Systems . URL : < http://eprints.qut.edu.au/19625/ > </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.A. Reijers , J. Mendling , Modularity in process models : Review and effects in : M. Dumas , M. Reichert , M. - C. Shan ( Eds . ) , Business Process Management BPM 2008 , Vol. 5240 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Springer , Milan , Italy , 2008 , pp. 20 - 35 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : J. Mendling , H.A. Reijers , W.M.P. van der Aalst , Seven process modeling guidelines ( 7pmg ) , QUT ePrints Report 12340 , Queensland University of Technology ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Process diagrams . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Modeling processes regarding workflow patterns ; link appears to be broken </Li> <Li> `` Abstraction Levels for Processes Presentation : Process Modeling Principles '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> American Productivity and Quality Center ( APQC ) , a worldwide organization for process and performance improvement </Li> <Li> The Application of Petri Nets to Workflow Management , W.M.P. van der Aalst , 1998 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Process_modeling&oldid=833609020 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Business process management </Li> <Li> Systems engineering </Li> <Li> Process theory </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from April 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 15 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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which of the following is not a step in the modeling process
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Process_modeling&amp;oldid=833609020
1,448,585,274,522,189,300
North Pole - wikipedia <H1> North Pole </H1> For other uses , see North Pole ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with North Magnetic Pole . <P> Coordinates : 90 ° N 0 ° W  /  90 ° N - 0 ° E  / 90 ; - 0 </P> An azimuthal projection showing the Arctic Ocean and the North Pole . The map also shows the 75th parallel north and 60th parallel north . Sea ice at the North Pole in 2006 <P> The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is ( subject to the caveats explained below ) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . </P> <P> The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth , lying diametrically opposite the South Pole . It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North , as well as the direction of true north . At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there , so its longitude can be defined as any degree value . Along tight latitude circles , counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west . The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere . </P> <P> While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass , the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice . This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole ( unlike the South Pole ) . However , the Soviet Union , and later Russia , constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937 , some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole . Since 2002 , the Russians have also annually established a base , Barneo , close to the Pole . This operates for a few weeks during early spring . Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice - free because of Arctic ice shrinkage , with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later . </P> <P> The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m ( 13,980 ft ) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m ( 13,410 ft ) by USS Nautilus in 1958 . The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island , off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km ( 430 mi ) away , though some perhaps semi-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer . The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada , which is located 817 km ( 508 mi ) from the Pole . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Precise definition </Li> <Li> 2 Exploration <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Pre-1900 </Li> <Li> 2.2 1900 -- 40 </Li> <Li> 2.3 1940 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> 2.4 21st century <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 MLAE 2009 Expedition </Li> <Li> 2.4. 3 MLAE 2013 Expedition </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Day and night </Li> <Li> 4 Time </Li> <Li> 5 Climate </Li> <Li> 6 Flora and fauna </Li> <Li> 7 Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions </Li> <Li> 8 Cultural associations </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Precise definition ( edit ) </H2> See also : Polar motion <P> The Earth 's axis of rotation -- and hence the position of the North Pole -- was commonly believed to be fixed ( relative to the surface of the Earth ) until , in the 18th century , the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might `` wobble '' slightly . Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent `` variation of latitude , '' as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars . Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth 's surface , by a range of a few metres . The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component . The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight - month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer . The exact point of intersection of the Earth 's axis and the Earth 's surface , at any given moment , is called the `` instantaneous pole '' , but because of the `` wobble '' this can not be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole ( or South Pole ) when metre - scale precision is required . </P> <P> It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates ( latitude , longitude , and elevations or orography ) to fixed landforms . Of course , given plate tectonics and isostasy , there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed . Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System . </P> <H2> Exploration ( edit ) </H2> See also : Arctic exploration , Farthest North , List of Arctic expeditions , and List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole <H3> Pre-1900 ( edit ) </H3> Gerardus Mercator 's map of the North Pole from 1595 C.G. Zorgdragers map of the North Pole from 1720 <P> As early as the 16th century , many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea , which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea . It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year . Several expeditions set out to find the way , generally with whaling ships , already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes . </P> <P> One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry , who in 1827 reached latitude 82 ° 45 ′ North . In 1871 the Polaris expedition , a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall , ended in disaster . Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole , part of the British Arctic Expedition , by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then - record 83 ° 20'26 '' North in May 1876 before turning back . An 1879 -- 1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship , the USS Jeanette , was crushed by ice . Over half the crew , including DeLong , were lost . </P> Nansen 's ship Fram in the Arctic ice <P> In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen 's icebound ship Fram . The pair reached latitude 86 ° 14 ′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards , eventually reaching Franz Josef Land . </P> <P> In 1897 Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon Örnen ( `` Eagle '' ) , but came down 300 km ( 190 mi ) north of Kvitøya , the northeasternmost part of the Svalbard archipelago . They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months later . In 1930 the remains of this expedition were found by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition . </P> <P> The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo , Duke of the Abruzzi and Captain Umberto Cagni of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) sailed the converted whaler Stella Polare ( `` Pole Star '' ) from Norway in 1899 . On 11 March 1900 Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86 ° 34 ' on 25 April , setting a new record by beating Nansen 's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km ( 22 to 25 mi ) . Cagni barely managed to return to the camp , remaining there until 23 June . On 16 August the Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway . </P> <H3> 1900 -- 40 ( edit ) </H3> Peary 's sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole , 1909 . From left : Ooqueah , Ootah , Henson , Egingwah , Seeglo . <P> The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men , Ahwelah and Etukishook , but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted . </P> <P> The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary , who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909 , accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men , Ootah , Seeglo , Egingwah , and Ooqueah . However , Peary 's claim remains highly disputed and controversial . Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in ( Western ) navigation , and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work , which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole . </P> <P> The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people , almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point . Peary 's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line -- the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing -- is contradicted by Henson 's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads . </P> <P> The British explorer Wally Herbert , initially a supporter of Peary , researched Peary 's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer 's navigational records . He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole . Support for Peary came again in 2005 , however , when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary 's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams , reaching the North Pole in 36 days , 22 hours -- nearly five hours faster than Peary . However , Avery 's fastest 5 - day march was 90 nautical miles , significantly short of the 135 claimed by Peary . Avery writes on his web site that `` The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary , Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909 , has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia . Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice , I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole . '' </P> Ivan Papanin at North Pole - 1 drifting station , 1937 <P> Another rejection of Peary 's claim arrived in 2009 , when E. Myles Standish of the California Institute of Technology , an experienced referee of scientific claims , reported numerous alleged lacunae and inconsistencies . </P> <P> The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft . Although verified at the time by a committee of the National Geographic Society , this claim has since been undermined by the 1996 revelation that Byrd 's long - hidden diary 's solar sextant data ( which the NGS never checked ) consistently contradict his June 1926 report 's parallel data by over 100 mi ( 160 km ) . The secret report 's alleged en - route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later ( while the original version was hidden for 70 years ) , a realization first published in 2000 by the University of Cambridge after scrupulous refereeing . </P> <P> According to Standish , `` Anyone who is acquainted with the facts and has any amount of logical reasoning can not avoid the conclusion that neither Cook , nor Peary , nor Byrd reached the North Pole ; and they all knew it . '' </P> <P> The first consistent , verified , and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926 , by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge . Norge , though Norwegian - owned , was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile . The flight started from Svalbard in Norway , and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska . Nobile , with several scientists and crew from the Norge , overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928 , in the airship Italia . The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole , with the loss of half the crew . </P> <P> In May 1937 the world 's first North Pole ice station , North Pole - 1 , was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from the North Pole . The expedition members : oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov , meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov , radio operator Ernst Krenkel , and the leader Ivan Papanin conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months . By 19 February 1938 , when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman , their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland . </P> <H3> 1940 -- 2000 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles . The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force . It carried an 11 - man crew , with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations . In 2006 , Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada 's Aviation Hall of Fame . </P> <P> Discounting Peary 's disputed claim , the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko , oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko , and other scientists and flight crew ( 24 people in total ) of Aleksandr Kuznetsov 's Sever - 2 expedition ( March -- May 1948 ) . It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route . The party flew on three planes ( pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy , Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov ) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4 : 44pm ( Moscow Time , UTC + 04 : 00 ) on 23 April 1948 . They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations . On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent . </P> <P> Next year , on 9 May 1949 two other Soviet scientists ( Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev ) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole . They jumped from a Douglas C - 47 Skytrain , registered CCCP H - 369 . </P> <P> On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict , along with scientist Albert P. Crary , landed a modified Douglas C - 47 Skytrain at the North Pole . Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known . </P> USS Skate at drift station Alpha , 1958 <P> The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus ( SSN - 571 ) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958 . On 17 March 1959 USS Skate ( SSN - 578 ) surfaced at the Pole , breaking through the ice above it , becoming the first naval vessel to do so . </P> <P> Setting aside Peary 's claim , the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted , Walt Pederson , Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier , who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968 . The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position . </P> <P> On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill , Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans - Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot ( albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops ) . They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean -- and by its longest axis , Barrow , Alaska to Svalbard -- a feat that has never been repeated . Because of suggestions ( later proven false ) of Plaisted 's use of air transport , some sources classify Herbert 's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means . In the 1980s Plaisted 's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided . It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility . </P> Icebreaker Arktika , the first surface ship to reach the North Pole . <P> On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear - powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole . </P> <P> In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season . They departed from Cape Crozier , Ellesmere Island , on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982 . They travelled on foot and snowmobile . From the Pole , they travelled towards Svalbard but , due to the unstable nature of the ice , ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days . They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80 : 31N 00 : 59W . As a result of this journey , which formed a section of the three - year Transglobe Expedition 1979 -- 1982 , Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles , by surface travel alone . This achievement remains unchallenged to this day . </P> <P> In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary ( the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest ) and Neil Armstrong ( the first man to stand on the moon ) landed at the North Pole in a small twin - engined ski plane . Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest . </P> <P> In 1986 Will Steger , with seven teammates , became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply . </P> <P> USS Gurnard ( SSN - 662 ) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships , the attack submarine USS Pintado ( SSN - 672 ) . On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole . In March 1990 , Gurnard deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex ' 90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas . Gurnard surfaced at the North Pole on April 18 , in the company of the USS Seahorse ( SSN - 669 ) . </P> <P> On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish ( SSN 678 ) , USS Ray ( SSN 653 ) and USS Hawkbill ( SSN - 666 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole . </P> <P> On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle . </P> <P> On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish ( SSN 676 ) , USS Sea Devil ( SSN 664 ) and HMS Superb ( S 109 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first international surfacing at the North Pole . </P> <P> In 1988 a 13 - man strong team ( 9 Soviets , 4 Canadians ) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada . One of the Canadians , Richard Weber became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean . </P> <P> On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported , after a 58 - day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada , a distance of 800 km . </P> <P> On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels . Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe . Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later with the Healy . </P> <P> In 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs ( special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO , Lada / Vaz 's experimental product division ) were driven to the North Pole . The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole . The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20 -- 15 km / h in an average temperature of − 30 ° C . </P> <H3> 21st century ( edit ) </H3> USS Charlotte at the North Pole in 2005 <P> Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole . For example , the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89 ° N , though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait . In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air ( landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice ) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine , and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies . Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years . The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002 , and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties . Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter . </P> <P> The first attempt at underwater exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of Moscow State University , but ended in fatality . The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club , and ended in success on 24 April 1999 . The divers were Michael Wolff ( Austria ) , Brett Cormick ( UK ) , and Bob Wass ( USA ) . </P> <P> In 2005 the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte ( SSN - 766 ) surfaced through 155 cm ( 61 in ) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there . </P> <P> In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) swim at the North Pole . His feat , undertaken to highlight the effects of global warming , took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes . His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008 , following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole , was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days . The expedition was then abandoned . </P> <P> By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships : 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers , 4 times by Swedish Oden , 3 times by German Polarstern , 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea , and once by CCGS Louis S. St - Laurent and by Swedish Vidar Viking . </P> 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed ( edit ) Main article : Arktika 2007 MIR submersible , one of the two vehicles that were used in the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole <P> On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole , to a depth of 4.3 km ( 2.7 mi ) , as part of the research programme in support of Russia 's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor . The descent took place in two MIR submersibles and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov . In a symbolic act of visitation , the Russian flag was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole . </P> <P> The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the Arctic according to The New York Times . The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries , such as China and the United States , toward the top of the world , where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable . </P> MLAE 2009 expedition ( edit ) <P> In 2009 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE - 2009 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Sergey Larin , Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 1 and Yemelya - 2 , designed by Vasily Elagin , a known Russian mountain climber , explorer and engineer . The vehicles reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009 , 17 : 30 ( Moscow time ) . The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation . The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole . </P> MLAE 2013 expedition ( edit ) Yemelya -- all terrain amphibious vehicle <P> On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE 2013 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader , and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Andrey Vankov , Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 3 and Yemelya - 4 , -- started from Golomyanny Island ( the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago ) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean . The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast . The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 ( 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W Ward Hant Island ) , and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay , NU . The way between the Russian borderland ( Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago , 80 ° 15N , 097 ° 27E ) and the Canadian coast ( Ward Hant Island , 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W ) took 55 days ; it was ~ 2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total . The expedition was totally self - dependent and used no external supplies . The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society . </P> <H2> Day and night ( edit ) </H2> <P> The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter . Sunrise is just before the March equinox ( around 20 March ) ; the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 231⁄2 ° elevation at the summer solstice ( around 21 June ) , after which time it begins to sink , reaching sunset just after the September equinox ( around 23 September ) . When the sun is visible in the polar sky , it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon . This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation ( in degrees ) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox . Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth . </P> <P> A civil twilight period of about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset , a nautical twilight period of about five weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset and an astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset . </P> <P> These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth 's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun . The direction of the Earth 's axial tilt , as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth 's orbit around the sun , remains very nearly constant over the course of a year ( both change very slowly over long time periods ) . At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent . As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun , the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent . A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole , with a six - month time difference . </P> <H2> Time ( edit ) </H2> <P> In most places on Earth , local time is determined by longitude , such that the time of day is more - or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky ( for example , at midday the sun is roughly at its highest ) . This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole , where the sun rises and sets only once per year , and all lines of longitude , and hence all time zones , converge . There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned . Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient , such as Greenwich Mean Time , or the time zone of the country from which they departed . </P> <H2> Climate ( edit ) </H2> Arctic ice shrinkages of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to the 1979 -- 2000 average . Main article : Climate of the Arctic See also : Climate change in the Arctic <P> The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean ( which acts as a reservoir of heat ) , rather than at altitude on a continental land mass . Despite being an ice cap , it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate ( ETf ) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing . </P> <P> Winter temperatures at the northernmost weather station in Greenland can range from about − 50 to − 13 ° C ( − 58 to 9 ° F ) , averaging around − 31 ° C ( − 24 ° F ) , with the North Pole being slightly colder . However , a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 ° C ( 33 ° F ) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy , located at 87.45 ° N , on December 30 , 2015 . It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 ° F ( − 1 and 2 ° C ) during the storm . Summer temperatures ( June , July , and August ) average around the freezing point ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ) . The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) , much warmer than the South Pole 's record high of only − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) . A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15 , 2016 when temperatures hit freezing . Yet again , February 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup , the world 's northernmost weather station in Greenland , reached 6.1 ° C ( 43 ° F ) and spent 24 straight hours above freezing . Meanwhile , the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of 1.6 ° C ( 35 ° F ) . This same temperature of 1.6 ° C ( 35 ° F ) was also recorded at the Hollywood Burbank Airport in Los Angeles at the very same time . </P> <P> The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) thick , although ice thickness , its spatial extent , and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate . Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years . It is likely that global warming has contributed to this , but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic . Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer . This may have significant commercial implications ; see `` Territorial Claims , '' below . </P> <P> The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming , as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation , and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Greenlandic Weather Station ( eleven year average observations ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 13 ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> − 14 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> − 11 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> − 6 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> 10 ( 50 ) </Td> <Td> 13 ( 55 ) </Td> <Td> 12 ( 54 ) </Td> <Td> 7 ( 45 ) </Td> <Td> − 2 ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 0.6 ( 33.1 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 ( 33.3 ) </Td> <Td> 13 ( 55 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 29 ( − 20 ) </Td> <Td> − 31 ( − 24 ) </Td> <Td> − 30 ( − 22 ) </Td> <Td> − 22 ( − 8 ) </Td> <Td> − 9 ( 16 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> − 7 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> − 18 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> − 25 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> − 26 ( − 15 ) </Td> <Td> − 16 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 31 ( − 24 ) </Td> <Td> − 32 ( − 26 ) </Td> <Td> − 31 ( − 24 ) </Td> <Td> − 23 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> − 11 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> − 1 ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> − 9 ( 16 ) </Td> <Td> − 20 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> − 27 ( − 17 ) </Td> <Td> − 28 ( − 18 ) </Td> <Td> − 18 ( 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 33 ( − 27 ) </Td> <Td> − 35 ( − 31 ) </Td> <Td> − 34 ( − 29 ) </Td> <Td> − 26 ( − 15 ) </Td> <Td> − 12 ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> − 2 ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> − 1 ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> − 11 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> − 22 ( − 8 ) </Td> <Td> − 30 ( − 22 ) </Td> <Td> − 31 ( − 24 ) </Td> <Td> − 20 ( − 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 47 ( − 53 ) </Td> <Td> − 50 ( − 58 ) </Td> <Td> − 50 ( − 58 ) </Td> <Td> − 41 ( − 42 ) </Td> <Td> − 24 ( − 11 ) </Td> <Td> − 12 ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> − 2 ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> − 12 ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> − 31 ( − 24 ) </Td> <Td> − 41 ( − 42 ) </Td> <Td> − 41 ( − 42 ) </Td> <Td> − 47 ( − 53 ) </Td> <Td> − 50 ( − 58 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 83.5 </Td> <Td> 83.0 </Td> <Td> 83.0 </Td> <Td> 85.0 </Td> <Td> 87.5 </Td> <Td> 90.0 </Td> <Td> 90.0 </Td> <Td> 89.5 </Td> <Td> 88.0 </Td> <Td> 84.5 </Td> <Td> 83.0 </Td> <Td> 83.0 </Td> <Td> 85.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Weatherbase </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Flora and fauna ( edit ) </H2> <P> Polar bears are believed to travel rarely beyond about 82 ° North owing to the scarcity of food , though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole , and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from the Pole . The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole , and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km ( 37 mi ) away at 89 ° 40 ′ N . </P> <P> Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the snow bunting , northern fulmar and black - legged kittiwake , though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions . </P> <P> Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole , but these are probably few in number . A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there . However , it was later reported that a sea anemone had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified shrimps and amphipods . </P> <H2> Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Territorial claims in the Arctic Sunset over the North Pole at the International Dateline , 2015 <P> Currently , under international law , no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it . The five surrounding Arctic countries , Russian Federation , Canada , Norway , Denmark ( via Greenland ) , and the United States , are limited to a 200 - nautical - mile ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) exclusive economic zone off their coasts , and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority . </P> <P> Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200 - mile exclusive economic zone . If validated , such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone . Norway ( ratified the convention in 1996 ) , Russia ( ratified in 1997 ) , Canada ( ratified in 2003 ) and Denmark ( ratified in 2004 ) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation . </P> <P> In 1907 Canada invoked a `` sector principle '' to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole . This claim has not been relinquished , but was not consistently pressed until 2013 . </P> <H2> Cultural associations ( edit ) </H2> <P> In some children 's Western cultures , the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus ' workshop and residence , although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole . Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole ( referring to Santa 's traditional exclamation of `` Ho ho ho ! '' ) . </P> <P> This association reflects an age - old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole , the otherworldly world - axis , as the abode of God and superhuman beings . The popular figure of the pole - dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence . </P> <P> As Henry Corbin has documented , the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism . `` The Orient sought by the mystic , the Orient that can not be located on our maps , is in the direction of the north , beyond the north . '' </P> <P> Owing to its remoteness , the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient Iranian tradition called Mount Qaf ( Jabal Qaf ) , the `` farthest point of the earth '' . According to certain authors , the Jabal Qaf of Muslim cosmology is a version of Rupes Nigra , a mountain whose ascent , like Dante 's climbing of the Mountain of Purgatory , represents the pilgrim 's progress through spiritual states . In Iranian theosophy , the heavenly Pole , the focal point of the spiritual ascent , acts as a magnet to draw beings to its `` palaces ablaze with immaterial matter . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arctic portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Arctic cooperation and politics </Li> <Li> Arctic Council </Li> <Li> Biome </Li> <Li> Celestial pole </Li> <Li> Ecliptic pole </Li> <Li> Inuit Circumpolar Council </Li> <Li> North Pole , Alaska </Li> <Li> Polaris </Li> <Li> Poles of astronomical bodies </Li> <Li> Willem Barentsz </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> A. ^ Data is from a Greenlandic Weather Station at 83 ° 38 ′ N 033 ° 22 ′ W  /  83.633 ° N 33.367 ° W  / 83.633 ; - 33.367  ( Greenlandic Weather Station ) located 709 km ( 441 mi ) from the North Pole . </Dd> </Dl> <P> </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Black , Richard ( 8 April 2001 ) . New warning on Arctic sea ice melt . BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ljunggren , David ( 5 March 2009 ) . Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013 : expert . Reuters </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russian sub plants flag at North Pole , Reuters , 2 August 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Андерсон , Уильям Роберт ( 1965 ) . `` '' Наутилус '' у Северного полюса `` . Воениздат . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mouton , M.W. ( 1968 ) . The International Regime of the Polar Regions . Acadimie de Droit International de La Ha . pp. 202 ( 34 ) . ISBN 9028614427 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , John K. ( July 1953 ) . `` The Open Polar Sea '' . Geographical Review . 43 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 365 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` At the North Pole , 6 -- 7 April 1909 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Bryce Cook and Peary : the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole 1997 ; Henderson , B. ( 2005 ) True North WW Norton & Company ISBN 0 - 393 - 32738 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Wally Herbert '' . The Independent . 16 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Avery website . Retrieved May 2007 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roald Amundsen First to Each Pole -- Three Prior North Pole Claims : Each Unproven & Highly Suspect . Dioi.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd : An Overview of the Controversy Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University . See also DIO Vol. 10 ( 2000 ) ( refereed both at University of Cambridge and by the DIO board ) , which reveals errors of grade school arithmetic in the Byrd - defenses of W. Molett ( pp. 55 & 98 ) and consultant J. Portney ( pp. 73 -- 75 ) , neither of whom attempts to explain Byrd 's surgical censoring of his original June report , or his and the National Geographic 's hiding of said report for decades . Similarly , Avery 's chimeral try at replicating the Peary 1909 trip via 2005 ice , may divert from but can not explain Peary 's data - blanks , data - alterations , nor why he , when reading his diary to Congress on 7 January 1911 , understandably deleted ( only ) its sole attempt at explaining ( crudely and inadequately ) his steering : `` setting course by moon , our shadows etc '' . See The Washington Post 20 April 1989 . Compare diary 2 April 1909 to p. 302 of the Peary Hearings : complete verbatim copy at 1916 Congressional Record Vol. 53 , Appendix pp. 293 -- 327 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Did Byrd Reach Pole ? His Diary Hints ' No ' . The New York Times . ( 9 May 1996 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Rawlins Polar Record ( Scott Polar Research Institute ) vol. 36 pp. 25 -- 50 . SPRI 's preface : the paper `` is considered to be of such significance to the community that it has been published here despite an expanded version being published this same month in DIO . '' Both versions ( p. 38 and 59 , respectively ) note that while Byrd 's New York ticker - tape parade and his National Geographic Society gold medal presentation were on 23 June 1926 , the NGS exam of his later - hidden original report was from early 23 June through late 28 June ( six days , mistakenly cited as `` five consecutive days '' in the report ) , a chronology so revealing that the September National Geographic pp. 384 -- 385 stripped out the dates ( only ) from the NGS ' own report , which fortunately was published uncensored ( thanks to the Secretary of the Navy ) at The New York Times 30 June , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tierney , John . ( 7 September 2009 ) Who Was First at the North Pole ? . Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Pole Drifting Stations ( 1930s -- 1980s ) '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lockerby , Patrick ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Arctic Heroes # 2 -- North Pole 1 '' . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Armstrong , Terence ( 2011 ) . The Russians in the Arctic . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 245 - 58209 - 4 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halliday , Hugh A. ( January / February 2004 ) The Aries Flights Of 1945 , Legion Magazine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mills , William James ( 2003 ) . Exploring polar frontiers : a historical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 422 - 0 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Советские граждане были доставлены на точку Северного полюса , где , образно говоря , проходит земная ось '' . Вокруг Света . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Concise chronology of approach to the poles '' . Scott Polar Research Institute ( SPRI ) . February 2001 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Высокоширотная воздушная экспедиция `` Север - 2 '' ( 1948 г . ) `` . ФГБУ `` Арктический и антарктический научно - исследовательский институт '' ( ФГБУ `` ААНИИ '' ) . 2005 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Уфаркин , Николай Васильевич . `` Черевичный Иван Иванович '' . Патриотический интернет проект `` Герои Страны '' . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loginov , Dmitri . `` Великий полярный водоворот просыпается '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Volovich Vitaly Georgievich '' . Polar World . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barlow , John Matthew ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` The Cold War in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute ( CDFAI ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arctic Aerial Exploration '' . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Safronov , Ivan , Jr. ( 29 July 2009 ) . `` Десантников отправят на Северный полюс '' . Коммерсантъ . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aviation History Facts , U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Joel FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE . militaryhonors.sid-hill.us </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenny Booth ( 13 June 2007 ) . ' Greatest polar explorer ' Sir Wally Herbert dies , The Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bob Headland ( 15 June 2007 ) . Sir Wally Herbert , The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polar History . northpolewomen.com . 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( 1992 ) `` The Expedition ARK - VIII / 3 of RV Polarstern in 1991 '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 107 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10107. d001 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thiede , J. et al. ( 2002 ) `` POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII / 2 Cruise Report : AMORE 2001 ( Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition ) '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 421 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10426. d001 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lada Oddities '' . ladaniva.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosloot , Hans `` Amphihans '' . `` The Amphiclopedia Vi to Wa '' . amphibiousvehicle.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cormick , Brett ( February 2000 ) . `` Diving the top of the world '' . Diver . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ozeck , Dave ( 12 January 2005 ) USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under - Ice Transit . news.navy.mil . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swimmer rises to Arctic challenge , BBC news ( 15 July 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Банько , Юрий ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` Вчера и сегодня мы -- первые . А завтра ? '' . Российская газета . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Академик Федоров '' -- выходит из порта Санкт - Петербург в экспедицию `` Арктика - 2007 '' . Press release of the AARI ( 9 July 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Russia plants flag under N Pole , BBC News ( 2 August 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russia 's North Pole Obsession , The New York Times ( 2 August 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Big Melt '' , The New York Times ( October 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diary of MLAE - 2013 '' . yemelya.ru . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fritz , Angela ; Fritz , Angela ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point '' -- via washingtonpost.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI / 709 KM , GREENLAND '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Sun : Heat Wave '' , US Antarctic Program </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bizarre Temperatures : North Pole Rises Above Freezing While Parts of Russia Plunge Below - 40 Degrees '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` February 2018 heatwave across the Far North '' . NOAA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . NOAA / NWS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beyond `` Polar Express '' : Fast Facts on the Real North Pole , National Geographic News </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sea Ice '' . State of the Cryosphere . NSIDC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 percent '' , The Daily Telegraph ( 28 October 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Model - Based Estimates of Change '' . IPCC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 12 December 2006 ) . Arctic sea ice `` faces rapid melt '' , BBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polar Bear -- Population & Distribution , WWF , January 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Explorers ' Blog Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Greenpeace Project Thin Ice ( 1 July 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halkka , Antti ( February 2003 ) . Ringed seal makes its home on the ice . suomenluonto.fi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tannerfeldt , Magnus . The Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus . zoologi.su.se </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR ( Ursus maritimus ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species '' , Observer , 2 August 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( Annex 2 , Article 4 ) '' . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks . un.org ( 4 June 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Territorial claims in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier : The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons , by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek , Oxford Institute for Energy Studies , August 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noronha , Charmaine ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Canada plans claim that would include North Pole '' . 9 December 2013 . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arctic Sovereignty : Loss by Dereliction ? '' . Northern Perspectives. 22 ( 4 ) . Winter 1994 -- 1995 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffers , Harry Paul ( 2000 ) . Legends of Santa Claus . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4983 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet your neighbor : Santa Claus of the North Pole '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Post Launches 24th Annual Santa Letter - writing Program -- Post Office Sends Joy to Salvation Army with $25,000 Donation '' . Canada Post . 15 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Godwin , Joscelyn ( 1993 ) . Arktos : The Polar Myth in Science , Symbolism , and Nazi Survival . Grand Rapids : Phanes Press . ISBN 0932813356 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pole - Spirits North and South '' . Livingheritage.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corbin , Henry and Pearson , N. ( Translator ) ( 1978 ) . The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism . Shambhala . ISBN 0394734416 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ibrahim Muhawi & Sharif Kanaana . Speak , Bird , Speak Again : Palestinian Arab Folktales . Berkeley : University of California Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 11 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Frederick , Albert ; Cook , Robert E. Peary , George W. Melville ( 2003 ) . Finding the North Pole . The Lyons press . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 072 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Pal , Christopher ( 2002 ) . The Oddest Place on Earth : Rediscovering the North Pole . Writer 's Showcase . ISBN 0 - 595 - 21454 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Fairfield , William ( 1885 ) . Paradise Found a Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole a Study of the Prehistoric World . Houghton , Mifflin . 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31 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NP - 32 </Li> <Li> NP - 33 </Li> <Li> NP - 34 </Li> <Li> NP - 35 </Li> <Li> NP - 36 </Li> <Li> NP - 37 </Li> <Li> NP - 38 </Li> <Li> NP - 39 </Li> <Li> NP - 40 </Li> <Li> NP - 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Icebreaker Yermak </Li> <Li> Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route : Otto Schmidt </Li> <Li> Aviaarktika : Mark Shevelev </Li> <Li> Icebreaker Sedov : Konstantin Badygin , Vladimir Wiese </Li> <Li> Barneo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 4117914 - 6 </Li> <Li> NARA : 10047242 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 236847368 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Pole&oldid=856634821 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Extreme points of Earth </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Navigation </Li> <Li> Polar regions of the Earth </Li> <Li> Geography of the Arctic </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with Russian - 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who was first man to reach north pole
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=North_Pole&amp;oldid=856634821
2,862,514,969,305,328,000
Chinese New Year - wikipedia <H1> Chinese New Year </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chinese New Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Fireworks are one of the significant traits in Chinese New Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official name </Th> <Td> Ancient Chinese : 歲 首 ; `` year 's start '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> Spring Festival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> The Chinese Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cultural , religious ( Chinese folk religion , Buddhist , Confucian , Daoism ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celebrations </Th> <Td> Lion dances , dragon dances , fireworks , family gathering , family meal , visiting friends and relatives ( 拜年 , bàinián / baai3 nin4 ) , giving red envelopes , decorating with chunlian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> Chinese lunar new year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 date </Th> <Td> Friday , 16 February , Dog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2019 date </Th> <Td> Tuesday , 5 February , Pig </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020 date </Th> <Td> Saturday , 25 January , Rat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Annual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related to </Th> <Td> Lantern Festival , which concludes the celebration of the Chinese New Year . Mongol New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) , Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) , Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) , Korean New Year ( Seollal ) , Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese New Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Spring Festival ( Chinese New Year ) '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traditional Chinese </Th> <Td> 農曆 新年 / 春節 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Simplified Chinese </Th> <Td> 农历 新年 / 春节 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literal meaning </Th> <Td> `` Spring Festival '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Transcriptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hanyu Pinyin </Th> <Td> nóng lì xīn nián / Chūn jié </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wade -- Giles </Th> <Td> Ch'un chieh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Td> ( ʈʂhwə́n tɕjě ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Wu </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Suzhounese </Th> <Td> Tshen tsìh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yale Romanization </Th> <Td> Chēun jit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Td> ( tshɵ́n tsīːt̚ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jyutping </Th> <Td> Ceon1 zit3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Southern Min </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hokkien POJ </Th> <Td> Chhun cheh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tâi - lô </Th> <Td> Tshun tseh </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Chinese New Year , also known as the Spring Festival in modern China , is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar . It is one of several Lunar New Years in Asia . Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day , to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month . The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between January 21 and February 20 In 2018 , the first day of the Lunar New Year was on Friday , 16 February , initiating the year of the Dog . </P> <P> It is one of the world 's most prominent and celebrated festivals , and involves the largest annual mass human migration in the world . It is a major holiday in Greater China and has had strong influence on the lunar new year celebrations of its geographic neighbours , including Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Korea , Thailand , Vietnam , Cambodia , Mauritius , Australia , and the Philippines and Russia While mainly celebrated in Asia , it has also been seen around the world , due to the influence of Chinese diaspora and China 's growing status . </P> <P> The New Year festival is centuries old and associated with several myths and customs . Traditionally , the festival was a time to honour deities as well as ancestors . Within China , regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Lunar New Year vary widely . Often , the evening preceding Lunar New Year 's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner . It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house , in order to sweep away any ill - fortune and to make way for incoming good luck . Windows and doors are decorated with red colour paper - cuts and couplets with popular themes of `` good fortune '' or `` happiness '' , `` wealth '' , and `` longevity '' . Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes . In about one third of the Mainland population , or 500 million Northerners , dumplings ( especially those of vegetarian fillings ) feature prominently in the meals celebrating the festival . </P> Offerings to the gods . House doorway decorated for the New Year . <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar </Li> <Li> 2 Mythology </Li> <Li> 3 Public holiday </Li> <Li> 4 Festivities <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Preceding days </Li> <Li> 4.2 New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> 4.3 First day </Li> <Li> 4.4 Second day </Li> <Li> 4.5 Third day </Li> <Li> 4.6 Fourth day </Li> <Li> 4.7 Fifth day </Li> <Li> 4.8 Seventh day </Li> <Li> 4.9 Eighth day </Li> <Li> 4.10 Ninth day </Li> <Li> 4.11 Tenth day </Li> <Li> 4.12 Fifteenth day </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Traditional food </Li> <Li> 6 Practices <Ul> <Li> 6.1 History </Li> <Li> 6.2 Red envelopes </Li> <Li> 6.3 Gift exchange </Li> <Li> 6.4 Markets </Li> <Li> 6.5 Fireworks <Ul> <Li> 6.5. 1 Firecracker ban </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.6 Music </Li> <Li> 6.7 Clothing </Li> <Li> 6.8 Family portrait </Li> <Li> 6.9 Symbolism </Li> <Li> 6.10 Nianhua </Li> <Li> 6.11 Flowers </Li> <Li> 6.12 Icons and ornaments </Li> <Li> 6.13 Spring travel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Festivities outside Greater China <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Southeast Asia </Li> <Li> 7.2 Australia and New Zealand </Li> <Li> 7.3 North America <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 New York </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 California </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.4 Europe </Li> <Li> 7.5 India and Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Greetings </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar ( edit ) </H2> Chinese New Year in Singapore Chinatown . Chinese New Year eve in Meizhou on 8 February 2005 . Chinese New Year in Kobe , Japan Southeast Asia 's largest temple -- Kek Lok Si near George Town in Penang , Malaysia -- illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year . Interactive chart of the dates of Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 . In the SVG graphic , hover over or click a year on the left to highlight an almost - repeating block of 19 years starting with that year . Main article : Chinese calendar <P> The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Lunar New Year . The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by , or have relations with , China -- such as Korea , Japan and Vietnam , though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months . </P> <P> In the Gregorian calendar , the Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February . The median date of Chinese New Year 's Day is lichun ( Chinese : 立春 ; `` start of spring '' ) on 4 or 5 February , the solar term next to Dahan ( Chinese : 大寒 ; `` major cold '' ) . Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month , which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice ( rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes ) . </P> <P> The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below , along with the year 's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem - branch . The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle ( like the modern Jewish Calendar ) , and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly . The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals . Alongside the 12 - year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10 - year cycle of heavenly stems . Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology , namely : Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water . The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year . The elements are thus distinguished : Yang Wood , Yin Wood , Yang Fire , Yin Fire , etc . These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years . For example , the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996 , 60 years apart . </P> <P> Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth - year by converting it from their Gregorian birth - year . As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February , the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year , remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year . For example , the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989 . The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake . However , the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989 . This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the Snake . Many online Chinese Sign calculators do not account for the non-alignment of the two calendars , using Gregorian - calendar years rather than official Chinese New Year dates . </P> <P> One scheme of continuously numbered Chinese - calendar years assigns 4709 to the year beginning , 2011 , but this is not universally accepted ; the calendar is traditionally cyclical , not continuously numbered . </P> <P> Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years , outside China its years are sometimes numbered from the purported reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor in the 3rd millennium BCE . But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars , making the year beginning CE 2015 the `` Chinese year '' 4712 , 4713 , or 4652 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gregorian </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Animal </Th> <Th> Day of the week </Th> <Td> </Td> <Th> Gregorian </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Animal </Th> <Th> Day of the week </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2026 </Td> <Td> 17 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2027 </Td> <Td> 6 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 1 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2028 </Td> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 Jan </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2029 </Td> <Td> 13 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 9 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2030 </Td> <Td> 3 Feb </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 29 Jan </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2031 </Td> <Td> 23 Jan </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 18 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2032 </Td> <Td> 11 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 7 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2033 </Td> <Td> 31 Jan </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2034 </Td> <Td> 19 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2035 </Td> <Td> 8 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 3 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2036 </Td> <Td> 28 Jan </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 23 Jan </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2037 </Td> <Td> 15 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 10 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2038 </Td> <Td> 4 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 31 Jan </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2039 </Td> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 19 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2040 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 8 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2041 </Td> <Td> 1 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 28 Jan </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2042 </Td> <Td> 22 Jan </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 16 Feb </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2043 </Td> <Td> 10 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> 5 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2044 </Td> <Td> 30 Jan </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> 25 Jan </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2045 </Td> <Td> 17 Feb </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2021 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2046 </Td> <Td> 6 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2022 </Td> <Td> 1 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2047 </Td> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2023 </Td> <Td> 22 Jan </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2048 </Td> <Td> 14 Feb </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2024 </Td> <Td> 10 Feb </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2049 </Td> <Td> 2 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2025 </Td> <Td> 29 Jan </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2050 </Td> <Td> 23 Jan </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gregorian </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Animal </Th> <Th> Day of the week </Th> <Td> </Td> <Th> Gregorian </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Animal </Th> <Th> Day of the week </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2051 </Td> <Td> 11 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2076 </Td> <Td> 5 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2052 </Td> <Td> 1 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2077 </Td> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2053 </Td> <Td> 19 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2078 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2054 </Td> <Td> 8 Feb </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2079 </Td> <Td> 2 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2055 </Td> <Td> 28 Jan </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2080 </Td> <Td> 22 Jan </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2056 </Td> <Td> 15 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2081 </Td> <Td> 9 Feb </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2057 </Td> <Td> 4 Feb </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2082 </Td> <Td> 29 Jan </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2058 </Td> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2083 </Td> <Td> 17 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2059 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2084 </Td> <Td> 6 Feb </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2060 </Td> <Td> 2 Feb </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2085 </Td> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2061 </Td> <Td> 21 Jan </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2086 </Td> <Td> 14 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2062 </Td> <Td> 9 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2087 </Td> <Td> 3 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2063 </Td> <Td> 29 Jan </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2088 </Td> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2064 </Td> <Td> 17 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2089 </Td> <Td> 10 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2065 </Td> <Td> 5 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2090 </Td> <Td> 30 Jan </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2066 </Td> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2091 </Td> <Td> 18 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2067 </Td> <Td> 14 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2092 </Td> <Td> 7 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2068 </Td> <Td> 3 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2093 </Td> <Td> 27 Jan </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2069 </Td> <Td> 23 Jan </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2094 </Td> <Td> 15 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2070 </Td> <Td> 11 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2095 </Td> <Td> 5 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2071 </Td> <Td> 31 Jan </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2096 </Td> <Td> 25 Jan </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2072 </Td> <Td> 19 Feb </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2097 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2073 </Td> <Td> 7 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2098 </Td> <Td> 1 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2074 </Td> <Td> 27 Jan </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2099 </Td> <Td> 21 Jan </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2075 </Td> <Td> 15 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2100 </Td> <Td> 9 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The date of Chinese New Year 's Day ( 1912 -- 2101 ) <Tr> <Th> Year Date </Th> <Th> 1 - 19AM </Th> <Th> 20 - 38AM </Th> <Th> 39 - 57AM </Th> <Th> 58 - 76AM </Th> <Th> 77 - 95AM </Th> <Th> 96 - 114AM </Th> <Th> 115 - 133AM </Th> <Th> 134 - 152AM </Th> <Th> 153 - 171AM </Th> <Th> 172 - 190AM </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 -- 1930 </Td> <Td> 1931 -- 1949 </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2025 </Td> <Td> 2026 -- 2044 </Td> <Td> 2045 -- 2063 </Td> <Td> 2064 -- 2082 </Td> <Td> 2083 -- 2101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat Rènzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Xīnwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Gēngyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Jǐyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Wùchén </Td> <Td> Pig Dīnghaì + </Td> <Td> Horse Bíngwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Yǐchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Jiǎshēn </Td> <Td> Rabbit Guìmǎo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 Feb </Td> <Td> Ox Guìchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Rènshēn </Td> <Td> Rabbit Xīnmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Gēngxū </Td> <Td> Snake Jǐsì </Td> <Td> Rat Wùzǐ + </Td> <Td> Goat Dīngwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Bíngyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Yǐyǒu − </Td> <Td> Dragon Jiǎchén </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Tiger Jiǎyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Guìyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Rènchén + </Td> <Td> Pig Xīnhaì + </Td> <Td> Horse Gēngwǔ + </Td> <Td> Ox Jǐchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Wùshēn </Td> <Td> Rabbit Dīngmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Bíngxū </Td> <Td> Snake Yǐsì </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit Yǐmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Jiǎxū </Td> <Td> Snake Guìsì </Td> <Td> Rat Rènzǐ + </Td> <Td> Goat Xīnwèi + </Td> <Td> Tiger Gēngyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Jǐyǒu − </Td> <Td> Dragon ' Wùchén </Td> <Td> Pig Dīnghaì </Td> <Td> Horse Bíngwǔ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 Feb </Td> <Td> Dragon Bíngchén </Td> <Td> Pig Yǐhaì + </Td> <Td> Horse Jiǎwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Guìchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Rènshēn + </Td> <Td> Rabbit Xīnmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Gēngxū </Td> <Td> Snake Jǐsì − </Td> <Td> Rat Wùzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Dīngwèi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 Jan </Td> <Td> Snake Dīngsì </Td> <Td> Rat Bíngzǐ + </Td> <Td> Goat Yǐwèi + </Td> <Td> Tiger Jiǎyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Guìyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Rènchén </Td> <Td> Pig Xīnhaì </Td> <Td> Horse Gēngwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Jǐchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Wùshēn + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse Wùwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Dīngchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Bíngshēn + </Td> <Td> Rabbit Yǐmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Jiǎxū − </Td> <Td> Snake Guìsì − </Td> <Td> Rat Rènzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Xīnwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Gēngyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Jǐyǒu − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 Jan </Td> <Td> Goat Jǐwèi + </Td> <Td> Tiger Wùyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Dīngyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Bíngchén </Td> <Td> Pig Yǐhaì </Td> <Td> Horse Jiǎwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Guìchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Rènshēn + </Td> <Td> Rabbit Xīnmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Gēngxū − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey Gēngshēn + </Td> <Td> Rabbit Jǐmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Wùxū − </Td> <Td> Snake Dīngsì − </Td> <Td> Rat Bíngzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Yǐwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Jiǎyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Guìyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Rènchén </Td> <Td> Pig Xīnhaì − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster Xīnyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Gēngchén </Td> <Td> Pig Jǐhaì </Td> <Td> Horse Wùwǔ − </Td> <Td> Ox Dīngchǒu − </Td> <Td> Monkey Bíngshēn </Td> <Td> Rabbit Yǐmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Jiǎxū </Td> <Td> Snake Guìsì − </Td> <Td> Rat Rènzǐ − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 Jan </Td> <Td> Dog Rènxū </Td> <Td> Snake Xīnsì − </Td> <Td> Rat Gēngzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Jǐwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Wùyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Dīngyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Bíngchén </Td> <Td> Pig Yǐhaì </Td> <Td> Horse Jiǎwǔ − </Td> <Td> Ox Guìchǒu − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig Guìhaì + </Td> <Td> Horse Rènwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Xīnchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Gēngshēn + </Td> <Td> Rabbit Jǐmǎo + </Td> <Td> Dog Wùxū + </Td> <Td> Snake Dīngsì </Td> <Td> Rat ' Bíngzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Yǐwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Jiǎyín </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat Jiǎzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Guìwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Rènyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Xīnyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Gēngchén </Td> <Td> Pig Jǐhaì </Td> <Td> Horse Wùwǔ − </Td> <Td> Ox Dīngchǒu − </Td> <Td> Monkey Bíngshēn </Td> <Td> Rabbit Yǐmǎo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Ox Yǐchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Jiǎshēn + </Td> <Td> Rabbit Guìmǎo + </Td> <Td> Dog Rènxū + </Td> <Td> Snake Xīnsì </Td> <Td> Rat Gēngzǐ + </Td> <Td> Goat Jǐwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Wùyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Dīngyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Bíngchén + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger Bíngyín + </Td> <Td> Rooster Yǐyǒu + </Td> <Td> Dragon Jiǎchén + </Td> <Td> Pig Guìhaì + </Td> <Td> Horse Rènwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Xīnchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Gēngshēn </Td> <Td> Rabbit Jǐmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Wùxū </Td> <Td> Snake Dīngsì </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit Dīngmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Bíngxū </Td> <Td> Snake Yǐsì </Td> <Td> Rat Jiǎzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Guìwèi − </Td> <Td> Tiger Rènyín − </Td> <Td> Rooster Xīnyǒu − </Td> <Td> Dragon Gēngchén </Td> <Td> Pig Jǐhaì </Td> <Td> Horse Wùwǔ − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 Jan </Td> <Td> Dragon Wùchén + </Td> <Td> Pig Dīnghaì </Td> <Td> Horse Bíngwǔ − </Td> <Td> Ox Yǐchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Jiǎshēn </Td> <Td> Rabbit Guìmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Rènxū </Td> <Td> Snake Xīnsì − </Td> <Td> Rat Gēngzǐ </Td> <Td> Goat Jǐwèi − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake Jǐsì + </Td> <Td> Rat Wùzǐ + </Td> <Td> Goat Dīngwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Bíngyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Yǐyǒu </Td> <Td> Dragon Jiǎchén + </Td> <Td> Pig Guìhaì + </Td> <Td> Horse Rènwǔ </Td> <Td> Ox Xīnchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Gēngshēn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 Jan </Td> <Td> Horse Gēngwǔ + </Td> <Td> Ox Jǐchǒu </Td> <Td> Monkey Wùshēn + </Td> <Td> Rabbit Dīngmǎo </Td> <Td> Dog Bíngxū </Td> <Td> Snake Yǐsì </Td> <Td> Rat Jiǎzǐ + </Td> <Td> Goat Guìwèi </Td> <Td> Tiger Rènyín </Td> <Td> Rooster Xīnyǒu − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="11"> Note : a day later ; Note : a day earlier . Note : The New Year 's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb , a month later . Note : AM = anno Mínguó </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Mythology ( edit ) </H2> Hand - written Chinese New Year 's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people 's homes , Lijiang , Yunnan <P> According to tales and legends , the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian . Nian would eat villagers , especially children . One year , all the villagers decided to go hide from the beast . An old man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he 's going to stay the night , and decided to get revenge on the Nian . All the villagers thought he was insane . The old man put red papers up and set off firecrackers . The day after , the villagers came back to their town to see that nothing was destroyed . They assumed that the old man was a deity who came to save them . The villagers then understood that the Nian was afraid of the color red and loud noises . When the New Year was about to come , the villagers would wear red clothes , hang red lanterns , and red spring scrolls on windows and doors . People also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian . From then on , Nian never came to the village again . The Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu , an ancient Taoist monk . After that , Nian retreated to a nearby mountain . The name of the mountain has long been lost over the years . </P> <H2> Public holiday ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in a number of countries and territories where there is a sizable Chinese population . Since Chinese New Year falls on different dates on the Gregorian calendar every year on different days of the week , some of these governments opt to shift working days in order to accommodate a longer public holiday . In some countries , a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend , as in the case of 2013 , where the New Year 's Eve ( 9 February ) falls on Saturday and the New Year 's Day ( 10 February ) on Sunday . Depending on the country , the holiday may be termed differently ; common names are `` Chinese New Year '' , `` Lunar New Year '' , `` New Year Festival '' , and `` Spring Festival '' . </P> <P> For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year ( such as Korea 's Seollal and Vietnam 's Tết ) , see the article on Lunar New Year . </P> <P> For other countries where Chinese New Year is celebrated but not an official holiday , see the section below on Festivities outside China . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country and region </Th> <Th> Official name </Th> <Th> Description </Th> <Th> Number of days </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> Tahun Baru Cina </Td> <Td> New Year 's Eve ( half - day ) and New Year 's Day . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> Lunar New Year </Td> <Td> The first three days . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Tahun Baru Imlek ( Sin Cia ) </Td> <Td> New Year 's Day . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> Chinese New Year </Td> <Td> The first three days . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mainland China </Td> <Td> Spring Festival ( Chūn Jié ) </Td> <Td> The first 3 days . Usually , the Saturday before and the Sunday after Chinese New Year are declared working days , and the 2 additionally gained holidays are added to the official 3 days of holiday , so that people have 7 consecutive days , including weekends . </Td> <Td> 7 ( de jure ) 3 ( de facto ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Tahun Baru Cina </Td> <Td> The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> Bagong Taón ng mga Tsino </Td> <Td> New Year 's Day . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> Spring Festival </Td> <Td> New Year 's Eve and the first 3 working days . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> Chinese New Year </Td> <Td> The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> Lunar New Year </Td> <Td> The first 3 days . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Festivities ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Red couplets and red lanterns are displayed on the door frames and light up the atmosphere . The air is filled with strong Chinese emotions . In stores in Beijing , Shanghai , Wuhan , and other cities , products of traditional Chinese style have started to lead fashion trend ( s ) . Buy yourself a Chinese - style coat , get your kids tiger - head hats and shoes , and decorate your home with some beautiful red Chinese knots , then you will have an authentic Chinese - style Spring Festival . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> -- Xinwen Lianbo , January 2001 , quoted by Li Ren , Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the festival , people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests . Influenced by the flourished cultures , foods from different places look and taste totally different . Among them , the most well - known ones are dumplings from northern China and Tangyuan from southern China . </P> <H3> Preceding days ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the eighth day of the lunar month prior to Chinese New Year , the Laba holiday ( simplified Chinese : 腊八 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八 ; pinyin : làbā ) , a traditional porridge , Laba porridge ( simplified Chinese : 腊八粥 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八粥 ; pinyin : làbā zhōu ) , is served in remembrance of an ancient festival , called La , that occurred shortly after the winter solstice . Pickles such as Laba garlic , which turns green from vinegar , are also made on this day . For those that believe in Buddhism , the Laba holiday is also considered Bodhi Day . Layue ( simplified Chinese : 腊月 ; traditional Chinese : 臘月 ; pinyin : Làyuè ) is a term often associated with Chinese New Year as it refers to the sacrifices held in honor of the gods in the twelfth lunar month , hence the cured meats of Chinese New Year are known as larou ( simplified Chinese : 腊肉 ; traditional Chinese : 臘肉 ; pinyin : làròu ) . The porridge was prepared by the women of the household at first light , with the first bowl offered to the family 's ancestors and the household deities . Every member of the family was then served a bowl , with leftovers distributed to relatives and friends . It 's still served as a special breakfast on this day in some Chinese homes . The concept of the `` La month '' is similar to Advent in Christianity . Many families eat vegetarian on Chinese New Year eve , the garlic and preserved meat are eaten on Chinese New Year day . </P> Receive the Gods in Chinese New Year , ( 1900s ) <P> On the days immediately before the New Year celebration , Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning . There is a Cantonese saying `` Wash away the dirt on nin ya baat '' ( Chinese : 年 廿 八 , 洗 邋遢 ; pinyin : nián niàn bā , xǐ lātà ; Jyutping : nin4 jaa6 baat3 , sai2 laap6 taap3 ( laat6 taat3 ) ) , but the practice is not restricted to nin ya baat ( the 28th day of month 12 ) . It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck . Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck can not be swept away . Some people give their homes , doors and window - frames a new coat of red paint ; decorators and paper - hangers do a year - end rush of business prior to Chinese New Year . Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets . Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start . Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year , as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word `` hair '' ( fa ) and the word for `` prosperity '' . Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve , extending to debts of gratitude . Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates , and extended family members . </P> <P> In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent , home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly , and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts , to be replaced with new decorations . Taoists ( and Buddhists to a lesser extent ) will also `` send gods back to heaven '' ( Chinese : 送 神 ; pinyin : sòngshén ) , an example would be burning a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God , the recorder of family functions . This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family household 's transgressions and good deeds . Families often offer sweet foods ( such as candy ) in order to `` bribe '' the deities into reporting good things about the family . </P> <P> Prior to the Reunion Dinner , a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year . Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors , and those who had lived before them are revered . Some people do not give a Buddhist prayer due to the influence of Christianity , with a Christian prayer offered instead . </P> <H3> New Year 's Eve ( edit ) </H3> <P> The biggest event of any Chinese New Year 's Eve is the annual reunion dinner . Dishes consisting of special meats are served at the tables , as a main course for the dinner and offering for the New Year . This meal is comparable to Thanksgiving dinner in the U.S. and remotely similar to Christmas dinner in other countries with a high percentage of Christians . </P> <P> In northern China , it is customary to make dumplings ( jiaozi ) after dinner to eat around midnight . Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinese sycee . In contrast , in the South , it is customary to make a glutinous new year cake ( niangao ) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days . Niángāo ( Pinyin ) literally means `` new year cake '' with a homophonous meaning of `` increasingly prosperous year in year out '' . </P> <P> After dinner , some families go to local temples hours before the new year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year ; however in modern practice , many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the new year . Traditionally , firecrackers were lit to scare away evil spirits with the household doors sealed , not to be reopened until the new morning in a ritual called `` opening the door of fortune '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 财 门 ; traditional Chinese : 開 財 門 ; pinyin : kāicáimén ) . </P> <P> Beginning in 1982 , the CCTV New Year 's Gala is broadcast in China four hours before the start of the New Year and lasts until the succeeding early morning . A tradition of going to bed late on New Year 's Eve , or even keeping awake the whole night and morning , known as shousui ( 守岁 ) , is still practised as it is thought to add on to one 's parents ' longevity . </P> <H3> First day ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth , officially beginning at midnight . It is a traditional practice to light fireworks , burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers and to make as much of a din as possible to chase off the evil spirits as encapsulated by nian of which the term Guo Nian was derived . Many Buddhists abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed to ensure longevity for them . Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Year 's Day , so all food to be consumed is cooked the days before . On this day , it is considered bad luck to use the broom , as good fortune is not to be `` swept away '' symbolically . </P> <P> Most importantly , the first day of Chinese New Year is a time to honor one 's elders and families visit the oldest and most senior members of their extended families , usually their parents , grandparents and great - grandparents . </P> <P> For Buddhists , the first day is also the birthday of Maitreya Bodhisattva ( better known as the more familiar Budai Luohan ) , the Buddha - to - be . People also abstain from killing animals . </P> Lion Dance for Chinese New Year celebration in Surabaya , Indonesia <P> Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises . Members of the family who are married also give red envelopes containing cash known as lai see ( Cantonese dialect ) or angpow ( Hokkien dialect / Fujian ) , or hongbao ( Mandarin ) , a form of blessings and to suppress the aging and challenges associated with the coming year , to junior members of the family , mostly children and teenagers . Business managers also give bonuses through red packets to employees for good luck , smooth - sailing , good health and wealth . </P> <P> While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular , some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards . For this reason , various city governments ( e.g. , Kowloon , Beijing , Shanghai for a number of years ) issued bans over fireworks and firecrackers in certain precincts of the city . As a substitute , large - scale fireworks display have been launched by governments in such city - states as Hong Kong and Singapore . However , it is a tradition that the indigenous peoples of the walled villages of New Territories , Hong Kong are permitted to light firecrackers and launch fireworks in a limited scale . </P> <H3> Second day ( edit ) </H3> Incense is burned at the graves of ancestors as part of the offering and prayer rituals . <P> The second day of the Chinese New Year , known as `` beginning of the year '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 年 ; traditional Chinese : 開 年 ; pinyin : kāinián ) , was when married daughters visited their birth parents , relatives and close friends . ( Traditionally , married daughters did n't have the opportunity to visit their birth families frequently . ) </P> <P> During the days of imperial China , `` beggars and other unemployed people circulate ( d ) from family to family , carrying a picture ( of the God of Wealth ) shouting , `` Cai Shen dao ! '' ( The God of Wealth has come ! ) . '' Householders would respond with `` lucky money '' to reward the messengers . Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a ' Hoi Nin ' prayer to start their business on the 2nd day of Chinese New Year so they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year . </P> <P> As this day is believed to be The Birthday of Che Kung , a deity worshipped in Hong Kong , worshippers go to Che Kung Temples to pray for his blessing . A representative from the government asks Che Kung about the city 's fortune through kau cim . </P> <H3> Third day ( edit ) </H3> <P> The third day is known as `` red mouth '' ( Chinese : 赤口 ; pinyin : Chìkǒu ) . Chikou is also called `` Chigou 's Day '' ( Chinese : 赤 狗 日 ; pinyin : Chìgǒurì ) . Chigou , literally `` red dog '' , is an epithet of `` the God of Blazing Wrath '' ( Chinese : 熛 怒 之 神 ; pinyin : Biāo nù zhī shén ) . Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires . It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting . Hakka villagers in rural Hong Kong in the 1960s called it the Day of the Poor Devil and believed everyone should stay at home . This is also considered a propitious day to visit the temple of the God of Wealth and have one 's future told . </P> <H3> Fourth day ( edit ) </H3> <P> In those communities that celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days , the fourth day is when corporate `` spring dinners '' kick off and business returns to normal . Other areas that have a longer Chinese New Year holiday will celebrate and welcome the gods that were previously sent on this day . </P> <H3> Fifth day ( edit ) </H3> <P> This day is the god of Wealth 's birthday . In northern China , people eat jiaozi , or dumplings , on the morning of powu ( Chinese : 破五 ; pinyin : pòwǔ ) . In Taiwan , businesses traditionally re-open on the next day ( the sixth day ) , accompanied by firecrackers . </P> <P> It is also common in China that on the 5th day people will shoot off firecrackers to get Guan Yu 's attention , thus ensuring his favor and good fortune for the new year . </P> <H3> Seventh day ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Renri <P> The seventh day , traditionally known as Renri ( the common person 's birthday ) , is the day when everyone grows one year older . In some overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia , such as Malaysia and Singapore , it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad , yusheng , is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity . </P> <P> For many Chinese Buddhists , this is another day to avoid meat , the seventh day commemorating the birth of Sakra , lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology who is analogous to the Jade Emperor . </P> Chinese New Year 's celebrations , on the eighth day , in the Metro Vancouver suburb of Richmond , British Columbia , Canada . <H3> Eighth day ( edit ) </H3> <P> Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor , the ruler of heaven . People normally return to work by the eighth day , therefore the Store owners will host a lunch / dinner with their employees , thanking their employees for the work they have done for the whole year . </P> <P> Approaching 12 midnight on this day , Hokkien people prepare for the `` Jade Emperor ritual '' ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) during which incense is burnt and food offerings made to the Jade Emperor and also to Zao Jun , the Kitchen god who reports on each family to the Jade Emperor . </P> <P> Some people will hold a ritual prayer after midnight on the eighth day . In Malaysia , especially , people light fireworks , often more than on the first day . </P> <P> This practice of Bai Ti Gong can also be seen in Singapore and Indonesia , especially in Hokkien - speaking chinese areas like Sumatra . </P> <H3> Ninth day ( edit ) </H3> <P> The ninth day of the New Year is a day for Chinese to offer prayers to the Jade Emperor of Heaven in the Daoist Pantheon . The ninth day is traditionally the birthday of the Jade Emperor . This day , called Ti Kong Dan ( Hokkien : 天公 诞 Thin - kong Tan ) , Ti Kong Si ( Hokkien : 天公 生 Thin - kong Sin ) or Pai Ti Kong ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) , is especially important to Hokkiens , even more important than the first day of the Chinese New Year . </P> <P> Come midnight of the eighth day of the new year , Hokkiens will offer thanks to the Emperor of Heaven . A prominent requisite offering is sugarcane . Legend holds that the Hokkien were spared from a massacre by Japanese pirates by hiding in a sugarcane plantation during the eighth and ninth days of the Chinese New Year , coinciding with the Jade Emperor 's birthday . Since `` sugarcane '' ( Hokkien : 甘蔗 kam - chià ) is a near homonym to `` thank you '' ( Hokkien : 感谢 kám - siā ) in the Hokkien dialect , Hokkiens offer sugarcane on the eve of his birthday , symbolic of their gratitude . </P> <P> In the morning of this birthday ( traditionally anytime from midnight to 7 am ) , Taiwanese households set up an altar table with 3 layers : one top ( containing offertories of six vegetables ( Chinese : 六 斋 ; pinyin : liù zhāi ) , noodles , fruits , cakes , tangyuan , vegetable bowls , and unripe betel , all decorated with paper lanterns ) and two lower levels ( containing the five sacrifices and wines ) to honor the deities below the Jade Emperor . The household then kneels three times and kowtows nine times to pay obeisance and wish him a long life . </P> <P> Incense , tea , fruit , vegetarian food or roast pig , and gold paper is served as a customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person . </P> <H3> Tenth day ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Jade Emperor 's party is celebrated on this day . </P> <H3> Fifteenth day ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as `` Yuanxiao Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 元宵 节 ; traditional Chinese : 元宵 節 ; pinyin : Yuán xiāo jié ) , also known as `` Shangyuan Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 上 元 节 ; traditional Chinese : 上 元 節 ; pinyin : Shàng yuán jié ) or the Lantern Festival ( otherwise known as Chap Goh Mei Chinese : 十 五 暝 ; pinyin : Shíwǔmíng ; literally : `` the fifteen night '' in Fujian dialect ) . Rice dumplings tangyuan ( simplified Chinese : 汤圆 ; traditional Chinese : 湯圓 ; pinyin : tang yuán ) , a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup , are eaten this day . Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home . This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival , and families walk the street carrying lighted lanterns . </P> <P> In China , Malaysia , and Singapore , this day is celebrated by individuals seeking a romantic partner , akin to Valentine 's Day . Nowadays , single women write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw them in a river or a lake after which single men collect the oranges and eat them . The taste is an indication of their possible love : sweet represents a good fate while sour represents a bad fate . </P> <P> This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities . </P> <H2> Traditional food ( edit ) </H2> One version of niangao , Chinese New Year cake <P> A reunion dinner , named as `` Nian Ye Fan '' , is held on New Year 's Eve during which family members gather for a celebration . The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family . The New Year 's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat ( namely , pork and chicken ) and fish . Most reunion dinners also feature a communal hot pot as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal . Most reunion dinners ( particularly in the Southern regions ) also prominently feature specialty meats ( e.g. wax - cured meats like duck and Chinese sausage ) and seafood ( e.g. lobster and abalone ) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year . In most areas , fish ( traditional Chinese : 魚 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 ; pinyin : yú ) is included , but not eaten completely ( and the remainder is stored overnight ) , as the Chinese phrase `` may there be surpluses every year '' ( traditional Chinese : 年 年 有餘 ; simplified Chinese : 年 年 有余 ; pinyin : niánnián yǒu yú ) sounds the same as `` let there be fish every year . '' Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number . If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family , seven dishes are served . </P> <P> Red packets for the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner . These packets often contain money in certain numbers that reflect good luck and honorability . Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth , happiness , and good fortune . Several of the Chinese food names are homophones for words that also mean good things . </P> <P> Like many other New Year dishes , certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients also have similar - sounding names with prosperity , good luck , or even counting money . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Food item </Th> <Th> Description </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buddha 's delight </Td> <Td> An elaborate vegetarian dish served by Chinese families on the eve and the first day of the New Year . A type of black hair - like algae , pronounced `` fat choy '' in Cantonese , is also featured in the dish for its name , which sounds like `` prosperity '' . Hakkas usually serve kiu nyuk ( Chinese : 扣 肉 ; pinyin : kòuròu ) and ngiong teu fu . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicken </Td> <Td> Boiled chicken is served because it is figured that any family , no matter how humble their circumstances , can afford a chicken for Chinese New Year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fish </Td> <Td> Is usually eaten or merely displayed on the eve of Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of fish ( 魚 yú ) makes it a homophone for `` surpluses '' ( 餘 yú ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leek </Td> <Td> Is usually served in a dish with rondelles of Chinese sausage or Chinese cured meat during Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of leek ( 蒜苗 / 大蒜 Suàn miáo / Dà suàn ) makes it a homophone for `` calculating ( money ) '' ( 算 Suàn ) . The Chinese cured meat is so chosen because it is traditionally the primary method for storing meat over the winter and the meat rondelles resemble coins . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jau gok </Td> <Td> The main Chinese new year dumpling for Cantonese families . It is believed to resemble a sycee or yuánbǎo , the old Chinese gold and silver ingots , and to represent prosperity for the coming year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jiaozi </Td> <Td> The common dumpling eaten in northern China , also believed to resemble sycee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mandarin oranges </Td> <Td> Oranges , particularly mandarin oranges , are a common fruit during Chinese New Year . They are particularly associated with the festival in southern China , where its name is a homophone of the word for `` luck '' in dialects such as Teochew ( in which 橘 , jú , and 吉 , jí , are both pronounced gik ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melon seed / Guazi ( Chinese : 瓜子 ; pinyin : guāzi ) </Td> <Td> Other variations include sunflower , pumpkin and other seeds . It symbolizes fertility and having many children . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niangao </Td> <Td> Most popular in eastern China ( Jiangsu , Zhejiang and Shanghai ) because its pronunciation is a homophone for `` a more prosperous year ( 年 高 lit . year high ) '' . Niangao is also popular in the Philippines because of its large Chinese population and is known as tikoy ( Chinese : 甜 粿 , from Min Nan ) there . Known as Chinese New Year pudding , niangao is made up of glutinous rice flour , wheat starch , salt , water , and sugar . The color of the sugar used determines the color of the pudding ( white or brown ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noodles </Td> <Td> Families may serve uncut noodles ( making them as long as they can ) , which represent longevity and long life , though this practice is not limited to the new year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweets </Td> <Td> Sweets and similar dried fruit goods are stored in a red or black Chinese candy box . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rougan ( Yok Gon ) </Td> <Td> Chinese salty - sweet dried meat , akin to jerky , which is trimmed of the fat , sliced , marinated and then smoked for later consumption or as a gift . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taro cakes ( Chinese : 芋頭 糕 , yùtougāo ) </Td> <Td> Made from the vegetable taro , the cakes are cut into squares and often fried . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turnip cakes ( Chinese : 蘿蔔 糕 , luóbogāo ) </Td> <Td> A dish made of shredded radish and rice flour , usually fried and cut into small squares . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yusheng or Yee sang ( traditional Chinese : 魚 生 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 生 ; pinyin : yúshēng ) </Td> <Td> Raw fish salad . Eating this salad is said to bring good luck . This dish is usually eaten on the seventh day of the New Year , but may also be eaten throughout the period . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Practices ( edit ) </H2> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1928 , the ruling Kuomintang party in China decreed that Chinese New Year will fall on 1 Jan of the Gregorian Calendar , but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition from the populace . In 1967 during the Cultural Revolution , official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China . The State Council of the People 's Republic of China announced that the public should `` Change Customs '' , have a `` revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival '' , and since people needed to work on Chinese New Year Eve , they did n't have holidays during Spring Festival day . The public celebrations were reinstated by the time of the Chinese economic reform . </P> <H3> Red envelopes ( edit ) </H3> Red packets for sale in a market in Taipei , Taiwan , before the Year of the Rat Shoppers at a New Year market in Chinatown , Singapore <P> Traditionally , red envelopes or red packets ( Cantonese : lai sze or lai see ; 利 是 , 利 市 or 利 事 ; Pinyin : lìshì ; Mandarin : hóngbāo 红包 ; Hokkien : ang pow ; POJ : âng - pau ; Hakka : fung bao ) are passed out during the Chinese New Year 's celebrations , from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors . It is also common for adults or young couples to give red packets to children . </P> <P> During this period , red packets are also known as 壓歲錢 / 压岁钱 ( yàsuìqián , which was evolved from 壓 祟 錢 / 压 祟 钱 , literally , `` the money used to suppress or put down the evil spirit '' ) . </P> <P> Red packets almost always contain money , usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred . Per custom , the amount of money in the red packets should be of even numbers , as odd numbers are associated with cash given during funerals ( 帛 金 : báijīn ) . The number 8 is considered lucky ( for its homophone for `` wealth '' ) , and $8 is commonly found in the red envelopes in the US . The number six ( 六 , liù ) is also very lucky as it sounds like `` smooth '' ( 流 , liú ) , in the sense of having a smooth year . The number four ( 四 ) is the worst because its homophone is `` death '' ( 死 ) . Sometimes chocolate coins are found in the red packets . </P> <P> Odd and even numbers are determined by the first digit , rather than the last . Thirty and fifty , for example , are odd numbers and are thus appropriate as funeral cash gifts . However , it is common and quite acceptable to have cash gifts in a red packet using a single bank note -- with ten or fifty yuan bills used frequently . It is customary for the bills to be brand new printed money . Everything regarding the New Year has to be new in order to have good luck and fortune . </P> <P> The act of asking for red packets is normally called ( Mandarin ) : 讨 紅包 tǎo - hóngbāo , 要 利 是 or ( Cantonese ) : 逗 利 是 . A married person would not turn down such a request as it would mean that he or she would be `` out of luck '' in the new year . Red packets are generally given by established married couples to the younger non-married children of the family . It is custom and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness , health and good fortune before accepting the red envelope . Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune . </P> <P> In Taiwan in the 2000s , some employers also gave red packets as a bonus to maids , nurses or domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries , although whether this is appropriate is controversial . </P> <P> The Japanese have a similar tradition of giving money during the New Year , called Otoshidama . </P> <H3> Gift exchange ( edit ) </H3> Chinese candy box <P> In addition to red envelopes , which are usually given from older people to younger people , small gifts ( usually food or sweets ) are also exchanged between friends or relatives ( of different households ) during Chinese New Year . Gifts are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes . Common gifts include fruits ( typically oranges , and never pears ) , cakes , biscuits , chocolates , and candies . </P> <P> Certain items should not be given , as they are considered taboo . Taboo gifts include : </P> <Ul> <Li> items associated with funerals ( i.e. handkerchiefs , towels , chrysanthemums , items colored white and black ) </Li> <Li> items that show that time is running out ( i.e. clocks and watches ) </Li> <Li> sharp objects that symbolize cutting a tie ( i.e. scissors and knives ) </Li> <Li> items that symbolize that you want to walk away from a relationship ( examples : shoes and sandals ) </Li> <Li> mirrors </Li> <Li> homonyms for unpleasant topics ( examples : `` clock '' sounds like `` the funeral ritual '' , green hats because `` wear a green hat '' sounds like `` cuckold '' , `` handkerchief '' sounds like `` goodbye '' , `` pear '' sounds like `` separate '' , and `` umbrella '' sounds like `` disperse '' ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Markets ( edit ) </H3> <P> Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching . These usually open - air markets feature new year related products such as flowers , toys , clothing , and even fireworks and firecrackers . It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations . In some places , the practice of shopping for the perfect plum tree is not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying a Christmas tree . </P> <P> Hong Kong filmmakers also release `` New Year celebration films '' ( 賀歲 片 ) , mostly comedies , at this time of year . </P> <H3> Fireworks ( edit ) </H3> A Chinese man setting off fireworks during Chinese New Year in Shanghai . <P> Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that was burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits . In modern times , this method has eventually evolved into the use of firecrackers during the festive season . Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down . Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers , as red is auspicious , with gunpowder in its core . Once ignited , the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and , as they are usually strung together by the hundreds , the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits . The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations . </P> Firecracker ban ( edit ) <P> The use of firecrackers , although a traditional part of the celebration , has over the years led to many unfortunate outcomes . There have been reported incidents every year of users of fireworks being blinded , losing body parts , or suffering other grievous injuries , especially during the Chinese New Year season . Hence , many governments and authorities eventually enacted laws completely banning the use of firecrackers privately , primarily because of safety issues . </P> <Ul> <Li> Taiwan -- Beginning 2008 , firecrackers are banned in urban areas , but still allowed in rural areas . </Li> <Li> Mainland China -- As of 2008 , most urban areas in mainland China permit firecrackers . In the first three days of the traditional New Year , it is a tradition that people compete with each other by playing with firecrackers . However , many urban areas banned them in the 1990s . For example , they were banned in Beijing 's urban districts from 1993 to 2005 . In 2004 , 37 people were killed in a stampede when four million people gathered for a rumoured Lantern Festival firework display in nearby Miyun . Since the ban was lifted , the firecracker barrage has been tremendous . In Beijing , firecrackers are typically not allowed inside the 5th ring road . But this is overlooked by authorities for the holiday , provided there are no government buildings nearby ; some residents in major cities look down on street - level fireworks from their tower blocks . Bans are rare in rural areas . </Li> <Li> Vietnam -- 1996 , fireworks were banned across the country because of its dangers . </Li> <Li> Hong Kong -- Fireworks are banned for security reasons -- some speculate a connection between firework use and the 1967 Leftist Riot . However , the government would put on a fireworks display in Victoria Harbour on the second day of the Chinese New Year for the public . Similar displays are also held in many other cities in and outside China . </Li> <Li> Singapore -- a partial ban on firecrackers was imposed in March 1970 after a fire killed six people and injured 68 . This was extended to a total ban in August 1972 , after an explosion that killed two people and an attack on two police officers attempting to stop a group from letting off firecrackers in February 1972 . As a result of this ban , the Chingay Parade was set up to preserve the spirit and culture . However , in 2003 , the government allowed firecrackers to be set off during the festive season . At the Chinese New Year light - up in Chinatown , at the stroke of midnight on the first day of the Chinese New Year , firecrackers are set off under controlled conditions by the Singapore Tourism Board with assistance from demolition experts from the Singapore Armed Forces . Other occasions where firecrackers are allowed to be set off are determined by the tourism board or other government organizations . However , they are not allowed to be commercially sold . </Li> <Li> Malaysia -- firecrackers are banned for the similar reasons as in Singapore . However , many Malaysians manage to smuggle them from Thailand and the Philippines to meet their private needs . </Li> <Li> Indonesia -- Firecrackers and fireworks are forbidden in public during the Chinese New Year , especially in areas with a significant non-Chinese population in order to avoid any conflict between the two . However , there were some exceptions . The usage of firecrackers is legal in some metropolitan areas such as Jakarta and Medan , where the degree of racial and cultural tolerance is higher . </Li> <Li> United States -- In 2007 , New York City lifted its decades - old ban on firecrackers , allowing a display of 300,000 firecrackers to be set off in Chinatown 's Chatham Square . Under the supervision of the fire and police departments , Chinatown , Los Angeles regularly lights firecrackers every New Year 's Eve , mostly at temples and the shrines of benevolent associations . The San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade , the largest outside China , is accompanied by numerous firecrackers , both officially sanctioned and illicit . </Li> <Li> Australia -- Australia , except the Northern Territory , does not allow use of fireworks at all , except when used by a licensed pyrotechnician . These rules also need a permit from local government , and from any relevant local bodies such as maritime or aviation authorities ( as relevant to the types of fireworks being used ) and hospitals , schools , etc. , within a certain range . </Li> <Li> Philippines -- Despite the rise in firecracker - related injuries in 2009 , the Department of Health has acknowledged that a total ban on firecrackers in the country will be hard to implement . Davao City , the first city in the country to impose a firecracker ban , has enjoyed injury - free celebrations for at least the last 15 years . Their ban has been in effect since 2002 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Happy New Year ! '' ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ; pinyin : Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya ; literally : `` New Year 's Good , Ya '' ) is a popular children 's song for the New Year holiday . The melody is similar to the American folk song , Oh My Darling , Clementine . </P> <Ul> <Li> Chorus : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Happy New Year ! Happy New Year ! ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ! 新年 好 呀 ! ; pinyin : Xīnnián hǎo ya ! Xīnnián hǎo ya ! ) </Dd> <Dd> Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) </Dd> <Dd> We are singing ; we are dancing . ( Chinese : 我们 唱歌 , 我们 跳舞. ; pinyin : Wǒmen chànggē , wǒmen tiàowǔ . ) </Dd> <Dd> Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Clothing ( edit ) </H3> Girls dressed in red ( Hong Kong ) . <P> Clothing mainly featuring the color red or bright colors is commonly worn throughout the Chinese New Year because it was once believed that red could scare away evil spirits and bad fortune . In addition , people typically wear new clothes from head to toe to symbolize a new beginning in the new year . Wearing new clothes also symbolizes having more than enough things to use and wear in the new year . Red is a color of good luck . </P> <H3> Family portrait ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some places , the taking of a family portrait is an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered . The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house . The most senior male head of the family sits in the center . </P> <H3> Symbolism ( edit ) </H3> See also : Fu character An inverted character fu is a sign of arriving blessings . <P> As with all cultures , Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning . One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the red diamond - shaped fu characters ( Chinese : 福 ; pinyin : fú ; Cantonese Yale : fuk1 ; literally : `` blessings , happiness '' ) , which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes . This sign is usually seen hanging upside down , since the Chinese word dao ( Chinese : 倒 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` upside down '' ) , is homophonous or nearly homophonous with ( Chinese : 到 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` arrive '' ) in all varieties of Chinese . Therefore , it symbolizes the arrival of luck , happiness , and prosperity . </P> <P> For the Cantonese - speaking people , if the fu sign is hung upside down , the implied dao ( upside down ) sounds like the Cantonese word for `` pour '' , producing `` pour the luck ( away ) '' , which would usually symbolize bad luck ; this is why the fu character is not usually hung upside - down in Cantonese communities . </P> <P> Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations . Red is the emblem of joy , and this color also symbolizes virtue , truth and sincerity . On the Chinese opera stage , a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor . Candies , cakes , decorations and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are colored red . The sound of the Chinese word for `` red '' ( simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng ; Cantonese Yale : hung4 ) is in Mandarin homophonous with the word for `` prosperous '' . Therefore , red is an auspicious color and has an auspicious sound . </P> <H3> Nianhua ( edit ) </H3> Chinese New Year festival in Chinatown , Boston <P> Nianhua can be a form of Chinese colored woodblock printing , for decoration during Chinese New Year . </P> <H3> Flowers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets . </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Floral Decor </Th> <Th> Meaning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plum Blossom </Td> <Td> symbolizes luckiness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kumquat </Td> <Td> symbolizes prosperity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Narcissus </Td> <Td> symbolizes prosperity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bamboo </Td> <Td> a plant used for any time of year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sunflower </Td> <Td> means to have a good year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eggplant </Td> <Td> a plant to heal all of your sicknesses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chom Mon Plant </Td> <Td> a plant which gives you tranquility </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Icons and ornaments ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Icons </Th> <Th> Meaning </Th> <Th> Illustrations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lanterns </Td> <Td> These lanterns that differ from those of Mid-Autumn Festival in general . They will be red in color and tend to be oval in shape . These are the traditional Chinese paper lanterns . Those lanterns , used on the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year for the Lantern Festival , are bright , colorful , and in many different sizes and shapes . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Decorations </Td> <Td> Decorations generally convey a New Year greeting . They are not advertisements . Fai Chun -- Chinese calligraphy of auspicious Chinese idioms on typically red posters -- are hung on doorways and walls . Other decorations include a New year picture , Chinese knots , and papercutting and couplets . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon dance and Lion dance </Td> <Td> Dragon and lion dances are common during Chinese New Year . It is believed that the loud beats of the drum and the deafening sounds of the cymbals together with the face of the Dragon or lion dancing aggressively can evict bad or evil spirits . Lion dances are also popular for opening of businesses in Hong Kong and Macau . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortune gods </Td> <Td> Cai Shen Ye , Che Kung , etc . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Spring travel ( edit ) </H3> Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station Main article : Chunyun <P> Traditionally , families gather together during the Chinese New Year . In modern China , migrant workers in China travel home to have reunion dinners with their families on Chinese New Year 's Eve . Owing to a large number of interprovincial travelers , special arrangements were made by railways , buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year 's Day . This 40 - day period is called chunyun , and is known as the world 's largest annual migration . More interurban trips are taken in mainland China in this period than the total population of China . </P> <P> In Taiwan , spring travel is also a major event . The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is in a north - south direction : long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in the rural south . Transportation in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and its islands is less convenient . Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links , mostly for `` Taiwanese businessmen '' to return to Taiwan for the new year . </P> <H2> Festivities outside Greater China ( edit ) </H2> Decorations on the occasion of Chinese New Year - River Hongbao 2016 , Singapore <P> Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries with significant Chinese populations . These include countries throughout Asia , Oceania , and North America . Sydney , London , and San Francisco claim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America . </P> <H3> Southeast Asia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some countries of Southeast Asia , Chinese New Year is a national public holiday and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year . Chinese New Year 's Eve is typically a half - day holiday for Malaysia and Singapore . The biggest celebrations take place in Malaysia ( notably in Kuala Lumpur , George Town and Klang ) and Singapore . </P> Gaya Street in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia filled with Chinese lanterns during the New Year celebration . <P> In Singapore , Chinese New Year is accompanied by various festive activities . One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations . In 2010 , this included a Festive Street Bazaar , nightly staged shows at Kreta Ayer Square and a lion dance competition . The Chingay Parade also features prominently in the celebrations . It is an annual street parade in Singapore , well known for its colorful floats and wide variety of cultural performances . The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party , multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition . </P> Lanterns hanged around Senapelan street , the Pekanbaru Chinatown <P> Chinese New Year is considered to be the most important festival for Filipino - Chinese in the Philippines , and its celebration has also extended to the non-Chinese majority Filipinos . In 2012 , Chinese New Year was included in public holidays in the Philippines , which is only the New Year 's Day itself . </P> <P> Chinese New Year , officially named Tahun Baru Imlek or Sin Cia in Hokkien , has also been celebrated by Chinese - Indonesians since 1999 after President Suharto stepped down . It was declared as a 1 - day public holiday in 2003 and the other two days were unofficial Chinese New Year holidays , celebrated by all Indonesians ( 2 days ) and Chinese Indonesians ( 3 days ) . Big Chinese population cities and towns like Jakarta , Medan , Singkawang , Pangkal Pinang , Binjai , Bagansiapiapi , Tanjungbalai , Pematangsiantar , Selat Panjang , Tanjung Pinang , Batam , Ketapang and Pontianak always have its own New Year 's celebration every years with parade and fireworks . A lot shopping malls decorated its building with lantern , Chinese words and lion or dragon with red and gold as main color . Lion dance is a common sight around Chinese houses , temples and its shophouses . Usually , the Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist Chinese will burn a big incesce made by aloeswood with dragon - decorated at front of their house. The temple is open 24 hours at the first day , their also distributes a red envelopes and sometimes rice , fruits or sugar to the poor around . </P> <H3> Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) </H3> Melbourne : Chinese New Year in Chinatown <P> With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia , Sydney also claims to have the largest Chinese New Year Celebrations outside of Asia with over 600,000 people attending the celebrations in Chinatown annually . The events there span over three weeks including the launch celebration , outdoor markets , evening street food stalls , Chinese top opera performances , dragon boat races , a film festival and multiple parades that incorporate Chinese , Japanese , Korean people and Vietnamese performers . More than 100,000 people attend notably the main parade with over 3,500 performers . The festival also attracts international media coverage , reaching millions of viewers in Asia . The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year . Apart from Sydney , other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to large number of Chinese residents . The cities include : Brisbane , Adelaide , Melbourne Box Hill and Perth . The common activities are lion dance , dragon dance , New Year market , and food festival . In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray , Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as the April New Year celebrations of the Thais , Cambodians , Laotians and other Asian Australian communities who celebrate the New Year in either January / February or April . </P> <P> The city of Wellington hosts a two - day weekend festival for Chinese New Year , and a one - day festival is held in Dunedin , centred on the city 's Chinese gardens . </P> <H3> North America ( edit ) </H3> Play media Chinese lunar new year in Washington DC <P> Many cities in North America sponsor official parades for Chinese New Year . Among the cities with such parades are San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York City , Boston , Chicago , Mexico City , Toronto , and Vancouver . However , even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration , such as Butte , Montana , have recently hosted parades . </P> New York ( edit ) <P> Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week - long Lunar New Year celebration . The festivities include cultural festival , music concert , fireworks on the Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate , and special exhibits . In June 2015 , New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday . </P> California ( edit ) Lion costume for New Year parade , Los Angeles , 1953 <P> The San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is the oldest and largest event of its kind outside of Asia , and the largest Asian cultural event in North America . </P> <P> The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route , respectively . The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco . In 1849 , with the discovery of gold and the ensuing California Gold Rush , over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life . Among those were many Chinese , who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad . By the 1860s , the residents of San Francisco 's Chinatown were eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with ( or hostile towards ) it . The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favorite American tradition -- the parade . They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate , and they marched down what today are Grant Avenue and Kearny Street carrying colorful flags , banners , lanterns , drums , and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits . </P> <P> In San Francisco , over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958 . The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers . </P> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> London : Chinatown with Chinese New Year decoration <P> In London , the celebrations take place throughout Chinatown , Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square . Festivities include a parade , cultural feast , fireworks , concerts and performances . The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers . </P> <P> In Paris , the celebrations are held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performances and the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the 13th arrondissement . </P> <H3> India and Pakistan ( edit ) </H3> Chinese New Year 2014 Celebration in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata <P> Many celebrate the festival in Chinatown , Kolkata , India where a significant community of people of Chinese origin exists . In Kolkata , Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance . </P> <P> In Pakistan , the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizable Chinese expatriate community that lives in the country . During the festival , the Chinese embassy in Islamabad arranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate . </P> <H2> Greetings ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud , enthusiastic greetings , often referred to as 吉祥 話 ( jíxiánghuà ) in Mandarin or 吉利 說話 ( Kat Lei Seut Wa ) in Cantonese , loosely translated as auspicious words or phrases . New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper , referred to as chunlian ( 春聯 ) or fai chun ( 揮 春 ) , is another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes . They probably predate the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , but did not become widespread until then . Today , they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year . </P> <P> Some of the most common greetings include : </P> <Ul> <Li> simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ; pinyin : Xīnniánkuàilè ; Jyutping : san1 nin4 faai3 lok6 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Sin - nî khòai - lo̍k ; Hakka : Sin Ngen Kai Lok ; Taishanese : Slin Nen Fai Lok . A more contemporary greeting reflective of Western influences , it literally translates from the greeting `` Happy new year '' more common in the west . But in northern parts of China , traditionally people say simplified Chinese : 过年 好 ; traditional Chinese : 過年 好 ; pinyin : Guònián Hǎo instead of simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ( Xīnniánkuàile ) , to differentiate it from the international new year . And 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) can be used from the first day to the fifth day of Chinese New Year . However , 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) is considered very short and therefore somewhat discourteous . Gong Hei Fat Choi at Lee Theatre Plaza , Hong Kong </Li> <Li> simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 ; traditional Chinese : 恭喜 發財 ; pinyin : Gōngxǐfācái ; Hokkien : Kiong hee huat chai ( POJ : Kiong - hí hoat - châi ) ; Cantonese : Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 ; Hakka : Gung hee fatt choi , which loosely translates to `` Congratulations and be prosperous '' . Often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with `` Happy New Year '' , its usage dates back several centuries . While the first two words of this phrase had a much longer historical significance ( legend has it that the congratulatory messages were traded for surviving the ravaging beast of Nian , in practical terms it may also have meant surviving the harsh winter conditions ) , the last two words were added later as ideas of capitalism and consumerism became more significant in Chinese societies around the world . The saying is now commonly heard in English speaking communities for greetings during Chinese New Year in parts of the world where there is a sizable Chinese - speaking community , including overseas Chinese communities that have been resident for several generations , relatively recent immigrants from Greater China , and those who are transit migrants ( particularly students ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Numerous other greetings exist , some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations . For example , as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious , one may then say 歲 歲 平安 ( Suìsuì - píng'ān ) immediately , which means `` everlasting peace year after year '' . Suì ( 歲 ) , meaning `` age '' is homophonous with 碎 ( suì ) ( meaning `` shatter '' ) , in the demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases . Similarly , 年 年 有餘 ( niánnián yǒu yú ) , a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year , plays on the word yú that can also refer to 魚 ( yú meaning fish ) , making it a catch phrase for fish - based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts . </P> <P> The most common auspicious greetings and sayings consist of four characters , such as the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> 金玉 滿堂 Jīnyùmǎntáng -- `` May your wealth ( gold and jade ) come to fill a hall '' </Li> <Li> 大 展 鴻圖 Dàzhǎnhóngtú -- `` May you realize your ambitions '' </Li> <Li> 迎春 接 福 Yíngchúnjiēfú -- `` Greet the New Year and encounter happiness '' </Li> <Li> 萬事 如意 Wànshìrúyì -- `` May all your wishes be fulfilled '' </Li> <Li> 吉慶 有餘 Jíqìngyǒuyú -- `` May your happiness be without limit '' </Li> <Li> 竹 報 平安 Zhúbàopíng'ān -- `` May you hear ( in a letter ) that all is well '' </Li> <Li> 一本萬利 Yīběnwànlì -- `` May a small investment bring ten - thousandfold profits '' </Li> <Li> 福 壽 雙全 Fúshòushuāngquán -- `` May your happiness and longevity be complete '' </Li> <Li> 招財 進 寶 Zhāocáijìnbǎo -- `` When wealth is acquired , precious objects follow '' </Li> </Ul> <P> These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets , when gifts are exchanged , when visiting temples , or even when tossing the shredded ingredients of yusheng particularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore . Children and their parents can also pray in the temple , in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come . </P> <P> Children and teenagers sometimes jokingly use the phrase 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 拿 來 ( in Traditional Chinese ; Simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 , 红包 拿 来 ; Pinyin : gōngxǐfācái , hóngbāo nálái ; Cantonese : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 ; Jyutping : gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 , lei6 si6 dau6 loi4 ) , roughly translated as `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope ! '' . In Hakka the saying is more commonly said as ' Gung hee fatt choi , hung bao diu loi ' which would be written as 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 逗 來 -- a mixture of the Cantonese and Mandarin variants of the saying . </P> <P> Back in the 1960s , children in Hong Kong used to say 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 斗 零 唔 愛 ( Cantonese , Gung Hei Fat Choy , Lai Si Tau Loi , Tau Ling M Ngoi ) , which was recorded in the pop song Kowloon Hong Kong by Reynettes in 1966 . Later in the 1970s , children in Hong Kong used the saying : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 伍 毫 嫌 少 , 壹 蚊 唔 愛 ( Cantonese ) , roughly translated as , `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope , fifty cents is too little , do n't want a dollar either . '' It basically meant that they disliked small change -- coins which were called `` hard substance '' ( Cantonese : 硬 嘢 ) . Instead , they wanted `` soft substance '' ( Cantonese : 軟 嘢 ) , which was either a ten dollar or a twenty dollar note . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Overseas Chinese </Li> <Li> Lunar New Year fireworks display in Hong Kong </Li> <Li> The Birthday of Che Kung </Li> <Li> Celebrations of Lunar New Year in other parts of Asia : <Ul> <Li> Korean New Year ( Seollal ) </Li> <Li> Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) </Li> <Li> Mongolian New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) </Li> <Li> Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) </Li> <Li> Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Similar Asian Lunisolar New Year celebrations that occur in April : <Ul> <Li> Burmese New Year ( Thingyan ) </Li> <Li> Cambodian New Year ( Chaul Chnam Thmey ) </Li> <Li> Lao New Year ( Pii Mai ) </Li> <Li> Sri Lankan New Year ( Aluth Avuruddu ) </Li> <Li> Thai New Year ( Songkran ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chinese New Year Gregorian Holiday in Malaysia <Ul> <Li> Malaysia Chinese New Year </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 农历 新年 ; traditional Chinese : 農曆 新年 ; pinyin : nóng lì xīn nián , simplified Chinese : 中国 新年 ; traditional Chinese : 中國 新年 ; pinyin : zhōng guó xīn nián </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 春节 ; traditional Chinese : 春節 ; pinyin : Chūn Jié </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asia welcomes lunar New Year '' . BBC . 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 中國 古代 歲 首 分 那 幾 種 ? 各 以 何 為 起點 ? ( In ancient China , how to decide the starting point of a year ? ) ( in Chinese ) . Central Weather Bureau . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ And extremely rarely , 21 February , such as in 2033 , the first occurrence since the 1645 calendar reform -- Helmer Aslaksen , `` The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2011 '' . VisitSingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Festivals , Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius '' . Mauritius Tourism Authority . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philippines adds Chinese New Year to holidays -- Yahoo ! News Philippines '' . Ph.news.yahoo.com. 2 December 2011 . 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Chinesenewyear.co.nz . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock for Year of the Rooster '' . www.odt.co.nz. 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco '' . Chineseparade.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Golden Dragon Parade '' . Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Los Angeles . 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cross , Heather . `` Chinese Lunar New Year in New York City : 2015 -- Do n't miss out on Lunar New Year festivities in NYC '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Chinatown , Boston '' . Chinatown Main Street . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce Events '' . Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce . 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Realizarán desfile en DF por Año Nuevo chino '' . El Universal . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Parade in Vancouver '' . Seechinatown.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhein , Jamie ( 16 February 2007 ) . `` A Chinese New Year Parade in Butte , Montana ? Sure '' . Gadling.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fireworks Fly on Hudson River For Chinese Lunar New Year '' . CBSNewYork. 17 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` With Lunar New Year Show , Another Link to China for a New York Fireworks Family '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ; Grynbaum , Michael M. ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Mayor de Blasio to Make Lunar New Year a School Holiday '' . New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year festival & Parade '' . chineseparade.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best San Francisco Bay Area Events , Weekends & Festivals 2013 '' . hiddensf.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2013 -- Year of the Snake starts in style '' . chinatownlondon.org. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` London 's Chinese New Year is More Chinese than Ever Before '' . londonnet.co.uk. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois à Paris 2013 '' . sortiraparis.com. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le grand défilé du Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iqbal , Myra ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Chinese New Year : Celebrating spring and all it brings '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chinese new year : Pakistan in photo show '' . The Express Tribune . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CELEBRATING THE CHINESE NEW YEAR WITH THE PAKISTAN - CHINA INSTITUTE '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year celebrated in Islamabad '' . CCTV English . 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 22 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Welch , Patricia Bjaaland ( 1997 ) . Chinese New Year . Oxford University Press . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Chinese New Year at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Public holidays in China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golden weeks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spring Festival </Li> <Li> National Day </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other holidays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Day </Li> <Li> Lantern Festival </Li> <Li> Qingming Festival </Li> <Li> Workers ' Day </Li> <Li> Duanwu Festival </Li> <Li> Mid-Autumn Festival </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Public holidays in Hong Kong </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Day </Li> <Li> Lunar New Year ( first 3 days of the period ) </Li> <Li> Ching Ming Festival </Li> <Li> Good Friday </Li> <Li> Holy Saturday </Li> <Li> Easter Monday </Li> <Li> Buddha 's Birthday </Li> <Li> Labour Day </Li> <Li> Tuen Ng Festival </Li> <Li> Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day </Li> <Li> Mid-Autumn Festival </Li> <Li> PRC National Day </Li> <Li> Chung Yeung Festival </Li> <Li> Christmas Day </Li> <Li> Boxing Day </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cancelled </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Queen 's Birthday </Li> <Li> Liberation Day </Li> <Li> Double Ten Day </Li> <Li> Remembrance Day </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chinese New Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Culture of China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nian </Li> <Li> Lion dance </Li> <Li> Dragon dance </Li> <Li> New Year picture </Li> <Li> Red envelope </Li> <Li> Reunion dinner </Li> <Li> Fireworks </Li> <Li> Firecracker </Li> <Li> Chinese dragon </Li> <Li> Fu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Food </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nian gao </Li> <Li> Spring pancake </Li> <Li> Jiaozi </Li> <Li> Bakkwa </Li> <Li> Buddha 's delight </Li> <Li> Fa gao </Li> <Li> Fat choy </Li> <Li> Yau gok </Li> <Li> Kralan </Li> <Li> Kuih </Li> <Li> Lotus seed </Li> <Li> Pineapple tart </Li> <Li> Squab </Li> <Li> Taro cake </Li> <Li> Turnip cake </Li> <Li> Yusheng </Li> <Li> Melon seed </Li> <Li> Mandarin orange </Li> <Li> Fish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CCTV New Year 's Gala </Li> <Li> Chinese calendar </Li> <Li> Chunyun </Li> <Li> Color in Chinese culture </Li> <Li> San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Golden Week </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> China portal </Li> <Li> Holidays portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_New_Year&oldid=828339522 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Buddhist holidays </Li> <Li> Chinese New Year </Li> <Li> Chinese - 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what does china do for the new year
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Chinese_New_Year&amp;oldid=828339522
7,148,486,871,589,849,000
United Kingdom national debt - wikipedia <H1> United Kingdom national debt </H1> Jump to : navigation , search UK Debt as a percentage of GDP 1993 -- 2015 <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Constitution ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution <Ul> <Li> Cabinet Manual </Li> <Li> Erskine May </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy <Ul> <Li> Monarch <Ul> <Li> Queen Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Heir apparent <Ul> <Li> The Prince of Wales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Royal family </Li> <Li> Succession to the British throne </Li> <Li> Royal prerogative </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) HM Government <Ul> <Li> Prime Minister <Ul> <Li> Theresa May </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cabinet <Ul> <Li> Current ministry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Her Majesty 's Civil Service </Li> <Li> Departments </Li> <Li> Executive agencies </Li> <Li> Public bodies </Li> </Ul> Privy Council <Ul> <Li> Crown - in - Council <Ul> <Li> Queen Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament <Ul> <Li> Queen Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> House of Lords <Ul> <Li> Lord Speaker <Ul> <Li> The Lord Fowler </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> House of Commons <Ul> <Li> Speaker <Ul> <Li> John Bercow </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leader of the Opposition <Ul> <Li> Jeremy Corbyn </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition </Li> <Li> Shadow Cabinet </Li> <Li> State Opening of Parliament </Li> <Li> Prime Minister 's Questions </Li> <Li> Act of Parliament </Li> <Li> Statutory Instruments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court <Ul> <Li> President <Ul> <Li> Lord Neuberger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deputy President <Ul> <Li> Lady Hale </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Judges of the Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Courts of England and Wales </Li> <Li> Courts of Scotland </Li> <Li> Courts of Northern Ireland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Devolution ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Joint Ministerial Committee </Li> <Li> Scotland <Ul> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Parliament </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wales <Ul> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> National Assembly </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Reserved matters </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland <Ul> <Li> Executive </Li> <Li> Assembly </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Administrative geography ( show ) <Ul> <Li> England <Ul> <Li> Subdivisions of England </Li> <Li> Local government in England </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Scotland <Ul> <Li> Subdivisions of Scotland </Li> <Li> Local government in Scotland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wales <Ul> <Li> Local government in Wales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland <Ul> <Li> Local government in Northern Ireland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Parliament constituencies </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> <Li> Last election </Li> <Li> Next election </Li> <Li> Referendums </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreign relations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Foreign policy </Li> <Li> UK and the United Nations </Li> <Li> Politics of the European Union </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom portal <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United Kingdom National Debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies . </P> <P> As of Q1 ( the first quarter of ) 2015 , UK government debt amounted to £ 1.56 trillion , or 81.58 % of total GDP , at which time the annual cost of servicing ( paying the interest ) the public debt amounted to around £ 43 billion ( which is roughly 3 % of GDP or 8 % of UK government tax income ) . Approximately a third of this debt is owned by the British government due to the Bank of England 's quantitative easing programme , so approximately 1 / 3 of the cost of servicing the debt is paid by the government to itself , reducing the annual servicing cost to approximately £ 30 billion ( approx 2 % of GDP , approx 5 % of UK government tax income ) . </P> <P> Due to the Government 's significant budget deficit , the national debt is increasing by approximately £ 73.5 billion per annum , or around £ 1.4 billion each week . The Conservatives pledged in 2010 that they would eliminate the deficit by the 2015 / 16 financial year . However , by 2014 they admitted that the structural deficit would not be eliminated until the financial year 2017 / 18 . This forecast was pushed back to 2018 / 19 in March 2015 , and to 2019 / 20 in July 2015 , before the target of a return to surplus at any particular time was finally abandoned by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in July 2016 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition </Li> <Li> 2 Debt versus deficit <Ul> <Li> 2.1 UK budget </Li> <Li> 2.2 Gilts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cost of servicing the debt </Li> <Li> 4 Credit rating </Li> <Li> 5 Remedies for indebtedness </Li> <Li> 6 History <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Modern era </Li> <Li> 6.2 Recent history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 The national debt today </Li> <Li> 8 International comparisons </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The UK national debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies . </P> <H2> Debt versus deficit ( edit ) </H2> Pie chart of UK central government expenditure , 2016 -- 17 . Debt interest is shown in dark green . Social protection includes Pensions and Welfare . <P> The UK national debt is often confused ( even by politicians ) with the government budget deficit ( officially known as the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement ( PSNCR ) ) , which is the rate at which the government borrows money . The then Prime Minister David Cameron was reprimanded in February 2013 by the UK Statistics Authority for creating confusion between the two , by stating in a political broadcast that his administration was `` paying down Britain 's debts '' . In fact , his administration has been attempting to reduce the deficit , not the overall debt . The latter will continue to rise even if the deficit shrinks . </P> <H3> UK budget ( edit ) </H3> Further information : United Kingdom budget <P> The public debt increases or decreases as a result of the annual budget deficit or surplus . The British government budget deficit or surplus is the cash difference between government receipts and spending , ignoring intra-governmental transfers . The British government debt is rising due to a gap between revenue and expenditure . Total government revenue in the fiscal year 2015 / 16 was projected to be £ 673 billion , whereas total expenditure was estimated at £ 742 billion . Therefore , the total deficit was £ 69 billion . This represented a rate of borrowing of a little over £ 1.3 billion per week . </P> <H3> Gilts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The British government finances its debt by issuing gilts , or Government securities . These securities are the simplest form of government bond and make up the largest share of British government debt . A conventional gilt is a bond issued by the British government that pays the holder a fixed cash payment ( or coupon ) every six months until maturity , at which point the holder receives the final coupon payment and the return of the principal . </P> <H2> Cost of servicing the debt ( edit ) </H2> Interest payments on UK national debt as percentage of GDP from 1900 <P> Distinct from both the national debt and the PSNCR is the interest that the government must pay to service the existing national debt . In 2012 , the annual cost of servicing the public debt amounted to around £ 43bn , or roughly 3 % of GDP . </P> <P> In 2012 , the British population numbered around 64 million , and the debt therefore amounted to a little over £ 15,000 for each individual Briton , or around £ 33,000 per person in employment . Each household in Britain pays an average of around £ 2,000 per year in taxes to finance the interest . </P> <P> However , by international standards Britain enjoys very low borrowing costs , largely because the British government has never failed to repay its creditors . </P> <H2> Credit rating ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Credit rating and List of countries by credit rating Standard & Poor 's credit ratings of European countries ( June 2011 ) . National credit ratings influence the cost of servicing national debt . AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC no rating <P> Like other sovereign debt , the British national debt is rated by various ratings agencies . On 23 February 2013 , it was reported that Moody 's had downgraded UK debt from Aaa to Aa1 , the first time since 1978 that the country has not had an AAA credit rating . </P> <P> This was described as a `` humiliating blow '' by Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls . George Osborne , the Chancellor , said that it was `` a stark reminder of the debt problems facing our country '' , adding that `` we will go on delivering the plan that has cut the deficit by a quarter '' . France and the United States of America had each lost their AAA credit status in 2012 . </P> <P> The agency Fitch also downgraded its credit rating for British government debt from AAA to AA+ in April 2013 . </P> <P> Further downgrades were made by Fitch and Standard & Poor 's in June 2016 , following the UK 's vote in the referendum of that month to leave the European Union . Standard & Poor 's had hitherto maintained the UK 's AAA status . </P> <H2> Remedies for indebtedness ( edit ) </H2> <P> All the main political parties in Britain agree that the national debt is too high , but there is disagreement as to the remedy . As of 2012 , the national debt was forecast to approach 100 % of GDP , far above the government 's sustainable investment rule of a national debt no greater than 40 % of GDP . </P> <P> In Parliament , there continues to be disagreement between the political parties regarding the national debt , with Conservative Party politicians typically advocating a larger role for cuts to public spending . By contrast , the Labour Party tends to advocate fewer cuts and more emphasis on economic stimulus , higher rates of taxation and new taxes . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the British national debt The sealing of the Bank of England Charter ( 1694 ) <P> The origins of the British national debt can be found during the reign of William III , who engaged a syndicate of City traders and merchants to offer for sale an issue of government debt . This syndicate soon evolved into the Bank of England , eventually financing the wars of the Duke of Marlborough and later Imperial conquests . The national debt increased dramatically during and after the Napoleonic Wars , rising to around 200 % of GDP . Over the course of the 19th century the national debt gradually fell , only to see large increases again during World War I and World War II . After the war , the national debt once again slowly fell as a proportion of GDP . </P> History of the UK government debt as a proportion of GDP <H3> Modern era ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1976 IMF Crisis <P> In 1976 , the British Government led by James Callaghan faced a Sterling crisis during which the value of the pound tumbled and the government found it difficult to raise sufficient funds to maintain its spending commitments . The Prime Minister was forced to apply to the International Monetary Fund for a £ 2.3 billion rescue package ; the largest - ever call on IMF resources up to that point . In November 1976 , the IMF announced its conditions for a loan , including deep cuts in public expenditure , in effect taking control of UK domestic policy . The crisis was seen as a national humiliation , with Callaghan being forced to go `` cap in hand '' to the IMF . </P> <H3> Recent history ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the national debt dropped in relative terms , falling to 29 % of GDP by 2002 . In 1997 , the Labour Government of Tony Blair had inherited a PSNCR of approximately £ 5 billion per annum , but by sticking to the parsimonious spending plans of the outgoing Conservative Government , this was gradually turned into a modest budget surplus . During the Spending Review of 2000 , Labour began to pursue a looser fiscal policy , and by 2002 annual borrowing had reached £ 20 billion . </P> <P> The national debt continued to increase , despite sustained economic growth , increasing to 37 % of GDP in 2007 . This was due to extra government borrowing , largely caused by increased spending on health , education , and social security benefits . Since 2008 , when the British economy slowed sharply and fell into recession , the national debt has risen dramatically , mainly caused by increased spending on social security benefits , financial bailouts for banks , and a significant drop in receipts from stamp duty , corporate tax , and income tax . </P> <P> In the 20 - year period from 1986 / 87 to 2006 / 07 government spending in the United Kingdom averaged around 40 % of GDP . As a result of the 2007 -- 2010 financial crisis and the late - 2000s global recession government spending increased to a historically high level of 48 % of GDP in 2009 / 10 , partly as a result of the cost of a series of bank bailouts . In July 2007 , Britain had government debt at 35.5 % of GDP . This figure rose to 56.8 % of GDP by July 2009 . As of June 2010 , there were approximately 6,051,000 public sector employees in Britain ( compared to approximately 23,107,000 private sector employees ) . </P> <H2> The national debt today ( edit ) </H2> UK balance sheet compared with the Eurozone in 2014 <P> The national debt as of now stands at £ 1.6 trillion at the end of July 2016 or 83.7 % of total GDP ; published by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) , in accordance to the Maastricht Treaty . </P> <P> The annual amount that the government must borrow to plug the gap in its finances used to be known as the Public sector borrowing requirement , but is now called the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement ( PSNCR ) . The PSNCR figure for 2014 / 15 was £ 93.39 billion , or 5.2 % of GDP . Total British GDP in 2014 / 15 was $2.743 trillion , or around £ 1.808 trillion . </P> <P> By historic peacetime standards , the national debt is large and growing quickly , but it is currently nowhere near its peak after WW2 when it reached over 180 % of GDP . </P> <P> Nick Silver of the Institute of Economic Affairs estimated the current British liabilities , including state & public pensions , as well as other commitments by the government , to be near £ 5 trillion , compared with the Government 's estimate of £ 845 billion ( as of 17 / 11 / 2010 ) These liabilities can be compared to total net assets ( 2010 figures ) of £ 7.3 trillion , which equates to approximately a net worth of £ 120,000 per head of the population . </P> <P> The British Government 's debt is owned by a wide variety of investors , most notably pension funds . These funds are on deposit , mainly in the form of Treasury bonds at the Bank of England . The pension funds , therefore , have an asset which has to be offset by a liability , or a debt , of the government . As of the end of 2016 , 27.6 % of the national debt was owed to overseas governments and investors . </P> <H2> International comparisons ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of countries by public debt Global public debt as a percent of GDP ( 2009 / 2010 ) <P> In 2011 , Britain 's volume of debt was ranked 18th internationally according to the CIA World Factbook . Many other countries had larger debt burdens . For example , Japan had a National debt of around 194 % of GDP , whilst that of Italy was more than 100 % . The National debt of the United States reached 100 % of GDP in November 2011 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 2011 United Kingdom budget </Li> <Li> Economic history of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Economy of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Eurozone crisis </Li> <Li> The National Fund </Li> <Li> UK Debt Management Office </Li> <Li> National debt of the United States </Li> <Li> Whole of Government Accounts </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ONS : Public sector net debt as a % of GDP , excluding public sector banks '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OBR Economic and fiscal outlook '' ( PDF ) . p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Osborne has failed in his deficit reduction ambitions -- and the Tories are likely to pay a price at the ballot box '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Guardian , 10 February 2014 Retrieved July 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liam Halligan ( 11 July 2015 ) . `` George Osborne 's savvy display lacked tough fiscal action '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emily Cadman and Gemma Tetlow ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` George Osborne abandons 2020 UK surplus target '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK 2016 Budget '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Independent 1 February 2013 Archived February 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved March 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK Debt Management Office '' . Dmo.gov.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UK National Debt '' . Economics Help . 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Uk National Debt `` Bombshell '' -- webpage discussing the National Debt `` . Debtbombshell.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hugh Pym ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) . `` BBC News -- UK loses top AAA credit rating for first time since 1978 '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fitch downgrades UK credit rating to AA + '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ratings agencies downgrade UK credit rating after Brexit vote '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benedict Brogan ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` The debt crisis of 1976 offers a vision of the blood , sweat and tears facing David Cameron '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Good - bye Great Britain '' : 1976 IMF Crisis , K Burk , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05728 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph 23 January 2009 Retrieved September 2011 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Public Sector Net Cash Requirement '' . Politics.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Britain 's public debt since 1974 '' . The Guardian . 1 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Britain owes £ 801,000,000,000 '' . The Scotsman. 21 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labour market statistics -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Office for National Statistics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-390499 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silver , Nick ( 10 October 2011 ) . `` True level of UK government debt exceeds £ 5 trillion '' . Retrieved 30 Nov 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK worth £ 7.3 trillion '' . Office for National Statistics . 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Review January -- March 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UK Debt Management Office . May 2017 . p. 3 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ferguson , Niall , The Ascent of Money : A Financial History of the World , Penguin Books , London ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Week , p. 15 , 21 September 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> BBC Budget 2009 Overview </Li> <Li> Telegraph.co.uk 2011 Budget coverage </Li> <Li> BBC Budget 2008 Overview </Li> <Li> HM Treasury Whole of Government Accounts development programme </Li> <Li> Better Government Initiative experts say billions wasted on services , Daily Telegraph , 24 November 2007 </Li> <Li> Better Government Initiative </Li> <Li> UK National Debt Clock </Li> <Li> PricewaterhouseCoopers budget coverage and analysis </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_national_debt&oldid=794176231 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom national debt </Li> <Li> Government of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Public finance of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 10 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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where did the uk national debt come from
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_national_debt&amp;oldid=794176231
5,743,146,450,414,374,000
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films - wikipedia <H1> List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Packaging for the Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Phase One : Avengers Assembled Blu - ray box set </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kevin Feige </Li> <Li> Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) </Li> <Li> Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) </Li> <Li> Amy Pascal ( SM ) </Li> <Li> Stephen Broussard ( AM&W ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Characters published by Marvel Comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> See below </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marvel Studios </Li> <Li> Columbia Pictures ( SM ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paramount Pictures ( 2008 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Universal Pictures ( TIH ) </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2012 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> Total ( 20 films ) : $3.807 -- 4.049 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> Total ( 20 films ) : $17.528 billion </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 20 films , with 11 more in various stages of production . It is the highest - grossing film franchise of all time , having grossed over $17.5 billion at the global box office . </P> <P> Kevin Feige has produced every film in the series . Avi Arad served as a producer on the first two releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk , Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films , and Stephen Broussard produced Ant - Man and the Wasp . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson , and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . </P> <P> The first film in the series was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . </P> <P> Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , with Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) still scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . </P> <P> Spider - Man : Far From Home has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside two untitled films scheduled for 2020 , three untitled films scheduled for 2021 , and three untitled films scheduled for 2022 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Phase One <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Phase Two <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Phase Three <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 3.6 Black Panther ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 3.7 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 3.8 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recurring cast and characters </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> <Li> 5.2 IMAX 10th anniversary festival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Future <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> 7.2 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> 7.3 Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> 7.4 Other projects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Repurposed projects </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Phase one </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Director </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iron Man </Th> <Td> May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> Jon Favreau </Td> <Td> Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway </Td> <Td> Avi Arad and Kevin Feige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Incredible Hulk </Th> <Td> June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> Louis Leterrier </Td> <Td> Zak Penn </Td> <Td> Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iron Man 2 </Th> <Td> May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> Jon Favreau </Td> <Td> Justin Theroux </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thor </Th> <Td> May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> Kenneth Branagh </Td> <Td> Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain America : The First Avenger </Th> <Td> July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> Joe Johnston </Td> <Td> Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marvel 's The Avengers </Th> <Td> May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Iron Man ( 2008 ) </H3> Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . <P> Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . </P> <P> In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in the United States on May 2 . </P> <P> The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeleton crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . </P> <H3> The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) </H3> Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) <P> After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . </P> <P> In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . </P> <P> The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . </P> <H3> Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) </H3> Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . <P> After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . </P> <P> Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in the United States on May 7 . </P> <P> The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . </P> <H3> Thor ( 2011 ) </H3> Main article : Thor ( film ) <P> Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir . </P> <P> Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in the United States . </P> <P> The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . </P> <H3> Captain America : the first Avenger ( 2011 ) </H3> Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger <P> In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the German Reich in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra . </P> <P> In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in the United States on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . </P> <P> The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . </P> <H3> Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) </H3> Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) <P> Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . </P> <P> Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in the United States on May 4 . </P> <P> Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . </P> <H2> Phase two </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Producer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iron Man 3 </Th> <Td> May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> Shane Black </Td> <Td> Drew Pearce and Shane Black </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thor : The Dark World </Th> <Td> November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> Alan Taylor </Td> <Td> Christopher L. Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain America : The Winter Soldier </Th> <Td> April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> Anthony and Joe Russo </Td> <Td> Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guardians of the Galaxy </Th> <Td> August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> James Gunn </Td> <Td> James Gunn and Nicole Perlman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Avengers : Age of Ultron </Th> <Td> May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ant - Man </Th> <Td> July 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Peyton Reed </Td> <Td> Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) </H3> Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . <P> Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . </P> <P> In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film was released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States on May 3 . </P> <P> The film is set in December 2013 , after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , let 's do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' </P> <H3> Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) </H3> Main article : Thor : The Dark World <P> Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . </P> <P> A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in the United States . </P> <P> The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene that featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' </P> <H3> Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) </H3> Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier <P> Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . </P> <P> A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky Barnes in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in the United States on April 4 . </P> <P> The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . </P> <H3> Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) </H3> Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) <P> Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . </P> <P> Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 . </P> <P> The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . </P> <H3> Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) </H3> Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron <P> Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . </P> <P> A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in the United States . </P> <P> The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . </P> <H3> Ant - Man ( 2015 ) </H3> Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) <P> Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . </P> <P> Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 , in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in the United States on July 17 . </P> <P> The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Mackie as Falcon , Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , and Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier . </P> <H2> Phase Three </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain America : Civil War </Th> <Td> May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> Anthony and Joe Russo </Td> <Td> Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Doctor Strange </Th> <Td> November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> Scott Derrickson </Td> <Td> Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 </Th> <Td> May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> James Gunn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spider - Man : Homecoming </Th> <Td> July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> Jon Watts </Td> <Td> Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thor : Ragnarok </Th> <Td> November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> Taika Waititi </Td> <Td> Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher L. Yost </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Black Panther </Th> <Td> February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> Ryan Coogler </Td> <Td> Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Avengers : Infinity War </Th> <Td> April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> Anthony and Joe Russo </Td> <Td> Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ant - Man and the Wasp </Th> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> Peyton Reed </Td> <Td> Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Paul Rudd & Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige and Stephen Broussard </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) </H3> Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . <P> The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . </P> <P> By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in the United States . </P> <P> The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . </P> <H3> Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) </H3> Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) <P> After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . </P> <P> In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . </P> <P> Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange , which was footage from Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . </P> <H3> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) </H3> Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 <P> The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . </P> <P> In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . </P> <P> The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . </P> <H3> Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) </H3> Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming <P> Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . </P> <P> On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . </P> <P> The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . </P> <H3> Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) </H3> Main article : Thor : Ragnarok <P> Thor , trapped on another world without Mjölnir , must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . </P> <P> In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher L. Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . </P> <P> The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . </P> <H3> Black Panther ( 2018 ) </H3> Main article : Black Panther ( film ) <P> T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . </P> <P> Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and began its international release on February 13 , 2018 , and was released on February 16 , 2018 in the United States . The film also had a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . </P> <P> The film is set one week after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . The film 's post-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Sebastian Stan , reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . </P> <H3> Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) </H3> Main article : Avengers : Infinity War <P> The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to try to stop Thanos from collecting all of the Infinity Stones . </P> <P> The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War premiered in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 . It was released worldwide on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries . </P> <P> The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Marvel had been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The Red Skull from Captain America : The First Avenger appears in the film , played by Ross Marquand instead of Hugo Weaving , and is the keeper of the final Infinity Stone , the Soul Stone . The post-credits scene features Nick Fury transmitting a distress signal on a device , which has the insignia of Captain Marvel . </P> <H3> Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) </H3> Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp <P> Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with Van Dyne as the Wasp . </P> <P> Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015 , and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Michelle Pfeiffer was revealed as having been cast as Janet van Dyne in July 2017 . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and ended in November 2017 . Stephen Broussard also served as a producer on the film . Ant - Man and the Wasp had its premiere in Hollywood on June 25 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on July 6 , 2018 . </P> <P> The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War and before the events of Avengers : Infinity War . In the mid-credits scene , Hank Pym , Hope van Dyne and Janet van Dyne are disintegrated as a result of the events of Avengers : Infinity War . </P> <H2> Recurring cast and characters </H2> Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors <P> List indicator ( s ) </P> <Ul> <Li> This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) </Li> <Li> A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . </Li> <Li> A indicates a voice - only role </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Ant - Man films </Th> <Th> Avengers films </Th> <Th> Black Panther </Th> <Th> Captain America films </Th> <Th> Captain Marvel </Th> <Th> Doctor Strange </Th> <Th> Guardians of the Galaxy films </Th> <Th> The Incredible Hulk </Th> <Th> Iron Man films </Th> <Th> Spider - Man films </Th> <Th> Thor films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bruce Banner Hulk </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mark Ruffalo </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno </Td> <Td> Mark Ruffalo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mark Ruffalo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> Sebastian Stan </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clint Barton Hawkeye </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeremy Renner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeremy Renner </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> Jeremy Renner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peggy Carter </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Hayley Atwell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hayley Atwell </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phil Coulson </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clark Gregg </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Clark Gregg </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Clark Gregg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clark Gregg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carol Danvers Captain Marvel </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brie Larson </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Brie Larson </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drax the Destroyer </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dave Bautista </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Dave Bautista </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nick Fury </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel L. Jackson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Samuel L. Jackson </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Samuel L. Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gamora </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zoe Saldana </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Zoe Saldana </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Groot </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vin Diesel </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Vin Diesel </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heimdall </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Idris Elba </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> Idris Elba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maria Hill </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cobie Smulders </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cobie Smulders </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Cobie Smulders </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Harold `` Happy '' Hogan </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jon Favreau </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Jon Favreau </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Korath </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Djimon Hounsou </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Djimon Hounsou </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scott Lang Ant - Man </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Rudd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Rudd </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Loki </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Hiddleston </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> Tom Hiddleston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mantis </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pom Klementieff </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Pom Klementieff </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Olsen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Olsen </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nebula </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Karen Gillan </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Karen Gillan </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Okoye </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Danai Gurira </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Parker Spider - Man </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Holland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Holland </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Max Favreau </Td> <Td> Tom Holland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gwyneth Paltrow </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Gwyneth Paltrow </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Quill Star - Lord </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chris Pratt </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Chris Pratt </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Don Cheadle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Don Cheadle </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Terrence Howard Don Cheadle </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rocket </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bradley Cooper </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Bradley Cooper </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Steve Rogers Captain America </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chris Evans </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Natasha Romanoff Black Widow </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Scarlett Johansson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Scarlett Johansson </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Scarlett Johansson </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ronan the Accuser </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Lee Pace </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lee Pace </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Hurt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Hurt </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> William Hurt </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brock Rumlow Crossbones </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Grillo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Grillo </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Erik Selvig </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stellan Skarsgård </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> Stellan Skarsgård </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shuri </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Letitia Wright </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tony Stark Iron Man </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Downey , Jr . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Downey , Jr . </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Robert Downey , Jr . </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stephen Strange </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Benedict Cumberbatch </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Benedict Cumberbatch </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Benedict Cumberbatch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> T'Challa Black Panther </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Chadwick Boseman </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thor </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chris Hemsworth </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Chris Hemsworth </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Chris Hemsworth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taneleer Tivan The Collector </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Benicio del Toro </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Benicio del Toro </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Benicio del Toro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hope van Dyne Wasp </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Evangeline Lilly </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vision </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Bettany </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Bettany </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sam Wilson Falcon </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Anthony Mackie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anthony Mackie </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wong </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Benedict Wong </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Benedict Wong </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child whom Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Release </H2> <H3> Home media </H3> <P> In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose . '' The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . </P> <P> In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange , and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . </P> <H3> IMAX 10th anniversary festival </H3> <P> From August 30 to September 6 , 2018 , in conjunction with Marvel Studios ' 10 year anniversary celebrations , all 20 films released at the time ( Iron Man through Ant - Man and the Wasp ) were screened in IMAX . The films were shown in release order , with four films per day . The final days of the festival were theme related , with one showing `` origin '' films ( Iron Man , Spider - Man : Homecoming , Black Panther , and Doctor Strange ) , one showing `` team - ups '' ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Captain America : Civil War , The Avengers , and Avengers : Infinity War ) , and the final day showing Iron Man and The Avengers as chosen by the fans . The festival also saw Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , and Captain America : The First Avenger released in IMAX for the first time . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Box Office performance </H3> Each film is linked to the `` Box office '' section of its article . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> All - time Ranking </Th> <Th> Budget </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. and Canada </Th> <Th> Other territories </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Th> U.S. and Canada </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron Man </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2008 </Td> <Td> $318,412,101 </Td> <Td> $266,762,121 </Td> <Td> $585,174,222 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> $140 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Incredible Hulk </Td> <Td> June 13 , 2008 </Td> <Td> $134,806,913 </Td> <Td> $128,620,638 </Td> <Td> $263,427,551 </Td> <Td> 423 </Td> <Td> 528 </Td> <Td> $150 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron Man 2 </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> $312,433,331 </Td> <Td> $311,500,000 </Td> <Td> $623,933,331 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> $200 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thor </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> $181,030,624 </Td> <Td> $268,295,994 </Td> <Td> $449,326,618 </Td> <Td> 239 </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> $150 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : The First Avenger </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2011 </Td> <Td> $176,654,505 </Td> <Td> $193,915,269 </Td> <Td> $370,569,774 </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> $140 -- 216.7 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marvel 's The Avengers </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> $623,357,910 </Td> <Td> $895,455,078 </Td> <Td> $1,518,812,988 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> $220 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron Man 3 </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2013 </Td> <Td> $409,013,994 </Td> <Td> $805,797,258 </Td> <Td> $1,214,811,252 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> $178.4 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thor : The Dark World </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2013 </Td> <Td> $206,362,140 </Td> <Td> $438,209,262 </Td> <Td> $644,571,402 </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> $152.7 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : The Winter Soldier </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2014 </Td> <Td> $259,766,572 </Td> <Td> $454,497,695 </Td> <Td> $714,264,267 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> $177 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2014 </Td> <Td> $333,176,600 </Td> <Td> $440,152,029 </Td> <Td> $773,328,629 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> $195.9 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Avengers : Age of Ultron </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2015 </Td> <Td> $459,005,868 </Td> <Td> $946,397,826 </Td> <Td> $1,405,403,694 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> $365.5 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ant - Man </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> $180,202,163 </Td> <Td> $339,109,802 </Td> <Td> $519,311,965 </Td> <Td> 241 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> $109.3 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : Civil War </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> $408,084,349 </Td> <Td> $745,220,146 </Td> <Td> $1,153,304,495 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> $230 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doctor Strange </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> $232,641,920 </Td> <Td> $445,076,475 </Td> <Td> $677,718,395 </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> $165 -- 236.6 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> $389,813,101 </Td> <Td> $473,942,950 </Td> <Td> $863,756,051 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> $200 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spider - Man : Homecoming </Td> <Td> July 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> $334,201,140 </Td> <Td> $545,965,784 </Td> <Td> $880,166,924 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> $175 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thor : Ragnarok </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> $315,058,289 </Td> <Td> $538,918,837 </Td> <Td> $853,977,126 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> $180 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black Panther </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2018 </Td> <Td> $700,059,566 </Td> <Td> $646,853,595 </Td> <Td> $1,346,913,161 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> $200 -- 210 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Avengers : Infinity War </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2018 </Td> <Td> $678,815,482 </Td> <Td> $1,367,854,003 </Td> <Td> $2,046,669,485 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> $316 -- 400 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ant - Man and the Wasp </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> $216,640,060 </Td> <Td> $405,815,415 </Td> <Td> $622,455,475 </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> $162 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> $ 7009686953662800000 ♠ 6,869,536,628 </Th> <Th> $ 7010106583601770000 ♠ 10,658,360,177 </Th> <Th> $ 7010175278968050000 ♠ 17,527,896,805 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> $3.807 -- 4.049 billion </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Critical response </H3> Each film is linked to the `` Critical response '' section of its article . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Rotten Tomatoes </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron Man </Td> <Td> 93 % ( 273 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 79 ( 38 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Incredible Hulk </Td> <Td> 67 % ( 226 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 61 ( 38 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron Man 2 </Td> <Td> 73 % ( 283 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 57 ( 40 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thor </Td> <Td> 77 % ( 277 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 57 ( 40 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : The First Avenger </Td> <Td> 79 % ( 256 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 66 ( 43 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marvel 's The Avengers </Td> <Td> 92 % ( 334 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 43 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron Man 3 </Td> <Td> 80 % ( 304 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 62 ( 44 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thor : The Dark World </Td> <Td> 66 % ( 256 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 54 ( 44 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : The Winter Soldier </Td> <Td> 89 % ( 280 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 48 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy </Td> <Td> 91 % ( 303 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 76 ( 53 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Avengers : Age of Ultron </Td> <Td> 74 % ( 337 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 66 ( 49 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ant - Man </Td> <Td> 82 % ( 293 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 64 ( 44 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain America : Civil War </Td> <Td> 91 % ( 372 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 75 ( 53 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doctor Strange </Td> <Td> 89 % ( 325 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 72 ( 49 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> 83 % ( 355 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 67 ( 48 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spider - Man : Homecoming </Td> <Td> 92 % ( 331 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 73 ( 51 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thor : Ragnarok </Td> <Td> 92 % ( 351 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 74 ( 51 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black Panther </Td> <Td> 97 % ( 419 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 88 ( 55 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Avengers : Infinity War </Td> <Td> 83 % ( 381 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 68 ( 53 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ant - Man and the Wasp </Td> <Td> 88 % ( 342 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 56 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average </Th> <Th> 84 % </Th> <Th> 68 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Future </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> Phase Three </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain Marvel </Th> <Td> March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck </Td> <Td> Meg LeFauve and Nicole Perlman and Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Liz Flahive & Carly Mensch and Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Untitled Avengers film </Th> <Td> May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> Anthony and Joe Russo </Td> <Td> Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> Post-Phase Three </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spider - Man : Far From Home </Th> <Td> July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> Jon Watts </Td> <Td> Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers </Td> <Td> Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) </H3> Main article : Captain Marvel ( film ) <P> Carol Danvers becomes Captain Marvel , one of the galaxy 's strongest heroes , after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds . </P> <P> In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Liz Flahive , Carly Mensch , Boden and Ryan Fleck are also credited as screenwriters on the film . Location filming occurred in January 2018 , while principal photography began in March in Los Angeles and concluded in July . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . </P> <P> The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson , Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , and Clark Gregg reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Korath , Ronan the Accuser , and Phil Coulson , respectively , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . </P> <H3> Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) </H3> Main article : Untitled Avengers film <P> The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta , and ended in January 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . </P> <H3> Spider - Man : Far from Home ( 2019 ) </H3> Jon Watts , director of Spider - Man : Homecoming and Spider - Man : Far From Home Main article : Spider - Man : Far From Home <P> In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . A year later , Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film . Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , two of the writers of the first film , returned to write the script . Holland revealed the film 's title as Spider - Man : Far From Home in late June 2018 . Filming began in July 2018 , in England , with filming also occurring in the Czech Republic , Venice , and New York City . and lasted until October 2018 . </P> <P> The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Jackson and Cobie Smulders reprise their roles as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , respectively , from previous MCU films . </P> <H3> Other projects </H3> <P> Disney has scheduled multiple release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films . These include : May 1 and November 6 , 2020 ; February 12 , May 7 , and November 5 , 2021 ; and February 18 , May 6 , and July 29 , 2022 . Marvel had previously dated an untitled film for July 31 , 2020 , before removing it from their schedule in October 2018 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy the 2020 dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028 , resulting in 20 films `` on the docket that are completely different from anything that 's come before -- intentionally . '' </P> <P> In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond . '' A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different '' , but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing '' . Feige noted Marvel hoped to reveal additional films after the release of the untitled Avengers film . A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . </P> <P> Potential film projects include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Black Widow : In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . By January 2018 , Jac Schaeffer was hired to write the script for the potential film . That July , Cate Shortland was hired to direct , with Johansson reprising her role as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow . </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 : In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . However , in July 2018 , Disney and Marvel severed ties with Gunn following the resurfacing of controversial tweets from 2008 and 2009 making light of topics such as rape and pedophilia . Marvel plans to continue to use Gunn 's script for the film . Production was put on hold in August 2018 , ahead of the planned start of filming in January or February 2019 , and later delayed to February 2021 . </Li> <Li> The Eternals : By April 2018 , Marvel had met with multiple screenwriters to craft a film based on the Eternals , with a focus on the character Sersi . Feige stated that a film based on the group was `` one of many many many things that we are actively beginning to have creative discussions about to see if we believe in them enough to put them on a slate . '' A month later , Matthew and Ryan Firpo were hired to write the script for the project . By late - September , Marvel hired Chloé Zhao to direct the film . </Li> <Li> Untitled Doctor Strange sequel : In October 2016 , Derrickson confirmed he had plans for a sequel , saying , `` I love the character , I love the visual possibilities , and I know the comics so well -- ( the first movie is ) the tip of an iceberg . There 's so much progress that can be made . '' He would like to follow the example of The Dark Knight and `` bring in a villain where you really got to go deep ( and have ) a more visceral experience '' . Cumberbatch added that he had signed on for at least one more Doctor Strange solo film . Derrickson hoped to feature Nightmare in a potential sequel , and expressed interest in further exploring the characters Jonathan Pangborn and Hamir after their smaller roles in the first film . He also explained that he is `` kept in the loop '' on how the Avengers films will use Strange , because of his close relationships with Feige and co-director Joe Russo . By April 2017 , it was reported that Derrickson would return for a potential sequel , beginning work on it after fulfilling his commitments to the television series , Locke & Key . Despite no official announcements , Wong said in October 2018 that he expected filming on a sequel to begin by the end of that year . </Li> <Li> Untitled Black Panther sequel : By October 2018 , Ryan Coogler had completed a deal to write and direct a sequel to Black Panther . </Li> <Li> Blade : In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Repurposed projects </H2> Further information : Runaways ( TV series ) and Inhumans ( TV series ) <P> A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It premiered in November 2017 . </P> <P> In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018 . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of films based on Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Outline of the Marvel Cinematic Universe </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Disney , Paramount restructure Marvel deal '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . 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Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldbery , Matt ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Moving Forward on THE INHUMANS Movie ; Screenplay by Joe Robert Cole '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Robert Cole Nearing Deal to Write ' Black Panther ' for Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie Officially Pulled from Marvel Schedule '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Still Has Plans For Inhumans Movie According To Kevin Feige '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Starnes , Joshua ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Kevin Feige , Directors and Stars on the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie ' Will Happen For Sure ' , Could Happen in Phase 4 Says Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel 's The Inhumans ' Coming To IMAX & ABC in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel , ABC Set ' The Inhumans ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Inhumans ' Canceled By ABC After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . 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all marvel movies in order to infinity war
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_films&amp;oldid=866477641
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Shot heard round the World - wikipedia <H1> Shot heard round the World </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> `` The shot heard round the world '' is a phrase which refers to an event that precipitates or completes a major conflict or contest , most commonly the first gunfire at the beginning of a war . The phrase originated in a poem which describes the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord which opened the American Revolutionary War , but it has since been used to refer to other events , such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Skirmish at the North Bridge </Li> <Li> 2 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand </Li> <Li> 3 Thomson 's home run </Li> <Li> 4 Widespread idiomatic use </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Skirmish at the North Bridge ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Battles of Lexington and Concord The opening stanza of `` Concord Hymn '' is inscribed at the base of The Minute Man statue by Daniel Chester French , located at the North Bridge in Concord , Massachusetts . By the rude bridge that arched the flood , Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled , Here once the embattled farmers stood , And fired the shot heard round the world . Emerson , `` Concord Hymn '' <P> The phrase comes from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' ( 1837 ) and refers to the first shot of the American Revolutionary War . According to Emerson 's poem , this pivotal shot occurred at the North Bridge in Concord , Massachusetts , where the first British soldiers fell in the battles of Lexington and Concord . </P> <P> Historically , no single shot can be cited as the first shot of the battle or the war . Shots were fired earlier at Lexington , where eight Americans were killed and a British soldier was slightly wounded , but accounts of that event are confused and contradictory , and it has been characterized as a massacre rather than a battle . The North Bridge skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under orders , the first organized volley by Americans , the first British fatalities , and the first British retreat . </P> <P> The question of the point of origin of the Revolutionary War has been debated between Lexington and Concord and their partisans since at least 1824 , when the Marquis de Lafayette visited the towns . He was welcomed to Lexington hearing it described as the `` birthplace of American liberty '' , but he was then informed in Concord that the `` first forcible resistance '' was made there . President Grant considered not attending the 1875 centennial celebrations in the area to evade the issue . In 1894 , Lexington petitioned the state legislature to proclaim April 19 as `` Lexington Day '' , to which Concord objected ; the current name for the holiday is Patriots ' Day . </P> <P> Emerson lived in a house known as the Old Manse at the time when he was composing the `` Concord Hymn , '' from which his grandfather and father ( then a young child ) had witnessed the skirmish . The house is located approximately 300 feet ( 91 m ) from the North Bridge . </P> <P> `` The Shot Heard Round the World '' is technically a metaphor for the global upheaval which followed the American Revolutionary War , notably the French , Haitian , and South American revolutions . Though it did not occur prior to Emerson 's poem , modern scholars include the 1919 Russian Revolution as well . </P> <H2> Assassination of Franz Ferdinand ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Assassination of Franz Ferdinand <P> The phrase `` shot heard round the world '' has taken on a different meaning in Europe and in the Commonwealth of Nations , countries that were part of the British Empire and formerly known as the British Commonwealth . It has become associated with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 , an event considered to be one of the immediate causes of World War I. Serbian Gavrilo Princip fired two shots , the first hitting Franz Ferdinand 's wife Sophie , Duchess of Hohenberg , and the second hitting the Archduke himself . The death of Franz Ferdinand , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , propelled Austria - Hungary and the rest of Europe into World War I . </P> <H2> Thomson 's home run ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) <P> In American baseball , the `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' ( usually spelled with an apostrophe ) denotes the game - winning walk - off home run by New York Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds to win the National League pennant at 3 : 58 p.m. EST on October 3 , 1951 . As a result of the `` shot '' , the Giants won the game 5 - 4 , defeating their traditional rivals in their pennant playoff series , 2 games to 1 , though they eventually lost the World Series to the Yankees . </P> <H2> Widespread idiomatic use ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Shot heard round the world '' continues to be a stock phrase in the 21st century , widely used to refer to unusual events in general , and has been applied to numerous dramatic moments in sports . For example , it refers to the winning goal of Paul Henderson in the final seconds of the 8th and final match to secure Team Canada 's victory in the 1972 Canada - USSR Summit - series . The goal was made famous by a Frank Lennon photograph . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Parker , Brock ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` The old tavern debate : Which town fired first ? '' . Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners LLC. 285 ( 118 ) : B1 , B13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peretz , Howard G. ( 1999 ) . It Ai n't Over ' Till The Fat Lady Sings : The 100 Greatest Sports Finishes of All Time . New York : Barnes and Nobles Books . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 1707 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Candy Spelling ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' . HuffPost Entertainment - The Blog . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean ( 2013 ) . `` 1972 Canada - Soviet Hockey Goal '' . famouspictures.org . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_heard_round_the_world&oldid=809322954 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ralph Waldo Emerson </Li> <Li> English phrases </Li> <Li> American Revolutionary War </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 12 : 25 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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who shot the first shot heard around the world
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Shot_heard_round_the_world&amp;oldid=809322954
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Dancing on Ice - wikipedia <H1> Dancing on Ice </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British series . For elsewhere , see Dancing on Ice around the world . For the most recent series , see Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing on Ice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Titlecard used from the 2018 revival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> ITV Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creative director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Christopher Dean ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Jayne Torvill ( 2006 -- 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Christine Bleakley Jordan Banjo ( backstage ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> Robin Cousins Karen Barber Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge Nicky Slater Natalia Bestemianova Ruthie Henshall Emma Bunton Louie Spence Katarina Witt Ashley Roberts Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Ashley Banjo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of </Th> <Td> Tony Gubba ( 2006 -- 13 ) Simon Reed ( 2013 -- 14 ) Matt Chapman ( 2018 ) Sam Matterface ( 2018 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Paul Farrer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of series </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 138 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jane Beacon Katie Rawcliffe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Elstree Studios ( 2006 -- 10 , 2012 -- 14 ) Shepperton Studios ( 2011 ) RAF Bovingdon ( 2018 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 60 -- 120 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> ITV Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ITV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) 16 : 9 576i ( SDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 14 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 14 ) -- 9 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) ( Series 1 -- 9 ) 7 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) -- present ( present ) ( Series 10 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dancing on Ice is a British television show presented by Phillip Schofield alongside Holly Willoughby from 2006 to 2011 , and Christine Bleakley from 2012 to 2014 . The show consists of celebrities and their professional partners figure skate in front of a panel of judges . The series , broadcast on ITV , started on 14 January 2006 and ended on 9 March 2014 after the show 's contract was not renewed by ITV . </P> <P> On 4 September 2017 , it was announced that a revived series would air on ITV from 7 January 2018 with Schofield and Willoughby returning as hosts alongside a new backstage host , Jordan Banjo . </P> <P> It was confirmed on 25 January 2018 , that Dancing on Ice had been recommissioned for an eleventh series to air in 2019 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Cancellation and revival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Format </Li> <Li> 3 Series overview </Li> <Li> 4 Presenters , judges and coaches </Li> <Li> 5 Professionals </Li> <Li> 6 Required elements </Li> <Li> 7 Main series results <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Series 1 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 7.2 Series 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 7.3 Series 3 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 7.4 Series 4 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 7.5 Series 5 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 7.6 Series 6 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 7.7 Series 7 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 7.8 Series 8 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 7.9 Series 9 : All -- Stars ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 7.10 Series 10 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 7.11 Series 11 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Series averages </Li> <Li> 9 Awards </Li> <Li> 10 Guest singers </Li> <Li> 11 Spin - offs <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Champion of Champions ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 11.2 Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 11.3 Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 11.4 Dancing on Ice : Ice Star ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 11.5 Dancing on Ice Goes Gold ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 11.6 Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Studio set and ice rink </Li> <Li> 13 Dancing on Ice : The Tour </Li> <Li> 14 Merchandise </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and history </H2> Former Dancing on Ice title -- card <P> The series was announced in November 2004 and originally titled Stars on Thin Ice , the show was renamed following the failure of ITV 's celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule . Dancing on Ice is frequently compared to the BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing . In 2004 , the BBC aired a Strictly special entitled Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas , which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman ( who was a contestant in series 1 of Dancing on Ice ) . </P> <P> ITV 's show was given a January premiere amidst network doubts about its viability but became a surprise hit in Britain , where it became the third highest rated television show of 2006 . It attained an impressive 13 million viewers for the final in March . Britain 's best - known ice - skating duo and former Olympic champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean help to train the aspiring dancers , and also appear throughout the show with comments and advice . Head Coach Karen Barber also trains the skaters for the live show . From the beginning , Torvill and Dean opened every episode with a performance , with the exception of the second , third and fourth shows of the fourth series , when Torvill performed alone due to Dean 's recovery from a shoulder operation . In 2012 they performed less regularly . </P> <P> Schofield previously presented with Holly Willoughby , with commentary originally from Tony Gubba ( later Simon Reed ) and voiceovers done by John Sachs . The members of The Ice Panel were originally Karen Barber , Jason Gardiner , Nicky Slater and Robin Cousins , and the fifth judge varied from series to series : Karen Kresge in the first series , Natalia Bestemianova in the second , Ruthie Henshall in the third and fourth and Emma Bunton in the fifth . In series 6 , there were only three judges : Gardiner , Cousins and Bunton . </P> <P> During the shows first two series , it ran two supplementary programmes -- Dancing on Ice Defrosted , presented by Stephen Mulhern , and Dancing on Ice Exclusive ( or Dancing on Ice Extra during series 1 ) presented by Andi Peters alongside Andrea McLean in series 1 and Ben Shephard in series 2 . In mid-2007 , it was announced that both shows would not return to accompany the third series as the audience attracted was out of ITV2 's target range . As part of ITV 's new revamped schedule at the start of 2008 , from the third series , the show aired on a Sunday night and featured updated music and new titles as well as redesigned graphics . The series 3 finale was a massive draw , pulling an average 11.7 million viewers ( up from 9.6 million the previous year ) peaking at 12.6 million viewers over the two - hour slot , up over a million from series 2 . </P> <P> The seventh series began on 8 January 2012 , with Torvill and Dean as coaches for which they will be paid £ 250,000 each series . Christine Bleakley was announced as the new co-presenter of the show replacing Holly Willoughby , whilst Katarina Witt and Louie Spence replaced Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner on the judging panel . On 20 November 2012 , it was announced that Gardiner was to return to the panel for the 2013 series , replacing Spence . The full judging panel for the 2013 series was revealed on 28 December 2012 , with former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts joining and Karen Barber returning to the panel after acting as head coach on the show the previous two years ; they joined Gardiner and head judge Robin Cousins on the panel . </P> <H3> Cancellation and revival </H3> <P> On 21 May 2013 , Torvill and Dean announced that they would leave the series after its ninth series in 2014 , leading to speculation that the whole show would be axed . On 24 June 2013 it was rumoured that Dancing on Ice may continue after they have left with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that the show would end after its ninth series in 2014 . </P> <P> On 4 September 2017 , ITV confirmed that the show would return in 2018 . Torvill and Dean will return to the show as head judges along with Schofield and Willoughby as presenters . On 19 October 2017 , Ashley Banjo was confirmed as a judge . Later that month Gardiner confirmed that he would return to the judging panel . Ashley 's brother Jordan Banjo acts as the show 's backstage digital host . ITV Racing 's betting presenter Matt Chapman was announced as the new commentator on 16 December 2017 . However , following the first live show on 7 January , Chapman claimed that he had `` quit '' the show but it was later confirmed to be a decision by the ITV producers , responding to pressure from the TV audience . Sport commentator Sam Matterface was later confirmed as Chapman 's replacement . </P> <P> It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . </P> <H2> Format </H2> <P> Each week the celebrities and their partners perform a live ice dance routine . The four / five ( as of Series 8 ) judges ( commonly known as the Ice Panel ) judge each performance and give a mark between 0.0 and 10.0 ( 0.0 to 6.0 between series 1 and 5 ) , depending on the performance . These total scores then create a leaderboard which combines with the public vote in order to determine the two lowest placed couples . As this is the case , the pair with the lowest score from the judges can avoid being in the bottom two if the public vote for them . </P> <P> Once the scores and votes are combined to form the final leaderboard for that week 's show , the two / three couples at the bottom compete in a final showdown known as the `` Skate Off '' , where they perform their routine again . Once the couples have performed their routines for the judging panel , the judges decide on who deserves to stay and cast their votes , based on their second performance . The couple with the most votes from the judges receives a place in the following week 's show , while the couple with the fewest votes leaves the competition . One couple leaves each week , but in series 7 , two couples left in one week , due to numbering issues . </P> <P> A live reunion special was staged one week after the end of each season , with all celebrities talking about their experiences during the season , and answering questions from a live studio audience . Torvil and Dean themselves then made a special in - studio appearance towards the end , thanking the contestants , hosts and judges , and of course , the home viewers for their votes . </P> <H2> Series overview </H2> <P> Nine series have been broadcast , as summarised below . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Start </Th> <Th> Finish </Th> <Th> Couples </Th> <Th> Weeks </Th> <Th> Winning celebrity </Th> <Th> Winning professional </Th> <Th> Presenters </Th> <Th> Ice panel </Th> <Th> Guest judges </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 14 January 2006 </Td> <Td> 4 March 2006 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Gaynor Faye </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby </Td> <Td> Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 20 January 2007 </Td> <Td> 17 March 2007 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Natalia Bestemianova </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 13 January 2008 </Td> <Td> 16 March 2008 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Suzanne Shaw </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Ruthie Henshall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 11 January 2009 </Td> <Td> 22 March 2009 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Ray Quinn </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 10 January 2010 </Td> <Td> 28 March 2010 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Hayley Tamaddon </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton </Td> <Td> Michael Ball ( week 6 ) Angela Rippon ( week 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 9 January 2011 </Td> <Td> 27 March 2011 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Sam Attwater </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Robin Cousins Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 8 January 2012 </Td> <Td> 25 March 2012 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Matthew Wolfenden </Td> <Td> Nina Ulanova </Td> <Td> Phillip Schofield Christine Bleakley </Td> <Td> Robin Cousins Louie Spence Katarina Witt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 6 January 2013 </Td> <Td> 10 March 2013 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Beth Tweddle </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Robin Cousins Karen Barber Jason Gardiner Ashley Roberts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 5 January 2014 </Td> <Td> 9 March 2014 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Ray Quinn </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Nicky Slater ( weeks 6 & 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 7 January 2018 </Td> <Td> 11 March 2018 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Jake Quickenden </Td> <Td> Vanessa Bauer </Td> <Td> Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Jordan Banjo ( Backstage ) </Td> <Td> Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Jason Gardiner Ashley Banjo </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Presenters , judges and coaches </H2> <Ul> <Li> Presenters gallery </Li> <Li> <P> Phillip Schofield ( 2006 -- 2014 , 2018 -- ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Holly Willoughby ( 2006 -- 2011 , 2018 -- ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Christine Bleakley ( 2012 -- 2014 ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Key </Dt> <Dd> Presenter </Dd> <Dd> Backstage Presenter </Dd> <Dd> Mentor </Dd> <Dd> Head judge ( s ) </Dd> <Dd> Judge </Dd> <Dd> Guest judge </Dd> <Dd> Coach </Dd> <Dd> Contestant </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="10"> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( 2006 ) </Th> <Th> ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> ( 2008 ) </Th> <Th> ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> 5 ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> 6 ( 2011 ) </Th> <Th> 7 ( 2012 ) </Th> <Th> 8 ( 2013 ) </Th> <Th> 9 ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> 10 ( 2018 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phillip Schofield </Th> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Holly Willoughby </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christine Bleakley </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jordan Banjo </Th> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christopher Dean </Th> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jayne Torvill </Th> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Robin Cousins </Th> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Karen Barber </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nicky Slater </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jason Gardiner </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Karen Kresge </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Natalia Bestemianova </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ruthie Henshall </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emma Bunton </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Louie Spence </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Katarina Witt </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ashley Roberts </Th> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ashley Banjo </Th> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Michael Ball </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angela Rippon </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Professionals </H2> Main article : List of Dancing on Ice professional skaters <Dl> <Dd> Winner </Dd> <Dd> Runner - up </Dd> <Dd> Third place </Dd> <Dd> First Eliminated </Dd> <Dd> Withdrew or injured </Dd> <Dd> Participating </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Professional </Th> <Th> Series 1 </Th> <Th> Series 2 </Th> <Th> Series 3 </Th> <Th> Series 4 </Th> <Th> Series 5 </Th> <Th> Series 6 </Th> <Th> Series 7 </Th> <Th> Series 8 </Th> <Th> Series 9 </Th> <Th> Series 10 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pavel Aubrecht </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Ulrika Jonsson </Td> <Td> Samantha Mumba </Td> <Td> Jessica Taylor </Td> <Td> Sharron Davies </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanessa Bauer </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> Jake Quickenden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Victoria Borzenkova </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> Tim Vincent </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Buchanan </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> N / A </Td> <Td> Anthea Turner </Td> <Td> Zaraah Abrahams </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brooke Castile </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> N / A </Td> <Td> Corey Feldman </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> Kieron Richardson </Td> <Td> Sam Attwater </Td> <Td> Sébastien Foucan </Td> <Td> Matt Lapinskas </Td> <Td> Gareth Gates </Td> <Td> Alex Beresford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Bonnie Langford </Td> <Td> Lisa Scott - Lee </Td> <Td> Suzanne Shaw </Td> <Td> Zoë Salmon </Td> <Td> Heather Mills </Td> <Td> Denise Welch </Td> <Td> Jorgie Porter </Td> <Td> Pamela Anderson </Td> <Td> Suzanne Shaw </Td> <Td> Candice Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Duncan James </Td> <Td> Gareth Gates </Td> <Td> Ray Quinn </Td> <Td> Gary Lucy </Td> <Td> Craig McLachlan </Td> <Td> Andy Akinwolere </Td> <Td> Shayne Ward </Td> <Td> Ray Quinn </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamish Gaman </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> Perri Shakes - Drayton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Isabelle Gauthier </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Jeff Brazier </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matthew Gonzalez </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> Danniella Westbrook </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Charlene Tilton </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Nadia Sawalha </Td> <Td> Rosemary Conley </Td> <Td> Oona King </Td> <Td> Injured </Td> <Td> Donna Air </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jodeyne Higgins </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Johnson Beharry </Td> <Td> Chico </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florentine Houdinière </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> <Td> Donal MacIntyre </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marika Humphreys </Td> <Td> Sean Wilson </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ale Izquierdo </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> Max Evans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robin Johnstone </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> N / A </Td> <Td> Gareth Thomas </Td> <Td> Joe Pasquale </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td> Michael Underwood </Td> <Td> Michael Underwood </Td> <Td> Mikey Graham </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melody Le Moal </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> Lemar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kristina Lenko </Td> <Td> Stefan Booth </Td> <Td> Stephen Gately </Td> <Td> Greg Rusedski </Td> <Td> Graeme Le Saux </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Clare Buckfield </Td> <Td> Natalie Pinkham </Td> <Td> Gemma Bissix </Td> <Td> Sinitta </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Heidi Range </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Bonnie Langford </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Susie Lipanova </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> Steve Backley </Td> <Td> Todd Carty </Td> <Td> Jeremy Sheffield </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Jennifer Metcalfe </Td> <Td> Injured </Td> <Td> Samia Ghadie </Td> <Td> Jorgie Porter </Td> <Td> Stephanie Waring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brandee Malto </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> Antony Cotton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergey Malyshev </Td> <Td> Tamara Beckwith </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Aggie MacKenzie </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Molly Moenkhoff </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> Bobby Davro </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Murphy </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> Kem Cetinay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darya Nucci </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> <Td> Jeremy Edwards </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pam O'Connor </Td> <Td> David Seaman </Td> <Td> Neil Fox </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vicky Ogden </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> N / A </Td> <Td> Andy Whyment </Td> <Td> Joe Pasquale </Td> <Td> Sam Attwater </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Palascak </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Kay Burley </Td> <Td> Sarah Greene </Td> <Td> Melinda Messenger </Td> <Td> Emily Atack </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zaraah Abrahams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natalia Pestova </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Phil Gayle </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Lee Sharpe </Td> <Td> Chris Fountain </Td> <Td> Ellery Hanley </Td> <Td> Danny Young </Td> <Td> Comedy Dave </Td> <Td> Mark Rhodes </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> David Seaman </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colin Ratushniak </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Laura Hamilton </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sean Rice </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Angela Rippon </Td> <Td> Chemmy Alcott </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Łukasz Różycki </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Elen Rivas </Td> <Td> Laila Morse </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Beth Tweddle </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Sand </Td> <Td> Kelly Holmes </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexandra Schauman </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> Dr. Hilary Jones </Td> <Td> Dominic Cork </Td> <Td> Sam Nixon </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Todd Carty </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamara Sharp </Td> <Td> Andi Peters </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olga Sharutenko </Td> <Td> John Barrowman </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> N / A </Td> <Td> Keith Chegwin </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matej Silecky </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> Brooke Vincent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jenna Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> N / A </Td> <Td> Luke Campbell </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Katie Stainsby </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Vanilla Ice </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> Gary Lucy </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nina Ulanova </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Steven Arnold </Td> <Td> Matthew Wolfenden </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doug Webster </Td> <Td> Andrea McLean </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Gaynor Faye </Td> <Td> Emily Symons </Td> <Td> Linda Lusardi </Td> <Td> Roxanne Pallett </Td> <Td> Hayley Tamaddon </Td> <Td> Kerry Katona </Td> <Td> Jennifer Ellison </Td> <Td> Beth Tweddle </Td> <Td> Hayley Tamaddon </Td> <Td> Cheryl Baker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stuart Widdall </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> <Td> Coleen Nolan </Td> <Td> Tana Ramsay </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Zenezini </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> Chloe Madeley </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Lauren Goodger </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Required elements </H2> <P> From Series 1 to 8 , there was an element that the skaters were required to perform as part of their routines . These required elements included : </P> <Ul> <Li> Assisted and unassisted jumps </Li> <Li> Use of a prop </Li> <Li> Forming a spiral position </Li> <Li> Flying above the ice , suspended by a harness </Li> <Li> A one footed spin </Li> <Li> Shadow steps </Li> <Li> Classic moves of Torvill and Dean , sometimes with a choice between them </Li> <Li> Cross rolls </Li> <Li> Toe step sequences </Li> <Li> Pair spin </Li> <Li> One unique move </Li> <Li> Solo skate </Li> <Li> Change of edge </Li> </Ul> <P> As of Series 9 , the required skating elements format has been removed . </P> <H2> Main series results </H2> <H3> Series 1 ( 2006 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 1 ) <P> The first series began on Saturday 14 January 2006 and ended on Saturday 4 March 2006 , including ten celebrity skaters . The co-presenters were Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby , while The Ice Panel consisted of one - time World Junior Figure Skating champion Nicky Slater , choreographer Karen Kresge , theatre producer Jason Gardiner , two - time NHK Trophy champion Karen Barber and 1980 Olympic champion Robin Cousins . </P> <P> The contestants for the first series were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamara Beckwith </Td> <Td> Socialite </Td> <Td> Sergey Malyshev </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andi Peters </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Tamara Sharp </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrea McLean </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Doug Webster </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Barrowman </Td> <Td> Actor & singer </Td> <Td> Olga Sharutenko </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sean Wilson </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Marika Humphreys </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelly Holmes </Td> <Td> Olympic middle distance runner </Td> <Td> Todd Sand </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Seaman </Td> <Td> Retired footballer </Td> <Td> Pam O'Connor </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonnie Langford </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stefan Booth </Td> <Td> Actor & singer </Td> <Td> Kristina Lenko </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gaynor Faye </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 2 ( 2007 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 2 ) <P> The second series began on Saturday 20 January 2007 . In it , 11 celebrities competed , compared to ten in the first series . The final was held on Saturday 17 March 2007 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . Karen Kresge did not return as a judge for a second series and was replaced by five - time European champion Natalia Bestemianova . </P> <P> The contestants for the second series were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neil Fox </Td> <Td> TV & radio presenter </Td> <Td> Pam O'Connor </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phil Gayle </Td> <Td> Journalist & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Natalia Pestova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ulrika Jonsson </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Pavel Aubrecht </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephen Gately </Td> <Td> Singer ( Boyzone ) </Td> <Td> Kristina Lenko </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kay Burley </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Fred Palascak </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Scott - Lee </Td> <Td> Singer ( Steps ) </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lee Sharpe </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emily Symons </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duncan James </Td> <Td> Singer ( Blue ) </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clare Buckfield </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td> Rugby player </Td> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 3 ( 2008 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 3 ) <P> The commissioning of the third series of Dancing on Ice was first confirmed by Phillip Schofield at the BAFTA awards . The third series began on 13 January 2008 , moving to Sunday nights in the process and ended on 16 March 2008 , when Suzanne Shaw was crowned as the winner . Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . The third series saw the replacement of judge Natalia Bestemianova by West End star Ruthie Henshall . And for the first time in the history of the series , a contestant withdrew due to injury , and it was TV presenter Michael Underwood who did so . </P> <P> The contestants for the third series were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Greene </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Fred Palascak </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natalie Pinkham </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Underwood </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> Withdrew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samantha Mumba </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Pavel Aubrecht </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aggie MacKenzie </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Sergey Malyshev </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Vincent </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Victoria Borzenkova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Backley </Td> <Td> Olympic javelin thrower </Td> <Td> Susie Lipanova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Linda Lusardi </Td> <Td> Model & actress </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greg Rusedski </Td> <Td> Tennis player </Td> <Td> Kristina Lenko </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gareth Gates </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zaraah Abrahams </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Fred Palascak </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Fountain </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Shaw </Td> <Td> Singer ( Hear'Say ) </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 4 ( 2009 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 4 ) <P> The fourth series started on 11 January 2009 and ended on 22 March 2009 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present as well as Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber to mentor the celebrities . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Ruthie Henshall all returned to The Ice Panel for the fourth series . </P> <P> The contestants for the fourth series were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Graeme Le Saux </Td> <Td> Former footballer </Td> <Td> Kristina Lenko </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st ( Men 's round ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gemma Bissix </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd ( Women 's round ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeremy Edwards </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Darya Nucci </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Underwood </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Carty </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Susie Lipanova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ellery Hanley </Td> <Td> Rugby player </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melinda Messenger </Td> <Td> Model & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Fred Palascak </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roxanne Pallett </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zöe Salmon </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coleen Nolan </Td> <Td> Singer & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Stuart Widdall </Td> <Td> Eliminated 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jessica Taylor </Td> <Td> Singer ( Liberty X ) </Td> <Td> Pavel Aubrecht </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donal MacIntyre </Td> <Td> Journalist </Td> <Td> Florentine Houdinière </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ray Quinn </Td> <Td> Singer & actor </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 5 ( 2010 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 5 ) <P> The fifth series began on 10 January 2010 and ended on 28 March 2010 . Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber returned to train the celebrities , with Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returning as co-presenters . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned for their fifth series on The Ice Panel . However , Ruthie Henshall did not return for her third series on The Ice Panel and was replaced by singer Emma Bunton . In addition to the main show , there was also a new spin - off show called Dancing on Ice Friday which gives viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities . It was presented by Ben Shephard and former contestant Coleen Nolan and broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV . </P> <P> Cousins did not appear as a judge for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentary commitments for the Winter Olympics , so Barber was temporary head judge during Cousins 's absence . Michael Ball took his place on 14 February and Angela Rippon filled in for him on 21 February . </P> <P> The contestants for the fifth series were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sinitta </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st ( Women 's round ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobby Davro </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> Molly Moenkhoff </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd ( Men 's round ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeremy Sheffield </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Susie Lipanova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tana Ramsay </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Stuart Widdall </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heather Mills </Td> <Td> Businesswoman & activist </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Hilary Jones </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Alexandra Schauman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sharron Davies </Td> <Td> Former Olympic swimmer </Td> <Td> Pavel Aubrecht </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emily Atack </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Fred Palascak </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mikey Graham </Td> <Td> Singer ( Boyzone ) </Td> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny Young </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danniella Westbrook </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matthew Gonzalez </Td> <Td> Eliminated 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kieron Richardson </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gary Lucy </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hayley Tamaddon </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 6 ( 2011 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 6 ) <P> The sixth series started on 9 January 2011 and ended on 27 March 2011 with the following 16 celebrities taking part . Although 16 celebrities are confirmed to take part , in a shocking twist , the first two episodes were qualifying rounds , in each of which eight couples skated and two were eliminated , so that only 12 couples reached the competition proper . For the first time , viewers in the Republic of Ireland were able to vote via the TV3 Ireland website . Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill returned to mentor the contestants , with Karen Barber moving from The Ice Panel to the role of head coach . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned as co-presenters for their sixth series . Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Emma Bunton returned to The Ice Panel , but Nicky Slater did not . </P> <P> The contestants for the sixth series are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angela Rippon </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Sean Rice </Td> <Td> Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nadia Sawalha </Td> <Td> Actress & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Craig McLachlan </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elen Rivas </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Łukasz Różycki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steven Arnold </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Nina Ulanova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominic Cork </Td> <Td> Cricketer </Td> <Td> Alexandra Schauman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer Metcalfe </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comedy Dave </Td> <Td> Radio DJ </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerry Katona </Td> <Td> Singer ( Atomic Kitten ) </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanilla Ice </Td> <Td> Rapper </Td> <Td> Katie Stainsby </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denise Welch </Td> <Td> Actress & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeff Brazier </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Isabelle Gauthier </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson Beharry </Td> <Td> Soldier </Td> <Td> Jodeyne Higgins </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chloe Madeley </Td> <Td> Model & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Michael Zenezini </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laura Hamilton </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Colin Ratushniak </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Attwater </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 7 ( 2012 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 7 ) <P> The seventh series started on 8 January 2012 . The celebrities were revealed on 3 January 2012 . Phillip Schofield returned as presenter and was joined by Christine Bleakley following the departure of Holly Willoughby , with Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returning to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins was the only judge from series 6 to return , with six consecutive European champion Katarina Witt and choreographer Louie Spence replacing Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner . </P> <P> The contestants for the seventh series are as follows . Singer Chesney Hawkes was originally part of the line - up , but withdrew after sustaining an injury . His replacement was The X Factor contestant Chico Slimani . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Akinwolere </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laila Morse </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Łukasz Różycki </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Rhodes </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corey Feldman </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brooke Castile </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlene Tilton </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matthew Gonzalez </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosemary Conley </Td> <Td> Businesswoman & author </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sébastien Foucan </Td> <Td> Freerunner </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heidi Range </Td> <Td> Singer ( Sugababes ) </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Nixon </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Alexandra Schauman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Whyment </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Vicky Ogden </Td> <Td> Eliminated 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chemmy Alcott </Td> <Td> Alpine ski racer </Td> <Td> Sean Rice </Td> <Td> Eliminated 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer Ellison </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 12th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chico Slimani </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Jodeyne Higgins </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jorgie Porter </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matthew Wolfenden </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Nina Ulanova </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 8 ( 2013 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 8 ) <P> The eighth series started on 6 January 2013 . </P> <P> The line - up was officially announced on 18 December 2012 . Consisting of twelve couples , series 8 was the shortest series to air , and had the lowest number of couples since series 3 in 2008 . </P> <P> Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities , with Barber returning to The Ice Panel after two series away . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Head judge Robin Cousins and Barber were joined on The Ice Panel by former judge Jason Gardiner and former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts , who replaced Louie Spence and Katarina Witt . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pamela Anderson </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lauren Goodger </Td> <Td> Reality TV star </Td> <Td> Michael Zenezini </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oona King </Td> <Td> Politician </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthea Turner </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Andrew Buchanan </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shayne Ward </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Pasquale </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> Vicky Ogden </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Chegwin </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Olga Sharutenko </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samia Ghadie </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gareth Thomas </Td> <Td> Retired rugby player </Td> <Td> Robin Johnstone </Td> <Td> Withdrew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luke Campbell </Td> <Td> Boxer </Td> <Td> Jenna Smith </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Lapinskas </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beth Tweddle </Td> <Td> Olympic gymnast </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 9 : all -- Stars ( 2014 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 9 ) <P> The ninth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on 5 January 2014 . It was announced on 21 May 2013 by Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill that it would be their last time as coaches , and ITV 's Director of Television , Peter Fincham , confirmed that the programme would be cancelled after this . On 24 June 2013 , it was reported that Dancing on Ice could continue with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that this series will be the show 's last series . </P> <P> It was later announced that the ninth series would be an `` all -- star '' series , featuring former winners and other contestants from the eight previous series . The 14 - strong line up was revealed on 11 December 2013 , included 6 former champions , 6 other top - four finishers , plus Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty . </P> <P> Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Dean , Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins , Jason Gardiner , Barber and Ashley Roberts returned for their respective ninth , eighth , seventh and second series on The Ice Panel . Cousins was absent for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentating the 2014 Winter Olympics , so former judge Nicky Slater returned in his place and Barber was temporary head judge . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Original series </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jorgie Porter </Td> <Td> Series 7 -- 2nd </Td> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Pasquale </Td> <Td> Series 8 -- 7th </Td> <Td> Robin Johnstone </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Seaman </Td> <Td> Series 1 -- 4th </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gary Lucy </Td> <Td> Series 5 -- 2nd </Td> <Td> Katie Stainsby </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Carty </Td> <Td> Series 4 -- 9th </Td> <Td> Alexandra Schauman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zaraah Abrahams </Td> <Td> Series 3 -- 3rd </Td> <Td> Andrew Buchanan </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonnie Langford </Td> <Td> Series 1 -- 3rd </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gareth Gates </Td> <Td> Series 3 -- 4th </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Shaw </Td> <Td> Series 3 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td> Series 2 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Nina Ulanova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Attwater </Td> <Td> Series 6 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Vicky Ogden </Td> <Td> Eliminated 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beth Tweddle </Td> <Td> Series 8 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Łukasz Różycki </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hayley Tamaddon </Td> <Td> Series 5 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Runner up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ray Quinn </Td> <Td> Series 4 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 10 ( 2018 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) <P> On 4 September 2017 , it was announced on This Morning that Dancing on Ice would return with Willoughby and Schofield as presenters , and Torvill and Dean returning in new roles of head judges . It was also revealed that Jason Gardiner would be returning to the Ice Panel , along with Diversity member Ashley Banjo . With the announcement of the new series it was confirmed that the show would have a new set , new graphics , a new logo and a new theme tune , including the contestants and professionals faces for the first time . The show 's new logo was released on the official Twitter account . The series will be filmed at RAF Bovingdon . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Candice Brown </Td> <Td> The Great British Bake Off winner </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephanie Waring </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perri Shakes - Drayton </Td> <Td> Athlete </Td> <Td> Hamish Gaman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheryl Baker </Td> <Td> Singer ( Bucks Fizz ) & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lemar </Td> <Td> Singer , songwriter & producer </Td> <Td> Melody Le Moal </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antony Cotton </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brandee Malto </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th & 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donna Air </Td> <Td> Actress & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Beresford </Td> <Td> Weather forecaster </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kem Cetinay </Td> <Td> Reality TV star </Td> <Td> Alex Murphy </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max Evans </Td> <Td> Rugby union player </Td> <Td> Ale Izquierdo </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brooke Vincent </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matej Silecky </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Quickenden </Td> <Td> Singer & reality TV star </Td> <Td> Vanessa Bauer </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 11 ( 2019 ) </H3> <P> It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . </P> <H2> Series averages </H2> <P> All information in this table comes from BARB . including figures from ITV + 1 and ITV HD channels </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Day </Th> <Th> # Ep . </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Premiere </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Final </Th> <Th> Aired </Th> <Th> Average viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Saturdays </Td> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 14 January 2006 </Td> <Th> 9.83 </Th> <Td> 4 March 2006 </Td> <Th> 11.68 </Th> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Th> 9.12 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 20 January 2007 </Td> <Th> 9.08 </Th> <Td> 17 March 2007 </Td> <Th> 9.14 </Th> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Th> 8.00 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sundays </Td> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 13 January 2008 </Td> <Th> 9.34 </Th> <Td> 16 March 2008 </Td> <Th> 12.08 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> 8.93 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 11 January 2009 </Td> <Th> 8.83 </Th> <Td> 22 March 2009 </Td> <Th> 11.31 </Th> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Th> 8.86 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 10 January 2010 </Td> <Th> 9.64 </Th> <Td> 28 March 2010 </Td> <Th> 9.42 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 8.28 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 9 January 2011 </Td> <Th> 10.23 </Th> <Td> 27 March 2011 </Td> <Th> 9.35 </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> 8.15 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 8 January 2012 </Td> <Th> 8.42 </Th> <Td> 25 March 2012 </Td> <Th> 7.01 </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 6.63 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 6 January 2013 </Td> <Th> 7.49 </Th> <Td> 10 March 2013 </Td> <Th> 7.36 </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Th> 6.32 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 5 January 2014 </Td> <Th> 6.76 </Th> <Td> 9 March 2014 </Td> <Th> 5.98 </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Th> 5.04 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 7 January 2018 </Td> <Th> 8.56 </Th> <Td> 11 March 2018 </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2018 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Group </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Reference ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Entertainment Programme </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Quick Awards </Td> <Td> Best Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Quick Awards </Td> <Td> Best Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RTS Craft & Design Award </Td> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RTS Craft & Design Award </Td> <Td> Best Multicamera Work </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> RTS Craft & Design Award </Td> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RTS Craft & Design Award </Td> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> National Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Popular Talent Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TRIC Awards </Td> <Td> TRIC Special Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Guest singers </H2> <Ul> <Li> Series 2 -- Week 6 : Take That with `` Shine '' and `` Patience '' </Li> <Li> Series 3 -- Week 3 : Westlife with `` World of Our Own '' and `` Us Against The World '' </Li> <Li> Series 3 -- Week 9 : Leona Lewis with `` Footprints in the Sand '' and `` Better in Time '' </Li> <Li> Series 4 -- Week 5 : Bette Midler with `` From a Distance '' </Li> <Li> Series 4 -- Week 7 : Will Young with `` Let It Go '' </Li> <Li> Series 4 -- Week 10 : Girls Aloud with `` Untouchable '' </Li> <Li> Series 5 -- Week 2 : The Saturdays with `` Ego '' </Li> <Li> Series 5 -- Week 5 : Mumford & Sons with `` The Cave '' </Li> <Li> Series 5 -- Week 5 : Pixie Lott with `` Use Somebody '' and `` Cry Me Out '' </Li> <Li> Series 5 -- Week 8 : Katherine Jenkins and Andrew Lloyd Webber with `` Love Never Dies '' </Li> <Li> Series 5 -- Week 11 : Alexandra Burke with `` All Night Long '' </Li> <Li> Series 6 -- Qualifying Week 2 : Ellie Goulding with `` Your Song '' </Li> <Li> Series 6 -- Week 5 : Rumer with `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' </Li> <Li> Series 6 -- Week 7 : Nicole Scherzinger with `` Do n't Hold Your Breath '' </Li> <Li> Series 6 -- Week 8 & 10 : The Overtones ( house band for week 10 ) </Li> <Li> Series 7 -- Week 2 : Pixie Lott with `` Kiss the Stars '' </Li> <Li> Series 7 -- Week 4 : Christina Perri with `` Jar of Hearts '' </Li> <Li> Series 7 -- Week 5 : One Direction with `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' </Li> <Li> Series 7 -- Week 10 : Marcus Collins with `` Seven Nation Army '' </Li> <Li> Series 8 -- Week 3 : Little Mix with `` Change Your Life '' </Li> <Li> Series 8 -- Week 7 : Olly Murs with `` Army of Two '' </Li> <Li> Series 8 -- Week 8 : Jools Holland and Rumer </Li> <Li> Series 9 -- Week 4 : Rebecca Ferguson with `` In My Life '' ( with Torvill and Dean ) and `` All That I 've Got '' ( with professional skaters ) </Li> <Li> Series 9 -- Semi-final : Kodaline with `` High Hopes '' </Li> <Li> Series 10 -- Week 7 : Camila Cabello with `` Never Be the Same '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Spin - offs </H2> <P> Like many other reality TV shows , Dancing on Ice has had a number of supplementary shows . The first was Dancing on Ice Defrosted . It was presented by Stephen Mulhern and aired on ITV2 immediately after the main ITV show and again after the results show . The show featured opinions from celebrity guests and past contestants as well as from Torvill and Dean , the judges , presenters and competitors . Judge Nicky Slater also offered in - depth analysis of various performances using the latest video technology that the judges use to judge performances . </P> <P> The second spin - off show was originally called Dancing on Ice Extra and was presented by Andi Peters and Andrea McLean , both competitors in the first series . Midway through the first series Paul O'Grady left ITV to join Channel 4 meaning that ITV had no show to put on air at 5 pm . The format of Dancing on Ice Defrosted was modified so that it could be broadcast every weekday . Due to Andrea 's maternity leave during the second series she did not return to present the show and therefore Ben Shephard joined the show as the anchor presenter , and , unlike during the previous , series Andi Peters was now a roving reporter around the studio . For its second run the show was renamed Dancing on Ice Exclusive . </P> <P> Neither of these first two spin - off shows returned in 2008 nor 2009 . </P> <P> In 2010 it was announced that a new spin - off show would accompany Dancing on Ice , named Dancing on Ice Friday , presented by Ben Shephard and Coleen Nolan . </P> <H3> Champion of champions ( 2007 ) </H3> <P> This took place on Saturday 24 March 2007 and featured finalists from both Series 1 and Series 2 . All six celebrities did one routine each , scored by the judges , and then voted on by the public . The two couples finishing first after the public voted skated again in the skate off to decide the winner . The skaters that did not reach the skate off -- 3rd to 6th -- were announced `` in no particular order '' , so ranks may not be accurate . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Place </Th> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Partner </Th> <Th> Position on Dancing on Ice </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st </Th> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> Series 2 winner </Td> <Td> 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.5 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 29.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd </Th> <Td> Clare Buckfield </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Series 2 runner - up </Td> <Td> 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd </Th> <Td> Bonnie Langford </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Series 1 third place ( final ) </Td> <Td> 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th </Th> <Td> Duncan James </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Series 2 third place ( final ) </Td> <Td> 4.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th </Th> <Td> Gaynor Faye </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Series 1 winner </Td> <Td> 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 25.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6th </Th> <Td> Stefan Booth </Td> <Td> Kristina Lenko </Td> <Td> Series 1 runner - up </Td> <Td> 4.5 + 5.0 + 4.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 = 22.5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) </H3> <P> For Christmas 2008 , Torvill and Dean went head to head with Jayne Torvill having a team of three female celebrities , and Christopher Dean having a team of three male celebrities . The judges were the usual line - up of Robin Cousins , Ruthie Henshall , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Nicky Slater . Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield presented the 90 - minute programme . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Place </Th> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Partner </Th> <Th> Position on Dancing on Ice </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st </Th> <Td> Suzanne Shaw </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Series 3 winner </Td> <Td> 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 30.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd </Th> <Td> Chris Fountain </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Series 3 runner - up </Td> <Td> 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 28.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd </Th> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td> Melanie Lambert </Td> <Td> Series 2 winner </Td> <Td> 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 27.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th </Th> <Td> Clare Buckfield </Td> <Td> Pavel Aubrecht </Td> <Td> Series 2 runner - up </Td> <Td> 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th </Th> <Td> Duncan James </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Series 2 third place </Td> <Td> 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 4.5 = 24.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6th </Th> <Td> Zaraah Abrahams </Td> <Td> Fred Palascak </Td> <Td> Series 3 third place </Td> <Td> 5.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 24.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Team Torvill scored 80 points to Team Dean 's 79.5 and won the show by also receiving the majority of the audience votes . </P> <P> Suzanne Shaw received the perfect score of 30 for the third time in a row . In her last two appearances on the show she has picked up the trophy . </P> <H3> Dancing on Ice : Make Me a star ( 2008 ) </H3> <P> A 30 - minute prime time spin - off to Dancing on Ice premiered on 26 January 2008 and ran for a few episodes , presented solely by Holly Willoughby . This both showed some exclusive footage of the celebrities training for the Sunday night main show and followed Torvill and Dean on the search for a member of the public to perform on the Dancing on Ice final in 2009 . </P> <P> Shows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kyran Bracken skated with his new partner ( they have been on Holiday on Ice ) </Li> <Li> David Seaman and Melanie Lambert showed what to expect on the Tour </Li> <Li> Clare Buckfield and Andrei Lipanov did a new performance of `` Reach '' </Li> </Ul> <H3> Dancing on Ice : Ice star ( 2009 ) </H3> <P> This was shown after the announcement of the bottom two had been made but before the skate off . It showed Torvill and Dean 's search for an entertainment act on ice , with auditions from all kinds of ice skaters . The winner skated live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final and join Torvill and Dean on tour . </P> <P> From a shortlist of 20 acts , Torvill and Dean invited only 4 back to give another performance in the Dancing on Ice studio . The final 4 were : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hannah and Daniel -- Child pairs skaters </Li> <Li> Nick Rigby -- Figure skater </Li> <Li> The Oxford Freestylers -- Stunt and trick performers </Li> <Li> The Elody -- Skating girlband </Li> </Ul> <P> The best skater to slip through the net was Grimsby born Daniel Bennett who initially impressed Christopher Dean on his first audition . Controversially however Jane Torvil denied him entry after his cataclismic fall on the quarter finals just metres away from the legendary skating duo . </P> <P> The Oxford Freestylers won and performed live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final . </P> <H3> Dancing on Ice goes gold ( 2012 ) </H3> <P> An Olympic special aired on 22 July 2012 , before the London 2012 Summer Olympics . It featured medal - winning Olympic athletes . </P> <P> The one - off special featured the judges from series 7 , with Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returning as presenters . Torvill & Dean unveiled a new and specially - crafted performance . Head judge , Robin Cousins also performed a solo routine for first time in twelve years . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Olympian </Th> <Th> Sport </Th> <Th> Medals </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Judges scores </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Williams OBE </Td> <Td> Rowing </Td> <Td> Gold , Coxless Four ( Athens 2004 , Beijing 2008 ) </Td> <Td> Katie Stainsby </Td> <Td> 9.5 , 9.5 , 10.0 = 29.0 </Td> <Td> Gold ( Winner ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olga Korbut </Td> <Td> Gymnastics </Td> <Td> 4 Gold & 2 Silver ( Munich 1972 , Montreal 1976 ) </Td> <Td> Matthew Gonzalez </Td> <Td> 10.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 28.5 </Td> <Td> Silver ( 2nd place ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pippa Wilson MBE </Td> <Td> Sailing </Td> <Td> Gold , Yngling sailing ( Beijing 2008 ) </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> <Td> 9.0 , 9.5 , 9.5 = 28.0 </Td> <Td> Bronze ( 3rd place ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gail Emms MBE </Td> <Td> Badminton </Td> <Td> Silver , Mixed Doubles ( Athens 2004 ) </Td> <Td> Łukasz Różycki </Td> <Td> 9.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 27.5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colin Jackson CBE </Td> <Td> Hurdling , Sprinting </Td> <Td> Silver , 110m Hurdles ( Seoul Olympics 1988 ) </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> 9.0 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamie Baulch </Td> <Td> Sprinting </Td> <Td> Silver , 4 × 400 m relay ( Atlanta 1996 ) </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> 8.5 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.0 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tessa Sanderson CBE </Td> <Td> Javelin </Td> <Td> Gold ( LA 1984 ) </Td> <Td> Yannick Bonheur </Td> <Td> 7.5 , 7.5 , 8.0 = 23.0 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The judges scores were added to the studio audiences votes to decide the winner . No public vote took place , as the programme was recorded earlier in the year . </P> <H3> Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) </H3> <P> A brand new spin - off show for the 2010 series of Dancing on Ice , appropriately called Dancing on Ice Friday , gave viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities over the last week . It was presented by television presenter Ben Shephard and former contestant and Loose Women star Coleen Nolan . The show was broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV throughout the duration of the main shows season . STV who broadcast the main show did not broadcast this on the Friday evening but after repeating the previous week 's main show on the following Saturday afternoon . </P> <P> Due to poor ratings , Dancing on Ice Friday was axed prior to the 2011 series . </P> <H2> Studio set and Ice rink </H2> <P> The show was based in the George Lucas Stage at Elstree Studios from 2006 to 2010 . In 2011 the show was broadcast from Shepperton Studios . In 2012 it returned to Elstree with a new , more modern set . </P> <P> There were several areas of the Elstree studio . The Tunnel was to the left of the rink and was where the couples entered the rink . The Ice Cave was situated at the back of the rink and was where Phillip Schofield stood to interview the couples . The Judges and Contestants Area was to the right of the rink and was where the judging panel were based , and where Holly Willoughby or Christine Bleakley stood to speak to them and the couples . The ice rink measured 30 × 15m . </P> <P> For the 2018 revival series the show was relocated to a purpose - built studio at RAF Bovingdon . </P> <H2> Dancing on Ice : The Tour </H2> Main article : Dancing on Ice : The Tour <H2> Merchandise </H2> <Ul> <Li> A DVD , featuring highlights from Series 1 , and a CD , containing music from Series 1 , were released shortly after it ended . A highlights DVD for Series 2 was released on 2 April 2007 and a Series 3 highlights DVD was released on 7 April 2008 . There is a Series 4 DVD in The Series 1 -- 5 Boxset ; you can ` t buy it by itself . The Series 5 Highlights DVD was released on 12 April 2010 and the Live Tour 2010 DVD was released on 29 November 2010 . A compilation boxset of highlights of Series 1 -- 5 has also been released . </Li> <Li> The Live Tours are also filmed at a different location each year by Live Nation UK Ltd who own the rights to the tours and released on DVD by Universal Media . The Live 25th Bolero Anniversary Tour DVD was released in November 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Torvill and Dean skate on to ITV '' . BBC News . 25 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judges -- Karen Barber ITV -- Dancing on Ice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Midgley , Neil ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Dancing on thin ice '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV ratings : March 16 -- Dancing on Ice final wins for ITV The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dancing on Ice -- News -- Torvill and Dean get £ 1.5 m ' Dancing ' deal Digital Spy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magrath , Andrea ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Skating on in : Christine Bleakley to replace Holly Willoughby as co-host of Dancing on Ice '' . Daily Mail . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Press releases Programme press releases Dancing on Ice judges -- ITV Press Centre '' . Itv.com . Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' : Jason Gardiner to replace Louie Spence -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV News '' . AudienceTickets.net . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 26 January 2013 at Archive.is </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to air final series in 2014 , confirms Torvill and Dean '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to survive axe ? '' . Digital Spy. 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice to end in 2014 '' . ITV Press Centre . 22 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice to return in 2018 '' . ITV Press Centre . 4 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice confirms Ashley Banjo as judge for 2018 series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is Jason Gardiner returning to Dancing on Ice ? Judging line - up of ITV show CONFIRMED '' . Radio Times . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jordan Banjo will join brother Ashley on Dancing on Ice as digital host ... whatever that means '' . Digital Spy. 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mottershead , Lee ( 16 December 2017 ) . `` Matt Chapman gets his skates on to become voice of ITV 's Dancing on Ice - Horse Racing News - Racing Post '' . www.racingpost.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice commentator Matt Chapman quits after one episode '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Matterface replaces Matt Chapman as Dancing on Ice commentator '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice will return in 2019 '' . Radio Times . 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice series 3 '' . Digital Spy. 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the show '' . itv.com. 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice -- TV3 '' . Tv3.ie . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice dates confirmed News Phillip Schofield '' . Officialphillipschofield.com . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' lineup revealed : Heidi Range , Jennifer Ellison , more -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chesney 's ice exit '' . itv.com. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' return date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice 2013 celebrity line - up revealed '' . Newsbeat . BBC Online . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pamela Anderson , Samia Ghadie and Shayne Ward get their skates on as Dancing on Ice 2013 line - up is announced '' . Daily Mail . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' returns for All Stars final series '' . Digital Spy. 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Line up revealed tonight ! '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice All - Stars cast unveiled '' . 11 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice returning to ITV in 2018 with big change '' . Digital Spy. 4 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice ( @ dancingonice ) - Twitter '' . twitter.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top Programmes BARB </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NTAs 2013 - Nominations in full '' . 8 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Take That on Dancing On Ice Metro , 16 February 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Log into Facebook - Facebook '' . Facebook . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leona Lewis ' blades of glory The Sun , 29 February 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pixie Lott sings ' Cry Me Out ' on Dancing On Ice 2010 Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Unreality TV , 7 February 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pixie Lott opens Dancing on Ice with Kings of Leon classic STV , 9 February 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star '' . itv.com. 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dancing on Ice . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Dancing on Ice at itv.com </Li> <Li> Dancing on Ice at stv.tv </Li> <Li> Dancing on Ice on Facebook </Li> <Li> Dancing on Ice on Twitter </Li> <Li> Dancing on Ice on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dancing on Ice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gaynor Faye </Li> <Li> Kyran Bracken </Li> <Li> Suzanne Shaw </Li> <Li> Ray Quinn </Li> <Li> Hayley Tamaddon </Li> <Li> Sam Attwater </Li> <Li> Matthew Wolfenden </Li> <Li> Beth Tweddle </Li> <Li> Jake Quickenden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professionals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Whiston </Li> <Li> Melanie Lambert </Li> <Li> Matt Evers </Li> <Li> Maria Filippov </Li> <Li> Brianne Delcourt </Li> <Li> Nina Ulanova </Li> <Li> Vanessa Bauer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Professionals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Viktoria Borzenkova </Li> <Li> Brooke Castile </Li> <Li> Hamish Gaman </Li> <Li> Isabelle Gauthier </Li> <Li> Mark Hanretty </Li> <Li> Jodeyne Higgins </Li> <Li> Florentine Houdinière </Li> <Li> Marika Humphreys </Li> <Li> Sylvain Longchambon </Li> <Li> Pamela O'Connor </Li> <Li> Colin Ratushniak </Li> <Li> Sean Rice </Li> <Li> Łukasz Różycki </Li> <Li> Todd Sand </Li> <Li> Olga Sharutenko </Li> <Li> Michael Zenezini </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dancing on Ice around the world </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Versions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_on_Ice&oldid=841063898 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2000s British reality television series </Li> <Li> 2006 British television programme debuts </Li> <Li> 2010s British reality television series </Li> <Li> British reality television series </Li> <Li> Dancing on Ice </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Figure skating in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Figure skating on television </Li> <Li> ITV reality television programmes </Li> <Li> Television series by ITV Studios </Li> <Li> Television series revived after cancellation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template archiveis links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2014 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 21 : 02 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who does the voiceover on dancing on ice
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dancing_on_Ice&amp;oldid=841063898
-7,616,269,613,735,649,000
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 - wikipedia <H1> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Tobe Hooper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Menahem Golan </Li> <Li> Yoram Globus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> L.M. Kit Carson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dennis Hopper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tobe Hooper </Li> <Li> Jerry Lambert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Richard Kooris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Alain Jakubowicz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> The Cannon Group , Inc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Cannon Releasing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> August 22 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 22 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 101 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $4.7 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $8 million ( US ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 ( marketed as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Part 2 ) is a 1986 American horror film directed by Tobe Hooper and serves as a sequel to The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , also directed and co-written by Hooper . It was written by L.M. Kit Carson and produced by Carson , Yoram Globus , Menahem Golan and Hooper . Starring Dennis Hopper , Caroline Williams , Bill Johnson , Bill Moseley and Jim Siedow , the plot follows a radio host victimized and captured by Leatherface and his cannibalistic family while a former Texas Marshall hunts them down . </P> <P> During its theatrical release , the film grossed $8 million against its $4.7 million budget and became popular on home video . The sequel received a mixed reception from critics and audiences alike ; both positives and negatives referred to its emphasis on black comedy and gore which departed from the first film 's utilized minimal gore , low - budget vérité style and atmosphere to build tension and fear . Director Tobe Hooper decided to focus on its black comedy as he believed this was present in the first film , but was unacknowledged by viewers because of its gritty content . Despite the mixed reception , the film eventually gained a cult following . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Deleted scenes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Controversies </Li> <Li> 5.2 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5.3 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Sequel </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1986 , thirteen years after the events of the first film , two high school seniors , Buzz ( Barry Kinyon ) and Rick ( Chris Douridas ) , race along a desolate stretch of Texas highway , en route to the Texas - OU football game at the Dallas Cotton Bowl . Heavily intoxicated , they use their car phone to call and harass on - air radio DJ Vanita `` Stretch '' Brock ( Caroline Williams ) . Unable to convince them to hang up , Stretch is forced to keep the line open . While passing a pickup truck , Buzz and Rick are attacked by Leatherface ( Bill Johnson ) , who emerges from the back of the truck . Leatherface rips up the roof using his chainsaw . After a short struggle , Rick tries shooting Leatherface with his revolver but Leatherface fatally slices off part of the driving Buzz 's head , and the car ends up crashing and killing Rick . </P> <P> The following morning , Lieutenant Boude `` Lefty '' Enright ( Dennis Hopper ) , former Texas Ranger , and uncle of Sally and Franklin Hardesty , who were victims of Leatherface and his family years earlier , arrives at the scene of the crime to help solve Buzz and Rick 's murders . Lefty has spent the last thirteen years looking into his nephew 's disappearance , investigating reports of mysterious chainsaw killings across Texas . He is contacted by Stretch , who brings him a copy of the audio tape that recorded the attack . Lefty asks Stretch to play the tape on her nightly radio show so the public , which had previously mocked his case , will have to listen to him . </P> <P> Leatherface 's family arrive at the radio station , prompted by the nightly radio broadcast of the tape . While preparing to leave for the night , Stretch is confronted by Chop Top ( Bill Moseley ) before being attacked by Leatherface . Her coworker L.G. ( Lou Perryman ) is brutally beaten by Chop Top . Leatherface corners Stretch and is about to kill her , but she charms him into sparing her . Leatherface returns to Chop Top and leads him to believe that he has killed Stretch . They then take L.G. to their home , followed by Stretch , who is trapped inside the Sawyer home , an abandoned carnival ground decorated with human bones , multi-colored lights , and carnival remnants . </P> <P> Lefty , who has been following their car all along , arrives equipped with chainsaws and trashes the home before he finds Franklin 's remains . Meanwhile , Stretch is found by Leatherface , who puts L.G. 's skinned face and hat on her before tying her arms and leaving . Later , L.G. wakes up and frees her before dying . Drayton Sawyer ( Jim Siedow ) finds Stretch roaming the grounds of their cave and the family capture her . Chop Top scolds Leatherface when he finds out that Stretch is still alive . Lefty eventually finds her being tortured at the dinner table by Chop Top , Drayton , Leatherface , and Grandpa Sawyer and saves her . A battle between Lefty and the Sawyer family ensues . In the end , Lefty and most of the Sawyer family are killed when a grenade recovered from the hitchhiker 's preserved corpse goes off prematurely . </P> <P> Only Chop Top and Stretch survive the explosion . They escape outside and battle at a rock tower . Despite her injuries , Stretch grabs a chainsaw held by the mummified remains of the family 's grandmother in a ritual shrine in the rock tower , gets the upper hand on Chop Top , and attacks him with the chainsaw , causing him to fall off the tower to a presumed death . The final shot shows Stretch shouting and swinging the chainsaw similar to Leatherface in the first film . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre characters <Ul> <Li> Caroline Williams as Vanita `` Stretch '' Brock </Li> <Li> Dennis Hopper as Lt. Boude `` Lefty '' Enright </Li> <Li> Jim Siedow as `` The Cook '' Drayton Sawyer </Li> <Li> Bill Johnson as Leatherface </Li> <Li> Bill Moseley as `` Chop Top '' Sawyer </Li> <Li> Lou Perryman as L.G. </Li> <Li> Chris Douridas as Gunner / Rick </Li> <Li> Ken Evert as Grandpa Sawyer </Li> <Li> Kinky Friedman as Sports Anchorman ( cameo ) </Li> <Li> Dan Jenkins as T.V. Commentator ( cameo ) </Li> <Li> Joe Bob Briggs as Gonzo Moviegoer ( cameo ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Originally , Tobe Hooper was just going to produce the film but he could not find a director the film 's budget would afford . According to the documentary Electric Boogaloo : The Wild , Untold Story of Cannon Films , the production company Cannon Films were expecting a horror film while Tobe Hooper wanted to make a black comedy . When Cannon viewed the film they were unhappy with the final product . The movie was filmed at the closed Matterhorn amusement park in Prairie Dell , Texas . </P> <P> Gunnar Hansen was approached to recreate his role as Leatherface but he claimed to have been offered `` scale plus ten percent '' with the ten percent going to his agent . When he replied that he had no agent , they offered scale without the additional ten percent . Hansen found the offer too low . Unit publicist Scott Holton offered an alternate story claiming Hansen vacillated about the part and the offer was rescinded . Holton did n't believe the average viewer was even aware of the original actors were claiming `` who are Neal , Hansen or Burns ? '' </P> <P> Bill Moseley created a short film parody entitled The Texas Chainsaw Manicure where he played a small role as The Hitchiker and showed it to a screenwriter who was able to show it to Tobe Hooper . Hooper loved it and kept Moseley in mind for a part should he ever make a sequel . When the time came to cast Chainsaw 2 , Moseley was contacted for the role of Chop Top , the Hitchhiker 's twin brother . </P> <H3> Deleted scenes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several scenes were deleted by director Tobe Hooper due to pacing issues as mentioned on the 2000 Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Shocking Truth documentary . One lengthy scene that was cut from the film involves the Sawyer Clan heading out at night to collect prime meat for their chili by slaughtering movie patrons and a group of rowdy , rioting fans . The deleted slaughtering scene featured several elaborate Tom Savini special effects . Another deleted scene also includes the American film critic Joe Bob Briggs . An alternative plot line involving Lefty Enright as Stretch 's father was also scrapped . However , these scenes are present on the 2007 Gruesome Edition DVD special features section . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film was released theatrically in the United States by Cannon Films in August 1986 . It grossed $8,725,872 at the box office . </P> <P> After it was submitted to the MPAA in the United States , the film received an `` X '' rating , prompting the filmmakers to release it as unrated . However , TV previews , theatrical trailers and even posters for the film displayed the written statement : `` Due to the nature of this film , no - one under 17 will be admitted '' . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Roger Ebert believes the movie fails because it `` goes flat - out from one end to the other , never spending any time on pacing , on timing , on the anticipation of horror . It does n't even pause to establish the characters ; Dennis Hopper has the most thankless task , playing a man who spends the first half of the movie looking distracted and vague , and the second half screaming during chainsaw duels . '' He also commented that it `` has a lot of blood and disembowelment , to be sure , but it does n't have the terror of the original , the desire to be taken seriously . It 's a geek show . '' </P> <P> AllMovie 's review was favorable , writing , `` much - hated at the time of its release , Tobe Hooper 's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 has aged remarkably well , now playing as a strangely effective if none - too - subtle satire of several facets of ' 80s excess . '' </P> <P> The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 2 holds a 45 % approval rating on film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 29 reviews with an average rating of 4.8 / 10 . It has since become a cult film . </P> <H3> Controversies ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was released on VHS by Media Home Entertainment the same year . When initially released on home video and LaserDisc , it still had no rating . When reissued on home video and on DVD in 2000 , it was given an `` R '' rating by the MPAA . </P> <P> In a similar way to its predecessor , The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 2 has had a checkered past in regard to its relationship with censors in various countries . As a result , the film was banned in Germany and Singapore , however the Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft in Germany has given it an 18 rating for the uncut version as of 2017 , and Singapore giving it an R21 ( Resticted to under 21 ) rating after an appeal . When the film was submitted in the United Kingdom to the BBFC for a certificate , the BBFC notified Cannon , the distributor , that at least 20 to 25 minutes of footage would have to be trimmed in order for the film to be given an 18 rating . Cannon then aborted its plans for a possible UK release in 1990 . The uncut version of the film was eventually given an 18 rating in 2001 . </P> <P> The film was banned in Australia for 20 years . An uncut version was released on VHS by Warner Home Video in New Zealand in 1987 , but could also be found ( illegally , as the box proudly stated ) in some Australian video stores at the time . The New Zealand VHS cassette has become very rare . In 2000 , an unofficial VHS release was issued to retailers throughout Australia . This was done so illegally by a duplicating house , and without the knowledge of the OFLC . When news of the illegal copies leaked , a number of retailers were raided for possessing infringing copies . The duplicating house was similarly raided by Federal Customs . The film was finally passed for official release in Australia on 30 November 2006 . The Uncut `` Gruesome Edition '' DVD was released on 24 January the next year . </P> <P> The theatrical release poster for the film also resembled the poster for the film The Breakfast Club . </P> <H3> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , Pt. 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Gothic rock , new wave , alternative rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> IRS </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> The Lords of the New Church : `` Good to Be Bad '' -- 4 : 42 </Li> <Li> The Cramps : `` Goo Goo Muck '' -- 3 : 02 </Li> <Li> Concrete Blonde : `` Haunted Head '' -- 2 : 48 </Li> <Li> Timbuk3 : `` Life Is Hard '' -- 4 : 06 </Li> <Li> Torch Song : `` White Night '' -- 3 : 42 </Li> <Li> Stewart Copeland : `` Strange Things Happen '' -- 2 : 58 </Li> <Li> Concrete Blonde : `` Over Your Shoulder '' -- 3 : 20 </Li> <Li> Timbuk3 : `` Shame on You '' -- 4 : 48 </Li> <Li> The Lords of the New Church : `` Mind Warp '' -- 3 : 42 </Li> <Li> Oingo Boingo : `` No One Lives Forever '' -- 4 : 08 </Li> </Ol> <P> `` Crazy Crazy Mama '' by Roky Erickson was used in the film but not included on the soundtrack album . </P> <H3> Home Media ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On 1 August 2000 , the film was released in a bare bones region 1 DVD by MGM Home Entertainment . However , on 10 October 2006 , the film received a second DVD treatment from MGM , entitled `` The Gruesome Edition '' , which featured an audio commentary by director Tobe Hooper and David Gregory , director of Texas Chain Saw Massacre : The Shocking Truth , as well as an audio commentary by actors Bill Moseley , Caroline Williams and special effects makeup creator Tom Savini . The special features also included deleted scenes , a feature - length documentary entitled It Runs in the Family , six still galleries and a trailer . A Blu - ray edition of the film was released on September 11 , 2012 which featured all of the special features from the `` Gruesome Edition '' DVD . </P> <P> A special edition has been released on video . This edition adds some footage originally shot for the movie but not included in the theatrical version . This rough footage has dialogue but no music or sound effects and the video quality is atrocious . </P> <P> The new scenes include : Lefty Enright ( Dennis Hopper ) strapping two chainsaws to himself with leather belts just outside the Sawyer family 's hideout . He then sees the family 's truck arriving and entering the cave . </P> <P> A group of rioting football fans smash some cars in an underground parking lot . The chainsaw family arrives and proceeds to make mincemeat of all of them . Highlights include Leatherface slicing a guy 's head in half and cutting off the hand of another ( the severed hand then falls to the ground and gives Leatherface the finger ! ) </P> <P> A guy ( Joe Bob Briggs ) descending a staircase to the garage together with two women and talking about splatter movie special effects . After he opens a door , Leatherface barges in and slaughters him ( off - screen ) . </P> <P> An alternative take of the scene where Stretch is hiding in the meat room and Leatherface comes in to butcher L.G. and remove his face . </P> <P> Scream Factory released its Collectors Edition on Blu - Ray on April 12 , 2016 . </P> <H2> Sequel ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III <P> The official sequel to the film was Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III but in 1998 , Tobe Hooper 's son William Hooper , began work on All American Massacre , a short film that would be both a sequel and a prequel to The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 . Hooper ran out of funds for post-production in 2000 and the film was never completed and released although the trailer leaked online in the early 2000s . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Texas Chain Saw Massacre II '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanley , Ken W. ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` FANTASTICA Presents : The Underdog Romances of Horror '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 ( Collector 's Edition ) '' . Shout ! Factory . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Gunnar Hansen dons Leatherface 's mask for NC 's Mad Monster Party ; video promo '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phipps , Ken ( October 11 , 2000 ) . `` Tobe Hooper '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coppedge , Clay ( September 24 , 2004 ) . `` Tranquil setting belies past : PRAIRIE DELL '' . Texas Escapes . Blueprints for Travel . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jaworzyn , Stefan ( 2012 ) . The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Companion . Titan Books . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 9781781164976 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Texas Chainsaw 3D ' : Bill Moseley reflects on a monster career '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Newspapers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jaworzyn , Stefan ( 2012 ) . The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Companion . Titan Books . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 9781781164976 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Shocking Truth ( 2000 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaworzyn , Stefan ( 2012 ) . The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Companion . Titan Books . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 9781781164976 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 25 , 1986 ) . `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith . `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 '' . AllMovie . RhythmOne . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 ( 1986 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trunick , Austin ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 : Collector 's Edition '' . Under the Radar . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Film Censorship : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 1974 ) & ( 1986 ) '' . Refused Classification . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , The - The Gruesome Edition '' . EzyDVD . January 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maçek , J.C. III ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` No Texas , No Chainsaw , No Massacre : The True Links in the Chain '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Moseley Played Chop Top in a ' Chainsaw 2 ' Sequel We May Never See '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External Links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film portal </Li> <Li> Horror portal </Li> <Li> Texas portal </Li> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 at AllMovie </Li> <Li> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> The Next Generation </Li> <Li> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Beginning </Li> <Li> Texas Chainsaw 3D </Li> <Li> Leatherface </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Leatherface </Li> <Li> Sally Hardesty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chain Saw Confidential </Li> <Li> Comics </Li> <Li> Texas Chainsaw House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Tobe Hooper </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Eggshells ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Eaten Alive ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Funhouse ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Poltergeist ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Lifeforce ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Invaders from Mars ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Spontaneous Combustion ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> I 'm Dangerous Tonight ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Night Terrors ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Body Bags ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Mangler ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Apartment Complex ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Crocodile ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Toolbox Murders ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Mortuary ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Djinn ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre_2&oldid=849951678 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1986 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1980s comedy horror films </Li> <Li> 1980s sequel films </Li> <Li> 1980s serial killer films </Li> <Li> American comedy horror films </Li> <Li> American sequel films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American serial killer films </Li> <Li> American slasher films </Li> <Li> Cannibalism in fiction </Li> <Li> Films about revenge </Li> <Li> Films set in 1986 </Li> <Li> Films set in Texas </Li> <Li> Films shot in Austin , Texas </Li> <Li> The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( film series ) </Li> <Li> Golan - Globus films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Tobe Hooper </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from November 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Emiliàn e rumagnòl </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 11 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 14 : 44 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who played leatherface in texas chainsaw massacre 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre_2&amp;oldid=849951678
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Separation of church and state in the United States - Wikipedia <H1> Separation of church and state in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> `` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' </P> <P> The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote , </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jefferson was echoing the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who had written in 1644 , </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' </P> <P> Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . '' </P> <P> In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court of the United States in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Former state churches in British North America <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Catholic colonies </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Protestant colonies </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Colonies with no established church </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Tabular summary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Colonial support for separation </Li> <Li> 1.3 Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' </Li> <Li> 1.4 Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut </Li> <Li> 1.5 Test acts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 The U.S. Constitution <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Article 6 </Li> <Li> 2.2 The First Amendment </Li> <Li> 2.3 The 14th Amendment </Li> <Li> 2.4 The `` Separation '' principle and the Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 The Treaty of Tripoli </Li> <Li> 4 Interpretive controversies <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Politics and religion in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 External links <Ul> <Li> 8.1 American court battles over separation </Li> <Li> 8.2 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poverty relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact . </P> <H3> Former state churches in British North America ( edit ) </H3> Catholic colonies ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . </Li> <Li> The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . </Li> <Li> Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents . </Li> </Ul> Protestant colonies ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . </Li> <Li> The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . </Li> <Li> New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . </Li> <Li> The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England . </Li> </Ul> Colonies with no established church ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . </Li> <Li> West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . </Li> <Li> Delaware Colony </Li> <Li> The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens . </Li> </Ul> Tabular summary ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Colony </Th> <Th> Denomination </Th> <Th> Disestablished </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> Congregational </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Catholic / Church of England </Td> <Td> 1701 / 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Congregational </Td> <Td> 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> Congregational </Td> <Td> 1790 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newfoundland </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> 1850 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Edward Island </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> 1790 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada West </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Florida </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> East Florida </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> 1786 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Church of England </Td> <Td> 1868 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition . </P> <P> ^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . '' </P> <P> ^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 . </P> <P> ^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion . </P> <P> ^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections . </P> <P> ^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule . </P> <P> ^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) . </P> <P> ^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body . </P> <H3> Colonial support for separation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne . </P> <P> New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . '' </P> <P> Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state : </P> <P> Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support . </P> <P> There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights . </P> <P> Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution . </P> <H3> Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) : </P> <P> Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . </P> <P> Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter that he had received from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme : </P> <P> We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries . </P> <P> Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them . </P> <P> Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history </P> <P> Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional . </P> <H3> Patrick henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that : </P> <P> the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III ) </P> <P> Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts . </P> <P> The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York . </P> <P> Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue . </P> <H3> Test acts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States . </P> <P> For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides : </P> <P> That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects . </P> <P> This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one . </P> <P> The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 . </P> <P> The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided : </P> <P> And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz : </P> <Dl> <Dd> I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration . </Dd> </Dl> <P> And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State . </P> <P> Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . '' </P> <H2> The U.S. Constitution ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Article 6 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution . </P> <H3> The First Amendment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism . </P> <P> The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed : </P> <P> The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... . The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people . </P> <P> An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... '' </P> <P> Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate . </P> <P> Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice . </P> <P> Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment . </P> <P> The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language . </P> <P> At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today . </P> <P> Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom on conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations . </P> <H3> The 14th Amendment ( edit ) </H3> See also : Cantwell v. Connecticut <P> The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states . </P> <P> The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) . </P> <H3> The `` separation '' principle and the Supreme Court ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . '' </P> <P> The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . '' </P> <P> While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . '' </P> <P> In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated : </P> <P> The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government . </P> <P> The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . '' </P> <P> In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' </P> Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Those who would renegotiate the boundaries between church and state must therefore answer a difficult question : Why would we trade a system that has served us so well for one that has served others so poorly ? Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her opinion on the 2005 Ten Commandments ruling . <P> In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' </P> <P> Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause . </P> <P> In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue . </P> <P> When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education ) </P> <P> The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote . </P> <P> On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed . </P> <P> In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . </P> Madalyn Murray O'Hair's 1963 lawsuit led to an end of mandatory prayer in public schools after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional . <H2> The treaty of Tripoli ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Treaty of Tripoli <P> In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 : </P> <P> As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries . </P> <H2> Interpretive controversies ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Accommodationism <P> Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . '' </P> <P> These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . </P> Ten commandments monument at a Minnesota courthouse . <P> The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee . </P> <P> The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable . </P> <P> While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion . </P> <P> Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion . </P> <P> Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause . </P> <P> Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics . </P> <P> Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism . </P> <P> J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry '' </P> <P> Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . `` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . '' </P> <H3> Politics and religion in the United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . '' </P> <P> Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . '' </P> <P> On July 26 , 2017 , President Donald Trump announced that the United States worships God . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Americans United for Separation of Church and State </Li> <Li> American Civil Liberties Union </Li> <Li> American Humanist Association </Li> <Li> Anti-clericalism </Li> <Li> Ban on Sharia law </Li> <Li> Ceremonial deism </Li> <Li> Christian amendment </Li> <Li> Christian Left </Li> <Li> Christian Right </Li> <Li> Freedom From Religion Foundation </Li> <Li> Freedom of religion in the United States </Li> <Li> Interfaith Alliance </Li> <Li> Johnson Amendment </Li> <Li> Mount Soledad cross controversy </Li> <Li> Pledge of Allegiance <Ul> <Li> Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Public menorah </Li> <Li> Separation of church and state </Li> <Li> Sharia </Li> <Li> State religion </Li> <Li> United States religious history </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists : The Final Letter , as Sent . The Library of Congress Information Bulletin : June 1998 . Lib. of Cong. , June 1998 . Web . Aug 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jefferson 's Danbury letter has been cited favorably by the Supreme Court several times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wald , Kenneth D. ; Calhoun - Brown , Allison ( 16 August 2010 ) . Religion and Politics in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 80 - 85 . ISBN 9781442201538 . The clarion call for accommodation was sounded by Justice William O. Douglas in 1952 : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being ... The accommodationist perspective emphasizes rather that the First Amendment was clearly not intended to be antireligious -- indeed , as already suggested , it was drafted precisely to protect the various religious practices of the states , including preferential establishments in some of them . Accomodationists therefore reinterpret the First Amendment to make of religious liberty a positive right , the exercise of which is to be encouraged by the government . By the same token , they believe that the First Amendment excludes only the direct establishment of , or preferential treatment for , a particular religion . Indeed , government should facilitate the practice of religion by both individuals and collectivities as essential to the common good . This position is very different from that of the separationists and leads to markedly different contemporary policies and practices . In addition , as the point of departure for historical interpretation , it focuses attention upon the residual religious quality of this founding period , which was hardly secularist . The same Congress that proposed the First Amendment was opened with prayer and named a chaplain . Indeed , most of the early presidents declared occasional days of thanksgiving -- and even of humiliation . Provision was made for support of religion in western lands . And , in time , the resources of religious groups were utilized in making government policy for relations with Native Americans . In sum , accommodationists consider that the operative ideal of the early republic was a nonpreferentialist posture of support for religion on the part of the government . In turn , that seems to point toward a modern ideal of accommodation of government to religin in ways that secure the greater common civil good as well as serve the spiritual ends of numbers of citizens . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , 673 ( 1984 ) ( `` The concept of a ' wall ' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson ... ( b ) ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state . '' ) ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , 413 U.S. 756 , 760 ( 1973 ) ( `` Yet , despite Madison 's admonition and the ' sweep of the absolute prohibitions ' of the Clauses , this Nation 's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State . It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation . '' ) ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 312 ( U.S. 1952 ) ( `` The First Amendment , however , does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State . '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ( `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Cousins ' Wars , Kevin Phillips , 1999 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rights of the People : Individual freedom and the Bill of Rights '' . US State Department . December 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Article VI of the North Carolina state constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remonstrance of the Inhabitants of the Town of Flushing to Governor Stuyvesant '' , Dec 27 , 1657 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drawing the Line Between Church and State '' , CBS News , Dec 23 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` To Bigotry No Sanction '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cotton 's Letter Lately Printed , Examined and Answered , '' The Complete Writings of Roger Williams , Volume 1 , page 108 ( 1644 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 24 ( `` Williams 's metaphor was rediscovered by Isaac Backus , a New England Baptist of Jefferson 's generation , who believed , like Williams , that an established church -- which he considered to exist in the Massachusetts of his day -- would never protect religious dissenters like himself and must be opposed in order to keep religion pure . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ To Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others , a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association , in the State of Connecticut . January 1 , 1802 . Full text available online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Danbury Baptist Association 's letter to Thomas Jefferson , October 7 , 1801 . Full text available online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia ( Virginia State Library , 1928 ) , Vol. II , pp. 64 -- 66 , November 11 , 1779 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) ( Souter , J. , concurring ) ( `` President Jefferson , for example , steadfastly refused to issue Thanksgiving proclamations of any kind , in part because he thought they violated the Religion Clauses . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James D. Richardson , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents ( Washington : Bureau of National Literature , 1897 ) , Vol. II , pp. 498 , 517 -- 518 , 543 , 545 -- 546 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Madison 's veto messages </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Religion and the Founding of the American Republic ; Library of Congress exhibit website . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Madison , Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( March 2 , 1819 letter to Robert Walsh ) , Lambert , Frank ( 2003 ) . `` The founding fathers and the place of religion in America '' . Princeton University Press : 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08829 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Madison . `` Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations -- Ecclesiastical Endowments '' . constitution.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madison 's letter to Edward Livingston , July 10 , 1822 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Morison and Commager , vol I </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jefferson 's letter to Thomas Cooper , November 2 , 1822 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumas Malone , Jefferson and His Times , 6 , 393 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashley M. Bell , `` God Save this Honorable Court '' : How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions , 50 Am. U.L. Rev. 1273 , 1282 n. 49 ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Mark David . `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases . '' Oregon Law Review 85 ( 2006 ) , 563 -- 614 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Story of New Jersey ; ed. , William Starr Myers ( 1945 ) Vol. II , chapter 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Article XIX , italics added . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paschal , George ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( 1868 ) . The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated . W.H. & O.H. Morrison Law Booksellers . p. 254 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boston , Rob ( 2012 ) . `` A Delicate Balance '' . Conscience. 33 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment I ( Religion ) , Document 53 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forgotten Purposes of the First Amendment Religion Clauses Gary D. Glenn . The Review of Politics , Vol. 49 , No. 3 ( Summer , 1987 ) , pp. 340 -- 367 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ REYNOLDS v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) 98 U.S. 145 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandra Day O'Connor ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell university Law Department . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 , 612 -- 613 , 91 S. Ct. 2105 , 2111 , 29 L. Ed. 2d 745 ( 1971 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senate Pledges Allegiance Under God . Fox News , Thursday , June 27 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 482 U.S. 578 ( Text of opinion in Edwards v. Aguillard from Findlaw.com ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US federal court rejects separation of church and state '' . Catholic World News . 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Onell R. Soto , City has 90 days to remove Mt . Soledad cross , The San Diego Union - Tribune , May 4 , 2006 , p . A1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ June , Daniel , `` Supreme Court to Hear Case About Public Prayers '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauren Markoe And Cathy Lynn Grossman ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court approves sectarian prayer at public meetings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article : Treaty of Tripoli </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ed Whelan , This Week in Liberal Judicial Activism -- Week of February 5 , National Review Online . February 5 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas White ( 2007 ) . First Freedom : The Baptist Perspective on Religious Liberty . B&H Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4387 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Religious discrimination in state constitutions '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio and The Rev. Matthew Peterson v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board , 243 F. 3d 289 ( 6th Cir. 2001 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LOCKE V. DAVEY 540 U.S. 712 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Book Review : Separation of Church and State </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Framers and the Faithful : How modern evangelicals are ignoring their own history . By Steven Waldman </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert Neelly ( Winter 1967 ) . `` Civil Religion in America '' . Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 96 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . From the issue entitled Religion in America . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Molly ( June 15 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. is a model of how variety of religions can flourish '' , Deseret News </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) . `` IN AMERICA WE DON 'T WORSHIP GOVERNMENT - WE WORSHIP GOD ! http://45.wh.gov/POTUSInsta '' . @ realDonaldTrump . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barry McGowan , How to Separate Church & State : A Manual from the Trenches Hufton Mueller , LLC , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 63802 - 7 </Li> <Li> Philip Hamburger , Separation of Church and State Harvard University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00734 - 4 OCLC : 48958015 </Li> <Li> Marci A. Hamilton , God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 </Li> <Li> Mark DeWolfe Howe . The Garden and the Wilderness : Religion and Government in American Constitutional History ( U. of Chicago Press , 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Daniel L. Dreisbach . Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State ( New York University Press , 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> John C. Jeffries , Jr. and James E. Ryan , `` A Political History of the Establishment Clause , '' 100 Michigan Law Rev. ( 2001 ) online version </Li> <Li> Mark David Hall , `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases , '' 85 Oregon Law Review ( 2006 ) , 563 - 614 . http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/85/852hall.pdf </Li> <Li> Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore , The Godless Constitution : The Case Against Religious Correctness ( Norton , 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Philip B. Kurland , ed. , Church and State : The Supreme Court and the First Amendment ( U. of Chicago Press , 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Adam M. Samaha ; `` Separation of Church and State . '' Constitutional Commentary. 19 # 3 2002 . pp 713 +. online version </Li> <Li> Anson P. Stokes and Leo Pfeffer , Church and Stare in the United States ( reprint , 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Separation of church and state in the United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> American Court battles over separation ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1947 , first case concerning separation of church and state ; supporting bussing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government </Li> <Li> 1948 , banning religious instruction in public schools </Li> <Li> 1952 , allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours </Li> <Li> 1962 , banning teacher - led prayer from public schools </Li> <Li> 1963 , banning Bible - reading and the recital of the Lord 's Prayer in public schools </Li> <Li> 1973 , allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers ' salaries in religious schools ; creating the Lemon test </Li> <Li> 1987 , declared the Creation Act invalid , which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught </Li> <Li> 1989 , banning religious displays depicting only one religion </Li> <Li> 1992 , banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Rights of the People - The Roots of Religious Liberty '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . </Li> <Li> `` Rights of the People - Religious liberty in the Modern era '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Christian Science Monitor analysis of George Washington 's letter and its implications </Li> <Li> `` The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause '' by Noah Feldman , Asst . Professor of Law , New York University , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Robert Struble , Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights : To Restore America the Beautiful under God and the Written Constitution , 2007 -- 08 edition . </Li> <Li> Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty </Li> <Li> Separation of Church and State </Li> <Li> Misunderstanding Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor </Li> <Li> ' A Wall of Separation ' : FBI Helps Restore Jefferson 's Obliterated Draft , Library of Congress information Bulletin , June 1998 -- Vol. 57 , No. 6 , by James H. Hutson , Chief , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Text ( via Wikisource ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments 1 -- 10 </Li> <Li> Amendments 11 -- 27 </Li> <Li> Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments </Li> <Li> Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ratified </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bill of Rights </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> <Li> 26 </Li> <Li> 27 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pending </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin Amendment </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Repealed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eighteenth Amendment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unsuccessful </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> District of Columbia Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Amendments </Li> <Li> Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Amendment proposals in Congress </Li> <Li> Convention to propose amendments </Li> <Li> State ratifying conventions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Articles of Confederation </Li> <Li> Mount Vernon Conference </Li> <Li> Annapolis Convention </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Convention <Ul> <Li> Virginia Plan </Li> <Li> New Jersey Plan </Li> <Li> Connecticut Compromise </Li> <Li> Three - 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where does it talk about separation of church and state in the constitution
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States&amp;oldid=803179319
4,431,442,842,893,145,600
Spike ( dog ) - Wikipedia <H1> Spike ( dog ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Dl> <Dd> For fictional dogs named Spike , see Spike_ ( character ) # Dogs . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> Spike <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Spike with Brian Keith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Canis lupus familiaris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breed </Th> <Td> Mastador ( Labrador Retriever / Mastiff ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sex </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nation from </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Dog actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable role </Th> <Td> King in The She Creature Old Yeller in Old Yeller Patrasche in A Dog of Flanders Pete in The Silent Call </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Frank Weatherwax </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Spike was a lop - eared yellow Mastador ( Mastiff / Labrador Retriever mix ) and a dog actor best known for his performance as Old Yeller in the 1957 Disney film of the same name co-starring Tommy Kirk , Dorothy McGuire , Fess Parker , and Kevin Corcoran . Spike was rescued as a pup from a shelter in Van Nuys , California and became the pet and pupil of animal trainer Frank Weatherwax . </P> <P> Spike also appeared as Patrasche in 20th Century Fox 's A Dog of Flanders with Donald Crisp and David Ladd in 1959 and as King in the 1956 film , The She - Creature . In 1961 , Spike was the star of The Silent Call , playing as Pete with Roger Mobley , David McLean and Gail Russell ; the entire movie focused on his efforts to reunite with his human family who had been forced to leave him behind while traveling from Nevada to California . </P> <P> Various television episodes of the period in which Spike appeared included The Mickey Mouse Club and Lassie , and he appeared in every episode of The Westerner with Brian Keith . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Old Yeller Played by Spike , a Lab / Mastiff Mix '' . America Comes Alive ! . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Old Yeller Accessed January 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Profile . Accessed January 24 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Spike on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about an actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This dog - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spike_(dog)&oldid=836365597 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Dog actors </Li> <Li> Actor stubs </Li> <Li> Dog stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with ' species ' microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 10 : 08 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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what happened to the dog that played old yeller
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Spike_(dog)&amp;oldid=836365597
-1,022,628,594,762,973,000
Calvin and Hobbes - wikipedia <H1> Calvin and Hobbes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Calvin and Hobbes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The cover of Calvin and Hobbes , the first collection of comic strips , released in April 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bill Watterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current status / schedule </Th> <Td> Concluded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch date </Th> <Td> November 18 , 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> End date </Th> <Td> December 31 , 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syndicate ( s ) </Th> <Td> Universal Press Syndicate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Andrews McMeel Publishing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Humor , family life , politics , philosophy , satire </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Calvin and Hobbes is a daily comic strip by American cartoonist Bill Watterson that was syndicated from November 18 , 1985 to December 31 , 1995 . Commonly cited as `` the last great newspaper comic '' , Calvin and Hobbes has enjoyed broad and enduring popularity , influence , and academic interest . </P> <P> Calvin and Hobbes follows the humorous antics of Calvin , a precocious , mischievous , and adventurous six - year - old boy , and Hobbes , his sardonic stuffed tiger . Set in the contemporary suburban United States , the strip depicts Calvin 's frequent flights of fancy and his friendship with Hobbes . It also examines Calvin 's relationships with family and classmates , especially the love / hate relationship between him and his classmate Susie Derkins . Hobbes ' dual nature is a defining motif for the strip : to Calvin , Hobbes is a living anthropomorphic tiger ; all the other characters see Hobbes as an inanimate stuffed toy . The living Hobbes is supposed to represent how imaginative kids see their stuffed animals . Though the series does not mention specific political figures or current events , it does explore broad issues like environmentalism , public education , philosophical quandaries , and the flaws of opinion polls . </P> <P> At the height of its popularity , Calvin and Hobbes was featured in over 2,400 newspapers worldwide . In 2010 , reruns of the strip appeared in more than 50 countries , and nearly 45 million copies of the Calvin and Hobbes books had been sold . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Syndication and formatting </Li> <Li> 1.2 Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Merchandising </Li> <Li> 3 Style and influences <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Art and academia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Main characters <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Calvin </Li> <Li> 4.2 Hobbes </Li> <Li> 4.3 Calvin 's parents </Li> <Li> 4.4 Susie Derkins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Secondary characters <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Rosalyn </Li> <Li> 5.2 Moe </Li> <Li> 5.3 Miss Wormwood </Li> <Li> 5.4 Mr. Spittle </Li> <Li> 5.5 Uncle Max </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Recurring elements <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Calvin 's roles </Li> <Li> 6.2 Cardboard boxes </Li> <Li> 6.3 Calvinball </Li> <Li> 6.4 Snow sculptures </Li> <Li> 6.5 Wagon and sled </Li> <Li> 6.6 G.R.O.S.S. </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Books <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Academic response </Li> <Li> 9 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Grown - up Calvin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Trivia </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> `` I thought it was perhaps too ' adult , ' too literate . When my then - 8 - year - old son remarked , ' This is the Doonesbury for kids ! ' I suspected we had something unusual on our hands . '' -- Lee Salem , Watterson 's editor at Universal , recalling his reaction after seeing Watterson 's first submission <P> Calvin and Hobbes was conceived when Bill Watterson , who was working in an advertising job he detested , began devoting his spare time to cartooning . He explored various strip ideas but all were rejected by the syndicates . United Feature Syndicate finally responded positively to one strip called Critturs , which featured a side character ( the main character 's little brother ) who had a stuffed tiger . Watterson began a new strip centered on them when he was told that these characters were the strongest . Though United Feature rejected the new strip , Universal Press Syndicate eventually took it . </P> <P> The first strip was published on November 18 , 1985 and the series quickly became a hit . Within a year of syndication , the strip was published in roughly 250 newspapers . Before long the strip was in wide circulation outside the United States . By April 5 , 1987 , Watterson was featured in an article in The Los Angeles Times . Calvin and Hobbes earned Watterson the Reuben Award from the National Cartoonists Society in the Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year category , first in 1986 and again in 1988 . He was nominated another time in 1992 . The Society awarded him the Humor Comic Strip Award for 1988 . Calvin and Hobbes has also won several more awards . </P> <P> Watterson took two extended breaks from writing new strips , from May 5 , 1991 , to February 1 , 1992 , and from April 3 through December 31 , 1994 . In 1995 , Watterson sent a letter via his syndicate to all editors whose newspapers carried his strip : </P> <P> I will be stopping Calvin and Hobbes at the end of the year . This was not a recent or an easy decision , and I leave with some sadness . My interests have shifted however , and I believe I 've done what I can do within the constraints of daily deadlines and small panels . I am eager to work at a more thoughtful pace , with fewer artistic compromises . I have not yet decided on future projects , but my relationship with Universal Press Syndicate will continue . </P> <P> That so many newspapers would carry Calvin and Hobbes is an honor I 'll long be proud of , and I 've greatly appreciated your support and indulgence over the last decade . Drawing this comic strip has been a privilege and a pleasure , and I thank you for giving me the opportunity . </P> <P> The final strip ran on Sunday , December 31 , 1995 . It depicted Calvin and Hobbes outside in freshly fallen snow , reveling in the wonder and excitement of the winter scene . `` It 's a magical world , Hobbes , ol ' buddy ... Let 's go exploring ! '' Calvin exclaims as they zoom off over the snowy hills on their sled , leaving , according to one critic ten years later , `` a hole in the comics page that no strip has been able to fill . '' </P> <H3> Syndication and formatting ( edit ) </H3> <P> From the outset , Watterson found himself at odds with the syndicate , which urged him to begin merchandising the characters and touring the country to promote the first collections of comic strips . Watterson refused . To him , the integrity of the strip and its artist would be undermined by commercialization , which he saw as a major negative influence in the world of cartoon art . </P> <P> Watterson also grew increasingly frustrated by the gradual shrinking of available space for comics in the newspapers . He lamented that without space for anything more than simple dialogue or sparse artwork , comics as an art form were becoming dilute , bland , and unoriginal . Watterson strove for a full - page version of his strip , in contrast to the few cells allocated for most strips . He longed for the artistic freedom allotted to classic strips such as Little Nemo and Krazy Kat , and he gave a sample of what could be accomplished with such liberty in the opening pages of the Sunday strip compilation , The Calvin and Hobbes Lazy Sunday Book . </P> <P> During Watterson 's first sabbatical from the strip , Universal Press Syndicate continued to charge newspapers full price to re-run old Calvin and Hobbes strips . Few editors approved of the move , but the strip was so popular that they had no choice but to continue to run it for fear that competing newspapers might pick it up and draw its fans away . </P> This standard half - page layout can easily be rearranged for full , third , and quarter pages ( optionally discarding panels 1 and 2 ) . However , Watterson wished to draw comics which did not conform to the standard panel division , making such rearrangement / removal impossible . <P> Upon Watterson 's return , Universal Press announced that Watterson had decided to sell his Sunday strip as an unbreakable half of a newspaper or tabloid page . Many editors and even a few cartoonists criticized him for what they perceived as arrogance and an unwillingness to abide by the normal practices of the cartoon business . Watterson had negotiated the deal to allow himself more creative freedom in the Sunday comics : </P> <P> I took a sabbatical after resolving a long and emotionally draining fight to prevent Calvin and Hobbes from being merchandised . Looking for a way to rekindle my enthusiasm for the duration of a new contract term , I proposed a redesigned Sunday format that would permit more panel flexibility . To my surprise and delight , Universal responded with an offer to market the strip as an unbreakable half page ( more space than I 'd dared to ask for ) , despite the expected resistance of editors . </P> <P> To this day , my syndicate assures me that some editors liked the new format , appreciated the difference , and were happy to run the larger strip , but I think it 's fair to say that this was not the most common reaction . The syndicate had warned me to prepare for numerous cancellations of the Sunday feature , but after a few weeks of dealing with howling , purple - faced editors , the syndicate suggested that papers could reduce the strip to the size tabloid newspapers used for their smaller sheets of paper ... I focused on the bright side : I had complete freedom of design and there were virtually no cancellations . </P> For all the yelling and screaming by outraged editors , I remain convinced that the larger Sunday strip gave newspapers a better product and made the comics section more fun for readers . Comics are a visual medium . A strip with a lot of drawing can be exciting and add some variety . Proud as I am that I was able to draw a larger strip , I do n't expect to see it happen again any time soon . In the newspaper business , space is money , and I suspect most editors would still say that the difference is not worth the cost . Sadly , the situation is a vicious circle : because there 's no room for better artwork , the comics are simply drawn ; because they 're simply drawn , why should they have more room ? <H3> Animation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Watterson did consider allowing Calvin and Hobbes to be animated , and has expressed admiration for the art form of animation . In a 1989 interview in The Comics Journal he said : </P> <P> If you look at the old cartoons by Tex Avery and Chuck Jones , you 'll see that there are a lot of things single drawings just ca n't do . Animators can get away with incredible distortion and exaggeration ... because the animator can control the length of time you see something . The bizarre exaggeration barely has time to register , and the viewer does n't ponder the incredible license he 's witnessed . </P> <P> In a comic strip , you just show the highlights of action -- you ca n't show the buildup and release ... or at least not without slowing down the pace of everything to the point where it 's like looking at individual frames of a movie , in which case you 've probably lost the effect you were trying to achieve . In a comic strip , you can suggest motion and time , but it 's very crude compared to what an animator can do . I have a real awe for good animation . </P> <P> After this he was asked if it was `` a bit scary to think of hearing Calvin 's voice . '' He responded that it was `` very scary , '' and that although he loved the visual possibilities of animation , the thought of casting voice actors to play his characters was uncomfortable . He was also unsure whether he wanted to work with an animation team as he had done all previous work by himself . Ultimately , Calvin and Hobbes was never made into an animated series . Watterson later stated in The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book that he liked the fact that his strip was a `` low - tech , one - man operation , '' and that he took great pride in the fact that he drew every line and wrote every word on his own . </P> <H2> Merchandising ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bill Watterson insists that cartoon strips should stand on their own as an art form and has resisted the use of Calvin and Hobbes in merchandising of any sort . Watterson explained in a 2005 press release : </P> <P> Actually , I was n't against all merchandising when I started the strip , but each product I considered seemed to violate the spirit of the strip , contradict its message , and take me away from the work I loved . If my syndicate had let it go at that , the decision would have taken maybe 30 seconds of my life . </P> <P> Almost no legitimate Calvin and Hobbes merchandise exists outside the book collections . Exceptions produced during the strip 's original run include two 16 - month calendars ( 1988 -- 1989 and 1989 -- 1990 ) and the textbook Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes , which has been described as `` perhaps the most difficult piece of official Calvin and Hobbes memorabilia to find . '' </P> <P> On July 16 , 2010 the United States Postal Service released a set of postage stamps honoring five comic strips , one of them Calvin and Hobbes . </P> <P> Uclick , the digital division of Andrews McMeel Universal , offers licensed prints of Calvin and Hobbes strips through its website . </P> <P> The strip 's immense popularity has led to the appearance of various counterfeit items such as window decals and T - shirts that often feature crude humor , binge drinking and other themes that are not found in Watterson 's work . Images from one strip in which Calvin and Hobbes dance to loud music at night were commonly used for copyright violations . After threat of a lawsuit alleging infringement of copyright and trademark , some sticker makers replaced Calvin with a different boy , while other makers made no changes . Watterson wryly commented , `` I clearly miscalculated how popular it would be to show Calvin urinating on a Ford logo . '' </P> <H2> Style and influences ( edit ) </H2> <P> The strip borrows several elements and themes from three major influences : Walt Kelly 's Pogo , George Herriman 's Krazy Kat , and Charles M. Schulz 's Peanuts . Schulz and Kelly particularly influenced Watterson 's outlook on comics during his formative years . </P> <P> Notable elements of Watterson 's artistic style are his characters ' diverse and often exaggerated expressions ( particularly those of Calvin ) , elaborate and bizarre backgrounds for Calvin 's flights of imagination , expressions of motion , and frequent visual jokes and metaphors . In the later years of the strip , with more panel space available for his use , Watterson experimented more freely with different panel layouts , art styles , stories without dialogue , and greater use of whitespace . He also makes a point of not showing certain things explicitly : the `` Noodle Incident '' and the children 's book Hamster Huey and the Gooey Kablooie are left to the reader 's imagination , where Watterson was sure they would be `` more outrageous '' than he could portray . </P> <P> Watterson 's technique started with minimalist pencil sketches drawn with a light pencil ( though the larger Sunday strips often required more elaborate work ) on a piece of Bristol board , with his brand of choice being Strathmore because he felt it held the drawings better on the page as opposed to the cheaper brands ( Watterson said he would use any cheap pad of Bristol board his local supply store had , but switched to Strathmore after he found himself growing more and more displeased with the results ) . He would then use a small sable brush and India ink to fill in the rest of the drawing , saying that he did not want to simply trace over his penciling and thus make the inking more spontaneous . He lettered dialogue with a Rapidograph fountain pen , and he used a crowquill pen for odds and ends . Mistakes were covered with various forms of correction fluid , including the type used on typewriters . Watterson was careful in his use of color , often spending a great deal of time in choosing the right colors to employ for the weekly Sunday strip ; his technique was to cut the color tabs the syndicate sent him into individual squares , lay out the colors , and then paint a watercolor approximation of the strip on tracing paper over the Bristol board and then mark the strip accordingly before sending it on . When Calvin and Hobbes began there were 64 colors available for the Sunday strips . For the later Sunday strips Watterson had 125 colors as well as the ability to fade the colors into each other . </P> <H3> Art and Academia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Watterson used the strip to poke fun at the art world , principally through Calvin 's unconventional creations of snowmen but also through other expressions of childhood art . When Miss Wormwood complains that he is wasting class time drawing impossible things ( a Stegosaurus in a rocket ship , for example ) , Calvin proclaims himself `` on the cutting edge of the avant - garde . '' He begins exploring the medium of snow when a warm day melts his snowman . His next sculpture `` speaks to the horror of our own mortality , inviting the viewer to contemplate the evanescence of life . '' In later strips , Calvin 's creative instincts diversify to include sidewalk drawings ( or , as he terms them , examples of `` suburban postmodernism '' ) . </P> <P> Watterson also lampooned the academic world . In one example , Calvin carefully crafts an `` artist 's statement '' , claiming that such essays convey more messages than artworks themselves ever do ( Hobbes blandly notes , `` You misspelled Weltanschauung '' ) . He indulges in what Watterson calls `` pop psychobabble '' to justify his destructive rampages and shift blame to his parents , citing `` toxic codependency . '' In one instance , he pens a book report based on the theory that the purpose of academic writing is to `` inflate weak ideas , obscure poor reasoning , and inhibit clarity , '' entitled The Dynamics of Interbeing and Monological Imperatives in Dick and Jane : A Study in Psychic Transrelational Gender Modes . Displaying his creation to Hobbes , he remarks , `` Academia , here I come ! '' Watterson explains that he adapted this jargon ( and similar examples from several other strips ) from an actual book of art criticism . </P> <P> Overall , Watterson 's satirical essays serve to attack both sides , criticizing both the commercial mainstream and the artists who are supposed to be `` outside '' it . Not long after he began drawing his `` Dinosaurs in Rocket Ships '' series , Calvin tells Hobbes : </P> <P> Calvin : The hard part for us avant - garde post-modern artists is deciding whether or not to embrace commercialism . Do we allow our work to be hyped and exploited by a market that 's simply hungry for the next new thing ? Do we participate in a system that turns high art into low art so it 's better suited for mass consumption ? Of course , when an artist goes commercial , he makes a mockery of his status as an outsider and free thinker . He buys into the crass and shallow values art should transcend . He trades the integrity of his art for riches and fame . ... Oh , what the heck . I 'll do it . ... Hobbes ( rolling his eyes ) : That was n't so hard . </P> <P> The strip for Sunday , June 21 , 1992 , criticized the naming of The Big Bang theory as not evocative of the wonders behind it , and coined the term `` Horrendous Space Kablooie '' , an alternative that achieved some informal popularity among scientists and was often shortened to `` the HSK . '' The term has also been referred to in newspapers , books , and university courses . </P> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> See also : Secondary characters in Calvin and Hobbes <H3> Calvin ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Calvin ( Calvin and Hobbes ) <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Calvin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> November 18 , 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Bill Watterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comic </Th> <Td> Calvin and Hobbes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Age </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Calvin , named after the 16th - century theologian John Calvin , is a six - year - old , whose last name is never mentioned in the strip . Despite his poor grades in school , Calvin demonstrates his intelligence through his sophisticated vocabulary and a philosophical mind : </P> <P> Calvin : Dad , are you vicariously living through me in the hope that my accomplishments will validate your mediocre life and in some way compensate for all of the opportunities you botched ? Dad : If I were , you can bet I 'd be re-evaluating my strategy . Calvin ( later , to his mother ) : Mom , Dad keeps insulting me . </P> <P> He commonly wears his distinctive red - and - black striped shirt , black pants , and white - and - magenta sneakers . One of his most noticeable features is his spiky yellow hair ( in early predecessors to the strip , Calvin is drawn with ' bangs ' , or hair fringe , that cover his eyes ) . He also wears a light blue jacket when going to school or when playing in the snow . He is an enthusiastic reader of comic books and has a tendency to order items marketed in comic books or on boxes of his favorite cereal , Chocolate Frosted Sugar Bombs ( which is hinted as having far too many calories , made worse by the fact that Calvin frequently pours large amounts of additional sugar onto the cereal ) . Watterson described Calvin : </P> <P> Calvin is pretty easy to do because he is outgoing and rambunctious , and there 's not much of a filter between his brain and his mouth . </P> <P> I guess he 's a little too intelligent for his age . The thing that I really enjoy about him is that he has no sense of restraint ; he does n't have the experience yet to know the things that you should n't do . </P> <P> Calvin also has a sensitive side as well . This is displayed , for example , when he finds a dying raccoon and tries to save it but fails . The scene is made even more poignant by Calvin asking Hobbes not to `` go anywhere '' while Hobbes hugs him and promises him he will not . In another story , Calvin 's house is broken into and he frantically looks for Hobbes , even crying in joy as he is reunited with his friend . </P> <H3> Hobbes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hobbes ( Calvin and Hobbes ) <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Hobbes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> November 18 , 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Bill Watterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comic strip </Th> <Td> Calvin and Hobbes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Bengal tiger </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> From Calvin 's point of view , Hobbes is an anthropomorphic tiger , much larger than Calvin and full of independent attitudes and ideas . When the perspective shifts to any other character , readers again see merely a stuffed animal , usually seated at an off - kilter angle and blankly staring into space . Watterson explains : </P> <P> When Hobbes is a stuffed toy in one panel and alive in the next , I 'm juxtaposing the ' grown - up ' version of reality with Calvin 's version , and inviting the reader to decide which is truer . </P> <P> In more than one strip , Hobbes is shown being washed in a washing machine , a fact Calvin takes in stride and which Watterson has referred to as `` one of the stranger blurrings of what Hobbes is . '' </P> <P> Hobbes is named after the 17th - century philosopher Thomas Hobbes , who held what Watterson describes as `` a dim view of human nature . '' Watterson 's Hobbes feels that animals ( and tigers in particular ) are superior to humans , showing disdain for human nature , human mannerisms , and how humankind destroys their environment . Hobbes is much more rational and aware of consequences than Calvin , but he seldom interferes with Calvin 's troublemaking beyond a few oblique warnings . Hobbes is sarcastic when Calvin is being hypocritical about things he dislikes . </P> <P> Although the debut strip shows Calvin capturing Hobbes by means of a snare ( with a tuna sandwich as the bait ) , a later comic ( August 1 , 1989 ) indicates that Hobbes has been with Calvin since Calvin was a baby : </P> <P> Calvin : The whole first half of my life is a complete blank ! What on earth did I know that someone wanted me to forget ? Hobbes : I seem to recall you spent most of the time burping up . </P> <P> Another later strip featured Hobbes humorously claiming that Calvin 's mother `` wanted another tiger '' instead of Calvin , which could be taken as an instance of Hobbes ' sly humor ( not all of his words are to be taken at face value ) but could also suggest that Hobbes was around before Calvin was born . Watterson eventually decided that it was not important to establish how Calvin and Hobbes met . </P> <P> As a running gag , Calvin usually asks for Hobbes ' help when doing homework , but Hobbes ' grasp of mathematics is horribly inaccurate , as he often attempts advanced , yet baseless calculations for simple adding questions , always resulting in wrong answers . </P> <H3> Calvin 's parents ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Father and Mother </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Calvin 's unnamed parents , usually referred to only as `` Mom '' and `` Dad '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 18 , 1985 ( Dad ) </Li> <Li> November 26 , 1985 ( Mom ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Bill Watterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comic </Th> <Td> Calvin and Hobbes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Calvin 's unnamed mother and father are typical middle - class parents . Calvin 's father is a patent attorney ( like Watterson 's own father ) and his mother is a stay - at - home mom . Both remain unnamed except as `` Mom '' and `` Dad . '' Watterson says , `` As far as the strip is concerned , they are important only as Calvin 's mom and dad . '' Like many other characters in the strip , they are relatively down to earth and their sensible attitudes serve as a foil for Calvin 's outlandish behavior . </P> <P> Watterson says some fans are angered by the sometimes sardonic way that Calvin 's parents respond to him . These exchanges are typical : </P> <P> Mom : You 're not sorry we had Calvin , are you ? Dad : Are you ? Mom : I asked first . Besides , it was n't all my decision . Dad : All I know is , I offered to buy us a dachshund , but no , you said ... </P> <P> Dad : Someday I 'm going to get my DNA checked to see if he 's really my kid . </P> <P> Mom : Take my word for it . </P> <P> Dad : I just know some nurse switched the bassinets . </P> <P> Calvin 's parents are not above some outrageous behavior of their own . For example , Calvin asks for a cigarette and his mother gives him one to teach him a lesson . Calvin 's father tells Calvin sarcastic lies when asked a straight question , and Calvin often believes them : </P> <P> Calvin : Dad , how do people make babies ? Dad : Most people just go to Sears , buy the kit , and follow the assembly instructions . Calvin : I CAME FROM SEARS ? ? Dad : No . You were a Blue Light Special at K - Mart ; almost as good , and a lot cheaper . Calvin : AAUUGHHH ! Mom ( out of frame ) : Dear , what are you telling Calvin now ? ! </P> <P> Watterson defends what Calvin 's parents do , remarking that in the case of parenting a kid like Calvin , `` I think they do a better job than I would . '' Calvin 's father is overly concerned with `` character building '' activities in a number of strips , either in the things he makes Calvin do or in the masochistic eccentricities of his own lifestyle . For example , Calvin 's father is shown coming home from an early morning run in the snow , which he follows with a bowl of plain oatmeal . </P> <P> Calvin 's father has a brother named Max , who lives out of state . Watterson introduced him in a week of strips but said he later regretted the idea . Although Watterson said the idea of having Max in the strip was to set up potential future storylines , he realized that his intent to have the parents remain nameless worked against him because Max could not refer to either one by name . This was cited as one of the main reasons Max never reappeared . </P> <H3> Susie Derkins ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Susie Derkins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Susie Derkins , Calvin 's classmate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> December 5 , 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Bill Watterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comic </Th> <Td> Calvin and Hobbes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Susie Derkins , who first appeared early in the strip and is the only important character with both a first and last name , lives on Calvin 's street and is one of his classmates . Her last name apparently derives from the pet beagle owned by Watterson 's wife 's family . </P> <P> Susie is polite and studious , and she likes to play house or host tea parties with her stuffed animals . However , she is also depicted playing imaginary games with Calvin in which she is a high - powered lawyer or politician and he is her househusband . Though both of them hate to admit it , Calvin and Susie have quite a bit in common . For example , Susie is shown on occasion with a stuffed bunny rabbit named `` Mr. Bun . '' Susie also has a mischievous ( and sometimes aggressive ) streak , which can be seen when she subverts Calvin 's attempts to cheat on school tests by feeding him incorrect answers , or when she clobbers Calvin after he attacks her with snowballs . Susie also regularly bests Calvin in confrontations such as their water balloon and snowball fights , employing guile or force . </P> <P> Hobbes often openly expresses romantic feelings for Susie , much to Calvin 's disgust . Calvin starts a `` club '' ( of which he and Hobbes are the only members ) that he calls G.R.O.S.S. ( Get Rid Of Slimy GirlS ) , and while holding `` meetings '' in Calvin 's treehouse or in the `` box of secrecy '' in Calvin 's room , they usually come up with some way to annoy or discomfit Susie , most of which backfire on them completely . In one instance , Calvin steals one of Susie 's dolls for ransom , only to have Susie retaliate by nabbing Hobbes . Watterson admits that Calvin and Susie have a nascent crush on each other , and that Susie is inspired by the type of woman whom Watterson himself found attractive and eventually married . </P> <H2> Secondary characters ( edit ) </H2> See also : Secondary characters in Calvin and Hobbes <P> Calvin also interacts with a handful of secondary characters . These include his babysitter , the school bully , his school teacher , and the school principal . </P> <H3> Rosalyn ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rosalyn is Calvin 's babysitter . She takes advantage of his parents ' desperation to leave the house and the fact that no one else will babysit for Calvin by demanding advances and raises . She is also probably the only character in the strip whom Calvin really fears , as she does not mince words or actions to get Calvin to behave or go to bed on time . Watterson put her in a Sunday strip early on , never thinking of her as a regular character . But Rosalyn 's intimidation of Calvin surprised Watterson , so she came back several times . At one point she was Calvin 's swimming instructor , though he was shown to attend only one lesson . In Rosalyn 's last story , she is revealed to have in common with Calvin a sense of imagination , and the two of them play Calvinball with Hobbes . Rosalyn is the only one without a role in Spaceman Spiff . </P> <H3> Moe ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Calvin , Moe is a `` six - year - old who shaves '' and a stereotypical bully who picks on Calvin ( both physically and emotionally ) who calls him names . Moe is the only regular character whose speech is shown in an unusual font as his frequently monosyllabic dialogue is shown in crude , lower - case letters . Watterson describes Moe as `` every jerk I 've ever known . '' </P> <H3> Miss Wormwood ( edit ) </H3> <P> Miss Wormwood is Calvin 's world - weary teacher and is named after the junior devil in C.S. Lewis 's The Screwtape Letters . She usually wears either a polka - dotted dress or a brown dress , and is another character who serves as a foil to Calvin 's mischief . Calvin , when in his Spaceman Spiff persona , sees Miss Wormwood as a slimy , often dictatorial alien . Calvin refers to Miss Wormwood 's indigestion ( `` It 's really gross how she drinks Maalox straight from the bottle '' ) , her medication ( `` I wonder if her doctor knows she mixes all those prescriptions '' ) and her smoking habit ( `` Rumor has it she 's up to two packs a day , unfiltered '' ) . Miss Wormwood reacts to Calvin 's behavior by tightly shutting her eyes and thinking `` Five years until retirement '' repeatedly . Watterson describes her as `` an unhappy person '' due to her belief in the value of education . </P> <H3> Mr. Spittle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mr. Spittle is the school principal to whose office Miss Wormwood threatens to send Calvin for his pranks . Susie also occasionally accompanies Calvin to the principal 's office . Though his name has been shown in only two strips , he has appeared many times including the first story about Calvin 's duplicator . </P> <H3> Uncle Max ( edit ) </H3> <P> Uncle Max is Calvin 's paternal uncle . Uncle Max was originally meant as a character who could increase the possibilities of the strip : as Watterson noted , `` Calvin could go visit Uncle Max ... '' . However , Watterson dropped the character after finding it was awkward that Max could not address Calvin 's parents by name , and realizing that Max was redundant as far as the strip 's personality goes . </P> <H2> Recurring elements ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are many recurring gags in the strip , some in `` reality '' and others in Calvin 's imagination . These are as follows : </P> <H3> Calvin 's roles ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Calvin 's alter egos <P> Calvin imagines himself as a great many things including dinosaurs , elephants , jungle - farers and superheroes . Three of his alter egos are well defined and recurrent : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Spaceman Spiff '' is a heroic spacefarer who narrates his experiences in the third person . As Spiff , Calvin battles aliens ( typically his parents or teacher , but also sometimes other kids his age ) with a ray gun known as a `` zorcher '' ( later `` frap - ray blaster '' , `` death ray blaster '' or `` atomic napalm neutralizer '' ) and travels to distant planets ( his house , school , or neighborhood ) , often crashing unhurt on a planet . Calvin 's self - narration as Spaceman Spiff is frequently riddled with alliteration : `` Zounds ! Zorched by Zarches , Spaceman Spiff 's crippled craft crashes on planet Plootarg ! '' Watterson has stated the idea of Spaceman Spiff was from an earlier drawing he made . </Li> <Li> `` Tracer Bullet '' is a hardboiled private eye , who says he has eight slugs in him ( `` One 's lead , and the rest are bourbon . '' ) . In one story , Bullet is called to a case in which a `` pushy dame '' ( Calvin 's mother ) accuses him of destroying an expensive lamp ( broken during an indoor football game between Calvin and Hobbes ) . Later , he is snatched by the pushy dame 's `` hired goon '' ( Calvin 's father having a talk with him ) . He made his debut when Calvin donned a fedora to hide a haircut Hobbes had given him . These strips are drawn in elaborate , shadowy black - and - white that evoke film noir . Watterson did not attempt Tracer Bullet stories often , due to the time - consuming way the strip needed to be drawn and inked . </Li> <Li> As `` Stupendous Man '' he pictures himself as a superhero in disguise , wearing a mask and a cape made by his mother , and narrating his own adventures . While in character as Stupendous Man , he refers to his alter ego as a mild - mannered millionaire playboy . Stupendous Man almost always `` suffers defeat '' at the hands of his opponent . When Hobbes asks if Stupendous Man has ever won any battles , Calvin says all his battles are `` moral victories . '' Stupendous Man 's nemeses include `` Mom - Lady '' ( Calvin 's mom ) , `` Annoying Girl '' ( Susie Derkins ) , `` Crab Teacher '' ( Miss Wormwood ) , and `` Baby - Sitter Girl '' ( Rosalyn ) . Some of the `` super powers '' of the villains have been revealed : Mom - Lady has a `` mind scrambling eyeball ray '' that wills the victim to `` do her nefarious bidding , '' and Baby Sitter Girl has a similar power of using a `` psycho beam '' which weakens `` Stupendous Man 's stupendous will '' . The `` powers '' of Annoying Girl and Crab Teacher are unknown . Calvin often tries to pretend he and `` Stupendous Man '' are two different people , but it never seems to work . Stupendous Man has multiple `` superpowers '' , including , but not limited to , super strength , the ability to fly , various vision powers such as `` high - speed vision '' , `` muscles of magnitude '' , and a stomach of steel . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cardboard boxes ( edit ) </H3> Calvin duplicating himself using a cardboard box , as seen on the cover of Scientific Progress Goes `` Boink '' <P> Calvin has had several adventures involving corrugated cardboard boxes , which he adapts for many different uses . In one strip , when Calvin shows off his Transmogrifier , a device that transforms its user into any desired creature or item . Hobbes remarks , `` It 's amazing what they do with corrugated cardboard these days . '' Calvin is able to change the function of the boxes by rewriting the label and flipping the box onto another side . In this way , a cardboard box can be used not only for its conventional purposes ( a storage container for water balloons , for example ) , but also as a flying time machine , a duplicator or , with the attachment of a few wires and a colander , a `` Cerebral Enhance - o - tron . '' </P> <P> In the real world , Calvin 's antics with his box have had varying effects . When he transmogrified into a tiger , he still appeared as a regular human child to his parents . However , in a story where he made several duplicates of himself , his parents are seen interacting with what does seem like multiple Calvins , including in a strip where two of him are seen in the same panel as his father . It is ultimately unknown what his parents do or do not see , as Calvin tries to hide most of his creations ( or conceal their effects ) so as not to traumatize them . </P> <P> In addition , Calvin uses a cardboard box as a desk when he is attempting to sell things . Often , Calvin 's merchandise is something that no one would want , such as `` suicide drink '' , `` a swift kick in the butt '' for one dollar , or a `` frank appraisal of your looks '' for fifty cents . In one strip , he sells `` happiness '' for ten cents ; if one bought it , Calvin hit the person in the face with a water balloon , then revealed that he meant his own happiness . In another strip , he sold `` insurance '' , firing a slingshot at those who refused to buy it . In some strips , he tried to sell `` great ideas '' , and in one earlier strip , he attempted to sell the family car to obtain money for a grenade launcher . In yet another strip , he sells `` life '' for five cents , where the customer receives nothing in return , which , in Calvin 's opinion , is life . </P> <P> The box has also functioned as a secret meeting place for G.R.O.S.S. , as the `` Box of Secrecy '' . </P> <H3> Calvinball ( edit ) </H3> <P> Other kids ' games are all such a bore ! They 've got ta have rules and they got ta keep score ! Calvinball is better by far ! It 's never the same ! It 's always bizarre ! You do n't need a team or a referee ! You know that it 's great , ' cause it 's named after me ! </P> -- Excerpt from the Calvinball theme song <P> Calvinball is a game played by Calvin and Hobbes as a rebellion against organized team sports ; according to Hobbes , `` No sport is less organized than Calvinball ! '' Calvinball was first introduced to the readers at the end of a 1990 storyline involving Calvin reluctantly joining recess baseball . It quickly became a staple of the comic afterwards . </P> <P> The only hint at the true creation of the game ironically comes from the last Calvinball strip , in which a game of football quickly devolves into a game of Calvinball . Calvin remarks that `` sooner or later , all our games turn into Calvinball '' , suggesting a similar scenario that directly led to the creation of the sport . Calvin and Hobbes usually play by themselves , although in one storyline Rosalyn ( Calvin 's baby - sitter ) plays in return for Calvin doing his homework , and plays very well once she realizes that the rules are made up on the spot . </P> <P> The only consistent rule states that Calvinball may never be played with the same rules twice . Scoring is also arbitrary , with Hobbes at times reporting scores of `` Q to 12 '' and `` oogy to boogy '' . The only recognizable sports Calvinball resembles are the ones it emulates ( i.e. , a cross between croquet , polo , badminton , capture the flag , and volleyball ) . Equipment includes a volleyball ( the eponymous `` Calvinball '' ) , a croquet set , a badminton set , assorted flags , bags , signs , a hobby horse , and enigmatic and never - pictured `` time - fracture wickets '' . Other things appear as needed , such as a bucket of ice - cold water , a water balloon , and various songs and poetry . Players also wear masks resembling blindfolds with holes for the eyes . When Rosalyn asks Calvin the reason for the requirement , Calvin responds : `` Sorry , no one 's allowed to question the masks . '' When asked how to play , Watterson states : `` It 's pretty simple : you make up the rules as you go . '' Calvinball is a nomic or self - modifying game , a contest of wits , skill and creativity rather than stamina or athletic skill , in which Hobbes ( and on one occasion , Rosalyn ) usually outwits Calvin , who takes it in stride , in contrast to his otherwise poor sportsmanship . </P> <H3> Snow sculptures ( edit ) </H3> <P> Calvin often creates horrendous / dark humor scenes with his snowmen . He uses the snowman for social commentary , revenge , or pure enjoyment . Examples include Snowman Calvin being yelled at by Snowman Dad to shovel the snow ; one snowman eating snow cones scooped out of a second snowman , who is lying on the ground with an ice - cream scoop in his back ; a `` snowman house of horror '' ; and snowmen representing the people he hates . `` The ones I really hate are small , so they 'll melt faster , '' he says . There was even an occasion on which Calvin accidentally brought a snowman to life and it made itself and a small army into `` deranged mutant killer monster snow goons . '' </P> <P> Calvin 's snow art is often used as a commentary on art in general . For example , Calvin has complained more than once about the lack of originality in other people 's snow art and compared it with his own grotesque snow sculptures . In one of these instances , Calvin and Hobbes claim to be the sole guardians of high culture ; in another , Hobbes admires Calvin 's willingness to put artistic integrity above marketability , causing Calvin to reconsider and make an ordinary snowman . </P> <H3> Wagon and sled ( edit ) </H3> <P> Calvin and Hobbes frequently ride downhill in a wagon , sled , or toboggan , depending on the season , as a device to add some physical comedy to the strip and because , according to Watterson , `` it 's a lot more interesting ... than talking heads . '' While the ride is sometimes the focus of the strip , it also frequently serves as a counterpoint or visual metaphor while Calvin ponders the meaning of life , death , God , philosophy or a variety of other weighty subjects . Many of their rides end in spectacular crashes which leave them battered and broken , a fact which convinces Hobbes to sometimes hop off before a ride even begins . In the final strip , Calvin and Hobbes depart on their toboggan to go exploring . This theme is similar ( perhaps even homage ) to scenarios in Walt Kelly 's Pogo . </P> <H3> G.R.O.S.S. ( edit ) </H3> <P> G.R.O.S.S. , which stands for Get Rid Of Slimy GirlS ( `` otherwise it does n't spell anything '' ) , is a club which consists of only two members : Calvin and Hobbes . The club was founded in the garage of their house . To clear space for its activities , Calvin and ( purportedly ) Hobbes push Calvin 's parents ' car , causing it to roll into a ditch ( but not suffer damage ) ; the incident necessitates changing the club 's location to Calvin 's treehouse . They hold meetings to attempt to annoy Susie Derkins . Notable actions include planting a fake secret tape near her in attempt to draw her in to a trap , trapping her in a closet at their house , and creating elaborate water balloon traps . Calvin gave himself and Hobbes important positions in the club , Calvin being `` Dictator - for - Life '' and Hobbes being `` President - and - First - Tiger '' . They go into Calvin 's treehouse for their club meetings and often get into fights during them . The password to get into the treehouse is intentionally long and difficult , which has on at least one occasion ruined Calvin 's plans . As Hobbes is able to climb the tree without the rope , he is usually the one who comes up with the password , which often involves heaping praise upon tigers . An example of this can be seen in the comic strip where Calvin , rushing to get into the treehouse to throw things at a passing Susie Derkins , insults Hobbes , who is in the treehouse and thus has to let down the rope . Hobbes forces Calvin to say the password for insulting him . By the time Susie arrives , in time to hear Calvin saying some of the password , causing him to stumble , Calvin is on `` Verse Seven : Tigers are perfect ! / The E-pit - o - me / of good looks and grace / and quiet ... uh ... um ... dignity '' . The opportunity to pelt Susie with something having passed , Calvin threatens to turn Hobbes into a rug . G.R.O.S.S. is one of the most common adventures that Calvin has . The club anthem begins : `` Ohhhh Gross , best club in the cosmos ... '' </P> <H2> Books ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Calvin and Hobbes books <P> There are 18 Calvin and Hobbes books , published from 1987 to 1997 . These include 11 collections , which form a complete archive of the newspaper strips , except for a single daily strip from November 28 , 1985 . ( The collections do contain a strip for this date , but it is not the same strip that appeared in some newspapers . Treasuries usually combine the two preceding collections with bonus material and include color reprints of Sunday comics . ) </P> <P> Watterson included some new material in the treasuries . In The Essential Calvin and Hobbes , which includes cartoons from the collections Calvin and Hobbes and Something Under the Bed Is Drooling , the back cover features a scene of a giant Calvin rampaging through a town . The scene is based on Watterson 's home town of Chagrin Falls , Ohio , and Calvin is holding the Chagrin Falls Popcorn Shop , an iconic candy and ice cream shop overlooking the town 's namesake falls . Several of the treasuries incorporate additional poetry ; The Indispensable Calvin and Hobbes book features a set of poems , ranging from just a few lines to an entire page , that cover topics such as Calvin 's mother 's `` hindsight '' and exploring the woods . In The Essential Calvin and Hobbes , Watterson presents a long poem explaining a night 's battle against a monster from Calvin 's perspective . </P> <P> A complete collection of Calvin and Hobbes strips , in three hardcover volumes totaling 1440 pages , was released on October 4 , 2005 , by Andrews McMeel Publishing . It includes color prints of the art used on paperback covers , the treasuries ' extra illustrated stories and poems , and a new introduction by Bill Watterson in which he talks about his inspirations and his story leading up to the publication of the strip . The alternate 1985 strip is still omitted , and two other strips ( January 7 , 1987 , and November 25 , 1988 ) have altered dialogue . A four - volume paperback version was released November 13 , 2012 . </P> <P> To celebrate the release ( which coincided with the strip 's 20th anniversary and the tenth anniversary of its absence from newspapers ) , Bill Watterson answered 15 questions submitted by readers . </P> <P> Early books were printed in smaller format in black and white . These were later reproduced in twos in color in the `` Treasuries '' ( Essential , Authoritative , and Indispensable ) , except for the contents of Attack of the Deranged Mutant Killer Monster Snow Goons . Those Sunday strips were not reprinted in color until the Complete collection was finally published in 2005 . </P> <P> Watterson claims he named the books the `` Essential , Authoritative , and Indispensable '' because , as he says in The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book , the books are `` obviously none of these things . '' </P> <H3> Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes <P> An officially licensed children 's textbook entitled Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes was published in a single print run in Fargo , North Dakota , in 1993 . The book , which has been `` highly recommend ( ed ) '' as a teaching resource , includes five complete Calvin and Hobbes multi-strip story arcs together with lessons and questions to follow , such as , `` What do you think the principal meant when he said they had `` quite a file '' on Calvin ? '' </P> <P> The book is rare , sought by collectors , and highly valued . Only eight libraries in the world hold a copy of the book . </P> <H2> Academic response ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1993 , paleontologist and paleoartist Gregory S. Paul praised Bill Watterson for the scientific accuracy of the dinosaurs appearing in Calvin and Hobbes . </P> <P> In her 1994 book When Toys Come Alive , Lois Rostow Kuznets says that Hobbes serves both as a figure of Calvin 's childish fantasy life and as an outlet for the expression of libidinous desires more associated with adults . Kuznets also looks at Calvin 's other fantasies , suggesting that they are a second tier of fantasies utilized in places like school where transitional objects such as Hobbes would not be socially acceptable . </P> <P> Political scientist James Q. Wilson , in a paean to Calvin and Hobbes upon Watterson 's decision to end the strip in 1995 , characterized it as `` our only popular explication of the moral philosophy of Aristotle . '' </P> <P> Alisa White Coleman analyzed the strip 's underlying messages concerning ethics and values in `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' : A Critique of Society 's Values , '' published in the Journal of Mass Media Ethics in 2000 . </P> <P> A collection of original Sunday strips was exhibited at Ohio State University 's Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum in 2001 . Watterson himself selected the strips and provided his own commentary for the exhibition catalog , which was later published by Andrews McMeel as Calvin and Hobbes : Sunday Pages 1985 -- 1995 . </P> <P> Since the discontinuation of Calvin and Hobbes , individual strips have been licensed for reprint in schoolbooks , including the Christian homeschooling book The Fallacy Detective in 2002 , and the university - level philosophy reader Open Questions : Readings for Critical Thinking and Writing in 2005 ; in the latter , the ethical views of Watterson and his characters Calvin and Hobbes are discussed in relation to the views of professional philosophers . Since 2009 , Twitter users have indicated that Calvin and Hobbes strips have appeared in textbooks for subjects in the sciences , social sciences , mathematics , philosophy , and foreign language . </P> <P> In a 2009 evaluation of the entire body of Calvin and Hobbes strips using grounded theory methodology , Christijan D. Draper found that : `` Overall , Calvin and Hobbes suggests that meaningful time use is a key attribute of a life well lived , '' and that `` the strip suggests one way to assess the meaning associated with time use is through preemptive retrospection by which a person looks at current experiences through the lens of an anticipated future ... '' </P> <P> Jamey Heit 's Imagination and Meaning in Calvin and Hobbes , a critical , academic analysis of the strip , was published in 2012 . </P> <P> Calvin and Hobbes strips were again exhibited at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University in 2014 , in an exhibition entitled Exploring Calvin and Hobbes . An exhibition catalog by the same title , which also contained an interview with Watterson conducted by Jenny Robb , the curator of the museum , was published by Andrews McMeel in 2015 . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Since its concluding panel in 1995 , Calvin and Hobbes has remained one of the most influential and well - loved comic strips of our time . '' </P> <P> -- The Atlantic , `` How Calvin and Hobbes Inspired a Generation , '' October 25 , 2013 </P> <P> Years after its original newspaper run , Calvin and Hobbes has continued to exert influence in entertainment , art , and fandom . </P> <P> In television , Calvin and Hobbes are depicted in stop motion animation in the 2006 Robot Chicken episode `` Lust for Puppets , '' and in traditional animation in the 2009 Family Guy episode `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven . '' In the 2013 Community episode `` Paranormal Parentage , '' the characters Abed Nadir ( Danny Pudi ) and Troy Barnes ( Donald Glover ) dress as Calvin and Hobbes , respectively , for Halloween . </P> <P> British artists , merchandisers , booksellers , and philosophers were interviewed for a 2009 BBC Radio 4 half - hour programme about the abiding popularity of the comic strip , narrated by Phill Jupitus . </P> <P> The first book - length study of the strip , Looking for Calvin and Hobbes : The Unconventional Story of Bill Watterson and His Revolutionary Comic Strip by Nevin Martell , was first published in 2009 ; an expanded edition was published in 2010 . The book chronicles Martell 's quest to tell the story of Calvin and Hobbes and Watterson through research and interviews with people connected to the cartoonist and his work . The director of the later documentary Dear Mr. Watterson referenced Looking for Calvin and Hobbes in discussing the production of the movie , and Martell appears in the film . </P> <P> The American documentary film Dear Mr. Watterson , released in 2013 , explores the impact and legacy of Calvin and Hobbes through interviews with authors , curators , historians , and numerous professional cartoonists . </P> <P> The enduring significance of Calvin and Hobbes to international cartooning was recognized by the jury of the Angoulême International Comics Festival in 2014 by the awarding of its Grand Prix to Watterson , only the fourth American to ever receive the honor ( after Will Eisner , Robert Crumb , and Art Spiegelman ) . </P> <P> In 2016 and 2017 , author Berkeley Breathed included Calvin and Hobbes in various Bloom County cartoons . He launched the first cartoon on April Fool 's Day 2016 and jokingly issued a statement suggesting that he had acquired Calvin and Hobbes from Bill Watterson , who was `` out of the Arizona facility , continent and looking forward to some well - earned financial security . '' While bearing Watterson 's signature and drawing style , as well as featuring characters from both Calvin and Hobbes and Breathed 's Bloom County , it is unclear whether Watterson had any input into these cartoons or not . </P> <H3> Grown - up Calvin ( edit ) </H3> <P> A number of artists and cartoonists have created works portraying Calvin as a teenager or an adult ; the concept has also inspired writers . </P> <P> In 2011 , a comic strip appeared by cartoonists Dan and Tom Heyerman called Hobbes and Bacon . The strip depicts Calvin as an adult , married to Susie Derkins , with a young daughter named after philosopher Francis Bacon , to whom Calvin gives Hobbes . Though consisting of only four strips originally , Hobbes and Bacon received considerable attention when it appeared and was continued by other cartoonists and artists . </P> <P> A novel entitled Calvin by CLA Young Adult Book Award - winning author Martine Leavitt was published in 2015 . The story tells of seventeen - year - old Calvin -- who was born on the day that Calvin and Hobbes ended , and who has now been diagnosed with schizophrenia -- and his hallucination of Hobbes , his childhood stuffed tiger . With his friend Susie , who might also be a hallucination , Calvin sets off to find Bill Watterson , in the hope that the cartoonist can provide aid for Calvin 's condition . </P> <H2> Trivia ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> On 12 August 2017 , the browser maker Mozilla changed the icon of the nightly version of Firefox showing Hobbes entwining the famous blue world globe of Firefox ' icon . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Campanelli , John ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' fans still pine 15 years after its exit '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes : The last great newspaper comic strip '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) . `` ' Dear Mr. Watterson ' : Remembering the last great newspaper comic '' . Salon . San Francisco , California : Salon Media Group . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . ' Calvin and Hobbes ' has been immensely influential -- but mostly in TV animation , in stand - up and sketch comedy , and in graphic novels and in Internet culture . The newspaper comic , like the newspaper itself , has lost its social meaning . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1989 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Watterson and Walker Differ on Comics : ' Calvin and Hobbes ' creator criticizes today 's cartooning while ' Beetle Bailey ' / ' Hi and Lois ' creator defends it at meeting '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( May 20 , 1990 ) . `` Speech by Bill Watterson '' . Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio : Via Calvin and Hobbes ' Magical World ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 16 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Neely ( October 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Tiger Strikes Again '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dean , Paul ( May 26 , 1987 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes Creator Draws on the Simple Life '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Christie , Andrew ( January 1987 ) . `` An Interview With Bill Watterson '' . Honk ! via Calvin and Hobbies : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Fantagraphics Books . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Complete Calvin and Hobbes '' . Andrews & McMeel . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCS Reuben Award winners ( 1975 -- present ) '' . National Cartoonists Society . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , p. 481 . Comic originally published 1995 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Solomon ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Complete Calvin and Hobbes '' . Day to Day . 3 : 28.50 minutes in . NPR . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . In the final strip , Calvin and Hobbes put aside their conflicts and rode their sled into a snowy forest . They left behind a hole in the comics page that no strip has been able to fill . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : West , Richard Samuel ( February 1989 ) . `` Interview : Bill Watterson '' . The Comics Journal / Fantagraphics via Calvin and Hobbies : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1988 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Watterson Knocks the Shrinking of Comics '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( October 27 , 1989 ) . The Cheapening of the Comics . The 1989 Festival of Cartoon Art . Via Calvin and Hobbies : Magic on Paper ( fansite ) . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1991 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Nine - month Vacation for Bill Watterson '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1992 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Cartoonists discuss ' Calvin ' requirement '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 34 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2001 ) . p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fans From Around the World Interview Bill Watterson '' . Andrews McMeel Publishing . 2005 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hulsizer , Tim . `` A Concise Guide to All Legal Calvin and Hobbes Items '' . Calvin and Hobbes : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Holmen , Linda ; Santella - Johnson , Mary ; Watterson , Bill ( 1993 ) . Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes . Cover and supplementary art by Jan Roebken . Fargo , North Dakota : Playground Publishing . ISBN 1 - 878849 - 15 - 8 . Lay summary ( 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martell ( 2010 ) , p. 236 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Funnies Comic Strips Debut on Stamps '' . Columbus , Ohio : United States Postal Service press release . July 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( July 17 , 1997 ) . `` Calvin 's Unauthorized Leak : Stock Car Fans Misuse Comics Character '' . The Virginian - Pilot ( Norfolk , Virginia ) via The Washington Post via Calvin and Hobbes : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . p . B9 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 200 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 2001 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( October 31 , 1990 ) , Andrews McMeel Publishing </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( November 1 , 1990 ) , Andrews McMeel Publishing </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( July 15 , 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( January 21 , 1993 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 2012 ) . The Complete Calvin and Hobbes. 3 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4494 - 3325 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ( 2006 ) . Big Bang : The Origin of the Universe . Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 716220 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calling ' Big Bang ' a Dud , Journal Seeks New Name '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1993 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Andy ( October 17 , 2004 ) . `` We Are Wandering Stardust '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Kerby ; Bohlin , Raymond G. ( 2000 ) . Creation , Evolution , and Modern Science . Kregel Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8254 - 2033 - 7 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linder , Eric . `` Cosmology Summary '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moseley , Caroline ( May 7 , 2001 ) . `` Faculty Team Serves Up a Slice of the Universe '' . Princeton Weekly Bulletin . 90 ( 27 ) . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 1 , p. 303 . Comic originally published 1987 - 07 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Gene ( 1987 ) . Watterson : Calvin 's other alter ego . Cleveland Plain Dealer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 194 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill . `` Calvin and Hobbes Cast of Characters Cast of Characters '' . Andrew McMeel . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 132 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 1988 ) . The Essential Calvin and Hobbes : A Calvin and Hobbes Treasury . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . p. 229 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1805 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 172 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , p. 432 . Comic originally published 1995 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 268 -- 273 . Comics originally published 1990 - 04 - 16 to 1990 - 05 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , p. 438 . Comic originally published 1995 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , pp. 430 -- 434 . Comics originally published 1995 - 09 - 04 to 1995 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , p. 292 . Comic originally published 1990 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 292 , 336 . Comics originally published 1990 - 05 - 27 and 1990 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 273 , 292 , 336 , 429 ; vol. 3 , pp. 430 -- 433 , 438 . Comics originally published 1990 - 05 - 05 , 1990 - 05 - 27 , 1990 - 08 - 26 , 1991 - 03 - 31 , 1995 - 09 - 04 to 1995 - 09 - 16 , and 1995 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 129 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 104 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 233 , 325 . Comics originally published 1990 - 01 - 07 and 1990 - 08 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 1 , pp. 26 , 56 , 217 ; vol. 2 , pp. 120 , 237 , 267 , 298 , 443 ; vol. 3 , pp. 16 , 170 , 224 , 326 , 414 . Comics originally published 1985 - 11 - 30 , 1986 - 02 - 07 , 1987 - 01 - 11 , 1989 - 05 - 28 , 1990 - 02 - 04 , 1990 - 04 - 15 , 1990 - 06 - 10 , 1992 - 02 - 02 , 1992 - 05 - 17 , 1993 - 04 - 18 , 1993 - 08 - 22 , 1995 - 01 - 14 , and 1995 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , p. 373 . Comic originally published 1990 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 1990 ) . Weirdos from Another Planet ! . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1862 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milicia , Joe ( October 22 , 2005 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes Creator Keeps Privacy '' . Associated Press via Calvin and Hobbes : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 1 , p. 215 ; vol. 2 , p. 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 1990 ) . Weirdos from Another Planet ! . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1862 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rief , Sandra F. ; Heimburge , Julie A. ( 2006 ) . How to Reach and Teach All Children in the Inclusive Classroom : Practical Strategies , Lessons , and Activities ( 2nd ed . ) . Jossey - Bass . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8154 - 9 . We highly recommend a wonderful book , Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , David ( April 23 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Algorithm Price War Leads to $23.6 - Million - Dollar Book Listing '' . PC Magazine . New York City : Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 ... you 're trying to hunt down that elusive , rare edition of Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes : Find a copy in the library '' . WorldCat . Online Computer Library Center . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul , Gregory S. ( November 6 , 1993 ) . `` A Comic History of Dinosaurs '' ( PDF ) . The Washington Post via Bringing Them Back to Life : The Science and Art of Gregory S. Paul ( official site ) . p . A24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuznets , Lois Rostow ( 1994 ) . When Toys Come Alive . Yale University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , James Q. ( 1995 - 12 - 17 ) . `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' and the Moral Sense '' . The Weekly Standard . Washington , D.C. : Clarity Media Group . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coleman , Alisa White ( 2000 ) . `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' : A Critique of Society 's Values '' . Journal of Mass Media Ethics : Exploring Questions of Media Morality . Taylor & Francis . 15 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 28 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327728JMME1501_3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bluedorn , Hans ( 2002 ) . The Fallacy Detective . Christian Logic . ISBN 0 - 9745315 - 0 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Chris ; Runciman , Lex , eds. ( 2005 ) . Open Questions : Readings for Critical Thinking and Writing . Bedford - St. Martin 's . pp. 413 -- 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 41635 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Calvin Hobbes textbook ' search on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . I have yet to encounter a statistics textbook that does not contain at least one Calvin and Hobbes comic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Draper , Christijan D. ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . Exploring Calvin and Hobbes : Comic Strip Illuminates Issues Surrounding Family Recreation ( M.S. ) . Brigham Young University . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heit ( 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exploring Calvin and Hobbes : March 22 , 2014 -- August 3 , 2014 '' . Columbus , Ohio : Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum , Ohio State University . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Bill Watterson talks : This is why you must read the new ' Exploring Calvin and Hobbes ' book '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. : Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price - Waldman , Sam ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) . `` How Calvin and Hobbes Inspired a Generation '' . The Atlantic . Washington , D.C. : Atlantic Media . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adkins , Nickolai ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Weighing the Light and Dark of Calvin and Hobbes '' . 1UP.com . IGN . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Bill Watterson 's work is undoubtedly art , but what is more important is what this means for dissonant media like that of video games . Calvin and Hobbes is proof that mass perception does not make a truth -- that a preconception of elitists or the uninitiated about what is and is n't art does n't make it so ... Calvin and Hobbes proves that any artistic form can wear multiple hats . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Antunes , Paulo Gabriel ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes Collection '' . Abduzeedo . Brazil . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Bill Watterson 's creation got ta be the reason why I love illustration ... And also , there 's tons of fan art around the web , really good ones , and even sculptures . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel ( 2012 - 06 - 07 ) . `` ' The Days Are Just Packed ' - A Calvin and Hobbes Inspired Art Print '' . JazJaz . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Casey Weldon 's latest art print , inspired by his childhood favorites -- Calvin and Hobbes , will be released in conjunction with the opening of his solo show at Spoke Art . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Olmstead , Gracy ( 2013 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Imagination and the Artistic Value of Calvin & Hobbes '' . The American Conservative . Washington , D.C. : The American Ideas Institute . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Bill Watterson 's comic series Calvin and Hobbes has inspired a religious following since its publication . Even after its retirement in 1995 , millions of readers remained devoted to the series . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hawking , Tom ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About ' Calvin and Hobbes ' '' . Flavorwire . New York , New York : Flavorpill Media . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Calvin & Hobbes has always inspired a special brand of obsessive geekdom ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martell ( 2010 ) , pp. 216 - 217 `` Family Guy had a brief appearance from Calvin and Hobbes in 2009 . Perhaps the most disturbing use of Calvin and Hobbes was on Seth Green 's Robot Chicken , which did a stop - motion segment in which the parents think Calvin has gone insane , because he imagines his stuffed animal is alive . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calvin and Hobbes '' . United Kingdom : BBC Radio 4 . 2009 - 09 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matos , Michaelangelo ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Nevin Martell : Looking For Calvin And Hobbes '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago , Illinois : Onion , Inc . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . It 's surprising that until now , no one has attempted a book - length study of Bill Watterson 's Calvin And Hobbes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ; Ferris , D.X. ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Expanded Book Chronicles Search for Bill Watterson , Calvin and Hobbes Creator '' . Scene and Heard : Cleveland Scene 's News Blog . Cleveland , Ohio : Cleveland Scene . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martell ( 2010 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hankins , Brent ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` INTERVIEW -- Joel Allen Schroeder explores the impact of ' Calvin and Hobbes ' with documentary ' Dear Mr. Watterson ' '' . The Nerd Repository . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . ( Watterson ) declined to be interviewed for Nevin Martell 's book a few years back , and I felt like if he was n't going to do an interview for a book , it was unlikely he would be involved or participate in a film . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , Nancy ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Dear Mr. Watterson : New Calvin and Hobbes Documentary Has So Many Feels '' . Tor.com . Macmillan Publishers . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makice , Kevin ( 2012 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Dear Mr. Watterson Explains Why Geeks Love Calvin and Hobbes '' . Wired . San Francisco , California : Condé Nast . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 ... the film raised $25,000 to allow the crew to capture interviews with industry cartoonists , including Bill Amend ( Foxtrot ) , Berkeley Breathed ( Bloom County , Outland , Opus ) , Seth Green ( co-creator , Robot Chicken ) and Wiley Miller ( Non-Sequitur ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein , Gary ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Review : A love letter to ' Dear Mr. Watterson ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California : Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Schroeder interviews a starry array of cartoonists , including Berkeley Breathed ( `` Bloom County '' ) , Stephan Pastis ( `` Pearls Before Swine '' ) and Jan Eliot ( `` Stone Soup '' ) , plus authors , curators , historians and the toon 's syndicators , all of whom wax poetic about Watterson 's creation and its enduring influence . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Potet , Frédéric ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Angoulême : le Grand Prix attribué à Bill Watterson , le père de '' Calvin et Hobbes `` '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . Paris , France . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election du Grand Prix du Festival d'Angoulême 2014 '' ( in French ) . Angoulême International Comics Festival . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Berkeley Breathed 's ' Calvin and Hobbes ' gag wins April Fools ' Day '' . CBR. 2016 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grown - Up Calvin And Hobbes : Craig Mahoney 's Painting Will Bring A Tear To Your Eye ( IMAGE ) '' . The Huffington Post . New York , New York : AOL . 2013 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canavan , Gerry ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Found on the Internet : grown - up Calvins and Hobbeses '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leavitt , Martine ( 2015 ) . Calvin . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0374380731 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagny , Louis A.E. ( 2015 ) . All Grown Up : A Boy and His Tiger ( One - act play ) . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1514752487 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heyerman , Dan ; Heyerman , Tom ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Hobbes and Bacon '' . Pants are Overrated . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Calvin , Hobbes And Comic Book Biology '' . Krulwich Wonders ... Washington , D.C. : NPR . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Dan and Tom Heyerman ... to the delight of many Calvin and Hobbes fans ... brought Calvin back ... as an adult ! ... Not only that , he has a kid , a daughter named ' Bacon ' ( named for the Enlightenment philosopher , Francis Bacon . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Calvin And Hobbes , Add The Bacon '' . Krulwich Wonders ... Washington , D.C. : NPR . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . ' Hobbes and Bacon ' ... went instantly viral . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Check out the web cartoonists continuing Calvin And Hobbes '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago , Illinois : Onion , Inc . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . The strips got a lot of attention when they first posted , and Watterson fans often point back to them ... Terra Snover picked it up with ... strips continuing the Hobbes And Bacon idea ... In February 2013 , Phil Berry at DeviantArt started posting his own , more elaborate Hobbes And Bacon strips ... Meanwhile , a fourth artist , DeviantArt 's DomNX , has spent the past year churning out his own still - ongoing Calvin And Company strip ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian Library Association Announces 2013 CLA Young Adult Book Award Winner and Honour Books '' . Ottawa , Ontario : Canadian Library Association . 2013 - 04 - 15 . Archived from the original ( CFM ) on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PW Picks : Books of the Week , November 16 , 2015 '' . Publishers Weekly . 2015 - 11 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1389770 - New tiger themed Nightly icon is bad joke ... '' Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compa Mayorga ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) . `` # Bug or # feature ? Keep @ mozilla weird =D @ FirefoxNightly rocks ! pic.twitter.com/2sNU3xqEp7 '' . @ alex_mayorga ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Retweeted by the official @ FirefoxNightly Twitter account </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Watterson , Bill ( 1995 ) . The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 0438 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Watterson , Bill ( 2001 ) . Calvin and Hobbes : Sunday Pages 1985 -- 1995 . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2135 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Watterson , Bill ( 2005 ) . The Complete Calvin and Hobbes . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 4847 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Martell , Nevin ( 2010 ) . Looking for Calvin and Hobbes : The Unconventional Story of Bill Watterson and His Revolutionary Comic Strip ( Revised ed . ) . Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 0685 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Heit , Jamey ( 2012 ) . Imagination and Meaning in Calvin and Hobbes . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9031 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Watterson , Bill ( 2015 ) . Exploring Calvin and Hobbes : An Exhibition Catalogue . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4494 - 6036 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Calvin and Hobbes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calvin and Hobbes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Calvin and Hobbes '' dated 2006 - 01 - 29 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Dl> <Dt> Official sites </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Calvin and Hobbes at GoComics </Li> <Li> Calvin and Hobbes at Andrews McMeel Publishing </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Fan sites </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Fisher - Cox , Adam , ed . `` The Calvin and Hobbes Album '' . AdamFisherCox.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Calvin and Hobbes at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Multimedia </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Radio show in which fans of the comic strip express their views about the ending of Calvin and Hobbes '' . ( MP3 ) . CBC Canada via TheHeartOfGold.org. 1995 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) </Li> <Li> `` Spiffy : ' The Complete Calvin and Hobbes ' '' . Morning Edition ( Real , Windows Media ) . November 18 , 2005 . NPR . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Further reading </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Suellentrop , Chris ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes : The last great newspaper comic strip '' . Slate . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Calvin and Hobbes at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calvin <Ul> <Li> alter egos </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hobbes </Li> <Li> Secondary characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calvin and Hobbes in translation </Li> <Li> List of Calvin and Hobbes books </Li> <Li> Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes </Li> <Li> Dear Mr. Watterson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Andrews McMeel Universal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Andrews McMeel </Li> <Li> Universal Uclick ( Universal Press Syndicate </Li> <Li> Uclick ) </Li> <Li> AMUSE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comic strips </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adam@home </Li> <Li> Argyle Sweater </Li> <Li> Baker Street Puzzle </Li> <Li> Baldo </Li> <Li> Biographic </Li> <Li> Bloom County </Li> <Li> Brainwaves </Li> <Li> Breaking Cat News </Li> <Li> Calvin and Hobbes </Li> <Li> Cathy </Li> <Li> Cleats </Li> <Li> Close to Home </Li> <Li> Condorito </Li> <Li> Cornered </Li> <Li> Cul de Sac </Li> <Li> Doonesbury </Li> <Li> The Duplex </Li> <Li> The Elderberries </Li> <Li> The 5th Wave </Li> <Li> The Flying McCoys </Li> <Li> For Better or For Worse </Li> <Li> FoxTrot </Li> <Li> Fred Basset </Li> <Li> The Fusco Brothers </Li> <Li> Garfield </Li> <Li> Gaturro </Li> <Li> Ginger Meggs </Li> <Li> Heart of the City </Li> <Li> In the Bleachers </Li> <Li> In the Sticks </Li> <Li> Ink Pen </Li> <Li> James Bond </Li> <Li> Judge Dredd </Li> <Li> La Cucaracha </Li> <Li> Liō </Li> <Li> Mutt and Jeff </Li> <Li> Non Sequitur </Li> <Li> Off the Mark </Li> <Li> Overboard </Li> <Li> Peanuts </Li> <Li> Phoebe and Her Unicorn </Li> <Li> Pooch Café </Li> <Li> Real Life Adventures </Li> <Li> Red and Rover </Li> <Li> Ronaldinho Gaucho </Li> <Li> Shortcuts </Li> <Li> Stone Soup </Li> <Li> Tank McNamara </Li> <Li> Thatababy </Li> <Li> Tom the Dancing Bug </Li> <Li> W.T. 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when was the first calvin and hobbes made
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Calvin_and_Hobbes&amp;oldid=826372667
623,291,854,305,067,300
Natalie ( given name ) - wikipedia <H1> Natalie ( given name ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Natalie is a female given name derived from the Late Latin name Natalia meaning `` Christmas Day '' ( cf . Latin natale domini ) . This form is found in many languages , but is especially common in French , German , Dutch and English speaking countries as well as Scandinavia . </P> <H2> People with the given name ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Natalie Albino , member of the R&B duo Nina Sky </Li> <Li> Natalie Alvarado ( commonly referred to as `` Natalie '' ) , American R&B singer </Li> <Li> Natalie Angier , NY Times science writer </Li> <Li> Natalie Appleton , Canadian pop singer and former member of the groups All Saints and Appleton </Li> <Li> Natalie Bassingthwaighte , Australian soap actress and former singer for pop group the Rogue Traders </Li> <Li> Natalie Blair , Australian soap actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Brown ( singer ) , Canadian pop / R&B singer and songwriter </Li> <Li> Natalie Brown ( actress ) , Canadian actress known for her role in Sophie </Li> <Li> Natalie Cassidy , British actress , famous for being in UK Soap EastEnders and a contestant on Celebrity Big Brother 2012 . </Li> <Li> Natalie Clein , English cellist </Li> <Li> Natalie Clifford Barney , American writer and salon hostess </Li> <Li> Natalie Cole ( 1950 -- 2015 ) , American jazz singer and songwriter </Li> <Li> Natalie Cook , Australian professional beach volleyball player and Olympic gold medallist </Li> <Li> Natalie Coughlin ( born 1982 ) , American Olympic swimmer </Li> <Li> Natalie Denise Suleman ( born 1975 ) , American mother of octuplets ( also Nadya Suleman ) </Li> <Li> Natalie Dessay , French opera singer </Li> <Li> Natalie Dormer , British actress </Li> <Li> Natalie du Toit , South African swimmer and Olympic gold medallist </Li> <Li> Natalie Glebova , Canadian model and winner of 2005 Miss Universe beauty contest </Li> <Li> Natalie Goldberg , American writer </Li> <Li> Natalie Graham , British regional BBC news presenter </Li> <Li> Natalie Grant , Christian music singer </Li> <Li> Natalie Griesbeck , French politician </Li> <Li> Natalie Grinham , Dutch squash player </Li> <Li> Natalie Gulbis ( born 1983 ) , American golfer </Li> <Li> Natalee Holloway , American high school student who disappeared in 2005 </Li> <Li> Natalie Horler , lead singer of Cascada </Li> <Li> Natalie Imbruglia ( born 1975 ) , Australian pop singer and soap actress , married to Daniel Johns of silverchair and the face of L'Oreal 2006 </Li> <Li> Natalie Jeremijenko , Australian artist , engineer , and environmentalist </Li> <Li> Natalie MacMaster , Canadian fiddle - player </Li> <Li> Natalie Maines , lead singer for the Dixie Chicks </Li> <Li> Natalie Merchant , rock singer and former member of group 10,000 Maniacs </Li> <Li> Natalie Morales , American actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Munt , English Olympic badminton player </Li> <Li> Natalie Nakase ( born 1980 ) , American basketball coach and former player </Li> <Li> Natalie `` Nattie '' Neidhart ( born 1982 ) , Canadian professional wrestler currently known as Natalya in WWE </Li> <Li> Natalie Nunn ( born 1984 ) , American reality television star . </Li> <Li> Natalie Osman , American professional wrestler and valet </Li> <Li> Natalie Pike , English model </Li> <Li> Natalie Portman ( born 1981 ; real name : Natalie Hershlag ) , American actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Raitano , American actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Saleeba , Australian soap actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Schafer ( 1900 -- 1991 ) , American actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Sleeth , American composer </Li> <Li> Natalie Tong , Hong Kong actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Tyler Tran , Youtube.com celebrity </Li> <Li> Natalie Walker , American musician </Li> <Li> Natalie Wood ( 1938 -- 1981 ) , American actress </Li> <Li> Natalie Zemon Davis , Canadian and American historian </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Natalee </Li> <Li> ( ( Natalie Tarukumbira </Li> <Li> Nathalie </Li> <Li> Natalia </Li> <Li> Natty </Li> <Li> Natasha </Li> <Li> Natacha </Li> <Li> Natasja </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Campbell . `` Behind the Name : Meaning , origin and history of the name Natalie '' . Behind the Name . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalie_(given_name)&oldid=808987253 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Given names </Li> <Li> English feminine given names </Li> <Li> French feminine given names </Li> <Li> Irish feminine given names </Li> <Li> Scottish feminine given names </Li> <Li> German feminine given names </Li> <Li> Dutch feminine given names </Li> <Li> Norwegian feminine given names </Li> <Li> Swedish feminine given names </Li> <Li> Danish feminine given names </Li> <Li> Finnish feminine given names </Li> <Li> Icelandic feminine given names </Li> <Li> Hebrew feminine given names </Li> <Li> Latin feminine given names </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 13 : 13 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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what country did the name natalie come from
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Natalie_(given_name)&amp;oldid=808987253
958,859,349,302,873,300
Texas Longhorns - wikipedia <H1> Texas Longhorns </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the athletics programs of The University of Texas at Austin . For the cattle breed , see Texas Longhorn . For other uses of Longhorn , see Longhorn ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Texas Longhorns </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> University </Th> <Td> The University of Texas at Austin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Big 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCAA </Th> <Td> Division I / FBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athletic director </Th> <Td> Mike Perrin ( men 's ) Christine Plonsky ( women 's ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Austin , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Varsity teams </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football stadium </Th> <Td> Darrell K. Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basketball arena </Th> <Td> Frank Erwin Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Baseball stadium </Th> <Td> Disch - Falk Field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other arenas </Th> <Td> Gregory Gymnasium ( volleyball ) Mike A. Myers Stadium ( soccer ) Red and Charline McCombs Field ( softball ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Bevo and Hook ' em </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Td> Longhorns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> Texas Fight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Burnt Orange and White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.texassports.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> Big 12 logo in Texas ' colors <P> The Texas Longhorns are the athletic teams that represent The University of Texas at Austin . The teams are sometimes referred to as the ' Horns and take their name from the Longhorn cattle that were an important part of the development of Texas , and are now the official `` large animal '' of the U.S. state of Texas . The women 's teams are sometimes called the Lady Longhorns , but generally both the men 's and women 's teams are referred to as the Longhorns , and the mascot is a Texas Longhorn steer named Bevo . </P> <P> The Longhorn nickname appeared in Texas newspapers by 1900 . </P> <P> The University of Texas at Austin is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . It offers a wide variety of varsity and intramural sports programs , and was selected as `` America 's Best Sports College '' in a 2002 analysis by Sports Illustrated . Texas was also listed as the number one Collegiate Licensing Company client from 2005 -- 2013 in regards to the amount of annual trademark royalties received from the sales of its fan merchandise . </P> <P> Texas is the only remaining NCAA Division I school to operate separate men 's and women 's athletic departments , after the other remaining holdout , the University of Tennessee , merged its men 's and women 's athletic departments at the end of the 2011 -- 12 academic year . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Varsity sports <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Football <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Texas Longhorns under Mack Brown <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1.1 2006 </Li> <Li> 1.1. 1.2 2007 </Li> <Li> 1.1. 1.3 2008 </Li> <Li> 1.1. 1.4 2009 </Li> <Li> 1.1. 1.5 2010 </Li> <Li> 1.1. 1.6 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 All - time All - Americans </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 All - time national award winners <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 3.1 Players </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3.2 Coaches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 All - time University of Texas football team </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Championships and Bowls </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Men 's basketball <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Women 's basketball <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Baseball <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Softball <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 UT 's Louisville Slugger / NFCA All - Americans </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.6 Men 's golf <Ul> <Li> 1.6. 1 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.7 Women 's golf </Li> <Li> 1.8 Men 's track and field <Ul> <Li> 1.8. 1 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.9 Women 's track & field <Ul> <Li> 1.9. 1 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.10 Volleyball <Ul> <Li> 1.10. 1 Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.11 Swimming and diving <Ul> <Li> 1.11. 1 Men 's championships </Li> <Li> 1.11. 2 Women 's championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.12 Women 's rowing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Notable non varsity sports <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Rugby </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Halls of honor </Li> <Li> 4 Championships <Ul> <Li> 4.1 NCAA team championships </Li> <Li> 4.2 Other national team championships </Li> <Li> 4.3 Conference championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Arkansas Razorbacks </Li> <Li> 5.2 Oklahoma Sooners </Li> <Li> 5.3 Texas A&M Aggies </Li> <Li> 5.4 Texas Tech Red Raiders </Li> <Li> 5.5 Rice Owls </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Facilities </Li> <Li> 7 Traditions </Li> <Li> 8 Merchandise </Li> <Li> 9 TV channel </Li> <Li> 10 Boosters </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Varsity sports ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Men 's sports </Th> <Th> Women 's sports </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baseball </Td> <Td> Basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basketball </Td> <Td> Cross country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cross country </Td> <Td> Golf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Football </Td> <Td> Rowing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golf </Td> <Td> Soccer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swimming & diving </Td> <Td> Softball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennis </Td> <Td> Swimming & diving </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Track and field </Td> <Td> Tennis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Track and field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Volleyball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> † -- Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A charter member of the Southwest Conference until its dissolution in 1996 , the Texas Longhorns now compete in the Big 12 Conference , as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . The school 's colors are officially Orange ( Pantone 159 ) and White , with Burnt Orange -- also known as Texas Orange -- being the specific shade of orange used . The University of Texas Longhorn Band performs the alma mater ( `` The Eyes of Texas '' ) as well as the university fight song ( `` Texas Fight '' ) at various sporting events . </P> <P> Over the years , Longhorn sports teams have won 52 total national championships , 44 of which are NCAA National Championships . The University of Texas currently fields a varsity team in nine men 's sports and eleven women 's sports . </P> <H3> Football ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Texas Longhorns football Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium with a view of the Godzillatron <P> Two Texas Longhorn running backs have won college football 's most prestigious individual award , the Heisman Trophy : Earl Campbell ( 1977 ) and Ricky Williams ( 1998 ) . Seventeen Longhorn players and two Longhorn coaches have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame , while four are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Other Longhorn players have also received recognition for their performance . </P> <P> In terms of total wins , Texas is the 2nd - ranked NCAA Division I FBS program in college football history with 891 wins , after passing Nebraska during the 2016 season . As of the end of the 2016 season , the Longhorns ' all - time record is 891 -- 359 -- 33 (. 709 ) . Only the University of Michigan has won more games and a greater percentage of games played than Texas , which recorded its 800th victory with the Longhorns ' 41 -- 38 win over the USC Trojans in the 2006 BCS National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , the program was somewhat less successful , but the Longhorns have since returned to prominence in college football , finishing in the top six of the AP and coaches ' polls in 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 and 2009 . </P> <P> The University of Texas team plays home games in Darrell K. Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium which has a seating capacity of 100,119 . Renovations began on the stadium November 14 , 2005 , two days following the last home football game of the 2005 season . The improvements were completed before the 2008 football season , and included additional seating and the nation 's first high definition video display in a collegiate facility nicknamed `` Godzillatron . '' The University completed a $27 million expansion and renovation to the south end zone facilities in August 2009 which added 4,525 permanent bleacher seats and changed the playing surface to FieldTurf . With the new permanent bleacher seating section added behind the south end zone and the total remodeling of the north end zone completed in 2008 , the stadium 's official capacity now stands at 100,119 . This was surpassed when 101,357 saw # 3 - ranked Texas beat Kansas 51 -- 20 on November 21 , 2009 . </P> <P> The Longhorns are currently coached by Tom Herman , who came to Texas in November 2016 after being head coach at Houston . </P> Texas Longhorns under Mack Brown ( edit ) <P> Mack Brown became the head football coach for Texas in 1998 . From 1998 through the 2008 -- 2009 season , the Longhorns had a 124 -- 27 win - loss record . In his first six years at Texas , Brown had a winning record but he had not managed to win the Big 12 conference or to lead the Longhorns into a Bowl Championship Series game . He was often lauded for his recruiting while being criticized for failing to win championships . </P> <P> That changed with the 2004 Texas Longhorns football team who played in the 2005 Rose Bowl against the Wolverines of the University of Michigan . The game was the first meeting between the two storied teams and the Longhorns ' first trip to the Rose Bowl . In a classic game that featured five lead changes and three tie scores during the course of play , the Longhorns defeated the Wolverines 38 -- 37 on a successful 38 - yard field goal by place kicker Dusty Mangum as time expired . It was the first time the Rose Bowl had ever been decided on the closing play , and it earned the Longhorns a top 5 finish in the polls . Three ex-Longhorns from the 2005 Rose Bowl team -- Cedric Benson , Derrick Johnson , and Bo Scaife -- were selected in the 2005 NFL Draft . </P> The 2005 Texas Longhorns in the `` I formation '' against Colorado in the 2005 Big 12 Championship Game <P> Brown followed up the strong 2004 season on the field with an extremely successful 2005 recruiting season by securing the top - ranked recruiting class ( the 2005 recruiting season is for players entering the University in Fall 2006 ) . With the exception of Cedric Benson , Derrick Johnson , and Bo Scaife , Texas returned most of their key players from 2004 -- 2005 , including red - shirt Junior Quarterback Vince Young . The 2005 Texas Longhorns football team was given a pre-season No. 2 ranking ( behind defending National Champions University of Southern California ) by Sports Illustrated magazine , and was also ranked second in the AP and USA Today coaches ' pre-season polls . They maintained those rankings throughout the entire 2005 -- 2006 season . </P> <P> Texas and USC ended up winning out their seasons and faced each other in the National Championship , which Texas won , 41 -- 38 . At the conclusion of the 2005 -- 2006 season , Sports Illustrated issued a special commemorative edition that featured Vince Young shouting in triumph amidst a storm of multi-colored confetti . Features in the special edition included a story on Vince Young 's Glory Days by author Tim Layden , as well as a story dissecting How the Rose Bowl was won by Austin Murphy . The issue was on sale nationwide alongside the regular edition of the magazine , which also featured the Rose Bowl on the cover . </P> 2006 ( edit ) <P> The 2006 Texas Longhorns football team hoped to repeat as national champions . The Texas Longhorns returned several offensive ( 7 ) and defensive ( 7 ) starters from their National Title team , but quarterback Vince Young elected to go the NFL which left freshman Colt McCoy as the starting quarterback . </P> <P> The Longhorns opened the season with a win at home against North Texas . Their second game , against Ohio State , was one of the most anticipated college football games of the regular season . The Longhorns lost that game , but then defeated Rice , Iowa State and Sam Houston State by a combined score of 145 -- 24 . Then they defeated 14th - ranked Oklahoma 28 -- 10 in the Red River Rivalry . The Longhorns lost their last two regular season games to Kansas State ( 45 -- 42 ) and Texas A&M ( 12 -- 7 ) . A victory against A&M would have clinched the Big 12 South Division title for the Longhorns . As a result of the loss , Oklahoma won the division and played in the Big 12 Championship game . The Alamo Bowl , with the 5th pick of Big 12 conference teams selected the Longhorns to play against unranked Iowa who had placed 8th in the Big Ten conference . With Colt McCoy at quarterback , the Longhorns narrowly defeated the Iowa Hawkeyes 26 -- 24 . </P> 2007 ( edit ) <P> The 2007 Texas Longhorn football team began play on September 1 , 2007 . Texas entered the 2007 season ranked third in the all - time list of both total wins and winning percentage . They were ranked in the Top 10 by numerous pre-season polls . For instance , a pre-season ranking by ESPN writer Mark Schlabach had the Longhorns ranked eighth ; Rivals.com has them at ninth . College Football News and Real Football 365 both had the Longhorns ranked third . The Longhorns come into the season ranked fourth in both the Coaches ' Poll and AP Poll . The Longhorns failed to make good on that ranking , however , dropping to number 20 in the BCS standings after losing to conference foes Kansas State , Oklahoma , and Texas A&M . </P> 2008 ( edit ) <P> The 2008 Texas Longhorn football team entered the season with freshmen athletes at many positions , no definite starting running back and appeared to lack talent at key positions . The Longhorns were projected to post a 9 -- 3 during the 2008 season , and were ranked Nos. 11 and 10 in the AP Poll and the USA Today Coaches Poll , respectively . Despite doubt surrounding the season , the Longhorns rallied to an 8 -- 0 start , including a four game in - conference stretch against opponents ranked in the top 12 football teams in the country . During that stretch , the Texas Longhorns defeated BCS ranked No. 1 Oklahoma , No. 11 Missouri , and No. 7 Oklahoma State before losing to No. 7 Texas Tech on November 1 , 2008 . On January 5 , 2009 , Texas defeated No. 10 ( according to final BCS rankings ) Ohio State in the Fiesta Bowl 24 -- 21 . The loss to No. 7 Texas Tech was the only loss for the 2008 Texas Longhorns , finishing 12 -- 1 overall , 5 -- 1 in the Big 12 Conference South Division and No. 3 in the BCS rankings , No. 4 in the final AP Poll , and No. 3 in the final USA Today Coaches Poll . </P> 2009 ( edit ) <P> The 2009 Texas Longhorn football team entered the season with a veteran quarterback in Colt McCoy and high hopes of winning a National Championship . The Longhorns were ranked No. 2 in both the AP Poll and the USA Today Coaches Poll . The Longhorns finished the season 13 -- 1 , and 8 -- 0 in Big 12 play . They represented the Big 12 South Division in the Big 12 Championship Game where , on a last second field goal , they defeated Nebraska 13 -- 12 to become Big 12 Champions . The Longhorns finished the regular season ranked No. 2 in the Bowl Championship Series to earn a birth in the BCS Championship Game where they were defeated by Alabama 37 -- 21 after an early injury to Colt McCoy . Texas finished the season ranked No. 2 in the AP and coaches poll . </P> <P> In 2010 , after losing six players to the NFL Draft , the Texas Longhorns finished with their worst record under Mack Brown , going 5 -- 7 and finishing last in the Big 12 South , ending a string of nine 10 or more win seasons . The only signature win of the season was a 20 -- 13 upset in Lincoln over Nebraska in their final in - conference match - up . </P> 2011 ( edit ) <P> In 2011 the Longhorns finished the season 9 -- 4 , 5 -- 4 in Big 12 play , in a tie for third place . They were invited to the Holiday Bowl where they defeated The University of California , Berkeley . </P> <P> Quarterback Garrett Gilbert was named the starter for the Longhorns August 29 in their season opening against Rice University . However , on September 12 , it was announced that Gilbert was being moved to the second - string quarterback behind Case McCoy and David Ash who would be sharing the starting position for the duration of the season . On September 20 , it was announced that Gilbert underwent successful surgery on his shoulder and will be out the remainder of the season . Knowing that his future in Austin looked bleak , Gilbert sought an unconditional release , which was granted to him on October 5 . Gilbert finished his degree at Texas before moving to Southern Methodist University in Dallas to continue his football career . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Texas Longhorns football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clark Field ( 1896 -- 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bowls & rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bowl games </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Oklahoma : Red River Showdown ( Golden Hat ) </Li> <Li> Texas A&M </Li> <Li> Texas Tech </Li> <Li> Rice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture & lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Brown years </Li> <Li> Bevo </Li> <Li> Hook ' em </Li> <Li> `` Texas Fight '' </Li> <Li> Hex Rally </Li> <Li> 1969 `` Game of the Century '' </Li> <Li> Longhorn Band </Li> <Li> Godzillatron </Li> <Li> The University of Texas National Championship 2005 </Li> <Li> 2005 Ohio State game </Li> <Li> 2008 Texas Tech game </Li> <Li> 1 Second Left </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Head coaches </Li> <Li> All - Americans </Li> <Li> Statistical leaders </Li> <Li> NFL draft </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1893 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1895 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> National championship seasons in bold </Td> </Tr> </Table> All - time All - Americans ( edit ) Main article : Texas Longhorns Football All Americans <P> The Texas Longhorn football program has produced 120 All - American selections ( 93 players ) , with 48 of these being Consensus All - American selections ( 41 players ) and 21 of these being Unanimous All - American selections ( 18 players ) . </P> All - time National Award Winners ( edit ) Players ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Heisman Trophy Best player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Earl Campbell -- RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ricky Williams -- RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Maxwell Award Best player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Tommy Nobis -- LB / OG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ricky Williams -- RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Vince Young -- QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Colt McCoy -- QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Outland Trophy Best interior lineman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Scott Appleton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Tommy Nobis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Brad Shearer </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Walter Camp Award Best player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ricky Williams -- RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Colt McCoy -- QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Colt McCoy -- QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dick Butkus Award Best linebacker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Derrick Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> O'Brien Memorial Trophy * * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Earl Campbell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Davey O'Brien Award Best quarterback </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Vince Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Colt McCoy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Archie Griffin Award College Football Most Valuable Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Colt McCoy </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lombardi Award Best lineman or linebacker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Kenneth Sims -- DT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Tony Degrate -- DT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Brian Orakpo -- DE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bronko Nagurski Trophy Best defensive player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Derrick Johnson -- LB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Brian Orakpo -- DE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Jim Thorpe Award Best defensive back </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Michael Huff -- S </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Aaron Ross -- CB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Manning Award Best quarterback </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Vince Young </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Doak Walker Award Best running back </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Ricky Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ricky Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cedric Benson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press College Football Player of the Year Award Best player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ricky Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Draddy Trophy Academic Heisman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Dallas Griffin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ted Hendricks Award Defensive End of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Brian Orakpo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Jackson Jeffcoat </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> * * Renamed the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award in 1981 ; now honors the nation 's best quarterback . </Dd> </Dl> Coaches ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Coach of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Darrell Royal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Darrell Royal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Mack Brown </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> All - time University of Texas football team ( edit ) <P> ( As chosen by the Austin American - Statesman on September 9 , 2005 . ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Offense </P> <Ul> <Li> QB -- Vince Young ( 2002 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> RB -- Earl Campbell ( 1974 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> FB -- Steve Worster ( 1968 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> RB -- Ricky Williams ( 1995 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> SE -- Hub Bechtol ( 1944 -- 1946 ) </Li> <Li> WR -- Roy Williams ( 2000 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> LT -- Bobby Wuensch ( 1968 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> LG -- Bud McFadin ( 1948 -- 1950 ) </Li> <Li> OC -- Bill Wyman ( 1971 -- 1973 ) </Li> <Li> RG -- Harley Sewell ( 1950 -- 1952 ) </Li> <Li> RT -- Jerry Sisemore ( 1970 -- 1972 ) </Li> <Li> PK -- Jeff Ward ( 1983 -- 1986 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Defense </P> <Ul> <Li> DE -- Bill Atessis ( 1968 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> DT -- Scott Appleton ( 1961 -- 1963 ) </Li> <Li> DT -- Kenneth Sims ( 1978 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> DE -- Kiki DeAyala ( 1979 -- 1982 ) </Li> <Li> LB -- Derrick Johnson ( 2001 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> LB -- Tommy Nobis ( 1963 -- 1965 ) </Li> <Li> LB -- Johnny Treadwell ( 1960 -- 1962 ) </Li> <Li> CB -- Nathan Vasher ( 2000 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> CB -- Raymond Clayborn ( 1973 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> FS -- Jerry Gray ( 1981 -- 1984 ) </Li> <Li> SS -- Johnnie Johnson ( 1976 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> P -- Russell Erxleben ( 1975 -- 1978 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coach -- Darrell Royal ( 1957 -- 1976 ) Honorary captain -- Louis Jordan ( 1911 -- 1914 ) -- Note : First Texas player to make the Walter Camp All - American team . He was later killed in battle while fighting in France during World War II . </P> Championships and bowls ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> National Championships ( 4 claimed ; 9 unclaimed ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Claimed ( AP and Coaches Poll ) : 1963 , 1969 , 1970 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Unclaimed ( other ) : 1914 , 1918 , 1941 , 1947 , 1950 , 1968 , 1977 , 1981 , 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 32 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1913 , 1914 , 1916 , 1918 , 1920 , 1928 , 1930 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 * , 1959 * , 1961 * , 1962 , 1963 , 1968 * , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 * , 1977 , 1983 , 1990 , 1994 * , 1995 , 1996 , 2005 , 2009 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Divisional championships ( 7 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1996 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bowl Game Wins ( 27 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Cotton Bowl -- 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1962 , 1964 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1982 , 1999 , 2003 </Dd> <Dd> Sugar Bowl -- 1948 </Dd> <Dd> Orange Bowl -- 1949 , 1965 </Dd> <Dd> Bluebonnet Bowl -- 1966 , 1975 , 1987 </Dd> <Dd> Holiday Bowl -- 2001 , 2007 , 2011 </Dd> <Dd> Sun Bowl -- 1978 , 1994 </Dd> <Dd> Alamo Bowl -- 2006 , 2012 </Dd> <Dd> Fiesta Bowl -- 2009 </Dd> <Dd> Rose Bowl -- 2005 , 2006 </Dd> <Dd> BCS National Championship Game -- 2005 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Men 's basketball ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Texas Longhorns men 's basketball The Frank Erwin Center during a Texas basketball game <P> The Texas men 's basketball team has achieved national prominence under head coach Rick Barnes in recent years . Barnes has guided Texas to a school - record twelve consecutive NCAA Tournament appearances and a school - best eleven consecutive 20 - win seasons as of March 11 , 2010 . </P> <P> Hired as the twenty - third men 's basketball coach in University of Texas history on April 12 , 1998 , Rick Barnes left Clemson University to take over a Longhorn program coming off of a losing season and `` in disarray . '' Former head coach Tom Penders had resigned after a scandal involving his unlawful release of player Luke Axtell 's grades to the media . Longhorn players Axtell , Chris Mihm , Gabe Muoneke , and Bernard Smith had met with Texas athletic director DeLoss Dodds `` to say that they had lost faith in Penders and his program . '' </P> <P> Despite playing with just seven scholarship players for the majority of the 1998 -- 1999 season -- and opening the season with a 3 -- 8 record -- Barnes engineered one of the greatest mid-season turnarounds in school history . The Longhorns won 16 of their final 21 games , posting a 13 -- 3 record in conference play and winning the school 's first regular season Big 12 Conference championship by a two - game margin , and finishing the year at 19 -- 13 , with a No. 7 seed in the NCAA Tournament . </P> <P> In 2002 , the Longhorns advanced to the NCAA Sweet Sixteen for the first time since the 1996 -- 97 season , and for only the third time since the expansion of the tournament to 64 participants in 1985 . The 2003 Longhorn basketball team matched the school record for most basketball victories in a season with their 26 -- 7 mark and advanced to the NCAA Tournament Final Four round for the first time in 56 years , and for the third time in school history . Along the way , Texas earned its highest ranking in both the Associated Press and the ESPN / USA Today polls in school history ( No. 2 in both polls on Dec 2 , 2002 ) and received its first No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament . Sophomore point guard T.J. Ford became the first male player for Texas to earn the Naismith and Wooden Awards as college basketball 's Player of the Year in 2003 . </P> <P> Despite the early departure of Ford to the NBA as the eighth overall pick ( Milwaukee Bucks ) , Texas compiled a 25 -- 8 overall record in 2004 and advanced to the Sweet Sixteen round for a school - record third consecutive year . The four senior starters on the 2004 team graduated as the winningest class in school history ( 98 wins ) to that point . In 2006 , the Longhorns recorded the program 's first 30 - win season ( 30 -- 7 ) , claimed a share of the Big 12 Conference regular season championship , received a No. 2 seed in the NCAA Tournament , and advanced to the Elite Eight ( Texas fell to LSU in overtime ) , marking the fourth time in five years that Texas had advanced to at least the NCAA Sweet Sixteen . The 2006 class , which finished with 101 wins in four years , bested the 2004 class ' mark of 98 wins to become the winningest class in the history of Longhorn basketball . </P> <P> The 2005 -- 06 season also marked the 100th anniversary of basketball at the University of Texas . Special logos were placed on the uniforms to commemorate this anniversary . </P> <P> In 2007 , the men 's basketball team was ranked sixth by the Harris Poll for favorite men 's college basketball teams , moving up one spot from the previous year . </P> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Pre-NCAA Tournament Premo - Porretta National Championships ( 1 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1933 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 25 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1915 , 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1933 , 1939 , 1943 , 1947 , 1951 , 1954 , 1960 , 1963 , 1965 , 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1999 , 2006 , 2008 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Tournament Championships ( 2 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1994 , 1995 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Women 's basketball ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Texas Longhorns women 's basketball <P> The women 's basketball team has long been a national power , especially during the late 1980s ( winning a National Title in 1986 ) and through the 1990s . Both teams play home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center . The adjacent Denton A. Cooley Pavilion serves as the training and practice facility for both the men 's and women 's teams . </P> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> National Championship ( 1 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1986 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 12 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 2003 , 2004 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Tournament Championships ( 10 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Baseball ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Texas Longhorns baseball <P> The Texas Longhorns are the winningest team in college baseball history , both in terms of total wins and in terms of win percentage . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 35 ) and most individual CWS games won . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , and 2005 ) -- second only to Southern California 's total of 12 -- and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , and 2009 ) . </P> <P> Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Bibb Falk , Ron Gardenhire , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Greg Swindell , Huston Street , Omar Quintanilla , Taylor Teagarden , Sam LeCure and Drew Stubbs . </P> <P> From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , the winningest coach in NCAA baseball history . The team plays its home games at Disch - Falk Field . </P> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> National championships ( 6 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference regular - season championships ( 77 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1899 , 1905 , 1907 , 1908 , 1913 , 1914 , 1915 , 1916 , 1917 , 1918 , 1919 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1932 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1943 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Tournament championships ( 16 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 , 2002 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Softball ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Texas Longhorns softball The Longhorns softball team gets the final strike - out to win over Penn State , February 15 , 2008 <P> The University of Texas Longhorn 's softball team is led by head coach Connie Clark and assistant coaches Jennifer McFalls and Tripp MacKay . </P> UT 's Louisville Slugger / NFCA All - Americans ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Year ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cat Osterman </Td> <Td> Pitcher </Td> <Td> 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blaire Luna </Td> <Td> Pitcher </Td> <Td> 2010 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nikki Cockrell </Td> <Td> Second Base </Td> <Td> 1998 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Autumn Estes </Td> <Td> Outfield </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindsay Gardner </Td> <Td> Second base </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jodi Reeves </Td> <Td> Shortstop </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christa Williams </Td> <Td> Pitcher </Td> <Td> 1997 , 1998 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Conference championships ( 4 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference tournament championships ( 4 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Men 's golf ( edit ) </H3> <P> The University of Texas has a strong golf tradition , winning national titles back - to - back in 1971 and 1972 and again in 2012 , and finishing runner - up four other times . Individual national champions were Edward White ( 1935 ) , Ben Crenshaw ( 1971 , 1972 , and 1973 ) , Tom Kite ( 1972 ) , and Justin Leonard ( 1994 ) . Longhorns who have won the U.S. Amateur include Justin Leonard and David Gossett . Two - time U.S. Junior Amateur champion Jordan Spieth played for the Longhorns golf team in 2011 and 2012 . Several former Longhorn players have gone on to success on the PGA Tour including : Tom Kite , Ben Crenshaw , Phil Blackmar , Mark Brooks , Bob Estes , Justin Leonard , and Jordan Spieth . </P> <P> Legendary golf instructor Harvey Penick was a long - time coach at Texas . The team is currently coached by John Fields and Ryan Murphy . </P> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> National Championship ( 3 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1971 , 1972 , 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 47 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1954 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1981 , 1983 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Women 's golf ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1978 Deborah Petrizzi won the AIAW national intercollegiate individual golf championship . </P> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 13 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 , 2011 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Men 's track and field ( edit ) </H3> <P> The men 's program is coached by Bubba Thornton who was also the men 's US Olympic coach in 2008 ; as a team , the Longhorn men placed fourth in the 2008 NCAA outdoor championships . Other notable coaches of the Texas men 's program have included Stan Huntsman ( Texas coach , 1986 -- 95 ) , who was also the coach of the 1988 US Olympic team , and Clyde Littlefield ( Texas coach , 1920 -- 60 ) , the 1925 co-founder of the annual Texas Relays . The men have won four consecutive Big 12 Indoor Championships . </P> <P> The Longhorn track and field programs have produced numerous Olympians for various nations . Male medalists include Winthrop Graham ( Jamaica , silver , 400m hurdles , 1992 and 4 × 400 m relay , 1988 ) , Patrick Sang ( Kenya , silver , 3000m steeplechase , 1992 ) , Du'aine Ladejo ( Great Britain , bronze , 4 × 400 m relay , 1992 ) , Johnny Lam Jones ( USA , gold , 4 × 100 m relay , 1976 ) , Eddie Southern ( USA , silver , 400m hurdles , 1956 ) , and Dean Smith ( athlete ) ( USA , gold , 4 × 100 m relay , 1952 ) . </P> <P> In the 2008 Beijing Olympics , former Longhorns Leonel Manzano , Trey Hardee , Andra Manson , Michelle Carter , Marshevet Hooker , and Sanya Richards represented the United States . Richards won a bronze medal in the 400 meters and a gold in the 4 × 400 meter relay . Jamaican Melaine Walker won gold in the 400 meter hurdles . </P> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Indoor Conference Championships ( 12 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1974 , 1975 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 , 2006 , 2007 * , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Outdoor Conference Championships ( 51 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1915 , 1916 , 1920 , 1923 , 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , 1927 , 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1986 , 1987 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2013 , 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Women 's track & field ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Texas Longhorn women placed seventh in the 2008 Big 12 outdoor championships . The women 's program is coached by Beverly Kearney , who has guided the Lady Longhorns to six NCAA Championships : Indoor Championships in 1998 , 1999 , and 2006 , and Outdoor Championships in 1998 , 1999 , and 2005 . Other notable coaches have included Terry Crawford whose teams won Indoor Championships in 1986 , 1988 , and 1990 , and Outdoor Championships in 1982 and 1986 . Crawford 's athletes also won the 1986 Women 's Cross Country Championship . The program 's first title was the 1982 AIAW outdoor track and field championship . </P> <P> The Longhorn track and field programs have produced numerous Olympians for various nations . Female Olympic medalists have included Sanya Richards and Moushami Robinson ( USA , gold , 4 × 400 meter relay , 2004 ) , Sandie Richards ( Jamaica , silver , 4 × 400 m relay , 2000 and 2004 ) , Merlene Frazer ( Jamaica , silver , 4 × 100 m relay , 2000 ) , Nanceen Perry ( USA , bronze , 4 × 100 m relay , 2000 ) , Carlette Guidry ( USA , gold , 4 × 100 m relay , 1992 and 1996 ) , Juliet Cuthbert ( Jamaica , silver , 100m and 200m , 1992 and bronze , 4 × 100 m relay , 1996 ) , and Nikole Mitchell ( Jamaica , bronze , 4 × 100 m relay , 1996 ) . </P> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Indoor National Championships ( 6 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1986 , 1988 , 1990 , 1998 , 1999 , 2006 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Outdoor National Championships ( 5 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1982 ( AIAW ) , 1986 , 1998 , 1999 , 2005 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Indoor Conference Championships ( 18 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2014 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Outdoor Conference Championships ( 19 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2012 , 2014 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Volleyball ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Texas Longhorns volleyball <P> Texas has finished among the top 25 in the nation 19 out of the last 23 years , with 1988 and 2012 NCAA National Championships , as well as runner - up finishes in 1995 , 2009 , 2015 , and 2016 . They also won an AIAW national championship in 1981 . The team is currently coached by Jerritt Elliott and plays home games in Gregory Gymnasium . </P> <P> Texas has finished the Big 12 conference in third place or higher every year for 8 out of 12 years , finishing 1st in 1997 , 2007 , 2008 and 2009 , 2nd in 1996 , 1998 , 2004 , 2005 and 3rd in 1999 & 2006 . </P> <P> Texas volleyball has produced many All - Americans , and in 2007 , they won the program 's first Big 12 title since 1997 , sharing the title with Nebraska , breaking Nebraska 's 3 - year streak of winning the title outright . They also earned the programs first AVCA National Freshman of the Year since 1995 in 2007 , for Big 12 Freshman of the Year Juliann Faucette . </P> Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> National Championship ( 3 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1981 ( AIAW ) , 1988 , 2012 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 22 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2007 * , 2008 * , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Swimming and diving ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Texas Longhorns swimming and diving <P> Texas has won thirteen National Titles in men 's swimming and diving ( 1981 , 1988 -- 1991 , 1996 , 2000 -- 2002 , 2010 , 2015 -- 17 ) and nine in Women 's Swimming and Diving ( 1981 -- 82 , 1984 -- 88 , 1990 -- 91 ) making swimming and diving the most successful Texas athletics program by far , based on number of national titles . The men 's swimming team is currently coached by Eddie Reese and Kris Kubik and the diving team by Matt Scoggin . Reese has coached numerous former and current world record holders while at Texas , including many competing in the summer olympic games for the United States and other home nations . The swim team was first developed under Coach Tex Robertson . </P> Men 's Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> National Championships ( 13 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 59 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 * , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Dd> </Dl> Women 's Championships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> National Championships ( 9 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Conference Championships ( 27 ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Women 's rowing ( edit ) </H3> <P> The women 's rowing team was established in the fall of 1998 . At the team 's first appearance at the NCAA championships in 2003 , its varsity 8 placed 12th nationally . The team won the inaugural Big 12 Championship in 2009 and kept the championship title for the following three years . Additionally , the Texas women 's rowing team won the 2011 Conference USA Championship . In June 2014 , Dave O'Neill was appointed head coach of the program . </P> <H2> Notable non varsity sports ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Rugby ( edit ) </H3> <P> Founded in 1985 , the Texas Longhorns rugby team plays in the Allied Rugby Conference , and plays its postseason in the Varsity Cup Championship . The Longhorns rugby program has been improving in recent years . Texas rugby has instituted a combine to identify the most elite athletes on campus with an eye towards recruiting them to play rugby . The increasing popularity of rugby in the United States and the announcement that rugby would return to the Summer Olympics led Texas to upgrade the designation of its rugby program from club to Olympic . The Texas Rugby Alumni association and the Texas Exes have begun an endowment to award scholarships to Texas rugby players , which is viewed as a vital recruitment tool . </P> <P> The Longhorns ' improvement led to Texas winning the Southwest Conference in the 2011 -- 12 season to qualify for the sweet sixteen of the 2012 national championship playoffs . Texas won the 2012 Southwest 7s tournament to qualify for the 2012 USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships . </P> <P> The Longhorns rugby program has been boosted by its participation in the Collegiate Rugby Championship , the highest profile college rugby competition in the US , which is broadcast live on NBC . In the 2011 CRC , Texas defeated Big 12 rival Oklahoma to reach the quarterfinals . Following Texas ' participation in the 2011 CRC , Texas `` raised an additional $10,000 from alumni , landed a new apparel sponsor , and have been contacted by 90 students ( including two DBs from the football team ) who want to play rugby . '' In the 2012 CRC , Texas defeated its rival Oklahoma to again reach the quarterfinals of the tournament . </P> <P> The Longhorns rugby program reached a new all - time high during the 2013 -- 2014 season . Texas won the 2013 Southwest Conference 7s Championship advancing them to the 2013 USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships , where they finished ranked # 12 in the nation . Months later Texas won the 2014 Southwest Conference 15s Championship , making them the first team in the conference to win both the 7s and 15s championships in the same season . The Longhorns finished the season with their first participation in The Varsity Cup Championship , where they finished in the top 8 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Gold </Th> <Th> Silver </Th> <Th> Bronze </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1992 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1988 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1984 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1956 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1952 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1948 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Halls of honor ( edit ) </H2> See also : Hall of fame <Ul> <Li> University of Texas Men 's Athletics Hall of Honor </Li> <Li> University of Texas Women 's Athletics Hall of Honor </Li> </Ul> <H2> Championships ( edit ) </H2> The Tower lit in a special configuration in honor of a National Championship team <H3> NCAA team Championships ( edit ) </H3> <P> Texas has won 44 NCAA team national championships . </P> <Ul> <Li> Men 's ( 22 ) <Ul> <Li> Baseball ( 6 ) : 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Golf ( 3 ) : 1971 , 1972 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Swimming ( 13 ) : 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Women 's ( 23 ) <Ul> <Li> Basketball ( 1 ) : 1986 </Li> <Li> Cross Country ( 1 ) : 1986 </Li> <Li> Indoor Track and Field ( 6 ) : 1986 , 1988 , 1990 , 1998 , 1999 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Outdoor Track and Field ( 4 ) : 1986 , 1998 , 1999 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Swimming ( 7 ) : 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Tennis ( 2 ) : 1993 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Volleyball ( 2 ) : 1988 , 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> See also : <Ul> <Li> Big 12 Conference National team titles </Li> <Li> List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other National team Championships ( edit ) </H3> <P> Below are 9 national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA : </P> <Ul> <Li> Men 's ( 4 ) <Ul> <Li> Football ( 4 ) : 1963 , 1969 , 1970 , 2005 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Women 's ( 5 ) <Ul> <Li> Outdoor Track and Field ( 1 ) : 1982 ( AIAW ) </Li> <Li> Swimming and Diving ( 2 ) : 1981 , 1982 ( AIAW ) </Li> <Li> Volleyball ( 1 ) : 1981 ( AIAW ) </Li> <Li> Beach volleyball ( 1 ) : 2008 ( AVCA ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> See also : <Ul> <Li> List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Conference Championships ( edit ) </H3> <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> Baseball ( 77 regular season titles ; 16 tournament titles ) <Ul> <Li> Regular season : 1899 , 1905 , 1907 , 1908 , 1913 , 1914 , 1915 , 1916 , 1917 , 1918 , 1919 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1932 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1943 * , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 * , 1952 , 1953 * , 1954 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 * , 1965 , 1966 * , 1967 * , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 * , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 * , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Tournament : 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 , 2002 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Basketball ( 25 regular season titles ; 2 tournament titles ) <Ul> <Li> Regular season : 1915 , 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1933 , 1939 , 1943 * , 1947 , 1951 * , 1954 * , 1960 , 1963 , 1965 * , 1972 * , 1974 , 1978 * , 1979 * , 1986 * , 1992 * , 1994 , 1995 * , 1999 , 2006 * , 2008 * </Li> <Li> Tournament : 1994 , 1995 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Men 's Cross Country ( 33 ) <Ul> <Li> 1920 , 1923 , 1924 , 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1933 * , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1954 , 1955 , 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1991 , 1993 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Fencing ( 5 ) <Ul> <Li> 1942 , 1943 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 ( discontinued in 1957 ) </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Football ( 32 ) <Ul> <Li> 1913 , 1914 , 1916 , 1918 , 1920 , 1928 , 1930 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 * , 1959 * , 1961 * , 1962 , 1963 , 1968 * , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 * , 1977 , 1983 , 1990 , 1994 * , 1995 , 1996 , 2005 , 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Men 's Golf ( 45 ) <Ul> <Li> 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1954 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 * , 1975 * , 1981 , 1983 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Men 's Swimming & Diving ( 59 ) <Ul> <Li> 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 * , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Men 's Tennis ( 24 ) <Ul> <Li> 1915 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1961 , 1963 , 1967 , 1977 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 * , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2006 , 2006 * </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Men 's Indoor Track & Field ( 12 ) <Ul> <Li> 1974 , 1975 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 , 2006 , 2007 * , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Men 's Outdoor Track & Field ( 51 ) <Ul> <Li> 1915 , 1916 , 1920 , 1923 , 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , 1927 , 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1986 , 1987 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2013 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Basketball ( 12 regular season titles ; 10 tournament titles ) <Ul> <Li> Regular season : 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 2003 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Tournament : 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Cross Country ( 4 ) <Ul> <Li> 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Golf ( 12 ) <Ul> <Li> 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Soccer ( 1 regular season title ; 2 tournament titles ) <Ul> <Li> Regular season : 2001 </Li> <Li> Tournament : 2006 , 2007 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Softball ( 4 regular season titles ; 4 tournament titles ) <Ul> <Li> Regular season : 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Tournament : 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Swimming and Diving ( 27 ) <Ul> <Li> 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Tennis ( 18 ) <Ul> <Li> 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2007 * </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Indoor Track & Field ( 19 ) <Ul> <Li> 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Women 's Outdoor Track & Field ( 19 ) <Ul> <Li> 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Volleyball ( 22 regular season titles ; 3 tournament titles ) <Ul> <Li> Regular season : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2007 * , 2008 * , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Tournament : 1992 , 1993 , 1995 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> * Denotes shared conference title † Denotes an AIAW Championship . The University of Texas began NCAA and Southwest Conference competition in women 's sports for the 1982 -- 83 season . </P> <H2> Rivalries ( edit ) </H2> <P> The university 's biggest rival is Texas A&M University . However , in football , Texas considers the Oklahoma Sooners to be a more significant rival . According to Bill Little , the Longhorns ' assistant athletic director , the rivalry against A&M is `` based on respect '' , while the rivalry against Oklahoma is `` based on anger '' . Other teams have also been considered to be rivals of the Longhorns in various sports . This list includes several other colleges in Texas , such as Texas Christian , Baylor , Rice , Texas Tech , and Houston . </P> <H3> Arkansas razorbacks ( edit ) </H3> See also : Arkansas -- Texas football rivalry <P> Texas is also one of the biggest rivals of the University of Arkansas which may be attributed to their long tenure as the two eponymous state schools of the former Southwest Conference , or to the 1969 game between the two , which decided the national championship in favor of the Longhorns . </P> <H3> Oklahoma Sooners ( edit ) </H3> See also : Red River Showdown <P> Texas has a long - standing , bitter rivalry with the University of Oklahoma . The football game between the University of Texas and Oklahoma is commonly known as the `` Red River Shootout '' and is held annually in Dallas , Texas , at the Cotton Bowl . This name has come to refer to the two schools ' contests in other major team sports as well . Since 2005 , the football game has received sponsorship dollars in return for being referred to as the `` SBC Red River Rivalry '' ( changed to AT&T Red River Rivalry in 2006 when SBC changed its corporate name to AT&T ) , a move which has been criticized both for its commercialism and its political correctness . </P> <P> In recent years , this rivalry has taken on added significance , since both football programs have been highly ranked and compete in the same division of the Big 12 conference . In 2005 , The Dallas Morning News did an opinion poll of the 119 Division 1A football coaches as to the nations top rivalry game in college football . The Texas -- Oklahoma game was ranked third . </P> <H3> Texas A&M Aggies ( edit ) </H3> See also : Lone Star Showdown and Texas -- Texas A&M football rivalry <P> The annual football game with Texas A&M usually took place on the weekend of Thanksgiving each year , though it was moved to the first weekend in December in 1994 due to A&M 's TV restriction during probation . In either case , the Texas - Texas A&M game was the last regular - season contest for each team . The Longhorns lead the series , 76 -- 37 -- 5 . </P> <P> In an attempt to generate more attention for the rivalry in sports other than football , in 2004 the two schools started the Lone Star Showdown , which began as a two - year trial program and has continued ever since . Essentially , each time the two schools meet in a sport , the winner of the matchup gets a point . In sports wherein the teams meet twice one half point is awarded for a victory . If more contests than two occur , such as in baseball , the series winner gets one point . At the end of the year , the school with the most points wins the series and receives a trophy . In the event of a tie the current holder retains the trophy as did A&M after the ' 08 -- ' 09 season . Texas leads the series 6 -- 2 . </P> <P> Aspects of the rivalry include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Each school mentions the other in their fight song ( Texas with `` and it 's goodbye to A&M '' in Texas Fight , and the Aggies singing about Texas for essentially the entire second verse of the Aggie War Hymn , which is the only verse typically sung ) </Li> <Li> The football series between the two universities is the third longest running rivalry in all of college football . From 1900 -- 2011 , the last regular season football game was usually reserved for their matchup . </Li> <Li> Each school has elaborate pre-game preparations for the annual football clash , including the Aggie Bonfire and the Hex Rally </Li> <Li> Texas has a unique lighting scheme for the Tower after wins over Texas A&M . </Li> <Li> In the past , mischief has preceded the annual game , such as `` kidnapping '' each other 's mascots . </Li> </Ul> <P> With Texas A&M 's move to the Southeastern Conference , the Lone Star Showdown 's final game was played on November 24 , 2011 , at Kyle Field . The Longhorns won , 27 -- 25 , on a last - second field goal . Another game between Texas and Texas A&M will not happen until at least 2018 , according to Texas athletic director DeLoss Dodds . The 2011 game marked the end of the 118 - year Thanksgiving Day tradition . </P> <H3> Texas Tech Red Raiders ( edit ) </H3> See also : Texas -- Texas Tech football rivalry <P> The Longhorns and Red Raiders football teams compete annually for a traveling trophy called the Chancellor 's Spurs . The exchange began in 1996 , and the Longhorns lead the football series , 48 -- 15 . </P> <H3> Rice Owls ( edit ) </H3> <P> A long - standing more historic rivalry with the Rice Owls that has been largely dominated by Texas since their days in the Southwest Conference is still played almost annually , with Texas winning the latest matchup ( 2015 contest ) 42 -- 28 . The Rice Owls last victory in the rivalry came in 1994 when they beat Texas , 19 -- 17 , at Rice Stadium on ESPN and the Owls went on to win the Southwest Conference that year . </P> <H2> Facilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Major sporting facilities and their main use include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Darrell K. Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium -- football </Li> <Li> Frank Erwin Special Events Center -- basketball </Li> <Li> Denton A. Cooley Pavilion -- basketball </Li> <Li> Disch - Falk Field -- baseball </Li> <Li> Mike A. Myers Stadium -- soccer ; track and field </Li> <Li> Red and Charline McCombs Field -- softball </Li> <Li> Gregory Gymnasium -- volleyball </Li> <Li> Lee and Joe Jamail Texas Swimming Center -- swimming and diving </Li> <Li> Penick - Allison Tennis Center -- tennis </Li> <Li> Texas Rowing Center -- rowing </Li> <Li> The University of Texas Golf Club -- golf </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , the University of Texas has numerous practice , training , and intramural facilities . </P> <H2> Traditions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Kennedy 's moon speech -- Why does Rice play Texas ? </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Texas at Austin . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> University of Texas at Austin portal </Li> <Li> Texas portal </Li> </Ul> <P> The University of Texas many traditions which associated with athletics events , especially football . Some Longhorn traditions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bevo -- the school mascot , a live Texas longhorn steer present for football games and other special events . It is a common misconception that the mascot 's name came from Texas students altering a 13 -- 0 branding a group of Aggies gave the steer . Bevo was received his name several months before the Aggies could vandalize the steer in a Texas alumni magazine . His name came from the slang term for a steer that is destined to become food , beeve , and in a common practice for the 00 's and 10 's , an `` O '' was added at the end , similar to Groucho or Harpo Marx . </Li> <Li> Big Bertha -- Claimed by the university to be the world 's largest drum , however Purdue University makes a similar claim about their drum . </Li> <Li> `` The Eyes of Texas '' -- the school song , traditionally led by the Orange Jackets on the football field , sung to the tune of `` I 've Been Working on the Railroad '' </Li> <Li> Hook ' em Horns -- the school hand signal , was introduced at a pep rally in 1955 . Sports Illustrated featured the Hook ' em Horns symbol in front of a Texas pennant on the cover of their September 10 , 1973 issue ( pictured ) . </Li> <Li> `` Texas Fight '' -- the school fight song </Li> <Li> Texas -- Fight ! cheer -- one side of the stadium yells `` Texas ! '' and then the other side yells `` Fight '' -- this is usually repeated several times </Li> <Li> Script Texas -- half - time routine by the Longhorn Band </Li> <Li> Smokey the Cannon -- fired in celebration on game day at the moment of kickoff and after Texas scores </Li> <Li> The University of Texas Longhorn Band , nicknamed The Showband of the Southwest </Li> <Li> The World 's Largest Texas Flag is run on the field prior to home football games , bowl games , and other sporting events . It is also dropped from the President 's Balcony during pep rallies . It is owned by the UT Alpha Rho chapter of Alpha Phi Omega . </Li> <Li> Lighting the Tower ( also known as the Main Building ) in orange for various types of sporting victories . After national championship victories , windows are lighted in the main building to display a large number `` 1 '' . </Li> <Li> Read the rest -- Students from primarily Texas A&M University usually taunt Texas students by threatening to `` saw off '' the horns of Bevo , citing the Bible verse Psalms 75 : 10 : `` I shall cut off the horns of the wicked . '' As it turns out , that 's not the entire verse , and as a response , Texas students tell Aggies to `` read the rest '' . The rest of the verse is `` but the horns of the righteous shall be lifted up . '' This appears on shirts , usually with `` Hook ' Em '' written underneath . Their other primary rivals , the Oklahoma Sooners , generally prefer to show their disdain by inverting the `` Hook ' Em '' hand sign or Longhorn logo . This gesture has become more common among fans of other teams as well , especially in the Big 12 , when they play against Texas . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <P> For nine straight years ( 2005 -- 2013 ) , Texas was listed as the number one Collegiate Licensing Company client in regards to the amount of annual trademark royalties received from the sales of its fan merchandise . Schools that are not members of Collegiate Licensing Company however are not ranked in the listing . Money from merchandising sales goes to the university , as opposed to being earmarked specifically for athletics programs . </P> <H2> TV channel ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Longhorn Network <P> On January 20 , 2011 , the UT athletic department announced plans to launch a 24 - hour channel devoted entirely to UT sports and academic activities at the University of Texas . This channel , a joint venture with ESPN , takes advantage of a clause in new Big 12 Conference television contracts allowing Texas a bigger share of revenues than the conference 's other members ; in turn , it was part of the agreement to keep the conference together amidst a full - scale plan by the Pac - 10 Conference to raid Big 12 members . ( The Pac - 10 only gained one Big 12 school , Colorado ) . Both sides hoped to launch the channel for the 2011 -- 2012 academic year , but needed carriage commitments first . </P> <P> Banners with the name `` ESPN Texas '' were visible during segments of SportsCenter and other programs originating from Sundance Square in Fort Worth , Texas in the week prior to Super Bowl XLV . The channel was launched in August 2011 as the Longhorn Network . </P> <P> Before its launch , the network had controversial plans to air high school football games , an institution throughout the state of Texas . Currently , the state 's governing body for public high school sports , the University Interscholastic League , prohibits live game telecasts on Friday nights . It had also been speculated that any telecast on the new channel , regardless of when it aired , could violate NCAA rules against unfair recruiting inducements . This was especially an issue for Texas A&M ; in fact , the plans for the network to air high school games directly led to A&M 's decision in July , 2011 , to leave the Big 12 for the SEC . The Big 12 then approved a temporary rule in August 2011 banning the planned high school telecasts , and within two weeks , the NCAA ruled that no school or conference network could broadcast high school games , ending that particular controversy . </P> <H2> Boosters ( edit ) </H2> <P> The University of Texas is known to have a big group of powerful boosters that help support a third of the budget of the athletics department . The main people known to be involved are : </P> <Ul> <Li> W.A. `` Tex '' Moncrief </Li> <Li> Joe Jamail </Li> <Li> Red McCombs </Li> <Li> Mike A. Myers Mike Myers </Li> <Li> Frank Denius </Li> <Li> B.M. `` Mack '' Rankin Jr . </Li> <Li> Jim Bob Moffett </Li> <Li> Robert Rowling </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Visual Identity : Colors '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas State Symbols '' . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barry Popik 's archives Longhorn ( University of Texas nickname ) Accessed September 9 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CLC Names Top Selling Universities And Manufacturers for 2013 -- 14 '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arkansas to merge men 's , women 's athletic programs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Joan Cronan named Vols ' interim AD '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Board of Regents Meeting Minutes , p. 43 - 44 -- July 31 , 1970 The University of Texas System . Accessed February 27 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The University of Texas Style Guidelines -- signed by Texas president Larry Faulkner . Accessed February 27 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berry , Margaret C. The University of Texas at Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online . Accessed December 1 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Texas Longhorns Championships History : National Champions TexasSports.com . March 20 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schools with the Most National Championships Archived April 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . NCAA.org . Fall 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TexasSports.com '' . TexasSports.com. 2012 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame '' . Collegefootball.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colleges -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Archived July 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Division I-A All - Time Wins Archived January 22 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... College Football Database . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium '' . MackBrownTexasFootball . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young , Meghan Regents approve stadium upgrades November 10 , 2005 The Daily Texan . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Longhorns choose Daktronics for HD video display '' . Mackbrown-texasfootball.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official website of University of Texas Athletics -- Texas Longhorns -- Facilities '' . TexasSports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Texas Longhorns -- Texas Football '' . MackBrown-TexasFootball.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` September 's intriguing matchups '' . ESPN . July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , Joey ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` Home field will lift Texas over Ohio St. Buckeyes vs. Longhorns on Saturday very well could be Game of the Year '' . MSNBC . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas now No. 2 , preps for No. 1 Ohio St. -- Saturday will be first 1 -- 2 showdown in regular season since 1996 '' . MSNBC . September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 8 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlabach , Mark ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Booty could return Trojans to No. 1 ranking '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClellan , Mark ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Rivals.com 2007 Preseason Top 25 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 18 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CFN 2007 Pre-Preseason Rankings -- Top 25 '' . College Football News . January 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 Preseason Rankings , National Title Contenders -- No. 1 to No. 25 '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Longhorns ranked fourth in coaches poll '' . Austin American - Statesman . August 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` USC Is No. 1 in AP Top 25 College Poll '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ < name = `` Pre-Season Polls '' > `` NCAA College Football Polls , College Football Rankings , NCAA Football Poll '' . ESPN . August 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 NCAA College Football Polls and Rankings for Week 1 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 NCAA College Football Polls and Rankings for Week 1 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Garrett Gilbert to transfer from Texas '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Football All - Americans '' . MackBrown-TexasFootball.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` The Annual Review '' . ESPN College Football Encyclopedia . ESPN Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Slovick Trophy Winners '' . heisman.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Maxwell Award : Collegiate Player of the Year -- Past Recipients '' . Maxwell Football Club . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ALL - TIME OUTLAND TROPHY WINNERS '' . Football Writers Association of America . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alder , James . `` Walter Camp Award Winners '' . About.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alder , James . `` Butkus Award Winners '' . About.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Davey O'Brien Awards '' . Davey O'Brien Foundation . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Previous Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award Winners '' . Davey O'Brien Foundation . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2006 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Touchdown Club of Columbus . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alder , James . `` Lombardi Award '' . About.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Winners of the Bronko Nagurski Trophy '' . The Bronko Nagurski Charlotte Touchdown Club . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jim Thorpe Award -- Past Winners '' . The Jim Thorpe Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Doak Walker Award Recipients '' . doakwalkeraward.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vincent dePaul Draddy Trophy , presented by HealthSouth '' . National Football Foundation . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Chip ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` Texas Longhorns ' football player wins Draddy Trophy '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ted Hendricks Award Recipients '' . Ted Hendricks Foundation . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Barnes Leaves Clemson for Texas '' , Associated Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Washington ; Penders Hired , '' New York Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harris Vault '' . Harris Interactive . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . p. 542 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Garrido accepts position as Special Assistant to Athletics Director , relinquishes duties as Baseball coach '' . TexasSports.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Longhorns Men 's Golf -- 2012 -- 13 roster '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biography -- Tex Robertson '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UT Rowing coach announces retirement '' . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas rowing hires Cal 's O'Neill '' . June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Utrugby.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Daily Texan , Club rugby prepares for championships '' . Dailytexanonline.com. 2012 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philadelphia Sportsweek , College rugby a perfect fit for Philly , May 27 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Alcalde , Texas Rugby Eyes Championship , Starts Scholarship '' . Alcalde.texasexes.org . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rugby in Texas , UT Wins SWC Crown , Tech Takes D - II '' . Rugbyintexas.com . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , Texas Wins Southwest 7s , Oct. 21 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/news/colleges/collegiate-sevens/6170-texas-wins-southwest-7s.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rugby Mag , 15 Teams Invited to 2012 CRC '' . Rugbymag.com. 2011 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford , Justin . `` Texas Rugby Finishes # 12 in the Nation in 7s ! ! '' . UTRugby . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford , Justin . `` Disciplined Navy Sails Past Rattled Texas '' . UT Rugby . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Men 's Athletics Hall of Honor . University of Texas Athletics official website . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 10 . `` Founded in 1957 , the Longhorn Hall of Honor is one of the most cherished athletics traditions at The University of Texas . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Women 's Athletics Hall of Honor . University of Texas Athletics official website . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 10 . `` The UT Women 's Athletics Hall of Honor was created in 2000 ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Volleyball Field Set for Collegiate Nationals '' . 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Teams from Nebraska , Clemson , San Diego , USC , Texas and Wisconsin will compete for the 2008 Collegiate Beach Volleyball Championship ... The Collegiate Beach Volleyball Championship features a team - style format with each school fielding four teams of two players . Following the conclusion of the event , one school will be awarded the overall championship . All six teams in this year 's competition were ranked in the 2007 CBS College Sports Network / AVCA Coaches Top 25 Final Poll , including third - ranked USC , fifth - ranked Nebraska and sixth - ranked Texas ... The Collegiate Beach Volleyball Championship will adhere strictly to NCAA guidelines for college volleyball . Official 2008 Collegiate Beach Volleyball Championship Team Rosters ... TEXAS : Jennifer Doris , Ashley Engle , Elizabeth Graham , Kiley Hall , Alyson Jennings , Heather Kisner , Chelsey Klein , Alex Lewis , Michelle Moriarty </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Texas Longhorns Championships History : Conference Championships Archived September 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... TexasSports.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is Texas ' biggest sports rivalry ? '' . SportsIllustrated.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Longhorns focus on rivalry with Aggies '' . AOL Sports . Associated Press . 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Red River rivalry -- UT 's attention has shifted from Texas A&M to Oklahoma '' . The Daily Texan . October 4 , 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Longhorns bounce back against rival , Sam Houston '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas calls on Omaha architectural firm to build stadium worthy of program '' . TexasSports.com . June 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Jacob ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Texas , Rice , ensue rivalry at the Dish '' . The Daily Texan . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' No Place Else But Texas ' '' . ESPN . December 26 , 2001 . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas sinks rival Baylor in CWS '' . TheSportsNetwork.com . June 18 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Kyle ( March 25 , 2003 ) . `` Women 's tennis finds positives in loss to rival Longhorns '' . The Daily Toreador . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cougars and the Longhorns : History and Hatred '' . Midspring . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hale , Clint ( September 3 , 2003 ) . `` Offense using bye week to prepare for Arkansas '' . The Daily Texan . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas 1969 Champions a Left a Lasting Legacy '' . CollegeSportsTV.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frei , Terry ( 2002 ) . Horns , Hogs , and Nixon Coming : Texas vs. Arkansas in Dixie 's Last Stand . USA : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2447 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SBC Companies Extend Sponsorship with Universities of Oklahoma and Texas for the SBC Red River Rivalry '' . ATT.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From the Daily : Adhering to tradition -- SBC Sponsor Threatened Game 's Integrity '' . The Michigan Daily . July 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Defense 's goal is 13 points or less '' . Houston Chronicle . August 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Brian ( October 7 , 2005 ) . `` UT - OU : Best Rivalry ? '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lone Star Showdown '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of School and Fight Songs '' . The University of Texas Longhorn Band website . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Aggie War Hymn '' . Official Website of Texas A&M Athletics . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wieberg , Steve ( November 24 , 2005 ) . `` Texas following usual rivalry game routine '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Time Results '' . MackBrownTexasFootball.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bonfire Burns '' . StudentBonfire.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hex Rally '' . MackBrownTexasFootball.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ University approves new policy for lighting UT Tower On Campus . Accessed December 1 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nikar , Jim . `` Bevo '' . MackBrownTexasFootball.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Retired Mascot Reveille VI Euthanized Oct 18 '' . Official website of Texas A&M University . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Texas Longhorns -- Texas Football '' . MackBrown-TexasFootball.com . February 12 , 1917 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proud Traditions : Hook ' em Horns Archived June 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Mack Brown Texas Football . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 1 -- Hook ' em Horns ! Sports Illustrated '' . Sports Illustrated . September 10 , 1973 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` University Approves new policy for lighting UT tower '' . `` Office of Public Affairs , University of Texas at Austin '' . January 29 , 2002 . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Collegiate Licensing Company Rankings '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UT To Unveil 20 - Year , $300 M Deal With ESPN '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bevo TV 's Dirty Little Secret : All About Recruiting '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staples , Andy ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` TCU finally in Big 12 '' . Inside College Football . Sports Illustrated . p. 2 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Big 12 sets up restrictions on Longhorn Network , Houston Chronicle , retrieved August 1 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ High school games can not be on school networks Archived October 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , CBS Sports , retrieved August 11 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finger , Mike ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Longhorn Network 's high school plans permanently shot down '' . San Antonio Express . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hannah Karp ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Boosters '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The University of Texas at Austin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Located in : Austin , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> School of Architecture </Li> <Li> Cockrell School of Engineering </Li> <Li> Dell Medical School </Li> <Li> Moody College of Communication ( Department of Radio - Television - Film ) </Li> <Li> College of Fine Arts ( Sarah and Ernest Butler School of Music ) </Li> <Li> College of Liberal Arts </Li> <Li> Graduate School </Li> <Li> Jackson School of Geosciences </Li> <Li> School of Law </Li> <Li> LBJ School of Public Affairs </Li> <Li> McCombs School of Business </Li> <Li> College of Natural Sciences </Li> <Li> School of Information </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Research </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Américo Paredes Center for Cultural Studies </Li> <Li> Center for Community College Student Engagement </Li> <Li> Center for Complex Quantum Systems </Li> <Li> RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service </Li> <Li> Robert S. 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Brahmas </Dd> <Dt> WSHL </Dt> <Dd> El Paso Rhinos </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLS </Dt> <Dd> FC Dallas </Dd> <Dd> Houston Dynamo </Dd> <Dt> USL </Dt> <Dd> Rio Grande Valley FC Toros </Dd> <Dd> San Antonio FC </Dd> <Dt> NPSL </Dt> <Dd> Corinthians FC of San Antonio </Dd> <Dd> Dallas City FC </Dd> <Dd> Fort Worth Vaqueros FC </Dd> <Dd> Houston Dutch Lions </Dd> <Dd> Liverpool Warriors </Dd> <Dd> Midland - Odessa FC </Dd> <Dt> PDL </Dt> <Dd> Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. </Dd> <Dd> FC Cleburne </Dd> <Dd> Houston FC </Dd> <Dd> Texas United FC </Dd> <Dd> Tyler FC </Dd> <Dt> MASL </Dt> <Dd> Dallas Sidekicks </Dd> <Dd> El Paso Coyotes </Dd> <Dd> RGV Barracudas </Dd> <Dt> NWSL </Dt> <Dd> Houston Dash </Dd> <Dt> UWS </Dt> <Dd> Houston Aces </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian rules football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> USAFL </Dt> <Dd> Austin Crows </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Magpies </Dd> <Dd> Houston Lonestars </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roller derby </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WFTDA </Dt> <Dd> Alamo City Rollergirls </Dd> <Dd> Assassination City Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Cowboy Capital Rollergirls </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Derby Devils </Dd> <Dd> Houston Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Spindletop Roller Girls </Dd> <Dd> Texas Rollergirls </Dd> <Dd> West Texas Roller Dollz </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rugby union </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> TGU </Dt> <Dd> Alamo City Rugby Football Club </Dd> <Dd> Austin Huns </Dd> <Dd> Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Softball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NPF </Dt> <Dd> Scrap Yard Dawgs </Dd> <Dd> Texas Charge </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ultimate </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> AUDL </Dt> <Dd> Austin Sol </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Roughnecks </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> ACU </Dd> <Dd> Baylor </Dd> <Dd> Houston </Dd> <Dd> Houston Baptist </Dd> <Dd> UIW </Dd> <Dd> Lamar </Dd> <Dd> North Texas </Dd> <Dd> PVAMU </Dd> <Dd> Rice </Dd> <Dd> Sam Houston State </Dd> <Dd> SMU </Dd> <Dd> Stephen F. 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houston university's sports teams are nicknamed the owls
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Texas_Longhorns&amp;oldid=801028328
7,322,183,466,096,559,000
The Breakfast Club - wikipedia <H1> The Breakfast Club </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes . For other uses , see The Breakfast Club ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Breakfast Club </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> John Hughes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Ned Tanen John Hughes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> John Hughes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emilio Estevez </Li> <Li> Paul Gleason </Li> <Li> Anthony Michael Hall </Li> <Li> Judd Nelson </Li> <Li> Molly Ringwald </Li> <Li> Ally Sheedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Keith Forsey Gary Chang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Thomas Del Ruth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Dede Allen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> A&M Films Channel Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Universal Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> February 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 97 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $51.5 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film written , produced , and directed by John Hughes , starring Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy . The storyline follows five teenagers , each members of different high school cliques , who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes , while facing a strict disciplinarian . </P> <P> The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15 , 1985 . It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget . Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time , as well as one of Hughes ' most memorable and recognizable works . The media referred to the film 's five main actors as members of a group called the `` Brat Pack . '' </P> <P> The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School , the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes ' friends . Thus , those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of `` The Breakfast Club . '' In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' </P> <P> The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.3 Poster </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Themes </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.2 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Legacy </Li> <Li> 8 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 8.2 Critical reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> On Saturday , March 24 , 1984 , five students report at 7 : 00 a.m. for all - day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer , Illinois . While not complete strangers , each of them comes from a different clique , and they seem to have nothing in common : the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish , the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark , the geekish intellectual Brian Johnson , the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds , and the rebellious delinquent John Bender . </P> <P> They gather in the high school library , where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak , move from their seats , or sleep until they are released at 3 : 00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand - word essay , in which each must describe `` who you think you are . '' He then leaves , returning only occasionally to check on them . John , who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon , ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students , teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire . Allison is initially quiet , except for an occasional random outburst . Over the course of the day , Vernon gives John several weekends ' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet , but he escapes and returns to the library . </P> <P> The students pass the hours by talking , arguing , and , at one point , smoking marijuana that John retrieves from his locker . Gradually , they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets : Allison is a compulsive liar ; Andrew can not easily think for himself ; John comes from an abusive household ; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade ; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way . They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents , which are a key cause for their personal issues as well : Allison 's parents ignore her due to their own problems ; Andrew 's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible ; John 's father verbally and physically abuses him ; Brian 's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades ; and Claire 's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments . The students realize that , even with their differences , they face similar pressures and complications in their lives . </P> <P> Despite their differences in social status , the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses . Claire gives Allison a makeover , to reveal just how pretty she really is , which sparks romantic interest in Andrew . Claire decides to break her `` pristine '' virgin appearance by kissing John in the closet and giving him a hickey . Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention , their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards . </P> <P> As the detention nears its end , the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left . Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave . As the students part ways outside the school , Allison and Andrew kiss , as do Claire and John . Allison rips Andrew 's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep , and Claire gives John one of her diamond earrings , which he attaches to his earlobe . Vernon reads the essay ( read by Brian in voice - over ) , in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are , using simple definitions and stereotypes . One by one , the five students ' voices add , `` But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain , and an athlete , and a basket case , a princess , and a criminal . '' Brian signs the letter as `` The Breakfast Club . '' John raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Judd Nelson as John Bender </Li> <Li> Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish </Li> <Li> Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark </Li> <Li> Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson </Li> <Li> Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds </Li> <Li> Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon </Li> <Li> John Kapelos as Carl Reed </Li> <Li> Ron Dean as Mr. Clark </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes ' 1984 film Sixteen Candles . Towards the end of filming , Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club . Hall became the first to be cast , agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson . Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds , but she was `` really upset '' because she wanted to play Claire Standish . She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part . The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy . </P> <P> Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender . However , when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke , Estevez was recast . Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender , which was the last role to be cast , though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson . Hughes eventually cast Cusack , but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began , because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role . At one point , Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off - camera , and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him . </P> <P> Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1999 , Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience . Hughes ultimately convinced the film 's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot , he could greatly minimize their risk . Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut . Hughes opted for an insular , largely one room set and wrote it about high school students , who would be played by younger actors . </P> <P> Principal photography began on March 28 , 1984 , and ended in May . Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines , Illinois , shuttered in 1981 . The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes ' 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School . The library at Maine North High School , considered too small for the film , prompted the crew to build the set in the school 's gymnasium . The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence . On the Ferris Bueller 's Day Off DVD commentary ( featured on the 2004 DVD version ) , Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money , and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film . The first print was 150 minutes in length . </P> <P> During a cast reunion in honor of the film 's 25th anniversary , Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director 's Cut existed but Hughes ' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts . </P> <P> In 2015 the first draft of the film 's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building . </P> <H3> Poster ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film 's poster , featuring the five characters huddled together , was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting . The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on . The poster refers to the five `` types '' of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film , and in a different sequence , stating `` They were five total strangers with nothing in common , meeting for the first time . A brain , a beauty , a jock , a rebel and a recluse . '' </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood , by adults and by themselves . It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs , as well as the lofty expectations of their parents , teachers , and other authority figures . On the surface , the students have little in common with each other . However , as the day rolls on , they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations . Stereotyping is another theme . Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down , the characters `` empathize with each other 's struggles , dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions , and discover that they are more similar than different . '' </P> <P> The main adult character , Mr. Vernon , is not portrayed in a positive light . He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film . Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15 , 1985 in the United States . </P> <H3> Home media ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2003 , the film was released on DVD as part of the `` High School Reunion Collection . '' In 2008 , a `` Flashback Edition '' DVD was released with several special features , including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson . A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray was released in 2010 , and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal 's 100th Anniversary series . On March 10 , 2015 , the 30th Anniversary Edition was released . This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD , Digital HD and Blu - ray . </P> <P> On October 16 , 2017 , The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film received high critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 88 % approval rating based on 58 reviews with a critical consensus that states `` The Breakfast Club is a warm , insightful , and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers . '' Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated , `` Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers , as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades . '' Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 % based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` generally favorable reviews . '' </P> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> In February 1985 , the film debuted at # 3 at the box office ( behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford ) . Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide , the film is a box office success , given its alleged $1 million budget . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silver Bucket of Excellence Award </Td> <Td> Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Paul Gleason Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Breakfast Club is known as the `` quintessential 1980s film '' and is considered as one of the best films of the decade . In 2008 , Empire magazine ranked it # 369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list . It then rose 331 places to rank at # 38 on their 2014 list . Similarly , The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies . In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie , Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club . </P> <P> In 2005 , the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards . For the event , MTV attempted to reunite the original cast . Sheedy , Ringwald , and Hall appeared together on stage , with Kapelos in the audience ; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates . Estevez could not attend because of other commitments , and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on - stage reunion , prompting Hall to joke that the two were `` in Africa with Dave Chappelle . '' Yellowcard performed Simple Minds ' anthem for the film , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' at the awards . At the 82nd Academy Awards ( March 7 , 2010 ) , Sheedy , Hall , Ringwald , and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes -- who had died a few months prior -- along with other actors who had worked with him , including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink , Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 19 , 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Rock , new wave </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 38 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> A&M Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> various artists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Do n't You '' Released : February 20 , 1985 ( US ) , April 8 , 1985 ( UK ) </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19 , 1985 by A&M Records . The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The song `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20 , 1985 in the United States and on April 8 , 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' -- Simple Minds </Li> <Li> `` Waiting '' -- E.G. Daily </Li> <Li> `` Fire in the Twilight '' -- Wang Chung </Li> <Li> `` I 'm the Dude '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey </Li> <Li> `` Heart Too Hot to Hold '' -- Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill </Li> <Li> `` Dream Montage '' ( instrumental ) -- Gary Chang </Li> <Li> `` We Are Not Alone '' -- Karla DeVito </Li> <Li> `` Reggae '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey </Li> <Li> `` Did n't I Tell You ? '' -- Joyce Kennedy </Li> <Li> `` Love Theme '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey </Li> </Ol> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a June 25 , 1985 review for The Village Voice , music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a `` D − '' and said that it has `` utterly negligible '' songs , and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' best known for being played during the film 's opening and closing credits . In a retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that , apart from Simple Minds ' `` undisputed masterpiece , '' the album is largely `` disposable '' and marred by `` ' 80s artifacts '' and `` forgettable instrumentals . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 80 's : ' The Breakfast Club ' '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Breakfast Club , ' ' Rushmore ' Among Films Added to National Film Registry '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` National Film Registry honors ' Breakfast Club , ' ' Rushmore ' and other teen angst movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Club 30 '' . BreakfastClub30.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` She Wo n't Forget About Him : Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Julie ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Breakfast Club ' Cast Reunites , But Where 's Emilio ? ' Working on ' Mighty Ducks 5 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 56 -- 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premiere , December 1999 , Oral history `` Breakfast Club '' `` . comcast.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 59 , 69 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dameron , Emerson ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` John Hughes : The Director 's Cut '' . Newcity Film . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennifer Johnson ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Original ' Breakfast Club ' screenplay found in District 207 cabinet during move '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 79 - 80 , 325 - 326 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Loukides , Paul ( 1996 ) . Beyond the Stars 5 : Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film . Popular Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 9780879727017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( 2010 ) . Filmology : A Movie - a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know . Adams Media . p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Oup.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( High School Reunion Collection ) : Molly Ringwald , Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Ally Sheedy , John Kapelos , Paul Gleason , John Hughes , Ned Tanen : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Flashback Edition ) : Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , Judd Nelson , Paul Gleason , Mercedes Hall , John Kapelos , Ron Dean , Perry Crawford , Fran Gargano , John Hughes , Tim Gamble , Jackie Burch , Thomas del Ruth : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( 25th Anniversary Edition ) ( Blu - ray ) : Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , John Hughes : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) : Universal 's 100th Anniversary '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments '' . Universal 100th . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Criterion Collection Announces January 2018 Titles , Including ' The Breakfast Club ' and ' I , Daniel Blake ' '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media , LLC . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club , Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : February 15 - 18 , 1985 -- 4 - day President 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunkleberger , Amy ( 2007 ) . So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter ? . Enslow Publishers , Inc. p. 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time -- Empire -- www.empireonline.com '' . Empire . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; Pretty in Prank : A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of ... '' The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( June 25 , 1985 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` The Breakfast Club ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Comedy portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Breakfast Club </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Breakfast Club on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Breakfast Club at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> John Hughes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director and writer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Weird Science ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Curly Sue ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer only </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Home Alone ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Dutch ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Beethoven ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Flubber ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Just Visiting ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) </Li> <Li> Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&oldid=828277927 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1985 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1980s comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> 1980s coming - of - age films </Li> <Li> 1980s high school films </Li> <Li> 1980s teen comedy films </Li> <Li> 1980s teen drama films </Li> <Li> 1985 soundtracks </Li> <Li> A&M Films films </Li> <Li> A&M Records soundtracks </Li> <Li> American comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> American coming - of - age films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American high school films </Li> <Li> American teen comedy films </Li> <Li> American teen drama films </Li> <Li> Coming - of - age comedy films </Li> <Li> Coming - of - age drama films </Li> <Li> Film soundtracks </Li> <Li> Films directed by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) </Li> <Li> Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) </Li> <Li> Films set in 1984 </Li> <Li> Films set in Illinois </Li> <Li> Films shot in Illinois </Li> <Li> Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) </Li> <Li> United States National Film Registry films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Audio sample to be checked </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 22 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 16 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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what is the criminal's name in the breakfast club
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&amp;oldid=828277927
3,471,060,247,311,635,000
Labor Condition application - wikipedia <H1> Labor Condition application </H1> This article is about the certification process for temporary work visas such as the H - 1B visa . For the corresponding process for employment - based visas for permanent residency , see labor certification . Labor Condition Application <P> The Labor Condition Application ( LCA ) is an application filed by prospective employers on behalf of workers applying for work authorization for the non-immigrant statuses H - 1B , H - 1B1 ( a variant of H - 1B for people from Singapore and Chile ) and E-3 ( a variant of H - 1B for workers from Australia ) . The application is submitted to and needs to be approved by the United States Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration ( DOLETA ) 's Office of Foreign Labor Certification ( OFLC ) . The form used to submit the application is ETA Form 9035 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Attestations <Ul> <Li> 1.1 # 1 : Wages ( the prevailing wage requirement ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 # 2 : Working conditions </Li> <Li> 1.3 # 3 : Strike , lockout , or work stoppage </Li> <Li> 1.4 # 4 : Notice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Process <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Submission </Li> <Li> 2.2 Approval </Li> <Li> 2.3 Validity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Relation with the application process for employment authorization and getting a visa </Li> <Li> 4 Businesses with multiple employees on nonimmigrant statuses that require the LCA <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Single LCA for multiple employees </Li> <Li> 4.2 Additional filing requirements for H - 1B - dependent employers and employers found to have committed a willful misrepresentation in a past application <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 ( A ) Displacement </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 ( B ) Secondary Displacement </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 ( C ) Recruitment and Hiring </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Records of Labor Condition Applications <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Data released by the Department of Labor </Li> <Li> 5.2 Public access file </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Differences with labor certification </Li> <Li> 7 History </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Attestations ( edit ) </H2> <P> A Labor Condition Application must include four attestations from the employer . Employers need to maintain relevant documentation and may need to submit it if asked . The attestations are in Section F of ETA Form 9035 ( the LCA form ) . </P> <H3> # 1 : wages ( the prevailing wage requirement ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The employer must attest , and may need to furnish documentation upon request , to show that the non-immigrant workers on behalf of whom the application is being made will be paid at or above both these numbers : </P> <Ul> <Li> The actual wage : This is the wage paid to other employees in the company who do the same work . </Li> <Li> The prevailing wage : This is the wage for that occupation in the geographical area . </Li> </Ul> <P> The employer must make similar attestation regarding non-wage benefits offered . </P> <H3> # 2 : working conditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The employer must attest that the hiring of non-immigrant workers will not adversely affect the working conditions of similarly employed workers at the company , and that the non-immigrant workers will be offered similar working conditions as native US workers . </P> <H3> # 3 : strike , lockout , or work stoppage ( edit ) </H3> <P> The employer must attest that on the day the application is filed , there is not a strike , lockout , or work stoppage in the named occupation at the place of employment and that , if such a strike , lockout , or work stoppage occurs after the application is submitted , the employer will notify ETA within three ( 3 ) days of such occurrence and the application will not be used to file a work authorization petition until the ETA has determined that the work stoppage has ceased . </P> <H3> # 4 : notice ( edit ) </H3> <P> The employer must attest that as of the date of application , notice of the application has been or will be provided both to workers within the company in the said application . Also , the ( prospective ) workers on whose behalf the application is filed must be provided a copy of the application . </P> <H2> Process ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Submission ( edit ) </H3> <P> The LCA is submitted through ETA Form 9035 . The LCA must be submitted through the Department of Labor 's online system iCERT that is available at all times . The two exceptions to electronic filing are employers with physical disabilities or those who lack Internet access and can not electronically file the ETA Form 9035E through the iCERT System . An employer must petition the Administrator of OFLC for prior special permission to file an LCA by mail on the ETA Form 9035 . </P> <H3> Approval ( edit ) </H3> <P> The United States Department of Labor typically takes up to 7 days to approve or reject a LCA . Rejection is accompanied by an explicit listing of problems with the applications . The employer may resubmit the LCA after addressing the problems . </P> <H3> Validity ( edit ) </H3> <P> For H - 1B and H - 1B1 , the LCA is valid up to three years after the start date indicated on the LCA or to the end date indicated on the LCA . However , if the employer becomes H - 1B - dependent , or a strike , lockout , or work stoppage occurs between the time of LCA filing and the approval of the associated H - 1B petition , the LCA ceases to be valid . </P> <P> For E-3 , the LCA is valid for only two years . </P> <H2> Relation with the application process for Employment authorization and getting a visa ( edit ) </H2> <P> A LCA petition approved by the United States Department of Labor must be submitted as part of the Form I - 129 ( Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker ) application for work authorization for H - 1B , H - 1B1 , or E-3 status . This is true both for people applying for their first H - 1B work authorization and for people transferring to a different job . LCA petitions can be submitted year - round . However , for those applying for their first work authorization under the capped H - 1B , where applications can generally be made only in the first few weeks of April because of caps for every fiscal year , they need to make sure the LCA application is approved in time for the H - 1B petition cycle . </P> <P> For the H - 1B1 and E-3 classifications , a Form I - 129 Petition is not needed for people who are outside the United States . They can directly apply for the H - 1B1 or E-3 visa at their local consulate based on the approved LCA and other supporting documents . Those already in the United States who are switching status or employer do need to file Form I - 129 . </P> <P> Based on the Portability Rule of the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) of 2000 , a person on H - 1B status may switch to a new job and begin the new job after the Form I - 129 H - 1B petition has been received by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services but does not need to wait for the petition to be approved . </P> <P> Failure to file the LCA on time has been cited as one of the top mistakes that H - 1B employer applicants make . </P> <H2> Businesses with multiple employees on non-immigrant statuses that require the LCA ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Single LCA for multiple employees ( edit ) </H3> <P> An employer can use a single LCA for multiple employees provided they are all in the same occupation and the same visa class ( i.e. , a single petition can not be used for both H - 1B and E-3 workers ) . Also , in the case of H - 1B - dependent employers , different petitions must be used for exempt and non-exempt workers . </P> <H3> Additional filing requirements for H - 1B - dependent employers and employers found to have committed a willful misrepresentation in a past application ( edit ) </H3> Further information : H - 1B - dependent employer <P> An employer is considered H - 1B - dependent if the number of H - 1B employees crosses a threshold relative to the total number of employees : </P> <Ul> <Li> For businesses with 25 or fewer employees , the employer is H - 1B - dependent if and only if there are at least 8 H - 1B employees . </Li> <Li> For businesses with 26 - 50 more employees , the employer is H - 1B - dependent if and only if there are at least 13 H - 1B employees . </Li> <Li> For businesses with 51 or more employees , the employer is H - 1B - dependent if and only if at least 15 % of the workforce is in H - 1B status . </Li> </Ul> <P> Employers who are identified as H - 1B - dependent and / or who have been found to have committed a willful violation or misrepresentation of a material fact in the past five years are required to fill Section F - 1 Subsection 2 of Form 9035 , providing additional attestations , as described below . Moreover , if an employer becomes H - 1B - dependent after the filing of approval of the LCA , but prior to filing the H - 1B petition , then the LCA needs to be refiled . </P> <P> However , H - 1B - dependent employers can exempt themselves from the attestations if the applicants on behalf of whom the petition is being filed all have a master 's or higher degree or are getting a wage rate of at least $60,000 / year . </P> ( A ) displacement ( edit ) <P> The employer promises not to displace any similarly employed US worker within the period beginning 90 days before and ending 90 days after the date of filing the H - 1B nonimmigrant petition ( note that this is not the date of the LCA filing ) . </P> ( B ) secondary displacement ( edit ) <P> The employer promises not to place the employee at another employer 's worksite unless the employer has made a bona fide inquiry as to whether the other employer has displaced or intends to displace a US worker any time between 90 days before and 90 days after the placement , and has no contrary knowledge . If the other employer makes such a displacement , the employer applicant may be subject to civil money penalties and disbarment . </P> ( C ) recruitment and hiring ( edit ) <P> Prior to filing any petition for a H - 1B nonimmigrant pursuant to the application , the employer took or will take good faith steps to meet industry - wide standards to recruit US workers for the job for which the nonimmigrant is sought , offering compensation at least as great as that required to be offered to the non-immigrant . The employer will ( has ) offer ( ed ) the job to an equally or better qualified US worker . </P> <H2> Records of Labor Condition applications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Data released by the Department of Labor ( edit ) </H3> <P> The United States Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration Office of Foreign Labor Certification , that processes LCAs , makes available various types of performance data on a quarterly and annual basis , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Overall annual performance reports : These are detailed reports that include both statistics and some interpretation of the statistics . </Li> <Li> Annual performance , broken down by state : This provides , for each state , the number of positions certified and the average wage officer for the top three cities and the top five occupations . </Li> <Li> Selected statistics , both for prevailing wage determination and for the Labor Condition program . </Li> <Li> Quarterly disclosure data , a large spreadsheet with complete information on the list of applications , their status ( approved / denied ) , and the values of the fields in each application ( the company sponsoring the applicant , the position , the wage , the prevailing wage quoted , etc . ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The Center for Immigration Studies , a think tank that advocates strict limits on immigration and has been critical of temporary worker programs , has also used the available data on LCAs to better understand and critique the H - 1B program . As CIS has noted in its critique , LCA data is a flawed proxy for understanding the H - 1B program because not all LCAs get used for actual H - 1B petitions , not all H - 1B petitions with valid LCAs get approved , and not everybody with an approved petition is able to get a visa and start work . However , the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services releases much more coarse data on approved H - 1B Form I - 129 petitions , rather than data at the level of individual petitions , leading researchers and analysts to rely on LCA data more despite its flaws . </P> <H3> Public access file ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Public access file <P> Any employer filing a Labor Condition Application for H - 1B , H - 1B1 , or E-3 petitions is required to maintain a public access file for each worker on such a status , as long as the worker is working and up to one year later . This file is intended to provide additional explanation for the way the employer filled the Labor Condition Application . The Public Access File must include : </P> <Ul> <Li> A full , clear explanation of the system used to determine the prevailing wage ( relevant to Attestation # 1 ) . </Li> <Li> A full , clear explanation of the system used to determine the actual wage ( relevant to Attestation # 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Proof of satisfying union / employee notification requirements ( relevant to Attestation # 4 ) . </Li> <Li> If an employer who prima facie appears to be H - 1B - dependent ( or ambiguous ) files as H - 1B - non-dependent , then information that explains the calculation . </Li> <Li> In the case that the employer is H - 1B - dependent , a list of employees for whom exemption was claimed from the additional attestations ( based on annual compensation or educational qualifications ) . This list need not be maintained if all employees are exempt . </Li> </Ul> <P> The public access file must be made available to any member of the public within a few days of a request being made . Not having a Public Access File available at short notice is itself a compliance failure , even if the employer can generate the file ( i.e. , the employer has otherwise complied with all the rules ) . </P> <P> Employers also need to maintain additional private information in a private access file to share with the United States Department of Labor in the event of an audit or fraud investigation , but this Private Access File can not be requested by the public . Employers are strongly advised not to include any information in the Public Access File beyond what is mandated by law , so as not to violate the privacy of employees and the company 's other stakeholders . </P> <H2> Differences with Labor Certification ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Labor certification <P> The Labor Condition Application should not be confused with labor certification , a process that people need to go through for most EB visas ( employment - based visas ) that provide a path to permanent residency . Below are some key differences : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Attribute </Th> <Th> Labor Condition Application </Th> <Th> Labor certification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type of visa </Td> <Td> Temporary work visa : H - 1B , H - 1B1 , or E-3 </Td> <Td> Employment - based visa ( such as an EB - 2 visa or EB - 3 visa ) that provides a path to permanent residency ( a Green Card ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Typical time for approval </Td> <Td> Less than a week </Td> <Td> A few months </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burden of proof </Td> <Td> The employer needs to demonstrate that the worker is being paid at least the prevailing wage for that region and occupation , and comparable to native workers in the firm , and that employing the worker will not adversely affect current workers . The employer does not need to demonstrate that there is no qualified native U.S. worker for the job . </Td> <Td> The employer needs to demonstrate that there is no qualified U.S. worker willing to do the job at a comparable wage , and needs to have made a good - faith effort to recruit a native U.S. worker . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Labor Condition Application has been shaped by some key pieces of legislation . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Law or act </Th> <Th> Date of enactment </Th> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Congress </Th> <Th> Effect on Labor Condition Application </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Immigration Act of 1990 </Td> <Td> November 29 , 1990 </Td> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> 101st </Td> <Td> Introduced the LCA and the basic attestations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) </Td> <Td> October 21 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> <Td> 105th </Td> <Td> Introduced the concept of `` H - 1B - dependent employer '' and required additional attestations about non-displacement of U.S. workers from employers who were H - 1B - dependent or had committed a willful misrepresentation in an application in the recent past . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Free trade agreements : Singapore -- United States Free Trade Agreement , Chile -- United States Free Trade Agreement , and Australia -- United States Free Trade Agreement </Td> <Td> 2003 - 2005 </Td> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> <Td> 108th </Td> <Td> The LCA was modified to allow its use for applications for the H - 1B1 ( for Singapore and Chile ) and E-3 ( for Australia ) visa classifications . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> H - 1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 , part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2005 </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2004 </Td> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> <Td> 108th </Td> <Td> Expanded the Department of Labor 's investigative authority , but also provided two standard lines of defense to employers ( the Good Faith Compliance Defense and the Recognized Industry Standards Defense ) . Also , the additional LCA attestations introduced in the ACWIA were made permanent . There were no other direct changes to the LCA itself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Employ American Workers Act , part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2009 ( sunset on February 17 , 2011 ) </Td> <Td> Barack Obama </Td> <Td> 111th </Td> <Td> All recipients of Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) or Federal Reserve Act Section 13 were required to file the additional attestations required of H - 1B - dependent employers , for any employee who had not yet started on a H - 1B visa . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` H - 1B , H - 1B1 and E-3 Specialty ( Professional ) Workers '' . United States Department of Labor , Employment & Training Administration , Office of Foreign Labor Certification . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 20 CFR 655.730 - What is the process for filing a labor condition application ? '' . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the Legal Information Institute website ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ETA Form 9035 ( Printable Version ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Labor , Employment & Training Administration , Office of Foreign Labor Certification . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labor Condition Application Cover Pages '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration , Office of Foreign Labor Certification . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 CFR 655.731 - What is the first LCA requirement , regarding wages ? '' . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the Legal Information Institute website ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 CFR 655.732 - What is the second LCA requirement , regarding working conditions ? '' . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the Legal Information Institute website ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 CFR 655.733 - What is the third LCA requirement , regarding strikes and lockouts ? '' . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the Legal Information Institute website ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 CFR 655.734 - What is the fourth LCA requirement , regarding notice ? '' . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the Legal Information Institute website ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet # 62M : What are an H - 1B employer 's notification requirements ? '' . United States Department of Labor . August 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H - 1B Internal Notice of Filing Labor Condition Application '' ( PDF ) . Michigan State University . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labor Condition Application for H - 1B and E-3 Nonimmigrants '' . January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` H - 1B ; H - 1B1 and E-3 Specialty ( Professional ) Workers '' . Employment and Training Administration , United States Department of Labor . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top H1B Visa Mistakes that Employers Make '' . Bridge.us . August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions ( Office of Foreign Labor Certification ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 CFR 655.736 - What are H - 1B - dependent employers and willful violators ? '' . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the Legal Information Institute website ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 CFR 655.737 - What are `` exempt '' H - 1B nonimmigrants , and how does their employment affect the additional attestation obligations of H - 1B - dependent employers and willful violator employers ? `` . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the Legal Information Institute website ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OFLC Performance Data '' . Office of Foreign Labor Certification . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miano , John ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Low Salaries for Low Skills : Wages and Skill Levels for H - 1B Computer Workers , 2005 '' . Center for Immigration Studies . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 CFR 655.760 - What records are to be made available to the public , and what records are to be retained ? '' . Code of Federal Regulations ( mirrored on the website of the Legal Information Institute ) . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Condition_Application&oldid=843092942 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Employment of foreign - born </Li> <Li> United States government forms </Li> <Li> United States immigration law </Li> <Li> United States Department of Labor </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 46 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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labor condition application (lca) with the u.s. department of labor
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Pete Wilder - wikipedia <H1> Pete Wilder </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pete Wilder </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Private Practice & Grey 's Anatomy character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Grey 's Anatomy : `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 1 ) '' 3x22 Private Practice : `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else '' 1x01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> Grey 's Anatomy : `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 2 ) '' 3x23 Private Practice : `` Gone , Baby , Gone '' 5x22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Tim Daly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Pete </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Physician at Seaside Health & Wellness ( former ) Physician at Pacific Wellcare Center ( former ) Physician at Oceanside Wellness Group ( former ) Physician with Doctors Without Borders ( former ) Owner of the Infectious Diseases practice in Beverly Hills ( former ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Frances Wilder ( mother ) ( deceased ) Adam Wilder ( brother ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Anna Wilder ( deceased ) Violet Turner ( widow ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Meg Porter Addison Montgomery Lisa King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Lucas Wilder ( son with Violet ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dr. Peter `` Pete '' Wilder is a character on the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off Private Practice . He is portrayed by actor Tim Daly . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Character history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Season One </Li> <Li> 1.2 Season Two </Li> <Li> 1.3 Season Three </Li> <Li> 1.4 Season Four </Li> <Li> 1.5 Season Five </Li> <Li> 1.6 Season Six </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Trivia </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Character history ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season one ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pete works at the Oceanside Wellness Center as a naturopathic doctor and licensed herbalist . He graduated from medical school and practiced traditional western medicine for a number of years before spending five years in China studying alternative medicine . Pete 's medical practice combines eastern and western medicine in an integrative approach , and he is often asked to provide expectant mothers with holistic birthing plans . Pete has also lectured locally and internationally on the subject of Oriental and Eastern Medicine . </P> <P> During Dr. Addison Forbes Montgomery 's first visit to Oceanside Wellness , Pete and Addison establish a teasing and often flirtatious relationship . Addison initially labels Pete a `` quack , '' but she allows the `` cute hippy boy '' to treat her with acupuncture . Although Pete is immediately attracted to her , he promises their mutual friend , Dr. Sam Bennett , that he will stay away from Addison . However , after finding Addison crying over her newly discovered infertility , Pete kisses her to prove that she is n't `` dried up . '' Addison seems open to pursuing a relationship with Pete , but is warned off by Sam . According to Sam , Pete is a serial monogamist , unable to emotionally connect with any woman since the death of his wife . Pete 's last foray into office romance was apparently disastrous , and resulted in the unnamed OB / GYN 's sudden departure from the practice . In response , Oceanside Wellness instituted a strict `` no consorting '' rule . </P> <P> Pete 's relationship with his wife is somewhat mysterious and he appears reluctant to discuss their marriage . During a visit to her grave on the anniversary of her death , we discover Anna Wilder died in 2001 , at the age of 40 . ( In `` The Other Side of This Life , '' Sam stated that Pete 's wife had died eight years prior . However , in a subsequent interview , Tim Daly said that there is some confusion as to whether Anna died six or eight years prior , which was finally decided to be six years prior . ) In a discussion regarding a patient , Pete hints to the other doctors that he stayed in an unhappy marriage because his wife was sick , and that they were unable to make the marriage work . Pete eventually tells Addison that he went to bed with his wife on a Tuesday night and when he awoke the following Wednesday morning , she was dead . He further states that no night was perfect during their marriage , not even their wedding night . This information was the most that Pete has ever divulged to any of his co-workers about his wife . During a second visit to his wife 's grave , Pete unleashes his pent - up anger to his wife 's headstone . After stating that Anna was `` a mean , cold bitch '' and that he hated her , Pete softens and apologizes for not being able to save her . Pete later reveals to Violet that at the time of Anna 's death , they had been trying to conceive a child . </P> <H3> Season two ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the fourth episode , a mysterious woman from Pete 's past appears in the clinic and reveals surprising facts about his past . Meg Porter ( played by Jayne Brook ) is a Doctors Without Borders physician and Pete 's former lover . They met when they were both residents and later worked together with Doctors Without Borders . Meg reveals to Pete 's surprised co-workers that once , during the war in Bosnia , Pete ( whom Meg calls Peter ) refused to evacuate and , despite the mortar fire , stayed with sick children for the whole night saving the lives of most of them . Later Pete told Meg , who has a smoking habit , that his wife was a smoker and she did n't quit the habit before she died . Despite their renewed relationship , Meg decides to go back to Ghana , where she works in an anti-malaria program , but Pete asked her to come back to him because she makes him happy . Meg returned later to L.A. and even tried to give up smoking for Pete , but despite that , the relationship did n't work . Meg was n't sure if she wanted to live in L.A. , and Pete admitted that ever since his unhappy marriage he does n't trust women anymore . When Pete and his Oceanside Wellness Center colleague Violet hooked - up , the relationship with Meg was definitely over . </P> <P> The relationship with Violet started with just sex , but Pete later realized that he wanted more . When he asked Violet if they could move to the next level and begin a real relationship , she turned him down , saying she does n't trust him because of his past . But it was Violet 's behavior that really put an end to things when she started secretly dating Sheldon , the therapist from the rival practice , The Pacific Wellcare . Pete ended their relationship because of Violet 's infidelity . Afterward , Violet reveals to both Pete and Sheldon she 's pregnant , and was willing to raise the child , but preferred to ignore who the father is . In the Season Two finale , Pete confronts Violet and says that he loves her and they could be a real family . Violet turns him down , but later she kisses him and confesses her feelings towards him . In the end , Violet 's patient , Katie , thinks Violet 's baby is her own . Katie kidnaps Violet 's baby , ending the finale as a cliffhanger . </P> <H3> Season Three ( edit ) </H3> <P> Season Three starts just twenty minutes after the Season Two finale , when Pete finds Violet lying unconscious on the floor of her house , bleeding to death . Katie cut the baby out of Violet and ran away with him . Pete saves Violet and , together with Naomi , rushes her to hospital , where Addison and Naomi perform surgery on her . In the meantime , Katie appears in the hospital with Violet 's baby , and is apprehended by Pete , Cooper , and the security team . </P> <P> While waiting in the hospital during Violet 's surgery , Pete thinks back to their first meeting . They met just four days after Pete 's wife death when Sam and Naomi , Pete 's friends who had just opened their private practice , recommended that Pete see Violet for therapy . Pete at first was reluctant to talk with Violet , but he finally opened up to her and admitted that he hated his wife and argued with her all the time , even the night she died . The next morning , he continued yelling at her when he woke up and only a few minutes later he noticed that she was n't answering because she was dead . Pete admitted that he was relieved after his wife 's death and felt free . After that . Pete , who owned an Infectious Diseases practice in Beverly Hills , decided to change his job , and started working in Oceanside Wellness Centre as an Alternative Medicine specialist , where he still works eight years later . </P> <P> A month after the Season Three premiere , Violet is still trying to recover and get over her trauma . Pete lives with her and takes care of her and the baby , Lucas . Violet is not leaving her house and has panic attacks every time the doorbell rings . After getting advice from Sheldon , Pete decides to move out , to help Violet recover and push her to go outside . Violet realizes that after the traumatic events in her life , she ca n't bond with her baby . She gives Lucas to Pete to care for . </P> <P> A couple of weeks later , Sheldon requests a paternity test and it is revealed that Pete is the biological father . Pete continues to be a single father and takes care of Lucas , hoping that some day Violet will come back to him and be able to bond with their child . To give Violet more space and time to recover , Pete decided to leave his job in Oceanside Wellness and accept Naomi 's offer to work as physician in Pacific Wellcare . </P> <P> When Pete found out that Violet slept with Addison 's father , he was so hurt , that he declared it the definite end of their relationship . Later on Pete forgave Violet , but she still was n't ready to move on and re-unite with Pete and their son , Lucas , who was already 6 months old . After that Pete and Addison started a `` friends with benefits '' relationship together . </P> <P> Pete and Addison eventually took their relationship further , becoming a real couple . They pursued this even after Violet had returned and was ready for a real relationship with Pete and Lucas . In the Season Three finale , Addison tells Pete that he should be with Violet , and he seems to initiate a newfound relationship with Violet again . </P> <H3> Season Four ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Season Four premiere , Pete popped the question to Violet after a morning of passion . The wedding was set for the following weekend . Violet bolted from the ceremony halfway down the aisle , but was wordlessly convinced by Pete to come back and the two were wed . In the Season Four finale , Violet finds out that her license is being suspended and Pete tells her that maybe they should split . The final scene of Season Four shows Pete , alone with Lucas , having a heart attack with no one around to help him . </P> <H3> Season five ( edit ) </H3> <P> No one is around to help Pete . Cooper arrives and finds him unconscious . He 's rushed to the hospital where Sam and Amelia work to save his life . Violet returns shocked at what has happened . Pete has an emergency quadruple bypass . Amelia operates on him under the influence . The surgery is a success . Afterwards , everything seems fine between Violet and Pete until Pete begins lashing out at Violet and she becomes his verbal punching bag and he offers her no support as she struggles to return to the practice . Sheldon becomes Pete 's unofficial therapist . Pete begins treating Violet as though he hates her . Sheldon warns him that he will lose her and Lucas if he continues this behavior . Violet and Pete try to make it work but Violet does n't want him to hate her as he did hate his deceased wife . The two agree to amicably separate . </P> <H3> Season six ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the season premiere Violet is left wondering where Pete is as his court date has arrived and he was not there . Throughout the episode Violet and the rest of the practice debate whether he has fallen into some trouble or he decided to make a run for it . The only clue available is a text message from Pete to Violet stating , `` Went for a run . Whatever happens ... know that I LOVE YOU ! '' Speculation flies as Violet considers whether Pete meant a jog or a flight out of the country . In the last minutes of the episode it is revealed by Violet in a conversation with Cooper that police have informed her Pete had fallen off a hill while on a run and suffered a fatal heart attack . Since he was out of immediate sight help was not able to arrive on time and he died . Violet is in shock , stating she could hardly believe it was Pete and she did not know how to break the news to their three - year - old son . Per his will , Pete 's body is cremated and he insists on a party rather than a funeral . At the event , Violet hears various people talk of how Pete saved their lives or helped family members , Violet having a difficult time dealing with it , including getting high in the bathroom . She tries to celebrate with singing but breaks down to scream over Pete leaving her and their son alone . </P> <H2> Trivia ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pete rode a Triumph motorcycle . </Li> <Li> Before settling on the name Pete Wilder , the creators of the show considered and rejected `` Pete Finch '' and `` Pete Fisher . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Private Practice at The Futon Critic </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Private Practice - Home - ABC.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=265120115&s=143441&i=19633636 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ABC Bio of Peter Wilder </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Private Practice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> `` Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King ? '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Addison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Pete Wilder </Li> <Li> Naomi Bennett </Li> <Li> Cooper Freedman </Li> <Li> Charlotte King </Li> <Li> Dell Parker </Li> <Li> Sheldon Wallace </Li> <Li> Amelia Shepherd </Li> <Li> Sam Bennett </Li> <Li> Violet Turner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_Wilder&oldid=767606070 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fictional physicians </Li> <Li> Private Practice characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2006 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 February 2017 , at 22 : 02 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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how did pete's wife died on private practice
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pete_Wilder&amp;oldid=767606070
823,326,331,683,614,000
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia <H1> List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of the series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States Supreme Court </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Court </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Decisions </Li> <Li> Procedure </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Court Building </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current membership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Chief Justice </Dt> <Dd> John Roberts </Dd> <Dt> Associate Justices </Dt> <Dd> Anthony Kennedy </Dd> <Dd> Clarence Thomas </Dd> <Dd> Ruth Bader Ginsburg </Dd> <Dd> Stephen Breyer </Dd> <Dd> Samuel Alito </Dd> <Dd> Sonia Sotomayor </Dd> <Dd> Elena Kagan </Dd> <Dd> Neil Gorsuch </Dd> <Dt> Retired Associate Justices </Dt> <Dd> John Paul Stevens </Dd> <Dd> Sandra Day O'Connor </Dd> <Dd> David Souter </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All members </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> List of all justices </Dt> <Dd> by court </Dd> <Dd> by seat </Dd> <Dd> by time in office </Dd> <Dd> by education </Dd> <Dt> List of Chief Justices </Dt> <Dt> List of Associate Justices </Dt> <Dt> Specialty lists </Dt> <Dd> All nominations </Dd> <Dd> Unsuccessful nominations </Dd> <Dd> Nominations late in presidency </Dd> <Dd> Court demographics </Dd> <Dd> Justices who served in Congress </Dd> <Dd> Ideological leanings of justices </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Court functionaries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clerks </Li> <Li> Reporter of Decisions </Li> <Li> Marshal of the Court </Li> <Li> Supreme Court Police </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Law Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . </P> <P> The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . </P> <P> Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . </P> <P> While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court </Li> <Li> 2 All justices of the Supreme Court <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Timelines <Ul> <Li> 3.1 All justices </Li> <Li> 3.2 Current justices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : </P> <Ul> <Li> John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 </Li> <Li> Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 </Li> <Li> Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 </Li> <Li> Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 </Li> <Li> Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 </Li> <Li> Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 </Li> <Li> Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Li> </Ul> <H2> All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Justice </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Replacing </Th> <Th> Date confirmed ( Vote ) </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> <Th> Tenure length </Th> <Th> Appointed by </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 001 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days </Td> <Td> George Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) </Td> <Td> SC </Td> <Td> 018 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001790 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 019 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) </Td> <Td> PA </Td> <Td> 020 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 021 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) </Td> <Td> NC </Td> <Td> 022 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001790 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001790 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) </Td> <Td> MD </Td> <Td> 023 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> J. Rutledge </Td> <Td> 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001792 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) </Td> <Td> NJ </Td> <Td> 024 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> T. Johnson </Td> <Td> 000000001793 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001793 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) </Td> <Td> SC </Td> <Td> 002 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Jay </Td> <Td> 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001795 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) </Td> <Td> 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) </Td> <Td> MD </Td> <Td> 025 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Blair </Td> <Td> 000000001796 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001796 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) </Td> <Td> CT </Td> <Td> 003 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> J. Rutledge </Td> <Td> 000000001796 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001796 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 026 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Wilson </Td> <Td> 000000001798 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001798 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days </Td> <Td> John Adams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) </Td> <Td> NC </Td> <Td> 027 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Iredell </Td> <Td> 000000001799 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001800 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 004 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Ellsworth </Td> <Td> 000000001801 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001801 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( died ) </Td> <Td> 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) </Td> <Td> SC </Td> <Td> 028 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Moore </Td> <Td> 000000001804 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001804 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days </Td> <Td> Thomas Jefferson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 029 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Paterson </Td> <Td> 000000001806 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001807 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) </Td> <Td> KY </Td> <Td> 030 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001807 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001807 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) </Td> <Td> MD </Td> <Td> 031 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> S. Chase </Td> <Td> 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001811 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days </Td> <Td> James Madison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 032 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Cushing </Td> <Td> 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001812 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 033 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Livingston </Td> <Td> 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days </Td> <Td> James Monroe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) </Td> <Td> KY </Td> <Td> 034 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Todd </Td> <Td> 000000001826 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001826 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days </Td> <Td> John Quincy Adams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 035 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Trimble </Td> <Td> 000000001829 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001830 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days </Td> <Td> Andrew Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) </Td> <Td> PA </Td> <Td> 036 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 000000001830 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001830 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) </Td> <Td> GA </Td> <Td> 037 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> W. Johnson </Td> <Td> 000000001835 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001835 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) </Td> <Td> MD </Td> <Td> 005 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> J. Marshall </Td> <Td> 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001836 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 038 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Duvall </Td> <Td> 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001836 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) </Td> <Td> TN </Td> <Td> 039 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001837 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001837 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) </Td> <Td> AL </Td> <Td> 040 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001837 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001838 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days </Td> <Td> Martin Van Buren </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 041 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Barbour </Td> <Td> 000000001841 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001842 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 042 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Thompson </Td> <Td> 000000001845 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001845 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days </Td> <Td> John Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) </Td> <Td> NH </Td> <Td> 043 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Story </Td> <Td> 000000001846 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001845 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days </Td> <Td> James K. Polk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) </Td> <Td> PA </Td> <Td> 044 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Baldwin </Td> <Td> 000000001846 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001846 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 045 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Woodbury </Td> <Td> 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001851 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days </Td> <Td> Millard Fillmore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) </Td> <Td> AL </Td> <Td> 046 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> McKinley </Td> <Td> 000000001853 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001853 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days </Td> <Td> Franklin Pierce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) </Td> <Td> ME </Td> <Td> 047 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Curtis </Td> <Td> 000000001858 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001858 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days </Td> <Td> James Buchanan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 048 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> McLean </Td> <Td> 000000001862 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001862 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days </Td> <Td> Abraham Lincoln </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> <Td> 049 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Daniel </Td> <Td> 000000001862 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001862 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) </Td> <Td> IL </Td> <Td> 050 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Campbell </Td> <Td> 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001862 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) </Td> <Td> CA </Td> <Td> 051 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001863 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001863 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 006 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Taney </Td> <Td> 000000001864 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001864 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) </Td> <Td> PA </Td> <Td> 052 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Grier </Td> <Td> 000000001870 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) </Td> <Td> 000000001870 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days </Td> <Td> Ulysses S. Grant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) </Td> <Td> NJ </Td> <Td> 053 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> New seat </Td> <Td> 000000001870 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001870 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 054 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Nelson </Td> <Td> 000000001872 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001873 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 007 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> S.P. Chase </Td> <Td> 000000001874 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001874 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) </Td> <Td> KY </Td> <Td> 055 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Davis </Td> <Td> 000000001877 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001877 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days </Td> <Td> Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) </Td> <Td> GA </Td> <Td> 056 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Strong </Td> <Td> 000000001880 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001881 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 057 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Swayne </Td> <Td> 000000001881 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001881 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days </Td> <Td> James Garfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 058 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Clifford </Td> <Td> 000000001881 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001882 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days </Td> <Td> Chester A. Arthur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 059 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Hunt </Td> <Td> 000000001882 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001882 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) </Td> <Td> MS </Td> <Td> 060 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Woods </Td> <Td> 000000001888 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001888 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) </Td> <Td> IL </Td> <Td> 008 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Waite </Td> <Td> 000000001888 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001888 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) </Td> <Td> KS </Td> <Td> 061 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Matthews </Td> <Td> 000000001889 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001890 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days </Td> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) </Td> <Td> MI </Td> <Td> 062 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> 000000001890 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001891 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) </Td> <Td> PA </Td> <Td> 063 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Bradley </Td> <Td> 000000001892 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001892 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) </Td> <Td> TN </Td> <Td> 064 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> L. Lamar </Td> <Td> 000000001893 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) </Td> <Td> LA </Td> <Td> 065 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Blatchford </Td> <Td> 000000001894 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001894 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) </Td> <Td> 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 066 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> H. Jackson </Td> <Td> 000000001895 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001896 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) </Td> <Td> CA </Td> <Td> 067 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Field </Td> <Td> 000000001898 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001898 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days </Td> <Td> William McKinley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 068 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Gray </Td> <Td> 000000001902 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001902 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days </Td> <Td> Theodore Roosevelt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 069 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Shiras </Td> <Td> 000000001903 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001903 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 070 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Brown </Td> <Td> 000000001906 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001906 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) </Td> <Td> TN </Td> <Td> 071 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Peckham </Td> <Td> 000000001909 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001910 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days </Td> <Td> William Howard Taft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 072 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Brewer </Td> <Td> 000000001910 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001910 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) </Td> <Td> LA </Td> <Td> 009 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Fuller </Td> <Td> 000000001910 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001910 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) </Td> <Td> WY </Td> <Td> 073 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> E.D. White </Td> <Td> 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) </Td> <Td> GA </Td> <Td> 074 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Moody </Td> <Td> 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) </Td> <Td> NJ </Td> <Td> 075 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> J. Harlan </Td> <Td> 000000001912 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001912 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) </Td> <Td> TN </Td> <Td> 076 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Lurton </Td> <Td> 000000001914 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001914 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days </Td> <Td> Woodrow Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) </Td> <Td> KY </Td> <Td> 077 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> J. Lamar </Td> <Td> 000000001916 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001916 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 078 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Hughes </Td> <Td> 000000001916 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001916 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) </Td> <Td> CT </Td> <Td> 010 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> E.D. White </Td> <Td> 000000001921 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001921 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days </Td> <Td> Warren G. Harding </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) </Td> <Td> UT </Td> <Td> 080 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Clarke </Td> <Td> 000000001922 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001922 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) </Td> <Td> MN </Td> <Td> 081 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Day </Td> <Td> 000000001922 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001923 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) </Td> <Td> TN </Td> <Td> 082 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Pitney </Td> <Td> 000000001923 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001923 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 083 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> McKenna </Td> <Td> 000000001925 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001925 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) </Td> <Td> 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days </Td> <Td> Calvin Coolidge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 011 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Taft </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days </Td> <Td> Herbert Hoover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) </Td> <Td> PA </Td> <Td> 084 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Sanford </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 085 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Holmes </Td> <Td> 000000001932 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001932 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) </Td> <Td> AL </Td> <Td> 086 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Van Devanter </Td> <Td> 000000001937 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001937 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days </Td> <Td> Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> KY </Td> <Td> 087 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Sutherland </Td> <Td> 000000001938 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001938 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 088 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Cardozo </Td> <Td> 000000001939 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001939 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> CT </Td> <Td> 089 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Brandeis </Td> <Td> 000000001939 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001939 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) </Td> <Td> MI </Td> <Td> 090 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Butler </Td> <Td> 000000001940 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001940 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 012 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Hughes </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) </Td> <Td> SC </Td> <Td> 091 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> McReynolds </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 092 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Stone </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> <Td> 093 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Byrnes </Td> <Td> 000000001943 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001943 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 094 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> O. Roberts </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days </Td> <Td> Harry S. Truman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) </Td> <Td> KY </Td> <Td> 013 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Stone </Td> <Td> 000000001946 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001946 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) </Td> <Td> TX </Td> <Td> 094 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Murphy </Td> <Td> 000000001949 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001949 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> 095 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> W. Rutledge </Td> <Td> 000000001949 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001949 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) </Td> <Td> CA </Td> <Td> 014 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Vinson </Td> <Td> 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001953 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days </Td> <Td> Dwight D. Eisenhower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 096 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> R. Jackson </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) </Td> <Td> NJ </Td> <Td> 097 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Minton </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001956 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) </Td> <Td> MO </Td> <Td> 098 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Reed </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) </Td> <Td> OH </Td> <Td> 099 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Burton </Td> <Td> 000000001959 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> 100 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Whittaker </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days </Td> <Td> John F. Kennedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) </Td> <Td> IL </Td> <Td> 101 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Frankfurter </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) </Td> <Td> TN </Td> <Td> 102 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Goldberg </Td> <Td> 000000001965 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) </Td> <Td> 000000001965 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) </Td> <Td> 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days </Td> <Td> Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 103 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Clark </Td> <Td> 000000001967 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001967 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 015 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Warren </Td> <Td> 000000001969 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001969 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days </Td> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) </Td> <Td> MN </Td> <Td> 104 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Fortas </Td> <Td> 000000001970 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001970 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 105 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) </Td> <Td> AZ </Td> <Td> 106 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> J. Harlan II </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) </Td> <Td> 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) </Td> <Td> IL </Td> <Td> 107 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Douglas </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days </Td> <Td> Gerald Ford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) </Td> <Td> AZ </Td> <Td> 108 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Stewart </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days </Td> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 016 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Burger </Td> <Td> 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> 109 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Rehnquist </Td> <Td> 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) </Td> <Td> 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) </Td> <Td> CA </Td> <Td> 110 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Powell </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7004110140000000000 ♠ 30 years , 56 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Souter ( born 1939 ) </Td> <Td> NH </Td> <Td> 110 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Brennan </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days </Td> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) </Td> <Td> GA </Td> <Td> 111 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> T. Marshall </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7003967100000000000 ♠ 26 years , 174 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 112 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> B. White </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7003901400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 248 days </Td> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 113 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Blackmun </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7003865600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 255 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Roberts ( born 1955 ) </Td> <Td> MD </Td> <Td> 017 ! Chief Justice </Td> <Td> Rehnquist </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7003458100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 198 days </Td> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) </Td> <Td> NJ </Td> <Td> 115 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> O'Connor </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7003445700000000000 ♠ 12 years , 74 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) </Td> <Td> NY </Td> <Td> 116 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Souter </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7003317200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 250 days </Td> <Td> Barack Obama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) </Td> <Td> MA </Td> <Td> 117 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Stevens </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7003280800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 251 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> 118 ! Associate Justice </Td> <Td> Scalia </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent </Td> <Td> 7002370000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 5 days </Td> <Td> Donald Trump </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Justice </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Replacing </Th> <Th> Date confirmed ( Vote ) </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> <Th> Tenure length </Th> <Th> Appointed by </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : As of April 15 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Timelines ( edit ) </H2> <H3> All justices ( edit ) </H3> <P> This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons betwen justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . </P> <H3> Current justices ( edit ) </H3> <P> This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Law of the United States </Li> <Li> List of courts of the United States </Li> <Li> List of national supreme courts </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Anthony M. Kennedy '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biographies of Justices </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Supreme Court of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Court </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lists of cases </Li> <Li> Procedures </Li> <Li> Supreme Court Building </Li> <Li> Court demographics </Li> <Li> Ideological leanings </Li> <Li> Appointment and confirmation </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current members </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chief Justice </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Roberts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associate Justices </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anthony Kennedy </Li> <Li> Clarence Thomas </Li> <Li> Ruth Bader Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Stephen Breyer </Li> <Li> Samuel Alito </Li> <Li> Sonia Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Elena Kagan </Li> <Li> Neil Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired Justices </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Paul Stevens </Li> <Li> Sandra Day O'Connor </Li> <Li> David Souter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current nominations </Th> <Td> No vacancies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) </Li> <Li> Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) </Li> <Li> Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) </Li> <Li> Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) </Li> <Li> Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) </Li> <Li> Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) </Li> <Li> Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) </Li> <Li> White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists of justices and nominees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chief justices </Li> <Li> Associate justices </Li> <Li> All justices <Ul> <Li> court </Li> <Li> seat </Li> <Li> education </Li> <Li> time in office </Li> <Li> timelines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Justices who served in Congress </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> All nominations </Li> <Li> Unsuccessful nominations </Li> <Li> Nominations near end of presidency </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statutes affecting Court size </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judiciary Act of 1789 </Li> <Li> Judiciary Act of 1801 </Li> <Li> Judiciary Act of 1802 </Li> <Li> Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 </Li> <Li> Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 </Li> <Li> Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 </Li> <Li> Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 </Li> <Li> Judiciary Act of 1869 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Court functionaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clerk </Li> <Li> Marshal <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court Police </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Reporter of Decisions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists of law clerks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice </Li> <Li> Seat 1 </Li> <Li> Seat 2 </Li> <Li> Seat 3 </Li> <Li> Seat 4 </Li> <Li> Seat 6 </Li> <Li> Seat 8 </Li> <Li> Seat 9 </Li> <Li> Seat 10 </Li> <Li> All </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former locations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Old City Hall , Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Li> <Li> Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Solicitor General </Li> <Li> United States Reports <Ul> <Li> Lawyers ' Edition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Amicus curiae </Li> <Li> Article III , U.S. Constitution <Ul> <Li> Original jurisdiction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Burial places of justices </Li> <Li> The Court in fiction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Law Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . 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what are the nine justices of the supreme court
