document_text
stringlengths 1.28k
672k
| long_answer_candidates
list | question_text
stringlengths 15
100
| annotations
list | document_url
stringlengths 65
198
| example_id
int64 -9,223,299,447,955,749,000
9,223,279,549B
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affordable Health Care for America Act - wikipedia <H1> Affordable Health Care for America Act </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the U.S. health care legislation signed into law in 2010 , see Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . For the bill proposed in 2017 , see American Health Care Act . <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Healthcare reform in the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Debate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislation ( show ) <Dl> <Dt> Preceding </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Social Security Amendments of 1965 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> EMTALA ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> HIPAA ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Medicare Modernization Act ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> PSQIA ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Superseded </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Affordable Health Care for America ( H.R. 3962 ) </Li> <Li> America 's Affordable Health Choices ( H.R. 3200 ) </Li> <Li> Baucus Health Bill ( S. 1796 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Proposed </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> American Health Care Act ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> United States National Health Care Act ( 2009 , H.R. 676 ) </Li> <Li> Healthy Americans Act ( 2007 , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Health Security Act ( H.R. 3600 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Latest enacted </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Affordable Care Act ( H.R. 3590 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act ( H.R. 4872 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reforms ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Recent legislative proposals </Li> <Li> Public opinion </Li> <Li> Reform advocacy groups </Li> <Li> Rationing </Li> <Li> Insurance coverage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Systems ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Free market </Li> <Li> Health insurance exchange </Li> <Li> Nationalized insurance </Li> <Li> Publicly - funded </Li> <Li> Single - payer <Ul> <Li> Canadian vs. American </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Two - tier </Li> <Li> Universal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Third - party payment models ( show ) <Ul> <Li> All - payer rate setting </Li> <Li> Capitation </Li> <Li> Fee - for - service </Li> <Li> Global payment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Affordable Health Care for America Act ( or HR 3962 ) was a bill that was crafted by the United States House of Representatives in October 29th of 2009 . It never became law as originally drafted . At the encouragement of the Obama administration , the 111th Congress devoted much of its time to enacting reform of the United States ' health care system . Known as the `` House bill '' , HR 3962 was the House of Representatives ' chief legislative proposal during the health reform debate . </P> <P> On December 24 , 2009 , the Senate passed an alternative health care bill , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( H.R. 3590 ) . In 2010 , the House abandoned its reform bill in favor of amending the Senate bill ( via the reconciliation process ) in the form of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Key provisions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Comparison with Senate version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 House actions </Li> <Li> 2.2 Senate actions </Li> <Li> 2.3 H.R. 3962 as eventually enacted </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Key provisions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The central changes that would have been made by the legislation , had it been enacted , included the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> prohibiting health insurers from refusing coverage based on patients ' medical histories </Li> <Li> prohibiting health insurers from charging different rates based on patients ' medical histories or gender </Li> <Li> repeal of insurance companies ' exemption from anti-trust laws </Li> <Li> establishing minimum standards for qualified health benefit plans </Li> <Li> establishing a National Healthcare Workforce Commission to be composed of 15 individuals who will assess healthcare needs and make recommendations to congressional leaders </Li> <Li> requiring most employers to provide coverage for their workers or pay a surtax on the workers wage up to 8 % </Li> <Li> restrictions on abortion coverage in any insurance plans for which federal funds are used </Li> <Li> an expansion of Medicaid to include more low - income Americans by increasing Medicaid eligibility limits to 133 % of the Federal Poverty Level and by covering adults without dependents as long as either or any segment does n't fall under the narrow exceptions outlined by various clauses throughout the proposal , </Li> <Li> a subsidy to low - and middle - income Americans to help buy insurance </Li> <Li> a central health insurance exchange where the public can compare policies and rates </Li> <Li> allowing insurors to continue to dictate limits on evaluation and care provided consumers by their physicians ( `` managed '' or `` rationed '' care ) </Li> <Li> avoidance of capitating or regulating premiums which are routinely and in accordance with this law , charged by an insurance company for coverage , which might make the coverage non-affordable with regard to a consumer 's income </Li> <Li> requiring most Americans to carry or obtain qualifying health insurance coverage or face a fine for non-compliance </Li> <Li> a 5.4 % surtax on individuals whose adjusted gross income exceeds $500,000 ( $1 million for married couples filing joint returns ) </Li> <Li> a 2.5 % excise tax on medical devices </Li> <Li> reductions in projected spending on Medicare of $400 billion over a ten - year period </Li> <Li> inclusion of language originally proposed in the Tax Equity for Domestic Partner and Health Plan Beneficiaries Act </Li> <Li> inclusion of language originally proposed in the Indian Health Care Improvement Act Amendments of 2009 </Li> <Li> imposing a $2,500 limit on contributions to flexible spending accounts ( FSAs ) , which allow for payment of health costs with pre-tax funds , to pay for a portion of health care reform costs </Li> </Ul> <H3> Comparison with Senate version ( edit ) </H3> <P> The main House reform bill was the Affordable Health Care for America Act , which passed November 7 , 2009 . The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is the Senate version , passed December 24 . The following table compares the two versions . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> House </Th> <Th> Senate </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New 10 - year costs ( billions ) </Td> <Td> $1,052 </Td> <Td> $848 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Projected 10 - year change in deficit ( billions ) </Td> <Td> - $109 </Td> <Td> - $132 </Td> <Td> New costs minus new savings and revenue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number uninsured by 2019 ( millions ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 54 without bill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Public option </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insurance exchanges </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> H : National exchange ; S : State - based exchanges </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Individual mandate </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Penalty tax or fine if coverage not carried ( See Insurance subsidies below ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Employer mandate </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Small businesses exempted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abortion coverage </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> H : No in public option or subsidized plans ; may be covered by separate riders S : Yes , but must be paid for separately without subsidies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New and increased taxes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> H : Families with income > $1 million S : High - cost insurance plans ; Wealthiest Americans Medicare taxes ; Indoor tanning tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insurance reforms </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> H : Remove anti-trust exemption Both : Define qualified health benefit plan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Expand Medicaid </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Max 2009 income , family of 4 : H : $33,000 S : $29,000 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insurance subsidies </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Prorated to $88,000 for family of 4 ( 2009 ) H : Premium subsidies ; S : Tax credits </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tax equity for domestic partners </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> - 2015 year rates are based on the second tier level of a silver plan that was determine by D.O.R.A - 2015 Federal Poverty Level is now 133 % to 401 % - Everyone must obtain health insurance that meets the Minimal Essential Coverage ( MEC ) that is define by the department of Human Services ( DHS ) - Affordable is based on percentage of 9.5 % annual income of an individual . - There is no out of pocket cost of Preventive care even on grandfather plan </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The bill was introduced on October 29 , 2009 and passed on November 7 , during the 1st Session of the 111th Congress . Its primary sponsor was the Dean of the House , John Dingell of Michigan . The bill is a revised version of an earlier measure , the proposed America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 ( HR 3200 ) . The revisions included refinements designed to meet the goals outlined in the President 's address to a joint session of Congress in September , 2009 concerning health care reform . In 1989 the idea for the `` individual mandate '' that every household obtain adequate health care was proposed by the Heritage Foundation and supported in congress by high profile republicans Newt Gingrich , Orin Hatch and Charles Grassley in 1993 . </P> <H3> House actions ( edit ) </H3> House voting map for H.R. 3962 where green indicates a ' Yes ' and red a ' No ' . <P> The Affordable Health Care for America Act , H.R. 3962 , was introduced in the House of Representatives on October 29 , 2009 , and referred to several Committees for consideration . </P> <P> On November 6 , 2009 , the House Committee on Energy and Commerce was discharged . The House Committee on Rules introduced House Resolution 903 ( H. Res. 903 ) along with a Committee Report , No. 111 - 330 . The Committee Report detailed the amendments considered as adopted if and when the bill passed the full House in Parts A & B ; it provided the Stupak -- Pitts Amendment for consideration in Part C as well as the Boehner Amendment , a substitute for the bill , in Part D . The House Resolution outlined the process to be followed for Parts A through D in relation to H.R. 3962 and set the rules for debating the proposed bill . </P> <P> The following day , House Resolution 903 was voted on and passed . This , in effect , added the amendments outlined in Rules Committee Report No. 111 - 330 , Parts A & B , to H.R. 3962 . Part C , the Stupak -- Pitts Amendment , was brought up , considered and passed . Part D , the Boehner Substitute Amendment , was then brought up , considered but failed passage . </P> <P> The newly amended bill eventually passed the House of Representatives at 11 : 19 PM EST on Saturday , November 7 , 2009 , by a vote of 220 - 215 . The bill passed with support of the majority of Democrats , together with one Republican who voted only after the necessary 218 votes had already been cast . Thirty - nine Democrats voted against the bill . All members of the House voted , and none voted `` present '' . </P> <P> Both before and after passage in the House , significant controversy surrounded the Stupak -- Pitts Amendment added to the bill to prohibit coverage of abortions -- with limited exceptions -- in the public option or in any of the exchange 's private plans sold to customers receiving federal subsidies . In mid-November , it was reported that 40 House Democrats said they will not support a final bill containing the Amendment 's provisions . Stupak has said that 15 -- 20 Democrats will oppose adoption of the Senate bill because of objections to its abortion provisions as well as its tax on high - value health insurance plans . In March 2010 , Stupak voted for the Senate language health care bill excluding the Stupak Amendment language . </P> <H3> Senate actions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Affordable Health Care for America Act , H.R. 3962 , as engrossed or passed by the House of Representatives , was received in the Senate , read into the record and placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders ( Calendar No. 210 , Nov. 16 , 2009 ) . </P> <H3> H.R. 3962 as eventually enacted ( edit ) </H3> <P> A different bill , under the same bill number H.R. 3962 , was eventually passed by Congress and , on June 25 , 2010 , was signed by the President . This is the `` Preservation of Access to Care for Medicare Beneficiaries and Pension Relief Act of 2010 . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </Li> <Li> Qualified Health Benefit Plan </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 3962 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Senate Passes Health Care Overhaul Bill '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) Summary of H.R. 3962 as introduced , the Library of Congress , October 29 , 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Espo , David ( November 8 , 2009 ) . `` Landmark health bill passes House on close vote '' . PhysOrg.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 3962 Affordable Health Care for America Act , Division A , Title II , Subtitle F , Section 262 , 111th Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNeal , Gloria ( 2010 ) . `` The Healthcare Reform Bill and Its Impact on the Nursing Profession '' . The ABNF Journal . 21 ( 2 ) : 38 . PMID 20533752 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hulse , Carl ; Pear , Rolbert ( November 7 , 2009 ) . `` Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 3962 Affordable Health Care for America Act , Division B , Title VII , Subtitle A ( entire ) , 111th Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leary , Alex ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Health care reform : Where the House , Senate agree and disagree '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 3962 Affordable Health Care for America Act , Division A , Title V , Subtitle A , Part 1 , Subpart A , Section 501 , 111th Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cole , Michael ( November 7 , 2009 ) . `` House Passes Health Reform Bill with Key LGBT Provisions '' . Human Rights Campaign . Archived from the original on 12 November 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 3962 Affordable Health Care for America Act , Division A , Title V , Subtitle B , Part 3 , Section 571 , 111th Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 3962 Affordable Health Care for America Act , Division D ( entire ) , 111th Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.R. 2708 Indian Health Care Improvement Act Amendments of 2009 , 111th Congress </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Comparison of House Senate Health Care Bills '' , Detroit Free Press , December 24 , 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Health - Care Reform : How the Bills Stack Up , The Washington Post , September 16 , 2009 ( updated December 24 , 2009 ) , Retrieved February 5 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moulton , Brian ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` House Posts Health Care Bill , Leaves Out LGBT - Specific Provisions '' . Human Rights Campaign . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 22 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( H.R. 3200 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Topline Changes From Introduced Bill to Blended Bill Archived November 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , ( PDF ) , House Committee on Energy and Commerce , October 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roll call vote 882 , via Clerk.House.gov - H. Res. 903 : On Agreeing to the Resolution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H. Amdt. 509 , the Stupak of Michigan Amendment </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roll call vote 884 , via Clerk.House.gov - H. Amdt. 509 : On Agreeing to the Stupak of Michigan Amendment </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H. Amdt. 510 , the Boehner of Ohio Substitute Amendment </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roll call vote 885 , via Clerk.House.gov - H. Amdt. 510 : On Agreeing to the Boehner of Ohio Substitute Amendment </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roll call vote 887 , via Clerk.House.gov - H.R. 3962 : On Passage Affordable Health Care for America Act </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacGillis , Alec ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` Health - care reform and abortion coverage : Questions and answers '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kantor , Jodi ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Abortion Foe Defies Party on Health Care Bill '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ( February 24 , 2010 ) , `` Stupak : 15 - 20 Dems Ca n't Back Obama Health Plan '' , Washington Wire , The Wall Street Journal , Retrieved February 24 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Law no . 111 - 192 , summarized at ( 1 ) . For the full text of what was actually enacted under the heading `` H.R. 3962 , '' see ( 2 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chris L. Peterson , A Comparative Analysis of Private Health Insurance Provisions of H.R. 3962 and S. Amdt. 2786 to H.R. 3590 , Congressional Research Service , R40981 , December 16 , 2009 </Li> <Li> 111th Congress . `` P.L. 111 - 192 - Preservation of Access to Care for Medicare Beneficiaries and Pension Relief Act of 2010 '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 29 . </Li> <Li> 111th Congress . `` H.R. 3962 ( IH ) - To provide affordable , quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending , and for other purposes . '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 1990 . Plain Text , PDF or XML formats of H.R. 3962 , passed in the House of Representatives & as received in the Senate via FDsys </Li> <Li> Summary of H.R. 3962 as introduced ( October 29 , 2009 ) by the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) via THOMAS . </Li> <Li> Briefings of the Alliance for Health Reform , Washington , DC , 2008 - 2009 </Li> <Li> Entry for the Act at GovTrack </Li> <Li> Video of Speaker Pelosi and Democrat leaders unveiling the bill : C - SPAN </Li> <Li> How members of Congress voted on the bill : HealthReformVotes.org </Li> <Li> How Does Obamacare Work </Li> <Li> Obamacare pros and cons </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Latest Congressional Budget Office scoring ( all previous scoring for now superseded ; H.R. 3200 no longer applies ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Update of Current Analysis - H.R. 3962 , Affordable Health Care for America Act , November 25 , 2009 <Ul> <Li> Superseded analysis - H.R. 3962 , Affordable Health Care for America Act , November 6 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Preliminary Analysis of Subsidies to and Payments by Enrollees in Insurance Exchanges , November 3 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Preliminary analysis - H.R. 3962 , Affordable Health Care for America Act , October 29 , 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Estimates of the impact of H.R. 3962 </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Estimated Financial Effects of the `` America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 '' ( H.R. 3962 ) , as Passed by the House on November 7 : 2009 , November 13 , 2009 <Ul> <Li> Superseded analysis Estimated Financial Effects of the `` America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 '' ( H.R. 3200 ) , as Reported by the Ways and Means Committee , October 21 , 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Additional House committee generated information accompanying H.R. 3962 ( November 6 , 2009 ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> House Committee on Energy and Commerce </Li> <Li> House Committee on Ways & Means </Li> <Li> House Committee on Education & Labor </Li> <Li> House Committee on Rules ( Manager 's Amendment , Member Amendments , Rules Reports & similar found here ) <Ul> <Li> H. Res. 903 , and related Rules Committee Report 111 - 330 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affordable_Health_Care_for_America_Act&oldid=801581738 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </Li> <Li> 111th United States Congress </Li> <Li> 2009 in American law </Li> <Li> United States proposed federal health legislation </Li> <Li> 2009 in American politics </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 15 : 27 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 55,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 398
},
{
"start_token": 56,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 68
},
{
"start_token": 68,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 80
},
{
"start_token": 84,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 96
},
{
"start_token": 86,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 94
},
{
"start_token": 96,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 264
},
{
"start_token": 102,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 107
},
{
"start_token": 107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 116
},
{
"start_token": 108,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 115
},
{
"start_token": 116,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 144
},
{
"start_token": 117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 123
},
{
"start_token": 123,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 129
},
{
"start_token": 129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 137
},
{
"start_token": 137,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 143
},
{
"start_token": 144,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 149
},
{
"start_token": 149,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 182
},
{
"start_token": 150,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 161
},
{
"start_token": 161,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 172
},
{
"start_token": 172,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 181
},
{
"start_token": 182,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 187
},
{
"start_token": 187,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 231
},
{
"start_token": 188,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 197
},
{
"start_token": 197,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 211
},
{
"start_token": 211,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 221
},
{
"start_token": 221,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 230
},
{
"start_token": 231,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 237
},
{
"start_token": 237,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 248
},
{
"start_token": 238,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 247
},
{
"start_token": 248,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 262
},
{
"start_token": 249,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 261
},
{
"start_token": 264,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 295
},
{
"start_token": 270,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 293
},
{
"start_token": 271,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 276
},
{
"start_token": 280,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 285
},
{
"start_token": 295,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 343
},
{
"start_token": 301,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 341
},
{
"start_token": 306,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 311
},
{
"start_token": 315,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 320
},
{
"start_token": 320,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 332
},
{
"start_token": 324,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 331
},
{
"start_token": 325,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 330
},
{
"start_token": 332,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 337
},
{
"start_token": 343,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 378
},
{
"start_token": 353,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 376
},
{
"start_token": 354,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 361
},
{
"start_token": 364,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 371
},
{
"start_token": 378,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 385
},
{
"start_token": 385,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 397
},
{
"start_token": 387,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 395
},
{
"start_token": 398,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 492
},
{
"start_token": 492,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 557
},
{
"start_token": 628,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 651
},
{
"start_token": 651,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1064
},
{
"start_token": 652,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 666
},
{
"start_token": 666,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 683
},
{
"start_token": 683,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 694
},
{
"start_token": 694,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 704
},
{
"start_token": 704,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 729
},
{
"start_token": 729,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 752
},
{
"start_token": 752,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 768
},
{
"start_token": 768,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 822
},
{
"start_token": 822,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 838
},
{
"start_token": 838,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 853
},
{
"start_token": 853,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 881
},
{
"start_token": 881,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 920
},
{
"start_token": 920,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 939
},
{
"start_token": 939,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 963
},
{
"start_token": 963,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 973
},
{
"start_token": 973,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 990
},
{
"start_token": 990,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1009
},
{
"start_token": 1009,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1026
},
{
"start_token": 1026,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1063
},
{
"start_token": 1073,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1120
},
{
"start_token": 1120,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1479
},
{
"start_token": 1121,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1134
},
{
"start_token": 1134,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1154
},
{
"start_token": 1154,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1185
},
{
"start_token": 1185,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1207
},
{
"start_token": 1207,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1221
},
{
"start_token": 1221,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1246
},
{
"start_token": 1246,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1274
},
{
"start_token": 1274,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1291
},
{
"start_token": 1291,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1333
},
{
"start_token": 1333,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1373
},
{
"start_token": 1373,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1399
},
{
"start_token": 1399,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1428
},
{
"start_token": 1428,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1461
},
{
"start_token": 1461,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1478
},
{
"start_token": 1479,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1570
},
{
"start_token": 1576,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1715
},
{
"start_token": 1742,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1776
},
{
"start_token": 1776,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1901
},
{
"start_token": 1901,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1978
},
{
"start_token": 1978,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2063
},
{
"start_token": 2063,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2194
},
{
"start_token": 2201,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2255
},
{
"start_token": 2265,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2318
}
] | who came up with the affordable care act | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 398,
"candidate_index": 49,
"end_token": 492
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 419,
"end_token": 424
}
],
"annotation_id": 11803346105549208000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Affordable_Health_Care_for_America_Act&oldid=801581738 | 1,066,158,874,676,523,400 |
List of states and union territories of India by population - wikipedia <H1> List of states and union territories of India by population </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th> States and union territories of India ordered by </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Area </Li> <Li> Population </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Abbreviations </Li> <Li> Capitals </Li> <Li> Child Nutrition </Li> <Li> Crime rate </Li> <Li> Electricity penetration </Li> <Li> Fertility rate </Li> <Li> Forest cover </Li> <Li> GDP ( per capita ) </Li> <Li> Highest point </Li> <Li> HIV awareness </Li> <Li> HDI </Li> <Li> Home ownership </Li> <Li> Household size </Li> <Li> Human Trafficking </Li> <Li> Institutional delivery </Li> <Li> Life expectancy at birth </Li> <Li> Literacy rate </Li> <Li> Media exposure </Li> <Li> Number of Vehicles </Li> <Li> Number of voters </Li> <Li> Obesity </Li> <Li> Open defecation </Li> <Li> Origin of name </Li> <Li> Places of worship </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Power capacity </Li> <Li> Safe Drinking Water </Li> <Li> Safety of Women </Li> <Li> School Enrollment Rate </Li> <Li> Sex ratio </Li> <Li> Suicides </Li> <Li> Tax revenues </Li> <Li> TV ownership </Li> <Li> Toilet availability </Li> <Li> Transport network </Li> <Li> Underweight people </Li> <Li> Unemployment </Li> <Li> Vaccination coverage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territories . As of 2011 , with an estimated population of 1.2 billion , India is the world 's second most populous country after the People 's Republic of China . India occupies 2.4 % of the world 's land surface area and is home to 17.5 % of the world 's population . After the Indo - Gangetic Plain , the eastern and western coastal regions of the Deccan Plateau are the most densely populated regions of India . The Thar Desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated deserts in the world . The northern and north - eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Census of India </Li> <Li> 2 States and union territories ( by population ) </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Census of India ( edit ) </H2> Population density map of India . <P> The first population census in British India was conducted in 1872 . Since India 's independence in 1947 , a census has been conducted every 10 years , the first occurring in 1951 . The census in India is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs , and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government . </P> <P> The latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India . During the decade of 2001 -- 2011 , India 's annual population growth rate has slowed down from 2.15 percent to 1.76 percent . Based on decennial census data , Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the fastest growth rate of 55.5 percent , followed by Daman and Diu ( 53.5 percent ) , Meghalaya ( 27.8 percent ) and Arunachal Pradesh ( 25.9 percent ) . Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of - 0.5 percent . </P> <P> India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas . Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500 -- 999 persons ; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000 -- 1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200 -- 499 . There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more . India 's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations . In the decade of 1991 -- 2001 , migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population . On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade , Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million , followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi ( 1.7 million ) , Gujarat ( 0.68 million ) and Haryana ( 0.67 million ) . Uttar Pradesh ( − 2.6 million ) and Bihar ( − 1.7 million ) topped the list for interstate emigration . The five states of Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Bihar , West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh account for almost half ( 47.90 percent ) of the total Indian population . </P> <P> While the national average for sex ratio shows an increase from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011 , the 2011 census shows a sharp decline in child sex ratio , the number of females per thousand males in a population between age group 0 -- 6 years . States such as Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Gujarat , Tamil Nadu , Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands recorded an increase in child sex ratio . National child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011 . Telangana census was separated from Andhra Pradesh state census figures , after Telangana formally took birth on 2 June 2014 . </P> <H2> States and union territories ( by population ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The total geographical area of India is 3,287,240 square kilometres ( 1,269,210 sq mi ) . Population density is rounded to the nearest integer . </P> <P> As per provisional census data of 2011 , the total population of India is : 1,210,193,422 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> State or union territory </Th> <Th> Population ( 2011 Census ) ( % of population of India ) </Th> <Th> Decadal growth ( 2001 -- 2011 ) </Th> <Th> Rural pop . ( % ) </Th> <Th> Urban pop . ( % ) </Th> <Th> Area </Th> <Th> Density </Th> <Th> Sex ratio </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Uttar Pradesh </Td> <Td> 7008199812341000000 ♠ 199,812,341 ( 16.49 % ) </Td> <Td> 20.1 % </Td> <Td> 7008155111022000000 ♠ 155,111,022 ( 77.72 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007444704550000000 ♠ 44,470,455 ( 22.28 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011240928000000000 ♠ 240,928 km ( 93,023 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996828000000000000 ♠ 828 / km ( 2,140 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 908 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> 7008112372972000000 ♠ 112,372,972 ( 9.28 % ) </Td> <Td> 16.0 % </Td> <Td> 7007615454410000000 ♠ 61,545,441 ( 54.77 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007508275310000000 ♠ 50,827,531 ( 45.23 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011307713000000000 ♠ 307,713 km ( 118,809 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996365000000000000 ♠ 365 / km ( 950 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bihar </Td> <Td> 7008103804637000000 ♠ 103,804,637 ( 8.58 % ) </Td> <Td> 25.1 % </Td> <Td> 7007920750280000000 ♠ 92,075,028 ( 88.70 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007117296090000000 ♠ 11,729,609 ( 11.30 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010941630000000000 ♠ 94,163 km ( 36,357 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6997110199999999999 ♠ 1,102 / km ( 2,850 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 916 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> West Bengal </Td> <Td> 7007913477360000000 ♠ 91,347,736 ( 7.55 % ) </Td> <Td> 13.9 % </Td> <Td> 7007622136760000000 ♠ 62,213,676 ( 68.11 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007291340600000000 ♠ 29,134,060 ( 31.89 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010887520000000000 ♠ 88,752 km ( 34,267 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6997102900000000000 ♠ 1,029 / km ( 2,670 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Madhya Pradesh </Td> <Td> 7007725975650000000 ♠ 72,597,565 ( 6.00 % ) </Td> <Td> 20.3 % </Td> <Td> 7007525378990000000 ♠ 52,537,899 ( 72.37 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007200596660000000 ♠ 20,059,666 ( 27.63 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011308245000000000 ♠ 308,245 km ( 119,014 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996236000000000000 ♠ 236 / km ( 610 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tamil Nadu </Td> <Td> 7007721389580000000 ♠ 72,138,958 ( 5.96 % ) </Td> <Td> 15.6 % </Td> <Td> 7007371892290000000 ♠ 37,189,229 ( 51.55 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007349497290000000 ♠ 34,949,729 ( 48.45 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011130058000000000 ♠ 130,058 km ( 50,216 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996554999999999999 ♠ 555 / km ( 1,440 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Rajasthan </Td> <Td> 7007686210120000000 ♠ 68,621,012 ( 5.67 % ) </Td> <Td> 21.4 % </Td> <Td> 7007515402360000000 ♠ 51,540,236 ( 75.11 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007170807760000000 ♠ 17,080,776 ( 24.89 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011342239000000000 ♠ 342,239 km ( 132,139 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996200999999999999 ♠ 201 / km ( 520 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 926 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Karnataka </Td> <Td> 7007611307040000000 ♠ 61,130,704 ( 5.05 % ) </Td> <Td> 15.7 % </Td> <Td> 7007375525290000000 ♠ 37,552,529 ( 61.43 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007235781750000000 ♠ 23,578,175 ( 38.57 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011191791000000000 ♠ 191,791 km ( 74,051 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996319000000000000 ♠ 319 / km ( 830 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Gujarat </Td> <Td> 7007603836280000000 ♠ 60,383,628 ( 5.00 % ) </Td> <Td> 19.2 % </Td> <Td> 7007346708170000000 ♠ 34,670,817 ( 57.42 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007257128110000000 ♠ 25,712,811 ( 42.58 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011196024000000000 ♠ 196,024 km ( 75,685 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996308000000000000 ♠ 308 / km ( 800 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Andhra Pradesh </Td> <Td> 7007493867990000000 ♠ 49,386,799 ( 4.08 % ) </Td> <Td> 11.1 % </Td> <Td> 7007347763890000000 ♠ 34,776,389 ( 70.42 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007146104100000000 ♠ 14,610,410 ( 29.58 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011162968000000000 ♠ 162,968 km ( 62,922 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996303000000000000 ♠ 303 / km ( 780 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Odisha </Td> <Td> 7007419473580000000 ♠ 41,947,358 ( 3.47 % ) </Td> <Td> 14.0 % </Td> <Td> 7007349512340000000 ♠ 34,951,234 ( 83.32 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006699612400000000 ♠ 6,996,124 ( 16.68 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011155707000000000 ♠ 155,707 km ( 60,119 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996268999999999999 ♠ 269 / km ( 700 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Telangana </Td> <Td> 7007352867570000000 ♠ 35,286,757 ( 2.97 % ) </Td> <Td> 17.87 % </Td> <Td> 7007215853130000000 ♠ 21,585,313 ( 61.33 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007136086650000000 ♠ 13,608,665 ( 38.66 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011114840000000000 ♠ 114,840 km ( 44,340 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996307000000000000 ♠ 307 / km ( 800 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Kerala </Td> <Td> 7007333876770000000 ♠ 33,387,677 ( 2.76 % ) </Td> <Td> 4.9 % </Td> <Td> 7007174455060000000 ♠ 17,445,506 ( 52.28 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007159321710000000 ♠ 15,932,171 ( 47.72 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010388630000000000 ♠ 38,863 km ( 15,005 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996859000000000000 ♠ 859 / km ( 2,220 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 1,084 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Jharkhand </Td> <Td> 7007329881340000000 ♠ 32,988,134 ( 2.72 % ) </Td> <Td> 22.3 % </Td> <Td> 7007250369460000000 ♠ 25,036,946 ( 75.95 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006792929200000000 ♠ 7,929,292 ( 24.05 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010797140000000000 ♠ 79,714 km ( 30,778 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996414000000000000 ♠ 414 / km ( 1,070 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Assam </Td> <Td> 7007311692720000000 ♠ 31,169,272 ( 2.58 % ) </Td> <Td> 16.9 % </Td> <Td> 7007267805260000000 ♠ 26,780,526 ( 85.92 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006438875600000000 ♠ 4,388,756 ( 14.08 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010784380000000000 ♠ 78,438 km ( 30,285 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996397000000000000 ♠ 397 / km ( 1,030 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Punjab </Td> <Td> 7007277042360000000 ♠ 27,704,236 ( 2.30 % ) </Td> <Td> 13.7 % </Td> <Td> 7007173168000000000 ♠ 17,316,800 ( 62.51 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007103874360000000 ♠ 10,387,436 ( 37.49 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010503620000000000 ♠ 50,362 km ( 19,445 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996549999999999999 ♠ 550 / km ( 1,400 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 893 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Chhattisgarh </Td> <Td> 7007255401960000000 ♠ 25,540,196 ( 2.11 % ) </Td> <Td> 22.6 % </Td> <Td> 7007196036580000000 ♠ 19,603,658 ( 76.76 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006593653800000000 ♠ 5,936,538 ( 23.24 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011135191000000000 ♠ 135,191 km ( 52,198 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996189000000000000 ♠ 189 / km ( 490 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Haryana </Td> <Td> 7007253530810000000 ♠ 25,353,081 ( 2.09 % ) </Td> <Td> 19.9 % </Td> <Td> 7007165314930000000 ♠ 16,531,493 ( 75.75 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006882158800000000 ♠ 8,821,588 ( 24.25 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010442120000000000 ♠ 44,212 km ( 17,070 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996573000000000000 ♠ 573 / km ( 1,480 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 877 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Jammu and Kashmir </Td> <Td> 7007125489260000000 ♠ 12,548,926 ( 1.04 % ) </Td> <Td> 23.7 % </Td> <Td> 7006913482000000000 ♠ 9,134,820 ( 72.79 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006341410600000000 ♠ 3,414,106 ( 27.21 % ) </Td> <Td> 7011222236000000000 ♠ 222,236 km ( 85,806 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6995570000000000000 ♠ 57 / km ( 150 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Uttarakhand </Td> <Td> 7007101167520000000 ♠ 10,116,752 ( 0.84 % ) </Td> <Td> 19.2 % </Td> <Td> 7006702558300000000 ♠ 7,025,583 ( 69.45 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006309116900000000 ♠ 3,091,169 ( 30.55 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010534830000000000 ♠ 53,483 km ( 20,650 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996189000000000000 ♠ 189 / km ( 490 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Himachal Pradesh </Td> <Td> 7006686460200000000 ♠ 6,864,602 ( 0.57 % ) </Td> <Td> 12.8 % </Td> <Td> 7006616780500000000 ♠ 6,167,805 ( 89.96 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005688704000000000 ♠ 688,704 ( 10.04 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010556730000000000 ♠ 55,673 km ( 21,495 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996122999999999999 ♠ 123 / km ( 320 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Tripura </Td> <Td> 7006367103200000000 ♠ 3,671,032 ( 0.30 % ) </Td> <Td> 14.7 % </Td> <Td> 7006271005100000000 ♠ 2,710,051 ( 73.82 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005960981000000000 ♠ 960,981 ( 26.18 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010104860000000000 ♠ 10,486 km ( 4,049 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996350000000000000 ♠ 350 / km ( 910 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Meghalaya </Td> <Td> 7006296400700000000 ♠ 2,964,007 ( 0.24 % ) </Td> <Td> 27.8 % </Td> <Td> 7006236897100000000 ♠ 2,368,971 ( 79.92 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005595036000000000 ♠ 595,036 ( 20.08 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010224290000000000 ♠ 22,429 km ( 8,660 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996131999999999999 ♠ 132 / km ( 340 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Manipur </Td> <Td> 7006272175600000000 ♠ 2,721,756 ( 0.22 % ) </Td> <Td> 18.7 % </Td> <Td> 7006189962400000000 ♠ 1,899,624 ( 79.79 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005822132000000000 ♠ 822,132 ( 20.21 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010223270000000000 ♠ 22,327 km ( 8,621 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996122000000000000 ♠ 122 / km ( 320 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Nagaland </Td> <Td> 7006198060200000000 ♠ 1,980,602 ( 0.16 % ) </Td> <Td> - 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 7006140686100000000 ♠ 1,406,861 ( 71.03 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005573741000000000 ♠ 573,741 ( 28.97 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010165790000000000 ♠ 16,579 km ( 6,401 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996119000000000000 ♠ 119 / km ( 310 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Goa </Td> <Td> 7006145772300000000 ♠ 1,457,723 ( 0.12 % ) </Td> <Td> 8.2 % </Td> <Td> 7005551414000000000 ♠ 551,414 ( 37.83 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005906309000000000 ♠ 906,309 ( 62.17 % ) </Td> <Td> 7009370200000000000 ♠ 3,702 km ( 1,429 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996394000000000000 ♠ 394 / km ( 1,020 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Arunachal Pradesh </Td> <Td> 7006138261100000000 ♠ 1,382,611 ( 0.11 % ) </Td> <Td> 25.9 % </Td> <Td> 7006106916500000000 ♠ 1,069,165 ( 77.33 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005313446000000000 ♠ 313,446 ( 22.67 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010837430000000000 ♠ 83,743 km ( 32,333 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6995170000000000000 ♠ 17 / km ( 44 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 920 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Mizoram </Td> <Td> 7006109101400000000 ♠ 1,091,014 ( 0.09 % ) </Td> <Td> 22.8 % </Td> <Td> 7005529037000000000 ♠ 529,037 ( 48.49 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005561997000000000 ♠ 561,997 ( 51.51 % ) </Td> <Td> 7010210810000000000 ♠ 21,081 km ( 8,139 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6995519999999999999 ♠ 52 / km ( 130 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 975 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Sikkim </Td> <Td> 7005607688000000000 ♠ 607,688 ( 0.05 % ) </Td> <Td> 12.4 % </Td> <Td> 7005455962000000000 ♠ 455,962 ( 75.03 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005151726000000000 ♠ 151,726 ( 24.97 % ) </Td> <Td> 7009709600000000000 ♠ 7,096 km ( 2,740 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6995859999999999999 ♠ 86 / km ( 220 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NCT </Td> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> 7007167879410000000 ♠ 16,787,941 ( 1.38 % ) </Td> <Td> 21 % </Td> <Td> 7005419319000000000 ♠ 419,319 ( 2.50 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007163339160000000 ♠ 16,333,916 ( 97.50 % ) </Td> <Td> 7009148400000000000 ♠ 1,484 km ( 573 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6998112970000000000 ♠ 11,297 / km ( 29,260 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 866 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UT1 </Td> <Td> Puducherry </Td> <Td> 7006124446400000000 ♠ 1,244,464 ( 0.10 % ) </Td> <Td> 27.7 % </Td> <Td> 7005394341000000000 ♠ 394,341 ( 31.69 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005850123000000000 ♠ 850,123 ( 68.31 % ) </Td> <Td> 7008479000000000000 ♠ 479 km ( 185 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6997259800000000000 ♠ 2,598 / km ( 6,730 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 1,038 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UT2 </Td> <Td> Chandigarh </Td> <Td> 7006105545000000000 ♠ 1,055,450 ( 0.09 % ) </Td> <Td> 17.1 % </Td> <Td> 7004290040000000000 ♠ 29,004 ( 2.75 % ) </Td> <Td> 7006102568200000000 ♠ 1,025,682 ( 97.25 % ) </Td> <Td> 7008114000000000000 ♠ 114 km ( 44 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6997925200000000000 ♠ 9,252 / km ( 23,960 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 818 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UT3 </Td> <Td> Andaman and Nicobar Islands </Td> <Td> 7005379944000000000 ♠ 379,944 ( 0.03 % ) </Td> <Td> 6.7 % </Td> <Td> 7005244411000000000 ♠ 244,411 ( 64.33 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005135533000000000 ♠ 135,533 ( 35.67 % ) </Td> <Td> 7009824900000000000 ♠ 8,249 km ( 3,185 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6995460000000000000 ♠ 46 / km ( 120 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 878 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UT4 </Td> <Td> Dadra and Nagar Haveli </Td> <Td> 7005342853000000000 ♠ 342,853 ( 0.03 % ) </Td> <Td> 55.5 % </Td> <Td> 7005183024000000000 ♠ 183,024 ( 53.38 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005159829000000000 ♠ 159,829 ( 46.62 % ) </Td> <Td> 7008491000000000000 ♠ 491 km ( 190 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6996698000000000000 ♠ 698 / km ( 1,810 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 775 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UT5 </Td> <Td> Daman and Diu </Td> <Td> 7005242911000000000 ♠ 242,911 ( 0.02 % ) </Td> <Td> 53.5 % </Td> <Td> 7004603310000000000 ♠ 60,331 ( 24.84 % ) </Td> <Td> 7005182580000000000 ♠ 182,580 ( 75.16 % ) </Td> <Td> 7008112000000000000 ♠ 112 km ( 43 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6997216900000000000 ♠ 2,169 / km ( 5,620 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 618 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UT6 </Td> <Td> Lakshadweep </Td> <Td> 7004644290000000000 ♠ 64,429 ( 0.01 % ) </Td> <Td> 6.2 % </Td> <Td> 7004141210000000000 ♠ 14,121 ( 21.92 % ) </Td> <Td> 7004503080000000000 ♠ 50,308 ( 78.08 % ) </Td> <Td> 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 6997201300000000000 ♠ 2,013 / km ( 5,210 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,210,193,422 ( 100 % ) </Td> <Td> 17.64 % </Td> <Td> 833,087,662 ( 68.84 % ) </Td> <Td> 377,105,760 ( 31.16 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,287,240 km ( 1,269,210 sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 382 / km ( 990 / sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 943 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> For determining population density of India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir , the data excludes areas claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan ( 78,114 km ) and China ( 42,735 km ) . </Li> <Li> This includes 120,849 square kilometres ( 46,660 sq mi ) of territory controlled by Pakistan , but claimed by India along with Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley , territories administered by the People 's Republic of China . </Li> <Li> ^ β Excludes Mao - Maram , Paomata , and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Demographics of India </Li> <Li> List of country subdivisions by population </Li> <Li> List of metropolitan areas in India </Li> <Li> List of states and union territories of India by area </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India at a Glance : Profile '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Area and Population '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India - General Profile , Land Use Classification and Land Use Pattern '' ( PDF ) . National Informatics Centre ( NIC ) . Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Census Organisation of India '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brief history of census '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` India Census 2011 , Provisional Population Totals '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Urban Agglomerations ( UAs ) & towns '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shinde , Swati ( 13 Sep 2008 ) . `` Migration rate to city will dip '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Develop towns to stop migration to urban areas : economist '' . Chennai , India : Hindu . Dec 3 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Migration '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` T - party today : India 's 29th state Telangana is born - Times of India ► '' . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` List of states with Population , Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 '' . 2011 Census of India . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Provisional Population Totals '' . Government of India ( 2011 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Area of India / state / district '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J&K 2011 Population density census '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Religion PCA 2011 J&K census '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website of Census of India </Li> <Li> Census of India - Density of population </Li> <Li> 2011 Indian Census </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population&oldid=864754334 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> States and union territories of India - related lists </Li> <Li> Ranked lists of country subdivisions </Li> <Li> Lists of subdivisions of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 吴语 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 10 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 07 : 32 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 24,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 225
},
{
"start_token": 25,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 37
},
{
"start_token": 41,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 212
},
{
"start_token": 43,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 51
},
{
"start_token": 51,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 210
},
{
"start_token": 78,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 85
},
{
"start_token": 112,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 118
},
{
"start_token": 126,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 131
},
{
"start_token": 131,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 136
},
{
"start_token": 143,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 148
},
{
"start_token": 148,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 153
},
{
"start_token": 160,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 165
},
{
"start_token": 165,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 170
},
{
"start_token": 170,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 175
},
{
"start_token": 212,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 224
},
{
"start_token": 214,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 222
},
{
"start_token": 227,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 355
},
{
"start_token": 409,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 482
},
{
"start_token": 482,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 576
},
{
"start_token": 576,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 777
},
{
"start_token": 777,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 893
},
{
"start_token": 906,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 933
},
{
"start_token": 933,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 952
},
{
"start_token": 952,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3460
},
{
"start_token": 953,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1013
},
{
"start_token": 1013,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1079
},
{
"start_token": 1079,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1144
},
{
"start_token": 1144,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1209
},
{
"start_token": 1209,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1275
},
{
"start_token": 1275,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1342
},
{
"start_token": 1342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1409
},
{
"start_token": 1409,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1475
},
{
"start_token": 1475,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1541
},
{
"start_token": 1541,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1607
},
{
"start_token": 1607,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1674
},
{
"start_token": 1674,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1740
},
{
"start_token": 1740,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1806
},
{
"start_token": 1806,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1872
},
{
"start_token": 1872,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1938
},
{
"start_token": 1938,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2004
},
{
"start_token": 2004,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2070
},
{
"start_token": 2070,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2136
},
{
"start_token": 2136,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2202
},
{
"start_token": 2202,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2270
},
{
"start_token": 2270,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2336
},
{
"start_token": 2336,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2403
},
{
"start_token": 2403,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2469
},
{
"start_token": 2469,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2535
},
{
"start_token": 2535,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2601
},
{
"start_token": 2601,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2668
},
{
"start_token": 2668,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2734
},
{
"start_token": 2734,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2801
},
{
"start_token": 2801,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2867
},
{
"start_token": 2867,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2933
},
{
"start_token": 2933,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2999
},
{
"start_token": 2999,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3065
},
{
"start_token": 3065,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3131
},
{
"start_token": 3131,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3200
},
{
"start_token": 3200,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3269
},
{
"start_token": 3269,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3337
},
{
"start_token": 3337,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3403
},
{
"start_token": 3403,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3459
}
] | which is the smallest state of india by population | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 952,
"candidate_index": 23,
"end_token": 3460
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 2872,
"end_token": 2873
}
],
"annotation_id": 2938549327867632000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population&oldid=864754334 | -6,685,081,731,151,891,000 |
Shani ( TV series ) - Wikipedia <H1> Shani ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Karmaphal Daata Shani </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Shani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Indian soap opera Indian history Historical period drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Siddhartha Kumar Tewary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Utkarsh Naithani Siddharth Kumar Tewary Vinod Sharma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Kamal Moonga , Sumit Thakur , Aviraj D . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creative director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Amol Surve , Nitin Gupta , Siddharth Tiwetiya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> See Cast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> <P> Jitesh Panchal </P> Shyam Chetri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hindi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 230 as of 22 September 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Siddharth Kumar Tewary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mumbai , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Swastik Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Viacom 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Colors TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 7 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> colors.in.com/in/shows/shani-3713.html </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Karmaphal Daata Shani ( English : The lord of the deeds Shani ) is an Indian Hindi historical period drama television series , which premiered on 7 November 2016 and is broadcast on Colors TV . The series is produced by Swastik Productions of Siddharth Kumar Tewary . The series airs every Monday to Friday 9.00 pm The series has dubbed into Telugu on Gemini TV and it airs every Monday to Saturday 8 : 30 pm from 24 July 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Story <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Birth </Li> <Li> 2.2 Shiva and Vakra Drishti </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cast </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The story of the series is based on the life of God Shani , who is known for his wrath . The serial will also depict the deities Vishnu and Shiva as Shani 's mentors . It also shows how tough Shani 's childhood appeared </P> <H2> Story ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Birth ( edit ) </H3> <P> When there is a battle between the gods and the demons , Mahadev appears and reveals that soon the god of karmaphal is going to take birth . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Sanghya , the wife of Surya can not bear Surya 's heat . She visits her father Vishwakarma and she steals a potion which makes her shadow ( Chayya ) come to life . </P> <P> Chayya gives birth to Shani but Surya does not accept Shani as his son . He tells Chayya that Shani should not be in his sunrays . So Chayya takes Shani to a forest where she names him as shani . </P> <P> The show then covers the different incidents of Lord Shani 's life , unfolding each chapter from Shrapit yoga to Karmfal data Shani and to Dandnayak Shani. The show focuses on removing the misunderstanding about lord Shani . Its currently showing the last story of his childhood about his sister Bhadra . </P> <H3> Shiva and Vakra Drishti ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Shani 's mother Chayya had vanished Shani became sad and heartbroken meets Rahu who starts controlling Shani 's mind , Shani in anger of his mother 's death starts fighting the Devas . Mahadev sends Nandi to bring Shani to him but Shani defeats him in a war , Shiv becomes very angry and sends Veerbhadra to bring Shani dead or alive . But Shani defeats him too . After this a confrontation takes place between Shiva and Shani . Shiva removes all the negativity from Shani 's mind and rahu 's effects and tells him that he is born to be the Lord of the deeds and gives him the Vakra Drishti ( the eyesight of justice ) . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kartikey Malviya as young Shani </Li> <Li> Devish Ahuja as Yamraj </Li> <Li> Salil Ankola as Suryadev </Li> <Li> Juhi Parmar as Chhaya / Sangya or Saranyu </Li> <Li> Keeranbikash Patra as Vishnu </Li> <Li> Tarun Khanna as Shiva </Li> <Li> Vibha Anand as Goddess Mahakali </Li> <Li> Amar Deep Garg as Brahma </Li> <Li> Mohan Sharma as Ganesha </Li> <Li> Krish Chauhan as Hanuman </Li> <Li> Kunal Bakshi as Indra </Li> <Li> Tinu Verma as Shukracharya </Li> <Li> Gufi Paintal as Vishwakarma </Li> <Li> Drisha Kalyani as Yami or Yamuna </Li> <Li> Praneet Sharma as Kakol </Li> <Li> Vijay Badlani as Narada </Li> <Li> Zohaib Siddiqui as Rahu </Li> <Li> Raj Singh as Chandra </Li> <Li> Vishal Nayak as Pawan Dev </Li> <Li> Patrali Chattopadhyay as Mohini </Li> <Li> Jannat Zubair Rahmani as Neelima or Shani 's Power or Shanipriya </Li> <Li> Snigdha Akolkar as Mata Anjani </Li> <Li> Kanan Malhotra as Raja Harishchandra </Li> <Li> Shweta Vyas as Lakshmi </Li> <Li> Sudha Chandran as Simhika Rahu 's mother </Li> <Li> Nimai Bali as Sage Vishwamitra </Li> <Li> Nitanshi Goel as Bhadra ( Shani 's sister ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch : Juhi Parmar 's comeback show 's teaser released '' . India Today . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Karmphal Data SHANI ' : TV 's new magnum opus '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 Nov 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Salil Ankola to play Shani 's father in ' Shani ' '' . The Times of India . 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diwakar Pundir turns Vishnu '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 Oct 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibha_Anand </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tinu Verma : My acting inspiration is Amitabh Bachchan '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 Nov 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Programs currently broadcast by Colors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reality show </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi Pain In Spain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weekly drama </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chandrakanta </Li> <Li> Dev </Li> <Li> Mahakali -- Anth Hi Aarambh Hai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soap opera </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bhaag Bakool Bhaag </Li> <Li> Devanshi </Li> <Li> Dil Se Dil Tak </Li> <Li> Swabhimaan </Li> <Li> Karamafal Daata Shani </Li> <Li> Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki </Li> <Li> Sasural Simar Ka </Li> <Li> Savitri Devi College & Hospital </Li> <Li> Shakti </Li> <Li> Udaan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shani_(TV_series)&oldid=802526655 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2010s Indian television series </Li> <Li> 2016 Indian television series debuts </Li> <Li> Hindi - language television programs </Li> <Li> Indian television soap operas </Li> <Li> Indian drama television series </Li> <Li> Indian mythological television series </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Mumbai </Li> <Li> Colors ( TV channel ) series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use Indian English from October 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 18 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 20,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 317
},
{
"start_token": 21,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 28
},
{
"start_token": 32,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 42
},
{
"start_token": 42,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 57
},
{
"start_token": 57,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 68
},
{
"start_token": 68,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 83
},
{
"start_token": 83,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 100
},
{
"start_token": 100,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 119
},
{
"start_token": 119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 128
},
{
"start_token": 128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 143
},
{
"start_token": 143,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 153
},
{
"start_token": 153,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 165
},
{
"start_token": 165,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 174
},
{
"start_token": 174,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 189
},
{
"start_token": 189,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 194
},
{
"start_token": 194,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 207
},
{
"start_token": 207,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 220
},
{
"start_token": 220,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 229
},
{
"start_token": 229,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 242
},
{
"start_token": 242,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 251
},
{
"start_token": 251,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 256
},
{
"start_token": 256,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 266
},
{
"start_token": 266,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 282
},
{
"start_token": 282,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 302
},
{
"start_token": 302,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 308
},
{
"start_token": 308,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 316
},
{
"start_token": 317,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 401
},
{
"start_token": 453,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 500
},
{
"start_token": 512,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 542
},
{
"start_token": 542,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 580
},
{
"start_token": 580,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 623
},
{
"start_token": 623,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 677
},
{
"start_token": 686,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 809
},
{
"start_token": 815,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1007
},
{
"start_token": 816,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 823
},
{
"start_token": 823,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 829
},
{
"start_token": 829,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 835
},
{
"start_token": 835,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 845
},
{
"start_token": 845,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 851
},
{
"start_token": 851,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 857
},
{
"start_token": 857,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 864
},
{
"start_token": 864,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 871
},
{
"start_token": 871,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 877
},
{
"start_token": 877,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 883
},
{
"start_token": 883,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 889
},
{
"start_token": 889,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 895
},
{
"start_token": 895,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 901
},
{
"start_token": 901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 909
},
{
"start_token": 909,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 915
},
{
"start_token": 915,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 921
},
{
"start_token": 921,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 927
},
{
"start_token": 927,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 933
},
{
"start_token": 933,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 940
},
{
"start_token": 940,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 946
},
{
"start_token": 946,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 959
},
{
"start_token": 959,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 966
},
{
"start_token": 966,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 973
},
{
"start_token": 973,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 979
},
{
"start_token": 979,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 988
},
{
"start_token": 988,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 995
},
{
"start_token": 995,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1006
}
] | who is neelima in shani dev's life | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 946,
"candidate_index": 54,
"end_token": 959
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 947,
"end_token": 950
}
],
"annotation_id": 7668396138856565000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Shani_(TV_series)&oldid=802526655 | 4,003,730,929,920,749,000 |
80th meridian east - wikipedia <H1> 80th meridian east </H1> 80 ° 80th meridian east <Table> <Tr> <Td> Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Download coordinates as : KML GPX </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The meridian 80 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole . </P> <P> The 80th meridian east forms a great circle with the 100th meridian west . </P> <H2> From Pole to Pole ( edit ) </H2> <P> Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole , the 80th meridian east passes through : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Co-ordinates </Th> <Th> Country , territory or sea </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 ° 0 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 90.000 ° N 80.000 ° E / 90.000 ; 80.000 ( Arctic Ocean ) </Td> <Th> Arctic Ocean </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 ° 7 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 81.117 ° N 80.000 ° E / 81.117 ; 80.000 ( Kara Sea ) </Td> <Th> Kara Sea </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 ° 58 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 80.967 ° N 80.000 ° E / 80.967 ; 80.000 ( Russia ) </Td> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> Ushakov Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 ° 50 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 80.833 ° N 80.000 ° E / 80.833 ; 80.000 ( Kara Sea ) </Td> <Th> Kara Sea </Th> <Td> Passing just west of Dikson Island , Russia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 ° 11 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 72.183 ° N 80.000 ° E / 72.183 ; 80.000 ( Russia ) </Td> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 ° 51 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 50.850 ° N 80.000 ° E / 50.850 ; 80.000 ( Kazakhstan ) </Td> <Th> Kazakhstan </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 ° 58 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 44.967 ° N 80.000 ° E / 44.967 ; 80.000 ( China ) </Td> <Th> People 's Republic of China </Th> <Td> Xinjiang -- for about 18 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 ° 48 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 44.800 ° N 80.000 ° E / 44.800 ; 80.000 ( Kazakhstan ) </Td> <Th> Kazakhstan </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 ° 22 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 42.367 ° N 80.000 ° E / 42.367 ; 80.000 ( Kyrgyzstan ) </Td> <Th> Kyrgyzstan </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 ° 2 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 42.033 ° N 80.000 ° E / 42.033 ; 80.000 ( China ) </Td> <Th> People 's Republic of China </Th> <Td> Xinjiang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 ° 27 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 35.450 ° N 80.000 ° E / 35.450 ; 80.000 ( Aksai Chin ) </Td> <Th> Aksai Chin </Th> <Td> Disputed between India and People 's Republic of China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 ° 39 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 34.650 ° N 80.000 ° E / 34.650 ; 80.000 ( China ) </Td> <Th> People 's Republic of China </Th> <Td> Tibet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 ° 52 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 30.867 ° N 80.000 ° E / 30.867 ; 80.000 ( Aksai Chin ) </Td> <Th> Aksai Chin </Th> <Td> Disputed between India and People 's Republic of China -- for about 4 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 ° 50 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 30.833 ° N 80.000 ° E / 30.833 ; 80.000 ( India ) </Td> <Th> India </Th> <Td> Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 ° 14 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 12.233 ° N 80.000 ° E / 12.233 ; 80.000 ( Indian Ocean ) </Td> <Th> Indian Ocean </Th> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 ° 48 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 9.800 ° N 80.000 ° E / 9.800 ; 80.000 ( Sri Lanka ) </Td> <Th> Sri Lanka </Th> <Td> Jaffna Peninsula </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 ° 36 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 9.600 ° N 80.000 ° E / 9.600 ; 80.000 ( Indian Ocean ) </Td> <Th> Indian Ocean </Th> <Td> Palk Strait </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 ° 0 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 9.000 ° N 80.000 ° E / 9.000 ; 80.000 ( Sri Lanka ) </Td> <Th> Sri Lanka </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 ° 24 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ E / 6.400 ° N 80.000 ° E / 6.400 ; 80.000 ( Indian Ocean ) </Td> <Th> Indian Ocean </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 ° 0 ′ S 80 ° 0 ′ E / 60.000 ° S 80.000 ° E / - 60.000 ; 80.000 ( Southern Ocean ) </Td> <Th> Southern Ocean </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 ° 2 ′ S 80 ° 0 ′ E / 68.033 ° S 80.000 ° E / - 68.033 ; 80.000 ( Antarctica ) </Td> <Th> Antarctica </Th> <Td> Australian Antarctic Territory , claimed by Australia </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 79th meridian east </Li> <Li> 81st meridian east </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Circles of latitude / meridians </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=80th_meridian_east&oldid=748187016 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lines of longitude </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of coordinates </Li> <Li> Geographic coordinate lists </Li> <Li> Articles with Geo </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Ilokano </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 7 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 November 2016 , at 21 : 42 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 15,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 37