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&amp;oldid=836467775
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show - wikipedia <H1> The Rocky Horror Picture Show </H1> This article is about the 1975 motion picture . For its 2016 sequel , see The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . For other uses , see The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Rocky Horror Picture Show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Jim Sharman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lou Adler </Li> <Li> Michael White </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richard O'Brien </Li> <Li> Jim Sharman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Rocky Horror Show by Richard O'Brien </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tim Curry </Li> <Li> Susan Sarandon </Li> <Li> Barry Bostwick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Charles Gray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richard Hartley </Li> <Li> Songs : </Li> <Li> Richard O'Brien </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Peter Suschitzky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Graeme Clifford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Michael White Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 14 August 1975 ( 1975 - 08 - 14 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 100 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> US $1.4 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> US $140.2 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 musical science - fiction horror - comedy film by 20th Century Fox produced by Lou Adler and Michael White and directed by Jim Sharman . The screenplay was written by Sharman and actor Richard O'Brien , who is also a member of the cast . The film is based on the 1973 musical stage production The Rocky Horror Show , with music , book , and lyrics by O'Brien . The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1970s . Along with O'Brien , the film stars Tim Curry , Susan Sarandon , and Barry Bostwick and is narrated by Charles Gray with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre , Roxy Theatre , and Belasco Theatre productions . </P> <P> The story centres on a young engaged couple whose car breaks down in the rain near a castle where they seek a telephone to call for help . The castle or country home is occupied by strangers in elaborate costumes celebrating an annual convention . They discover the head of the house is Dr. Frank N. Furter , an apparent mad scientist who actually is an alien transvestite who creates a living muscle man in his laboratory . The couple are seduced separately by the mad scientist and eventually released by the servants who take control . </P> <P> The film was shot in the United Kingdom at Bray Studios and on location at an old country estate named Oakley Court , best known for its earlier use by Hammer Film Productions . A number of props and set pieces were reused from the Hammer horror films . Although the film is both a parody of and tribute to many of the kitsch science fiction and horror films , costume designer Sue Blane conducted no research for her designs . Blane stated that costumes from the film have directly affected the development of punk rock fashion trends such as ripped fishnets and dyed hair . </P> <P> Although largely critically panned on initial release , it soon became known as a midnight movie when audiences began participating with the film at the Waverly Theater in New York City in 1976 . Audience members returned to the cinemas frequently and talked back to the screen and began dressing as the characters , spawning similar performance groups across the United States . At almost the same time , fans in costume at the King 's Court Theater in Pittsburgh began performing alongside the film . This `` shadow cast '' mimed the actions on screen above and behind them , while lip - syncing their character 's lines . Still in limited release four decades after its premiere , it is the longest - running theatrical release in film history . It is often shown close to Halloween . Today , the film has a large international cult following . It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2005 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Concept and development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming and locations </Li> <Li> 3.3 Costumes , make - up , and props </Li> <Li> 3.4 Title sequence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception , reaction and legacy <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.2 Cult phenomenon <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 New York City origins </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Los Angeles , Hollywood </Li> <Li> 6.2. 3 San Francisco </Li> <Li> 6.2. 4 Fan following </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.3 Cultural influence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sequels </Li> <Li> 8 Remake </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> A criminologist narrates the tale of the newly engaged couple Brad Majors and Janet Weiss who find themselves lost and with a flat tire on a cold and rainy late November evening , somewhere near Denton , Texas . Seeking a telephone , the couple walk to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange and outlandish people who are holding an Annual Transylvanian Convention . They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank N. Furter , a self - proclaimed `` sweet transvestite from Transsexual , Transylvania '' . The ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff , his sister Magenta , and a groupie named Columbia . </P> <P> In his lab , Frank claims to have discovered the `` secret to life itself '' . His creation , Rocky , is brought to life . The ensuing celebration is soon interrupted by Eddie ( an ex-delivery boy , both Frank and Columbia 's ex-lover , as well as partial brain donor to Rocky ) who rides out of a deep freeze on a motorcycle . Eddie then proceeds to seduce Columbia , get the Transylvanians dancing and singing and intrigue Brad and Janet . When Rocky starts dancing and enjoying the performance , a jealous Frank kills Eddie with a pick . Columbia screams in horror , devastated by Eddie 's death . Frank justifies killing Eddie as a `` mercy killing '' to Rocky and they depart to the bridal suite . </P> <P> Brad and Janet are shown to separate bedrooms , where each is visited and seduced by Frank , who poses as Brad ( when visiting Janet ) and then as Janet ( when visiting Brad ) . Janet , upset and emotional , wanders off to look for Brad , who she discovers , via a television monitor , is in bed with Frank . She then discovers Rocky , cowering in his birth tank , hiding from Riff Raff , who has been tormenting him . While tending to his wounds , Janet becomes intimate with Rocky , as Magenta and Columbia watch from their bedroom monitor . </P> <P> After discovering that his creation is missing , Frank returns to the lab with Brad and Riff Raff , where Frank learns that an intruder has entered the building . Brad and Janet 's old high school science teacher , Dr. Everett Scott , has come looking for his nephew , Eddie . Frank suspects that Dr. Scott investigates UFOs for the government . Upon learning of Brad and Janet 's connection to Dr. Scott , Frank suspects them of working for him . Frank , Dr. Scott , Brad , and Riff Raff then discover Janet and Rocky together under the sheets in Rocky 's birth tank , upsetting Frank and Brad . Magenta interrupts the reunion by sounding a massive gong and stating that dinner is prepared . </P> <P> Rocky and the guests share an uncomfortable dinner , which they soon realize has been prepared from Eddie 's mutilated remains . Janet runs screaming into Rocky 's arms , provoking Frank to chase her through the halls . Janet , Brad , Dr. Scott , Rocky , and Columbia all meet in Frank 's lab , where Frank captures them with the Medusa Transducer , transforming them into nude statues . After dressing them in cabaret costume , Frank `` unfreezes '' them , and they perform a live cabaret floor show , complete with an RKO tower and a swimming pool , with Frank as the leader . </P> <P> Riff Raff and Magenta interrupt the performance , revealing themselves and Frank to be aliens from the planet Transsexual in the galaxy of Transylvania . They stage a coup and announce a plan to return to their home planet . In the process , they kill Columbia and Frank , who has `` failed his mission '' . An enraged Rocky gathers Frank in his arms , climbs to the top of the tower , and plunges to his death in the pool below . Riff Raff and Magenta release Brad , Janet , and Dr. Scott , then depart by lifting off in the castle itself . The survivors are then left crawling in the dirt , and the narrator concludes that the human race is equivalent to insects crawling on the planet 's surface , `` lost in time , and lost in space ... and meaning '' . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tim Curry as Dr. Frank N. Furter , a scientist </Li> <Li> Susan Sarandon as Janet Weiss , a heroine </Li> <Li> Barry Bostwick as Brad Majors , a hero </Li> <Li> Richard O'Brien as Riff Raff , a handyman </Li> <Li> Patricia Quinn as Magenta , a domestic </Li> <Li> Nell Campbell as Columbia , a groupie ( credited as Little Nell ) </Li> <Li> Jonathan Adams as Dr. Everett V. Scott , a rival scientist </Li> <Li> Peter Hinwood as Rocky Horror , a creation </Li> <Li> Meat Loaf as Eddie , an ex-delivery boy </Li> <Li> Charles Gray as the Criminologist , an expert </Li> <Li> Jeremy Newson as Ralph Hapschatt </Li> <Li> Hilary Farr as Betty Munroe ( credited as Hilary Labow ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Concept and development ( edit ) </H3> Little Nell , Patricia Quinn , Tim Curry , and Richard O'Brien in The Rocky Horror Picture Show . All were in the original stage show . Production design by Brian Thomson , costumes by Sue Blane , and musical arrangement by Richard Hartley , all reunited alumni of the London stage production . <P> Richard O'Brien was living as an unemployed actor in London during the early 1970s . He wrote most of The Rocky Horror Show during one winter just to occupy himself . Since his youth , O'Brien had loved science fiction and B horror movies . He wanted to combine elements of the unintentional humour of B horror movies , portentous dialogue of schlock - horror , Steve Reeves muscle flicks , and fifties rock and roll into his musical . O'Brien conceived and wrote the play set against the backdrop of the glam era that had manifested itself throughout British popular culture in the 1970s . Allowing his concept to come into being , O'Brien states `` glam rock allowed me to be myself more '' . </P> <P> O'Brien showed a portion of the unfinished script to Australian director Jim Sharman , who decided to direct it at the small experimental space Upstairs at the Royal Court Theatre , Sloane Square , Chelsea , London , which was used as a project space for new work . O'Brien had appeared briefly in Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Jesus Christ Superstar , directed by Sharman , and the two also worked together in Sam Shepard 's The Unseen Hand . Sharman would bring in production designer Brian Thomson . The original creative team was then rounded out by costume designer Sue Blane , musical director Richard Hartley , and stage producer Michael White , who was brought in to produce . As the musical went into rehearsal , the working title , They Came from Denton High , was changed just before previews at the suggestion of Sharman to The Rocky Horror Show . </P> <P> Having premiered in the small sixty - seat Royal Court Theatre , it quickly moved to larger venues in London , transferring to the 230 - seat Chelsea Classic Cinema on Kings Road on 14 August 1973 , before finding a quasi-permanent home at the 500 - seat King 's Road Theatre from 3 November 1973 , running for six years . The musical made its U.S. debut in Los Angeles in 1974 before being played in New York City as well as other cities . Producer and Ode Records owner Lou Adler attended the London production in the winter of 1973 , escorted by friend Britt Ekland . He immediately decided to purchase the U.S. theatrical rights . His production would be staged at his Roxy Theatre in L.A. In 1975 , The Rocky Horror Show premiered on Broadway at the 1,000 - seat Belasco Theatre . </P> <H3> Filming and locations ( edit ) </H3> Oakley Court <P> The film was shot at Bray Studios and Oakley Court , a country house near Maidenhead , Berkshire , England , and at Elstree Studios for post production , from 21 October to 19 December 1974 . Oakley Court , built in 1857 in the Victorian Gothic style , is known for a number of Hammer films . Much of the location shooting took place there , although at the time the manor was not in good condition . Much of the cast were from the original London stage production , including Tim Curry , who had decided that Dr Frank N. Furter should speak like the Queen of England , extravagantly posh . Fox insisted on casting the two characters of Brad and Janet with American actors , Barry Bostwick and Susan Sarandon . Filming took place during autumn , which made conditions worse . During filming , Sarandon fell ill with pneumonia . Filming of the laboratory scene and the title character 's creation occurred on 30 October 1974 . </P> <P> The film is both a parody and tribute to many of the science fiction and horror movies from the 1930s up to the 1970s . The film production retains many aspects from the stage version such as production design and music , but adds new scenes not featured in the original stage play . The film 's plot , setting , and style echo those of the Hammer Horror films , which had their own instantly recognizable style ( just as Universal Studios ' horror films did ) . The originally proposed opening sequence was to contain clips of various films mentioned in the lyrics , as well as the first few sequences shot in black and white , but this was deemed too expensive and scrapped . </P> <H3> Costumes , make - up , and props ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the stage productions , actors generally did their own make - up ; however , for the film , the producers chose Pierre La Roche , who had previously been a make - up artist for Mick Jagger and David Bowie , to redesign the make - up for each character . Production stills were taken by rock photographer Mick Rock , who has published a number of books from his work . In Rocky Horror ; From Concept to Cult , designer Sue Blane discusses the Rocky Horror costumes ' influence on punk music style . `` ( It was a ) big part of the build - up ( to punk ) . '' She states that ripped fishnet stockings , glitter , and coloured hair were directly attributable to Rocky Horror . </P> A replica costume based on the films , gold sequined swallow - tail coat worn by Little Nell , recreated by fan Mina Credeur of Houston , Texas . <P> Some of the costumes from the film had been originally used in the stage production . Props and set pieces were reused from old Hammer Horror productions and others . The tank and dummy used for Rocky 's birth originally appeared in The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) . These references to earlier productions , in addition to cutting costs , enhanced the cult status of the film . </P> <P> Costume designer Sue Blane was not keen on working for the film until she became aware that Curry , an old friend , was committed to the project . Curry and Blane had worked together in Glasgow 's Citizens Theatre in a production of The Maids , for which Curry had worn a woman 's corset . Blane arranged for the theatre to loan her the corset from the other production for Rocky Horror . Blane admits that she did not conduct research for her designing , had never seen a science fiction film , and is acutely aware that her costumes for Brad and Janet may have been generalizations . </P> <P> `` When I designed Rocky , I never looked at any science fiction movies or comic books . One just automatically knows what spacesuits look like , the same way one intuitively knows how Americans dress . I had never been to the United States , but I had this fixed idea of how people looked there . Americans wore polyester so their clothes would n't crease , and their trousers were a bit too short . Since they 're very keen on sports , white socks and white T - shirts played an integral part in their wardrobe . Of course , since doing Rocky I have been to the United States and admit it was a bit of a generalization , but my ideas worked perfectly for Brad and Janet . '' </P> <P> The budget for the film 's costumes was US $1,600 , far more than the stage production budget , but having to double up on costumes the film production was expensive . For filming , corsets for the finale had to be doubled for the pool scene , with one version drying while the other was worn on set . While many of the costumes are exact replicas from the stage productions , other costumes were new to filming , such as Columbia 's gold sequined swallow - tail coat and top hat and Magenta 's maid 's uniform . </P> <P> Blane was amazed by the recreation and understanding of her designs by fans . When she first heard that people were dressing up , she thought it would be tacky , but was surprised to see the depth to which the fans went to recreate her designs . Rocky Horror fan Mina Credeur , who designs costumes and performed as Columbia for Houston 's performance group , states that `` the best part is when everyone leaves with a big smile on their face '' , noting that there 's `` such a kitschiness and campiness that it seems to be winking at you '' . The film still plays at many theatre locations and Rocky Horror costumes are often made for Halloween , although many require much time and effort to make . </P> <H3> Title sequence ( edit ) </H3> The iconic `` Lips '' poster , a parody of the 1975 film poster for Jaws <P> The film starts with the screen fading to black and oversized , disembodied female lips appear overdubbed with a male voice , establishing the androgynous theme to be repeated as the film unfolds . The opening scene and song , `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' , consists of the lips of Patricia Quinn ( who appears in the film later as the character Magenta ( in addition to the latter , appeared as ' Trixie ' the Usherette in the original London production who sang the song ) ) , but has the vocals of actor and Rocky Horror creator , Richard O'Brien ( who appears as Magenta 's brother Riff Raff ) . The lyrics refer to science fiction and horror films of the past and list several film titles from the 1930s to the 1970s , including The Day the Earth Stood Still , Flash Gordon , The Invisible Man , King Kong , It Came from Outer Space , Doctor X , Forbidden Planet , Tarantula , The Day of the Triffids , Curse of the Demon , and When Worlds Collide . A second film poster was created using a set of red , lipstick painted lips with the tagline `` A Different Set of Jaws '' , a spoof of the poster for the film Jaws ( which was also released in 1975 ) . The lips of Former Playboy model Lorelei Shark are featured on the poster . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( soundtrack ) <P> The soundtrack was released in 1975 by Ode Records and produced by Richard Hartley . The album peaked at No. 49 on the Billboard 200 in 1978 . It reached No. 12 on the Australian albums chart and No. 11 on the New Zealand albums chart . The album is described as the `` definitive version of the ( Rocky Horror ) score . '' </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' -- The Lips ( those of Patricia Quinn ; voice of Richard O'Brien ) </Li> <Li> `` Dammit Janet '' -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` There 's a Light ( Over at the Frankenstein Place ) '' -- Janet , Brad , Riff Raff , and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` The Time Warp '' -- Riff Raff , Magenta , The Criminologist , Columbia , and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Transvestite '' -- Frank </Li> <Li> `` The Sword of Damocles '' -- Rocky and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` I Can Make You a Man '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Riff Raff , Magenta , and Columbia </Li> <Li> `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' -- Eddie and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` I Can Make You a Man ( Reprise ) '' -- Frank , Janet , and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' -- Janet with Magenta , Columbia , Rocky , Brad , Frank , and Riff Raff </Li> <Li> `` Once in a While '' ( deleted scene ) -- Brad </Li> <Li> `` Eddie '' -- Dr. Scott , The Criminologist , Janet , Columbia , Frank , Rocky , Brad , Riff Raff , and Magenta </Li> <Li> `` Planet Schmanet Janet ( Wise Up Janet Weiss ) '' -- Frank </Li> <Li> `` Planet Hot Dog '' -- Janet , Brad , and Dr. Scott </Li> <Li> `` Rose Tint My World '' -- Columbia , Rocky , Janet , and Brad </Li> <Li> `` Fanfare / Do n't Dream It , Be It '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , and Columbia </Li> <Li> `` Wild and Untamed Thing '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , Columbia , and Riff Raff </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Going Home '' -- Frank and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` The Time Warp ( Reprise ) '' -- Riff Raff and Magenta </Li> <Li> `` Super Heroes '' ( only present in the original UK release ) -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` Science Fiction / Double Feature ( Reprise ) '' -- The Lips </Li> </Ol> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> London release poster for 14 August 1975 premiere <P> The film opened in the United Kingdom at Rialto Theater in London 14 August 1975 and in the United States on 26 September at the UA Westwood in Los Angeles , California . It did well at that location , but not elsewhere . Before the midnight screenings ' success , the film was withdrawn from its eight opening cities due to very small audiences , and its planned New York City opening on Halloween night was cancelled . Fox re-released the film around college campuses on a double - bill with another rock music film parody , Brian De Palma 's Phantom of the Paradise , but again it drew small audiences . </P> <P> With Pink Flamingos ( 1972 ) and Reefer Madness ( 1936 ) making money in midnight showings nationwide , a Fox executive , Tim Deegan , was able to talk distributors into midnight screenings , starting in New York City on April Fools ' Day of 1976 . The cult following started shortly after the film began its midnight run at the Waverly Theater in New York City. , then spread to other counties in NYC , and to Uniondale , L.I. Rocky Horror was not only found in the larger cities but throughout the United States where many attendees would get in free if they arrived in costume . The western division of the film 's release included the U.A. Cinemas in Fresno and Merced , the Cinema J. in Sacramento , California , and the Covell in Modesto . In New Orleans , an early organised performance group was active with the release there as well as in such cities as Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Chicago ( at the Biograph Theater ) . Before long nearly every screening of the film was accompanied by a live fan cast . </P> 19 January 1978 , opening at the UA Cinema , Merced , California <P> The film is considered to be the longest - running release in film history . It has never been pulled by 20th Century Fox from its original 1975 release , and it continues to play in cinemas . </P> <H3> Home media ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Super 8 version of selected scenes of the film was made available . In 1983 , Ode Records released `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show , Audience Par - Tic - I - Pation Album '' , recorded at the 8th Street Playhouse . The recording consisted of the film 's audio and the standardised call - backs from the audience . </P> <P> A home video release was made available in 1987 in the UK . In the US , the film ( including documentary footage and extras ) was released on VHS in November 8 , 1990 , retailing for $89.95 . </P> <P> The film was released on DVD in 2000 for the film 's 25th anniversary . A 35th Anniversary edition Blu - ray was released in the US on 19 October 2010 . The disc includes a newly created 7.1 surround sound mix , the original theatrical mono sound mix , and a 4K / 2K image transfer from the original camera negative . In addition , new content featuring karaoke and a fan performance were included . </P> <H2> Reception , reaction and Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert noted that when first released , The Rocky Horror Picture Show was `` ignored by pretty much everyone , including the future fanatics who would eventually count the hundreds of times they 'd seen it '' . He considered it more a `` long - running social phenomenon '' than a movie , rating it 2.5 out of 4 stars . Bill Henkin noted that Variety thought that the `` campy hijinks '' of the film seemed labored , and also mentioned that the San Francisco Chronicle 's John Wasserman , who had liked the stage play in London , found the film `` lacking both charm and dramatic impact '' . Newsweek called the film `` tasteless , plotless and pointless '' in 1978 . </P> <P> Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 80 % based on 41 reviews . A number of contemporary critics find it compelling and enjoyable because of its offbeat and bizarre qualities ; the BBC summarised : `` for those willing to experiment with something a little bit different , a little bit outré , The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a lot to offer '' . The New York Times called it a `` low - budget freak show / cult classic / cultural institution '' and considered the songs featured in the film to be `` catchy '' . Geoff Andrew of Time Out noted that the `` string of hummable songs gives it momentum , Gray 's admirably straight - faced narrator holds it together , and a run on black lingerie takes care of almost everything else '' , rating it 4 out of 5 stars . Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader on the other hand considered the wit to be `` too weak to sustain a film '' and thought that the `` songs all sound the same '' . </P> <P> In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . </P> <H3> Cult phenomenon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following New York City origins ( edit ) Dori Hartley and Sal Piro at the Waverly Theatre in New York in 1977 <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show helped shape conditions of cult film 's transition from art - house to grind - house style . The film developed a cult following in 1976 at the Waverly Theatre in New York , which developed into a standardised ritual . According to J. Hoberman , author of Midnight Movies , it was after five months into the film 's midnight run when lines began to be shouted by the audience . Louis Farese Jr. , a normally quiet teacher who , upon seeing the character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain , yelled , `` Buy an umbrella , you cheap bitch '' . Originally Louis and other Rocky Horror pioneers , including Amy Lazarus , Theresa Krakauskas , and Bill O'Brian , did this to entertain each other , each week trying to come up with something new to make each other laugh . This quickly caught on with other theater goers and thus began this self - proclaimed `` counter point dialogue '' , which became standard practice and was repeated nearly verbatim at each screening . Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in part to the prominent New York City fan cast . The New York City cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand - up comic Sal Piro and his friend Dori Hartley . Hartley who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter , was one of several performers , including Will Kohler as Brad Majors , Nora Poses as Janet , and Lilias Piro as Magenta in a flexible rotating cast . The performances of the audience was scripted and actively discouraged improvising , being conformist in a similar way to the repressed characters . </P> <P> On Halloween in 1976 , people attended in costume and talked back to the screen , and by mid-1978 , Rocky Horror was playing in over 50 locations on Fridays and Saturdays at midnight . Newsletters were published by local performance groups , and fans gathered for Rocky Horror conventions . By the end of 1979 , there were twice - weekly showings at over 230 theatres . The National Fan Club was established in 1977 and later merged with the International Fan Club . The fan publication The Transylvanian printed a number of issues , and a semi-regular poster magazine was published as well as an official magazine . </P> Los Angeles , Hollywood ( edit ) D. Garrett Gafford and Terri Hardin , Tiffany Theater Hollywood , 1978 <P> The Los Angeles area performance groups originated in 1977 at the Fox Theatre , where Michael Wolfson won a look - alike contest as Frank N. Furter , and won another at the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Boulevard . Wolfson 's group eventually performed in all of the L.A. area theaters screening Rocky Horror , including the Balboa Theater in Balboa , The Cove at Hermosa Beach , and The Sands in Glendale . He was invited to perform at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix , Arizona . </P> <P> At the Tiffany Theatre , the audience performance cast had the theater 's full cooperation ; the local performers entered early and without charge . The fan playing Frank for this theatre was a transgender performer , D. Garret Gafford , who was out of work in 1978 and trying to raise the funds for a gender reassignment while spending the weekends performing at the Tiffany . Presently , the live action rendition of The Rocky Horror Picture Show is available for attendance in various locations in Los Angeles , typically Saturday nights at Midnight . </P> San Francisco ( edit ) <P> In 1978 San Francisco , Rocky Horror moved from an earlier location to the Strand Theatre located near the Tenderloin on Market Street . The performance group there , Double Feature / Celluloid Jam , was the first to act out and perform almost the entire film , unlike the New York cast at that time . The Strand cast was put together from former members of an early Berkeley group , disbanded due to less than enthusiastic management . Frank N. Furter was portrayed by Marni Scofidio , who , in 1979 , attracted many of the older performers from Berkeley . Other members included Mishell Erickson and her twin sister Denise Erickson as Columbia and Magenta , Kathy Dolan as Janet , and Linda `` Lou '' Woods as Riff Raff . The Strand group performed at two large science fiction conventions in Los Angeles and San Francisco , were offered a spot at The Mabuhay , a local punk club , and performed for children 's television of Argentina . </P> San Francisco 's Strand Theatre , 1979 . Linda Woods , Marni Scofidio , Denise Erickson , and Jim Curry Fan following ( edit ) <P> Rocky Horror is one of the last few western rites left that pertain to the carnivalesque . Annual Rocky Horror conventions are held in varying locations lasting days . Tucson , Arizona has been host a number of times , including 1999 with `` El Fishnet Fiesta '' , and `` Queens of the Desert '' held in 2006 . Vera Dika wrote that to the fans , Rocky Horror is ritualistic and comparable to a religious event , with a compulsive , repeated cycle of going home and coming back to see the film each weekend . The audience call backs are similar to responses in church during a mass . Many theatre troupes exist across the United States that produce shadow - cast performances where the actors play each part in the film in full costume and props as the movie plays on the big screen in a movie theatre . These showings are typically once a week or once a month on a Saturday at midnight . </P> <P> The film has a global following and remains popular . Subcultures such as Rocky Horror have also found a place on the Internet . Audience participation scripts for many cities are available to download on the Internet . The Internet has a number of Rocky Horror fan - run websites with various quizzes and information specializing in different content allowing fans to participate at a unique level . </P> <H3> Cultural influence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show has been featured in a number of other feature films and television series over the years . Episodes of The Simpsons , The Venture Bros. , The Boondocks , Glee , The Drew Carey Show , That ' 70s Show , and American Dad ! spotlight Rocky Horror , as do films such as Vice Squad , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , and The Perks of Being a Wallflower . The 1980 film Fame featured the audience reciting their callback lines to the screen and dancing the Time Warp , the dance from the stage show and film , which has become a novelty dance at parties . </P> <P> `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' aired on 26 October 2010 , as part of the second season of the TV series Glee , which recreated several scenes from the film , including the opening credits . It featured Barry Bostwick and Meat Loaf in cameo roles . </P> <P> `` Bisexuality , The Rocky Horror Picture Show , and Me '' , by Elizabeth Reba Weise , is a piece in Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out ( 1991 ) , an anthology edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu which is one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement . </P> <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show remains a cultural phenomenon in both the U.S. and U.K. Cult film participants are often people on the fringe of society that find connection and community at the screenings , although the film attracts fans of differing backgrounds all over the world . </P> <H2> Sequels ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1981 , Sharman reunited with O'Brien to do Shock Treatment , a stand - alone feature that was not a direct sequel to the original film . This film reunites characters Brad and Janet and was originally conceived and written to depict the characters filmed in normal settings until the production changed to work around a Screen Actor 's Guild strike . The eventual production would now entail the full film being shot entirely within a sound stage and purposely blending that into the story line . Shock Treatment has a cult following but not nearly as strong as the first film , and was a commercial failure in no small part due to the principal cast of Curry , Sarandon and Bostwick not returning . </P> <P> Ten years later , O'Brien wrote another script intended as a direct sequel to the cult classic entitled Revenge of the Old Queen . Producer Michael White had hoped to begin work on the production and described the script as being `` in the same style as the other one . It has reflections of the past in it . '' Although the script has not been published , bootleg copies can be read on the Internet . The script is currently owned by Fox , which produced the two original films . Most individuals associated with the project , including O'Brien , agree that the film will probably never be made , owing to the failure of Shock Treatment and the aging of the cast . </P> <P> In 2015 , O'Brien produced Shock Treatment for the theatrical stage . The production premiered at the King 's Head theatre in Islington , London in the United Kingdom in the spring of 2015 . </P> <H2> Remake ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again <P> On 10 April 2015 , it was announced that the Fox Broadcasting Company would air a modern - day reimagining of the film , titled The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . On 22 October 2015 , it was announced that the role of Dr. Frank N. Furter would be played by actress Laverne Cox . Ryan McCartan and Victoria Justice play the roles of Brad and Janet , alongside Reeve Carney as Riff Raff and singer / model Staz Nair as Rocky . Adam Lambert portrays Eddie . Tim Curry , who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter in the film , portrays the Criminologist . On 1 February 2016 , it was announced that Broadway veteran Annaleigh Ashford would portray Columbia . On 5 February 2016 , Ben Vereen joined the cast as Dr. Everett von Scott . </P> <P> Kenny Ortega , best known for the High School Musical franchise and Michael Jackson 's This Is It , directed , choreographed and executive - produced the remake ; Lou Adler , who was an executive producer of the original film , has the same role for the new film . The film premiered on Fox on 20 October 2016 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of American films of 1975 </Li> <Li> Cross-dressing in film and television </Li> <Li> List of films featuring extraterrestrials </Li> <Li> List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ROCKY HORROR PICTURE SHOW ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 June 1975 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Richard ; et al. ( 7 November 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film . Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Scarecrow Press . p. 258 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Box Office Information for The Rocky Horror Picture Show . The Numbers . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Miller ( 2011 ) . Sex , Drugs , Rock & Roll , and Musicals . UPNE . pp. 127 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vera Dika ( 9 June 2003 ) . Recycled Culture in Contemporary Art and Film : The Uses of Nostalgia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Knapp , Raymond ( 2 March 2009 ) . The American Musical and the Performance of Personal Identity . Princeton University Press . pp. 240 ' . ISBN 0 - 691 - 14105 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Auslander , Philip ( 2006 ) . Performing Glam Rock : Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 49 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Simon ( 2016 ) . Shock and Awe : Glam Rock and Its Legacy , from the Seventies to the Twenty - First Century . Faber & Faber . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Daniel Eagan ( 26 November 2009 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . Continuum International Publishing Group , Limited . pp. 2086 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7541 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson , Brian , ed. ( 1979 ) The Rocky Horror Scrapbook . New York : Star Fleet Productions , Inc. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shuker , Roy ( 1 November 1994 ) . Understanding popular music . Routledge ; annotated edition . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10722 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erik Quisling ; Austin Lowry Williams ( 2003 ) . Straight Whisky : A Living History of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll on the Sunset Strip . Bonus Books . pp. 245 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56625 - 197 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louis Botto ; Robert Viagas ( 2002 ) . At this Theatre : 100 Years of Broadway Shows , Stories and Stars . Applause / Playbill . pp. 33 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 566 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Newland ( 2010 ) . Do n't Look Now : British Cinema in the 1970s . Intellect Books . pp. 138 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 320 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , sally . `` Elstree Studios '' . The Free Library . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huckvale , David ( 28 May 2008 ) . Hammer Film Scores and the Musical Avant - Garde . McFarland . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3456 - 5 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stuart Fisher ( 24 October 2013 ) . British River Navigations : Inland Cuts , Fens , Dikes , Channels and Non-tidal Rivers . A&C Black . pp. 227 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0668 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce G. Hallenbeck ( 30 April 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films : A Chronological History , 1914 -- 2008 . McFarland . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5378 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henkin ( 1979 ) , p. 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harpole , Charles ( 5 November 1999 ) . History of the American cinema ( 1st ed . ) . Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 212 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80463 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hadleigh , Boze ( 1 January 2001 ) . The Lavender ScreenL Updated ( Rev Upd ed . ) . Citadel . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2199 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mick Rock '' . Official web site . 921 Associates , LLC. 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Samantha Michele Riley ( 2008 ) . Becoming the Wig : Mis / identifications and Citationality in Queer Rock Musicals . ProQuest . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 53382 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Robert . `` Making The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keppler , Nick ( 7 June 2007 ) . `` The Beautiful Creatures '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Melanie ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Rocky Horror Picture Show Costumes : DIY Ideas for Halloween 2011 '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Laderman ( 1 March 2010 ) . Punk Slash ! Musicals : Tracking Slip - Sync on Film . University of Texas Press . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77791 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kurt Lancaster ; Thomas J. Mikotowicz ( 1 January 2001 ) . Performing the Force : Essays on Immersion Into Science Fiction , Fantasy , and Horror Environments . McFarland . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lorelei Shark Interview -- She IS The Rocky Horror LIPS -- Scott Michaels Dearly Departed online '' . 2016 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Charts & Awards '' , AllMusic , retrieved 3 October 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales : Australian Chart Book . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( album ) '' . New Zealand charts portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William , `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Review '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved 3 October 2010 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : William A. Henkin ; Bill Henkin ( 1 August 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . PENGUIN Group ( USA ) Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26654 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Samuels ( 1983 ) , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox Celebrates 25 Years of Absolute Pleasure , Pop Culture Phenomenon and Midnight Classic '' ( Press release ) . RHPS Official Fan Site. 24 August 2000 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RHPS regular showtimes '' . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Zach . `` What keeps The Rocky Horror Picture Show flame burning for more than two decades in Raleigh ? '' . Indy Week . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piro & Hess ( 1991 ) , p. 77 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . University of California Press . pp. 234 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Board of Film Classification : RHPS '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Champion , Lindsay ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Happy Birthday , Dear Rocky ! 38 Freaky Facts About The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RHPS Official Fan Site : News : Press Release '' . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1 January 1975 ) . `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caroline Joan Picart ( 2 July 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein Myth on Film : Between Laughter and Horror . SUNY Press . pp. 62 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` T he Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . BBC . 25 August 2000 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Time Out . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry Titles 1989 -- 2013 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . 20 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ L.C. Information Bulletin . Library of Congress . 2006 . p. 43 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mathijs , Ernest ; Mendik , Xavier ( 1 December 2007 ) . The Cult Film Reader . McGraw - Hill International . pp. 395 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest Mathijs ; Jamie Sexton ( 30 March 2012 ) . Cult Cinema . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 101 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Overand , William ( 19 July 1978 ) . `` Saturday Night Fervor at the Tiffany Theater '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Stewart ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street Blues : A Memoir of 1970s SoMa and Leatherfolk in Gay San Francisco . Palm Drive Publishing . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack Santino ( 1994 ) . Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gay , Gerald M. ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' shines at El Fishnet Fiesta '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transylvanian Concubines '' . www.transylvanianconcubines.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sins O ' The Flesh -- Where Rocky Horror Lives in Los Angeles ! -- Sins O ' The Flesh '' . Sins O ' The Flesh . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Batchelor ( December 2011 ) . Cult Pop Culture : How the Fringe Became Mainstream . ABC - CLIO . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharon Marie Ross ( 23 September 2011 ) . Beyond the Box : Television and the Internet . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lori Ortiz ( 31 March 2011 ) . Disco Dance . ABC - CLIO . pp. 147 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37747 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Delia Silvester ( 21 December 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People : A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . Jessica Kingsley Publishers . pp. 47 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 27 October 2010 ) . `` Sugarland Tops Kings of Leon on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bisexual Movements Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . glbtq.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Bisexual Movement by Liz A. Highleyman '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` bi any other nam e '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justin Smith ( 28 February 2010 ) . Withnail and Us : Cult Films and Film Cults in British Cinema . I.B. Tauris . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Betty Jo Tucker ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : A True Maverick . Wheatmark , Inc . pp. 139 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles H. Lippy ( 1 January 2006 ) . Faith in America : Changes , Challenges , New Directions . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 2 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tony Blackshaw ( 18 July 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Routledge . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Cettl ( 12 December 2010 ) . Film Tales . Wider Screenings TM . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9870500 - 0 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Old Quees '' . RockyMusic . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( 13 September 1991 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' to ' Queen ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drees , Rich ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Script Review : Revenge of the Old Queen '' . Film Buff Online . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Rocky Horror sequel comes to stage , it seems creator was far ahead of his time Stage The Guardian '' . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claire Allfree ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shock Treatment , King 's Head Theatre , review : ' infectious ' - Telegraph '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' TV Remake In Works At As Fox Special '' . Deadline Hollywood . 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox remaking ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox starring in Rocky Horror remake '' . 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Victoria Justice Joins Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Billboard. 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Lambert to Co-Star in Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' YAHOO News </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tim Curry Lands Role in ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annaleigh Ashford Joins The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The fan rituals that made Rocky Horror Picture Show a cult classic '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black 's Laverne Cox To Star In Rocky Horror Picture Show Remake '' . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Armstrong , Richard ; Charity , Tom ; Hughes , Lloyd ; Winter , Jessica ( 2007 ). he Rough Guide to Film . London : Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Batchelor , Bob ( 2012 ) . Cult pop culture : how the fringe became mainstream . Santa Barbara , Calif : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Blackshaw , Tony ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Dika , Vera ( 2003 ) . Recycled culture in contemporary art and film : the uses of nostalgia . Cambridge New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Hallenbeck , Bruce ( 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3332 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Harpole , Charles ( 1990 ) . History of the American Cinema . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80463 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Henkin , Bill ( 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . New York : Hawthorn Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8015 - 6436 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Hitchcock , Susan ( 2007 ) . Frankenstein : a cultural history . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06144 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Lancaster , Kurt ( 2001 ) . Performing the force : essays on immersion into science fiction , fantasy , and horror environments . Jefferson , N.C : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Lippy , Charles ( 2006 ) . Faith in America changes , challenges , new directions . Westport , Conn : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Leitch , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Crime Films . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64671 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Mathijs , Ernest ( 2011 ) . Cult cinema an introduction . Malden , Mass : John Wiley & Sons Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Mathijs , Ernest ( 2008 ) . The cult film reader . Maidenhead , Berkshire , England New York : Open University Press / McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Miller , Scott ( 2011 ) . Sex , drugs , rock & roll , and musicals . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Peraino , Judith ( 2006 ) . Listening to the sirens musical technologies of queer identity from Homer to Hedwig . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Picart , Caroline ( 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein myth on film : between laughter and horror . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Piro , Sal ; Hess , Michael ( 1991 ) . The Official Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Par - tic - i - pation Guide . London : Stabur Press . ISBN 0 - 941613 - 16 - X . </Li> <Li> Samuels , Stuart ( 1983 ) . Midnight Movies . New York : Collier Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 081450 - X . </Li> <Li> Sandys , Jon ( 2007 ) . Movie Mistakes Take 5 . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1113 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Santino , Jack ( 1994 ) . Halloween and other festivals of death and life . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Justin ( 2010 ) . Withnail and us cult films and film cults in British cinema . London New York : I.B. Tauris Distributed in the United States and Canada exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Stewart , Jim ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street blues : a memoir of 1970s SoMa and leatherfolk in gay San Francisco . San Francisco , CA : Palm Drive Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Silvester , Delia ( 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . City : Jessica Kingsley Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Tucker , Betty ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : a true maverick . Tucson , Ariz : Hats Off . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Ross , Sharon ( 2011 ) . Beyond the Box Television and the Internet . Chicester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rocky Horror Picture Show </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rocky Horror Picture Show . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Metacritic </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show official trailer at YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Rocky Horror Picture Show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Show Live ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) <Ul> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) <Ul> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' </Li> <Li> `` Dammit Janet '' </Li> <Li> `` Over at the Frankenstein Place '' </Li> <Li> `` The Time Warp '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Transvestite '' </Li> <Li> `` I Can Make You a Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Rose Tint My World '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Going Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Video game </Li> <Li> Cult following </Li> <Li> Sequels and other media </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show </Li> <Li> `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' ( EP ) </Li> <Li> A Regular Frankie Fan </Li> <Li> Sal Piro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Jim Sharman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Shirley Thompson vs. the Aliens ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Summer of Secrets ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Night the Prowler ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show&oldid=853833109 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1975 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> Rocky Horror </Li> <Li> 1970s comedy horror films </Li> <Li> 1970s LGBT - 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who starred in the original rocky horror picture show
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show&amp;oldid=853833109
-1,714,009,530,215,124,700
Visa Requirements for United States Citizens - wikipedia <H1> Visa Requirements for United States Citizens </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A United States passport with biometric chip . <P> Visa requirements for United States citizens and non-citizen nationals are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United States . </P> <P> As of 19 January 2018 , holders of a United States passport could travel to 174 countries and territories without a travel visa , or with visa on arrival , and the United States passport was ranked joint 4th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Visa requirements map </Li> <Li> 2 Visa requirements <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Non-visa restrictions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Passport validity length </Li> <Li> 3.2 Blank passport pages </Li> <Li> 3.3 Vaccination </Li> <Li> 3.4 Israeli stamps </Li> <Li> 3.5 Armenian ethnicity </Li> <Li> 3.6 Persona non grata </Li> <Li> 3.7 Fingerprinting </Li> <Li> 3.8 Criminal record </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Passport card </Li> <Li> 5 APEC Travel Business Card </Li> <Li> 6 Consular protection of US citizens abroad </Li> <Li> 7 Foreign travel statistics </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References and Notes </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Visa requirements map ( edit ) </H2> Visa requirements for holders of regular United States passports United States Visa free access Visa issued upon arrival Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa Both visa on arrival and eVisa available Visa required prior to arrival Travel ban imposed by the U.S. federal government <H2> Visa Requirements ( edit ) </H2> <P> General visa requirements of sovereign countries towards United States citizens : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visitors born in Afghanistan do not require a visa . </Li> <Li> Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline . </Li> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 year </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visas must be issued at the Embassy of Algeria in Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by Israel . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diplomatic , official and courtesy visas may be obtained online </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . </Li> <Li> Departure tax ( ~ $27 ) applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days , extendable up to 180 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Electronic Travel Authority </Td> <Td> 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period if granted </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May enter using SmartGate . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days , the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan . </Li> <Li> Applicants of Armenian ancestry or with Armenian visas in their passport may not obtain a visa . </Li> <Li> Can obtain a 30 days visa on arrival only if arriving on a direct flight of Azerbaijan Airlines from New York City . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 8 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 14 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa also obtainable online </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport . </Li> <Li> Visa is not required by Bangladeshi Americans . </Li> <Li> Departure tax applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 28 days , extendable up to 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 5 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Must arrive via Minsk International Airport . </Li> <Li> Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . </Li> <Li> Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 7 days is mandatory . </Li> <Li> Visa - free visits to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park for up to 3 days . </Li> <Li> Visa - free visits to the Grodno and Augustow Canal visa - free zone for up to 5 days . </Li> <Li> No transit without a visa under any circumstance . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 month , extendable up to 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Departure tax ( ~ $40 ) applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Single or multiple entry ( ~ $40 ) can be applied </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination recommended </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> $250 per day is a non-negotiable minimum daily tariff paid by all visitors to Bhutan . </Li> <Li> Visas are issued only to tourists booked with a local licensed tour operator . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> $160 reciprocal fee must be paid in cash if applying for either a pre-approved visa or a visa on arrival . Visas are issued with 10 year validity . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 6 - month period </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any year period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> 90 days per year ; valid for 2 years . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 1 month </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visitors are fingerprinted </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa is also obtainable online . </Li> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination and current immunization records required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anyone with a criminal record ( including misdemeanors or alcohol - related driving offenses in the US ) may not be able to enter Canada without first obtaining an approval for rehabilitation or a Temporary Resident Permit ( TRP ) . </Li> <Li> Passport Card , NEXUS card , or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . </Li> <Li> Passengers arriving via Africa must hold an International Certificate of Vaccination . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> <Li> Registration within 72 hours is mandatory prior to arrival . Registration is good for the life of the passport . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration mandatory within 24 hours of arrival ; </Li> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure between the ages of 14 and 70 . </Li> <Li> 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Shenyang , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) . Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under this policy . </Li> <Li> Visas for US citizens are valid for up to 10 years . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days , extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> <Li> Airport exit fee ( $50 ) must be paid in cash . </Li> <Li> Registration required . </Li> <Li> Visas must be issued at the DR Congo embassy in Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Exception : Visa approval may be prearranged along with booking by Virunga National Park ( visitvirunga.org ) for those entering via the Grand Barriere border crossing with Rwanda . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> <Li> A letter of invitation or written proof of a hotel reservation required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Departure tax of $29 applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> Tourist Card required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tourist travel was historically prohibited under U.S. law for U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and others subject to U.S. jurisdiction . Under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations , all persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are not permitted to travel to Cuba , and must be licensed in order to engage in any travel - related transactions pursuant to travel to , from , and within Cuba . In July 2015 , the United States resumed diplomatic relations with Cuba . Discussions on lifting the travel ban have initiated . On June 16 , 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump announced new travel restrictions . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Citizens of the United States can freely enter and stay in Denmark for up to 90 days every six months , regardless of whether they have stayed in another Schengen area ( except the other Nordic countries ) country prior to entry into Denmark . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Departure tax of $22 applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days , extendable up to 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days , extendable for another 90 days , per year </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eVisa issued for 30 days . </Li> <Li> 30 days when arriving by air ; </Li> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued for $25 . </Li> <Li> Tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheikh , Saint Catherine or Taba airports and remaining in the Sinai resorts do not require a visa up to 15 days </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required if you are traveling from a country with risk of yellow fever . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Airport departure tax ( $20 ) applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Obtainable at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . </Li> <Li> Visitors are fingerprinted </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 4 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 year </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months , extensions possible </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> An exit tax must be paid when departing by air . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Single entry valid for 3 months . </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visitors must apply for a visa on arrival in advance or online . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Departing airport tax must be paid in cash . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> e-Visa </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . </Li> <Li> e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . </Li> <Li> $60 fee </Li> <Li> Confirmation has to be shown at the border where a visa on arrival is issued . </Li> <Li> Visitors are fingerprinted . </Li> <Li> American citizens are eligible for a ten - year , multiple - entry tourist visa . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Otherwise Iranian visas must be obtained from the Special Interests section of the Embassy of Pakistan , Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> US visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry and are ineligible for visa on arrival available to other tourists . </Li> <Li> Independent travelers from the USA applying on American , British , or Canadian passports must be accompanied by an authorized guide at all times , regardless of previous nationality , ethnic background , or religion . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Some U.S. citizens must obtain an exit stamp at a Residency Office before departing the country . </Li> <Li> Some visitors who plan to stay for more than 10 days must also obtain a residency stamp . </Li> <Li> Visitors who come as part of a government - sponsored tour , upon presentation of proper paperwork from the government , may receive a visa on arrival at Baghdad International Airport for $80 + 1250 Iraqi dinar . Visitors are not required to obtain any other permits , including for Iraqi Kurdistan , or submit blood tests . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Strict application of immigration rules regarding providing proof of the trip purpose , sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dual nationals ( of Israel and the United States ) who do n't have an Israeli passport , including infants , may be required to obtain an Israeli passport in order to leave Israel . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> There is a departure tax for travelers , which is regularly included in airfare . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days ; conditions apply </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . </Li> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued for 40 JOD ( about $56 ) . </Li> <Li> Iris scan is taken on arrival and departure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> As part of the no - visa pilot program in period 15 July 2014 -- 15 July 2015 . In June 2015 this program was extended until December 31 , 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination is recommended . </Li> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Airport Embarkation Tax of AU $20 is levied on all passengers leaving Kiribati . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> Travel restricted </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US passports holders must obtain a special passport validation from the U.S. federal government before travel . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days , conditions apply , extendable up to 60 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 1 month extendable for 2 additional months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 14 days , extendable up to 180 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visitors travelling to Libya for touristic purposes are required to convert USD 1,000 or equivalent on arrival . </Li> <Li> Holders of passports bearing an Israeli visa or entry / exit stamps from Israel are not allowed to enter Libya . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mandatory medical insurance . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at all airports servicing international flights . </Li> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Visas for 60 or 90 days available for a fee . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> From 1 October 2015 visitors are generally advised to obtain a visa in advance . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . </Li> <Li> Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days , extendable up to 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Letter of invitation required . </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> unlimited </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Departure fee of $20 applies . </Li> <Li> U.S. citizens may live and work freely in the Marshall Islands under the Compact of Free Association . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All visitors entering by land and traveling farther than 20 kilometers into Mexico or staying longer than 72 hours should obtain a document Forma Migratoria Multiple . </Li> <Li> Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Micronesia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> unlimited </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All states except Yap have a departure fee . The fees are $10 for Kosrae and $20 for Pohnpei and Chuuk . </Li> <Li> U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Micronesia under the Compact of Free Association . </Li> <Li> There is no limit to the length of time U.S. citizens can remain in the FSM . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 6 - month period </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration upon arrival is mandatory . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration required after 30 days . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> 28 days . </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or from three land border crossings : Tachileik , Myawaddy , and Kawthaung </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nauru </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visas are issued with validity of 30 days . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders . </Li> <Li> Total of no more than 150 aggregate days in any given calendar year . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May enter using SmartGate . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A tourist card must be purchased for $10 upon arrival . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa can be obtained online . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days , extendable for 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holders of a visa or entrance stamp of the Emirate of Dubai that is valid for at least 21 days are visa exempt . </Li> <Li> Holders of a visa for Qatar that is valid for travel to Oman and valid for at least one month are visa exempt when arriving directly from Qatar . </Li> <Li> Iris scan is taken on arrival </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . </Li> <Li> Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 year </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Palau under the Compact of Free Association . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 180 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denial of entry or transit to any person who has a criminal conviction . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 60 days , extendable for 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A passport is required to enter Paraguay . U.S. Citizens arriving by air may obtain a `` visa en arribo '' ( visa on arrival ) at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asuncion . This is a multiple entry visa with a validity of up to 10 ( ten ) years . The current fee is $160 , payable in U.S. Currency ( credit cards are not accepted ) . If not arriving at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport , prior to traveling to Paraguay , you must apply for a visa in person or by secure messenger at the Paraguayan Embassy in Washington D.C. or the nearest Paraguayan consulate , and pay the fee . Minors must provide a notarized authorization from parent / guardian with their visa application . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> up to 183 days ; determined on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival valid for 59 days is available for $50 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Polish Americans must use Polish passport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available only at Hamad International Airport , for other ports of entry a Free visa as of 20 Oct 2017 that could change ) and can be extended for 1 month . </Li> <Li> Holders of a valid common visa issued by Oman are exempt from a visa if arriving from Oman directly . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 72 - hour visa - free for international cruise ship / ferry passengers only if travelling with an organized tour and accompanied at all times by a tour operator . </Li> <Li> Registration required after 7 business days . </Li> <Li> American citizens may receive multiple entry visas valid for three years . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visitors are fingerprinted </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 weeks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 1 month </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 60 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> <Li> Departure tax of $30 applies . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 15 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . </Li> <Li> Advance visa is required . </Li> <Li> No tourist visas available . </Li> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months , extendable up to a year </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure </Li> <Li> Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Medical insurance required . </Li> <Li> Sufficient funds of $50 per person per day required . </Li> <Li> Registration within 3 working days required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months within 12 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . </Li> <Li> 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holders of passports without 2 blank pages may be refused entry . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Two blank passport pages required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . </Li> <Li> Exit visa required . </Li> <Li> Registration within 3 days mandatory . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Obtainable at Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days , extendable up to 60 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration required within 15 days . </Li> <Li> Departure tax applies at all borders . </Li> <Li> Persons with passports bearing Israeli visas or entry / exit stamps are not allowed to enter . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 45 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival available only at Dushanbe International Airport . </Li> <Li> If arriving from a country that has a Tajik diplomatic mission a visa should be obtained in advance . </Li> <Li> Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ordinary visa available on arrival for $100 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days ( maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days for arrivals by air only </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 7 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> e-Visa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> From 28 December 2017 , eVisa policy for US citizens has been reinstated . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Departure fee of $25 applies . </Li> <Li> 10 - day visa on arrival if holding letter of invitation issued by a company registered in Turkmenistan with a prior approval from the Foreign Ministry . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 1 month , extendable up to 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> Determined at the port of entry . </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Must apply online at least 2 business days or more prior to travel . As of March 2017 , airlines were refusing passengers permission to board flights to Uganda if they did not have a print - out of the document showing that they had successfully applied for an eVisa . Ugandan immigration authorities also may require additional documentation , including proof of a return plane ticket and detailed tour itinerary in Uganda . </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . </Li> <Li> Iris scan taken on arrival </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simplified procedure for the United States citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . </Li> <Li> Registration within 3 days is mandatory . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days , extendable up to 120 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vatican City </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All visa applications must be made in person , and all applicants will be interviewed at the Venezuelan embassy or consulate . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> eVisa </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A single entry eVisa is available . </Li> <Li> Phú Quốc visa exemption for up to 30 days . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Registration mandatory . </Li> <Li> Exit visa required for stays over 30 days . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 90 days ( exact period determined on arrival , later extendable free of charge ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All visitors are fingerprinted . </Li> <Li> Two blank pages required </Li> <Li> International Certificate of Vaccination required . </Li> <Li> Electronic visa also available . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> eVisa / Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tourism purposes only . </Li> <Li> Electronic visa also available . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) </H3> <P> Visa requirements for United States citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above , and restricted zones : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea outside Asmara </Td> <Td> Travel permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ascension Island </Td> <Td> Entry Permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Helena </Td> <Td> Visitor 's Pass required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tristan da Cunha </Td> <Td> Permission required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayotte </Td> <Td> Visa Not Required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Td> <Td> Undefined </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somaliland </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reunion </Td> <Td> Visa Not Required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan outside Khartoum </Td> <Td> Travel permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan Darfur </Td> <Td> Travel permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Separate travel permit is required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Indian Ocean Territory </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permit required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hainan </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 2 or more people ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India PAP / RAP </Td> <Td> PAP / RAP required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraqi Kurdistan </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baikonur & Priozersk </Td> <Td> Special permission required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permission required for the city of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Priozersk near Almaty . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kish Island </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabah and Sarawak </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives outside Malé </Td> <Td> Permission required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mecca and Medina </Td> <Td> Special access required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Sentinel Island </Td> <Td> Restricted zone </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palestine </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province </Td> <Td> OIVR permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tibet Autonomous Region </Td> <Td> TTP required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Closed cities of Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A special permit , issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean Demilitarized Zone </Td> <Td> Restricted zone </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UNDOF Zone and Ghajar </Td> <Td> Restricted zone </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phú Quốc </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden </Td> <Td> Special permission required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Caribbean and North Atlantic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anguilla </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aruba </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any year period </Td> <Td> * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bermuda </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Up to 6 months , decided on arrival . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba ) </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any year period </Td> <Td> * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 30 days , extensions possible </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cayman Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Andrés and Leticia </Td> <Td> Tourist Card on arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curacao </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any year period </Td> <Td> * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French West Indies </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months ( French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenland </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margarita Island </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> All visitors are fingerprinted . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montserrat </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 6 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Unlimited </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> No Passport is required , but a driver 's permit / license is required for entry if flying . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sint Maarten </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days in 1 year </Td> <Td> * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turks and Caicos Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Unlimited </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> No Passport is required , but it may be necessary when departing and re-entering . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abkhazia </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Athos </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ATO zone </Td> <Td> Special permission required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brest and Grodno </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Visa - free for 10 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crimea </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Visa issued by Russia is required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donetsk People 's Republic </Td> <Td> Restricted area </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus </Td> <Td> Access Permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faroe Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gibraltar </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guernsey </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Isle of Man </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jan Mayen </Td> <Td> Permit required </Td> <Td> 24 hours </Td> <Td> Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kosovo </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lugansk People 's Republic </Td> <Td> Restricted area </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Artsakh </Td> <Td> Visa required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Closed cities of Russia </Td> <Td> Special authorization required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Ossetia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Svalbard </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Unlimited ( Svalbard Treaty ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transnistria </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 24 hours </Td> <Td> Registration required after 24h . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Samoa </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Unlimited </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> must have a valid six month passport , a return ticket , or an onward ticket , for entry </Li> <Li> U.S. citizens may live and work freely in American Samoa . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashmore and Cartier Islands </Td> <Td> Special authorisation required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special authorisation required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipperton Island </Td> <Td> Special permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permit required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cook Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lau Province </Td> <Td> Special permission required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permission required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Polynesia </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 90 days within any 180 day period </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guam </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Unlimited </Td> <Td> U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Guam . Proof of citizenship is required for entry . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niue </Td> <Td> Visa on arrival </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Mariana Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> Unlimited </Td> <Td> U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the Northern Mariana Islands . Proof of citizenship is required for entry . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pitcairn Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokelau </Td> <Td> Entry permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Minor Outlying Islands </Td> <Td> Special permits required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> South America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galápagos </Td> <Td> Pre-registration required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Guiana </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> 3 months </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> South Atlantic and Antarctica </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor to </Th> <Th> Visa requirement </Th> <Th> Allowed stay </Th> <Th> Notes ( excluding departure fees ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Falkland Islands </Td> <Td> Visa not required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Visa is not required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Td> <Td> Permit required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antarctica </Td> <Td> Special permits required </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) </H2> This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) <H3> Passport validity length ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . </P> <P> Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . </P> <P> Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . </P> <P> Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . </P> <P> Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . </P> <P> Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . </P> <P> Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . </P> <H3> Blank passport pages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . </P> <H3> Vaccination ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . </P> <P> Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . </P> <H3> Israeli stamps ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . </P> <P> To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . </P> <Ul> <Li> Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months </Li> </Ul> <H3> Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) </H3> <P> Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . </P> <P> Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . </P> <P> Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . </P> <H3> Persona non grata ( edit ) </H3> <P> The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . </P> <H3> Fingerprinting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all passengers , or all foreign passengers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . </P> <H3> Criminal record ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . </P> <H2> Passport Card ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States Passport Card can be used as an alternative to the booklet passport when travelling to and from Canada , Mexico , Bermuda and many Caribbean islands at sea ports - of - entry or land border crossings . </P> <H2> APEC travel Business Card ( edit ) </H2> <P> The APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) is meant to facilitate travel for U.S. citizens engaged in verified business in the APEC region . </P> <P> The U.S. ABTC will enable access to a dedicated fast - track lane for expedited immigration processing at participating foreign some APEC member airports . U.S. APEC Business Travel Card holders may also use the Global Entry kiosks at participating airports upon their U.S. return . But the U.S. APEC Business Travel Card ca n't be used in lieu of a visa to enter an APEC member country . Other countries ' APEC cards can be used in lieu of visas . But the U.S. has decided not to participate in the visa reciprocity part of the program because the government is unwilling to waive visa interviews . Legislation authorizes the Department of Homeland Security to issue U.S. APEC Business Travel Cards only through Sept. 30 , 2018 , unless the law is amended to extend that date . </P> <H2> Consular Protection of U.S. Citizens abroad ( edit ) </H2> American diplomatic missions ( in the year 2007 ) , including embassies ( blue ) , interests sections , and other representations ( light blue ) <P> The United States has the most diplomatic missions out of any country in the world . See also List of diplomatic missions of the United States . </P> <P> The Department of State regularly publishes travel warnings or travel alerts . </P> <H2> Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) </H2> This section is transcluded from United States passport . ( edit history ) <P> These are the numbers of visits by U.S. nationals to various countries in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Foreign travel statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Destination </Th> <Th> Number of visitors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Samoa </Td> <Td> 17,053 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 17,259 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anguilla </Td> <Td> 105,189 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antarctica </Td> <Td> 13,660 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> 96,347 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aruba </Td> <Td> 576,793 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 711,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 702,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 12,291 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> 1,146,272 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> 168,945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 299,907 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 254,544 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bermuda </Td> <Td> 182,896 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 7,292 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> 58,403 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 20,985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 49,451 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 570,350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> 442,434 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 90,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 5,984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 238,658 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 13,280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 23,895,385 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 4,282 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cayman Islands </Td> <Td> 300,571 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 208,623 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 2,085,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 428,927 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Congo </Td> <Td> 5,352 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cook Islands </Td> <Td> 6,192 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 1,233,277 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 317,414 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> 91,254 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curacao </Td> <Td> 59,714 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> 25,388 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 539,023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> 17,773 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 2,073,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Caribbean : <Ul> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> Saba </Li> <Li> Sint Eustatius </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> 5,900 2,000 2,700 1,200 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 259,406 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 447,628 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 38,381 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 81,198 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 107,745 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 3,622,362 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Polynesia </Td> <Td> 51,095 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> <Td> 4,058 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 42,645 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 2,558,495 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 750,250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenland </Td> <Td> 2,767 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> 67,250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guam </Td> <Td> 77,701 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 447,140 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> 82,966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 266,793 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> 1,215,629 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 275,314 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 576,403 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 316,782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,296,939 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 1,294,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 672,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 3,567,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> 1,509,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 1,375,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> 166,441 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 26,402 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> 13,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> 58,094 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 41,517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 154,095 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 2,679 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> 35,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 32,144 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> 190,885 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> 11,495 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 4,165 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 217,075 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> 39,180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 26,454 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 36,386 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 4,479 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martinique </Td> <Td> 6,463 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 9,655 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 10,340,463 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Micronesia </Td> <Td> 6,671 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> 18,263 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> 16,684 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 18,874 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montserrat </Td> <Td> 1,665 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 76,502 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 26,339 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 42,687 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 1,450,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 330,128 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niue </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 288,538 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> 53,165 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 117,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 338,590 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> 12,181 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> 19,479 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 545,212 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 779,217 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 474,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 102,774 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 175,667 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 248,990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> 154 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> 152,738 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> 22,324 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> 10,591 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 34,169 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 6,038 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 516,276 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sint Maarten </Td> <Td> 236,379 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 45,670 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 95,863 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> 1,413 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 297,226 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 868,881 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 2,650,068 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 57,479 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> 7,543 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 18,014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 577,628 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> 86,860 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 1,056,124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> 1,666 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> 6,718 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> 161,539 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> 13,896 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 329,257 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turks and Caicos </Td> <Td> 315,247 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 56,766 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 153,778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 743,657 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 2,949,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 70,457 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 614,117 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 38,496 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 66,577 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> ^ Data for 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Dats for 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for arrivals by air only . </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2012 </Li> <Li> ^ Excluding an one - day visits </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2010 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2007 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2011 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for 2005 </Li> <Li> ^ Data for arrivals by air only . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Visa policy of the United States </Li> <Li> United States passport </Li> <Li> Bureau of Consular Affairs </Li> <Li> United States Passport Card </Li> <Li> List of nationalities forbidden at border </Li> </Ul> <H2> References and notes ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> References </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Afghanistan '' . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Afghanistan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Albania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Algeria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Andorra Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Turisme d'Andorra . Useful information on the Principality '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Angola '' . </Li> <Li> ^ `` ICAESC ONLINE '' . vistos.icaesc.org . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Angola Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Visa Entry Requirements for Antigua and Barbuda '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ http://www.immigration.gov.ag/visa-services/general-visa-information/ </Li> <Li> ^ `` Antigua and Barbuda Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . </Li> <Li> ^ `` U.S. visa to be issued for 10 year - period '' . </Li> <Li> ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Australia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Australia opens biometric ' SmartGate ' programme to US citizens - Planet Biometrics News '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Electronic Travel Authority ( Subclass 601 ) '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Austria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Important Notice to Foreign Visitors '' . Embassy of Azerbaijan , Washington , D.C. Retrieved 21 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Azerbaijan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Embassy of Azerbaijan '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Bahamas , The Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Bahrain Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . 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Retrieved 16 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ ( 57 ) </Li> <Li> ^ ( 58 ) </Li> <Li> ^ T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD </Li> <Li> ^ ( 59 ) </Li> <Li> ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ ( 60 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Migration - Visitors by nationalities </Li> <Li> ^ Ministry of Tourism , Wildlife and Antiquities Sector Statistical Abstract , 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ `` Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2017 year , by countries '' . </Li> <Li> ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai </Li> <Li> ^ Abu Dhabi Statistics </Li> <Li> ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality </Li> <Li> ^ Overseas Residents Visits to the UK 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ ( 61 ) </Li> <Li> ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Tourism Statistical Digests </Li> <Li> ^ Tourism Trends and Statistics Annual Report 2015 </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Ahmedabad </Li> <Li> Amritsar </Li> <Li> Bagdogra </Li> <Li> Bengaluru </Li> <Li> Chandigarh </Li> <Li> Chennai </Li> <Li> Coimbatore </Li> <Li> Delhi </Li> <Li> Gaya </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Guwahati </Li> <Li> Hyderabad </Li> <Li> Jaipur </Li> <Li> Kochi </Li> <Li> Kolkata </Li> <Li> Kozhikode </Li> <Li> Lucknow </Li> <Li> Mangaluru </Li> <Li> Mumbai </Li> <Li> Nagpur </Li> <Li> Pune </Li> <Li> Thiruvananthapuram </Li> <Li> Tiruchirappalli </Li> <Li> Varanasi </Li> <Li> Visakhapatnam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Cochin </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Mangalore </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official U.S. Government database , Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Visa requirements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Visa </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> <Li> Travel document </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angolan </Li> <Li> Cameroonian </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chadian </Li> <Li> DR Congo </Li> <Li> R Congo </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinean </Li> <Li> Gabonese </Li> <Li> Santomean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burundian </Li> <Li> Comorian </Li> <Li> Djiboutian </Li> <Li> Eritrean </Li> <Li> Ethiopian </Li> <Li> Kenyan </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> Malawian </Li> <Li> Mauritian </Li> <Li> Mozambican </Li> <Li> Rwandan </Li> <Li> Seychellois </Li> <Li> Somali ( Somaliland ) </Li> <Li> South Sudanese </Li> <Li> Tanzanian </Li> <Li> Ugandan </Li> <Li> Zambian </Li> <Li> Zimbabwean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algerian </Li> <Li> Egyptian </Li> <Li> Libyan </Li> <Li> Moroccan </Li> <Li> Sudanese </Li> <Li> Tunisian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Namibian </Li> <Li> Saint Helena </Li> <Li> South African </Li> <Li> Swazi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beninese </Li> <Li> Burkinabe </Li> <Li> Cape Verdean </Li> <Li> Gambian </Li> <Li> Ghanaian </Li> <Li> Guinean </Li> <Li> Guinea - 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Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . </P> Immigration law </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Visa policy by country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Visa </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> <Li> Travel document </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> DR Congo </Li> <Li> R Congo </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Somalia ( Somaliland ) </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) </Li> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> St. Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> St. Lucia </Li> <Li> St. Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> United States Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central & North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> China <Ul> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Taiwan ( Republic of China ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast ( ASEAN ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> East Timor </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Akrotiri and Dhekelia </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> European Union / EFTA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Denmark <Ul> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France <Ul> <Li> Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Netherlands <Ul> <Li> Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Norway <Ul> <Li> Svalbard </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Akrotiri and Dhekelia </Li> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Vatican City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Micronesia </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Niue </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Pitcairn Islands </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Tokelau </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . 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where can a us citizen travel without a visa
[ { "yes_no_answer": "NONE", "long_answer": { "start_token": -1, "candidate_index": -1, "end_token": -1 }, "short_answers": [], "annotation_id": 5501385623102638000 } ]
https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_United_States_citizens&amp;oldid=825523334
7,512,214,298,567,146,000