},
{
"start_token": 16,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 26
},
{
"start_token": 26,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 36
},
{
"start_token": 37,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 79
},
{
"start_token": 79,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 95
},
{
"start_token": 104,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 126
},
{
"start_token": 126,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1025
},
{
"start_token": 127,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1024
},
{
"start_token": 128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1023
},
{
"start_token": 129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 144
},
{
"start_token": 144,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 183
},
{
"start_token": 183,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 222
},
{
"start_token": 222,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 261
},
{
"start_token": 261,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 308
},
{
"start_token": 308,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 345
},
{
"start_token": 345,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 382
},
{
"start_token": 382,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 429
},
{
"start_token": 429,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 466
},
{
"start_token": 466,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 503
},
{
"start_token": 503,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 545
},
{
"start_token": 545,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 593
},
{
"start_token": 593,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 635
},
{
"start_token": 635,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 688
},
{
"start_token": 688,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 735
},
{
"start_token": 735,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 777
},
{
"start_token": 777,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 818
},
{
"start_token": 818,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 859
},
{
"start_token": 859,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 898
},
{
"start_token": 898,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 937
},
{
"start_token": 937,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 977
},
{
"start_token": 977,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1022
}
] | an island sits on the 80 degrees east longitude line | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 12197813490805418000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=80th_meridian_east&oldid=748187016 | -6,138,807,411,116,150,000 |
American Horror Story : Apocalypse - wikipedia <H1> American Horror Story : Apocalypse </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> American Horror Story : Apocalypse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sarah Paulson </Li> <Li> Evan Peters </Li> <Li> Adina Porter </Li> <Li> Billie Lourd </Li> <Li> Leslie Grossman </Li> <Li> Cody Fern </Li> <Li> Emma Roberts </Li> <Li> Cheyenne Jackson </Li> <Li> Kathy Bates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> FX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Cult </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of American Horror Story episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> American Horror Story : Apocalypse is the eighth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It was announced on January 12 , 2017 , and premiered on September 12 , 2018 . It has been described as a crossover between the first and third seasons of the series . </P> <P> Returning cast members from previous seasons include Sarah Paulson , Kathy Bates , Evan Peters , Adina Porter , Emma Roberts , Cheyenne Jackson , Billy Eichner , Leslie Grossman , Billie Lourd , Jessica Lange , Taissa Farmiga , Gabourey Sidibe , Lily Rabe , Frances Conroy , Stevie Nicks , Connie Britton , Dylan McDermott , Erika Ervin , Wayne Pére , Naomi Grossman , Mena Suvari , Sam Kinsey , Celia Finkelstein , Lance Reddick , and Jamie Brewer , along with new cast member Cody Fern . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring and guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 4.3 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.2 Ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> Apocalypse takes place in the West Coast of the United States in the near future . Following a nuclear blast that wipes out the world , Outpost 3 , an underground bunker , is constructed in order to shelter specific survivors with strong genetic makeup . Wilhemina Venable ( Sarah Paulson ) and Miriam Mead ( Kathy Bates ) both command the bunker , dispensing torture towards those who reside there . People inside consist of hairdresser Mr. Gallant ( Evan Peters ) , his grandmother Evie ( Joan Collins ) , talk show host Dinah Stevens ( Adina Porter ) , her son Andre ( Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman ) , the billionaire Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt ( Leslie Grossman ) , her assistant Mallory ( Billie Lourd ) , and couple Timothy Campbell ( Kyle Allen ) and Emily ( Ash Santos ) , all of which face the wrath of the two women . However , Michael Langdon ( Cody Fern ) arrives and begins to throw the order into chaos as he intends to bring those worthy to a `` sanctuary '' . </P> <P> Furthermore in the season , the arrival of Cordelia Goode , Madison Montgomery ( Emma Roberts ) , Myrtle Snow ( Frances Conroy ) as well as the return of Zoe Benson ( Taissa Farmiga ) , Queenie ( Gabourey Sidibe ) and Misty Day ( Lily Rabe ) , provides background of the world before the fateful apocalypse as well as the inclusion of characters from Murder House . </P> <H2> Cast and characters </H2> Main articles : List of American Horror Story cast members and List of American Horror Story : Apocalypse characters <H3> Main </H3> Sarah Paulson , Kathy Bates , and Billie Lourd ( left to right ) Evan Peters , Emma Roberts , and Cheyenne Jackson ( left to right ) <Ul> <Li> Sarah Paulson as Wilhemina Venable , Cordelia Goode , and Billie Dean Howard </Li> <Li> Evan Peters as Mr. Gallant , James Patrick March , and Tate Langdon </Li> <Li> Adina Porter as Dinah Stevens </Li> <Li> Billie Lourd as Mallory </Li> <Li> Leslie Grossman as Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt </Li> <Li> Cody Fern as Michael Langdon </Li> <Li> Emma Roberts as Madison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Cheyenne Jackson as John Henry Moore </Li> <Li> Kathy Bates as Miriam Mead </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring and guest </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman as Andre Stevens </Li> <Li> Kyle Allen as Timothy Campbell </Li> <Li> Ash Santos as Emily </Li> <Li> Erika Ervin as the Fist </Li> <Li> Billy Eichner as Brock </Li> <Li> Chad James Buchanan as Stu </Li> <Li> Sean Blakemore as a cooperative agent </Li> <Li> Lesley Fera as a cooperative agent </Li> <Li> Joan Collins as Evie Gallant and Bubbles McGee </Li> <Li> Frances Conroy as Myrtle Snow and Moira O'Hara </Li> <Li> Taissa Farmiga as Zoe Benson and Violet Harmon </Li> <Li> Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie </Li> <Li> Jon Jon Briones as Ariel Augustus </Li> <Li> Billy Porter as Behold Chablis </Li> <Li> BD Wong as Baldwin Pennypacker </Li> <Li> Lily Rabe as Misty Day </Li> <Li> Stevie Nicks as herself </Li> <Li> Wayne Pére as Mr. Kingery </Li> <Li> Dylan McDermott as Dr. Ben Harmon </Li> <Li> Connie Britton as Vivien Harmon </Li> <Li> Jessica Lange as Constance Langdon </Li> <Li> Carlo Rota as Anton LaVey </Li> <Li> Naomi Grossman as Samantha Crowe </Li> <Li> Mena Suvari as Elizabeth Short </Li> <Li> Sam Kinsey as Beau Langdon </Li> <Li> Celia Finkelstein as Gladys </Li> <Li> Lance Reddick as Papa Legba </Li> <Li> Jamie Brewer as Nan </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes </H2> See also : List of American Horror Story episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The End '' </Td> <Td> Bradley Buecker </Td> <Td> Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 8ATS01 </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> In the near future , nuclear missiles destroy the world and start a nuclear winter . Thanks to her family 's private plane , Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt manages to escape the destruction of Los Angeles with her assistant Mallory , her hairdresser Mr. Gallant , and his grandmother , Evie . Meanwhile , an organization known as `` The Cooperative '' , selects young adults to save from the apocalypse , based on their genetic makeup . Two of the selected , Timothy and Emily , are sent to Outpost 3 , an underground base led by Ms. Venable . There , they are reunited with other survivors , including Coco , Mallory , Mr. Gallant , and Evie . Life at the Outpost includes strict rules and severe punishments . Eighteen months pass and the situation and food supplies are at critical condition at the Outpost . A man from the Cooperative , Michael Langdon , arrives and announces that he will judge who deserves to be truly saved . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Morning After '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lynch </Td> <Td> James Wong </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 8ATS02 </Td> <Td> 2.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Langdon introduces himself to the guests of Outpost 3 and explains his duty . He inquires Mr. Gallant about his sexual orientation and his hatred towards his grandmother . Later , the Rubber Man approaches Gallant in his bedroom and Evie catches the two having sex . She reports their insubordination to Ms. Mead . Timothy and Emily discover recent Cooperative e-mails detailing Venable 's transgressions against proper Outpost protocol . Gallant refuses to reveal the identity of the Rubber Man to Venable . Gallant assures Langdon that he did not reveal his identity and Langdon asserts that he is not the Rubber Man and that he would never have sex with him . Timothy and Emily cast aspersions on the rules of Outpost 3 and they have sex for the first time . The Rubber Man attempts to seduce Gallant once again and Gallant stabs him with scissors . Langdon appears and Gallant finds himself looking upon his grandmother 's bloody corpse . Timothy and Emily are caught in bed and are sentenced to death . Timothy shoots Mead in the stomach and her wound reveals internal wiring and white liquid . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Forbidden Fruit '' </Td> <Td> Loni Peristere </Td> <Td> Manny Coto </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 8ATS03 </Td> <Td> 1.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Langdon unveils his true demonic form to Mallory and she makes flames shoot from a fireplace . Venable confides to Mead that she has not been selected to move on to the Sanctuary and Mead suggests they kill everyone . Brock navigates a nuclear wasteland and guns down a cannibalistic tribe . He then beholds a horse - drawn carriage pass by . The carriage delivers apples to Outpost 3 and Venable resolves to inject them with venom . Brock infiltrates Outpost 3 and attends Venable 's Halloween masquerade ball . Coco , presuming Brock to be Langdon in costume , seduces him back to her bedroom . Brock then reveals himself to Coco and stabs her in the forehead . The Outpost 3 guests bob for poisonous apples . Venable instructs everyone to wait to eat simultaneously . The guests comply and concurrently succumb to the poison . Venable and Mead confront Langdon and Venable proclaims that they will be making the selections . Mead shoots Venable under order from Langdon . Langdon tells Mead she was modeled after a caregiver from his childhood , which consoles her . Later , Cordelia Goode , Madison Montgomery , and Myrtle Snow descend upon Outpost 3 and Cordelia resurrects Mallory , Dinah , and Coco . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Could It Be ... Satan ? '' </Td> <Td> Sheree Folkson </Td> <Td> Tim Minear </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 8ATS04 </Td> <Td> 2.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Three years before the nuclear bomb , the Hawthorne School for Exceptional Young Men seeks out Michael Langdon , who has been arrested for killing a man who insulted the woman Mead is modeled after . He is put to the test and displays tremendous abilities . Miss Robichaux 's Academy is summoned for a meeting and Cordelia scoffs at the Grand Chancellor 's suspicion that Michael may be the first male Supreme , known as the Alpha . To prove his power , Michael saves Queenie from eternal damnation at the Hotel Cortez and fetches Madison from her personal hell . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Boy Wonder '' </Td> <Td> Gwyneth Horder - Payton </Td> <Td> John J. Gray </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 8ATS05 </Td> <Td> 2.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Cordelia has a frightening vision of a destroyed Miss Robichaux 's Academy and being attacked by disease - ridden people . Later , she announces that Langdon will take the Seven Wonders , something that she is berated for by Myrtle . Mallory 's abilities soon intensify and Cordelia reveals that she is dying and slowly starting to lose her Supremacy . John Henry Moore discovers Langdon 's true self but Mead interferes before he can warn anyone and kills him . During the test , Cordelia asks Langdon to bring Misty Day back to life , so he breaks her out of her personal hell . It is revealed that Cordelia has been planning an army against Langdon and used him to resurrect her students . Later , Cordelia asks Madison and a suspicious Behold to investigate Langdon 's origins at the Murder House . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Return to Murder House '' </Td> <Td> Sarah Paulson </Td> <Td> Crystal Liu </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 8ATS06 </Td> <Td> 2.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Madison and Behold buy the Murder House on behalf of the Coven , under the pretense that they are a married couple . They cast a spell to force the spirits of the house to appear to them . They encounter the ghost of Constance Langdon , who agrees to provide information on her grandson Michael if they banish her old nemesis , Moira O'Hara , from the house . Madison and Behold exhume Moira 's bones , and bury them with her mother 's ; Moira is then set free from the house . Constance tells them that she sensed an evil in Michael from very early on . In his youth , he began killing animals , and then his babysitter . After Michael ages ten years overnight , Constance enlists the help of a Catholic priest , whom Michael kills . Constance , out of hopelessness , commits suicide in the Murder House , where she is reunited with Tate , Beauregard , and her fourth child , a little girl with no eyes . Madison and Behold then interview Ben and Vivien Harmon , who further reveal the evil in Michael 's soul . Vivien tells them that Michael 's father is neither Ben nor Tate , but the evil of the Murder House . Before leaving with Behold , Madison reunites Tate and Violet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Traitor '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lynch </Td> <Td> Adam Penn </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 8ATS07 </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> With the help of voodoo queen Dinah Stevens , Cordelia arranges a meeting with Papa Legba in an attempt to prevent Langdon 's plans . Legba reveals that he owns Nan 's soul , and agrees to help entrap Langdon under the condition that Cordelia give him the souls of the remaining girls . Cordelia refuses , and Legba disappears . In order to learn more about the warlocks and their plans , Madison enlists the help of Myrtle 's long time friend , witch - actress Bubbles McGee , who specialises in reading the thoughts and souls of others . At a dinner party held by Myrtle , Bubbles discovers that Ariel and Baldwin know about the death of John Henry , and that they are planning to kill the women of the coven . Zoe suspects Mallory to be the true next Supreme after she saves Coco from choking and confides in Cordelia . Later , Mallory passes the Seven Wonders after successfully resurrecting John Henry . The coven then capture Ariel , Baldwin , and Mead , and burn them at the stake for treason . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sojourn '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Fire and Reign '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Apocalypse Then '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Evan Peters will direct an episode of the season . </P> <H2> Production </H2> <H3> Development </H3> <P> On January 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth season , which premiered on September 12 , 2018 . In October 2016 , series co-creator Ryan Murphy announced a `` crossover '' season between previous cycles Murder House and Coven . In January 2018 , he stated that the ninth season would most likely feature the crossover ; however , in June 2018 , he announced that the eighth season was chosen instead . Murphy has also stated that the eighth season would be set 18 months in the future and would feature an Asylum and Coven tone . In July 2018 , it was announced at the San Diego Comic - Con that the title of the season would be Apocalypse . </P> <P> In April 2018 , it was revealed that series veterans Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters would each make their directorial debuts in an episode of the season . It was later revealed that Paulson would direct the sixth episode . </P> <P> As with previous seasons , several teasers were released . On September 4 , 2018 , a short trailer was released , followed by a longer trailer the next day . </P> <H3> Casting </H3> <P> In October 2017 , it was announced that series mainstay Sarah Paulson would return for the season . In March 2018 , it was announced that Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would also return , leading the season with Paulson . In April 2018 , Joan Collins joined the cast as the grandmother of Peters ' character . In April and May 2018 , Cult alumni Adina Porter , Cheyenne Jackson , Billy Eichner , Leslie Grossman , and Billie Lourd were also confirmed to return . </P> <P> In June 2018 , Emma Roberts revealed that she would return for Apocalypse , reprising her role as Madison Montgomery from Coven . That same month , Murphy revealed that other witches from Coven had all been invited to return , and also stated that he had asked Anjelica Huston to join the cast , while Paulson confirmed that she would reprise her Coven role , Cordelia Goode . In July 2018 , it was reported that Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman and Kyle Allen would guest star in the season . Later that month , Murphy revealed via Twitter that American Crime Story alum Cody Fern joined the cast as a grown - up Michael Langdon , the Antichrist born during the events of Murder House . </P> <P> In August 2018 , Pose alum Billy Porter announced via Instagram that he would appear in the season . Later , during the Television Critics Association press tour , it was announced that Jessica Lange would appear in the season 's sixth episode as her Murder House character , Constance Langdon . After FX released the season 's first teaser , actress Lesley Fera revealed via Twitter that she would appear in the season premiere . Later , Ryan Murphy confirmed via Twitter that Taissa Farmiga , Gabourey Sidibe , Lily Rabe , Frances Conroy , and Stevie Nicks would all appear during the season , and that they would all reprise their Coven roles . In the same month , Angela Bassett , who appeared in four previous seasons , confirmed that she would not appear in the season . Later , Finn Wittrock , who appeared in three past seasons , confirmed that he would not appear in Apocalypse . The same day , it was announced that original cast members Connie Britton and Dylan McDermott would be returning for the season , and Ryan Murphy later confirmed that they would reprise their Murder House roles , Vivien and Ben Harmon , respectively . Later , Murphy revealed that Evan Peters and Taissa Farmiga would be reprising their Murder House roles , Tate Langdon and Violet Harmon , respectively . </P> <P> In September 2018 , it was revealed that Erika Ervin would be returning for Apocalypse after having a recurring role in Freak Show . It was also reported that actress Ash Santos would appear in the season . </P> <H3> Filming </H3> <P> In April 2018 , Murphy revealed that filming for the season would begin in June 2018 . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Critical response </H3> <P> American Horror Story : Apocalypse received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.86 / 10 , based on 117 reviews . On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 63 out of 100 based on 6 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . </P> <Table> American Horror Story ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 8 ( 2018 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Ratings </H3> See also : American Horror Story § Ratings <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The End '' </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 3.17 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 6.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Morning After '' </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.41 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 4.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Forbidden Fruit '' </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 1.95 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Could It Be ... Satan ? '' </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.02 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 3.05 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 5.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Boy Wonder '' </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.12 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 4.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Return to Murder House '' </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 2.01 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Traitor '' </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . <P> </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed For Seasons 8 & 9 By FX - TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : American Horror Story ( @ AHSFX ) ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Not long now . # AHSFX '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Jessica Lange Returning for ' Apocalypse ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Maas , Jennifer ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Here 's Who ( Almost ) Everyone Is Playing on ' Apocalypse ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse 's Official Trailer Released '' . fxnetworks.com . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates to return for season 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` '' American Horror Story : Apocalypse '' Set Photo Reunites Tate and Violet ... Together Forever ? `` . Bloody Disgusting . August 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse - Cast '' . fxnetworks.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Evan Peters , Billy Eichner , Cheyenne Jackson , More Returning '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Billie Lourd To Return To ' American Horror Story ' For Season 8 , Joins ' Booksmart ' Movie '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Casts Cody Fern as Michael Langdon '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Emma Roberts Teases Return of ' American Horror Story 's Madison Montgomery '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds ' UnReal 's Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman & ' The Path 's Kyle Allen As Guest Stars '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 5 Most Apocalyptic Things that Happened in the American Horror Story Premiere '' . fxnetworks.com . September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 23 HUGE Details In The ' AHS : Apocalypse ' Trailer You Definitely Missed '' . PopBuzz . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amazon Eve ( @ AmazonEve ) ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm very excited about this upcoming season gang ! @ AHSFX # AHSApocalypse '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lesley Fera ( @ LesleyFera ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Happy to announce that I will be on the first episode of this new creepy season 😱 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Confirms ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Is Set `` 18 Months From Today '' ; Joan Collins To Play Evan Peters ' Grandmother `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chris Harnick ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse Returning Cast Revealed : Stevie Nicks , Taissa Farmiga , Lily Rabe and More '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : Ryan Murphy Posts First Look At ' Coven ' Reunion With Stevie Nicks '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` One major American Horror Story : Coven star wo n't return for Apocalypse '' . Digital Spy . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I transform to Ariel Augustus with some warlock magic . @ ahsfx 😉 '' . Instagram . October 4 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Allison ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Pose 's Billy Porter joins the cast of American Horror Story : Apocalypse '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story ' Reveals How ' Coven ' Witches Play Into ' Apocalypse ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 3 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` @ ahsfx proudlypresents # baldwinpennypacker # warlocks # apocalypse # americanhorrorstory '' . Instagram . October 5 , 2018 . Retrieved October 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Connie Britton and Dylan McDermott Join ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dino - Ray , Ramos ( August 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : Ryan Murphy Gives First Look At ' Murder House ' Reunion '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naomi Grossman - Resume '' . Actors Access . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Evan Peters , Billy Eichner , Cheyenne Jackson , More Returning '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy announces Murder House , Coven season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story shock : Season 8 is set in the future '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 8 Will Officially Be the Long - Awaited Murder House / Coven Crossover '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Title Revealed : Apocalypse '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray , Flook ( September 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : Ryan Murphy Posts on Lack of Trailer ; Two New Teasers Released '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alex , Stedman ( September 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' Unveils First Teaser Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nate , Nickolai ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : The Anti-Christ Arrives in Full Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Munzenrieder , Kyle . `` Joan Collins Is Joining American Horror Story Because , Well , of Course She Is '' . W Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seddon , Dan ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story star rules out a return for season 8 Apocalypse '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 8 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` FX dominates with ' American Horror Story , ' ' Mayans , ' and ' Always Sunny ' in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' and ' Mayans M.C. ' lead the cable Live + 3 ratings for Sept. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' and ' American Horror Story ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 1 - 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' and ' Mayans M.C. ' land high in the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For the second season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . <P> For the third season , see `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </P> <P> For the fourth season , see `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </P> <P> For the fifth season , see `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </P> <P> For the sixth season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </P> <P> For the seventh season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . </P> <P> For the eighth season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Eight Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . </P> </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American Horror Story </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Seasons </Dt> <Dd> Murder House </Dd> <Dd> Asylum </Dd> <Dd> Coven </Dd> <Dd> Freak Show </Dd> <Dd> Hotel </Dd> <Dd> Roanoke </Dd> <Dd> Cult </Dd> <Dd> Apocalypse </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Cast members </Li> <Li> Episodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Apocalypse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The End '' </Li> <Li> `` The Morning After '' </Li> <Li> `` Forbidden Fruit '' </Li> <Li> `` Could It Be ... Satan ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Boy Wonder '' </Li> <Li> `` Return to Murder House '' </Li> <Li> `` Traitor '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apocalypse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Apocalypse&oldid=866487236 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 American television seasons </Li> <Li> American drama television series </Li> <Li> American Horror Story seasons </Li> <Li> Androids in television </Li> <Li> Cannibalism in fiction </Li> <Li> Demons in television </Li> <Li> Fictional depictions of the Antichrist </Li> <Li> Mass murder in fiction </Li> <Li> Nuclear war and weapons in popular culture </Li> <Li> Post-apocalyptic fiction </Li> <Li> Television series set in the future </Li> <Li> Witchcraft in television </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using Timeline </Li> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 16 : 58 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 16,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 160
},
{
"start_token": 17,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 26
},
{
"start_token": 26,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 32
},
{
"start_token": 32,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 77
},
{
"start_token": 37,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 75
},
{
"start_token": 77,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 88
},
{
"start_token": 88,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 98
},
{
"start_token": 98,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 103
},
{
"start_token": 103,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 112
},
{
"start_token": 112,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 136
},
{
"start_token": 136,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 142
},
{
"start_token": 142,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 149
},
{
"start_token": 149,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 159
},
{
"start_token": 160,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 216
},
{
"start_token": 216,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 309
},
{
"start_token": 380,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 569
},
{
"start_token": 569,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 641
},
{
"start_token": 696,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 779
},
{
"start_token": 697,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 712
},
{
"start_token": 712,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 727
},
{
"start_token": 727,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 734
},
{
"start_token": 734,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 740
},
{
"start_token": 740,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 749
},
{
"start_token": 749,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 756
},
{
"start_token": 756,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 763
},
{
"start_token": 763,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 771
},
{
"start_token": 771,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 778
},
{
"start_token": 784,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 991
},
{
"start_token": 785,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 794
},
{
"start_token": 794,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 801
},
{
"start_token": 801,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 807
},
{
"start_token": 807,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 814
},
{
"start_token": 814,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 820
},
{
"start_token": 820,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 827
},
{
"start_token": 827,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 835
},
{
"start_token": 835,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 843
},
{
"start_token": 843,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 853
},
{
"start_token": 853,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 863
},
{
"start_token": 863,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 873
},
{
"start_token": 873,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 879
},
{
"start_token": 879,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 887
},
{
"start_token": 887,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 894
},
{
"start_token": 894,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 901
},
{
"start_token": 901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 908
},
{
"start_token": 908,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 914
},
{
"start_token": 914,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 921
},
{
"start_token": 921,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 929
},
{
"start_token": 929,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 936
},
{
"start_token": 936,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 943
},
{
"start_token": 943,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 950
},
{
"start_token": 950,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 957
},
{
"start_token": 957,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 964
},
{
"start_token": 964,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 971
},
{
"start_token": 971,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 977
},
{
"start_token": 977,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 984
},
{
"start_token": 984,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 990
},
{
"start_token": 1003,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2732
},
{
"start_token": 1004,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1044
},
{
"start_token": 1044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1087
},
{
"start_token": 1087,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1263
},
{
"start_token": 1263,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1304
},
{
"start_token": 1304,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1501
},
{
"start_token": 1501,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1541
},
{
"start_token": 1541,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1760
},
{
"start_token": 1760,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1804
},
{
"start_token": 1804,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1910
},
{
"start_token": 1910,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1954
},
{
"start_token": 1954,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2104
},
{
"start_token": 2104,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2147
},
{
"start_token": 2147,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2381
},
{
"start_token": 2381,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2421
},
{
"start_token": 2421,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2614
},
{
"start_token": 2614,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2652
},
{
"start_token": 2652,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2692
},
{
"start_token": 2692,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2731
},
{
"start_token": 2732,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2744
},
{
"start_token": 2750,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2879
},
{
"start_token": 2879,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2921
},
{
"start_token": 2921,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2954
},
{
"start_token": 2957,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3046
},
{
"start_token": 3046,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3175
},
{
"start_token": 3175,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3409
},
{
"start_token": 3409,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3449
},
{
"start_token": 3452,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3471
},
{
"start_token": 3478,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3545
},
{
"start_token": 3545,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3583
},
{
"start_token": 3558,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3582
},
{
"start_token": 3560,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3580
},
{
"start_token": 3561,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3579
},
{
"start_token": 3596,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3908
},
{
"start_token": 3597,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3654
},
{
"start_token": 3654,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3688
},
{
"start_token": 3688,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3721
},
{
"start_token": 3721,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3763
},
{
"start_token": 3763,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3801
},
{
"start_token": 3801,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3836
},
{
"start_token": 3836,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3873
},
{
"start_token": 3873,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3907
},
{
"start_token": 3908,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3933
},
{
"start_token": 3909,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3932
}
] | when is american horror story season 8 episode 2 | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 1003,
"candidate_index": 56,
"end_token": 2732
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 1285,
"end_token": 1289
}
],
"annotation_id": 149495106551977600
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Apocalypse&oldid=866487236 | 8,826,743,783,614,551,000 |
Federal Hall - wikipedia <H1> Federal Hall </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Federal Hall National Memorial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Memorial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New York City Landmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Federal Hall National Memorial in 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Federal Hall in New York City Federal Hall ( New York ) Federal Hall ( the US ) Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> 26 Wall Street , Financial District , Manhattan , New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 40 ° 42 ′ 26 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 37 '' W / 40.70722 ° N 74.01028 ° W / 40.70722 ; - 74.01028 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 26 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 37 '' W / 40.70722 ° N 74.01028 ° W / 40.70722 ; - 74.01028 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> 0.45 acres ( 1,800 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Built </Th> <Td> May 26 , 1842 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> John Frazee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architectural style </Th> <Td> Greek Revival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitation </Th> <Td> 156,707 ( 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Federal Hall National Memorial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NRHP reference # </Th> <Td> 66000095 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Added to NRHP </Th> <Td> October 15 , 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated NMEM </Th> <Td> August 11 , 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated NYCL </Th> <Td> December 21 , 1965 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Federal Hall is the name given to the first of two historic buildings located at 26 Wall Street , New York City . The original , a Greek Revival structure completed in 1703 , served as New York 's first City Hall . It was the site where the colonial Stamp Act Congress met to draft its message to King George III claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting `` taxation without representation '' . After the American Revolution , it served as meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation held under the Articles of Confederation . </P> <P> In 1788 , the building was remodeled and enlarged under the direction of Pierre Charles L'Enfant , becoming the first example of Federal Style architecture in the United States . It was renamed Federal Hall when it became the first Capitol of the newly created United States in 1789 and hosted the 1st United States Congress . On its steps George Washington was sworn in as the first President . It was demolished in 1812 . </P> <P> The current structure , completed in 1842 and one of the best surviving examples of neoclassical architecture in New York , was built as the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York . Later it served as a sub-Treasury building . Though never referred to as `` Federal Hall '' , today it is operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial and designated the Federal Hall National Memorial to commemorate the historic events that occurred at the previous structure . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 First Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Federal Hall </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Second structure <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Customs House and Treasury building </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Federal Hall National Memorial </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Architecture </Li> <Li> 3 On U.S. postage </Li> <Li> 4 Gallery </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Federal Hall , Seat of Congress , 1790 hand - colored engraving by Amos Doolittle , depicting Washington 's April 30 , 1789 inauguration <H3> First structure ( edit ) </H3> <P> The original structure on the site was built as New York 's second City Hall in 1699 - 1703 , on Wall Street , in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan . In 1735 , John Peter Zenger , an American newspaper publisher , was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there . His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights . </P> Archibald Robertson 's View up Wall Street with City Hall ( Federal Hall ) and Trinity Church , New York City , from around 1798 <P> In October 1765 , delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain . Drawn together for the first time in organized opposition to British policy , the attendees drafted a message to King George III , the House of Lords , and the House of Commons , claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies ' `` taxation without representation '' . </P> <P> After the American Revolution , the City Hall served as the meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation , from 1785 until 1789 . Acts adopted here included the Northwest Ordinance , which set up what would later become the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan and Wisconsin , but more fundamentally prohibited slavery in these future states . </P> <P> In 1788 , the building was remodeled and enlarged under the direction of Pierre Charles L'Enfant , who was later selected by President George Washington to design the capital city on the Potomac River . This was the first example of Federal Style architecture in the United States . </P> Federal Hall ( edit ) <P> The building was renamed Federal Hall when it became the first Capitol of the United States under the Constitution in 1789 . The 1st United States Congress met there on March 4 , 1789 , to establish the new federal government , and the first thing it did was to count the votes that elected George Washington as the first President of the United States . He was inaugurated on the balcony of the building on April 30 , 1789 . </P> <P> Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall . Foremost was the proposal and initial ratification of the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution ; twelve amendments to the Constitution were initially drafted ( ten were later adopted ) , and on September 25 , 1789 , the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in Federal Hall , establishing the freedoms claimed by the Stamp Act Congress on the same site 24 years earlier . Also , the Judiciary Act of 1789 was enacted in the building , which set up the United States federal court system that is still in use today . </P> George Washington in front of Federal Hall National Memorial <H3> Second structure ( edit ) </H3> Customs House and treasury building ( edit ) <P> In 1790 , the United States capital was moved to Philadelphia , and what had been Federal Hall once again housed the government of New York City until 1812 , when the building was razed with the opening of the current New York City Hall . Part of the original railing and balcony floor where Washington was inaugurated are on display in the memorial . The current structure , one of the best surviving examples of classical architecture in New York , was built as the first purpose - built U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York . Designed by John Frazee , it was constructed of Tuckahoe marble and took more than a decade to complete . It opened in 1842 . </P> <P> In 1862 , Customs moved to 55 Wall Street and the building served as one of six United States Sub-Treasury locations . Millions of dollars of gold and silver were kept in the basement vaults until the Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Sub-Treasury system in 1920 . </P> <P> In 1882 , John Quincy Adams Ward 's bronze George Washington statue was erected on its front steps , marking the approximate site where he was inaugurated as President in the former structure . </P> <P> In 1920 , a bomb was detonated across the street from Federal Hall at 23 Wall Street , in what became known as the Wall Street bombing . Thirty - eight people were killed and 400 injured , and 23 Wall Street was visibly damaged , but Federal Hall received no damage . A famous photograph of the event shows the destruction and effects of the bombing with the statue of President Washington standing stoically in the face of chaos ( see below ) . </P> Federal Hall National Memorial ( edit ) <P> The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26 , 1939 , and redesignated a national memorial on August 11 , 1955 . Administered by the National Park Service , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . Federal Hall was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on December 21 , 1965 . </P> Congress convenes for a special session at Federal Hall National Memorial on September 6 , 2002 <P> On September 6 , 2002 , approximately 300 members of the United States Congress traveled from Washington , D.C. to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support for the city , still recovering from the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Held just four blocks from the former World Trade Center 's Twin Towers , the meeting was the first by Congress in New York since 1790 . </P> <P> The site closed on December 3 , 2004 , for extensive renovations . In 2006 , Federal Hall National Memorial reopened after a $16 million renovation , mostly to its foundation , after cracks threatening the structure were greatly aggravated by the collapse of the Towers . </P> <P> It was reported on June 8 , 2008 , that New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited 2008 United States presidential candidates John McCain and Barack Obama to a town hall forum at Federal Hall . Both candidates declined the offer `` because they do not want it limited to one television network . '' </P> <P> The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial . As a national memorial , the site is open free to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays . It has tourist information about the New York Harbor area 's federal monuments and parks , and a New York City tourism information center . The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale . Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily , except national holidays , and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day . Exhibits include George Washington 's Inauguration Gallery , including the Bible used to swear his oath of office ; Freedom of the Press , the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger ; and New York : An American Capital , preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration . </P> <H2> Architecture ( edit ) </H2> Main hall of the memorial <P> Two prominent American ideals are reflected in the current building 's Greek Revival architecture : The Doric columns of the facade , designed by Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis , resemble those of the Parthenon and serve as a tribute to the democracy of the Greeks ; the domed ceiling inside , designed by John Frazee , echoes the Pantheon and is evocative of the republican ideals of the ancient Romans . </P> <P> The current structure is often overshadowed among downtown landmarks by the New York Stock Exchange , which is located diagonally across Wall and Broad Streets , but the site is one of the most important in the history of the United States and , particularly , the foundation of the United States government and its democratic institutions . </P> <H2> On U.S. postage ( edit ) </H2> Issue of 1957 <P> Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear twice on U.S. postage stamps . The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30 , 1939 , the 150th anniversary of President Washington 's inauguration , where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office . </P> <P> The second issue was released in 1957 , the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton 's birth . This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> View from north </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The George Washington Inaugural Bible , on which Washington took his inaugural oath in 1789 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Brass relief of Washington kneeling in prayer . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Plaque commemorating the Northwest Ordinance and the establishment of the state of Ohio </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The 1920 Wall Street bombing , with the sub-treasury building in the background at right </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federal Hall National Memorial '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . December 21 , 1965 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Hall National Memorial '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE STORY OF A STREET '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federal Hall -- U.S. Custom House '' . FEDERAL HALL . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Trial of John Peter Zenger '' . nps.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE STORY OF A STREET '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CNN.com - Breaking News , U.S. , World , Weather , Entertainment & Video News '' . cnn.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Balcony '' . nps.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federal Hall -- U.S. Custom House '' . FEDERAL HALL . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/FEDERAL-HALL-ORIGINAL.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ABC News . `` New York Mayor , ABC News Invite Obama , McCain to Historic Town Hall '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080608/ap_on_el_pr/bloomberg_town_hall </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Presidents '' . The White House . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott 's US Stamp Catalogue </Li> </Ol> <P> Sources </P> <Ul> <Li> The National Parks : Index 2001 -- 2003 . Washington : U.S. Department of the Interior . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Hall . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official NPS website : Federal Hall National Memorial </Li> <Li> Federal Hall <Ul> <Li> Federal Hall History Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Parks of NY Harbor Conservancy : Federal Hall Visitor Information </Li> <Li> Manhattan Historic Sites Archive : Federal Hall </Li> <Li> Library of Congress - The New Capital City </Li> <Li> U.S. Custom House , 28 Wall Street , New York , New York , NY , Historic American Buildings Survey <Ul> <Li> Engraving : Federal Hall , The Seat of Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lithograph : A View of the Federal Hall , 1797 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Protected areas of New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christman </Li> <Li> Eleanor Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman </Li> <Li> Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Martin Van Buren </Li> <Li> Sagamore Hill </Li> <Li> Saint Paul 's Church </Li> <Li> Saratoga </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural </Li> <Li> Women 's Rights </Li> <Li> Erie Canalway </Li> <Li> Kate Mullany <Ul> <Li> affiliated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thomas Cole <Ul> <Li> affiliated </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Memorials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Federal Hall </Li> <Li> General Grant </Li> <Li> Hamilton Grange </Li> <Li> Statue of Liberty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Monuments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Burial Ground </Li> <Li> Castle Clinton </Li> <Li> Fort Stanwix </Li> <Li> Governors Island </Li> <Li> Stonewall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Trails </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appalachian Trail </Li> <Li> North Country Trail </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Seashores and Recreation Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fire Island </Li> <Li> Gateway </Li> <Li> Upper Delaware </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Wildlife Refuges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iroquois </Li> <Li> Long Island Complex <Ul> <Li> Amagansett </Li> <Li> Conscience Point </Li> <Li> Elizabeth A. Morton </Li> <Li> Lido Beach </Li> <Li> Oyster Bay </Li> <Li> Sayville </Li> <Li> Seatuck </Li> <Li> Target Rock </Li> <Li> Wertheim </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Montezuma </Li> <Li> Shawangunk Grasslands </Li> <Li> Wallkill River </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Forests </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Finger Lakes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wilderness Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State parks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Allen H. Treman </Li> <Li> Allegany </Li> <Li> Amherst </Li> <Li> Amsterdam Beach </Li> <Li> Battle Island </Li> <Li> Bayard Cutting Arboretum </Li> <Li> Bayswater Point </Li> <Li> Bear Mountain </Li> <Li> Beaver Island </Li> <Li> Beechwood </Li> <Li> Belmont Lake </Li> <Li> Bethpage </Li> <Li> Betty & Wilbur Davis </Li> <Li> Big Six Mile Creek </Li> <Li> Blauvelt </Li> <Li> Bonavista </Li> <Li> Bowman Lake </Li> <Li> Braddock Bay </Li> <Li> Brentwood </Li> <Li> Bristol Beach </Li> <Li> Brookhaven </Li> <Li> Buckhorn Island </Li> <Li> Buffalo Harbor </Li> <Li> Burnham Point </Li> <Li> Buttermilk Falls </Li> <Li> Caleb Smith </Li> <Li> Camp Hero </Li> <Li> Canandaigua Lake </Li> <Li> Canoe - Picnic Point </Li> <Li> Captree </Li> <Li> Catharine Valley Trail </Li> <Li> Caumsett </Li> <Li> Cayuga Lake </Li> <Li> Cedar Island </Li> <Li> Cedar Point </Li> <Li> Chenango Valley </Li> <Li> Cherry Plain </Li> <Li> Chimney Bluffs </Li> <Li> Chittenango Falls </Li> <Li> Clarence Fahnestock </Li> <Li> Clark Reservation </Li> <Li> Clay Pit Ponds </Li> <Li> Cold Spring Harbor </Li> <Li> Coles Creek </Li> <Li> Conesus Lake </Li> <Li> Connetquot River </Li> <Li> Crab Island </Li> <Li> Croil Island </Li> <Li> Cumberland Bay </Li> <Li> Darien Lakes </Li> <Li> De Veaux Woods </Li> <Li> Deans Cove </Li> <Li> Delta Lake </Li> <Li> Devil 's Hole </Li> <Li> Dewolf Point </Li> <Li> Donald J. Trump </Li> <Li> Earl W. Brydges Artpark </Li> <Li> Eel Weir </Li> <Li> Empire -- Fulton Ferry </Li> <Li> Evangola </Li> <Li> Fair Haven Beach </Li> <Li> Fillmore Glen </Li> <Li> Fort Niagara </Li> <Li> Four Mile Creek </Li> <Li> Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms </Li> <Li> Franny Reese </Li> <Li> Frenchman Island </Li> <Li> Galop Island </Li> <Li> Gantry Plaza </Li> <Li> Genesee Valley Greenway </Li> <Li> Gilbert Lake </Li> <Li> Gilgo </Li> <Li> Glimmerglass </Li> <Li> Golden Hill </Li> <Li> Goosepond Mountain </Li> <Li> Grafton Lakes </Li> <Li> Grass Point </Li> <Li> Green Lakes </Li> <Li> Hallock </Li> <Li> Hamlin Beach </Li> <Li> Harriet Hollister Spencer </Li> <Li> Harriman </Li> <Li> Hart 's Brook </Li> <Li> Haverstraw Beach </Li> <Li> Heckscher </Li> <Li> Helen L. McNitt </Li> <Li> Hempstead Lake </Li> <Li> High Tor </Li> <Li> Highland Lakes </Li> <Li> Higley Flow </Li> <Li> Hither Hills </Li> <Li> Honeoye </Li> <Li> Hook Mountain </Li> <Li> Hudson Highlands </Li> <Li> Hudson River Islands </Li> <Li> Hudson River </Li> <Li> Hunts Pond </Li> <Li> Iona Island </Li> <Li> Irondequoit Bay </Li> <Li> Jacques Cartier </Li> <Li> James Baird </Li> <Li> John Boyd Thacher </Li> <Li> Jones Beach </Li> <Li> Joseph Davis </Li> <Li> Keewaydin </Li> <Li> Keuka Lake </Li> <Li> Knox Farm </Li> <Li> Kring Point </Li> <Li> Lake Erie </Li> <Li> Lake Lauderdale </Li> <Li> Lake Superior </Li> <Li> Lake Taghkanic </Li> <Li> Lakeside Beach </Li> <Li> Letchworth </Li> <Li> Lock 32 </Li> <Li> Lodi Point </Li> <Li> Long Point - Finger Lakes </Li> <Li> Long Point - Thousand Islands </Li> <Li> Long Point on Lake Chautauqua </Li> <Li> Macomb Reservation </Li> <Li> Margaret Lewis Norrie </Li> <Li> Mark Twain </Li> <Li> Mary Island </Li> <Li> Max V. Shaul </Li> <Li> Mexico Point </Li> <Li> Midway </Li> <Li> Mine Kill </Li> <Li> Minnewaska </Li> <Li> Mohawk River </Li> <Li> Montauk Downs </Li> <Li> Montauk Point </Li> <Li> Moreau Lake </Li> <Li> Napeague </Li> <Li> Newtown Battlefield </Li> <Li> Niagara Falls </Li> <Li> Nissequogue River </Li> <Li> Nyack Beach </Li> <Li> Oak Orchard </Li> <Li> Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills </Li> <Li> Old Croton Aqueduct </Li> <Li> Old Erie Canal </Li> <Li> Oquaga Creek </Li> <Li> Orient Beach </Li> <Li> Peebles Island </Li> <Li> Pinnacle </Li> <Li> Pixley Falls </Li> <Li> Point Au Roche </Li> <Li> Reservoir </Li> <Li> Riverbank </Li> <Li> Robert G. Wehle </Li> <Li> Robert H. Treman </Li> <Li> Robert Moses - Long Island </Li> <Li> Robert Moses - Thousand Islands </Li> <Li> Robert V. Riddell </Li> <Li> Roberto Clemente </Li> <Li> Rockefeller </Li> <Li> Rock Island Lighthouse </Li> <Li> Rockland Lake </Li> <Li> Sampson </Li> <Li> Sandy Island Beach </Li> <Li> Saratoga Lake </Li> <Li> Saratoga Spa </Li> <Li> Schodack Island </Li> <Li> Schunemunk Mountain </Li> <Li> Selkirk Shores </Li> <Li> Seneca Lake </Li> <Li> Shadmoor </Li> <Li> Silver Lake </Li> <Li> Sonnenberg Gardens </Li> <Li> Southwick Beach </Li> <Li> St. Lawrence </Li> <Li> State Park at the Fair </Li> <Li> Sterling Forest </Li> <Li> Steuben Memorial </Li> <Li> Stony Brook </Li> <Li> Storm King </Li> <Li> Strawberry Island </Li> <Li> Sunken Meadow </Li> <Li> Taconic </Li> <Li> Tallman Mountain </Li> <Li> Taughannock Falls </Li> <Li> Thompson 's Lake </Li> <Li> Two Rivers </Li> <Li> Trail View </Li> <Li> Valley Stream </Li> <Li> Verona Beach </Li> <Li> Waterson Point </Li> <Li> Watkins Glen </Li> <Li> Wellesley Island </Li> <Li> Westcott Beach </Li> <Li> Whetstone Gulf </Li> <Li> Whirlpool </Li> <Li> Wildwood </Li> <Li> Wilson - Tuscarora </Li> <Li> Wonder Lake </Li> <Li> Woodlawn Beach </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State historic sites </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bennington Battlefield </Li> <Li> Caumsett </Li> <Li> Clermont </Li> <Li> Clinton House </Li> <Li> Crailo </Li> <Li> Crown Point </Li> <Li> Darwin Martin House </Li> <Li> Fort Montgomery </Li> <Li> Fort Ontario </Li> <Li> Ganondagan </Li> <Li> Grant Cottage </Li> <Li> Herkimer Home </Li> <Li> Hyde Hall </Li> <Li> John Brown Farm </Li> <Li> John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) </Li> <Li> John Hay Homestead </Li> <Li> Johnson Hall </Li> <Li> Knox 's Headquarters </Li> <Li> Lorenzo </Li> <Li> New Windsor Cantonment </Li> <Li> Olana </Li> <Li> Old Croton Aqueduct </Li> <Li> Old Erie Canal </Li> <Li> Old Fort Niagara </Li> <Li> Oriskany Battlefield </Li> <Li> Philipse Manor Hall </Li> <Li> Plantings Fields Arboretum </Li> <Li> Sackets Harbor Battlefield </Li> <Li> Schoharie Crossing </Li> <Li> Schuyler Mansion </Li> <Li> Senate House </Li> <Li> Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion </Li> <Li> Staatsburgh </Li> <Li> Steuben Memorial </Li> <Li> Stony Point Battlefield </Li> <Li> Walt Whitman Birthplace </Li> <Li> Washington 's Headquarters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Preserves and sanctuaries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Public preserves </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albany Pine Bush </Li> <Li> Forest Preserve <Ul> <Li> Adirondack Park <Ul> <Li> Saint Regis Canoe Area </Li> <Li> Santanoni Preserve </Li> <Li> wilderness areas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Catskill Park </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hudson River Estuary </Li> <Li> Long Island Pine Barrens </Li> <Li> Reinstein Woods </Li> <Li> Rome Sand Plains </Li> <Li> Tahawus </Li> <Li> Vischer Ferry </Li> <Li> Welwyn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Nature Conservacy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accabonac Harbor </Li> <Li> Andy Warhol Visual Arts </Li> <Li> Arthur W. Butler Memorial </Li> <Li> Atlantic Double Dunes </Li> <Li> Bear Swamp </Li> <Li> Calverton Ponds </Li> <Li> Chaumont Barrens </Li> <Li> Clintonville Pine Barrens </Li> <Li> Coon Mountain </Li> <Li> Deer Lick </Li> <Li> Denton </Li> <Li> El Dorado Beach </Li> <Li> Eugene and Agnes Meyer </Li> <Li> Everton Falls </Li> <Li> Freund </Li> <Li> Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens </Li> <Li> Hannacroix Ravine </Li> <Li> Henry Morgenthau </Li> <Li> Indian Brook Assemblage </Li> <Li> Ironsides Island </Li> <Li> Kenrose </Li> <Li> Limestone Rise </Li> <Li> Lisha Kill </Li> <Li> Long Island Center for Conservation </Li> <Li> Long Pond </Li> <Li> Lordsland </Li> <Li> Lower Poultney River and Saddles </Li> <Li> Marrion Yarrow </Li> <Li> Mashomack </Li> <Li> Mianus River Gorge </Li> <Li> Mildred E. Grierson Memorial </Li> <Li> Moccasin Kill </Li> <Li> Montauk Mountain </Li> <Li> Moss Lake </Li> <Li> Mount Holly </Li> <Li> Nellie Hill </Li> <Li> Neversink </Li> <Li> O.D. von Engeln </Li> <Li> Otter Creek </Li> <Li> Pawling </Li> <Li> Peconic Estuary Big Woods </Li> <Li> Pine Neck </Li> <Li> Roger Perry Memorial </Li> <Li> Ruth Wales </Li> <Li> Schunemunk Mountain </Li> <Li> Shadmoor </Li> <Li> Silver Lake Bog </Li> <Li> Spring Pond Bog </Li> <Li> Stewart </Li> <Li> Lewis A. Swyer </Li> <Li> Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain </Li> <Li> Uplands Farm </Li> <Li> West Branch </Li> <Li> Whitbeck Memorial Grove </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other preserves </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angle Fly </Li> <Li> Baxter </Li> <Li> Bergen - Byron Swamp </Li> <Li> Black Rock Forest </Li> <Li> Brandreth Park </Li> <Li> Calder Center </Li> <Li> Louis C. Clark </Li> <Li> Cornell Botanic Gardens </Li> <Li> Ferncliff Forest </Li> <Li> Heiberg Memorial Forest </Li> <Li> James </Li> <Li> Lime Hollow </Li> <Li> Mohonk </Li> <Li> Peabody </Li> <Li> Plotter Kill </Li> <Li> Sagamore Camp </Li> <Li> Sam 's Point </Li> <Li> Teatown Lake </Li> <Li> Turkey Mountain </Li> <Li> Turner Brook </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Wallkill Valley </Li> <Li> Woodlawn </Li> <Li> Zurich Bog </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other ( lists ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> National Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> National Natural Landmarks </Li> <Li> Botanical gardens </Li> <Li> Nature centers </Li> <Li> New York City parks <Ul> <Li> POPS </Li> <Li> WWI </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> New York state <Ul> <Li> forests <Ul> <Li> wild </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> historic sites </Li> <Li> parks </Li> <Li> wildlife management areas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trails <Ul> <Li> rail trails </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> NYS DEC </Li> <Li> NYS OPRHP </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Protected areas of New York City </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National Historic Sites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lower East Side Tenement Museum </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Monuments and Memorials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Burial Ground </Li> <Li> Castle Clinton </Li> <Li> Federal Hall </Li> <Li> General Grant </Li> <Li> Governors Island </Li> <Li> Hamilton Grange </Li> <Li> Statue of Liberty </Li> <Li> Stonewall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Protected Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gateway National Recreation Area <Ul> <Li> Floyd Bennett Field </Li> <Li> Fort Tilden </Li> <Li> Fort Wadsworth </Li> <Li> Great Kills </Li> <Li> Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Jacob Riis </Li> <Li> Miller Field </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State Parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bayswater Point </Li> <Li> Clay Pit Ponds </Li> <Li> East River </Li> <Li> Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms </Li> <Li> Gantry Plaza </Li> <Li> Riverbank </Li> <Li> Roberto Clemente </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> City parks and preserves </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Manhattan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 79th Street Boat Basin </Li> <Li> Abingdon Square </Li> <Li> Albert Capsouto </Li> <Li> Asphalt Green </Li> <Li> Battery </Li> <Li> Bennett </Li> <Li> British Garden at Hanover Square </Li> <Li> Bowling Green </Li> <Li> Bryant </Li> <Li> Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk </Li> <Li> Carl Schurz </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Chelsea </Li> <Li> City Hall </Li> <Li> Collect </Li> <Li> Columbus </Li> <Li> Corlears Hook </Li> <Li> Dag Hammarskjold Plaza </Li> <Li> Damrosch </Li> <Li> Dante </Li> <Li> DeSalvio Playground </Li> <Li> DeWitt Clinton </Li> <Li> Drumgoole Plaza </Li> <Li> Duane </Li> <Li> East River Greenway <Ul> <Li> East River Esplanade </Li> <Li> East River </Li> <Li> Stuyvesant Cove </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Father Demo Square </Li> <Li> Finn Square </Li> <Li> Foley Square </Li> <Li> Fort Tryon </Li> <Li> Fort Washington </Li> <Li> Gorman </Li> <Li> Gramercy </Li> <Li> Greenacre </Li> <Li> Hamilton Fish </Li> <Li> Hanover Square </Li> <Li> Harlem River </Li> <Li> Hell 's Kitchen </Li> <Li> Herald Square </Li> <Li> High Line </Li> <Li> Highbridge </Li> <Li> Holcombe Rucker </Li> <Li> Hudson </Li> <Li> Hudson River </Li> <Li> Imagination Playground at Burling Slip </Li> <Li> Inwood Hill </Li> <Li> Isham </Li> <Li> J. Hood Wright </Li> <Li> Jackie Robinson </Li> <Li> Jackson Square </Li> <Li> John Jay </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Louis Cuvillier </Li> <Li> Madison Square </Li> <Li> Manhattan Waterfront Greenway </Li> <Li> Marcus Garvey </Li> <Li> Mill Rock </Li> <Li> Mitchell Square </Li> <Li> Morningside </Li> <Li> Murphy 's Brother 's Playground </Li> <Li> Muscota Marsh </Li> <Li> Paley </Li> <Li> Peretz Square </Li> <Li> Peter Cooper </Li> <Li> Plaza Lafayette </Li> <Li> Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden </Li> <Li> Ralph Bunche </Li> <Li> Randalls Island </Li> <Li> Richard Tucker Square </Li> <Li> Riverside </Li> <Li> Robert Moses Playground </Li> <Li> Roosevelt Triangle </Li> <Li> Rucker </Li> <Li> Sakura </Li> <Li> Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground </Li> <Li> Sara Delano Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Septuagesimo Uno </Li> <Li> Seward </Li> <Li> Sheridan Square </Li> <Li> Sherman Square </Li> <Li> St. John 's </Li> <Li> St. Nicholas </Li> <Li> St. Vartan </Li> <Li> Straus </Li> <Li> Stuyvesant Square </Li> <Li> Swindler Cove </Li> <Li> Teardrop </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> Thomas Paine </Li> <Li> Tompkins Square </Li> <Li> Tribeca </Li> <Li> Union Square </Li> <Li> Verdi Square </Li> <Li> Vesuvio Playground </Li> <Li> Wards Island </Li> <Li> Washington Market </Li> <Li> Washington Square </Li> <Li> West Side Community Garden </Li> <Li> Winston Churchill </Li> <Li> Zuccotti </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brooklyn </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Veterans Memorial Pier </Li> <Li> Amersfort </Li> <Li> Asser Levy </Li> <Li> Bath Beach </Li> <Li> Betsy Head </Li> <Li> Bensonhurst </Li> <Li> Breukelen Ballfields </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Botanic Garden </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Bridge </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Heights Promenade </Li> <Li> Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway </Li> <Li> Brower </Li> <Li> Bushwick </Li> <Li> Byrne </Li> <Li> Cadman Plaza </Li> <Li> Canarsie </Li> <Li> Carroll </Li> <Li> Calvert Vaux </Li> <Li> City Line </Li> <Li> Coffey </Li> <Li> Columbus </Li> <Li> Commodore Barry </Li> <Li> Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk </Li> <Li> Coney Island Creek </Li> <Li> Continental Army Plaza </Li> <Li> Cooper </Li> <Li> Domino </Li> <Li> Dyker Beach </Li> <Li> Floyd Bennett Field </Li> <Li> Fort Greene </Li> <Li> Four Sparrow Marsh </Li> <Li> Frank M. Charles </Li> <Li> Fresh Creek Nature Preserve </Li> <Li> Friends Field </Li> <Li> Fulton </Li> <Li> Gravesend </Li> <Li> Green Central Knoll </Li> <Li> Herbert Von King </Li> <Li> Highland </Li> <Li> Irving Square </Li> <Li> JJ Byrne </Li> <Li> Jamaica Bay </Li> <Li> John J. Carty </Li> <Li> John Paul Jones </Li> <Li> Kaiser </Li> <Li> Kelly </Li> <Li> Leif Ericson </Li> <Li> Leon S. Kaiser Playground </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino </Li> <Li> Lincoln Terrace </Li> <Li> Linden </Li> <Li> Lindower </Li> <Li> Linton </Li> <Li> Manhattan Beach </Li> <Li> Maria Hernandez </Li> <Li> Marine </Li> <Li> McCarren </Li> <Li> McGolrick </Li> <Li> McKinley </Li> <Li> Mt . Prospect </Li> <Li> Owl 's Head </Li> <Li> Paerdegat Basin </Li> <Li> Paerdegat </Li> <Li> Prospect </Li> <Li> Red Hook </Li> <Li> Robert E. Venable </Li> <Li> Saratoga </Li> <Li> Scarangella </Li> <Li> Seaside </Li> <Li> Seth Low </Li> <Li> Shore </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> <Li> Steeplechase </Li> <Li> Sternberg </Li> <Li> St. Johns </Li> <Li> Sunset </Li> <Li> Tompkins </Li> <Li> Trinity </Li> <Li> Van Voorhees </Li> <Li> Walt Whitman </Li> <Li> Wingate </Li> <Li> WNYC Transmitter </Li> <Li> Zion Triangle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Bronx </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baretto Point </Li> <Li> Bicentennial Veterans </Li> <Li> Bronx <Ul> <Li> New York Botanical Garden </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Castle Hill </Li> <Li> City Island Wetlands </Li> <Li> Claremont </Li> <Li> Concrete Plant </Li> <Li> Crotona </Li> <Li> Devoe </Li> <Li> Ewen </Li> <Li> Ferry Point </Li> <Li> Givans Creek Woods </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Haffen </Li> <Li> Harding </Li> <Li> Harris </Li> <Li> Henry Hudson </Li> <Li> Hunts Point </Li> <Li> Jerome </Li> <Li> Joseph Rodman Drake </Li> <Li> Joyce Kilmer </Li> <Li> Julius Richman </Li> <Li> Macombs Dam </Li> <Li> Mill Pond </Li> <Li> Mullaly </Li> <Li> North and South Brother Islands </Li> <Li> Pelham Bay <Ul> <Li> Orchard Beach </Li> <Li> Rodman 's Neck </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Playground 52 </Li> <Li> Poe </Li> <Li> Printer 's </Li> <Li> Pugsley Creek </Li> <Li> Rainey </Li> <Li> Raoul Wallenberg Forest </Li> <Li> Richman </Li> <Li> Riverdale </Li> <Li> St. Mary 's </Li> <Li> Seton Falls </Li> <Li> Seton </Li> <Li> Soundview </Li> <Li> Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront </Li> <Li> St. James </Li> <Li> St. Mary 's </Li> <Li> Starlight </Li> <Li> Tremont </Li> <Li> University Woods </Li> <Li> Van Cortlandt </Li> <Li> Vidalia </Li> <Li> Vinmont Veteran </Li> <Li> Washington 's Walk </Li> <Li> Williamsbridge Oval </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Queens </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Admiral </Li> <Li> Alley </Li> <Li> Alley Pond </Li> <Li> Andrews Grove </Li> <Li> Astoria </Li> <Li> Baisley Pond </Li> <Li> Bayside Fields </Li> <Li> Bayswater </Li> <Li> Beach Channel </Li> <Li> Big Bush </Li> <Li> Bowne </Li> <Li> Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Breininger </Li> <Li> Broad Channel American </Li> <Li> Broad Channel </Li> <Li> Broad Channel Wetlands </Li> <Li> Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway </Li> <Li> Brookville </Li> <Li> Bulova </Li> <Li> Captain Tilly </Li> <Li> Crocheron </Li> <Li> Cunningham </Li> <Li> Det . Keith L. Williams </Li> <Li> Det . William T. Gunn </Li> <Li> Dr. Charles R. Drew </Li> <Li> Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Doughboy </Li> <Li> Douglaston </Li> <Li> Elmhurst </Li> <Li> Evergreen </Li> <Li> Flushing Fields </Li> <Li> Flushing Meadows - Corona </Li> <Li> Forest </Li> <Li> Fort Tilden </Li> <Li> Fort Totten </Li> <Li> Francis Lewis </Li> <Li> Frank Golden </Li> <Li> Frank Principe </Li> <Li> Haggerty </Li> <Li> Harvey </Li> <Li> Highland </Li> <Li> Hinton </Li> <Li> Hoffman </Li> <Li> Hook Creek </Li> <Li> Hunter 's Point </Li> <Li> Idlewild </Li> <Li> Jamaica Bay </Li> <Li> John Golden </Li> <Li> Juniper Valley </Li> <Li> Kissena </Li> <Li> Kohlreiter Square </Li> <Li> Libra Triangle </Li> <Li> Linnaeus </Li> <Li> Little Bay </Li> <Li> Louis Pasteur </Li> <Li> Mafera </Li> <Li> Macneil </Li> <Li> Marconi </Li> <Li> Marie Curie </Li> <Li> Montbellier </Li> <Li> O'Donohue </Li> <Li> Overlook </Li> <Li> Park of the Americas </Li> <Li> Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto </Li> <Li> Ofc . Edward Byrne </Li> <Li> Powell 's Cove </Li> <Li> Queens County Farm Museum </Li> <Li> Queensbridge </Li> <Li> Rachel Carson </Li> <Li> Railroad </Li> <Li> Ralph Demarco </Li> <Li> Rochdale </Li> <Li> Rockaway Community </Li> <Li> Rufus King </Li> <Li> Seagirt Avenue Wetlands </Li> <Li> Socrates Sculpture </Li> <Li> Spring Creek </Li> <Li> Springfield </Li> <Li> St. Albans </Li> <Li> Travers </Li> <Li> Tudor </Li> <Li> Udall 's Park Preserve </Li> <Li> Wayanda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Staten Island </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aesop </Li> <Li> Allison Pond </Li> <Li> Amundsen Circle </Li> <Li> Annadale </Li> <Li> Arbutus Woods </Li> <Li> Arden Woods </Li> <Li> Austen House </Li> <Li> Barrett </Li> <Li> Bayview Terrace </Li> <Li> Blood Root Valley </Li> <Li> Bloomingdale </Li> <Li> Blue Heron Park Preserve </Li> <Li> Blueberry </Li> <Li> Bradys </Li> <Li> Bunker Ponds </Li> <Li> Buono Beach </Li> <Li> Carlton </Li> <Li> Clove Lakes </Li> <Li> Clove 's Tail </Li> <Li> Conference House </Li> <Li> Corporal Thompson </Li> <Li> Crescent Beach </Li> <Li> Deere </Li> <Li> Eibs Pond </Li> <Li> Faber </Li> <Li> Fairview </Li> <Li> Father Macris </Li> <Li> Forest Grove </Li> <Li> Fort Hill </Li> <Li> Fort Wadsworth </Li> <Li> FDR Boardwalk and Beach </Li> <Li> Freshkills </Li> <Li> Gaeta </Li> <Li> Great Kills </Li> <Li> Graniteville Quarry </Li> <Li> Graniteville Swamp </Li> <Li> Hero </Li> <Li> High Rock </Li> <Li> Hoffman Island </Li> <Li> Huguenot Ponds </Li> <Li> Hybrid Oak Woods </Li> <Li> Ingram Woods </Li> <Li> Isle of Meadows </Li> <Li> Jones Woods </Li> <Li> Joseph Manna </Li> <Li> King Fisher </Li> <Li> Kingdom Pond </Li> <Li> Last Chance </Li> <Li> LaTourette </Li> <Li> Lemon Creek </Li> <Li> Long Pond </Li> <Li> Gen. MacArthur </Li> <Li> Maple Woods </Li> <Li> Mariners Marsh </Li> <Li> Meredith Woods </Li> <Li> Midland Beach </Li> <Li> Midland Field </Li> <Li> Miller Field </Li> <Li> Mount Loretto Unique Area </Li> <Li> New Dorp Beach </Li> <Li> New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden </Li> <Li> Northerleigh </Li> <Li> Ocean Breeze </Li> <Li> Old Place Creek </Li> <Li> Olmstead - Beil House </Li> <Li> Prall 's Island </Li> <Li> Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp </Li> <Li> Richmond Terrace Wetlands </Li> <Li> Saw Mill Creek Marsh </Li> <Li> Schmul </Li> <Li> Seaside Wildlife Nature </Li> <Li> Shooters Island </Li> <Li> Siedenburg </Li> <Li> Silver Lake </Li> <Li> Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden </Li> <Li> Sobel Court </Li> <Li> South Beach Wetlands </Li> <Li> St. George </Li> <Li> Staten Island Greenbelt </Li> <Li> Staten Island Industrial </Li> <Li> Swinburne Island </Li> <Li> Tappen </Li> <Li> Tompkinsville </Li> <Li> Tottenville Shore </Li> <Li> Von Briesen </Li> <Li> Walker </Li> <Li> Wegener </Li> <Li> Westerleigh </Li> <Li> Westwood </Li> <Li> William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Willowbrook </Li> <Li> Wolfe 's Pond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nature centers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alley Pond </Li> <Li> Belvedere Castle </Li> <Li> Blue Heron </Li> <Li> Crotona </Li> <Li> Dana Discovery Center </Li> <Li> Forest </Li> <Li> Fort Greene </Li> <Li> Fort Totten </Li> <Li> Greenbelt </Li> <Li> High Rock </Li> <Li> Inwood Hill </Li> <Li> Orchard Beach </Li> <Li> Prospect </Li> <Li> Salt Marsh </Li> <Li> Van Cortlandt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zoos </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bronx </Li> <Li> Central Park </Li> <Li> Prospect Park </Li> <Li> Queens </Li> <Li> Staten Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Botanical gardens </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brooklyn Botanic </Li> <Li> Conservatory </Li> <Li> New York Botanical </Li> <Li> Queens Botanical </Li> <Li> Staten Island Botanical <Ul> <Li> New York Chinese Scholar 's </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wave Hill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roosevelt Island </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lighthouse </Li> <Li> Southpoint </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> World War I - related parks </Li> <Li> Vietnam War - related parks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Department of Parks and Recreation </Li> <Li> New York State </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Contributing property </Li> <Li> Keeper of the Register </Li> <Li> Historic district </Li> <Li> History of the National Register of Historic Places </Li> <Li> National Park Service </Li> <Li> Property types </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists by county </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albany </Li> <Li> Allegany </Li> <Li> Bronx </Li> <Li> Broome </Li> <Li> Cattaraugus </Li> <Li> Cayuga </Li> <Li> Chautauqua </Li> <Li> Chemung </Li> <Li> Chenango </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Cortland </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Dutchess </Li> <Li> Erie </Li> <Li> Essex </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Fulton </Li> <Li> Genesee </Li> <Li> Greene </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Herkimer </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Kings ( Brooklyn ) </Li> <Li> Lewis </Li> <Li> Livingston </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Montgomery </Li> <Li> Nassau </Li> <Li> New York ( Manhattan ) </Li> <Li> Niagara </Li> <Li> Oneida </Li> <Li> Onondaga </Li> <Li> Ontario </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Orleans </Li> <Li> Oswego </Li> <Li> Otsego </Li> <Li> Putnam </Li> <Li> Queens </Li> <Li> Rensselaer </Li> <Li> Richmond ( Staten Island ) </Li> <Li> Rockland </Li> <Li> Saratoga </Li> <Li> Schenectady </Li> <Li> Schoharie </Li> <Li> Schuyler </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> St. Lawrence </Li> <Li> Steuben </Li> <Li> Suffolk </Li> <Li> Sullivan </Li> <Li> Tioga </Li> <Li> Tompkins </Li> <Li> Ulster </Li> <Li> Warren </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wayne </Li> <Li> Westchester <Ul> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> <Li> Yates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists by city </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albany </Li> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> New Rochelle </Li> <Li> New York City <Ul> <Li> Bronx </Li> <Li> Brooklyn </Li> <Li> Queens </Li> <Li> Staten Island </Li> <Li> Manhattan <Ul> <Li> Below 14th St . </Li> <Li> 14th -- 59th St . </Li> <Li> 59th -- 110th St . </Li> <Li> Above 110th St . </Li> <Li> Minor islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niagara Falls </Li> <Li> Peekskill </Li> <Li> Poughkeepsie </Li> <Li> Rhinebeck </Li> <Li> Rochester </Li> <Li> Syracuse </Li> <Li> Yonkers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bridges and tunnels </Li> <Li> National Historic Landmarks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> List </Li> <Li> National Register of Historic Places Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Museums in Manhattan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Castle Clinton </Li> <Li> China Institute </Li> <Li> Federal Hall </Li> <Li> Fraunces Tavern </Li> <Li> George Gustav Heye Center </Li> <Li> Mmuseumm </Li> <Li> Museum of American Finance </Li> <Li> Museum of Jewish Heritage </Li> <Li> New York City Police Museum </Li> <Li> Skyscraper Museum </Li> <Li> South Street Seaport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asian American Arts Centre </Li> <Li> Drawing Center </Li> <Li> Eldridge Street Synagogue </Li> <Li> FusionArts Museum </Li> <Li> International Center of Photography </Li> <Li> Lower East Side Tenement Museum </Li> <Li> Merchant 's House Museum </Li> <Li> Museum of Chinese in America </Li> <Li> New Museum </Li> <Li> New York City Fire Museum </Li> <Li> The Theatre Museum </Li> <Li> Ukrainian Museum </Li> <Li> Whitney Museum of American Art </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Center for Jewish History </Li> <Li> International Print Center New York </Li> <Li> John J. Harvey </Li> <Li> The Museum at FIT </Li> <Li> Museum of Mathematics </Li> <Li> Museum of Sex </Li> <Li> Rubin Museum of Art </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace </Li> <Li> Tibet House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Girl Scout Museum and Archives </Li> <Li> Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum </Li> <Li> Japan Society </Li> <Li> John M. Mossman Lock Museum </Li> <Li> Madame Tussauds </Li> <Li> Morgan Library & Museum </Li> <Li> Museum of Arts and Design </Li> <Li> Museum of Modern Art </Li> <Li> New York Public Library Main Branch </Li> <Li> New York Transit Museum </Li> <Li> Paley Center for Media </Li> <Li> Scandinavia House </Li> <Li> United Nations Art Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Folk Art Museum </Li> <Li> American Museum of Natural History <Ul> <Li> Rose Center for Earth and Space </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Children 's Museum of Manhattan </Li> <Li> Museum of Biblical Art </Li> <Li> New York Public Library for the Performing Arts </Li> <Li> New - York Historical Society </Li> <Li> Nicholas Roerich Museum </Li> <Li> Rose Museum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asia Society </Li> <Li> El Museo del Barrio </Li> <Li> Frick Collection </Li> <Li> Gracie Mansion </Li> <Li> Grolier Club </Li> <Li> Guggenheim Museum </Li> <Li> Jewish Museum </Li> <Li> Met Breuer </Li> <Li> Metropolitan Museum of Art </Li> <Li> Mount Vernon Hotel Museum </Li> <Li> Museum of Motherhood </Li> <Li> Museum of the City of New York </Li> <Li> National Academy Museum and School </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Academy of Arts and Letters </Li> <Li> The Cloisters </Li> <Li> Dyckman House </Li> <Li> Hamilton Grange National Memorial </Li> <Li> Hispanic Society of America </Li> <Li> Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center </Li> <Li> Morris -- Jumel Mansion </Li> <Li> National Jazz Museum in Harlem </Li> <Li> National Track and Field Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Neue Galerie New York </Li> <Li> Yeshiva University Museum </Li> <Li> Studio Museum in Harlem </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ellis Island </Li> <Li> Statue of Liberty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chelsea Art Museum </Li> <Li> Dahesh Museum of Art </Li> <Li> Forbes Galleries </Li> <Li> Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art </Li> <Li> Museum of Primitive Art </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> See also : Museum Mile </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Hall&oldid=853985636 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Alexander Jackson Davis buildings </Li> <Li> Government buildings completed in 1700 </Li> <Li> Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan </Li> <Li> History museums in New York City </Li> <Li> History of New York City </Li> <Li> Landmarks in Manhattan </Li> <Li> Museums in Manhattan </Li> <Li> National Memorials of the United States </Li> <Li> New York ( state ) in the American Revolution </Li> <Li> United States Capitol </Li> <Li> National Park Service areas in New York City </Li> <Li> Wall Street </Li> <Li> Financial District , Manhattan </Li> <Li> Former national capitol buildings in the United States </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in Manhattan </Li> <Li> 1700 establishments in New York </Li> <Li> Greek Revival architecture in New York City </Li> <Li> Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City </Li> <Li> American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places </Li> <Li> New York City as the National Capital </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 14 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 05 : 32 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 8,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 306
},
{
"start_token": 13,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 21
},
{
"start_token": 21,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 31
},
{
"start_token": 31,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 38
},
{
"start_token": 38,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 46
},
{
"start_token": 50,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 60
},
{
"start_token": 60,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 101
},
{
"start_token": 101,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 120
},
{
"start_token": 120,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 187
},
{
"start_token": 187,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 200
},
{
"start_token": 200,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 211
},
{
"start_token": 211,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 220
},
{
"start_token": 220,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 230
},
{
"start_token": 230,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 241
},
{
"start_token": 241,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 252
},
{
"start_token": 252,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 262
},
{
"start_token": 262,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 268
},
{
"start_token": 268,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 281
},
{
"start_token": 281,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 293
},
{
"start_token": 293,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 305
},
{
"start_token": 306,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 412
},
{
"start_token": 412,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 490
},
{
"start_token": 490,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 577
},
{
"start_token": 685,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 780
},
{
"start_token": 805,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 896
},
{
"start_token": 896,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 970
},
{
"start_token": 970,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1021
},
{
"start_token": 1026,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1109
},
{
"start_token": 1109,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1228
},
{
"start_token": 1252,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1379
},
{
"start_token": 1379,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1428
},
{
"start_token": 1428,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1464
},
{
"start_token": 1464,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1551
},
{
"start_token": 1558,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1631
},
{
"start_token": 1647,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1725
},
{
"start_token": 1725,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1774
},
{
"start_token": 1774,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1834
},
{
"start_token": 1834,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1987
},
{
"start_token": 1998,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2073
},
{
"start_token": 2073,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2133
},
{
"start_token": 2144,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2197
},
{
"start_token": 2197,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2229
},
{
"start_token": 2235,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2311
},
{
"start_token": 2236,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2243
},
{
"start_token": 2237,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2242
},
{
"start_token": 2243,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2262
},
{
"start_token": 2244,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2261
},
{
"start_token": 2262,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2274
},
{
"start_token": 2263,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2273
},
{
"start_token": 2274,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2291
},
{
"start_token": 2275,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2290
},
{
"start_token": 2291,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2310
},
{
"start_token": 2292,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2309
}
] | what is federal hall in new york city | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 10587960326526798000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Federal_Hall&oldid=853985636 | 2,389,941,297,943,649,000 |
List of presidents of India - Wikipedia <H1> List of presidents of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Main Gate of Rashtrapati Bhavan , the official residence of the President of India <P> The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India . The President is also the Commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces . Although the president is vested such powers by the Constitution of India , the position is largely a ceremonial role and the executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister . The post of President is known in Hindi as Rashtrapati , a Sanskrit neologism meaning `` lord of the realm '' . The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses , the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , and also members of the Vidhan Sabha , the state legislative assemblies . </P> <P> There have been 14 presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950 ( the current tenure is 5 years of an Indian President 's term ) . The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution . Apart from these thirteen , three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . Varahagiri Venkata Giri became Indian Acting President in 1969 following the death of Zakir Husain , who died in office . Giri was elected President a few months later . He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president . Giri was the only person to be elected as an independent candidate . The President may remain in office for a tenure of five years , as stated by article 56 , part V , of the constitution of India . In the case where a president 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president , the vice president assumes office . By article 70 of part V , the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible , or in any other unexpected contingency . Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India , is the only person to have held office for two terms . </P> Presidents by state of birth <P> Seven presidents have been members of a political party before being elected . Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress . The Janata Party has had one member , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , who later became president , he was born in Anantapur District ( now Andhra Pradesh ) . Two presidents , Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , have died in office . Their vice-presidents functioned as acting president until a new president was elected . Following Zakir Husain 's death , two acting presidents held office until the new president , V.V. Giri , was elected . Varahagiri Venkata Giri himself , Zakir Husain 's vice president , was the first acting president . When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections , he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting president . The 12th president , Pratibha Patil , is the first woman to serve as President of India , elected in 2007 . </P> <P> The current President is Ram Nath Kovind , elected on 25 July 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Presidents </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References <Ul> <Li> 3.1 General </Li> <Li> 3.2 Specific </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Presidents ( edit ) </H2> <P> This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election . The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri , Mohammad Hidayatullah , and Basappa Danappa Jatti , who have functioned as acting presidents , are therefore not numbered . The President of India does not represent any political party . The colours used in the table indicate the following : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Colour key </Dt> </Dl> President of India Acting President of India ( * ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Name ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Elected </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Vice President </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Rajendra Prasad ( 1884 -- 1963 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1952 1957 </Td> <Td> 26 January 1950 </Td> <Td> 12 May 1962 </Td> <Td> Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Prasad , from Bihar , was the first President of independent India , and also the longest - serving President , for 12 years . He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement . Prasad was the only president to serve two terms in office . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> 13 May 1962 </Td> <Td> 13 May 1967 </Td> <Td> Zakir Husain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University . He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI . He received Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President . He was the first President from South India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 13 May 1967 </Td> <Td> 3 May 1969 </Td> <Td> Varahagiri Venkata Giri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Husain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna . He died in office , the first to do so . He was also the shortest - serving President . He was also the first Muslim President . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Varahagiri Venkata Giri * ( 1894 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 May 1969 </Td> <Td> 20 July 1969 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> He was elected Vice President of India in 1967 . Following the death of President Zakir Husain , Giri was appointed as Acting President . He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mohammad Hidayatullah * ( 1905 -- 1992 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 20 July 1969 </Td> <Td> 24 August 1969 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India , and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire . He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> 24 August 1969 </Td> <Td> 24 August 1974 </Td> <Td> Gopal Swarup Pathak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India . He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna , and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1905 -- 1977 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 August 1974 </Td> <Td> 11 February 1977 </Td> <Td> Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1974 ) <P> Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1974 -- 1977 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president . He died in 1977 before historical term of office ended , and was the second Indian president to die in office . He was also president during Emergency . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Basappa Danappa Jatti * ( 1912 -- 2002 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 11 February 1977 </Td> <Td> 25 July 1977 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed 's term of office , and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed 's death . He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1913 -- 1996 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> 25 July 1977 </Td> <Td> 25 July 1982 </Td> <Td> Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1977 -- 1979 ) <P> Muhammad Hidayatullah ( 1979 -- 1982 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State . Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh . He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Giani Zail Singh ( 1916 -- 1994 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 25 July 1982 </Td> <Td> 25 July 1987 </Td> <Td> Muhammad Hidayatullah ( 1982 -- 1984 ) <P> Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1984 -- 1987 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> In March 1972 , Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab , and in 1980 , he became Union Home Minister . He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) from 1983 to 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 July 1987 </Td> <Td> 25 July 1992 </Td> <Td> Shankar Dayal Sharma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> In 1942 , Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement . After his release , he was elected to independent India 's Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government , where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 July 1992 </Td> <Td> 25 July 1997 </Td> <Td> Kocheril Raman Narayanan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh , and the Indian Minister for Communications . He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh , Punjab and Maharashtra . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 July 1997 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2002 </Td> <Td> Krishan Kant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Narayanan served as India 's ambassador to Thailand , Turkey , China and United States of America . He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities . He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University . He was the first President from Kerala , and also the first Dalit President . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1931 -- 2015 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2002 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2007 </Td> <Td> Krishan Kant ( 2002 ) <P> Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 2002 -- 2007 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Kalam was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India 's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs . He also received the Bharat Ratna . Kalam was affectionately known as the People 's President , due to his extra-Presidential activities . He was the first bachelor president of India , and the first Muslim President who completed his term . Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Pratibha Patil ( 1934 -- ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2007 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2012 </Td> <Td> Mohammad Hamid Ansari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Patil was the first woman to become the President of India . She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Pranab Mukherjee ( 1935 -- ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2012 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2017 </Td> <Td> Mohammad Hamid Ansari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister , Foreign Minister , Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Ram Nath Kovind ( 1945 -- ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 25 July 2017 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 2017 ) <P> Venkaiah Naidu </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Kovind was Governor of Bihar from 2015 until 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 until 2006 . He is the second Dalit president after K.R. Narayanan . He originally belongs to BJP and is an active member of RSS since his youth . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> President of India </Li> <Li> Vice President of India </Li> <Li> List of Vice-Presidents of India </Li> <Li> List of Prime Ministers of India </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> General ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Former Presidents '' . President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` List of Presidents / Vice Presidents '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Specific ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' (. doc ) . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India gets first woman president since independence '' . BBC News . 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1950 : India becomes a republic '' . BBC News . 26 January 1950 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-vs-opposition-india-set-to-witness-tightest-presidential-poll-since-1969/story-sZ5LlpWvMBaxPULLoQHZbN.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harish Khare ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Selecting the next Rashtrapati '' . The Hindu . India . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll '' . Hindustan Times . India . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First female president for India '' . BBC News . 21 July 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad '' . The Hindu . India . 7 May 1952 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic Day '' . Time . 6 February 1950 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad 's birth anniversary celebrated '' . The Hindu . India . 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dr S. Radhakrishnan '' . The Sunday Tribune . 30 January 2000 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zakir Husain , '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri : Shashi Bhushan '' . The Hindu . India . 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hidayatullah , Shri M '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Giri , Shri Varahagiri Venkata '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of Indian Presidents '' . Press Information Bureau of the Government of India . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Emergency : The Dark Age of Indian democracy '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jatti , Shri Basappa Danappa '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhargava , G.S. `` Making of the Prez -- Congress chief selects PM as well as President '' . The Tribune . India . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley A. ( 1999 ) . India . University of California Press . p. 217 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hazarika , Sanjoy ( 17 July 1987 ) . `` Man in the News ; India 's Mild New President : Ramaswamy Venkataraman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Venkataraman , Shri R . '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Navtej Sarna ( 27 December 1999 ) . `` Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away '' . Embassy of India , Washington D.C . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Narayanan , Shri K , R '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The BJP 's aim was to get rid of me '' . Confederation of Human Rights Organizations . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramana , M.V. ; Reddy , C. Rammanohar ( 2002 ) . Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 169 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tyagi , Kavita ; Misra , Padma . Basic Technical Communication . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 4238 - 5 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Kalam was real people 's President ' '' . Hindustan Times . Indo - Asian News Service . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perappadan , Bindu Shajan ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` The people 's President does it again '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emily Wax ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` Female President Elected in India '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan 's first woman governor '' . Express India . 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://zeenews.india.com/news/exclusive/pranab-mukherjee - -- - the - 13th - president - of - india_789045. html </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website of the President of India </Li> <Li> Rediff.com -- Presidents of India </Li> <Li> The Hindu -- A presidential poll in the coalition age </Li> <Li> Zee News : Former Presidents </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Presidents of India ( List ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Rajendra Prasad </Li> <Li> Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan </Li> <Li> Zakir Hussain </Li> <Li> V.V. Giri ( acting ) </Li> <Li> Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) </Li> <Li> V.V. Giri </Li> <Li> Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed </Li> <Li> B.D. Jatti ( acting ) </Li> <Li> Neelam Sanjiva Reddy </Li> <Li> Zail Singh </Li> <Li> R. Venkataraman </Li> <Li> Shankar Dayal Sharma </Li> <Li> K.R. Narayanan </Li> <Li> A.P.J. Abdul Kalam </Li> <Li> Pratibha Patil </Li> <Li> Pranab Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Ram Nath Kovind </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of Presidents and Vice Presidents of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidential lists by order </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Order of service </Li> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Birth </Li> <Li> Death </Li> <Li> Number Living </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents ' personal lives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> College education </Li> <Li> Place of birth </Li> <Li> Place of primary affiliation </Li> <Li> Previous occupation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents ' professional lives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Political affiliation </Li> <Li> Previous experience </Li> <Li> Inaugurations ( Addresses ) </Li> <Li> Pardons </Li> <Li> Vacancies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice Presidential lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Order of service </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> <Li> Birth </Li> <Li> Longevity </Li> <Li> Vacancies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succession </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Government ministries of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture and Farmers Welfare </Li> <Li> AYUSH </Li> <Li> Chemicals and Fertilizers </Li> <Li> Civil Aviation </Li> <Li> Coal </Li> <Li> Commerce and Industry </Li> <Li> Communications </Li> <Li> Consumer Affairs </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Defence </Li> <Li> Drinking Water and Sanitation </Li> <Li> Earth Sciences </Li> <Li> Electronics and Information Technology </Li> <Li> Environment , Forest and Climate Change </Li> <Li> External Affiars </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> <Li> Food Processing Industries </Li> <Li> Health and Family Welfare </Li> <Li> Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises </Li> <Li> Home Affairs </Li> <Li> Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation </Li> <Li> Human Resource Development </Li> <Li> Information and Broadcasting </Li> <Li> Labour and Employment </Li> <Li> Law and Justice </Li> <Li> Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises </Li> <Li> Mines </Li> <Li> Minority Affairs </Li> <Li> New and Renewable Energy </Li> <Li> North East </Li> <Li> Panchayati Raj </Li> <Li> Parliamentary Affairs </Li> <Li> Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions </Li> <Li> Petroleum </Li> <Li> Power </Li> <Li> Railways </Li> <Li> Road Transport and Highways </Li> <Li> Rural Development </Li> <Li> Science and Technology </Li> <Li> Shipping </Li> <Li> Skill Development and Entrepreneurship </Li> <Li> Social Justice and Empowerment </Li> <Li> Statistics and Programme Implementation </Li> <Li> Steel </Li> <Li> Textiles </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Tribal Affairs </Li> <Li> Urban Development </Li> <Li> Water Resources </Li> <Li> Women and Child Development </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Communications and Information Technology </Li> <Li> Overseas Indian Affairs </Li> <Li> Surface Transport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ministers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Home Affairs </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> <Li> External Affairs </Li> <Li> Defence </Li> <Li> Railways </Li> <Li> Health and Family Welfare </Li> <Li> HRD </Li> <Li> Information and Broadcasting </Li> <Li> Labour and Employment </Li> <Li> Parliamentary Affairs </Li> <Li> Science and Technology </Li> <Li> Tribal Affairs </Li> <Li> North Eastern Region </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_India&oldid=804950835 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of presidents </Li> <Li> Lists relating to the Indian presidency </Li> <Li> Lists of political office - holders in India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use Indian English from December 2012 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> ଓଡ଼ିଆ </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> संस्कृतम् </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 07 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 35,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 161
},
{
"start_token": 161,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 399
},
{
"start_token": 404,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 571
},
{
"start_token": 571,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 587
},
{
"start_token": 633,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 698
},
{
"start_token": 698,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 704
},
{
"start_token": 714,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2227
},
{
"start_token": 715,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 746
},
{
"start_token": 746,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 779
},
{
"start_token": 779,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 832
},
{
"start_token": 832,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 864
},
{
"start_token": 864,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 930
},
{
"start_token": 930,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 963
},
{
"start_token": 963,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1014
},
{
"start_token": 1014,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1048
},
{
"start_token": 1048,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1091
},
{
"start_token": 1091,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1124
},
{
"start_token": 1124,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1166
},
{
"start_token": 1166,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1200
},
{
"start_token": 1200,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1249
},
{
"start_token": 1249,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1295
},
{
"start_token": 1283,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1293
},
{
"start_token": 1295,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1339
},
{
"start_token": 1339,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1373
},
{
"start_token": 1373,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1416
},
{
"start_token": 1416,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1465
},
{
"start_token": 1454,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1463
},
{
"start_token": 1465,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1527
},
{
"start_token": 1527,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1575
},
{
"start_token": 1564,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1573
},
{
"start_token": 1575,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1618
},
{
"start_token": 1618,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1651
},
{
"start_token": 1651,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1719
},
{
"start_token": 1719,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1753
},
{