Student of the Year - wikipedia <H1> Student of the Year </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Student of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Karan Johar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Hiroo Yash Johar Gauri Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Niranjan Iyengar ( dialogue ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Rensil D'Silva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Sidharth Malhotra Varun Dhawan Alia Bhatt Rishi Kapoor Ronit Roy Ram Kapoor Sana Saeed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Group of cast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Vishal - Shekhar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Ayananka Bose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Deepa Bhatia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Dharma Productions Red Chillies Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Dharma Productions ( India ) Eros Entertainment ( international ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 19 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 146 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Hindi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> ₹ 59 crore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> est . ₹ 96.66 crore </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Student of the Year is a 2012 Indian romantic comedy - drama film directed by Karan Johar and produced by Hiroo Yash Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions and in collaboration with Shah Rukh Khan 's Red Chillies Entertainment . The movie launched the careers of Sidharth Malhotra , Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt , who played the lead roles , and also featured Rishi Kapoor , Sana Saeed , Ronit Roy , Sahil Anand , Ram Kapoor and Farida Jalal in supporting roles . The movie also features Boman Irani , Kajol , Farah Khan and Vaibhavi Merchant in guest appearances . This is Karan Johar 's first directorial venture without Shah Rukh Khan . </P> <P> Student of the Year was released on 19 October 2012 in over 1400 locations across India . It was one of the highest grossing Bollywood films of 2012 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Marketing <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Pre-release business </Li> <Li> 4.2 Post-release box office <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 India </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Critical reception of soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Former principal Dean Yogendra Vashisht ( Rishi Kapoor ) has aged and fallen ill . He desires to see the students from his last batch , who were part of the `` Student of the Year '' competition . Some former students arrive to the hospital to meet the Dean and talk about their regrets from ten years ago in college . They hold themselves responsible for the lively Dean having falling ill . The film then goes into a flashback set ten years back at the college . </P> <P> The richest and most popular guy in the college , Rohan `` Ro '' Nanda ( Varun Dhawan ) , is the son of a huge business tycoon Ashok Nanda ( Ram Kapoor ) . His father wants him to be a businessman like him and disagrees with his passion for music . Shanaya Singhania ( Alia Bhatt ) , a fashion addict and the most popular girl in the campus is Rohan 's girlfriend . She is unsatisfied with her family , as her mother constantly divorces and marries rich men . Shanaya gets upset with Rohan 's regular flirting with Tanya Israni ( Sana Saeed ) , another student and Shanaya 's arch - nemesis . Abhimanyu `` Abhi '' Singh ( Sidharth Malhotra ) arrives at the college and becomes the classy new heartthrob . Abhi becomes the most popular guy in the college . He plays the role of the perfect student and a perfect man . He is an orphan from a middle - class family , and lives with his aunt , uncle and grandmother . His dream is to become a big business tycoon like Ashok . Rohan and Abhimanyu argue at first but soon become best friends . Rohan introduces Shanaya to Abhimanyu , warning Abhimanyu not to get involved with her romantically . </P> <P> Abhimanyu is invited to Rohan 's elder brother 's destination wedding in Thailand , which Shanaya and other rich family friends are attending as well . In Thailand , Shanaya sees Tanya and Rohan flirting again and gets even more upset when Rohan is rude to her and sides with Tanya . Abhimanyu tells her that they can teach Rohan to respect his girlfriend . At a party , Shanaya openly flirts with Abhimanyu , attempting to make Rohan jealous . The plan works but Rohan discovers she did this to get him back on track . </P> <P> On the wedding day , Rohan apologises to her and is easily forgiven while Abhimanyu realises that he is in love with Shanaya . They head back to India , where the `` Student Of The Year '' competition , which determines the best student with good logical thinking and is a good sportsperson , commences . First round is the quiz in which Rohan , Abhi and most of their friends win . The second round is the treasure hunt . Abhimanyu and Shanaya 's team wins the hunt , though Rohan 's team also qualifies . Abhimanyu 's grandmother falls sick and eventually dies . Shanaya stands by him during this difficult time . Upset , Abhimanyu sends Shanaya away , but now she is also attracted to him , stays back and they happen to kiss . Rohan sees this and is heartbroken , becoming enemies and fighting with Abhimanyu . </P> <P> In the third round , the Prom , a confused Shanaya picks Rohan 's friend Jeet Khurana ( Sahil Anand ) as her partner as she ca n't choose between Abhimanyu and Rohan . Rohan , who disowns Jeet and ends his friendship with him , goes with Tanya and Abhimanyu with Shanaya 's ex best friend Shruti Pathak ( Manasi Rachh ) when she has a spat with Shanaya . Shanaya is disqualified for leaving the dance before it ends . The last round of the competition is a triathlon . Abhimanyu is winning but sees how Ashok does n't want Rohan to win . He intentionally slows down and lets Rohan win . In the award ceremony , Yogi is abused by a drunken friend of theirs , Kaizad `` Sudo '' Sodabottleopenerwala ( Kayoze Irani ) due to which he eventually retires . </P> <P> In the present , Rohan is a pop star but single . Abhimanyu and Shanaya are now married and Abhimanyu in the present day is now a successful investment banker . They all see each other after coming to meet their principal , Abhimanyu and Rohan have a fight and let out everything they were holding back for ten years . They then unite after Rohan discovers the truth about the triathlon leading both of them to realize how important friendship is . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Varun Dhawan as Rohan `` Ro '' Nanda , Student of the Year </Li> <Li> Sidharth Malhotra as Abhimanyu `` Abhi '' Singh </Li> <Li> Alia Bhatt as Shanaya Singhania , Rohan 's girlfriend , Abhimanyu 's love interest </Li> <Li> Sana Saeed as Tanya Israni </Li> <Li> Rishi Kapoor as Dean Yogendra Vashishth </Li> <Li> Sahil Anand as Jeet Khurana </Li> <Li> Manasi Rachh as Shruti Pathak </Li> <Li> Kayoze Irani as Kaizad `` Sudo '' Sodabottleopenerwala </Li> <Li> Manjot Singh as Dimpy </Li> <Li> Ronit Roy as Coach Shah </Li> <Li> Ram Kapoor as Ashok Nanda </Li> <Li> Gautami Kapoor as Gayatri Nanda </Li> <Li> Farida Jalal as Abhimanyu 's grandmother </Li> <Li> Akshay Anand as Abhimanyu 's uncle </Li> <Li> Manini Mishra as Geeta Singh ( Abhimanyu 's aunt ) </Li> <Li> Prachi Shah as Coach Shah 's wife </Li> <Li> Nandini Sen as Shanaya 's mother </Li> <Li> Boman Irani as Harikishan Sanan </Li> <Li> Abdul Quadir Amin as Friend </Li> <Li> Sushma Seth in a cameo appearance as Yogendra 's mother </Li> <Li> Farah Khan in a guest appearance as a judge in `` The Disco Song '' </Li> <Li> Vaibhavi Merchant in a guest appearance as a judge in `` The Disco Song '' </Li> <Li> Kajol in a guest appearance in `` The Disco Song '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> Sidharth Malhotra , Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt , the first three debutantes ever to star in a Karan Johar directorial <P> On 5 January 2011 , Karan Johar uploaded the first look poster of the new film on the micro-blogging website Twitter . Student of the Year marks the debuts of Alia Bhatt , the daughter of filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt , Varun Dhawan , the son of director David Dhawan , Sidharth Malhotra , Boman Irani 's son Kayoze Irani and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai fame Sana Saeed ( role of `` Anjali '' as the daughter of Shah Rukh Khan and Rani Mukerji ) . </P> <P> Malhotra and Dhawan had previously worked as assistant directors under Johar during the making of the 2010 film My Name Is Khan . Rishi Kapoor played a gay dean . </P> <P> The first official trailer was released on 2 August 2012 . Karan Johar later tweeted saying that the film will be released on 19 October 2012 . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 16 August 2011 , director Karan Johar took the Mahurat shot and Mumbai socialite Parmeshwar Godrej rolled the cameras . Some parts of the movie were shot in Kashmir and Dehradun ( Forest Research Institute , Dehradun ) . The external view of the school was taken from Kasiga School Dehradun , whose name was changed to St. Teresa . The hospital scenes were filmed outside The Lalit Grand Palace , Srinagar . The film was also shot in Thailand . Rob Miller of ReelSports , who had worked with Shahrukh Khan on Chak De ! India , was hired to direct the sports action in Student of the Year . </P> <H2> Marketing ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film targeted viewers with contest - based marketing . Stressing ' competition ' which would make up for a significant part of the movie , contests such as the ' Nano Student of the Year ' , ' The Buddy of the Year ' and ' FedEx International Student of the Year ' were launched targeting students across the country . </P> <P> Tata Motors , on - ground promotion partner for the movie , launched the ' Nano Student of the Year ' contest for all college students in India . In the first round students were judged on four parameters ; namely , academics , culture , sports and social life . The top eight finalists would compete for the ' Nano Student of the Year ' title . The contest was held across India in mid-September 2012 . </P> <P> The production house partnered with FedEx Express announcing a special ' FedEx Student Offer ' and launch of ' FedEx International Student of the Year ' campaign . It was aimed at individuals in India applying for higher education abroad . Student of the Year was promoted across non-fiction properties such as Kaun Banega Crorepati on Sony Entertainment Television and Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa and Bigg Boss on Colors . Radio stations such as Red FM , Radio City , Big FM were used for the promotion of the film and its music . </P> <H3> Pre-release business ( edit ) </H3> <P> The satellite rights of Student of the Year were sold with Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani for ₹ 500 million ( US $7.0 million ) together to Sony Entertainment Television . The music rights were sold to Sony Music for a sum of ₹ 70 million ( US $970,000 ) . </P> <H3> Post-release Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Critics were apprehensive of the success of the film as several hyped movies have flopped over the years . Also , the movie had a very high price tag and newcomers starred in the movie . However , the film took a thunderous start at the box office , becoming the biggest non-starcast opener ever in Bollywood . The movie surpassed trade expectations and caused profit to both makers and distributors in the first week itself . It remained the highest grossing non-starcast film in Bollywood until its record was broken by Aashiqui 2 . </P> India ( edit ) <P> Student of the Year had a good opening at multiplexes while little lower at single screens due to limited release where it had collected ₹ 74.8 million ( US $1.0 million ) on its opening day . The film showed good growth on its second day and collected ₹ 85.0 million ( US $1.2 million ) nett. Student of the Year collected a good figure of around ₹ 253 million ( US $3.5 million ) at the end of its first weekend . It did very well and collected ₹ 431 million ( US $6.0 million ) nett in its first week . The film had a moderate second weekend where it earned around ₹ 80 million ( US $1.1 million ) nett. Student of the Year had a drop in its second and third week where it had collected ₹ 140 million ( US $1.9 million ) and ₹ 32.5 million ( US $450,000 ) respectively to make a total of ₹ 633 million ( US $8.8 million ) in three weeks . </P> <P> As per the latest updates , Student of the Year stands at an all India collection of ₹ 700 million ( US $9.7 million ) after four weeks run at the box office . </P> Overseas ( edit ) <P> Student of the Year collected about US $1.25 million , which Box Office India thought was a poor showing for having been released on 300 screens . It collected around $1.85 million in ten days . The film fell in the second week in most markets . Student of the Year closed at around million in overseas markets . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> Karan Johar and Alia Bhatt promoting the movie <P> Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4 / 5 stars , saying , `` Student of the Year is a love story that traverses the trodden path . But KJo is an artisan with intellect and taste and he ensures that the script is spruced up and modernized with such elan that it does n't offend the spectator 's wisdom or intelligence . The accomplished director takes on familiar material and gives it an entirely new twirl . This is escapist cinema at its best ! On the whole , Student of the Year is amongst Karan Johar 's most accomplished works . The youth brigade would love it and those who have already passed that age would want to revisit those days . This one 's entertainment , entertainment and entertainment at its best . Clearly , KJo has a winner on hands , yet again ! '' Komal Nahta also gave it 4 / 5 calling it a `` supremely entertaining '' movie . Raedita Tandon of Filmfare gave it a 4 / 5 stars stating `` All in all , Karan 's SOTY world is surreal and spectacular yet it has moments that will bring you back to reality and warm the cockles of your heart . This is escapism at its best . '' Joginder Tuteja of Indiaglitz gave the movie 4 / 5 stars and commented , `` With a fun outing like Student of the Year , Karan Johar has proven once again that he can fluctuate between making a relatively serious film like ' My Name Is Khan ' and come back to candy floss youth entertainer in the mode of ' Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ' . With an eye on some lavish entertainment translating on screen and bringing new talent to the industry , ' Student of the Year ' is a winner . '' Madhureeta Mukherjee of The Times of India gave the film 3.5 / 5 stars , stating that `` Student of the Year takes you back to your books and sinks you in true - blue Bollywood syllabus , following the ' formula ' -- Two boys , one girl , one glorious trophy and lots of testosterone . It is larger - than - life , colourful , lavish , beautifully shot and directed . With medleys , dance , drama and everything good - looking ( from cast to couches , dorms to discos ) . '' Indicine gave it 3.5 / 5 stars , commenting `` Overall , there is n't a dull moment in Student of the Year . It has something in it for everyone -- romance , action , entertainment , good performances and catchy music . Go for it . '' Social Movie rating site MOZVO gave it a score of 3.7 / 5 putting it in the recommended category . </P> <P> Rajeev Masand of IBNLive gave it 3 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Nitpickings aside , this is a breezy , enjoyable film by a director who knows his craft . '' He remarked , `` If fun is what you 're seeking , you wo n't be disappointed . '' Giving the film 3 / 5 stars , Anupama Chopra of Hindustan Times wrote , `` Karan Johar 's forte is excess . He creates fantastical worlds brimming with beautiful people and expensive things and yet anchors them in high emotion . His films work as both designer porn and soap opera . '' She also praised the performance of the cast . Sukanya Verma of Rediff gave 3 / 5 stars , commenting that `` Student of the Year is no Kuch Kuch Hota Hai but Karan Johar makes it look good . '' Rubina A Khan of The First Post gave the film 3 / 5 stars , stating that `` Student of the Year is not KJo 's finest work . Sure , it 's got all the elements of finesse and expansive production values that his films are known for , but he has also been very pivotal in directing and producing films with engaging stories in the past . '' Nabanita of Oneindia gave it 3 / 5 commenting `` Student of the Year is a youthful and interesting movie that deserves a thumps up . Three cheers for this . '' India Today also gave the film a rating of 3 / 5 . Sify awarded it 3 / 5 stars saying , `` So there you have it -- a fun , frothy film that wo n't insult your intelligence and sensibility . Worth a watch ! '' </P> <P> Roshni Devi of Koimoi gave it 2.5 / 5 stars , praising the performances . Kanika Sikka of DNA India gave 2.5 / 5 stars , concluding that `` Student of the Year is not something you would want to miss if the surreal setting with bubble gum romance is your calling . The performances make this film a great watch . '' Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film 2.5 / 5 stars , commenting that `` Student of the Year definitely is n't the film of the year . But if you like your entertainment to be served up with glitzy but pulpy garnishing , pirouette your way to the nearest screen by all means . '' Ananya Bhattacharya of Zee News gave the film 2 / 5 stars , saying that `` Student of the Year is worth a watch only for the debutantes . They have really pulled off a tough task of playing praiseworthy roles in a film which suffers from the lack - of - a-story syndrome . '' </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> A two - disc DVD set was released on 24 December 2012 which contains making of the film , song , and deleted scenes . Bollywood Hungama gave the DVD 4 / 5 stars . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Student of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Vishal - Shekhar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 31 August 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Film soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 30 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sony Music India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Karan Johar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Vishal - Shekhar chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Shanghai ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> Student of the Year ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> Gippi ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The soundtrack was composed by Vishal - Shekhar with the lyrics penned by Anvita Dutt Guptan . `` The Disco Song '' is a revamped cover version of `` Disco Deewane '' ( 1981 ) by Pakistani pop singer Nazia Hassan , incorporating her vocals along with those of Sunidhi Chauhan and Benny Dayal . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Track list </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Singer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` The Disco Song '' </Td> <Td> Benny Dayal , Nazia Hassan , Sunidhi Chauhan </Td> <Td> 5 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Ishq Wala Love '' </Td> <Td> Shekhar Ravjiani , Salim Merchant , Neeti Mohan </Td> <Td> 4 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Radha '' </Td> <Td> Shreya Ghoshal , Udit Narayan , Vishal Dadlani , Shekhar Ravjiani </Td> <Td> 5 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Ratta Maar '' </Td> <Td> Vishal Dadlani , Shefali Alvares </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Kukkad '' </Td> <Td> Shahid Mallya , Nisha Mascarenhas </Td> <Td> 4 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Vele '' </Td> <Td> Shekhar Ravjiani , Vishal Dadlani </Td> <Td> 3 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Mashup of the Year '' </Td> <Td> Various artists , DJ Kiran Kamath </Td> <Td> 3 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 30 : 24 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Critical reception of soundtrack ( edit ) </H3> <P> Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album 4 / 5 stars , saying that `` Student of the Year is a winner all the way with Vishal Shekhar ( yet again ) justifying their stance of doing a few films but lending quality sound to it . They create the kind of score which totally compliments the mood of the campus setting without straying even once . '' IANS of CNN - IBN gave the album 4 / 5 stars , concluding that `` The soundtrack of Student of the Year is a good mix with very minor flaws that can surely be ignored to enjoy the music that perfectly describes the mood of the movie . '' Satyajit of Yahoo ! gave the album 3.5 / 5 stars , stating that `` Student of the Year is complete youthful musical entertainment , an album that brings all the positive elements of a typical Karan Johar entertainer . Vishal Shekhar delivers a potential winner this time . '' </P> <P> The romantic track `` Ishq Wala Love '' became the biggest hit of the album concluded by `` Radha '' and `` Disco Song '' . On 26 September 2012 , The Times of India reported that the soundtrack was `` appealing to people of all tastes and there 's something for everyone in it '' . </P> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Student of the Year won several awards , particularly for its direction , performances of the lead actors , and music . </P> <Table> List of awards and nominations hide <Tr> <Th> Ceremony </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award </Td> <Td> President 's Honour </Td> <Td> Karan Johar </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Comic Role </Td> <Td> Rishi Kapoor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Female Debut </Td> <Td> Alia Bhatt </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Debut </Td> <Td> Sidharth Malhotra </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Debut </Td> <Td> Varun Dhawan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreographer </Td> <Td> Farah Khan ( for the song `` Radha '' ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Female Playback Singer </Td> <Td> Neeti Mohan ( for the song `` Ishq Wala Love '' ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58th Filmfare Awards </Td> <Td> Best Music Director </Td> <Td> Vishal - Shekhar </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Debutant -- Male </Td> <Td> Sidharth Malhotra </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Debutant -- Male </Td> <Td> Varun Dhawan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Debutant -- Female </Td> <Td> Alia Bhatt </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RD Burman Award </Td> <Td> Neeti Mohan ( for the song `` Ishq Wala Love '' ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lions Gold Awards </Td> <Td> Favourite Debut - Male </Td> <Td> Varun Dhawan </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favourite Debut - Female </Td> <Td> Alia Bhatt </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5th Mirchi Music Awards </Td> <Td> Song of The Year </Td> <Td> `` Radha '' </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Student of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Listener 's Choice Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Student of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Listener 's choice Song of the Year </Td> <Td> `` Radha '' </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stardust Awards </Td> <Td> Dream Director </Td> <Td> Karan Johar </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Film of The Year </Td> <Td> Student of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Superstar of Tomorrow -- Female </Td> <Td> Alia Bhatt </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Superstar of Tomorrow -- Male </Td> <Td> Sidharth Malhotra </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Superstar of Tomorrow -- Male </Td> <Td> Varun Dhawan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Debut </Td> <Td> Sidharth Malhotra and Varun Dhawan </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Musical Sensation Singer -- Female </Td> <Td> Neeti Mohan ( for the song `` Ishq Wala Love '' ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Times of India Film Awards </Td> <Td> Best Debut Female </Td> <Td> Alia Bhatt </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Debut Male </Td> <Td> Sidharth Malhotra </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Debut Male </Td> <Td> Varun Dhawan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Music Director </Td> <Td> Vishal - Shekhar </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa India Film And Television Awards </Td> <Td> Most Promising Newcomer - Female </Td> <Td> Alia Bhatt </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Most Promising Newcomer - Male </Td> <Td> Sidharth Malhotra </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Most Promising Newcomer - Male </Td> <Td> Varun Dhawan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Film of the Year </Td> <Td> Student of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Most Popular Song </Td> <Td> Radha </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supporting Actor of the Year </Td> <Td> Rishi Kapoor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student Of The Year ( 2012 ) -- Review by Taran Adarsh '' . Taran Adarsh . BollywoodHungama.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Student Of The Year ( 12A ) -- British Board of Film Classification '' . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Student Of The Year - Movie - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boxofficeindia.com Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Boxofficeindia.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` KJo launches 3 new faces '' . The Times of India . 6 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` There 's no marriage in my kundli : KJo '' . The Times of India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karan Johar ( @ kjohar25 ) op Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shukla , Soumil ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` Salman Khan , Shahrukh Khan almost came face to face '' . FilmiTadka . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forest Research Institute '' . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kasiga , School . `` Best Boarding School for Boys and Girls in Dehradun , India - Kasiga School '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Movie Student Of The Year Shooting Location '' . www.bollylocations.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tata Motors ' Nano Student of the Year goes to IIT Kharagpur 's Deepit Purkayastha '' . Rush Lane . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IIT student is \ ' Nano Student of the Year \ ' '' . Indiablooms.com. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SOTY targets viewers with contest - based mktg '' . Exchange4media.com. 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sony bags TV rights of SOTY from Dharma Productions for Rs 50 crore -- Economic Times . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sony Music acquires music rights of STUDENT OF THE YEAR -- bollywood news . glamsham.com ( 3 May 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will The Hype Work For Student Of The Year . boxofficeindia.com. 18 October 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Student Of The Year ' Rocks Box Office : Karan Johar 's Flick Makes Good Opening . Ibtimes.co.in ( 19 October 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aashiqui 2 grosses Rs. 100 crore worldwide Latest Movie Features . Bollywood Hungama ( 30 May 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year Strong at Multiplexes '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year First Day Territorial Breakdown '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year Has Growth on the Second Day '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year Has Good Weekend '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year Week One Territorial Breakdown '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year Has Good Second Weekend Despite Competition '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1920 Evil Returns And Skyfall Have Good First Weeks '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year Week Two Territorial Breakdown '' . boxofficeindia . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Box - Office Verdict 2012 . Koimoi.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student of the Year is Below the Mark Overseas '' . Box Office India.com. 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chakravyuh and Ajab Gazabb Love Have No Takers '' . BOXOFFICEINDIA . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Releases Dull Student of the Year Heading For Million Close '' . Box Office India.com. 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Student of the Year ( 2012 ) -- Critic Review by Taran Adarsh '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ STUDENT OF THE YEAR Review Komal Nahta 's Blog . Komalsreviews.wordpress.com ( 19 October 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Movie Review : Student Of The Year . Filmfare.com . Retrieved on 22 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madhureeta Mukherjee ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Student of the Year Review -- The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Student Of The Year Movie Review . Indicine.com ( 19 October 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IBNLive '' . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anupama Chopra 's review : Student of the Year '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sukanya Verma ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Review : Student Of The Year is a fun watch '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubina A Khan ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Movie Review : With Student Of The Year , Karan Johar 's definitely not the director of the year '' . The First Post . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Student Of The Year : Movie Review -- Oneindia Entertainment . Entertainment.oneindia.in ( 26 April 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Movie review : Student Of The Year : Reviews , News -- India Today . Indiatoday.intoday.in ( 19 October 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Movie Review : Student of the Year review : It wo n't insult your intelligence . Sify.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kanika Sikka ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Review : Student Of The Year is a typical Karan Johar wala film '' . DNA India . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saibal Chatterjee ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Movie Review : Student Of The Year -- NDTV '' . NDTV . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ananya Bhattacharya ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Student of the Year Review : Go watch a tepid movie - wala - film ! '' . Zee News . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DVD Movie Student Of The Year Reviews Latest DVD Reviews . Bollywood Hungama ( 11 February 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nazia 's ' Disco Deewane ' in KJo 's Student of the Year '' . Express Tribune . 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Disco Song - SOTY on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joginder Tuteja ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Student of the Year ( 2012 ) -- Music Critic Review by Joginder Tuteja '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IANS ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Music Review : ' Student Of The Year ' has minor flaws '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Satyajit ( 12 September 2012 ) . `` Student of the Year Music Review -- Yahoo ! '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 18 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times Of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/musicchart/1081479906.cms?chartid=1&periodtype=4&date=2013-03-21 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student Of The Year 's music is a hit -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 8th Apsara Awards Nominations '' . Apsara Awards . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here ! '' . Filmfare. 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners of 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 19th Lions Gold Awards 2013 Winners '' . Pinkvilla. 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mirchi Music Awards Hindi 2012 nominations '' . The Times of India . 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mirchi Music Awards 2013 winners '' . The Times of India . 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nominations for Stardust Awards 2013 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners of Stardust Awards 2013 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TOIFA 2013 nominations '' . The Times of India . 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Kahaani ' , ' Barfi ! ' lead TOIFA technical awards -- Times Of India . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 6 April 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ranbir Kapoor , Priyanka Chopra win best actor awards at TOIFA . Ibnlive.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winners of SAIFTA Awards 2013 Latest Movie Features . Bollywood Hungama ( 7 September 2013 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Student of the Year . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Student of the Year on IMDb </Li> <Li> Student of the Year at Bollywood Hungama </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Karan Johar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Student of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lust Stories ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Duplicate ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Kaal ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Dostana ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Kurbaan ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> We Are Family ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Agneepath ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Student of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Gippi ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 2 States ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Ungli ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Brothers ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Shaandaar ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ittefaq ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Drive ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Raazi ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Dharma Productions films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Red Chillies Entertainment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shah Rukh Khan </Li> <Li> Gauri Khan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Aśoka ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> One 2 Ka 4 ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Chalte Chalte ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Main Hoon Na ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Kaal ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Paheli ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Billu ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Always Kabhi Kabhi ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ra. One ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Don 2 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Student of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Chennai Express ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Happy New Year ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Dilwale ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Raees ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jab Harry Met Sejal ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ittefaq ( 2017 film ) ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ghar Ki Baat ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ladies First ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tere Mere Beach Mein ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Knights and Angels ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ishaan : Sapno Ko Awaaz De ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Living with a Superstar : Shah Rukh Khan ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Luv Ho Jaane De ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Like I Love You ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Men Will Be Men ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Filmy Dabba Party ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ye Parindey ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Live My Life ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Up Close and Personal with Preity Zinta ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Coke Studio MTV ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> MTV Unplugged ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Revealed : The Making of Ra. One ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Superstar Santa ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Red Chillies VFX </Li> <Li> Red Chillies TVC </Li> <Li> Kolkata Knight Riders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dharma Productions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key individuals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yash Johar </Li> <Li> Hiroo Yash Johar </Li> <Li> Karan Johar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Karan Johar </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Student of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shakun Batra </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mahesh Bhatt </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gumrah ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Duplicate ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rensil D'Silva </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kurbaan ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ungli ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shashank Khaitan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Dhadak ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Karan Malhotra </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agneepath ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Brothers ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Punit Malhotra </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Student of the Year 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tarun Mansukhani </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dostana ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Drive ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ayan Mukerji </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Brahmastra ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abhishek Varman </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 States ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Kalank ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other directors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dostana ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Duniya ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Muqaddar Ka Faisla ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Agneepath ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Kaal ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> We Are Family ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Shaandaar ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ittefaq ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Raazi ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Simmba ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Kesari ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films presented </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Ghazi Attack ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Bucket List ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 2.0 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Dharma Productions films </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films produced by Gauri Khan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Main Hoon Na ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Kaal ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Paheli ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Billu ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Always Kabhi Kabhi ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ra. One ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Student of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Chennai Express ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Happy New Year ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Dilwale ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Raees ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Student_of_the_Year&oldid=866144852 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2012 films </Li> <Li> 2010s Hindi - language films </Li> <Li> 2010s teen romance films </Li> <Li> Teen romance films </Li> <Li> Films set in Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> Indian comedy films </Li> <Li> 2010s romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> Films shot in Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> Films directed by Karan Johar </Li> <Li> Indian films </Li> <Li> Films scored by Vishal -- Shekhar </Li> <Li> Indian coming - of - age films </Li> <Li> Indian romantic drama films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> EngvarB from January 2014 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 15 : 33 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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student of the year film box office collection
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Student_of_the_Year&amp;oldid=866144852
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Will & Grace - wikipedia <H1> Will & Grace </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Will & Grace </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The intertitle used in the show 's 2017 revival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Sitcom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Kohan </Li> <Li> Max Mutchnick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> James Burrows </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eric McCormack </Li> <Li> Debra Messing </Li> <Li> Megan Mullally </Li> <Li> Sean Hayes </Li> <Li> Gary Grubbs </Li> <Li> Shelley Morrison </Li> <Li> Michael Angarano </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Jonathan Wolff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 210 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Max Mutchnick </Li> <Li> David Kohan </Li> <Li> James Burrows </Li> <Li> Jhoni Marchinko </Li> <Li> Jeff Greenstein </Li> <Li> Alex Herschlag </Li> <Li> Dave Flebotte </Li> <Li> Jon Kinnally </Li> <Li> Tracy Poust </Li> <Li> Gary Janetti </Li> <Li> Greg Malins </Li> <Li> Bill Wrubel </Li> <Li> John Quaintance </Li> <Li> Suzanne Martin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 22 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KoMut Entertainment </Li> <Li> 3 Sisters Entertainment ( 1998 - 2006 ) ( seasons 1 - 8 ) </Li> <Li> 3 Princesses and a P Productions ( 2017 - present ) ( season 9 - present ) </Li> <Li> NBC Studios ( 1998 - 2004 ) ( seasons 1 - 6 ) </Li> <Li> NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 - 2006 ) ( seasons 7 - 8 ) </Li> <Li> Universal Television ( 2017 - present ) ( season 9 - present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution ( U.S. ) ( 2002 - 2006 ) </Li> <Li> NBCUniversal Television Distribution ( U.S. ) ( 2017 - present ) </Li> <Li> MGM International Television Distribution ( International ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 480i ( 1998 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> HDTV 1080i ( 2004 -- 2006 , 2017 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Will & Grace is an American sitcom created by Max Mutchnick and David Kohan . Set in New York City , the show focuses on the relationship between best friends Will Truman ( Eric McCormack ) , a gay lawyer , and Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) , a straight interior designer . The show was broadcast on NBC from September 1998 to May 2006 , for a total of eight seasons , and restarted its run on NBC in September 2017 . During its original run Will & Grace was one of the most successful television series with gay principal characters . </P> <P> Despite initial criticism for its stereotypical portrayal of homosexual characters , it went on to become a staple of NBC 's Must See TV Thursday night lineup and was met with continued critical acclaim . It was ensconced in the Nielsen top 20 for half of its network run . The show was the highest - rated sitcom among adults 18 -- 49 , from 2001 and 2005 . Throughout its eight - year run , Will & Grace earned 16 Emmy Awards and 83 nominations . Each main actor , with the exception of Morrison , received an Emmy Award throughout the series . In 2014 the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 94 in their list of the 101 Best Written TV series of all time . Since the final episode aired , the sitcom has been credited with helping and improving public opinion of the LGBT community , with former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden commenting that the show `` probably did more to educate the American public '' on LGBT issues `` than almost anything anybody has ever done so far '' . In 2014 , the Smithsonian Institution added an LGBT history collection to their museum which included items from Will and Grace . The curator Dwight Blocker Bowers stated that the sitcom used `` comedy to familiarize a mainstream audience with gay culture '' that was `` daring and broke ground '' in American media . </P> <P> During its original run , Will & Grace was filmed in front of a live studio audience ( most episodes and scenes ) on Tuesday nights , at Stage 17 in CBS Studio Center . Will and Grace 's apartment was put on display at the Emerson College Library , donated by series creator Max Mutchnick . When the set was removed in 2014 , rumors came up about a cast reunion , but the actors involved denied that such a reunion was planned , explaining it was merely being moved . A long - running legal battle between both the original executive producers and creators and NBC took place between 2003 and 2007 . </P> <P> In September 2016 , the cast reunited for a 10 - minute special ( released online ) , urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election . After its success , NBC announced that the network was exploring the idea of putting Will & Grace back into production . In January 2017 , NBC confirmed the series ' return for a ninth season , for the 2017 -- 18 television season , which was eventually expanded to 16 episodes . This was followed by renewals for 18 - episode tenth and eleventh seasons . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Episodes </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Supporting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Conception </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pilot </Li> <Li> 3.3 Revival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Aftershow <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Will & Grace : After Party </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Lawsuit </Li> <Li> 6 Syndication </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 7.2 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 7.3 Ratings <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Average seasonal ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.4 Cultural impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Merchandise </Li> <Li> 9 Spin - offs <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Karen : The Musical </Li> <Li> 9.2 Jack & Karen </Li> <Li> 9.3 2016 Election web special </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Will & Grace episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Nielsen ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 12.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 11.3 </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 27 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11.0 </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11.0 </Td> <Td> 16.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 15.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 9 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 8.85 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Tied with Leap of Faith </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tied with CSI : Miami </Li> </Ol> <P> Will & Grace is set in New York City and focuses on the relationship between Will Truman , a gay lawyer , and his best friend Grace Adler , a Jewish woman who owns an interior design firm . Also featured are their friends Karen Walker , an alcoholic socialite , and Jack McFarland , a flamboyantly gay actor . The interplay of relationships features the trials and tribulations of dating , marriage , divorce , and casual sex ; as well as comical key stereotypes of gay and Jewish culture . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Eric McCormack and Debra Messing in 1999 . <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Eric McCormack as Will Truman : The first titular protagonist to the show , Will is a gay man who is a successful corporate lawyer who studied at Columbia University , where he met Grace as a freshman ; they have been best friends ever since . He is very precise and obsessive when it comes to certain tasks , especially cleaning , dressing , and decorating . However , Will does have a very patient and compassionate nature towards those close to him , often to a fault . Even though Will is gay , he sometimes tries to pass as straight ; he has at times avoided admitting his sexual orientation to people . Several characters commented that his relationship with Grace is more like that of a married couple than two friends ; at one point Will even considered having a baby with Grace . Will is the more mature and tolerant character of the duo and serves as Grace 's rock most times . </Li> <Li> Debra Messing as Grace Adler : The second titular protagonist to the show , Grace is a straight interior decorator with a fondness for food . She 's been Will 's best friend since college and roommate throughout most of the show . Grace is Jewish but does not practice her religion staunchly . She plays as a neurotic counterbalance for Will 's more everyman character . Grace tends to heavily rely on Will for moral and emotional support , especially after a break - up . </Li> <Li> Megan Mullally as Karen Walker : Karen `` works '' as Grace 's assistant , making `` Grace Adler Designs '' popular among her socialite acquaintances . She is the wife of the wealthy ( but mostly unseen ) Stanley Walker . Karen is also known for casually downing alcohol and prescription medication and can be uncaring . However , she is very close to Jack , is friends with Grace , and throughout the show 's run warms to Will . Even though she 's silly at times , Karen has shown bouts of intelligence : having a working knowledge of business / real - estate market economics , a moderate understanding of computers , and a flair for interior design . She 's also a certified public notary and an aficionado of various liquors and prescription drugs . Despite this , she is often unaware of or ambivalent toward habits of the working and middle classes , often criticizing and mocking what she fails to understand . </Li> <Li> Sean Hayes as Jack McFarland : Will 's other ( and first gay ) best friend since college . Jack is flamboyantly gay , confident , and free - spirited , having been so from a young age . He drifts from man to man and changes occupations often , being very fickle when it comes to both . He has worked as a struggling actor , an acting instructor , a back - up dancer for Jennifer Lopez and Janet Jackson , a sales associate at Banana Republic and Barneys New York , a cater - waiter , a student nurse , Junior VP for Out TV , and host of his own Out TV talk show , called Jack Talk . Jack made four one - man shows ( called Just Jack , Jack 2000 , Jack 2001 , and Jack 2002 ) to showcase his singing / dancing / acting abilities ; all attempts having only marginal success . Early on in the show he establishes a close friendship with Karen ; the pair often spend time together and orchestrate various pranks . Throughout the series , Jack relies on Will and Karen for financial support . His idol is Cher . </Li> <Li> Shelley Morrison as Rosario Salazar ( Recurring Seasons 1 - 2 ; Regular Seasons 3 - 8 ) : Karen 's maid , and later Jack 's wife , then ex-wife . Morrison was offered to reprise her role when the series was revived , but declined , having retired from acting . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Supporting ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Supporting characters on Will & Grace <Table> Supporting characters on Will & Grace <Tr> <Th> Main characters </Th> <Th> Will Truman </Th> <Th> Grace Adler </Th> <Th> Jack McFarland </Th> <Th> Karen Walker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouses </Th> <Td> Vince D'Angelo ( Bobby Cannavale ) </Td> <Td> Leo Markus ( Harry Connick Jr . ) </Td> <Td> Rosario Salazar ( Shelley Morrison ) </Td> <Td> Stanley Walker Lyle Finster ( John Cleese ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> George Truman ( Sydney Pollack ) Marilyn Truman ( Blythe Danner ) Sam Truman ( John Slattery / Steven Weber ) Paul Truman ( Jon Tenney ) </Td> <Td> Bobbi Adler ( Debbie Reynolds ) Martin Adler ( Alan Arkin / Robert Klein ) Janet Adler ( Geena Davis / Mary McCormack ) Joyce Adler ( Sara Rue ) Eleanor Markus ( Judith Ivey ) </Td> <Td> Judith McFarland ( Veronica Cartwright ) Elliot ( Michael Angarano ) Daniel McFarland ( Beau Bridges ) Skip ( Jet Jurgensmeyer ) </Td> <Td> Lois Whitley ( Suzanne Pleshette ) Gin ( Bernadette Peters ) Barry ( Dan Futterman ) Lorraine Finster ( Minnie Driver ) Marion Finster ( Tim Curry ) Sumner Davis ( Paul Satterfield ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ben Truman ( Ben Newmark ) , Lila Markus ( Maria Thayer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Friends </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Rob ( Tom Gallop ) , Ellen ( Leigh - Allyn Baker ) , Joe ( Jerry Levine ) , Larry ( Tim Bagley ) , Steve ( Steve Paymer ) </Td> <Td> Zandra Zoggin ( Eileen Brennan ) </Td> <Td> Candice Bergen ( Candice Bergen ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neighbors </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Val Bassett ( Molly Shannon ) , Mr. Zamir ( Marshall Manesh ) , Nathan ( Woody Harrelson ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Love interests </Th> <Td> Michael ( Chris Potter ) Scott Sender ( Branden Williams ) Matthew ( Patrick Dempsey ) James Hanson ( Taye Diggs ) Vince D'Angelo ( Bobby Cannavale ) </Td> <Td> Ben Doucette ( Gregory Hines ) Danny ( Tom Verica ) Josh ( Corey Parker ) Nathan ( Woody Harrelson ) Nick ( Edward Burns ) Tom Cassidy ( Eric Stoltz ) Leo Markus ( Harry Connick Jr . ) </Td> <Td> Stuart Lamarack ( Dave Foley ) Kevin Bacon ( Kevin Bacon ) </Td> <Td> Lionel Banks ( Rip Torn ) Malcolm Widmark ( Alec Baldwin ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivals </Th> <Td> Kevin Wolchek ( Adam Goldberg ) </Td> <Td> Val Bassett ( Molly Shannon ) </Td> <Td> Artemis Johnson ( Will Arnett ) </Td> <Td> Beverley Leslie ( Leslie Jordan ) Lorraine Finster ( Minnie Driver ) Scott Woolley ( Jeff Goldblum ) Candy Pruitt ( Christine Ebersole ) Val Bassett ( Molly Shannon ) Candice Bergen ( Candice Bergen ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bosses </Th> <Td> Harlin ( Gary Grubbs ) Ben Doucette ( Gregory Hines ) Mr. Stein ( Gene Wilder ) Margot ( Lily Tomlin ) Malcolm Widmark ( Alec Baldwin ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Jamie ( John Ducey ) Tim ( Mark Harelik ) Dorleen ( Parker Posey ) </Td> <Td> Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Employees / Subordinates </Th> <Td> Mrs. Freeman ( Jo Marie Payton ) Connie ( Kari Lizer ) </Td> <Td> Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ) Gillian ( Natasha Lyonne ) Tony ( Anthony Ramos ) </Td> <Td> Dave ( Mathew Botuchis ) </Td> <Td> Rosario Salazar ( Shelley Morrison ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clients </Th> <Td> Harlin Polk ( Gary Grubbs ) Stanley Walker </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Joanne ( Emily Rutherfurd ) Russell ( Jon Fleming ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Co-workers </Th> <Td> Gary ( Jamie Kaler ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> Tina ( Lesley Ann Warren ) , Benji ( Brian A. Setzer ) , Nurse Sheila ( Laura Kightlinger ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Conception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Creators of Will & Grace and real - life friends Max Mutchnick and David Kohan modeled the show after Mutchnick 's relationship with childhood friend Janet Eisenberg , a New York City voice - over casting agent . Mutchnick , who is openly gay , met Eisenberg while rehearsing a play at Temple Emanuel in Beverly Hills , California at age of 13 . He was the main star of the Hebrew school musical , while she was a student in the drama department . About three years later , she introduced him to Kohan , the son of comedy writer Alan Kohan , in the drama department at Beverly Hills High School . `` Max and Janet seemed to have a lovely rapport , but the romantic element confused me , and it confused them as well , '' Kohan later recalled . `` They went out for a couple of years , then they went off to different colleges . And Max comes out of the closet , springs it on her -- and she was stunned . It was a shocking revelation for her , so I kind of functioned as a liaison between the two of them , because they both still really loved each other . '' </P> <P> While Kohan practiced his shuttle diplomacy , he and Mutchnick began developing sitcom ideas , which prompted the pair to start writing as a duo . They eventually landed staff jobs on HBO 's adult - themed sitcom Dream On and executive produced the short - lived NBC sitcom Boston Common . In 1997 , they developed an ensemble comedy about six friends , two of them based on Mutchnick and Eisenberg . At the same time , Warren Littlefield , the then - president of NBC Entertainment , was seeking another relationship comedy for the network as Mad About You was going off the air . When Kohan and Mutchnick pitched their idea , which centered on three couples , one of which was a gay man living with a straight woman , Littlefield was not excited about the first two couples , but wanted to learn more about the gay and straight couple , so Mutchnick and Kohan were sent to create a pilot script centering on those two characters . While Kohan and Mutchnick elaborated on the pilot script , they spent four tense months faxing Littlefield the box office grosses from hit films with gay characters such as The Birdcage and My Best Friend 's Wedding . </P> <P> NBC was positive about the project , but there was still some concern that the homosexual subject matter would cause alarm . Ellen DeGeneres ' sitcom Ellen , which aired on ABC , was canceled the year before Will & Grace premiered because ratings had plummeted after the show became `` too gay . '' Despite the criticism ABC received for DeGeneres 's coming out episode , `` The Puppy Episode , '' Kohan said , `` there 's no question that show made it easier for Will & Grace to make it on the air . '' He added : `` Will & Grace had a better shot at succeeding where Ellen failed , however , because Will has known about his homosexuality for 20 years . He 's not exploring that awkward territory for the first time , as Ellen did . The process of self - discovery and the pain most gay men go through is fascinating , but the average American is put off by it . '' </P> <H3> Pilot ( edit ) </H3> See also : Pilot ( Will & Grace ) Eric McCormack was the first actor cast in the series . <P> NBC went to sitcom director James Burrows to see what he thought of the homosexual subject matter and if an audience would be interested in the show . Burrows liked the idea and when he first read the script in November 1997 , he decided that he wanted to direct it . Burrows said , `` I knew that the boys had captured a genre and a group of characters I have never read before . '' The filming of the pilot began on March 15 , 1998 . The actors behind Will and Grace , Eric McCormack and Debra Messing , were positive about the series and they thought it had the potential to last long on television . McCormack said : `` When shooting was finished that night , Debra and I were sitting on the couch and looking at each other and I said , ' We 're gon na be on this set for a while . ' And we sort of clasped hands , but we did n't want to say anything beyond that and jinx it . '' </P> <P> The part of Will Truman went to Eric McCormack , who was the first actor cast in the series . Having played gay characters several times in his career , McCormack did not have a problem with it and thought his character could become a `` poster boy for some gay movement '' , like DeGeneres became a spokesperson with her character . Sean Hayes was invited to audition for Jack after a NBC casting executive saw him in a role in the indie gay romance film Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss . Even though Hayes enjoyed the script when he read it , he threw it away and decided not to try out for the audition until he was sent the script again . Megan Mullally initially auditioned for the role of Grace Adler , but admitted that she did not want to audition for the part of Karen . By contrast , Debra Messing , with whom Mullally had first worked on Ned & Stacey , was initially unsure if she wanted to play the role of Grace . The last actor to be cast , she later admitted that director Burrows was the reason for doing Will & Grace . </P> <H3> Revival ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 2017 , NBC closed a deal for a new 10 - episode season of the series , which is airing during the 2017 - 18 season . Hayes will executive produce this season as well as creators / executive producers Max Mutchnick and David Kohan . Veteran director James Burrows is on board to direct and executive produce . In April 2017 , the episode order was increased to 12 episodes . In August 2017 , it was extended again to 16 episodes , and a second 13 - episode season was ordered . The revival is filmed at Stage 22 at Universal Studios Hollywood , as opposed to Stage 17 at CBS Studio Center . In March 2018 , NBC ordered five more episodes for revival 's second season bringing the total to 18 episodes and was also renewed for 18 - episode third season . </P> <H2> Aftershow ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Will & Grace : after party ( edit ) </H3> Logo for the aftershow <P> With the release of the ninth season of the series , NBC also released Will & Grace : After Party , an aftershow hosted by Kristin dos Santos . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including David Kohan , Max Mutchnick , and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series . The series premiered on NBC.com on September 29 , 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Episode discussed </Th> <Th> Guest ( s ) </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 1 '' </Td> <Td> 11 Years Later </Td> <Td> Eric McCormack </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 2 '' </Td> <Td> Who 's Your Daddy </Td> <Td> Harry Connick Jr. and Bobby Cannavale </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 3 '' </Td> <Td> Emergency Contact </Td> <Td> Jane Lynch and Glenda Rovello </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 4 '' </Td> <Td> Grandpa Jack </Td> <Td> Minnie Driver </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Episode 5 '' </Td> <Td> How to Succeed in Business Without Really Crying </Td> <Td> Leslie Jordan </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Episode 6 '' </Td> <Td> Rosario 's Quinceañera </Td> <Td> Megan Mullaly , David Kohan , and Max Mutchnick </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Lawsuit ( edit ) </H2> <P> In December 2003 , in the midst of the series ' sixth season , executive producers and creators David Kohan and Max Mutchnick sued NBC and NBC Studios . Alleging that the network sold the rights to the series in an attempt to keep profits within the NBC family , Kohan and Mutchnick felt that they were cheated out of considerable profits because the network did not shop the show to the highest bidder . Another allegation against the network was that during the first four seasons of the series , the studio licensed the rights for amounts that were insufficient for covering production costs , thus leading to extraordinarily large production deficits . Three months later , NBC filed a countersuit against Kohan and Mutchnick stating that the co-creators were expected to act as an independent third party in the negotiations between NBC and its subsidiary , NBC Studios ( since subsumed into Universal Television ) . </P> <P> With a pending lawsuit and production beginning on other projects , Kohan and Mutchnick were absent on the Will & Grace set for most of its final seasons . They wrote the season 4 episode , `` A Buncha White Chicks Sittin ' Around Talkin ' '' and did not return to the writers ' seat until the series finale four years later . Three years after NBC 's countersuit and one year after the series ended , the legal battle between NBC and Kohan and Mutchnick ended in 2007 when all parties agreed on a settlement , with the series creators being awarded $49 million , of their original $65 million lawsuit . </P> <H2> Syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> Will & Grace entered off - network syndication in 2002 . The show also airs on the subchannel Cozi TV on weekdays at 09.00 - 10.00 and weeknights at 22.00 - 00.00 . In 2002 WGN America acquired the cable rights to air the series , where it aired until 2005 when Lifetime Television acquired the cable rights to air the series . After eight years and the expiration of Lifetime 's contract , the rights to the series were picked up by WeTV and Logo TV in 2013 . The streaming service Hulu later picked up the show , in anticipation of the show 's revival in 2017 . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , the series was aired on Channel 4 up until its season finale in 2006 . It was confirmed on 4 December 2017 that the series would premiere in January 2018 on Channel 5 . </P> <P> In Ireland , the series first aired on TV3 Ireland until its conclusion in 2006 . It was confirmed in January 2018 rival channel RTÉ2 picked up the broadcasting rights for the 2017 - 2018 season run , beginning in February 2018 . </P> <H2> RECEPTION ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show garnered a fair amount of criticism and negative reviews upon its debut in 1998 , most of which compared the show to the recently canceled ABC sitcom Ellen . Some called it `` a gay Seinfeld '' . One such review said , `` If Will & Grace can somehow survive a brutal time period opposite football and Ally McBeal , it could grow into a reasonably entertaining little anomaly -- that is , a series about a man and a woman who have no sexual interest in one another . But do n't bet on it . If it 's doomed relationships viewers want , they 'll probably opt for Ally . '' As popular as the show came to be , particularly among gay viewers , Will & Grace continuously dealt with criticism for having a limited view of the gay community and for reinforcing stereotypes when some felt it should have torn them down . </P> <P> The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC , and McCormack , Messing , Mullally and Hayes appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell , on May 10 and 18 , respectively . NBC devoted a two - hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18 , 2006 , for the Will & Grace send - off . An hour - long series retrospective , `` Say Goodnight , Gracie '' , featuring interviews with the cast , crew , and guest stars , preceded the hour - long series finale . Series creators and executive producers Kohan and Mutchnick , who had not served as writers since the season 4 finale , penned the script for `` The Finale '' . Regarding the finale , Mutchnick stated , `` We wrote about what you want to have happen with people you love ... All the things that matter in life , they end up having . '' </P> <P> The ninth season was met with generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 86 % based on 37 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Will & Grace reunites its ever - hilarious cast for a revival season that picks up right where the show left off 11 years ago -- adding a fresh relevance and a series of stories that make sharply funny use of the passage of time . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . </P> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Will & Grace Megan Mullally received two Primetime Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Karen . <P> Will & Grace was nominated for 83 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning 16 of them . McCormack , Messing , Hayes , and Mullally each won at least one Emmy Award for their respective performances . Mullally also won a second time for her performance in 2006 , a year when Will & Grace was nominated for 10 Emmys for its final season . The year before , the show had garnered 15 nominations , tied with Desperate Housewives as the series receiving the most nominations . This was almost an all - time record ; the two shows were second behind The Larry Sanders Show , with 16 nominations in 1996 . </P> <P> With three each , both Hayes and Mullally held the record of winning the most Screen Actors Guild Awards for the categories Best Performance by an Actor in a Comedy Series and Best Performance by an Actress in a Comedy Series , respectively , for their roles in Will & Grace ; however , Tina Fey went on to tie with Mullally and Alec Baldwin went on to surpass Hayes , both for their roles on the series 30 Rock . Will & Grace has won several GLAAD Media Awards for its advocacy of the gay community . Despite more than two dozen nominations , Will & Grace never won a Golden Globe Award during its original run . </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show debuted on Mondays beginning on September 21 , 1998 and steadily gained in popularity , culminating when it moved to Thursday night as part of NBC 's Must See TV line - up . The show ultimately became a highly rated television show in the United States , earning a top - twenty rating during four of its eight seasons , including one season at # 9 . From 2001 -- 2005 , Will & Grace was the highest - rated sitcom among adults 18 -- 49 . However , when the show lost Friends as its lead - in after the 2003 -- 04 season , Will & Grace began shedding viewers and slipped out of the top 20 during its last two seasons . </P> <P> `` The Finale '' drew over 18 million viewers , ranking # 8 for the week , easily making it the most watched episode of seasons seven & eight . While the season eight finale is considered a ratings success , it is far from being the most watched episode of Will & Grace -- that accolade remains with the season four episode `` A Chorus Lie '' , which aired on February 7 , 2002 and ranked # 8 for the week . When the show was at the height of its popularity ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , ranking in the Top 10 was a common occurrence , but the finale 's Top 10 rank was the only such rank for season 8 and the first such rank since the season 7 premiere `` FYI : I Hurt , Too '' . </P> Average seasonal ratings ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( EDT ) </Th> <Th> Season Premiere </Th> <Th> Season Finale </Th> <Th> TV season </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Monday 9 : 30 P.M. ( 1 -- 8 ) Tuesday 9 : 30 P.M. ( 9 -- 17 ) Thursday 8 : 30 P.M. ( 18 -- 22 ) </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 12.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Tuesday 9 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> September 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 16.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. ( 1 -- 12 , 22 -- 24 ) Thursday 8 : 33 P.M. ( 13 -- 21 ) </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Thursday 8 : 30 P.M. ( 1 -- 21 , 23 -- 24 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 P.M. ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Thursday 8 : 30 P.M. ( 1 -- 9 ) Thursday 8 : 00 P.M. ( 10 -- 24 ) </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 8.85 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Cultural impact ( edit ) </H3> <P> The series was the first prime - time television series on U.S. terrestrial television to star openly gay lead characters , making it the highest - profile presence of LGBT characters on U.S. broadcast television since Ellen 's eponymous lead character 's coming - out in the 1997 `` Puppy Episode '' . It has also been heralded as responsible for opening the door to a string of gay - themed television programs , such as Queer as Folk , Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Boy Meets Boy . </P> <P> In May 2012 , during a Meet the Press interview with host David Gregory , U.S. Vice President Joe Biden cited the series as an influence in American thinking regarding LGBT rights , saying , `` I think Will & Grace did more to educate the American public than almost anything anybody has ever done . People fear that which is different . Now they 're beginning to understand . '' In the same interview , Biden stated that he was `` absolutely comfortable '' with same - sex marriage , a statement which was followed on May 9 by President Barack Obama 's speaking in favor of it . The day after Obama 's statement , series co-creator Mutchnick later told CBS This Morning that Biden had spoken similar words at a private function which Mutchnick and his husband had attended two weeks prior to Biden 's statement , although a White House official was cited by CBS This Morning 's Bill Plante as asserting that the Meet the Press interview was not a `` trial balloon '' for the statement . Both Mutchnick and Kohan praised Biden 's statement , but were critical of Obama 's stance on marriage during the time between Biden 's and Obama 's statements . </P> <P> In 2004 , the cast of the show were listed in Bravo 's 100 Greatest TV Characters . In 2012 , The Washington Post ranked Will & Grace the ninth - best NBC comedy of all time . </P> <P> In 2014 , scripts , props , and set decor from Will & Grace were donated to the National Museum of American History , which is part of the Smithsonian . </P> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released all eight seasons of Will & Grace on DVD in Region 1 , 2 and 4 . The show was re-released and re-packaged on October 3 , 2011 on region 2 . Universal Studios Home Entertainment will release all future seasons on DVD and Blu - Ray . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Release dates </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2003 </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reissued on August 29 , 2017 by Universal </Li> <Li> 22 uncut episodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2004 </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syndicated ( edited ) version `` Ben ? Her ? '' appears . However , the full version appears on the complete boxed set and the compilation `` Will & Grace : Best of Love & Marriage . '' </Li> <Li> Episode listing on box does not match episode listing on discs </Li> <Li> Episodes on the fourth disc appear out of sequence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> September 7 , 2004 </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' appears as its syndicated version . </Li> <Li> The `` super-size '' episode , `` Cheaters '' , appears as the original version , without the extra footage later added for syndication </Li> <Li> `` Cheaters '' is incorrectly labeled as `` Cheaters , part 1 '' </Li> <Li> Various international Season 3 sets feature the syndicated versions of `` Cheaters '' ( in two parts ) , with the extra footage included . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2005 </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 27 uncut episodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2006 </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The `` super-size '' episodes , `` Women and Children First '' , `` Dolls and Dolls '' , `` May Divorce Be With You '' , `` 23 '' , and the season finale `` 24 '' , appear as the syndicated versions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2007 </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The `` super-size '' episodes , `` Dames at Sea '' , `` A-Story , Bee - Story '' and `` Ice Cream Balls '' , appear as the syndicated versions . </Li> <Li> Although not a `` super-size '' episode , `` Strangers With Candace '' is edited to its syndicated version . </Li> <Li> The one - hour season finale , `` I Do , Oh , No , You Di - i n't , '' is split into two episodes ( Parts 1 & 2 ) . However , there is no footage missing . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2007 </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The episode `` Friends With Benefits '' is presented in its syndicated cut version . The original version can be found on the 2007 Emmy consideration promo DVD . </Li> <Li> The bloopers in the US have been censored / cut , with approx. 1 minute of footage removed compared to the international editions . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2008 </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All 24 episodes included in their entirety . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finale </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> May 30 , 2006 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> One - hour series finale included in its entirety . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 194 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2008 </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2006 </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Re-packaged discs from the previous releases with a bonus disc containing : <Ul> <Li> A re-hashing of season 8 's themed featurettes </Li> <Li> Eric 's favorite episode with commentary by him and Debra Messing </Li> <Li> Debra 's favorite episode with commentary by her and Eric McCormack </Li> <Li> The Pilot Episode with commentary by Max Mutchinck , David Kohan , and James Burrows </Li> <Li> A slideshow of stills from over the series ' run . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Spin - offs ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Karen : the musical ( edit ) </H3> <P> It had been announced that Megan Mullally would be creating and starring in a new Broadway musical entitled Karen : The Musical . This musical would have had Mullally reprising her role of Karen Walker . She stated in an interview that the show may also involve recurring guest star Leslie Jordan in his role as Beverley Leslie , with a story revolving around their rivalry . </P> <P> According to Mullally , the project was cancelled due to the rights to the Karen character being withdrawn . Mullally stated to have already gained approval from the network , as well as having the Broadway production company Fox Theatricals , director and choreographer Casey Nicholaw and composer Jeff Blumenkrantz all lined up to participate in the production , before certain stakeholders in the Karen Walker character withdrew the rights for its use in the production . </P> <H3> Jack & Karen ( edit ) </H3> <P> There had been talk in 2008 that a spin - off was being developed by NBC entitled Jack & Karen , featuring Sean Hayes and Megan Mullally reprising their roles . Hayes initially showed interest in the spin - off but was ultimately put off by the short - lived Friends spin - off , Joey . Furthermore , Mullally 's new work schedule in the form of her talk show , which was canceled several months later , did not allow her to pursue the spin - off at the time . </P> <H3> 2016 election web special ( edit ) </H3> <P> On September 26 , 2016 , the main cast -- McCormack , Messing , Hayes , and Mullally , plus Morrison in a cameo role -- reunited for a 10 - minute web special , urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election . In the special , Karen , an avid Donald Trump supporter , tries to persuade Jack to vote for Trump , while Will and Grace , both avid Hillary Clinton supporters , try to persuade him to vote for Clinton . At the end , Will reveals that singer Katy Perry is a supporter of Clinton , which persuades Jack to vote for Clinton . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of television shows with LGBT characters </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> <Li> 2000s portal </Li> <Li> LGBT portal </Li> <Li> Television in the United States portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Orders Multi-Camera Comedy Pilot From Max Mutchnick & Jeff Astrof As Potential ' Will & Grace ' Companion '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Evan . `` DECODING WILL AND GRACE : MASS AUDIENCE RECEPTION OF A POPULAR NETWORK SITUATION COMEDY '' ( PDF ) . www.csub.edu . California State University , November 4 , 2003 Abstract : The television situation comedy Will and Grace is notable as the first successful network prime - time series to feature gay characters in a gay milieu . The show 's considerable popularity begs the question of how the show 's gay sensibility and humor , particularly the gay trickster character , Jack , is received by a heterosexual audience . This article discusses the notion of gay humor , considers the show 's history , analyzes several episodes , and scrutinizes the responses of 136 college students who watched the show . Viewers do not identify with Jack and regard him as the most frequent butt of humor on the show , but they also consider him the funniest character and , by a very slight margin , their favorite . Contrary to my original hypotheses , respondent characterizations of Jack tend to reflect appreciation for all aspects of his trickster personality , though his ostentatious sexuality tends to be ignored . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Team , The Deadline ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time ' From WGA / TV Guide : Complete List '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Biden ' comfortable ' with gay marriage , cites ' Will & Grace ' '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AP News : Headlines '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goodnight , Gracie : ' Will & Grace ' ends landmark run '' . SignOnSanDiego . May 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hennessy , Christopher ( September 2008 ) . `` New spaces open on campus include additional study carrels '' . Emerson College Today . Emerson College . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , Joi - Marie . `` Debra Messing Says ' Will & Grace ' Reunion Was n't For Hillary Clinton '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Will & Grace Revival Eyed at NBC '' . TV Line . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Will & Grace Revival Given 10 - Episode Order by NBC '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Will & Grace Returns : NBC Officially Orders 10 - Episode Revival '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Already Renewed for Season 10 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Renewed For Season 3 By NBC , Season 2 Expanded '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1696 -- 1697 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US - Jarescharts '' . Quoten Meter . May 30 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outback in Front : CBS Wins Season '' . E Online . May 25 , 2001 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Networks face Reality Check '' . The National Enquirer . May 25 , 2003 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. RANKING REPORT 01 THRU 210 ( OUT OF 210 PROGRAMS ) DAYPART : PRIMETIME MON - SUN '' . ABC MediaNet . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Primetime Wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pfefferman , Naomi ( December 1 , 2001 ) . `` Jewish and Normal ? Oy ! '' . Jewish Journal . Rap-Up.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Will & Grace : Series Finale -- The Last Words : Interviews with the Cast ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast of Will & Grace '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Bravo . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blair , David ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` Will & Grace -- Season One '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In The Pink '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 10 , 1999 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Kevin ( September 21 , 1998 ) . `` He 's Gay , She 's Not '' . The Palm Beach Post . pp. 1D . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : King , Larry ( February 16 , 2005 ) . `` Interview with Cast of `` Will & Grace '' `` . Larry King Live . CNN Transcripts . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Will & Grace : Season One -- Interviews with the Creators ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McCormack looks to end of ' Will & Grace ' '' . MSNBC . August 23 , 2005 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( December 15 , 1998 ) . `` New Time , Fine Line For Will & Grace '' . The Buffalo News . pp. C5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` Full - Mettle Jack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will & Grace : Season One -- Interviews with the Cast ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( September 28 , 1998 ) . `` Producers Poured it on to Land ' Grace ' They Came , They Drank , They Tipped the Deal in their Favor '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Will & Grace ' To Return To NBC For New Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Will & Grace revival gets extended , with two new episodes added '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Picked Up for Another Season on NBC '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Renewed For Season 3 By NBC , Season 2 Expanded '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Oh Honey , Will & Grace Is Getting an After Show '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC Launches Ultimate Fan Celebration WILL & GRACE AFTER PARTY , Hosted by E ! '' . Broadway World . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Producers of ' Will & Grace ' sue NBC '' . USA Today . December 16 , 2003 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . The men , who created the show and wrote many of its episodes , accuse the two companies of failing to shop the show to the highest bidder , colluding instead to keep profits within the NBC family . General Electric owns both companies . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC sues ' Will & Grace ' creators '' . USA Today . March 5 , 2004 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Surprise settlement in ' Grace ' case '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.cozitv.com/shows/Cozi-Will--Grace-447739643.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://media.cozitv.com/documents/cozi_schedule.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( September 16 , 1998 ) . `` Will & Grace '' . Daily Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watching with Ambivalence '' . Pop Matters Television . October 3 , 2000 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` NBC 's ' Will ' bows out gracefully '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will & Grace : Season 9 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will & Grace reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Will & Grace ' Helps NBC Stay Tough on Thursday '' . Zap2It . May 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 21 , 2006 ) . `` ' Will ' has its way in finale '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket a Final Tally of the Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US - Jarescharts '' . Quoten Meter . May 30 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outback in Front : CBS Wins Season '' . E Online . May 25 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Did Your Favorite Show Rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Networks Face Reality Check '' . The National Enquirer . May 25 , 2003 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report 01 Through 210 ( Out of 210 Programs ) Daypart : Primetime Mon - Sun '' . ABC MediaNet . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Primetime Wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 Primetime Wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jessica Yellin ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Biden says he is ' absolutely comfortable ' with same - sex marriage '' . CNN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sam Stein ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Obama Backs Gay Marriage '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Co-Creator Says Joe Biden Mentioned Show Prior to Gay Marriage Endorsement '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ted Johnson ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' duo flattered by Biden shout - out '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bravo > 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ranked : The top 10 NBC comedies of all time '' . The Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Out.com Editors ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Original Transgender Pride Flag , Will & Grace Artifacts Donated to Smithsonian Out Magazine '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FSK -- VV Programmteile '' . Fsk.de . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Return of Karen Walker in KAREN : THE MUSICAL , MetroSource 's Q&A with Megan Mullally '' . Broadwayworld.com . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Megan Mullally interview 2013 ( in Aus ) '' . YouTube . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.dailystab.com/will-and-grace-spin-off-with-jack-and-karen with new edition bell biv devoe / </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Will & Grace </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Will & Grace on IMDb </Li> <Li> Will & Grace at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Will & Grace </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Will Truman </Li> <Li> Grace Adler </Li> <Li> Jack McFarland </Li> <Li> Karen Walker </Li> <Li> Rosario Salazar </Li> <Li> Supporting characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Grace , Replaced '' </Li> <Li> `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' </Li> <Li> `` A Chorus Lie '' </Li> <Li> `` Fagel Attraction '' </Li> <Li> `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' </Li> <Li> `` Dolls and Dolls '' </Li> <Li> `` Back Up , Dancer '' </Li> <Li> `` Alive and Schticking '' </Li> <Li> `` Buy , Buy Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` The Finale '' </Li> <Li> `` 11 Years Later '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primetime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) </Li> <Li> A.P. 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</Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Monkees ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Get Smart ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Get Smart ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> All in the Family ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> All in the Family ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> All in the Family ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> All in the Family ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Barney Miller ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cheers ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Cheers ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Cheers ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Cheers ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Seinfeld ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Frasier ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Frasier ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Frasier ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Frasier ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Frasier ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Sex and the City ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Friends ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Arrested Development ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Office ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 30 Rock ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 30 Rock ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 30 Rock ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Modern Family ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Modern Family ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Modern Family ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Modern Family ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Modern Family ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Veep ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Veep ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Veep ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Doctor Doctor ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Doctor ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Roseanne ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Roseanne ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Dream On ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Roseanne / Friends ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Spin City ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Ellen ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Sex and the City ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Will & Grace ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Ugly Betty ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Ugly Betty ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Desperate Housewives ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Glee ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Glee ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Modern Family ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Modern Family ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The New Normal ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Transparent ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Transparent ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Transparent ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Love Boat ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cheers ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Webster ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> ALF ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Roseanne ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Home Improvement ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Martin ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Cosby ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Ed ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Joey ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Class ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Glee ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The New Normal ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Scream Queens ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete list </Li> <Li> ( 1994 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2010 -- 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_%26_Grace&oldid=842636719 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Will & Grace </Li> <Li> 1998 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 2006 American television series endings </Li> <Li> 1990s American sitcoms </Li> <Li> 2000s American sitcoms </Li> <Li> 2010s American sitcoms </Li> <Li> American LGBT - related sitcoms </Li> <Li> American romantic comedy television series </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Gay - related television programs </Li> <Li> Jewish - related television programs </Li> <Li> NBC network shows </Li> <Li> Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners </Li> <Li> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners </Li> <Li> Television series about friendship </Li> <Li> Television series by Universal Television </Li> <Li> Television series by Warner Bros. 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what is the premise of the new will and grace
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Will_%26_Grace&amp;oldid=842636719
-8,630,495,578,257,388,000
List of UFC champions - wikipedia <H1> List of UFC champions </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) champions are fighters who have won UFC championships . At the time of the UFC 's inception in 1993 , mixed martial arts was unsanctioned in the United States , and did not include weight classes . Instead of the traditional championship model , the UFC held tournaments with the winner receiving a permanent appellation . In response to criticism from Senator John McCain that saw the loss of its television deal and the banning of the sport in thirty - six states , the UFC increased its cooperation with state athletic commissions and introduced weight classes in 1997 , starting with UFC 12 , and began introducing weight - specific titles . </P> <P> The original codification for weight classes introduced only two divisions : heavyweight , which grouped together all competitors above 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) , and lightweight , which encompassed all competitors 199 pounds ( 90 kg ) and under . At UFC 14 the lightweight division would be renamed to middleweight , though it would still encompass all fighters 199 pounds ( 90 kg ) and under . The lightweight moniker would later return at UFC 16 with a new division consisting of those competitors 170 pounds ( 77 kg ) and under . Two years later a fourth weight class , the bantamweight division , arrived at UFC 26 and included all fighters 155 pounds ( 70 kg ) and under . </P> <P> In 2000 , the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board completely took over MMA regulation in its home state and developed new rules and weight classes that eventually became the de facto rule set for all mixed martial arts . The UFC realigned their weight classes to comply with these new regulations in 2001 , beginning with UFC 31 . At the time , this brought the total number of active divisions in the UFC to five : lightweight , welterweight , middleweight , light heavyweight , and heavyweight . </P> <P> It would be nearly ten years before the UFC would expand their divisional offerings to include any of the lower weight classes . The first additions came in late 2010 when the UFC merged with their sister organization World Extreme Cagefighting . Due to the WEC 's focus on lighter weight fighters , this merger necessitated the addition of both the featherweight and bantamweight divisions to the UFC , starting with the TUF 12 finale . In early 2012 the UFC decided they would delve even further into the lower weight classes when they announced the introduction of the flyweight division to their ranks , beginning with UFC on FX 2 . </P> <P> In November 2012 , as a result of the forthcoming dissolution of their sister organization Strikeforce , the UFC announced they would be adding female fighters to their roster for the first time in the promotion 's history . Initially , only the women 's bantamweight division was brought over , with the division 's premiere bout taking place at UFC 157 . A little over a year later , the UFC announced they would be expanding their weight classes for female fighters with the addition of a women 's strawweight division , the first bout took place at UFC Fight Night : Cerrone vs. Miller . Then , in late 2016 , a featherweight division was introduced for the women with the first fight to be for the Featherweight Championship at UFC 208 in Brooklyn , New York on February 11 , 2017 . Also in 2017 , the UFC announced a Women 's Flyweight division will be added . The winner of the 26th season of The Ultimate Fighter , Nicco Montaño , was named the inaugural champion at the finale on December 1 , 2017 after she defeated Roxanne Modafferi by unanimous decision . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current champions </Li> <Li> 2 Men 's championship history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Heavyweight Championship </Li> <Li> 2.2 Light Heavyweight Championship </Li> <Li> 2.3 Middleweight Championship </Li> <Li> 2.4 Welterweight Championship </Li> <Li> 2.5 Lightweight Championship </Li> <Li> 2.6 Featherweight Championship </Li> <Li> 2.7 Bantamweight Championship </Li> <Li> 2.8 Flyweight Championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Women 's championship history <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Women 's Featherweight Championship </Li> <Li> 3.2 Women 's Bantamweight Championship </Li> <Li> 3.3 Women 's Flyweight Championship </Li> <Li> 3.4 Women 's Strawweight Championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Superfight Championship ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> 5 Tournament winners </Li> <Li> 6 The Ultimate Fighter </Li> <Li> 7 Champions by nationality </Li> <Li> 8 Most wins in title bouts </Li> <Li> 9 Most consecutive title defenses </Li> <Li> 10 Longest reigning champions <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Longest individual reigns </Li> <Li> 10.2 Longest combined reigns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Multi-division champions </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current champions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Men <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Since </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Stipe Miocic </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Daniel Cormier </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Robert Whittaker </Td> <Td> Dec 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Tyron Woodley </Td> <Td> Jul 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Conor McGregor </Td> <Td> Nov 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Ferguson ( Interim champion ) </Td> <Td> Oct 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Max Holloway </Td> <Td> Jun 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> T.J. Dillashaw </Td> <Td> Nov 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flyweight </Td> <Td> Demetrious Johnson </Td> <Td> Sep 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Women <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Since </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Cris Cyborg </Td> <Td> Jul 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> Amanda Nunes </Td> <Td> Jul 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flyweight </Td> <Td> Nicco Montaño </Td> <Td> Dec 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strawweight </Td> <Td> Rose Namajunas </Td> <Td> Nov 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Men 's Championship History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Heavyweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 206 to 265 lb ( 93 to 120 kg ) The UFC Superfight Championship was unified with the UFC Tournament Championship to determine the inaugural UFC Heavyweight Champion on February 7 , 1997 , when Mark Coleman defeated Dan Severn at UFC 12 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign ( Total ) </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Mark Coleman def. Dan Severn </Td> <Td> UFC 12 Dothan , AL , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 7 , 1997 </Td> <Td> 170 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Maurice Smith </Td> <Td> UFC 14 Birmingham , AL , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 27 , 1997 </Td> <Td> 147 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Tank Abbott at UFC 15 on Oct 17 , 1997 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Randy Couture </Td> <Td> UFC Japan Yokohama , Japan </Td> <Td> Dec 21 , 1997 </Td> <Td> ? days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Couture was stripped of the title in January 1998 when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Bas Rutten def . Kevin Randleman </Td> <Td> UFC 20 Birmingham , AL , USA </Td> <Td> May 7 , 1999 </Td> <Td> ? days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Rutten vacated the title in June 1999 in order to drop down to Light heavyweight . He retired soon after due to training injuries . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Kevin Randleman def . Pete Williams </Td> <Td> UFC 23 Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> Nov 19 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 364 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Pedro Rizzo at UFC 26 on Jun 9 , 2000 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Randy Couture ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> UFC 28 Atlantic City , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 17 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 490 days ( 490 + days ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Pedro Rizzo at UFC 31 on May 4 , 2001 2 . def . Pedro Rizzo at UFC 34 on Nov 2 , 2001 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Josh Barnett </Td> <Td> UFC 36 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 22 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 126 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Barnett was stripped of the title on July 26 , 2002 , after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Ricco Rodriguez def . Randy Couture </Td> <Td> UFC 39 Uncasville , CT , USA </Td> <Td> Sep 27 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 154 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Tim Sylvia </Td> <Td> UFC 41 Atlantic City , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 28 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 229 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Gan McGee at UFC 44 on Sep 26 , 2003 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sylvia was stripped of the title on October 15 , 2003 , after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Frank Mir def . Tim Sylvia </Td> <Td> UFC 48 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jun 19 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 419 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Andrei Arlovski def . Tim Sylvia for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 51 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 5 , 2005 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Justin Eilers at UFC 53 on Jun 4 , 2005 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Mir was stripped of the title on August 12 , 2005 , for inactivity resulting from injuries he sustained in a road accident . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Andrei Arlovski promoted to undisputed champion </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Aug 12 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 246 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Paul Buentello at UFC 55 on Oct 7 , 2005 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Tim Sylvia ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> UFC 59 Anaheim , CA , USA </Td> <Td> Apr 15 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 322 days ( 551 days ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def. Andrei Arlovski at UFC 61 on Jul 8 , 2006 2 . def . Jeff Monson at UFC 65 on Nov 18 , 2006 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Randy Couture ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> UFC 68 Columbus , OH , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 3 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 623 days ( 1,113 + days ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Gabriel Gonzaga at UFC 74 on Aug 25 , 2007 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira def . Tim Sylvia for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 81 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 2 , 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Brock Lesnar </Td> <Td> UFC 91 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 15 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 707 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def. interim champion Frank Mir at UFC 100 on Jul 11 , 2009 2 . def. interim champion Shane Carwin at UFC 116 on Jul 3 , 2010 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Frank Mir def. interim champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira </Td> <Td> UFC 92 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 27 , 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Shane Carwin def . Frank Mir for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 111 Newark , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 27 , 2010 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Cain Velasquez </Td> <Td> UFC 121 Anaheim , CA , USA </Td> <Td> Oct 23 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 385 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Junior dos Santos </Td> <Td> UFC on Fox : Velasquez vs. dos Santos Anaheim , CA , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 413 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Frank Mir at UFC 146 on May 26 , 2012 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Cain Velasquez ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> UFC 155 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 896 days ( 1,281 days ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Antônio Silva at UFC 160 on May 25 , 2013 2 . def . Junior dos Santos at UFC 166 on Oct 19 , 2013 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Fabrício Werdum def . Mark Hunt for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 180 Mexico City , Mexico </Td> <Td> Nov 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Fabrício Werdum </Td> <Td> UFC 188 Mexico City , Mexico </Td> <Td> Jun 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 336 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Stipe Miocic </Td> <Td> UFC 198 Curitiba , Brazil </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 602 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Alistair Overeem at UFC 203 on Sep 10 , 2016 2 . def . Junior dos Santos at UFC 211 on May 13 , 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Light heavyweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 186 to 205 lb ( 84 to 93 kg ) The Light Heavyweight Title was known as the Middleweight Title prior to UFC 31 ( May 4 , 2001 ) . The Pride World Middleweight Title ( 204.6 lb ) was unified with the UFC Light Heavyweight Title on September 8 , 2007 , when Quinton Jackson defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 75 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign ( Total ) </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Frank Shamrock def . Kevin Jackson </Td> <Td> UFC Japan Yokohama , Japan </Td> <Td> Dec 21 , 1997 </Td> <Td> 703 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Igor Zinoviev at UFC 16 on Mar 13 , 1998 2 . def . Jeremy Horn at UFC 17 on May 15 , 1998 3 . def . John Lober at UFC Brazil on Oct 16 , 1998 4 . def . Tito Ortiz at UFC 22 on Sep 24 , 1999 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Shamrock vacated the title on November 24 , 1999 , when he retired from the UFC , citing a lack of competition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Tito Ortiz def . Wanderlei Silva </Td> <Td> UFC 25 Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> Apr 14 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 1,260 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Yuki Kondo at UFC 29 on Dec 16 , 2000 2 . def . Evan Tanner at UFC 30 on Feb 23 , 2001 3 . def . Elvis Sinosic at UFC 32 on Jun 29 , 2001 4 . def . Vladimir Matyushenko at UFC 33 on Sep 28 , 2001 5 . def . Ken Shamrock at UFC 40 on Nov 22 , 2002 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Randy Couture def . Chuck Liddell for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 43 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jun 6 , 2003 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Randy Couture </Td> <Td> UFC 44 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Sep 26 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 127 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Vitor Belfort </Td> <Td> UFC 46 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jan 31 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 203 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Randy Couture ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> UFC 49 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Aug 21 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 238 days ( 365 days ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Chuck Liddell </Td> <Td> UFC 52 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Apr 16 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 770 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Jeremy Horn at UFC 54 on Aug 20 , 2005 2 . def . Randy Couture at UFC 57 on Feb 4 , 2006 3 . def . Renato Sobral at UFC 62 on Aug 26 , 2006 4 . def . Tito Ortiz at UFC 66 on Dec 30 , 2006 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Quinton Jackson </Td> <Td> UFC 71 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 406 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def. Dan Henderson at UFC 75 on Sep 8 , 2007 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Forrest Griffin </Td> <Td> UFC 86 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 5 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 175 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Rashad Evans </Td> <Td> UFC 92 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 27 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 147 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Lyoto Machida </Td> <Td> UFC 98 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 350 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Maurício Rua at UFC 104 on Oct 24 , 2009 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Maurício Rua </Td> <Td> UFC 113 Montreal , QC , Canada </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 315 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Jon Jones </Td> <Td> UFC 128 Newark , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 19 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 1,501 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Quinton Jackson at UFC 135 on Sep 24 , 2011 2 . def . Lyoto Machida at UFC 140 on Dec 10 , 2011 3 . def . Rashad Evans at UFC 145 on Apr 21 , 2012 4 . def . Vitor Belfort at UFC 152 on Sep 22 , 2012 5 . def . Chael Sonnen at UFC 159 on Apr 27 , 2013 6 . def . Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 165 on Sep 21 , 2013 7 . def . Glover Teixeira at UFC 172 on Apr 26 , 2014 8 . def . Daniel Cormier at UFC 182 on Jan 3 , 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Jones was stripped of the title on April 28 , 2015 , due to his involvement and arrest in a felony hit - and - run . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Daniel Cormier def . Anthony Johnson </Td> <Td> UFC 187 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 959 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 192 on Oct 3 , 2015 2 . def . Anthony Johnson at UFC 210 on Apr 8 , 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Jon Jones def . Ovince Saint Preux for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 197 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Apr 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Jones was stripped of the interim title on November 9 , 2016 , due to his 1 - year suspension related to a failed pre-fight drug test . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Jones won the title at UFC 214 on July 29 , 2017 , but was stripped on September 13 , 2017 , after his win was overturned to a no - contest due to a failed pre-fight drug test . Cormier was then reinstated as champion . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Middleweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 171 to 185 lb ( 77 to 84 kg ) The Pride World Welterweight Title ( 183 lb ) was unified with the UFC Middleweight Title on March 1 , 2008 , when Anderson Silva defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 82 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Dave Menne def . Gil Castillo </Td> <Td> UFC 33 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Sep 28 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 105 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Murilo Bustamante </Td> <Td> UFC 35 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jan 11 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 267 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Matt Lindland at UFC 37 on May 10 , 2002 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Bustamante was stripped of the title on October 5 , 2002 when he left the UFC for Pride . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Evan Tanner def . David Terrell </Td> <Td> UFC 51 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 5 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 119 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Rich Franklin </Td> <Td> UFC 53 Atlantic City , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> Jun 4 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 497 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def. Nate Quarry at UFC 56 on Nov 19 , 2005 2 . def . David Loiseau at UFC 58 on Mar 4 , 2006 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Anderson Silva </Td> <Td> UFC 64 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Oct 14 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 2,457 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def. Nate Marquardt at UFC 73 on Jul 7 , 2007 2 . def . Rich Franklin at UFC 77 on Oct 20 , 2007 3 . def. Dan Henderson at UFC 82 on Mar 1 , 2008 4 . def . Patrick Côté at UFC 90 on Oct 25 , 2008 5 . def . Thales Leites at UFC 97 on Apr 18 , 2009 6 . def . Demian Maia at UFC 112 on Apr 10 , 2010 7 . def . Chael Sonnen at UFC 117 on Aug 7 , 2010 8 . def . Vitor Belfort at UFC 126 on Feb 5 , 2011 9 . def . Yushin Okami at UFC 134 on Aug 27 , 2011 10 . def . Chael Sonnen at UFC 148 on Jul 7 , 2012 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Chris Weidman </Td> <Td> UFC 162 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 6 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 888 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Anderson Silva at UFC 168 on Dec 28 , 2013 2 . def . Lyoto Machida at UFC 175 on Jul 5 , 2014 3 . def . Vitor Belfort at UFC 187 on May 23 , 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Luke Rockhold </Td> <Td> UFC 194 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 175 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Michael Bisping </Td> <Td> UFC 199 Inglewood , CA , USA </Td> <Td> Jun 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 518 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def. Dan Henderson at UFC 204 on Oct 8 , 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Robert Whittaker def . Yoel Romero for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 213 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> UFC 217 New York City , NY , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 33 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> St - Pierre vacated the title on December 7 , 2017 , due to suffering from ulcerative colitis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Robert Whittaker promoted to undisputed champion </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Dec 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 30 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Welterweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 156 to 170 lb ( 70 to 77 kg ) The Welterweight Title was known as the Lightweight Title prior to UFC 31 ( May 4 , 2001 ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign ( Total ) </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Pat Miletich def . Mikey Burnett </Td> <Td> UFC Brazil São Paulo , Brazil </Td> <Td> Oct 16 , 1998 </Td> <Td> 931 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Jorge Patino at UFC 18 on Jan 8 , 1999 2 . def . André Pederneiras at UFC 21 on Jul 16 , 1999 3 . def . John Alessio at UFC 26 on Jun 9 , 2000 4 . def . Kenichi Yamamoto at UFC 29 on Dec 16 , 2000 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Carlos Newton </Td> <Td> UFC 31 Atlantic City , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 183 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Matt Hughes </Td> <Td> UFC 34 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 2 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 820 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Hayato Sakurai at UFC 36 on Mar 22 , 2002 2 . def . Carlos Newton at UFC 38 on Jul 13 , 2002 3 . def . Gil Castillo at UFC 40 on Nov 22 , 2002 4 . def . Sean Sherk at UFC 42 on Apr 25 , 2003 5 . def . Frank Trigg at UFC 45 on Nov 21 , 2003 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> B.J. Penn </Td> <Td> UFC 46 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jan 31 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 107 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Penn was stripped of the title on May 17 , 2004 , when he left the UFC for K - 1 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Matt Hughes ( 2 ) def . Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> UFC 50 Atlantic City , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> Oct 22 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 757 days ( 1,577 days ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Frank Trigg at UFC 52 on Apr 16 , 2005 2 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 63 on Sep 23 , 2006 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> UFC 65 Sacramento , CA , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 18 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 140 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Matt Serra </Td> <Td> UFC 69 Houston , TX , USA </Td> <Td> Apr 7 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 378 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Georges St - Pierre def . Matt Hughes for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 79 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 29 , 2007 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Georges St - Pierre ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> UFC 83 Montreal , QC , Canada </Td> <Td> Apr 19 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 2,064 days ( 2,204 days ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Jon Fitch at UFC 87 on Aug 9 , 2008 2 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 94 on Jan 31 , 2009 3 . def . Thiago Alves at UFC 100 on Jul 11 , 2009 4 . def. Dan Hardy at UFC 111 on Mar 27 , 2010 5 . def . Josh Koscheck at UFC 124 on Dec 11 , 2010 6 . def . Jake Shields at UFC 129 on Apr 30 , 2011 7 . def. interim champion Carlos Condit at UFC 154 on Nov 17 , 2012 8 . def . Nick Diaz at UFC 158 on Mar 16 , 2013 9 . def . Johny Hendricks at UFC 167 on Nov 16 , 2013 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Carlos Condit def . Nick Diaz for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 143 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> St - Pierre vacated the title on December 13 , 2013 , when he decided to take time off from the sport . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Johny Hendricks def . Robbie Lawler </Td> <Td> UFC 171 Dallas , TX , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 266 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Robbie Lawler </Td> <Td> UFC 181 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 602 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Rory MacDonald at UFC 189 on Jul 11 , 2015 2 . def . Carlos Condit at UFC 195 on Jan 2 , 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Tyron Woodley </Td> <Td> UFC 201 Atlanta , GA , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 525 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . drew with Stephen Thompson at UFC 205 on Nov 12 , 2016 2 . def . Stephen Thompson at UFC 209 on Mar 4 , 2017 3 . def . Demian Maia at UFC 214 on Jul 29 , 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Lightweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 146 to 155 lb ( 66 to 70 kg ) The Lightweight Title was known as the Bantamweight Title prior to UFC 31 ( May 4 , 2001 ) . The Strikeforce Lightweight Title was unified ( perhaps unofficially ) with the UFC Lightweight Title on April 20 , 2013 , when Benson Henderson defeated Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Melendez . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jens Pulver def . Caol Uno </Td> <Td> UFC 30 Atlantic City , NJ , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 23 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 393 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Dennis Hallman at UFC 33 on Sep 28 , 2001 2 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 35 on Jan 11 , 2002 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Pulver was stripped of the title on March 23 , 2002 , when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> B.J. Penn and Caol Uno fought to a draw on February 28 , 2003 , at UFC 41 in Atlantic City , NJ , USA in the finale of a 4 - man tournament for the vacant title . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sean Sherk def . Kenny Florian </Td> <Td> UFC 64 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Oct 14 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 420 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Hermes França at UFC 73 on Jul 7 , 2007 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sherk was stripped of the title on December 8 , 2007 after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> B.J. Penn def . Joe Stevenson </Td> <Td> UFC 80 Newcastle , England , UK </Td> <Td> Jan 19 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 812 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Sean Sherk at UFC 84 on May 24 , 2008 2 . def . Kenny Florian at UFC 101 on Aug 8 , 2009 3 . def . Diego Sanchez at UFC 107 on Dec 12 , 2009 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Frankie Edgar </Td> <Td> UFC 112 Abu Dhabi , UAE </Td> <Td> Apr 10 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 687 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . B.J. Penn at UFC 118 on Aug 28 , 2010 2 . drew with Gray Maynard at UFC 125 on Jan 1 , 2011 3 . def . Gray Maynard at UFC 136 on Oct 8 , 2011 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Benson Henderson </Td> <Td> UFC 144 Saitama , Japan </Td> <Td> Feb 26 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 552 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Frankie Edgar at UFC 150 on Aug 11 , 2012 2 . def. Nate Diaz at UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Diaz on Dec 8 , 2012 3 . def . Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Melendez on Apr 20 , 2013 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Anthony Pettis </Td> <Td> UFC 164 Milwaukee , WI , USA </Td> <Td> Aug 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 560 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Gilbert Melendez at UFC 181 on Dec 6 , 2014 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Rafael dos Anjos </Td> <Td> UFC 185 Dallas , TX , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 481 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Donald Cerrone at UFC on Fox : dos Anjos vs. Cerrone 2 on Dec 19 , 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Eddie Alvarez </Td> <Td> UFC Fight Night : dos Anjos vs. Alvarez Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 128 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Conor McGregor </Td> <Td> UFC 205 New York City , NY , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 420 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Tony Ferguson def . Kevin Lee for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 216 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Oct 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 91 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Featherweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 136 to 145 lb ( 61 to 66 kg ) Prior to the UFC - WEC merger , José Aldo was the WEC Featherweight Champion . Aldo was awarded the inaugural UFC Featherweight Championship on November 20 , 2010 , at UFC 123 in a ceremony prior to the event . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> José Aldo promoted to undisputed champion </Td> <Td> UFC 123 Auburn Hills , MI , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 20 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 1,848 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Mark Hominick at UFC 129 on Apr 30 , 2011 2 . def . Kenny Florian at UFC 136 on Oct 8 , 2011 3 . def . Chad Mendes at UFC 142 on Jan 14 , 2012 4 . def . Frankie Edgar at UFC 156 on Feb 2 , 2013 5 . def . Chan Sung Jung at UFC 163 on Aug 3 , 2013 6 . def . Ricardo Lamas at UFC 169 on Feb 1 , 2014 7 . def . Chad Mendes at UFC 179 on Oct 25 , 2014 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Conor McGregor def . Chad Mendes for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 189 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 11 , 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Conor McGregor </Td> <Td> UFC 194 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 350 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> José Aldo def . Frankie Edgar for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 200 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> McGregor was stripped of the title on November 26 , 2016 , after the UFC opted to focus on his lightweight title . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> José Aldo ( 2 ) promoted to undisputed champion </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Nov 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 189 days ( 2,037 days ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Max Holloway def . Anthony Pettis for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 206 Toronto , ON , Canada </Td> <Td> Dec 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Max Holloway </Td> <Td> UFC 212 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil </Td> <Td> Jun 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 217 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> 1 . def . José Aldo at UFC 218 on Dec 2 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Bantamweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 126 to 135 lb ( 57 to 61 kg ) Prior to UFC - WEC merger , Dominick Cruz was the WEC Bantamweight Champion . At WEC 53 , Cruz defeated Scott Jorgensen to retain the WEC Bantamweight Championship and was awarded the inaugural UFC Bantamweight Championship . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Dominick Cruz def . Scott Jorgensen </Td> <Td> WEC 53 Glendale , AZ , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 1,117 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Urijah Faber at UFC 132 on Jul 2 , 2011 2 . def . Demetrious Johnson at UFC Live : Cruz vs. Johnson on Oct 1 , 2011 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - </Th> <Td> Renan Barão def . Urijah Faber for interim title </Td> <Td> UFC 149 Calgary , AB , Canada </Td> <Td> Jul 21 , 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Michael McDonald at UFC on Fuel TV : Barao vs. McDonald on Feb 16 , 2013 2 . def . Eddie Wineland at UFC 165 on Sep 21 , 2013 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Cruz vacated the title on January 6 , 2014 , after repeated injuries prevented him from returning to competition to defend his title . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Renan Barão promoted to undisputed champion </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jan 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 138 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Urijah Faber at UFC 169 on Feb 1 , 2014 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> T.J. Dillashaw </Td> <Td> UFC 173 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 603 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Joe Soto at UFC 177 on Aug 30 , 2014 2 . def . Renan Barão at UFC on Fox : Dillashaw vs. Barão 2 on Jul 25 , 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Dominick Cruz ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> UFC Fight Night : Dillashaw vs. Cruz Boston , MA , USA </Td> <Td> Jan 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 348 days ( 1,465 days ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Urijah Faber at UFC 199 on Jun 4 , 2016 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Cody Garbrandt </Td> <Td> UFC 207 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 309 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> T.J. Dillashaw ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> UFC 217 New York City , NY , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 63 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Flyweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 116 to 125 lb ( 53 to 57 kg ) Demetrious Johnson defeated Joseph Benavidez on September 22 , 2012 , at UFC 152 in Toronto , ON , Canada in the finale of a 4 - man tournament for the inaugural title . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Demetrious Johnson def . Joseph Benavidez </Td> <Td> UFC 152 Toronto , ON , Canada </Td> <Td> Sep 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 1,932 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . John Dodson at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Dodson on Jan 26 , 2013 2 . def . John Moraga at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Moraga on Jul 27 , 2013 3 . def . Joseph Benavidez at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Benavidez 2 on Dec 14 , 2013 4 . def . Ali Bagautinov at UFC 174 on June 14 , 2014 5 . def . Chris Cariaso at UFC 178 on Sep 27 , 2014 6 . def . Kyoji Horiguchi at UFC 186 on Apr 25 , 2015 7 . def . John Dodson at UFC 191 on Sep 5 , 2015 8 . def . Henry Cejudo at UFC 197 on Apr 23 , 2016 9 . def . Tim Elliott at The Ultimate Fighter : Tournament of Champions Finale on Dec 3 , 2016 10 . def . Wilson Reis at UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Reis on Apr 15 , 2017 11 . def . Ray Borg at UFC 216 on Oct 7 , 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Women 's Championship History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Women 's featherweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> 136 to 145 lb ( 62 to 66 kg ) </Dd> <Dd> The inaugural title was contested on February 11 , 2017 in Brooklyn , NY , USA at UFC 208 . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Germaine de Randamie def . Holly Holm </Td> <Td> UFC 208 Brooklyn , NY , USA </Td> <Td> Feb 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 128 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> De Randamie was stripped of the title on June 19 , 2017 , after she refused to defend the title against Cris Cyborg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Cris Cyborg def . Tonya Evinger </Td> <Td> UFC 214 Anaheim , CA , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 161 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> 1 . def . Holly Holm at UFC 219 on Dec 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women 's Bantamweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 126 to 135 lb ( 57 to 61 kg ) Prior to its folding and absorption by the UFC , Ronda Rousey was the Strikeforce Women 's Bantamweight Champion . Rousey was awarded the inaugural UFC Women 's Bantamweight Championship on December 6 , 2012 , at a UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Diaz pre-event press conference . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Ronda Rousey promoted to undisputed champion </Td> <Td> UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Diaz press conference Seattle , WA , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 6 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 1,074 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Liz Carmouche at UFC 157 on Feb 23 , 2013 2 . def . Miesha Tate at UFC 168 on Dec 28 , 2013 3 . def . Sara McMann at UFC 170 on Feb 22 , 2014 4 . def . Alexis Davis at UFC 175 on Jul 5 , 2014 5 . def . Cat Zingano at UFC 184 on Feb 28 , 2015 6 . def . Bethe Correia at UFC 190 on Aug 1 , 2015 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Holly Holm </Td> <Td> UFC 193 Melbourne , Australia </Td> <Td> Nov 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 111 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Miesha Tate </Td> <Td> UFC 196 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 126 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Amanda Nunes </Td> <Td> UFC 200 Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 546 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Ronda Rousey at UFC 207 on Dec 30 , 2016 2 . def . Valentina Shevchenko at UFC 215 on Sep 9 , 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women 's flyweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> 116 to 125 lb ( 53 to 56 kg ) </Dd> <Dd> The inaugural title was contested on Dec 1 , 2017 in Las Vegas , Nevada at The Ultimate Fighter : A New World Champion Finale . The inaugural title fight was between two fighters who appeared on the 26th season of The Ultimate Fighter . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Nicco Montaño def . Roxanne Modafferi </Td> <Td> The Ultimate Fighter : A New World Champion Finale Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 36 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women 's strawweight Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> 106 to 115 lb ( 48 to 52 kg ) Previously the Invicta FC strawweight champion , Carla Esparza defeated Rose Namajunas for the inaugural title on December 12 , 2014 in the tournament finale for The Ultimate Fighter : A Champion Will Be Crowned . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Carla Esparza def . Rose Namajunas </Td> <Td> The Ultimate Fighter : A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale Las Vegas , NV , USA </Td> <Td> Dec 12 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 92 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Joanna Jędrzejczyk </Td> <Td> UFC 185 Dallas , TX , USA </Td> <Td> Mar 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 966 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . def . Jessica Penne at UFC Fight Night : Jędrzejczyk vs. Penne on Jun 20 , 2015 2 . def . Valérie Létourneau at UFC 193 on Nov 15 , 2015 3 . def . Cláudia Gadelha at The Ultimate Fighter : Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia Finale on Jul 8 , 2016 4 . def . Karolina Kowalkiewicz at UFC 205 on Nov 12 , 2016 5 . def . Jéssica Andrade at UFC 211 on May 13 , 2017 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Rose Namajunas </Td> <Td> UFC 217 New York City , NY , USA </Td> <Td> Nov 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 63 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Superfight Championship ( defunct ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> An openweight title used before the introduction of weight classes in 1997 . It was designed to create a reigning UFC Champion for the UFC tournament winners to challenge . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Ken Shamrock and Royce Gracie fought to a draw on April 7 , 1995 at UFC 5 in Charlotte , NC , USA for the inaugural Superfight title . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Ken Shamrock def. Dan Severn </Td> <Td> UFC 6 Casper , WY , USA </Td> <Td> Jul 14 , 1995 </Td> <Td> 308 days </Td> <Td> <P> 1 . drew with Oleg Taktarov at UFC 7 on Sep 8 , 1995 2 . def . Kimo Leopoldo at UFC 8 on Feb 16 , 1996 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Dan Severn </Td> <Td> UFC 9 Detroit , MI , USA </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1996 </Td> <Td> 266 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Mark Coleman defeated Severn on February 7 , 1997 at UFC 12 in Dothan , AL , USA . This bout unified the UFC Superfight Championship with the UFC Tournament Championship to determine the inaugural UFC Heavyweight Champion . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tournament winners ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 1 </Td> <Td> Nov 12 , 1993 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Royce Gracie </Td> <Td> Gerard Gordeau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 2 </Td> <Td> Mar 11 , 1994 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Royce Gracie ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Patrick Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 3 </Td> <Td> Sep 9 , 1994 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Steve Jennum </Td> <Td> Harold Howard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 4 </Td> <Td> Dec 16 , 1994 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Royce Gracie ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Dan Severn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 5 </Td> <Td> Apr 7 , 1995 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Dan Severn </Td> <Td> Dave Beneteau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 6 </Td> <Td> Jul 14 , 1995 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Oleg Taktarov </Td> <Td> David Abbott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 7 </Td> <Td> Sep 8 , 1995 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Marco Ruas </Td> <Td> Paul Varelans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Ultimate Ultimate </Td> <Td> Dec 16 , 1995 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Dan Severn ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Oleg Taktarov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 8 </Td> <Td> Feb 16 , 1996 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Don Frye </Td> <Td> Gary Goodridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 10 </Td> <Td> Jul 12 , 1996 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Mark Coleman </Td> <Td> Don Frye </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 11 </Td> <Td> Sep 20 , 1996 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Mark Coleman ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scott Ferrozzo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Ultimate Ultimate 2 </Td> <Td> Dec 7 , 1996 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Don Frye ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> David Abbott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 12 </Td> <Td> Feb 7 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Vitor Belfort </Td> <Td> Scott Ferrozzo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Jerry Bohlander </Td> <Td> Nick Sanzo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 13 </Td> <Td> May 30 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Randy Couture </Td> <Td> Steven Graham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Guy Mezger </Td> <Td> Tito Ortiz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 14 </Td> <Td> Jul 27 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Mark Kerr </Td> <Td> Dan Bobish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Kevin Jackson </Td> <Td> Tony Fryklund </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 15 </Td> <Td> Oct 17 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Mark Kerr ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Dwayne Cason </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ultimate Japan </Td> <Td> Dec 21 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Kazushi Sakuraba </Td> <Td> Marcus Silveira </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 16 </Td> <Td> Mar 13 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Pat Miletich </Td> <Td> Chris Brennan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 17 </Td> <Td> May 15 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Dan Henderson </Td> <Td> Carlos Newton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 23 </Td> <Td> Nov 19 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Kenichi Yamamoto </Td> <Td> Katsuhisa Fujii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC 39 UFC 41 </Td> <Td> Feb 28 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> B.J. Penn drew with Caol Uno in the finale of the 4 - man tournament . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UFC on FX 2 UFC on FX 3 UFC 152 </Td> <Td> Sep 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Flyweight </Td> <Td> Demetrious Johnson </Td> <Td> Joseph Benavidez </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The Ultimate Fighter ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Ultimate Fighter is a reality television series and mixed martial arts competition produced by the UFC . The show features professional fighters living together and competing against one another in a tournament for a contract with the UFC . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Finale </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 1 : Team Couture vs. Team Liddell </Td> <Td> Apr 9 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Forrest Griffin </Td> <Td> Stephan Bonnar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Diego Sanchez </Td> <Td> Kenny Florian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 2 : Team Hughes vs. Team Franklin </Td> <Td> Nov 5 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Rashad Evans </Td> <Td> Brad Imes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Joe Stevenson </Td> <Td> Luke Cummo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 3 : Team Ortiz vs. Team Shamrock </Td> <Td> Jun 24 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Kendall Grove </Td> <Td> Ed Herman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Michael Bisping </Td> <Td> Josh Haynes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 4 : The Comeback </Td> <Td> Nov 11 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Travis Lutter </Td> <Td> Patrick Côté </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Matt Serra </Td> <Td> Chris Lytle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 5 : Team Pulver vs. Team Penn </Td> <Td> Jun 23 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Nate Diaz </Td> <Td> Manvel Gamburyan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 6 : Team Hughes vs. Team Serra </Td> <Td> Dec 8 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Mac Danzig </Td> <Td> Tommy Speer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 7 : Team Rampage vs. Team Forrest </Td> <Td> Jun 21 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Amir Sadollah </Td> <Td> C.B. Dollaway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 8 : Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir </Td> <Td> Dec 13 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Ryan Bader </Td> <Td> Vinicius Magalhães </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Efrain Escudero </Td> <Td> Phillipe Nover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 9 : United States vs. United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Jun 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Ross Pearson </Td> <Td> Andre Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> James Wilks </Td> <Td> DaMarques Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 10 : Heavyweights </Td> <Td> Dec 5 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Roy Nelson </Td> <Td> Brendan Schaub </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 11 : Team Liddell vs. Team Ortiz </Td> <Td> Jun 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Court McGee </Td> <Td> Kris McCray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 12 : Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck </Td> <Td> Dec 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Jonathan Brookins </Td> <Td> Michael Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 13 : Team Lesnar vs. Team dos Santos </Td> <Td> Jun 4 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Tony Ferguson </Td> <Td> Ramsey Nijem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 14 : Team Bisping vs. Team Miller </Td> <Td> Dec 3 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> John Dodson </Td> <Td> T.J. Dillashaw </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Diego Brandao </Td> <Td> Dennis Bermudez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 15 : Live </Td> <Td> Jun 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Michael Chiesa </Td> <Td> Al Iaquinta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : Brazil </Td> <Td> Jun 23 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Rony Mariano Bezerra </Td> <Td> Godofredo Pepey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Cezar Ferreira </Td> <Td> Sergio Moraes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 16 : Team Carwin vs. Team Nelson </Td> <Td> Dec 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Colton Smith </Td> <Td> Mike Ricci </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : The Smashes </Td> <Td> Dec 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Norman Parke </Td> <Td> Colin Fletcher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Robert Whittaker </Td> <Td> Brad Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 17 : Team Jones vs. Team Sonnen </Td> <Td> Apr 13 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Kelvin Gastelum </Td> <Td> Uriah Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : Brazil 2 </Td> <Td> Jun 8 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Leonardo Santos </Td> <Td> William Macario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 18 : Team Rousey vs. Team Tate </Td> <Td> Nov 30 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> Chris Holdsworth </Td> <Td> David Grant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Women 's Bantamweight </Td> <Td> Julianna Peña </Td> <Td> Jessica Rakoczy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : China </Td> <Td> Mar 1 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Ning Guangyou </Td> <Td> Yang Jianping </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Zhang Lipeng </Td> <Td> Wang Sai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF Nations : Canada vs. Australia </Td> <Td> Apr 16 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Chad Laprise </Td> <Td> Olivier Aubin - Mercier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Elias Theodorou </Td> <Td> Sheldon Westcott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : Brazil 3 </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Warlley Alves </Td> <Td> Márcio Alexandre Júnior </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Antônio Carlos Júnior </Td> <Td> Vitor Miranda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 19 : Team Edgar vs. Team Penn </Td> <Td> Jul 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Eddie Gordon </Td> <Td> Dhiego Lima </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Corey Anderson </Td> <Td> Matt Van Buren </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : Latin America </Td> <Td> Nov 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> Alejandro Pérez </Td> <Td> José Alberto Quiñonez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Yair Rodríguez </Td> <Td> Leonardo Morales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 20 : A Champion Will Be Crowned </Td> <Td> Dec 12 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Women 's Strawweight </Td> <Td> Carla Esparza </Td> <Td> Rose Namajunas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 21 : American Top Team vs. Blackzilians </Td> <Td> Jul 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Kamaru Usman </Td> <Td> Hayder Hassan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : Brazil 4 </Td> <Td> Aug 1 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> Reginaldo Vieira </Td> <Td> Dileno Lopes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Glaico França </Td> <Td> Fernando Bruno </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : Latin America 2 </Td> <Td> Nov 21 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Enrique Barzola </Td> <Td> Horacio Gutiérrez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Erick Montaño </Td> <Td> Enrique Marín </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 22 : Team McGregor vs. Team Faber </Td> <Td> Dec 11 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Ryan Hall </Td> <Td> Artem Lobov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 23 : Team Joanna vs. Team Cláudia </Td> <Td> Jul 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Women 's Strawweight </Td> <Td> Tatiana Suarez </Td> <Td> Amanda Cooper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Andrew Sanchez </Td> <Td> Khalil Rountree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF : Latin America 3 </Td> <Td> Nov 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Martín Bravo </Td> <Td> Claudio Puelles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 24 : Tournament of Champions </Td> <Td> Dec 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Flyweight </Td> <Td> Tim Elliott </Td> <Td> Hiromasa Ogikubo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 25 : Redemption </Td> <Td> Jul 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Jesse Taylor </Td> <Td> Dhiego Lima </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TUF 26 : A New World Champion </Td> <Td> Dec 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Women 's Flyweight </Td> <Td> Nicco Montaño </Td> <Td> Roxanne Modafferi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Champions by nationality ( edit ) </H2> <P> Division champions are the primary separation criteria due to being non-closed competition . It includes title holders and interim title holders . Interim champions who become undisputed champions are listed only once . People with multiple title reigns will have each of them counted . Tournament wins are secondary due to many tournaments being country specific and thus not generally a national achievement to win . Runners - up and The Ultimate Fighter runners - up are not included . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Division champions </Th> <Th> Tournament champions </Th> <Th> TUF Winners </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Most wins in title bouts ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fighters with four or more championship and / or interim championship title wins . Fighters with the same number of title wins are arranged in order of most title fights . Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title wins </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Record in title fights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> Middleweight Welterweight </Td> <Td> 1 - 0 - 0 12 - 2 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Demetrious Johnson </Td> <Td> Bantamweight Flyweight </Td> <Td> 0 - 1 - 0 12 - 0 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Anderson Silva </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> 11 - 2 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Jon Jones </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 10 - 0 - 0 ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Randy Couture </Td> <Td> Heavyweight Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 6 - 3 - 0 3 - 3 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Hughes </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> 9 - 3 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> José Aldo </Td> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> 8 - 3 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tito Ortiz </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 6 - 3 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronda Rousey </Td> <Td> Women 's Bantamweight </Td> <Td> 6 - 2 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joanna Jędrzejczyk </Td> <Td> Women 's Strawweight </Td> <Td> 6 - 1 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> B.J. Penn </Td> <Td> Welterweight Lightweight </Td> <Td> 1 - 2 - 0 4 - 3 - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Sylvia </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 5 - 4 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck Liddell </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 5 - 2 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat Miletich </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> 5 - 1 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominick Cruz </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> 5 - 1 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Shamrock </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 5 - 0 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cain Velasquez </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 4 - 2 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renan Barão </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> 4 - 2 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benson Henderson </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> 4 - 1 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Weidman </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> 4 - 1 - 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T.J. Dillashaw </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> 4 - 1 - 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Most consecutive title defenses ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following includes all UFC champions who were able to consecutively defend their title three times or more . Fighters with the same number of title defenses are listed chronologically . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Defenses </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Demetrious Johnson </Td> <Td> Flyweight </Td> <Td> Sep 22 , 2012 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Anderson Silva </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Oct 14 , 2006 -- Jul 6 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Apr 19 , 2008 -- Dec 13 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Jon Jones </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Mar 19 , 2011 -- Apr 28 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> José Aldo </Td> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Nov 20 , 2010 -- Dec 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Ronda Rousey </Td> <Td> Women 's Bantamweight </Td> <Td> Dec 6 , 2012 -- Nov 15 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Tito Ortiz </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Apr 14 , 2000 -- Sep 26 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Hughes </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Nov 2 , 2001 -- Jan 31 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joanna Jędrzejczyk </Td> <Td> Women 's Strawweight </Td> <Td> Mar 14 , 2015 -- Nov 4 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Shamrock </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Dec 21 , 1997 -- Nov 24 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat Miletich </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Oct 16 , 1998 -- May 4 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck Liddell </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Apr 16 , 2005 -- May 26 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> B.J. Penn </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Jan 19 , 2008 -- Apr 10 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frankie Edgar </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Apr 10 , 2010 -- Feb 26 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benson Henderson </Td> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Feb 26 , 2012 -- Aug 31 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renan Barão </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> Jul 21 , 2012 -- May 24 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Weidman </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Jul 6 , 2013 -- Dec 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tyron Woodley </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Jul 30 , 2016 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Edgar successfully defended the UFC Lightweight Championship twice and retained the title once following a draw against Gray Maynard at UFC 125 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barão successfully defended the interim UFC Bantamweight Championship twice before being promoted to undisputed champion and defending his title once more . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodley successfully defended the UFC Welterweight Championship twice and retained the title once following a draw against Stephen Thompson at UFC 205 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Longest reigning champions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following is a list of the ten longest reigning UFC champions . </P> <H3> Longest individual reigns ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Title Reign </Th> <Th> Weight class </Th> <Th> Successful defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Anderson Silva </Td> <Td> 2,457 days </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> 2,064 days </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Demetrious Johnson </Td> <Td> 1,932 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> Flyweight </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> José Aldo </Td> <Td> 1,848 days </Td> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Jon Jones </Td> <Td> 1,501 days </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Tito Ortiz </Td> <Td> 1,260 days </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Dominick Cruz </Td> <Td> 1,117 days </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Ronda Rousey </Td> <Td> 1,074 days </Td> <Td> Women 's Bantamweight </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Joanna Jedrzejczyk </Td> <Td> 966 days </Td> <Td> Women 's Strawweight </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Daniel Cormier </Td> <Td> 959 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Longest combined reigns ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Days as champion </Th> <Th> Number of reigns </Th> <Th> Weight class </Th> <Th> Cumulative title defenses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Anderson Silva </Td> <Td> 2,457 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> 2,237 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Welterweight , Middleweight </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> José Aldo </Td> <Td> 2,037 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Demetrious Johnson </Td> <Td> 1,932 days ( incumbent ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Flyweight </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Matt Hughes </Td> <Td> 1,577 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Jon Jones </Td> <Td> 1,501 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Randy Couture </Td> <Td> 1,478 + days </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Heavyweight , Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Dominick Cruz </Td> <Td> 1,465 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bantamweight </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Cain Velasquez </Td> <Td> 1,281 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Tito Ortiz </Td> <Td> 1,260 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Multi-division champions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fighters who have won championships in multiple weight classes . Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included . </P> <P> Randy Couture is notably the first champion to hold belts in two different divisions , and one of the few to reclaim a title after being defeated . Conor McGregor is notably the first and only fighter thus far to hold multiple titles simultaneously . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Won </Th> <Th> Lost </Th> <Th> Defenses </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Total reign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Randy Couture </Td> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Dec 21 , 1997 ( UFC Japan ) </Td> <Td> Jan ? , 1998 ( stripped ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 00 ? days </Td> <Td> 1,478 + days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nov 17 , 2000 ( UFC 28 ) </Td> <Td> Mar 22 , 2002 ( UFC 36 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 490 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Light Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Sep 26 , 2003 ( UFC 44 ) </Td> <Td> Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 127 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aug 21 , 2004 ( UFC 49 ) </Td> <Td> Apr 16 , 2005 ( UFC 52 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 238 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heavyweight </Td> <Td> Mar 3 , 2007 ( UFC 68 ) </Td> <Td> Nov 15 , 2008 ( UFC 91 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 623 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> B.J. Penn </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2004 ( stripped ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 107 days </Td> <Td> 919 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Jan 19 , 2008 ( UFC 80 ) </Td> <Td> Apr 10 , 2010 ( UFC 112 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 812 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conor McGregor </Td> <Td> Featherweight </Td> <Td> Dec 12 , 2015 ( UFC 194 ) </Td> <Td> Nov 26 , 2016 ( stripped ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 350 days </Td> <Td> 770 days ( ongoing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lightweight </Td> <Td> Nov 12 , 2016 ( UFC 205 ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 420 days ( incumbent ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georges St - Pierre </Td> <Td> Welterweight </Td> <Td> Nov 18 , 2006 ( UFC 65 ) </Td> <Td> Apr 7 , 2007 ( UFC 69 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 140 days </Td> <Td> 2237 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apr 19 , 2008 ( UFC 83 ) </Td> <Td> Dec 13 , 2013 ( vacated ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 2,064 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middleweight </Td> <Td> Nov 4 , 2017 ( UFC 217 ) </Td> <Td> Dec 7 , 2017 ( vacated ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 33 days </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> MMA portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of current mixed martial arts champions </Li> <Li> List of UFC records </Li> <Li> List of UFC events </Li> <Li> List of current UFC fighters </Li> <Li> List of Strikeforce champions </Li> <Li> List of WEC champions </Li> <Li> List of Pride champions </Li> <Li> Mixed martial arts weight classes </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UFC Championship Lineage '' . The Orange County Register . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plotz , David ( November 7 , 1999 ) . `` Fight Clubbed '' . Slate.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gentry III , Clyde ( 2003 ) . No Holds Barred : Ultimate Fighting and the Martial Arts Revolution ( Paperback ed . ) . Milo Books . pp. 106 , 123 . ISBN 1 - 903854 - 30 - X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harshcore , Rod . `` UFC Weight Classes & Their Champions : A History '' . Yell ! Magazine . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` UFC 16 : Frank 's house '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mixed Martial Arts Unified Rules of Conduct '' . New Jersey State Athletic Control Board . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trembow , Ivan ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` New Jersey Commission Corrects Mainstream UFC Stories '' . MMAWeekly.com . Ivan 's Blog . Retrieved September 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitman , Mike ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` UFC , WEC to Merge in 2011 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitman , Matt ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` UFC Adds Flyweight Class ; 4 - Man Title Tourney Begins March 3 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitman , Mike ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Report : Strikeforce Champion Ronda Rousey to Join UFC in 2013 , Strikeforce to Fold '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Dave ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' TUF 20 ' will feature all - women 's cast ; crown first UFC strawweight champion '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruz , Guilherme ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Strawweights Claudia Gadelha , Tina Lahdemaki meet at UFC Fight Night 45 '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fighters '' . Ultimate Fighting Championship . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rutten , Bas . `` Bas Rutten Biography '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Tom ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` UFC fighter flunks drug test '' . SFgate.com : the San Francisco Chronicle website . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Tom ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` Fighting outside the box '' . SFgate.com : the San Francisco Chronicle website . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( August 13 , 2005 ) . `` UFC Strips Mir of Heavyweight Belt , Arlovski New Champion '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jon Jones stripped of title , Daniel Cormier vs. Anthony Johnson for belt headlines UFC 187 '' . mmafighting.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) . `` UFC strips Jon Jones of interim light heavyweight title on heels of one - year suspension '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Raimondi ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Daniel Cormier reinstated as UFC light heavyweight champion '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kyte , Spencer ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Champion vs. Champion : A UFC History '' . UFC.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brett Okamoto ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dana White : Georges St - Pierre will be ' out for a minute ' with colitis '' . espn.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brett Okamoto ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Georges St - Pierre vacates middleweight title ; Robert Whittaker takes spot '' . espn.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zuffa Strips Penn of Title '' . Sherdog.com . May 18 , 2004 . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Georges St - Pierre vacating UFC welterweight title '' . mmajunkie.com . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Benson Henderson vs. Gilbert Melendez , Daniel Cormier vs. Frank Mir set for UFC on FOX 7 '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` Sherk stripped of lightweight title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , John ; Stupp , Dann ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` New UFC Champion Jose Aldo officially awarded title belt '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McGregor vacates featherweight title , Aldo now undisputed champion '' . ufc.com . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Conor McGregor : UFC never contacted me about relinquishing the featherweight title '' . mmafighting.com . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Chris ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Harris Eager to Crown First UFC Bantamweight Champ '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dominick Cruz out , vacates bantamweight title ; Urijah Faber now meets Renan Barao at UFC 169 '' . mmajunkie.com . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mrosko , Geno ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` UFC 152 results : Demetrious Johnson wins flyweight title with split decision victory over Joseph Benavidez '' . MMAmania.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Holly Holm and Germaine de Randamie fight for inaugural featherweight title at UFC 208 '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) . `` ' Cyborg ' vs. Megan Anderson for title at UFC 214 after Germaine de Randamie stripped '' . mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerbasi , Thomas ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` The UFC Crowns Its First Queen '' . UFC . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Relive UFC 6 : Clash of the Titans '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most wins in UFC title bouts '' . Fightmatrix.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive UFC title defenses '' . Fightmatrix.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MMA All - time Record Holders '' . sportsillustrated . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Current Title Holders at UFC.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ultimate Fighting Championship current champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heavyweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stipe Miocic </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Light Heavyweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Cormier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middleweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Whittaker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Welterweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tyron Woodley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lightweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conor McGregor </Li> </Ul> <P> Tony Ferguson ( interim champion ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featherweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Max Holloway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bantamweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T.J. Dillashaw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flyweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Demetrious Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women 's Featherweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cris Cyborg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women 's Bantamweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amanda Nunes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women 's Flyweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nicco Montaño </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women 's Strawweight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rose Namajunas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Heavyweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Mark Coleman </Li> <Li> Maurice Smith </Li> <Li> Randy Couture </Li> <Li> Bas Rutten </Li> <Li> Kevin Randleman </Li> <Li> Randy Couture ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Josh Barnett </Li> <Li> Ricco Rodriguez </Li> <Li> Tim Sylvia </Li> <Li> Frank Mir </Li> <Li> Andrei Arlovski ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Andrei Arlovski </Li> <Li> Tim Sylvia ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Randy Couture ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Brock Lesnar </Li> <Li> Frank Mir ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Shane Carwin ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Cain Velasquez </Li> <Li> Junior dos Santos </Li> <Li> Cain Velasquez ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Fabrício Werdum ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Fabrício Werdum </Li> <Li> Stipe Miocic ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Light Heavyweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Frank Shamrock </Li> <Li> Tito Ortiz </Li> <Li> Randy Couture ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Randy Couture </Li> <Li> Vitor Belfort </Li> <Li> Randy Couture ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Chuck Liddell </Li> <Li> Quinton Jackson </Li> <Li> Forrest Griffin </Li> <Li> Rashad Evans </Li> <Li> Lyoto Machida </Li> <Li> Maurício Rua </Li> <Li> Jon Jones </Li> <Li> Daniel Cormier ( current ) </Li> <Li> Jon Jones ( ic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Middleweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dave Menne </Li> <Li> Murilo Bustamante </Li> <Li> Evan Tanner </Li> <Li> Rich Franklin </Li> <Li> Anderson Silva </Li> <Li> Chris Weidman </Li> <Li> Luke Rockhold </Li> <Li> Michael Bisping </Li> <Li> Robert Whittaker ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Georges St - Pierre </Li> <Li> Robert Whittaker ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Welterweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pat Miletich </Li> <Li> Carlos Newton </Li> <Li> Matt Hughes </Li> <Li> B.J. Penn </Li> <Li> Matt Hughes ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Georges St - Pierre </Li> <Li> Matt Serra </Li> <Li> Georges St - Pierre ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Georges St - Pierre ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Carlos Condit ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Johny Hendricks </Li> <Li> Robbie Lawler </Li> <Li> Tyron Woodley ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Lightweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jens Pulver </Li> <Li> Sean Sherk </Li> <Li> B.J. Penn </Li> <Li> Frankie Edgar </Li> <Li> Benson Henderson </Li> <Li> Anthony Pettis </Li> <Li> Rafael dos Anjos </Li> <Li> Eddie Alvarez </Li> <Li> Conor McGregor ( current ) </Li> <Li> Tony Ferguson ( ic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Featherweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> José Aldo </Li> <Li> Conor McGregor ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Conor McGregor </Li> <Li> José Aldo ( ic ) </Li> <Li> José Aldo ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Max Holloway ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Max Holloway ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Bantamweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dominick Cruz </Li> <Li> Renan Barão ( ic ) </Li> <Li> Renan Barão </Li> <Li> T.J. Dillashaw </Li> <Li> Dominick Cruz ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Cody Garbrandt </Li> <Li> T.J. Dillashaw ( 2 ) ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Flyweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Demetrious Johnson ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Women 's Featherweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Germaine de Randamie </Li> <Li> Cristiane Justino ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Women 's Bantamweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ronda Rousey </Li> <Li> Holly Holm </Li> <Li> Miesha Tate </Li> <Li> Amanda Nunes ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Women 's Flyweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Nicco Montaño ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UFC Women 's Strawweight Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Carla Esparza </Li> <Li> Joanna Jędrzejczyk </Li> <Li> Rose Namajunas ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mixed martial arts champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current champions for active organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UFC </Li> <Li> Bellator MMA </Li> <Li> FFC </Li> <Li> ONE </Li> <Li> WSOF </Li> <Li> Pancrase </Li> <Li> Shooto </Li> <Li> KOTC </Li> <Li> Deep </Li> <Li> Invicta FC </Li> <Li> SFL </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legacy champions for defunct organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pride FC </Li> <Li> Strikeforce </Li> <Li> IFL </Li> <Li> EliteXC </Li> <Li> Cage Rage </Li> <Li> Dream </Li> <Li> Hero 's </Li> <Li> WEC </Li> <Li> SRC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UFC Pound for Pound rankings </Li> <Li> List of undefeated mixed martial artists </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UFC_champions&oldid=818437550 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ultimate Fighting Championship champions </Li> <Li> Lists of sportspeople </Li> <Li> Mixed martial arts lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who has the most ufc heavyweight title defenses
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_UFC_champions&amp;oldid=818437550
-285,694,333,911,573,250
As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) - wikipedia <H1> As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` As Long as You Love Me '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Justin Bieber featuring Big Sean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Believe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 11 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electropop </Li> <Li> dubstep </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 49 ( album version ) 3 : 20 ( international version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Island </Li> <Li> RBMG </Li> <Li> Schoolboy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andre Lindal </Li> <Li> Justin Bieber </Li> <Li> Nasri Atweh </Li> <Li> Rodney Jerkins </Li> <Li> Sean Anderson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Darkchild </Li> <Li> The Messengers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Justin Bieber singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Big Sean singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` My Homies Still '' ( 2012 ) My Homies Still 2012 </Td> <Td> `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) As Long as You Love Me2012 </Td> <Td> `` Clique '' ( 2012 ) Clique 2012 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` As Long as You Love Me '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` As Long as You Love Me '' is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , from his third studio album , Believe ( 2012 ) . The track features American rapper Big Sean . It was written by both artists with Nasri Atweh , and was produced by Rodney `` Darkchild '' Jerkins and Andre Lindal . It was first released on June 11 , 2012 , as a promotional single from the album , and one month later it was released as the album 's second single . </P> <P> The song has since charted in the United Kingdom , first at number thirty as a promotional single with first - week sales of 11,598 , and then after being released as a single it improved its position on the UK Singles Chart , reaching number 22 . On Billboard 's Rhythmic Airplay Chart , the single reached number one , giving Bieber his first number one single on an American airplay music chart . It peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . </P> <P> It also reached the number one position on Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , making Bieber the fifth Canadian artist to reach that position after Martin Solveig featuring Dragonette 's `` Hello '' in 2011 . The song has sold 2,240,000 copies in the US as December 2012 . The music video features actor Michael Madsen . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and release </Li> <Li> 2 Composition and lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Music video </Li> <Li> 5 Live performances </Li> <Li> 6 Track listings </Li> <Li> 7 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 7.2 Certifications </Li> <Li> 7.3 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Release history <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Promotional releases </Li> <Li> 8.2 Single releases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and release ( edit ) </H2> <P> In late 2011 , Bieber confirmed to radio network Capital FM that he was recording material for his third studio album , which was originally going to be released in early 2012 . He later spoke to MTV News and revealed that Believe would surprise people in different ways , since it musically is a departure from his previous works . While Bieber has said that he wants his next release to recall Justin Timberlake 's Future Sex / Love Sounds sonically , in an interview with V magazine , he noted that what he 'll be singing is a bit more PG than the topics Timberlake covered on that album . </P> <P> `` I 'm not going to try to conform to what people want me to be or go out there and start partying , have people see me with alcohol . I want to do it at my own pace . I do n't want to start singing about things like sex , drugs and swearing . I 'm into love , and maybe I 'll get more into making love when I 'm older . I want to be someone who is respected by everybody . '' </P> <P> After releasing `` Boyfriend '' as the lead single , Bieber announced that he will release promotional singles to promote Believe . The first promotional single `` Die in Your Arms '' was released to iTunes on May 29 , 2012 . The second `` All Around The World '' was released on iTunes on June 4 , 2012 . `` As Long as You Love Me '' was released on June 11 , 2012 , as the third and final promotional single . </P> <P> The cover art for `` As Long as You Love Me '' shows Bieber perched on a wooden stool , holding an acoustic guitar . Sia Nicole of `` Idolator expressed dissatisfaction with the cover , saying `` It 's false advertising for the high - fidelity track that has nary a strum within earshot . '' </P> <H2> Composition and lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` As Long as You Love Me '' was written by Bieber , Nasri Atweh , and guest vocalist Big Sean , while production was handled by Darkchild , The Messengers and Andre Lindal . The song is officially written in the key of C minor . It is heavily influenced by dubstep , with vocal loops complemented by a booming beat . As the song continues , it builds and builds to a rave - ready drop . </P> <P> Lyrically , it tells listeners that true love can defy all circumstances and the obstacles that it can overcome . `` As long as you love me / We could be starving / We could be homeless / We could be broke , '' Bieber sings over a staccato beat and handclaps , with an undercurrent of a swirling - sounding synth . `` As long as you love me / I 'll be your platinum / I 'll be your silver / I 'll be your gold , '' he adds . Big Sean drops a rap exalting a lady love , too . `` I do n't know if this makes sense , but you 're my hallelujah / Give me a time and a place , and I 'll rendezvous , and I 'll fly you to it , '' Sean raps . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as `` a dubstep love song , with Mr. Bieber reaching into falsetto at points without losing power , and showing restraint at the chorus . '' Natalie Shaw of BBC Music wrote , `` It 's fine that his vocal simpers on the verses of As Long As You Love Me , because the song 's pulsating undercurrent propels it onto the dancefloor . '' Hermione Hoby of The Observer complimented his vocals , calling `` plaintive and still unmistakably teenage . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard defined the track : `` A massive yet somehow intimate dance track , with the drums almost reaching hair metal levels in their vibrations . The Biebs handles his business , but Big Sean 's verse probably is n't necessary . '' </P> <P> Becky Bain of Idolator commented , `` The electro - infused track carries your basic we - do n't - need - money - we - have - love sentiment , while Big Sean cameo is mostly useless , but it does come at a pivotal moment in the Darkchild - produced tune . '' </P> <P> In his review for Fact Magazine , Alex Macpherson described the track : </P> <P> `` ' As Long As You Love Me ' is a post-austerity , us - against - the - world electronic storm in which Bieber promises romantic fealty even as he 's buffeted this way and that by a cornucopia of sonic switch - ups courtesy of Darkchild : the 4 × 4 march leading up to the peak of the second chorus , the way the word ' love ' is caught , cut up and tossed into a digital swirl until it becomes helpless surrender . Notably and surprisingly , too , Bieber 's own delivery stands out : his blend of puppy - eyed pleading and genuine tenderness on the line ' We could be homeless , we could be broke ' is the song 's emotional pivot . It 's enough to make you jealous of those terrifyingly devoted Beliebers : imagine how much more intensely they 're feeling this . '' </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> As part of promotion for `` As Long As You Love Me '' , a music video , which was filmed in early July 2012 , was released . Prior to the release of the video , Bieber revealed that a minute - long clip of the video was due to be broadcast following an episode of The Voice ; however , much to the displeasure of Bieber and his fans , the clip was n't shown . NBC later revealed that technical difficulties prevented the clip from being aired . The full video was later premiered on Bieber 's official YouTube page on July 12 , 2012 . Bieber very rarely referred to the video as a `` music video '' , but rather as a `` short film '' . Directed by Anthony Mandler , cinematography by David Devlin , and edited by Jacquelyn London the video was Bieber 's longest music video at five minutes and fifty - two seconds , before being surpassed by `` Confident '' at six minutes and six seconds . It featured guest appearances by Michael Madsen and Big Sean , the latter of which performs the rapping on the track . The video was filmed in Los Angeles , California . The actress in the music video is Chanel Celaya . </P> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bieber performed the song for the first time in Oslo , Norway at the Oslo Opera House , on May 30 , 2012 at his Believe promo tour . Also Bieber performed the song , with Big Sean , in Today Show on June 15 , 2012 and again with Big Sean at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . Bieber also performed the song , once again with Big Sean , during the season finale of the NBC summer reality talent show `` America 's Got Talent '' . He also performed in late September on `` Dancing With The Stars '' , and on the February 9 , 2013 episode of `` Saturday Night Live '' , which he also hosted . Bieber has also performed the song on the 2012 Victoria 's Secret Fashion show on November 7 , 2012 in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . On March 28 , 2015 , Bieber performed a duet with Ariana Grande on The Honeymoon Tour in Miami . Bieber performed the song at the 2015 Wango Tango . </P> <H2> Track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Digital download -- Remixes EP </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Club Dub ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Radio Mix ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Instrumental ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Radio Mix ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Club Mix ) </Td> <Td> 7 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Dub ) </Td> <Td> 7 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Radio Mix ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Radio Mix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Mix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Luvstep Mix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) </Th> <Th> Current Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 140,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 160,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico ( AMPROFON ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( IFPI Norway ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 4,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2012 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Promotional releases ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Digital Download </Td> <Td> Island Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Universal Music , Mercury Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worldwide </Td> <Td> June 13 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Single releases ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States / Canada </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Top 40 / Mainstream and Rhythmic radio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worldwide </Td> <Td> September 7 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Digital Remixes EP </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Anzuoni , Mario ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Bieber spotlights his grown - up side in flashy new video '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Pop 's Good Boy Tries Growing Up '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Cheryl 's Call My Name sells 152k in week one '' . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 8 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 22 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Top Songs of 2012 '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Teams Up With Kanye West And Drake For New Album ' Believe ' '' . Capital FM . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Boyfriend ' Track Getting Early Buzz '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Next Album Is ' Ridiculous ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg - Morse , Mredith ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Listen To A Sampler Of Tracks From Justin Bieber 's Upcoming Believe Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber to Release New Singles Each Week Leading Up to Believe '' . Mix FM . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Music : Justin Bieber f / Big Sean -- ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . Rap - Up . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sia , Nicole ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Clutches Guitar On Cover Art For Guitarless Next Single , `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Believe ( liner notes ) . Justin Bieber . Island Records , Raymond Braun Media Group , School Boy Records . 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A. Schillaci , Sophie ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Goes Dubstep with ' As Long as You Love Me ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bieber , Justin . `` Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Big Sean Get Romantic On ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bain , Becky ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Gets Romantic On Club Banger `` As Long As You Love Me '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaw , Natalie ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Review of Justin Bieber -- Believe '' . BBC Music . BBC Online . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hermione , Hoby ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- review '' . The Observer . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , ' Believe ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- FACT magazine : music and art '' . Fact Magazine ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` BIEBER ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` VIDEOSTATIC ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . VIDEOSTATIC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Exton , Emily ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs New Songs `` All Around the World '' and `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Brings Out Big Sean For ' Today ' Show Performance '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ebergamaschi ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` '' As Long As You Love Me '' on iTunes News `` . Now Justin Bieber . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Téléchargements MP3 7digital France '' . Fr.7digital.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( Remixes EP ) '' . iTunes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201248 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : As Long As You Love Me ( Feat . Big Sean ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 34 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 ( Week : September 1 , 2012 to September 6 , 2012 '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201241 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' Canciones Top 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Music Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As Long As You Love Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter As Long As Long As You Love Me in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . ARIA . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital United Kingdom '' . 7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Descargas de MP3 7digital España '' . Es.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital Ireland '' . Ie.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Justin Bieber songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> My World </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` One Time '' </Li> <Li> `` One Less Lonely Girl '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> My World 2.0 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` Eenie Meenie '' </Li> <Li> `` Somebody to Love '' </Li> <Li> `` U Smile '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> My Worlds : The Collection </Th> <Td> `` Pray '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Never Say Never : The Remixes </Th> <Td> `` Never Say Never '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under the Mistletoe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mistletoe '' </Li> <Li> `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Believe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Boyfriend '' </Li> <Li> `` As Long as You Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Beauty and a Beat '' </Li> <Li> `` Right Here '' </Li> <Li> `` All Around the World '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Journals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Heartbreaker '' </Li> <Li> `` All That Matters '' </Li> <Li> `` Hold Tight '' </Li> <Li> `` Recovery '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Day '' </Li> <Li> `` All Bad '' </Li> <Li> `` PYD '' </Li> <Li> `` Roller Coaster '' </Li> <Li> `` Change Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Confident '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Purpose </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Where Are Ü Now '' </Li> <Li> `` What Do You Mean ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Sorry '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Yourself '' </Li> <Li> `` Company '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Home to Mama '' </Li> <Li> `` Friends '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' </Li> <Li> `` Next to You '' </Li> <Li> `` Live My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` # thatPOWER '' </Li> <Li> `` Lolly '' </Li> <Li> `` Wait for a Minute '' </Li> <Li> `` Gas Pedal '' </Li> <Li> `` Cold Water '' </Li> <Li> `` Let Me Love You '' </Li> <Li> `` Deja Vu '' </Li> <Li> `` Despacito '' ( remix ) </Li> <Li> `` I 'm the One '' </Li> <Li> `` 2U '' </Li> <Li> `` Hard 2 Face Reality '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Promotional singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Favorite Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Let You Go '' </Li> <Li> `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Die in Your Arms '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Show You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Down to Earth '' </Li> <Li> `` Bigger '' </Li> <Li> `` First Dance '' </Li> <Li> `` That Should Be Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Big Sean singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finally Famous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` My Last '' </Li> <Li> `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' </Li> <Li> `` Dance ( Ass ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cruel Summer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mercy '' </Li> <Li> `` Clique '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Fame </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Guap '' </Li> <Li> `` Switch Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Beware '' </Li> <Li> `` Fire '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dark Sky Paradise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' </Li> <Li> `` Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` Blessings '' </Li> <Li> `` One Man Can Change the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Play No Games '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> I Decided . </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Bounce Back '' </Li> <Li> `` Moves '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' </Li> <Li> `` Champions '' </Li> <Li> `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Lay It on Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Till I Die '' </Li> <Li> `` Naked '' </Li> <Li> `` My Homies Still '' </Li> <Li> `` As Long as You Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Burn '' </Li> <Li> `` Show Out '' </Li> <Li> `` All That ( Lady ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Wild '' </Li> <Li> `` Right There '' </Li> <Li> `` Sorry '' </Li> <Li> `` All Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Open Wide '' </Li> <Li> `` B Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` How Many Times '' </Li> <Li> `` Back Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Workin '' ( remix ) </Li> <Li> `` Holy Key '' </Li> <Li> `` I Think of You '' </Li> <Li> `` Feels '' </Li> <Li> `` Alone '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Promotional singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Oh My '' ( remix ) </Li> <Li> `` What Yo Name Iz ? '' ( remix ) </Li> <Li> `` Control '' </Li> <Li> `` Best Mistake '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` See Me Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Like '' ( remix ) </Li> <Li> `` Sanctified '' </Li> <Li> `` Research '' </Li> <Li> `` No Favors '' </Li> <Li> `` On Everything '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Justin_Bieber_song)&oldid=825257648 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2012 singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles </Li> <Li> Justin Bieber songs </Li> <Li> Island Records singles </Li> <Li> Big Sean songs </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler </Li> <Li> Songs about domestic violence </Li> <Li> Songs written by Andre Lindal </Li> <Li> Songs written by Nasri ( musician ) </Li> <Li> Songs written by Justin Bieber </Li> <Li> Songs written by Big Sean </Li> <Li> Songs written by Rodney Jerkins </Li> <Li> 2012 songs </Li> <Li> Torch songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> Cite certification used with missing parameters </Li> <Li> CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Wallonia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Denmark </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Finland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for France </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Irish </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Slovakia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Spain </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Swiss </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart making named ref </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 10 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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download song justin bieber as long as you love me
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Justin_Bieber_song)&amp;oldid=825257648
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A Place to Call Home ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia <H1> A Place to Call Home ( season 2 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> A Place to Call Home ( season 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Season 2 DVD and Revised Ending DVD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Seven Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 11 May ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) -- 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) ; 13 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of A Place to Call Home episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The second season of the Seven Network television series A Place to Call Home premiered on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014 . The original ending for the second season will air for the first time on 13 September 2015 on SoHo . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Casting </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 Home media <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 15 July 2013 , Channel Seven released an announcement with confirmed that A Place to Call Home had been commissioned for a second season , set to air in May 2014 . Brad Lyons , the Director of Network Production at Seven stated , `` A Place to Call Home has showcased drama on a scale never seen before on Australian television . It 's pleasing to see such an ambitious production receive the acclaim it deserves . '' </P> <P> Pre-production for season 2 began in August 2013 . Filming for the second season began in September 2013 and wrapped in December 2013 . </P> <P> In June 2014 , Glen Williams from TV Week reported that Channel Seven had passed on the option to renew the series and had recently told the cast and crew they would not be required for a third season . Due to this , the last episode of season two had to be hastily rewritten and filmed to accommodate the cancellation and tie up any loose storylines . However , on 25 October 2014 , it was announced the show was to be revived by Foxtel for at least two more seasons . Due to the revival , it has been announced the original ending will air to give the original lead - in to season three . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams </Li> <Li> Noni Hazelhurst as Elizabeth Bligh </Li> <Li> Brett Climo as George Bligh </Li> <Li> Craig Hall as Dr. Jack Duncan </Li> <Li> David Berry as James Bligh </Li> <Li> Abby Earl as Anna Bligh </Li> <Li> Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh </Li> <Li> Aldo Mignone as Angelo `` Gino '' Poletti </Li> <Li> Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh </Li> <Li> Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson </Li> <Li> Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins </Li> <Li> Jenni Baird as Regina Standish </Li> <Li> Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson </Li> <Li> Amy Mathews as Amy Polson </Li> <Li> Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey </Li> <Li> Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti </Li> <Li> Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti </Li> <Li> Ben Winspear as Dr. René Nordmann </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <H3> Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Siena Elchaar as Gilda Poletti </Li> <Li> Scott Grimley as Norman Parker </Li> <Li> Andrew McFarlane </Li> <Li> Jeff Truman as Father Joe </Li> <Li> Jason Montgomery as Adam Farrell </Li> <Li> Erica Lovell as Eve Walker </Li> <Li> Tristan Maxwell as Colin Walker </Li> <Li> Indi & Izzi Scott as Louise Walker </Li> <Li> Martin Sacks as Itzaak Gold </Li> <Li> Lisa Peers as Miriam Gold </Li> <Li> Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford </Li> <Li> Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Samantha </Li> <Li> Judi Farr as Peg Maloney </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Casting ( edit ) <P> Amy Polson was originally played by Krew Boylan , however due to scheduling issues , the role is now played by Amy Mathews . Sara Wiseman and Matt Levett , who portray Carolyn Bligh and Andrew Swanson respectively , have both been promoted to the main cast . Jenni Baird and Deborah Kennedy , who portray Regina Standish and Doris Collins respectively , will both return for season two . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of A Place to Call Home episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Australian viewers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` No Secrets , Ever '' </Td> <Td> Mark Joffe </Td> <Td> Trent Atkinson </Td> <Td> 11 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1.092 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In 2013 , an elderly Sarah relays the story of Bert 's murder . Back in 1953 , the trial periods for Anna and Sarah begin . Elizabeth announces a decision that shocks everyone . Olivia becomes increasingly worried about James ' treatment . Carolyn returns to Ash Park . Jack is angry with Carolyn and promises to uncover his daughter 's identity . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Believe '' </Td> <Td> Mark Joffe </Td> <Td> Tony Morphett </Td> <Td> 18 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1.041 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the aftermath of Bert 's death and its subsequent cover - up , those involved search for inner peace . But while Sarah battles her own demons , she is well aware that Colin 's suffering is tenfold . James ' treatment continues to cause him suffering and Jack is determined for answers after Carolyn 's revelation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' </Td> <Td> Lynn - Maree Danzey </Td> <Td> Rick Held </Td> <Td> 25 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 1.159 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sarah reveals that during her imprisonment in Ravensbrück , she used sex in order to survive . Olivia returns to Ash Park for Sarah and George 's engagement party , bringing Andrew with her . After rejecting Andrew , Anna and Gino become engaged . Jack tries to grow closer to Anna . Dr Milsen continues torturing James and suggests a lobotomy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What Your Heart Says '' </Td> <Td> Lynn - Maree Danzey </Td> <Td> Hamilton Budd </Td> <Td> 1 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 1.213 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After James is rescued from the hospital , his sexuality becomes known . Jack and Carolyn grow closer together through Anna . Sarah decides it is time to tell George the truth about her rape . Elizabeth and Anna go head - to - head when the former blames Carolyn for the latter 's behaviour . Sarah informs Elizabeth she will be moving out for the Christmas period . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Ghosts of Christmas Past '' </Td> <Td> Lynn Hegarty </Td> <Td> Brooke Wilson </Td> <Td> 8 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1.137 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> George tells Sarah that he will love her despite her secret . Elizabeth relives her romantic experience with Jack 's father . Jack 's intimacy issues come to light when Carolyn invites him to a party . Anna humiliates Andrew when she invites Gino to Christmas proceedings with her family . James and Olivia grow closer . Sarah leaves for the Christmas period . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Auld Lang Syne '' </Td> <Td> Lynn Hegarty </Td> <Td> Bevan Lee </Td> <Td> 15 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1.186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The family celebrate New Year 's 1954 . Sarah proves herself at a party designed by Elizabeth and Prudence to throw her in the deep end . Jack reveals the truth about his intimacy issue and sleeps with Carolyn . Anna and Gino sleep together in the Bligh mansion . Olivia discovers her unborn child has died and confides in Andrew . Regina returns from France with shocking news and discovers the truth about James . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` No Other Love '' </Td> <Td> Mark Joffe </Td> <Td> Bevan Lee </Td> <Td> 22 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1.182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Regina informs Sarah that her husband is alive . Anna and Gino finalise their wedding details and disinvite Elizabeth . George and Sarah call off their engagement when she decides she needs to get her husband . Elizabeth realizes how big a mistake she has made . Regina blackmails Elizabeth with her knowledge of James ' homosexuality . Andrew organises a pregnant , unwed mother to give her child to Olivia . Roy has trouble saying goodbye to Sarah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Answer Me , My Love '' </Td> <Td> Mark Joffe </Td> <Td> Trent Atkinson </Td> <Td> 22 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1.150 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sarah arrives in Paris and moves in with René and his sister . George tells Elizabeth exactly what he thinks about her . Anna discovers that Jack is her biological father . Olivia discovers that the mother of the child Andrew has organized has gone into labour . James is ignorantly overjoyed by the birth of baby George . Regina tells everyone she is in love with her driver , Adam but puts her plan into action . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` I Do , I Do '' </Td> <Td> Lynn - Maree Danzey </Td> <Td> Hamilton Budd </Td> <Td> 6 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1.210 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sarah returns to Inverness with René and moves in with Roy . Olivia believes that her child is not settling because of her deception and is further rattled when James delivers her an ultimatum - she chooses their marriage or Andrew . Anna and Gino 's wedding day arrives and at the last minute , Elizabeth is forgiven by Anna and invited to the wedding . Elizabeth and Sarah mutually forgive each other . Regina has Adam bash her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23a </Th> <Td> 10a </Td> <Td> `` Unforgettable '' </Td> <Td> Lynn - Maree Danzey </Td> <Td> Bevan Lee & Kim Wilson </Td> <Td> 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1.302 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Olivia tells Andrew they can no longer be friends and reassures James of her love for him . Anna and Gino 's honeymoon is tainted when Andrew arrives with a letter revealing the truth about Olivia 's child . George informs his family that he is leaving Ash Park , but after consideration , Elizabeth signs the estate over to her son . Regina attempts , albeit unsuccessfully , to become the mistress of the estate . Sarah informs René that she will always love him . Jack proposes to Carolyn . Elizabeth leaves Ash Park , determined to discover who her true self really is . </P> ' Note : This was the final episode aired on Channel Seven . Due to the cancellation of the series , the ending had to be reworked to act as a series finale . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23b </Th> <Td> 10b </Td> <Td> `` Unforgettable '' </Td> <Td> Lynn - Maree Danzey </Td> <Td> Bevan Lee & Kim Wilson </Td> <Td> 13 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 0.051 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Anna 's tainted honeymoon continues when she decides to read the letter Andrew delivers , and learns the truth about Olivia and James ' son . Elizabeth decides to leave Ash Park , and does so after farewelling her family . George heads out on horseback , closely followed by Regina , when René heads out with a shotgun . Sarah emerges from the shower , to a gunshot , and finds a shocked René , a gun - wielding Regina and an unconscious George lying on the ground with a gunshot wound . </P> ' Note : This was the first original episode to air on Foxtel . Due to the recommissioning of the series , this episode features the original cliffhanger ending , setting up the third season . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Answer Me , My Love '' aired in Melbourne and Adelaide on 22 June 2014 , and in Sydney , Brisbane and Perth on 29 June 2014 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Set details </Th> <Th> Blu - ray and DVD release dates </Th> <Th> Special features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region B / 4 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discs : 3 </Li> <Li> Episodes : 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 17 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Interviews </Li> <Li> Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Collector 's Edition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discs : 1 </Li> <Li> Episodes : 3 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Only released on DVD . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second series of A Place to Call Home for Seven '' . Mumbrella. 15 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` Renewed : A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McWhirter , Erin ( 22 -- 28 June 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 25 ) : 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home '' . Screen Australia . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Williams , Glen ( 14 -- 20 June 2014 ) . `` No place to call home '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 22 ) : 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Amy ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel 2015 highlights : iQ3 , Deadline Gallipoli , Banished , Gogglebox '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Place to Call Home , A series 2 '' ( PDF ) . Screen Australia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein , Sharon ( 18 -- 24 January 2014 ) . `` Best in show '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 3 ) : 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Sunday 11 May 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Sunday 18 May 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Sunday 25 May 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Sunday 1 June 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Sunday 8 June 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Sunday 15 June 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 22 June 2014 '' . Media Spy . Archived from the original on 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday 29th June 2014 '' . Media Spy . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday 6th July 2014 '' . Media Spy . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday 13th July 2014 '' . Media Spy . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 September 2015 ) . `` Sunday 13 September 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian DVD releases : <Ul> <Li> `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` A Place To Call Home - Season 2 -- Collector 's Disc - New Final Episode '' . Sanity . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> A Place to Call Home on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(season_2)&oldid=803904920 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2014 Australian television seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2015 </Li> <Li> Use Australian English from September 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 12 : 22 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>
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a place to call home season 2 episode 6 recap
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(season_2)&amp;oldid=803904920
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Delilah - wikipedia <H1> Delilah </H1> <P> </P> For other uses , see Delilah ( disambiguation ) . Delilah ( c. 1896 ) by Gustave Moreau <P> Delilah ( / dɪˈlaɪlə / ; Hebrew : דלילה ‎ Dəlilah , Dəlila , Tiberian Hebrew Dəlilah ; Arabic Dalilah meaning `` faithless one '' ) is a woman mentioned in the sixteenth chapter of the Book of Judges in the Hebrew Bible . She is loved by Samson , a Nazirite who possesses great strength and serves as the final Judge of Israel . Delilah is bribed by the lords of the Philistines to discover the source of his strength . After three failed attempts at doing so , she finally goads Samson into telling her that his vigor is derived from his hair . As he sleeps , Delilah orders a servant to cut Samson 's hair , thereby enabling her to turn him over to the Philistines . </P> <P> Delilah has been the subject of both rabbinic and Christian commentary ; rabbinic literature identifies her with Micah 's mother in the biblical narrative of Micah 's Idol , while some Christians have compared her to Judas Iscariot , the man who betrayed Jesus . Scholars have noted similarities between Delilah and other women in the Bible , such as Jael and Judith , and have discussed the question of whether or not the story of Samson 's relationship with Delilah displays a negative attitude towards foreigners . Notable depictions of Delilah include John Milton 's closet drama Samson Agonistes and Cecil B. DeMille 's 1949 Hollywood film Samson and Delilah . Her name has become associated with treacherous and voluptuous women . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 In the Bible </Li> <Li> 2 Religious views <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Jewish interpretations </Li> <Li> 2.2 Christian interpretations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Scholarly views </Li> <Li> 4 Cultural influence </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> In the Bible ( edit ) </H2> Delilah from the Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum <P> Delilah was a woman of Sorek . She is the only woman in Samson 's story who is named . The Bible says that Samson loved her ( Judges 16 : 4 ) but not that she loved him . The two were not married and the idea that they had a sexual relationship is , in the words of Josey Bridges Snyder , `` at most implicit in the biblical text '' . The lords of the Philistines bribed her to discover the source of Samson 's great strength , each offering to give her 1,100 silver coins . Three times she failed . </P> <P> First , at his own suggestion , she bound him with `` seven green withes , '' but these he easily snapped asunder . Then she tied him with new ropes : these also failed . Then , she fastened the locks of his hair to the loom but with the same result . Finally , after many complaints that Samson did not trust her , he told her that his strength lay in his hair . Then , when he was asleep , she ordered a servant to cut Samson 's hair . She then awoke him , and delivered him into the hands of the waiting Philistine chiefs . </P> <P> The Bible does not mention her fate , and , as James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson note in Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible , it never discusses whether or not Delilah felt guilt for her actions . </P> <H2> Religious views ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Jewish interpretations ( edit ) </H3> Max Liebermann 's Samson and Delilah ( 1902 ) <P> Josephus and Pseudo-Philo both view Delilah as a Philistine and a prostitute ; Josey Bridges Snyder theorizes that this may be due to the fact that Book of Judges portrays Samson as being attracted to both Philistine women ( Judges 14 : 1 ) and prostitutes ( Judges 16 : 1 ) . Pseudo-Philo also writes that Delilah was Samson 's wife . The Talmud says that Delilah used sex to get Samson to reveal his secret , in spite of the fact that the biblical text does not state that the two had a sexual relationship , while midrash state that Delilah harassed Samson verbally and physically during sex to get him to tell her the source of his strength . Midrashim on Delilah reveal negative attitudes toward non-Jewish women and are supposed to `` demonstrate the havoc that a foreign woman could wreak '' . The midrash says that Samson lost his strength because of his relationship with Delilah , a foreign woman , and not because his hair was cut , and that the angel who foretold Samson 's birth to his mother knew that Delilah would cause him to break his Nazirite vow . </P> <P> Late aggadah say that Samson and Delilah had sons together who were strong like their father ; Eldad ha - Dani claims that their sons resided in the land of Havilah and each had voices as `` triumphal ... as a lion 's roar '' . Medieval midrash propose that Delilah was the mother of Micah from the biblical narrative of Micah 's Idol . This theory rests on the fact that , in Judges 17 , Micah 's mother gives her son 1,100 silver coins to construct his idol , similar to how Delilah was promised 1,100 silver coins to betray her lover by the Philistine leaders . This tradition explains the conflation of Delilah and Micah 's mother by noting that Bible introduces the narrative of Micah 's Idol immediately after the narrative of Samson and Delilah . Rashi disputes this theory , as the Seder Olam Rabbah states that Micah and Samson were not contemporaries and that Micah lived during the time of Othniel . </P> <H3> Christian interpretations ( edit ) </H3> Josef Worlicek 's Samson and Delilah ( 1844 ) <P> Most Christian commentary on Delilah condemns her . Saint Ambrose represents Delilah as a Philistine prostitute and declares that `` men should avoid marriage with those outside the faith , lest , instead of love of one 's spouse , there be treachery . '' Marbodius of Rennes uses the examples of Delilah , Eve , Lot 's daughters , Herodias , Clytemnestra , and Procne to illustrate that women are a `` pleasant evil , at once a honeycomb and a poison '' . Christian commentators have viewed Samson as a type of Jesus Christ , based on similarities between Samson 's story and the life of Jesus as portrayed in the New Testament Samson 's betrayal by Delilah has also been compared to Jesus ' betrayal by Judas Iscariot ; both Delilah and Judas were paid in pieces of silver for their respective deeds . However , Thomas de Vio Cajetan views Delilah in a somewhat sympathetic light , suggesting that she never intended Samson to be killed or wounded . He asserts that Delilah accepted a bribe from the Philistine leaders because they convinced her that Samson would merely be weakened . </P> <P> Caesarius of Arles views Delilah 's temptation of Samson as similar to Satan 's temptation of Christ . Isidore of Seville does see Samson as prefiguring Christ , but argues that `` in yielding to Delilah , Samson did not prefigure Christ . Instead he exemplified the fall of the sinful man '' . Similarly , Billy Graham sees Samson 's eyes being gouged out after he was handed over to the Philistines as his punishment for succumbing to his lust for Delilah ; Graham also sees this as an example of the concept that one reaps what one sows . Joyce Meyer writes that Satan worked through Delilah , as he was aware that Samson had `` a weakness for women '' . Meyer sees Delilah 's relationship with Samson as an example of how the devil exploits people 's weaknesses . </P> <H2> Scholarly views ( edit ) </H2> A sketch for Peter Paul Rubens ' Samson and Delilah ( c. 1609 ) <P> Delilah is usually thought to have been a Philistine , although she is not identified as such in the Bible . The name `` Delilah '' is a Hebrew name , however , numerous foreigners in the Bible have Hebrew names , so Delilah 's name can not be seen as indisputable proof that she was Hebrew . J. Cheryl Exum of the Jewish Women 's Archive argues that the author of the Book of Judges would probably not portray Delilah in a negative light if she were a fellow Israelite . Samson was attracted to Philistine women ; he had previously been married to one . Exum writes that the arguments that Delilah was a Philistine are inconclusive , while the Jewish Encyclopedia says that Delilah was a Philistine in all probability . </P> <P> Dolores G. Kamrada write in Heroines , Heroes and Deity : Three Narratives of the Biblical Heroic Tradition that Delilah is similar to Jael , a woman mentioned in the fourth and fifth chapters of the Book of Judges who murders Sisera by driving a tent peg into his head , and frequently compared to the title character of the Book of Judith , who beheads Holofernes ; all three women defeat powerful warriors . According to Susan Ackerman , Delilah differs from Jael and Judith in that she `` sells out to the enemy , rather than the other way around '' . </P> <P> Some scholarly commentary on Delilah centers on her gender . In the Feminist Companion to Judges , Carol Smith says that feminist commentators tend to stress Delilah 's positive qualities , explain her negative ones , or ignore her in favor of `` other biblical women who are more amenable to reinterpretation in a positive way '' . James D.G. Dunn and John William Rogerson feel that the Bible portrays Delilah as `` a doubly dangerous woman given her apparent independence '' , noting that she is not `` identified by a male relationship - the wife , daughter or sister of anyone '' but simply `` appears in her own right '' . Conversely , Phillip Lopate writes `` while the message of Samson 's fall , like Adam 's , would seem to be cautionary and misogynistic , underneath we see his time with Delilah as a liberating fantasy ... Do n't we secretly rejoice at his having the good sense to follow the route of his desire , to free himself from the ' good boy ' Nazirite onus by putting himself in temptation 's way ? '' </P> <P> Haaretz 's Elon Gilad writes `` some biblical stories are flat - out cautions against marrying foreign women , none more than the story of Samson '' , noting that Samson 's relationship with Delilah leads to his demise . He contrasts this to what he sees as a more positive portrayal of intermarriage in the Book of Ruth . James D.G. Dunn and John William Rogerson say in Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible that Delilah exemplifies an important theme in the Book of Judges - a fear of assimilation . They see the narratives of Samson , Gideon , and Jephthah as cautionary tales against men choosing partners who could create `` impure offspring '' . Melissa A. Jackson , in Comedy and Feminist Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible : A Subversive Collaboration , says that the Bible delineates between `` good '' foreigners like Tamar , Pharaoh 's daughter , Rahab , and Ruth , and `` bad '' foreigners like Jezebel and Delilah . Contrariwise , Elizabeth Wurtzel sees Samson 's relationship with Delilah as `` the archetypal story of cross-cultural love between members of warring nations '' , akin to Romeo and Juliet . </P> <H2> Cultural influence ( edit ) </H2> Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr in the title roles of Cecil B. DeMille 's Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) <P> According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , Delilah 's name has `` become synonymous with a voluptuous , treacherous woman '' . The use of the name `` Delilah '' to connote deceit or betrayal can be found in works such as the Tom Jones song `` Delilah '' ( 1968 ) , Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) , and Pat Conroy 's Beach Music ( 1995 ) . In One Thousand and One Nights , her name is applied to cunning women . </P> <P> Delilah also appears as a character in a number of works of art . John Milton 's closet drama Samson Agonistes , an allegory for the downfall of the Puritans and the restoration of the English monarchy , casts Delilah as an unrepentant , but sympathetic , deceiver and speaks approvingly of the subjugation of women . </P> <P> In 1735 , George Frideric Handel wrote the opera Samson , with a libretto by Newburgh Hamilton , based on Samson Agonistes . The opera is almost entirely set inside Samson 's prison and Delilah appears only briefly in Act II . In 1877 , Camille Saint - Saëns composed the opera Samson and Delilah with a libretto by Ferdinand Lemaire in which the entire story of Samson and Delilah is retold . In the libretto , Delilah is portrayed as a seductive femme fatale , but the music played during her parts invokes sympathy for her . </P> <P> The 1949 Biblical drama Samson and Delilah , directed by Cecil B. DeMille and starring Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr in the titular roles , was widely praised by critics for its cinematography , lead performances , costumes , sets , and innovative special effects . It became the highest - grossing film of 1950 and was nominated for five Academy Awards , winning two . According to Bosley Crowther of The New York Times , the film depicts Delilah as `` a much more noble creature than legend would lead us to suppose '' . In Samson and Delilah , Delilah is the sister of Samson 's wife , and repents cutting off his hair . When Samson prepares to collapse the pillars , Delilah does not follow Samson 's advice to get out and she dies alongside him when the temple collapses . Actresses who have portrayed Delilah besides Lamarr include Belinda Bauer in Samson and Delilah ( 1984 ) , Elizabeth Hurley in Samson and Delilah ( 1996 ) , and Caitlin Leahy in Samson ( 2018 ) . </P> <P> The tale of Samson and Delilah is retold in Regina Spektor 's love song `` Samson '' from her album Songs ( 2000 ) . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Delilah '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samson '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samson '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Delilah '' . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newsome , Carol Ann ; Ringe , Sharon H. ; Lapsley , Jacqueline E. , eds. ( 2012 ) ( 1992 ) . Women 's Bible Commentary ( third ed . ) . Louisville , Kentucky : Westminster John Knox Press . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23707 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judges 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogerson , John W. ( 1999 ) . Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings : The Reign - By - Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel . London : Thames & Hudson . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05095 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dunn , James D. G. ; Rogerson , John William , eds. ( 2003 ) . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . pp. 200 -- 201 . ISBN 9780802837110 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bechtel , Lyn M. `` Delilah : Midrash and Aggadah '' . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kadari , Tamar . `` Mother of Micah : Midrash and Aggadah '' . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hecker , Eugene ( 2005 ) . `` A Short History of Women 's Rights '' . pp. 58 -- 59 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson , Edward ( 1838 ) . `` Prophecy , Types , And Miracles , The Great Bulwarks Of Christianity : Or A Critical Examination And Demonstration Of Some Of The Evidences By Which The Christian Faith Is Supported '' . Hatchard & Son . pp. 299 -- 300 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heaster , Duncan ( 2017 ) . `` Micah : Old Testament New European Christadelphian Commentary '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynn G , S ( 2008 ) . `` A Study of the Good the Bad and the Desperate Women in the Bible '' . p. 46 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perlove , Shelley ; Silver , Larry ( 2008 ) . `` Rembrandt 's Faith : Church and Temple in the Dutch Golden Age '' . p. 108 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham , Billy ( September 2007 ) . `` We Reap What We Sow '' . Decision Magazine . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Everyday Life Bible : The Power of God 's Word for Everyday Living '' . 2006 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brenner - Idan , Athalya , ed. ( 1999 ) . Feminist Companion to Judges . Sheffield Academic Press . p. 95 . ISBN 9780567053572 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Exum , J. Cheryl ( 1996 ) . Plotted , Shot , and Painted : Cultural Representations of Biblical Women . Sheffield , England : Sheffield Academic Press , Ltd. p. 184 . ISBN 1 - 85075 - 592 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kamrada , Dolores G. , ed. ( 2016 ) . Heroines , Heroes and Deity : Three Narratives of the Biblical Heroic Tradition . Bloomsbury . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 9780567662385 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vander Stichele , Caroline ; Pyper , Hugh S. , eds. ( 2012 ) . Text , Image , and Otherness in Children 's Bibles : What Is in the Picture ? . Society of Biblical Literature . p. 302 . ISBN 9781589836624 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lopate , Phillip ( 2003 ) . Getting Personal : Selected Writings . Basic Books . p. 37 . ISBN 9780465041732 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gilad , Elon ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Intermarriage and the Jews : What Would the Early Israelites Say ? '' . Haaretz . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Melissa A. ( 2012 ) . Comedy and Feminist Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible : A Subversive Collaboration . Oxford University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 9780199656776 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Delilah '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Exum , J. Cheryl ( 1996 ) . Plotted , Shot , and Painted : Cultural Representations of Biblical Women . Sheffield , England : Sheffield Academic Press , Ltd . pp. 175 -- 176 . ISBN 1 - 85075 - 592 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Preserved ( 1930 ) . A History of Modern Culture . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 387 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 07464 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Guillory , John ( 1986 ) . `` Dalila 's House : Samson Agonistes ' and the Sexual Division of Labor '' . In Ferguson , Margaret ; Quilligan , Maurren ; Vickers , Nancy . Rewriting the Renaissance : The Discourses of Sexual Difference in Early Modern Europe . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226243146 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leneman , Helen ( 2000 ) . `` Portrayals of Power in the Stories of Delilah and Bathsheba : Seduction in Song '' . In Aichele , George . Culture , Entertainment , and the Bible . Sheffield , England : Sheffield Academic Press , Ltd. p. 153 . ISBN 1 - 84127 - 075 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKay , James ( 2013 ) . The Films of Victor Mature . McFarland & Company . p. 76 . ISBN 9780786449705 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barton , Ruth ( 2010 ) . Hedy Lamarr : The Most Beautiful Woman in Film . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . p. 174 . ISBN 9780813126104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 23rd Academy Awards Winners '' . www.oscars.org . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Crowther , Bosley ( December 22 , 1949 ) . `` THE SCREEN : LAVISH DE MILLE FILM ARRIVES ; ' Samson and Delilah ' Has Its Premiere at Two Theatres , Rivoli and Paramount '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samson and Delilah 1984 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samson and Delilah 1996 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samson Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Brittany ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 best Regina Spektor songs '' . AXS TV . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samson and Delilah . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Delilah at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> Hebrew concordance with Strong 's Dictionary : ' `` soreq '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Samson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cultural depictions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Art </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samson Slaying a Philistine ( Giambologna ) </Li> <Li> The Blinding of Samson ( Rembrandt ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( Rubens ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( van Dyck , 1620 ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( van Dyck , 1630 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black Samson </Li> <Li> Doc Samson </Li> <Li> Mighty Samson </Li> <Li> Samson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samson ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Samson ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Samson ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samson Agonistes ( Milton ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samson ( Handel ) </Li> <Li> Samson and Delilah ( Saint - Saëns ) </Li> <Li> `` Samson and Delilah '' ( traditional song ) </Li> <Li> `` Sam and Delilah '' ( Gershwin ) </Li> <Li> `` Samson '' ( Emly Starr ) </Li> <Li> `` Delilah '' ( The Dresden Dolls ) </Li> <Li> `` Samson '' ( Regina Spektor ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samson & Goliath </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bedan </Li> <Li> Crane </Li> <Li> Delilah </Li> <Li> Manoah </Li> <Li> Wife of Manoah </Li> <Li> Hazelelponi </Li> <Li> Samson 's riddle </Li> <Li> Rabbinic literature </Li> <Li> Rock of Etam </Li> <Li> Samson Option ( book ) </Li> <Li> Samson Unit </Li> <Li> Samson coat of arms </Li> <Li> USS Samson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Portals Access related topics </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bible portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Source texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delilah&oldid=854102164 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Women in the Hebrew Bible </Li> <Li> Samson </Li> <Li> Philistines </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Articles containing Hebrew - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with Curlie links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> مصرى </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> 14 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where is the story of samson and delilah found
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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Delilah&amp;oldid=854102164
5,241,408,246,248,442,000