"start_token": 1753,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1787
},
{
"start_token": 1787,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1820
},
{
"start_token": 1820,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1883
},
{
"start_token": 1883,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1930
},
{
"start_token": 1918,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1928
},
{
"start_token": 1930,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2011
},
{
"start_token": 2011,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2044
},
{
"start_token": 2044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2070
},
{
"start_token": 2070,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2103
},
{
"start_token": 2103,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2138
},
{
"start_token": 2138,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2177
},
{
"start_token": 2177,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2226
}
] | who served the longest term as president in india | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 714,
"candidate_index": 6,
"end_token": 2227
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 750,
"end_token": 752
}
],
"annotation_id": 1011921544504882200
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_India&oldid=804950835 | -786,966,946,378,412,800 |
Do n't Cry - wikipedia <H1> Do n't Cry </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Guns N ' Roses . For other uses , see Do n't Cry ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Cry '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. commercial cassette single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Guns N ' Roses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Use Your Illusion I & II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A-side </Th> <Td> `` Do n't Cry '' ( Original ) ( LP Version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Do n't Cry '' ( Alt . Lyrics ) ( LP Version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 17 , 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD Single , 7 `` , 12 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> A&M Studios , Record Plant Studios , Studio 56 , Image Recording , Conway Studios & Metalworks Recording Studios 1990 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Hard rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Geffen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Axl Rose , Izzy Stradlin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mike Clink , Guns N ' Roses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Guns N ' Roses singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` You Could Be Mine '' ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` You Could Be Mine '' ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Do n't Cry '' is a power ballad by the hard rock band Guns N ' Roses , two versions of which were released simultaneously on different albums . The version with the original lyrics is the fourth track on Use Your Illusion I , while the version with the alternate lyrics is the 13th track on Use Your Illusion II . Only the vocal tracks differ , and even then only in the verses ; however , in those verses , not only are the words entirely different , but the meter and melody are also slightly different . There is also a third version , officially released only on the single for the song , which was recorded during Appetite for Destruction sessions in 1986 . The song reached the top 10 in many countries , including number 8 in the UK Singles Chart and number 10 in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Track listing </Li> <Li> 3 Music video </Li> <Li> 4 Personnel </Li> <Li> 5 Live performances </Li> <Li> 6 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 7 Charts </Li> <Li> 8 Certifications </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Do n't Cry '' features Shannon Hoon of Blind Melon as a co-lead vocalist . Along with `` Estranged '' and `` November Rain , '' it forms a narrative inspired in part by the short story `` Without You '' by Del James . The song peaked at # 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the band 's fifth Top 10 hit there . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> CD single Geffen 21651 </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Do n't cry ( original ) '' - 4 : 42 </Li> <Li> `` Do n't cry ( alt . lyrics ) '' - 4 : 42 </Li> <Li> `` Do n't cry ( demo ) '' - 4 : 42 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan and Mark Racco . John Linson was the producer of the video . </P> <P> Rose commented on the difficulty of filming the video and how certain scenes inspired by the relationship with Erin Everly affected him emotionally : </P> <P> With our video for `` Do n't Cry , '' and the fight that Stephanie Seymour , ( Axl 's then - current girlfriend ) and I had over the gun , you do n't necessarily know what 's going on . But in real life that happened with Erin Everly ( Axl 's ex-wife ) and myself . I was going to shoot myself . We fought over the gun and I finally let her win . I was kind of mentally crippled after that . Before shooting our documentary , I said , `` This seems really hard , ' cause it really happened . '' And the night we wrote the scene , my friend Josh said , `` Okay , how are you going to play that ? '' He wanted to rehearse and I was like , `` Look , leave me alone . '' But he kept pushing until , finally , I stood up . I had this cigarette lighter that looked like a real gun and I said , `` Look , I 'm gon na do it like this . '' And I just went over and slammed around in the hallway a bit and threw the gun and said , `` Is that good enough for you ? '' </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> W. Axl Rose -- lead vocals </Li> <Li> Slash -- lead guitar </Li> <Li> Izzy Stradlin -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals </Li> <Li> Duff McKagan -- bass , backing vocals </Li> <Li> Matt Sorum -- drums </Li> <Li> Dizzy Reed -- keyboards </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Additional musicians </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Shannon Hoon -- lead vocals </Li> <Li> Steven Adler -- drums ( Demo version ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Do n't Cry '' was performed quite frequently during the early tours and the Use Your Illusion Tour . It was absent from the early legs ( i.e. 2001 -- 02 ) of the Chinese Democracy Tour but reappeared to an extent in 2006 , as guitarist Bumblefoot began using an instrumental version of the song as a guitar solo spot . In 2007 , during the Bumblefoot solo spot , Axl came on stage to sing along to the solo on two occasions , marking the first times since 1993 that Axl had sung it live . </P> <P> `` Do n't Cry '' made another return during the 2009 / 2010 World Tour , with Axl singing along with the solo spot on each occasion that it has been played . </P> <P> A recording of the song from the Tokyo Dome was released on the album Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 and a VHS / DVD . </P> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> A chill out cover of the song by Sao Vincente featuring Ituana was included on the 2006 tribute compilation Bossa n ' Roses . </P> <P> Marina V covers the song on her 2010 album My Star . </P> <P> A version of Do n't Cry was recorded by Murder By Death and released on their 2011 `` Skeletons in the Closet '' album . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1991 - 1992 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( AFYVE ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wall , Mick ( 2008 ) . W.A.R. : The Unauthorized Biography of William Axl Rose . St. Martin 's Press . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37767 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Do n't cry '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses : Makin ' F @ * ! ing Videos Part I - Do n't Cry ( Video 1993 ) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb '' . imdb.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Articles > Axl gets in the ring '' . Here Today ... Gone To Hell ! . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Guns N ' Roses . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Do n't Cry '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Guns N ' Roses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Axl Rose </Li> <Li> Slash </Li> <Li> Duff McKagan </Li> <Li> Dizzy Reed </Li> <Li> Richard Fortus </Li> <Li> Frank Ferrer </Li> <Li> Melissa Reese </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Izzy Stradlin </Li> <Li> Tracii Guns </Li> <Li> Ole Beich </Li> <Li> Rob Gardner </Li> <Li> Steven Adler </Li> <Li> Matt Sorum </Li> <Li> Gilby Clarke </Li> <Li> Paul Tobias </Li> <Li> Robin Finck </Li> <Li> Josh Freese </Li> <Li> Tommy Stinson </Li> <Li> Chris Pitman </Li> <Li> Buckethead </Li> <Li> Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia </Li> <Li> Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal </Li> <Li> DJ Ashba </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appetite for Destruction </Li> <Li> G N ' R Lies </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion I </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion II </Li> <Li> `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' </Li> <Li> Chinese Democracy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide </Li> <Li> Guns N ' Roses </Li> <Li> The `` Civil War '' EP </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Use Your Illusion </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` It 's So Easy '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome to the Jungle '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` Paradise City '' </Li> <Li> `` Patience '' </Li> <Li> `` Nightrain '' </Li> <Li> `` You Could Be Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Live and Let Die '' </Li> <Li> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' </Li> <Li> `` November Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` Yesterdays '' </Li> <Li> `` Civil War '' </Li> <Li> `` Ai n't It Fun '' </Li> <Li> `` Estranged '' </Li> <Li> `` Since I Do n't Have You '' </Li> <Li> `` Sympathy for the Devil '' </Li> <Li> `` Chinese Democracy '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Promo singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mr. Brownstone '' </Li> <Li> `` My Michelle '' </Li> <Li> `` 14 Years '' </Li> <Li> `` Pretty Tied Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead Horse '' </Li> <Li> `` Hair of the Dog '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh My God '' </Li> <Li> `` Better '' </Li> <Li> `` Street of Dreams '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Think About You '' </Li> <Li> `` Rocket Queen '' </Li> <Li> `` Used to Love Her '' </Li> <Li> `` One in a Million '' </Li> <Li> `` Coma '' </Li> <Li> `` Get in the Ring '' </Li> <Li> `` The Garden '' </Li> <Li> `` Madagascar '' </Li> <Li> `` Prostitute '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videos and DVDs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Use Your Illusion I </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion II </Li> <Li> Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition </Li> <Li> Welcome to the Videos </Li> <Li> Appetite for Democracy 3D </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses </Li> <Li> Appetite for Destruction Tour </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion Tour </Li> <Li> Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour </Li> <Li> Chinese Democracy Tour </Li> <Li> Up Close and Personal Tour </Li> <Li> Appetite for Democracy </Li> <Li> Not in This Lifetime ... Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Members </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Del James </Li> <Li> West Arkeen </Li> <Li> Guns N ' Roses Pinball </Li> <Li> Riverport Riot </Li> <Li> Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses </Li> <Li> The Roots of Guns N ' Roses </Li> <Li> Uzi Suicide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BulletBoys </Li> <Li> The Dead Daisies </Li> <Li> Hollywood Rose </Li> <Li> Johnny Crash </Li> <Li> Kings of Chaos </Li> <Li> L.A. Guns </Li> <Li> Love Spit Love </Li> <Li> Metallica </Li> <Li> Neurotic Outsiders </Li> <Li> Nine Inch Nails </Li> <Li> Praxis </Li> <Li> The Psychedelic Furs </Li> <Li> Road Crew </Li> <Li> Slash 's Snakepit </Li> <Li> Velvet Revolver </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Cry&oldid=806113266 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1991 songs </Li> <Li> 1991 singles </Li> <Li> 1990s ballads </Li> <Li> Geffen Records singles </Li> <Li> Guns N ' Roses songs </Li> <Li> Hard rock ballads </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Andy Morahan </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Mike Clink </Li> <Li> Songs written by Axl Rose </Li> <Li> Songs written by Izzy Stradlin </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from March 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from April 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for France </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Italy </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 19 : 53 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 40,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 196
},
{
"start_token": 41,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 195
},
{
"start_token": 78,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 131
},
{
"start_token": 79,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 130
},
{
"start_token": 131,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 182
},
{
"start_token": 132,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 181
},
{
"start_token": 196,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 484
},
{
"start_token": 197,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 206
},
{
"start_token": 206,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 214
},
{
"start_token": 214,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 224
},
{
"start_token": 224,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 237
},
{
"start_token": 237,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 256
},
{
"start_token": 256,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 279
},
{
"start_token": 279,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 290
},
{
"start_token": 290,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 305
},
{
"start_token": 305,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 334
},
{
"start_token": 334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 343
},
{
"start_token": 343,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 353
},
{
"start_token": 353,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 361
},
{
"start_token": 361,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 376
},
{
"start_token": 376,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 393
},
{
"start_token": 393,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 403
},
{
"start_token": 403,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 443
},
{
"start_token": 405,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 441
},
{
"start_token": 406,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 440
},
{
"start_token": 443,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 483
},
{
"start_token": 445,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 481
},
{
"start_token": 446,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 480
},
{
"start_token": 484,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 645
},
{
"start_token": 708,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 778
},
{
"start_token": 785,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 793
},
{
"start_token": 786,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 792
},
{
"start_token": 793,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 839
},
{
"start_token": 794,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 808
},
{
"start_token": 808,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 824
},
{
"start_token": 824,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 838
},
{
"start_token": 846,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 871
},
{
"start_token": 847,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 870
},
{
"start_token": 871,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 898
},
{
"start_token": 898,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 924
},
{
"start_token": 924,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1145
},
{
"start_token": 1151,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1198
},
{
"start_token": 1152,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1160
},
{
"start_token": 1160,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1166
},
{
"start_token": 1166,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1176
},
{
"start_token": 1176,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1185
},
{
"start_token": 1185,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1191
},
{
"start_token": 1191,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1197
},
{
"start_token": 1198,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1204
},
{
"start_token": 1204,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1223
},
{
"start_token": 1205,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1212
},
{
"start_token": 1212,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1222
},
{
"start_token": 1230,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1331
},
{
"start_token": 1331,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1366
},
{
"start_token": 1366,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1395
},
{
"start_token": 1402,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1428
},
{
"start_token": 1428,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1442
},
{
"start_token": 1442,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1469
},
{
"start_token": 1475,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1658
},
{
"start_token": 1476,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1490
},
{
"start_token": 1490,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1501
},
{
"start_token": 1501,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1514
},
{
"start_token": 1514,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1527
},
{
"start_token": 1527,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1538
},
{
"start_token": 1538,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1551
},
{
"start_token": 1551,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1561
},
{
"start_token": 1561,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1574
},
{
"start_token": 1574,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1587
},
{
"start_token": 1587,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1599
},
{
"start_token": 1599,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1610
},
{
"start_token": 1610,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1621
},
{
"start_token": 1621,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1632
},
{
"start_token": 1632,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1646
},
{
"start_token": 1646,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1657
},
{
"start_token": 1664,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1697
},
{
"start_token": 1665,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1673
},
{
"start_token": 1673,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1684
},
{
"start_token": 1684,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1696
}
] | who is the girl in don't cry video | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 5530690103607219000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Cry&oldid=806113266 | 39,273,309,300,208,460 |
Seven ( 1995 film ) - wikipedia <H1> Seven ( 1995 film ) </H1> `` Seven ( film ) '' redirects here . For the 1979 film , see Seven ( 1979 film ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Seven </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> David Fincher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arnold Kopelson </Li> <Li> Phyllis Carlyle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Andrew Kevin Walker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brad Pitt </Li> <Li> Morgan Freeman </Li> <Li> Gwyneth Paltrow </Li> <Li> John C. McGinley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Howard Shore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Darius Khondji </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Richard Francis - Bruce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cecchi Gori Pictures </Li> <Li> Juno Pix </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> New Line Cinema </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> September 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 15 ) ( Alice Tully Hall ) </Li> <Li> September 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 22 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 127 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $33 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $327.3 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Seven ( stylized as SE7EN ) is a 1995 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by David Fincher and written by Andrew Kevin Walker . It stars Brad Pitt , Morgan Freeman , Gwyneth Paltrow , John C. McGinley , R. Lee Ermey , and Kevin Spacey . It tells the story of David Mills ( Pitt ) , a detective who partners with the retiring William Somerset ( Freeman ) to track down a serial killer ( Spacey ) who uses the seven deadly sins as a motif in his murders . </P> <P> The screenplay was influenced by the time Walker spent in New York City trying to make it as a writer . Principal photography took place in Los Angeles , with the last scene filmed near Lancaster , California . The film 's budget was $33 million . </P> <P> Released on September 22 , 1995 by New Line Cinema , Seven was the seventh - highest - grossing film of the year , grossing over $327 million worldwide . It was well received by critics , who praised the film 's darkness , brutality and themes . The film was nominated for Best Film Editing at the 68th Academy Awards , but lost to Apollo 13 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pre-production </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.3 Title sequence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 4.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Home media </Li> <Li> 6 Novelization and comic books </Li> <Li> 7 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Soon - to - retire detective William Somerset is partnered with short - tempered but idealistic David Mills , who has recently moved to the city with his wife Tracy . Tracy confides to Somerset that she is pregnant and has yet to tell Mills , as she is unhappy with the city and feels it is no place to raise a child . Somerset sympathizes , having had a similar situation with his ex-girlfriend many years earlier , and advises her to tell Mills only if she plans to keep the child . </P> <P> Somerset and Mills investigate a set of murders inspired by the seven deadly sins : a man forced to eat until his stomach ruptured , representing gluttony , and a defense attorney killed after a pound of flesh was taken from him , representing greed . Clues at the murder scenes lead them to a suspect 's apartment , where they find a third victim , a drug dealer and child molester , strapped to a bed , emaciated but alive , representing sloth . Daily photographs of the victim , taken over a year , show the crimes were planned far in advance . </P> <P> The detectives use library records to identify a John Doe and track him to his apartment . Doe flees and Mills gives chase . Doe turns to hold Mills at gunpoint for a moment before escaping . The apartment contains hundreds of notebooks revealing Doe 's psychopathy , as well as a clue to another murder . The detectives arrive too late to stop a man forced to kill a prostitute by raping her with a custom - made , bladed strap - on , representing lust . The following day , they attend the scene of a fifth murder , a model whose face has been mutilated by Doe ; she was given the option to call for help and live disfigured , or commit suicide by taking pills , representing pride . </P> <P> As Somerset and Mills return to the police station , Doe turns himself in , covered in the blood of an unidentified victim . Doe offers to take the detectives to the final two victims and confess to the murders , but only under specific terms , or he will plead insanity . Somerset is wary , but Mills agrees . </P> <P> The detectives follow Doe 's directions to a remote desert location . Within minutes , a delivery van approaches . Mills holds Doe at gunpoint while Somerset intercepts the driver , who has been instructed to bring a box to them . Doe taunts Mills by telling him how envious he was of his life and Tracy . Somerset opens the box and warns Mills to stay back . Doe states that he killed Tracy , representing envy ; he also states that her head is in the box and that she was pregnant . Despite Somerset 's warnings , Mills shoots Doe , completing Doe 's last murder , representing wrath . Police converge and take the devastated Mills away . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brad Pitt as Detective David Mills </Li> <Li> Morgan Freeman as Detective Lieutenant William Somerset </Li> <Li> Gwyneth Paltrow as Tracy Mills </Li> <Li> Kevin Spacey as John Doe </Li> <Li> R. Lee Ermey as Police Captain </Li> <Li> John C. McGinley as SWAT team leader California </Li> <Li> Richard Roundtree as District Attorney Martin Talbot </Li> <Li> Richard Schiff as Mark Swarr </Li> <Li> Mark Boone Junior as Greasy FBI Man </Li> <Li> Michael Massee as Man in Massage Parlour Booth </Li> <Li> Leland Orser as Crazed Man in Massage Parlour </Li> <Li> Reg E. Cathey as Dr. Santiago </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pre-production ( edit ) </H3> <P> The primary influence for the film 's screenplay came from Andrew Kevin Walker 's time spent in New York City while trying to make it as a screenwriter . `` I did n't like my time in New York , but it 's true that if I had n't lived there I probably would n't have written Seven . '' He envisioned actor William Hurt as Somerset and named the character after his favorite author , W. Somerset Maugham . </P> <P> Jeremiah S. Chechik was attached to direct at one point . During pre-production , Al Pacino was considered for the Somerset role , but he decided to do City Hall . Denzel Washington and Sylvester Stallone turned down the role of Mills . Washington later regretted turning down the role . </P> <P> The ending of the screenplay , with the head in the box , was originally part of an earlier draft that New Line had rejected , instead opting for an ending that involved more traditional elements of a detective thriller film with more action - oriented elements . But when New Line sent David Fincher the screenplay to review for his interest in the project , they accidentally sent him the original screenplay with the head - in - the - box ending . At the time , Fincher had not read a script for a year and a half since the frustrating experience of making Alien 3 ; he said , `` I thought I 'd rather die of colon cancer than do another movie '' . Fincher eventually agreed to direct Seven because he was drawn to the script , which he found to be a `` connect - the - dots movie that delivers about inhumanity . It 's psychologically violent . It implies so much , not about why you did but how you did it '' . He found it more a `` meditation on evil '' rather than a `` police procedural '' . </P> <P> When New Line realized that they had sent Fincher the wrong draft , the President of Production , Michael De Luca , met with Fincher and noted that there was internal pressure to retain the revised version ; De Luca stated that if Fincher promised to produce the movie , they would be able to stay with the head - in - a-box ending . Despite this , producer Kopelson refused to allow the film to include the head - in - a-box scene . Actor Pitt joined Fincher in arguing for keeping this original scene , noting that his previous film Legends of the Fall had its emotional ending cut after negative feedback from test audiences , and refusing to do Seven unless the head - in - the - box scene remained . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fincher approached making Seven like a `` tiny genre movie , the kind of movie Friedkin might have made after The Exorcist . '' He worked with cinematographer Darius Khondji and adopted a simple approach to the camerawork , which was influenced by the television show COPS , `` how the camera is in the backseat peering over people 's shoulder '' . Fincher allowed Walker on the set while filming for on - the - set rewrites . According to the director , `` Seven is the first time I got to carry through certain things about the camera -- and about what movies are or can be '' . </P> <P> The crowded urban streets filled with noisy denizens and an oppressive rain that seems to fall without respite were integral parts of the film , as Fincher wanted to show a city that was `` dirty , violent , polluted , often depressing . Visually and stylistically , that 's how we wanted to portray this world . Everything needed to be as authentic and raw as possible . '' To this end , Fincher turned to production designer Arthur Max to create a dismal world that often eerily mirrors its inhabitants . `` We created a setting that reflects the moral decay of the people in it '' , says Max . `` Everything is falling apart , and nothing is working properly . '' The film 's brooding , dark look was achieved through a chemical process called bleach bypass , wherein the silver in the film stock was not removed , which in turn deepened the dark , shadowy images in the film and increased its overall tonal quality . </P> <P> The ' head in a box ' ending continued to worry the studio after filming was completed . After the first cut of the film was shown to the studio , they attempted to mitigate the bleakness of the ending by replacing Mills ' wife 's head with that of a dog , or by not having Mills fire on John Doe . However , both Fincher and Pitt continued to fight for the original ending . The final scenes of Mills being taken away and Somerset 's quote from Ernest Hemingway were filmed by Fincher after initial filming was complete as a way to placate the studio ( the original intention was for the film to suddenly end after Mills shot John Doe ) . </P> <H3> Title sequence ( edit ) </H3> <P> Originally , Fincher planned the title sequence of the film to show Freeman 's character buying a house in a remote country area and traveling back into the city . However , days before a test screening , they had yet to film the sequence and no budget to do it in that time . Fincher approached Kyle Cooper to suggest a replacement . Cooper recognized the amount of money used to make John Doe 's notebooks ( created by Clive Piercy and John Sabel ) , and used the sequence to display them in a slideshow set to Nine Inch Nails ' `` Closer '' . The hand - drawn credits font was used to suggest that Doe had written the credits himself . </P> <P> The studio liked the sequence and suggested he stay with that . Fincher instead asked Cooper to `` pretend we 've never met and come back and propose something else '' , according to Cooper . Cooper came up with a more detailed version of this photographic sequence : `` The idea was that this is John Doe 's job : he gets up , makes his books , plans his murders , drinks his tea . '' Fincher liked this approach , but cautioned Cooper `` Well , that would be neat , but that 's kind of a 2D glimpse . Figure out a way for it to involve John Doe , to show that somewhere across town somebody is working on some really evil shit . I do n't want it to be just flipping through pages , as beautiful as they are . '' Cooper reworked the idea , working with Wayne Coe to create a storyboard for a live - action shot and adding in filming along with photographs of the books , new props include film reels and additional notebooks , visual effects for the title credits , and elements inspired by Doe 's behavior in the movie , such as cutting his fingertips . Fincher liked this approach , and considered getting Mark Romanek , the director of the `` Closer '' music video to produce the sequence , but Cooper insisted he direct it . Cooper was assisted by film editor Angus Wall and cinematographer Harris Savides in making the final title sequence . The filming took two days and five further weeks to edit . The credits were hand - etched onto black scratchboard and manipulated by the camera , rather than using digital effects . The final sequence used a remix of `` Closer '' created by the band Coil . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seven was released on September 22 , 1995 , in 2,441 theaters where it grossed US $13.9 million on its opening weekend . It went on to gross $100.1 million in North America and $227.1 million in the rest of the world for a total of $327.3 million , making Seven the seventh - highest - grossing film in 1995 . The film also spent 4 consecutive weeks in the top spot at the U.S. box office in 1995 . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was well received by critics and holds an 80 % positive rating at the film - review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on 71 critics with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Its consensus reads : `` A brutal , relentlessly grimy shocker with taut performances , slick gore effects , and a haunting finale . '' The film has a rating of 65 on Metacritic based on 22 reviews . </P> <P> Gary Arnold , in The Washington Times , praised the cast : `` The film 's ace in the hole is the personal appeal generated by Mr. Freeman as the mature , cerebral cop and Mr. Pitt as the young , headstrong cop . Not that the contrast is inspired or believable in itself . What gets to you is the prowess of the co-stars as they fill out sketchy character profiles . '' Sheila Johnston , in her review for The Independent , praised Freeman 's performance : `` The film belongs to Freeman and his quiet , carefully detailed portrayal of the jaded older man who learns not to give up the fight . '' James Charisma , in a list of Spacey 's greatest film performances for Paste , wrote : `` Spacey 's portrayal is a perfect balancing act : John Doe is detached from the murders he commits , yet deliberate and meticulous in his execution ... Unemotional yet smug . Analytical , violent , patient , impenetrable . '' In his review for Sight and Sound , John Wrathall wrote , `` Seven has the scariest ending since George Sluizer 's original The Vanishing ... and stands as the most complex and disturbing entry in the serial killer genre since Manhunter . '' In his `` Great Movies '' list review , film critic Roger Ebert commented on Fincher 's direction : `` None of his films is darker than this one . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> New Line Cinema re-released Seven in Westwood , Los Angeles , California , on Christmas Day and in New York City on December 29 , 1995 , in an attempt to generate Academy Award nominations for Freeman , Pitt , and Fincher , which was ultimately unsuccessful . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ceremony </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipients </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68th Academy Awards </Td> <Td> Best Film Editing </Td> <Td> Richard Francis - Bruce </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49th British Academy Film Awards </Td> <Td> Best Original Screenplay </Td> <Td> Andrew Kevin Walker </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 MTV Movie Awards </Td> <Td> Best Movie </Td> <Td> Seven </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Most Desirable Male </Td> <Td> Brad Pitt </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best On - Screen Duo </Td> <Td> Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Villain </Td> <Td> Kevin Spacey </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22nd Saturn Awards </Td> <Td> Best Action or Adventure Film </Td> <Td> Seven </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> David Fincher </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Writing </Td> <Td> Andrew Kevin Walker </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Morgan Freeman </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actress </Td> <Td> Gwyneth Paltrow </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Music </Td> <Td> Howard Shore </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Make - Up </Td> <Td> Jean Ann Black , Rob Bottin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> For the DVD release , Seven was remastered and presented in the widescreen format , preserving the 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio of its original theatrical exhibition . Audio options include Dolby Digital EX 5.1 , DTS ES Discrete 6.1 , and Stereo Surround Sound . </P> <P> The Seven DVD features four newly recorded , feature - length audio commentaries featuring the stars and other key contributors to the film , who talk about their experiences making Seven . </P> <P> This DVD is also compatible with DVD - ROM drives . Disc One features a printable screenplay with links to the film . The Blu - ray Disc was released September 14 , 2010 . </P> <H2> Novelization and comic books ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1995 , a novelization with the same title was written by Anthony Bruno based on the original film . </P> <P> Between September 2006 and October 2007 , a series of seven comic books were published by Zenescope Entertainment with each of the seven issues dedicated to one of the seven sins . It told the story from the perspective of John Doe rather than the two homicide detectives as in the film . Each issue included contributions by a group of creators independent of each other . All seven issues were collected in trade paperback form , released on January 15 , 2008 , as SE7EN , edited by David Seidman and Ralph Tedesco . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> The opening credit music is a spliced sample of an uncredited remix of the Nine Inch Nails song `` Closer '' , available as `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' , remixed by Coil , on the `` Closer '' single . The song during the end credits is David Bowie 's song `` The Hearts Filthy Lesson '' , found on his album Outside . The film 's original score is by Howard Shore . </P> <Ol> <Li> `` In the Beginning '' -- The Statler Brothers </Li> <Li> `` Guilty '' -- Gravity Kills </Li> <Li> `` Trouble Man '' -- Marvin Gaye </Li> <Li> `` Speaking of Happiness '' -- Gloria Lynne -- written by Buddy Scott & Jimmy Radcliffe </Li> <Li> `` Suite No. 3 in D Major , BWV 1068 Air '' -- written by Johann Sebastian Bach , performed by Stuttgarter Kammerorchester / Karl Münchinger </Li> <Li> `` Love Plus One '' -- Haircut One Hundred </Li> <Li> `` I Cover the Waterfront '' -- Billie Holiday </Li> <Li> `` Now 's the Time '' -- Charlie Parker </Li> <Li> `` Straight , No Chaser '' -- Thelonious Monk ( Taken from Monk in Tokyo ) </Li> <Li> `` Portrait of John Doe '' -- Howard Shore </Li> <Li> `` Suite from Seven '' -- Howard Shore </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Se7en ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 27 , 1995 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Seven ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Montesano , Anthony ( February 1996 ) . `` Seven 's Deadly Sins '' . Cinefantastique . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Denzel Washington regrets passing up ' Seven ' and ' Michael Clayton ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Denzel Washington Turned Down ' Seven ' & ' Michael Clayton , ' Javier Bardem Passed On ' Minority Report ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taubin , Amy ( January 1996 ) . `` The Allure of Decay '' . Sight and Sound . p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salsibury , Mark ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` David Fincher '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mottham , James ( 2007 ) . The Sundance Kids : How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood . Faber and Faber . pp. 153 -- 155 . ISBN 0865479674 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smith , Grady ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` How Brad Pitt fought to keep Gwyneth 's head in the box in ' Se7en ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Radatz , Ben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Se7en ( 1995 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : de Semlyen , Phil ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Anatomy Of An Opening Sequence : David Fincher 's Seven '' . Empire . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` David Fincher : A Film Title Retrospective '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The top six grossing films of 1995 were Die Hard with a Vengeance , Toy Story , Apollo 13 , GoldenEye , Pocahontas and Batman Forever . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven '' . Rotten Tomatoes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven '' . Metacritic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold , Gary ( September 22 , 1995 ) . `` Sinister Seven a killer of a thriller '' . The Washington Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , Sheila ( January 4 , 1996 ) . `` Sin has seldom looked so good '' . The Independent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` All 45 of Kevin Spacey 's Movie Performances , Ranked '' . Paste . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wrathall , John ( January 1996 ) . `` Seven '' . Sight and Sound . p. 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Seven ( 1995 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cox , Dan ( December 22 , 1995 ) . `` Seven gets new dates for Oscar season '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Creepy , Uncle . `` First Blu - ray News : Seven '' . dreadcentral.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruno , Anthony ( 1995 ) . Seven : a novel by Anthony Bruno based on a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker . New York : St. Martin 's Paperbacks . p. 248 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 95704 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Comic Book Resources.com Horrific sins : SE7EN '' comes to comics this September </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MyComicShop : Seven ( 2006 Se7en ) comic books </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dyer , Richard ( 1999 ) . Seven . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 9780851707235 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Se7en </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Seven on IMDb </Li> <Li> Seven at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Seven at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Seven at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Seven at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Seven at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by David Fincher </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alien 3 ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Seven ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Game ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Fight Club ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Panic Room ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Zodiac ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Social Network ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Gone Girl ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Empire Award for Best Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Braveheart ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Se7en ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Men in Black ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Matrix ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Gladiator ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> King Kong ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Casino Royale ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Avatar ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Inception ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Skyfall ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Gravity ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Interstellar ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Revenant ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Rogue One ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Movie </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Menace II Society ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Seven ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Scream ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Matrix ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Gladiator ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Transformers ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Twilight ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Movie of the Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Avengers ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Black Panther ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven deadly sins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Lust </Li> <Li> Gluttony </Li> <Li> Greed </Li> <Li> Sloth </Li> <Li> Wrath </Li> <Li> Envy </Li> <Li> Pride </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Persons who categorized and described the sins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evagrius Ponticus </Li> <Li> John Cassian </Li> <Li> Pope Gregory I </Li> <Li> Dante Alighieri </Li> <Li> Peter Binsfeld </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In art and culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Divine Comedy <Ul> <Li> Inferno </Li> <Li> Purgatorio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1585 play ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things ( painting ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1933 ballet ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1952 film ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1962 film ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Seven ( 1995 film ) </Li> <Li> Fullmetal Alchemist ( manga series ) </Li> <Li> Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 anime ) </Li> <Li> Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 anime ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( manga series ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times ( painting ) </Li> <Li> House of Anubis : The Re-Awakening ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jack ( webcomic ) </Li> <Li> Evillious Chronicles ( song and book series ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seven Heavenly Virtues </Li> <Li> Seven Social Sins </Li> <Li> Sin <Ul> <Li> Christian views on sin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Christian views on the Old Covenant </Li> <Li> Hamartiology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Catholicism portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb16935969t ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4509535 - 8 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 178263214 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 203740028 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_(1995_film)&oldid=856090302 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1995 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1990s crime drama films </Li> <Li> 1990s crime thriller films </Li> <Li> 1990s independent films </Li> <Li> 1990s serial killer films </Li> <Li> 1990s thriller drama films </Li> <Li> American chase films </Li> <Li> American crime drama films </Li> <Li> American crime thriller films </Li> <Li> American buddy cop films </Li> <Li> American independent films </Li> <Li> American thriller drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American serial killer films </Li> <Li> Best Film Empire Award winners </Li> <Li> Films scored by Howard Shore </Li> <Li> Films about death </Li> <Li> Films about religion </Li> <Li> Films about psychopaths </Li> <Li> Films directed by David Fincher </Li> <Li> Films shot in California </Li> <Li> Neo-noir </Li> <Li> Police detective films </Li> <Li> Buddy cop films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Emiliàn e rumagnòl </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 39 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 37,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 274
},
{
"start_token": 38,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 43
},
{
"start_token": 43,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 50
},
{
"start_token": 50,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 60
},
{
"start_token": 60,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 78
},
{
"start_token": 66,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 76
},
{
"start_token": 78,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 89
},
{
"start_token": 89,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 115
},
{
"start_token": 94,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 113
},
{
"start_token": 107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 112
},
{
"start_token": 115,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 125
},
{
"start_token": 125,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 134
},
{
"start_token": 134,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 146
},
{
"start_token": 146,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 165
},
{
"start_token": 152,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 163
},
{
"start_token": 153,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 158
},
{
"start_token": 165,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 176
},
{
"start_token": 176,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 227
},
{
"start_token": 182,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 225
},
{
"start_token": 183,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 201
},
{
"start_token": 201,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 218
},
{
"start_token": 227,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 237
},
{
"start_token": 237,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 246
},
{
"start_token": 246,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 254
},
{
"start_token": 254,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 263
},
{
"start_token": 263,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 273
},
{
"start_token": 274,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 369
},
{
"start_token": 369,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 418
},
{
"start_token": 418,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 488
},
{
"start_token": 576,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 672
},
{
"start_token": 672,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 779
},
{
"start_token": 779,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 915
},
{
"start_token": 915,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 978
},
{
"start_token": 978,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1102
},
{
"start_token": 1108,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1212
},
{
"start_token": 1109,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1117
},
{
"start_token": 1117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1126
},
{
"start_token": 1126,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1133
},
{
"start_token": 1133,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1140
},
{
"start_token": 1140,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1148
},
{
"start_token": 1148,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1158
},
{
"start_token": 1158,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1167
},
{
"start_token": 1167,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1174
},
{
"start_token": 1174,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1183
},
{
"start_token": 1183,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1193
},
{
"start_token": 1193,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1203
},
{
"start_token": 1203,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1211
},
{
"start_token": 1224,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1306
},
{
"start_token": 1306,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1359
},
{
"start_token": 1359,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1561
},
{
"start_token": 1561,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1698
},
{
"start_token": 1704,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1817
},
{
"start_token": 1817,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1992
},
{
"start_token": 1992,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2120
},
{
"start_token": 2127,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2254
},
{
"start_token": 2254,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2567
},
{
"start_token": 2580,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2662
},
{
"start_token": 2669,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2746
},
{
"start_token": 2746,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2998
},
{
"start_token": 3004,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3054
},
{
"start_token": 3054,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3282
},
{
"start_token": 3055,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3068
},
{
"start_token": 3068,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3089
},
{
"start_token": 3089,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3111
},
{
"start_token": 3111,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3129
},
{
"start_token": 3129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3143
},
{
"start_token": 3143,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3162
},
{
"start_token": 3162,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3175
},
{
"start_token": 3175,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3195
},
{
"start_token": 3195,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3208
},
{
"start_token": 3208,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3222
},
{
"start_token": 3222,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3235
},
{
"start_token": 3235,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3249
},
{
"start_token": 3249,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3262
},
{
"start_token": 3262,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3281
},
{
"start_token": 3289,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3337
},
{
"start_token": 3337,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3371
},
{
"start_token": 3371,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3408
},
{
"start_token": 3417,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3439
},
{
"start_token": 3439,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3536
},
{
"start_token": 3542,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3620
},
{
"start_token": 3620,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3768
},
{
"start_token": 3621,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3632
},
{
"start_token": 3632,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3640
},
{
"start_token": 3640,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3649
},
{
"start_token": 3649,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3667
},
{
"start_token": 3667,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3695
},
{
"start_token": 3695,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3706
},
{
"start_token": 3706,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3717
},
{
"start_token": 3717,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3728
},
{
"start_token": 3728,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3746
},
{
"start_token": 3746,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3757
},
{
"start_token": 3757,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3767
}
] | when does the seven deadly sins movie take place | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 11677906733794855000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Seven_(1995_film)&oldid=856090302 | 4,893,932,503,281,222,000 |
Precordial catch syndrome - wikipedia <H1> Precordial catch syndrome </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Precordial catch syndrome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Synonyms </Th> <Td> Texidor 's twinge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> One of the areas more commonly affected in precordial catch syndrome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> Pediatrics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symptoms </Th> <Td> Sharp , stabbing chest pain in a small area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Usual onset </Th> <Td> Sudden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> Less than 3 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Causes </Th> <Td> Unclear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diagnostic method </Th> <Td> Angina , pericarditis , pleurisy , chest trauma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treatment </Th> <Td> Reassurance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prognosis </Th> <Td> Good </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Relatively common </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Precordial catch syndrome ( PCS ) is a non-serious condition in which there are sharp stabbing pains in the chest . These typically get worse with breathing in and occur within a small area . Spells of pain usually last less than a few minutes . Typically it begins at rest and other symptoms are absent . Concerns about the condition may result in anxiety . </P> <P> The underlying cause is unclear . Some believe the pain may be from the chest wall or irritation of an intercostal nerve . Risk factors include psychological stress . The pain is not due to the heart . Diagnosis is based on the symptoms . Other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include angina , pericarditis , pleurisy , and chest trauma . </P> <P> Treatment is via reassurance . The pain resolved without any specific treatment . Outcomes are good . Precordial catch syndrome is relatively common . Children between the ages of 6 and 12 are most commonly affected . Both males and females are affected equally . It is less common in adults . The condition was first described in 1955 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Signs and symptoms </Li> <Li> 2 Causes </Li> <Li> 3 Treatment </Li> <Li> 4 History </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Signs and symptoms ( edit ) </H2> <P> PCS has consistent characteristics . Its symptoms begin with a sudden onset of anterior chest pain on the left side of the chest . The pain is localized and does not radiate like heart attack pain typically does . Breathing in , and sometimes breathing out , often intensifies the pain . Moving also intensifies the pain . Typically this causes the patient to freeze in place and breathe shallowly until the episode passes . Episodes typically last a couple of seconds to three minutes . In some cases it lasts for 1 hour . The frequency of episodes varies by patient , sometimes occurring daily , multiple episodes each day , or more spread out over weeks , months , or years between episodes . PCS is believed to be localized cramping of certain muscle groups . Intensity of pain can vary from a dull minor pain , to intense sharp pain possibly causing momentary vision loss / blurriness and often loss of breath . </P> <H2> Causes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The cause of PCS is unknown . Miller and Texidor suggested that the pain may originate in the parietal pleura of the lungs . The pain is most likely not of cardiac origin . </P> <H2> Treatment ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is no known cure for PCS . However PCS is not believed to be dangerous or life - threatening . Many see the worst part about PCS to be the fear that this chest pain is an indicator of a heart attack or other more serious condition . As the condition is not dangerous or life threatening , there is no reason to take medication , although some sufferers may choose to refrain from some normal activities such as physical exercise , as this can exaggerate the pain , particularly if it occurs during physical activity . </P> <P> While there is no known cure , some patients have reported relief after slowly inhaling and holding their breath for a short while . Also , lifting the elbows while in an upright position reportedly decreases pressure on the region . Keeping the body hydrated is reported to decrease the frequency of these episodes as well , and ibuprofen may also help . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The syndrome was first described and named in 1893 by Henri Huchard , a French cardiologist , who called it `` précordialgie '' ( from the latin `` praecordia '' meaning `` before the heart '' ) , or `` Syndrôme de Huchard '' ( `` Huchard syndrome '' ) . The term `` precordial '' had entered the French medical lexicon with the 1370 translation of Guy de Chauliac 's Chirurgia magna . Previously , the Latin term `` praecordia '' had been used to refer to the diaphragm , a sense now obsolete . </P> <P> The Huchard syndrome was then studied more deeply by Miller and Texidor , medical practitioners at the Cardiovascular Department and the Department of Medicine at the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago , in 1955 . They reported the condition in 10 patients , one being Miller himself . In 1978 , PCS was discussed by Sparrow and Bird who reported that 45 healthy patients suffered from it and that it was probably more frequent than generally assumed . PCS in American children has been discussed by Pickering in 1981 and by Reynolds in 1989 . These constitute the literature available in English on PCS . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pneumothorax </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gumbiner CH ( January 2003 ) . `` Precordial catch syndrome '' . Southern Medical Journal . 96 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 41 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 200301000 - 00011 . PMID 12602711 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McMorran , Jim . `` Precordial catch syndrome ( PCS ) '' . General Practice Notebook . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54958171/f732.item.r=Pr%C3%A9cordialgie.zoom </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57064606/f201.image.r=Henri%20Huchard%20pr%C3%A9cordialgie </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/traitcliniqued02huch#page/198/mode/2up/search/Pr%C3%A9cordialgie </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` précordialgie '' . Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` praecordia '' . Oxford Dictionaries . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , A.J. ; Texidor , T.A. ( December 1955 ) . `` Precordial catch , a neglected syndrome of precordial pain '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 159 ( 14 ) : 1364 -- 5 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1955.02960310028012 a . PMID 13271083 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sparrow MJ , Bird EL ( October 1978 ) . `` ' Precordial catch ' : a benign syndrome of chest pain in young persons '' . The New Zealand Medical Journal . 88 ( 622 ) : 325 -- 6 . PMID 282484 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pickering D ( May 1981 ) . `` Precordial catch syndrome '' . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 56 ( 5 ) : 401 -- 3 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 56.5. 401 . PMC 1627421 . PMID 7259265 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds JL ( October 1989 ) . `` Precordial catch syndrome in children '' . Southern Medical Journal . 82 ( 10 ) : 1228 -- 30 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 198910000 - 00007 . PMID 2678498 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> V T D <Ul> <Li> ICD - 10 : R07. 2 </Li> <Li> ICD - 9 - CM : 786.51 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Symptoms and signs relating to the respiratory system ( R04 -- R07 , 786 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Medical examination and history taking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auscultation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stethoscope </Li> <Li> Respiratory sounds <Ul> <Li> Stridor </Li> <Li> Wheeze </Li> <Li> Crackles </Li> <Li> Rhonchi </Li> <Li> Stertor </Li> <Li> Squawk </Li> <Li> Pleural friction rub </Li> <Li> Fremitus </Li> <Li> Bronchophony </Li> <Li> Terminal secretions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Elicited findings <Ul> <Li> Percussion </Li> <Li> Pectoriloquy </Li> <Li> Whispered pectoriloquy </Li> <Li> Egophony </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breathing </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apnea <Ul> <Li> Prematurity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dyspnea </Li> <Li> Hyperventilation </Li> <Li> Hypoventilation </Li> <Li> Hyperpnea </Li> <Li> Tachypnea </Li> <Li> Hypopnea </Li> <Li> Bradypnea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pattern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agonal respiration </Li> <Li> Biot 's respiration </Li> <Li> Cheyne -- Stokes respiration </Li> <Li> Kussmaul breathing </Li> <Li> Ataxic respiration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Respiratory distress </Li> <Li> Respiratory arrest </Li> <Li> Orthopnea / Platypnea </Li> <Li> Trepopnea </Li> <Li> Aerophagia </Li> <Li> Asphyxia </Li> <Li> Breath holding </Li> <Li> Mouth breathing </Li> <Li> Snoring </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chest pain <Ul> <Li> In children </Li> <Li> Precordial catch syndrome </Li> <Li> Pleurisy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nail clubbing </Li> <Li> Cyanosis </Li> <Li> Cough </Li> <Li> Sputum </Li> <Li> Hemoptysis </Li> <Li> Epistaxis </Li> <Li> Silhouette sign </Li> <Li> Post-nasal drip </Li> <Li> Hiccup </Li> <Li> COPD <Ul> <Li> Hoover 's sign </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> asthma <Ul> <Li> Curschmann 's spirals </Li> <Li> Charcot -- Leyden crystals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> chronic bronchitis <Ul> <Li> Reid index </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> sarcoidosis <Ul> <Li> Kveim test </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> pulmonary embolism <Ul> <Li> Hampton hump </Li> <Li> Westermark sign </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> pulmonary edema <Ul> <Li> Kerley lines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hamman 's sign </Li> <Li> Golden S sign </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precordial_catch_syndrome&oldid=818299130 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Syndromes </Li> <Li> Pain </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Infobox medical condition ( new ) </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 </Li> <Li> RTT </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 16,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 156
},
{
"start_token": 17,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 24
},
{
"start_token": 24,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 34
},
{
"start_token": 38,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 53
},
{
"start_token": 53,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 61
},
{
"start_token": 61,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 77
},
{
"start_token": 77,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 86
},
{
"start_token": 86,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 97
},
{
"start_token": 97,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 105
},
{
"start_token": 105,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 121
},
{
"start_token": 121,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 129
},
{
"start_token": 129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 137
},
{
"start_token": 137,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 146
},
{
"start_token": 146,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 155
},
{
"start_token": 156,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 224
},
{
"start_token": 224,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 289
},
{
"start_token": 289,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 351
},
{
"start_token": 403,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 571
},
{
"start_token": 577,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 613
},
{
"start_token": 619,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 719
},
{
"start_token": 719,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 784
},
{
"start_token": 790,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 888
},
{
"start_token": 888,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 995
}
] | sharp pains in left side of chest when inhaling | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 403,
"candidate_index": 17,
"end_token": 571
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 9312649680142285000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Precordial_catch_syndrome&oldid=818299130 | -4,580,484,400,704,773,000 |
Valle de los Caídos - wikipedia <H1> Valle de los Caídos </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Valle de los Caídos ( Valley of the Fallen ) , viewed from the esplanade . <P> The Valle de los Caídos ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈbaʎe ðe los kaˈiðos ) , `` Valley of the Fallen '' ) is a Catholic basilica and a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial , erected at Cuelgamuros Valley in the Sierra de Guadarrama , near Madrid , conceived by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to honour and bury those who died in the Spanish Civil War . Franco claimed that the monument was meant to be a `` national act of atonement '' and reconciliation . The Valley of the Fallen , as a surviving monument of Franco 's rule , and its Catholic basilica remain controversial , in part since 10 % of the construction workforce consisted of convicts , some of whom were Spanish Republican political prisoners . </P> <P> The monument , a landmark of 20th - century Spanish architecture , was designed by Pedro Muguruza and Diego Méndez on a scale to equal , according to Franco , `` the grandeur of the monuments of old , which defy time and memory . '' Together with the Universidad Laboral de Gijón , it is the most prominent example of the original Spanish Neo-Herrerian style , which was intended to form part of a revival of Juan de Herrera 's architecture , exemplified by the royal residence El Escorial . This uniquely Spanish architecture was widely used in public buildings of post-war Spain and is rooted in international classicism as exemplified by Albert Speer or Mussolini 's Esposizione Universale Roma . </P> <P> The monument precinct covers over 3,360 acres ( 13.6 km ) of Mediterranean woodlands and granite boulders on the Sierra de Guadarrama hills , more than 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) above sea level and includes a basilica , a Benedictine abbey , a guest house , the Valley , and the Juanelos -- four cylindrical monoliths dating from the 16th century . The most prominent feature of the monument is the towering 150 - metre - high ( 500 ft ) cross erected over a granite outcrop 150 meters over the basilica esplanade and visible from over 20 miles ( 32 km ) away . </P> <P> Works started in 1940 and took over eighteen years to complete , with the monument being officially inaugurated on April 1 , 1959 . According to the official ledger , the cost of the construction totalled 1,159 million pesetas , funded through national lottery draws and donations . </P> <P> The complex is owned and operated by the Patrimonio Nacional , the Spanish governmental heritage agency , and ranked as the third most visited monument of the Patrimonio Nacional in 2009 . The Spanish social democrat government closed the complex to visitors at the end of 2009 , citing safety reasons connected to restoration on the facade . The decision was controversial , as the closure was attributed by some people to the Historical Memory Law enacted during José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 's premiership , and there were claims that the Benedictine community was being persecuted . The works include the Pietà sculpture prominently featured at the entrance of the crypt , using hammers and heavy machinery . In November 2010 , citing safety reasons , the Zapatero government closed down the Basilica for Mass . Mass was celebrated in the open for several weeks . Checkpoints were set up , according to socialist government sources , to prevent right - wing political manifestations such as Falange flags , in accordance with the Historical Memory Law . However , Catholic sources claimed that the government was simply trying to interfere with the celebration of the Mass . After Zapatero 's electoral defeat and his leaving office on December 21 , 2011 , normal service at the Basilica resumed . </P> <P> In 1999 , the Valle de los Caídos was bombed by the Maoist terrorist organization GRAPO . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Basilica , cross and abbey </Li> <Li> 2 Valley of the Fallen </Li> <Li> 3 Franco 's tomb </Li> <Li> 4 Controversy </Li> <Li> 5 Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen </Li> <Li> 6 Closure and reopening of the monument </Li> <Li> 7 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Basilica , cross and abbey ( edit ) </H2> Central Nave of the Crypt Benedictine Abbey <P> One of the world 's largest basilicas rises above the valley along with the tallest memorial cross in the world . The Basílica de la Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos ( Basilica of the Holy Cross of the Valley of the Fallen ) is hewn out of a granite ridge . The 152.4 - metre - high cross is constructed of stone and strongly resembles the ancient stone or granite open air outdoor crosses of Kerala known as Nazraney Sthambas . </P> <P> In 1960 , Pope John XXIII declared the underground crypt a basilica . The dimensions of this underground basilica , as excavated , are larger than those of St. Peter 's Basilica in Rome . To avoid competition with the apostle 's grave church on the Vatican Hill , a partitioning wall was built near the inside of the entrance and a sizable entryway was left unconsecrated . </P> <P> The monumental hieratic sculptures over the main gate and the base of the cross culminated the career of Juan de Ávalos . The monument consists of a wide explanada ( esplanade ) with a spectacular view of the valley and the outskirts of Madrid in the distance . A long vaulted crypt was tunnelled out of solid granite , piercing the mountain to the massive transept , which lies exactly below the cross . </P> <P> On the wrought - iron gates , Franco 's neo-Habsburg double - headed eagle is prominently displayed . On entering the basilica , visitors are flanked by two large metal statues of art deco angels holding swords . </P> <P> There is a funicular that connects the basilica with the base of the cross . There is a spiral staircase and a lift inside the cross , connecting the top of the basilica dome to a trapdoor on top of the cross , but their use is restricted to maintenance staff . </P> <P> The Benedictine Abbey of the Holy Cross of the Valley of the Fallen ( Spanish : Abadía Benedictina de la Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos ) , on the other side of the mountain , houses priests who say perpetual Masses for the repose of the fallen of the Spanish Civil War and later wars and peacekeeping missions fought by the Royal Spanish Army . The abbey ranks as a Royal Monastery . </P> <H2> Valley of the Fallen ( edit ) </H2> <P> The valley that contains the monument , preserved as a national park , is located 10 km northeast of the royal site of El Escorial , northwest of Madrid . Beneath the valley floor lie the remains of 40,000 people , whose names are accounted for in the monument 's register . The valley contains both Nationalist and Republican graves . </P> <H2> Franco 's tomb ( edit ) </H2> Virgen de Loreto Franco 's tomb <P> In 1975 , after Francisco Franco 's death , the site was designated by the interim Government , assured by Prince Juan Carlos and Prime Minister Carlos Arias Navarro , as the burial place for Franco . According to his family , Franco did not want to be buried in the Valley , but in the city of Madrid . Nonetheless , the family agreed to the interim Government 's request to bury him in the Valley , and has stood by the decision . </P> <P> Before his death , nobody had expected that Franco would be buried in the Valley . Moreover , the grave had to be excavated and prepared within two days , forcing last minute changes in the plumbing system of the Basilica . Unlike the fallen of the Civil War who were laid to rest in the valley exterior to the basilica , Franco was buried inside the church . His grave is marked by a simple tombstone engraved with just his Christian name and first surname , on the choir side of the main high altar ( between the altar and the apse of the Church ; behind the altar , from the perspective of a person standing at the main door ) . </P> <P> Franco is the only person interred in the Valley who did not die in the Civil War . The argument given by the defenders of his tomb is that in the Catholic Church the developer of a church can be buried in the church that he has promoted . Therefore , Franco would be in the Valley as the promoter of the basilica 's construction . </P> <P> Franco was the second person interred in the Santa Cruz basilica . Franco had earlier interred José Antonio Primo de Rivera , the founder of the Falange movement , who was executed by the Republican government in 1936 and was laid to rest by the Francoist government under a modest gravestone on the nave side of the altar . Primo de Rivera died November 20 , 1936 , exactly 39 years before Franco . His grave is in the corresponding position on the other side of the altar . Accordingly , 20 November is annually commemorated by large crowds of Franco supporters and various Falange successor movements and individuals , flocking to the Requiem Masses held for the repose of the souls of their political leaders . </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Presenting the monument in a politically neutral way poses a number of problems , not least the strength of opposing opinions on the issue . The Times quoted Jaume Bosch , a Catalan politician and former MP seeking to change the monument , as saying : `` I want what was in reality something like a Nazi concentration camp to stop being a nostalgic place of pilgrimage for Francoists . Inevitably , whether we like it or not , it 's part of our history . We do n't want to pull it down , but the Government has agreed to study our plan . '' </P> <P> The charge that the monument site was `` like a Nazi concentration camp '' refers to the use of convicts , including Spanish Republican Army war prisoners , trading their labor for a reduction in time served . Although Spanish law at the time prohibited forced labor , it did provide for convicts to choose voluntary work on the basis of redeeming two days of conviction for each day worked . This law was in force until 1995 . This benefit was increased to six days when labor was carried out at the basilica with a salary of 7 pesetas per day , a regular worker 's salary for that time , with the possibility of the family of the convict benefiting from the housing and Catholic children 's schools built in the valley for the other workers . Only convicts with a record of good behaviour would qualify for this redemption scheme , as the works site was considered to be a low security environment . The motto used by the Spanish Nationalist government was `` el trabajo enoblece '' ( `` Work ennobles '' ) . It is claimed that by 1943 , the number of prisoners who were working at the site reached close to six hundred . It is also claimed that up to 20,000 prisoners were used for the overall construction of the monument and that forced labor took place . </P> <P> According to the official program records , 2,643 workers participated directly in the construction , some of them highly skilled , as required by the complexity of the work . Only 243 of these were convicts . During the eighteen - year construction period , the official tally of workers who died as result of accidents during the building of the monument totalled fourteen . </P> <P> The socialist Spanish government of 2004 - 2011 instituted a statewide policy of removal of Francoist symbols from public buildings and spaces , leading to an uneasy relationship with a monument that is the most conspicuous legacy from Franco 's rule . </P> <P> Political rallies in celebration of the former leader are now banned by the Historical Memory Law , voted on by the Congress of Deputies on 16 October 2007 . This law dictated that `` the management organisation of the Valley of the Fallen should aim to honor the memory of all of those who died during the civil war and who suffered repression '' . It has been suggested that The Valley of the Fallen be re-designated as a `` monument to Democracy '' or as a memorial to all Spaniards killed in conflict `` for Democracy '' . Some organisations , among them centrist Catholic groups , question the purpose of these plans , on the basis that the monument is already dedicated to all of the dead , civilian and military of both Nationalist and Republican sides . </P> <H2> Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen ( edit ) </H2> <P> On November 29 , 2011 the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen , formed by the Socialist Party government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero on May 27 , 2011 under the Historical Memory Law and charged to give advice for converting the Valley of the Fallen to a `` memory center that dignifies and rehabilitates the victims of the Civil War and the subsequent Franco regime , '' rendered a report recommending as its principal proposal for the Commission 's stated end the removal of the remains of Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen for reburial at a location to be chosen by his family , but only after first obtaining a broad parliamentary consensus for such action . The Commission based its decision upon Franco having not died in the Civil War and the aim of the Commission that the Valley of the Fallen be exclusively for those on both sides who had died in the Civil War . In regard to José Antonio Primo de Rivera , founder of Falange Española , the Commission recommended his remains should stay at the Valley of the Fallen , since a victim of the Civil War , but relocated within the Basilica mausoleum on equal footing with those remains of others who died in the conflict . The Commission further conditioned its recommendation for the removal of the remains of Franco from the Valley of the Fallen and the relocation of the remains of Primo de Rivera within the Basilica mausoleum upon the consent of the Catholic Church since `` any action inside of the Basilica requires the permission of the Church . '' Three members of the twelve person commission gave a joint dissenting opinion opposing the recommendation for the removal of the remains of Franco from the Valley of the Fallen claiming such action would only further `` divide and stress Spanish society . '' The Commission additionally proposed for its report creating a `` meditation center '' in the Valley of the Fallen for those not of the Catholic faith , the names shown of all Civil War victims buried at the Valley of the Fallen who can be identified on the esplanade that leads into the Basilica mausoleum and an `` interpretive center '' be built to explain how and why the Valley of the Fallen exists . The total cost of the proposed changes to the Valley of the Fallen was estimated by the Commission at 13 million euros . On November 20 , nine days before the issuance of the report of the Commission and ironically on the 36th anniversary of the death of Francisco Franco , the conservative Popular Party won for the 2011 General Election absolute majorities in both Spain 's lower house , the Congress of Deputies , and Senate . </P> <P> On July 17 , 2012 , Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría , Vice President and Spokesperson of the government stated during parliamentary questioning the Popular Party government of President Mariano Rajoy had no intention of following the recommendations of the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen with respect to the removal of the remains of Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen , the relocation of the remains of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera within the Basilica or otherwise since the government considers the report to lack validity in that the Commission was `` monocolor '' for which the Popular Party was not invited or involved and that in light of Spain 's present economic crisis , discussion and opinion as to the Valley of the Fallen would not be considered at this time . </P> <P> On October 10 , 2012 a motion of Basque Nationalist Party ( PNV ) Senator Iñaki Anasagasti placed before the full Senate calling for the removal of the remains of Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen as recommended by the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen was rejected by the Popular Party majority . Together with the motion to remove the remains of Franco , the Popular Party majority also voted down an amendment by the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party for the creation of a parliamentary committee to seek a consensus for the implementation of the recommendations of the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen . In a speech at the time before the Senate in defense of his party 's no votes Popular Party Senator Alejandro Muñoz - Alonso argued there is no consensus at present in Spain for implementing the recommendations of the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen and even the Expert Commission unilaterally formed by the Zapatero government was not unanimous , and the matter is now totally exhausted for having been raised eight times before the Parliament ; and , then closed for his remarks by quoting from the Bible saying , `` let the dead bury the dead '' for urging the Senate in light of Spain 's economic crisis to return to addressing the `` problems of the living . '' </P> <P> On July 8 , 2013 a motion before the Senate of Catalan Agreement of Progress ( ECP ) to implement all recommendations made unanimously by the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen ; that is , all recommendations with the exception only for the removal of the remains of Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen , was voted down by the Popular Party majority . </P> <P> On August 5 , 2013 the Popular Party government by letter to Socialist Party deputy and former minister Ramón Jáuregui reaffirmed its position that the recommendations of the Expert Commission for the Future of the Valley of the Fallen would not be carried out since doing so absent in the view of the Popular Party government a consensus in Spain for such action would `` needlessly reopen old wounds . '' In regard to the expenditure of nearly 300,000 euros to restore the facade of the Basilica also questioned by former minister Jáuregui , the Rajoy government further stated for its correspondence such expenditures are justified since aimed at ensuring the monument is well preserved and to prevent deterioration and possible risks to visitors . </P> <P> On November 4 , 2013 , Vice-President Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría again stated the Rajoy government will reject due to the lack of a consensus among Spaniards concerning the future of the Valley of the Fallen any legislation or request which would seek to remove the remains of Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen for reburial at a location to be chosen by his family and further questioned the urgency for that legislation then presently introduced before the Parliament calling for the removal of the remains of Franco since during the entire seven - year term of the Zapatero government no attempt was made to so change the Valley of the Fallen . </P> <P> On November 23 , 2014 , the government of Mariano Rajoy again re-affirmed its position that since a social and political consensus is absent for doing so there can be no changes or modifications to the Valley of the Fallen . </P> <P> On December 17 , 2014 , Popular Party and Asturias Forum ( FAC ) members of the Committee for Culture of the Congress of Deputies together voted down a proposed law put forward by the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party to `` redefine '' the Valley of the Fallen to reflect a `` culture of co-existence , '' and amendment of the United Left to exhume the remains of Francisco Franco and José Antonio Primo de Rivera , identify the remains of all Civil War victims buried in the basilica mausoleum , and address the claims of descendants whose ancestors were buried there without family consent . During parliamentary debate for the proposal of the PSOE , Popular Party deputy Rocío López argued `` let the dead rest in peace '' and the Valley of the Fallen is a church and cemetery conceived as a peaceful place `` without political significance '' for the meeting and reconciliation of both sides of the Civil War that should not be changed or modified , while in support of the proposal PSOE deputy Odón Elorza contended the monument is instead a `` symbol of contempt and exclusion '' to Spaniards . </P> <P> On February 9 , 2017 the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) introduced in the Constitutional Commission Committee of the Congress of Deputies a non-binding motion calling for the removal of the remains of Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen and the creation of a `` truth commission '' to investigate the Franco years ( 1939 - 1975 ) . On March 8 . 2017 the Socialist Party motion was debated and voted on in committee with only the Popular Party voting no and Navarrese People 's Union ( UPN ) abstaining , and all other parties voting yes . On April 3 , 2017 the Constitutional Commission of the Senate rejected a motion presented by the PNV to re-designate the Valley of the Fallen to a center for interpretation of the Civil War . </P> <P> On May 11 , 2017 a non-binding motion put forth by the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) calling for the removal of the remains of Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen and relocation of the remains of José Antonio Primo de Rivera to a less prominent place within the Basilica mausoleum was approved in plenary session by the Congress of Deputies with 198 votes in favor , 1 against and 140 abstentions . Deputies of both the Popular Party and Republican Left of Catalonia ( ERC ) abstained with the one no vote having been made in error by a Popular Party deputy . The motion further called for the creation of a truth commission , the declaration of November 11 as a day of remembrance for victims of Fascism , the government undertake necessary actions for the location and exhumation of graves and identification of the remains of victims of the Civil War and dictatorship , and the Valley of the Fallen be converted from a `` Francoist and National - Catholic landmark '' to instead a `` space for reconciliation and collective and democratic memory , aimed at dignifying and recognizing the victims of the Spanish Civil War and of the dictatorship . '' The conservative Popular Party government of Mariano Rajoy has responded it will not act on the PSOE motion as to the Valley of the Fallen because it considers the Valley of the Fallen to no longer be a Francoist monument since now governed by rules generally applicable to places of worship and public cemeteries and by law acts are prohibited at the Valley of the Fallen of a political nature or exalt of the Civil War , its protagonists , or Franco and the Historical Memory Law does not contemplate or call for the disinterment of anyone . </P> <H2> Closure and reopening of the monument ( edit ) </H2> <P> In November 2009 , Patrimonio Nacional controversially ordered the closure of the basilica for an indefinite period of time , alleging preservation issues also affecting the Cross and some sculptures . These allegations were contested by experts and the Benedictine Order religious community that lives at the complex , and were seen by some conservative opinion groups as a policy of harassment against the monument . In 2010 , the Pietà sculpture group started to be `` dismantled '' with hammers and heavy machinery , which the Juan de Ávalos trust feared could cause irreparable damage to the masterpiece . As a result , thereof , the trust filed several lawsuits against the Spanish government . At the time , several parallels were made by conservative and liberal groups between the dismantling of the Pietà under the Socialist Party government of Zapatero and the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamyan by the Taliban . </P> <P> Following the November 2011 Spanish General Election , on June 1 , 2012 the conservative Popular Party government of Mariano Rajoy reopened the monument to the public with the exception only of the base of the cross , in the past accessible by cable car or on foot , which will remain closed to ascent while the sculptures of the four apostles and the cardinal virtues forming part of the base of the cross are presently under engineering review and restoration for cracks and other deterioration . Beginning on June 1 , 2012 the charge for entry to the monument had been 5 euros . The 5 euro entry fee was anticipated to generate around 2 million euros a year if the Valley of the Fallen once again attracted 500,000 visitors annually , the approximate number of annual visitors before closure of the monument in 2009 by the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero . Starting on May 2 , 2013 , and over the strong objection of the Association for the Defense of the Valley of the Fallen , the entry fee for the monument was increased from 5 to 9 euros . Prior to its closure in 2009 , the Valley of the Fallen was the third most visited site of the Patrimonio Nacional after only the Royal Palace of Madrid and El Escorial . For the accommodation of visitors a cafeteria restaurant located in the cable car building of the monument has been re-opened . The Valley of the Fallen attracted 254,059 visitors in 2015 and 262,860 visitors in 2016 . </P> <H2> In Popular culture ( edit ) </H2> General view of the monument . <P> The Valle de los Caídos appears in Richard Morgan 's 2002 novel Altered Carbon , where it is being used as a base of operations for one of the major antagonists , Reileen Kawahara . It also appears in the 2010 Spanish comedy terror film The Last Circus ( Spanish : Balada triste de trompeta ) . Graham Greene 's 1982 novel Monsignor Quixote uses a visit to the Valle to illustrate the competing political and social attitudes to Franco 's reign and the status of his tomb in modern Spain . In Carlos Saura 's Deprisa , Deprisa , a youth gang visits the Valle and makes fun of its alleged pretentiousness , to the shock of pious visitors . </P> <P> There is also a large reference to this monument and the laborers who built it in Victoria Hislop 's book The Return . A number of rock crosses , free - standing outdoor stone crosses are to be found in Kerala churches of southern India , many of them from pre-Portuguese times that look exactly like the Valle de los Caídos rock cross but much smaller , of a height of 15 -- 35 ft . But it is possible that these free standing pillars or Nazraney Sthambas employing the socket and cylinder technique to fit the shaft to the base piece and the arms to the shaft and finally the capital to the arms , altogether a four - piece work of precise architecture may have influenced the Spanish missionaries and scholars . </P> <P> In 2013 , Spain saw the release of the film All'Ombra Della Croce ( A la Sombra de la Cruz ) directed by the Italian filmmaker Alessandro Pugno . The film tells the secret story of the children of the chorus who sing every day in the mass . They live in a boarding school inside the monument and receive an education that tries to resist the drift towards secularism and scientism of contemporary Spain and of global society . The film has been awarded with the first prize for the best documentary at Festival de Málaga de Cine Español . </P> <P> In 2016 , Mayor of Madrid Manuela Carmena , proposed to change site 's name from `` El Valle de los Caídos '' to `` El Valle de la Paz '' ( The Valley of Peace ) . </P> <P> The site is also featured in Dan Brown 's 2017 book , `` Origin : A Novel '' , about Harvard professor and symbologist Robert Langdon . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anıtkabir , Mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( Turkey ) </Li> <Li> Mazar - e-Quaid ( Pakistan ) </Li> <Li> Che Guevara Mausoleum ( Cuba ) </Li> <Li> Santa Ifigenia Cemetery ( Cuba ) </Li> <Li> Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum ( Ghana ) </Li> <Li> Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum ( China ) </Li> <Li> Cihu Mausoleum , Chiang Kai - shek ( Republic of China , Taiwan ) </Li> <Li> Touliao Mausoleum , Chiang Ching - kuo ( Republic of China , Taiwan ) </Li> <Li> Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum ( Vietnam ) </Li> <Li> House of Flowers ( mausoleum ) , Josip Broz Tito ( Serbia ) </Li> <Li> Lenin 's Mausoleum ( Russia ) </Li> <Li> Les Invalides , Sarcophagus of Napoleon Bonaparte ( France ) </Li> <Li> Mausoleum of Mao Zedong ( China ) </Li> <Li> Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum ( Bulgaria ) </Li> <Li> Kumsusan Palace of the Sun ( North Korea ) </Li> <Li> National Chiang Kai - shek Memorial Hall ( Republic of China , Taiwan ) </Li> <Li> Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque ( Turkmenistan ) </Li> <Li> Bourguiba mausoleum in Monastir ( Tunisia ) </Li> <Li> Unknown Soldier Memorial ( Egypt ) ( Egypt ) </Li> <Li> Mausoleum of Khomeini ( Iran ) </Li> <Li> Marcos Museum and Mausoleum ( Philippines ) </Li> <Li> Astana Giribangun ( Indonesia ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fate of Franco 's Valley of Fallen reopens Spain wounds '' . BBC . 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Decreto de 1 de abril de 1940 disponiendo se alcen Basílica , Monasterio y Cuartel de Juventudes , en la finca situada en las vertientes de la Sierra del Guadarrama ( El Escorial ) , conocida por Cuelga - muros , para perpetuar la memoria de los caídos en nuestra Gloriosa Cruzada '' ( PDF ) . Boletín Oficial del Estado ( in Spanish ) ( 93 ) : 2240 . 2 April 1940 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Una decisión que traerá polémica : Ordenan el cierre del Valle de los Caídos por tiempo indefinido '' ( A controversial decision : The indefinite closure of the Valley of the Fallen is ordered ) ( in Spanish ) . Diario de la Sierra . 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Juan Diego Quesada ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` El prior del Valle de los Caídos : `` Nos persiguen como en 1934 '' '' ( The Prior of the Valley of the Fallen : `` We are being persecuted like in 1934 '' ) ( in Spanish ) . El País . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El desmontaje de ' La Piedad ' del Valle de los Caídos , a ' mazazo limpio ' '' . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Images that show how the sculpture is being destroyed '' . Association for the Protection of the Valley of the Fallen . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Valley of the Fallen : closed by government order '' ( in Spanish ) . Libertad Digital . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Monumental Cross '' ( in Spanish ) . Team VKi2 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spain reclaims Franco 's shrine '' . Times Online ( subscription only ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ César Vidal ( 22 October 2000 ) . `` How the Cross of the Fallen was constructed '' ( in Spanish ) . Libertad Digital . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unknown Title '' . European Jewish Press . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virginia Ródenas ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` La Fundación Francisco Franco no convocará más funerales el 20 - N en el Valle de los Caídos '' ( in Spanish ) . ABC . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Bulletin of the Cortes Generales ( report about the resolution voted at the Congress of Deputies '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Congreso de los Diputados ) . 16 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unknown Title '' . Times Online ( subscription only ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Expert Commission on the Future of the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . Memoria Histórica . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Expert Commission on the Future of the Valley of the Fallen '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Ministro de la Presidencia. 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Valley of the Fallen Commission proposes that Franco 's remains are moved '' ( in Spanish ) . El Mundo. 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Valley of the Fallen Commission recommends that Franco 's remains are moved '' ( in Spanish ) . ABC . 30 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanish General Election Results '' . News from Spain . 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Franco Seguirá En El Valle De Los Caídos '' ( in Spanish ) . Iñaki Anasagasti. 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los restos de Franco y de José Antonio no se mueven del Valle de los Caídos '' ( in Spanish ) . El Confidencial Digital . 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` El Gobierno acelera el pleno funcionamiento del Valle de los Caídos desde el día 1 '' ( in Spanish ) . elConfidencial.com. 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El PP rechaza convertir el Valle de los Caídos en un `` centro para la Memoria '' '' ( in Spanish ) . ABC . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El PP rechaza poner en marcha la reforma del Valle de los Caídos y considera el asunto `` totalmente agotado '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Telecinco.es . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mayoría del PP rechaza una moción para trasladar los restos de Franco '' . Intereconomía. 10 October 2012 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The PP wants the Valley of the Fallen is left as is '' ( in Spanish ) . El Diario. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Government announces that Franco 's remains will remain in the Valley of the Fallen so as not to ' needlessly reopen old wounds ' '' ( in Spanish ) . Kaos en la Red . 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Government believes that changing the Valley of the Fallen would ' needlessly reopen old wounds ' '' ( in Spanish ) . Cadena Ser. 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vice President refuses to remove Franco from the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . El Periódico. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sáenz de Santamaría cites the lack of consensus on the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . Europasur. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vice President refuses to remove Franco from the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . El Periódico Extremadura. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El Valle de los Caídos sólo se modificará si hay `` consenso político y social '' '' ( The Valley of the Fallen can only be modified if there is `` political and social consensus '' ) ( in Spanish ) . ABC . 24 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ l.l.c. / madrid ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) . `` El intento del PSOE por `` resignificar '' el Valle de los Caídos `` rezuma odio '' , según el PP `` . ABC.es . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El PP proclama que el Valle de los Caídos no tiene `` significación política '' y pide dejar descansar a los muertos '' ( in Spanish ) . Europapress.es. 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://elpais.com/elpais/2017/02/10/inenglish/1486721846_145731.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/02/09/actualidad/1486640486_741978.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://confilegal.com/20170309-conteso-insta-gobierno/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.eldiario.es/politica/Congreso-PP-Franco-Caidos-Memoria_0_620139029.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.publico.es/politica/senado-rechaza-convertir-valle-caidos.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.larazon.es/espana/el-congreso-insta-al-gobierno-a-desenterrar-los-restos-de-franco-DH15123536 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.abc.es/espana/abci-gobierno-guardara-cajon-exhumacion-franco-apoyada-congreso-201705111309_noticia.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pío Moa ( 14 February 2010 ) . `` The Valley of the Fallen and the Taliban '' ( in Spanish ) . Libertad Digital . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Juan de Ávalos 's son complains to National Heritage about the dismantling of the Pietà '' ( in Spanish ) . Libertad Digital . 14 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The controversial removal of ' La Pietà ' Valley of the Fallen begins '' ( in Spanish ) . Público. 26 April 2010 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taliban Socialists decapitate Ávalos ' Pietà in the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . Aragón Liberal . 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Heritage calls for a report about the restoration of the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . El Mundo. 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State will earn two million Euros by charging for entry to the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . El Mundo. 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patrimonio Nacional sube un 80 % las entradas al Valle de Los Caídos '' ( in Spanish ) . Intereconomía. 5 April 2013 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The PP government wants to close the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . El Confidencial Digital . 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Association for the Protection of the Valley of the Fallen is collecting signatures against rising prices at the Monument '' ( in Spanish ) . Europa Press . 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Heritage calls for a report on the restoration of the Valley of the Fallen '' ( in Spanish ) . La Información. 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cafetería del Funicular del Valle de los Caídos '' ( Cableway Café at the Valley of the Fallen ) ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Para La Defensa Del Valle De Los Caídos . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2017/05/15/5916f61222601da77d8b457c.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Ricahard K. ( 2002 ) . Altered Carbon . Del Rey Book . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 45768 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Menachery , George ( 1973 ) . St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All'Ombra Della Croce ( In the Shadow of the Cross ) ( 2012 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Franco 's choirboys '' ( in Spanish ) . El País. 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The school that Franco built '' . Deutsche Welle. 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Synopsis All'ombra della croce '' ( in Spanish ) . Punto de Vista . 17 June 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manuela Carmena propone cambiar el nombre del `` Valle de los Caídos '' por el `` Valle de la Paz '' '' ( in Spanish ) . El Mundo. 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valle de los Caídos . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> WAIS Forum on Spain , 2003 : `` Spain : the Valley of the Fallen '' : includes quote from Franco 's decree , April 1 , 1940 </Li> <Li> Abadía de la Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos : Official Website ( in Spanish ) . </Li> <Li> El Valle de los Caídos : ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Fundación Francisco Franco , Valle de los Caídos : from Franco 's Memorial Trust ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Valley of the Fallen : visitor information and photos </Li> <Li> Cruz de los Caídos drawings and plans from the architectural website skyscraperpage.com </Li> <Li> The Valley of the Fallen : History and Photos . </Li> <Li> `` Manifesto for historians regarding the Valley of the Fallen '' by Pío Moa , leading Spanish historian about the construction of the monument and the alleged government policy of harassment ( in Spanish ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Royal sites in Spain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Royal sites of the Patrimonio Nacional </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Royal Palaces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madrid </Li> <Li> El Escorial </Li> <Li> El Pardo ( Zarzuela ) </Li> <Li> Aranjuez </Li> <Li> La Granja de San Ildefonso </Li> <Li> Riofrío </Li> <Li> Alcázar of Seville : Upper Apartments </Li> <Li> La Almudaina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monasteries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Convent of Las Descalzas Reales </Li> <Li> Convent of La Encarnación </Li> <Li> Convent of Santa Clara </Li> <Li> Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas </Li> <Li> Valle de los Caídos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Casita del Príncipe ( El Escorial ) </Li> <Li> Casita del Príncipe ( El Pardo ) </Li> <Li> Casita del Infante </Li> <Li> Pantheon of Illustrious Men </Li> <Li> Convent of San Pascual </Li> <Li> Convent of Santa Isabel </Li> <Li> Colegio de Doncellas Nobles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former Royal Palaces / residences </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alcázar of Segovia </Li> <Li> Alcázar of the Caliphs of Córdoba </Li> <Li> Alcázar of the Catholic Monarchs </Li> <Li> Alhambra </Li> <Li> Aljafería </Li> <Li> Buen Retiro Palace </Li> <Li> Castle Alcázar of Segorbe </Li> <Li> Castle of Bellver </Li> <Li> Castle of Burgos </Li> <Li> Del Real Palace </Li> <Li> Generalife </Li> <Li> Palace of Charles V </Li> <Li> Palacio de la Ribera </Li> <Li> Royal Palace of Olite </Li> <Li> Palau Reial de Pedralbes </Li> <Li> Palau Reial Major </Li> <Li> Palacio Real de Valladolid </Li> <Li> Royal Alcazar of Madrid </Li> <Li> Torre de la Parada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Particularly this section includes Medieval kingdoms 's royal palaces , excludes religious buildings , and excludes royal palaces in former territories or colonies Category </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 40 ° 38 ′ 31 '' N 4 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 40.64194 ° N 4.15528 ° W / 40.64194 ; - 4.15528 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Valle_de_los_Caídos&oldid = 810021236 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Basilica churches in Spain </Li> <Li> Monuments and memorials in Spain </Li> <Li> Spanish Civil War </Li> <Li> Benedictine monasteries in Spain </Li> <Li> Monasteries in the community of Madrid </Li> <Li> Buildings and structures in the Community of Madrid </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in the Community of Madrid </Li> <Li> Monumental crosses </Li> <Li> Francisco Franco </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> All articles with vague or ambiguous time </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous time from April 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles containing Spanish - language text </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with Spanish - language external links </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 23 : 10 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 34,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 172
},
{
"start_token": 172,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 296
},
{
"start_token": 296,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 405
},
{
"start_token": 405,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 455
},
{
"start_token": 455,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 676
},
{
"start_token": 676,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 695
},
{
"start_token": 792,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 877
},
{
"start_token": 877,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 947
},
{
"start_token": 947,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1023
},
{
"start_token": 1023,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1063
},
{
"start_token": 1063,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1117
},
{
"start_token": 1117,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1194
},
{
"start_token": 1203,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1266
},
{
"start_token": 1280,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1367
},
{
"start_token": 1367,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1493
},
{
"start_token": 1493,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1561
},
{
"start_token": 1561,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1690
},
{
"start_token": 1696,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1804
},
{
"start_token": 1804,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2042
},
{
"start_token": 2042,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2109
},
{
"start_token": 2109,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2153
},
{
"start_token": 2153,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2295
},
{
"start_token": 2311,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2789
},
{
"start_token": 2789,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2931
},
{
"start_token": 2931,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3179
},
{
"start_token": 3179,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3253
},
{
"start_token": 3253,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3380
},
{
"start_token": 3380,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3497
},
{
"start_token": 3497,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3540
},
{
"start_token": 3540,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3740
},
{
"start_token": 3740,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3881
},
{
"start_token": 3881,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4192
},
{
"start_token": 4203,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4359
},
{
"start_token": 4359,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4630
},
{
"start_token": 4644,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4767
},
{
"start_token": 4767,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4903
},
{
"start_token": 4903,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5006
},
{
"start_token": 5006,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5046
},
{
"start_token": 5046,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5075
}
] | who is buried at valle de los caidos | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 1280,
"candidate_index": 13,
"end_token": 1367
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 1285,
"end_token": 1287
}
],
"annotation_id": 17413896397729171000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos&oldid=810021236 | 7,768,723,063,188,388,000 |
Soul Surfer ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Soul Surfer ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soul Surfer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Sean McNamara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Zelon </Li> <Li> Douglas Schwartz </Li> <Li> Dutch Hofstetter </Li> <Li> David Brookwell </Li> <Li> Sean McNamara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sean McNamara </Li> <Li> Deborah Schwartz </Li> <Li> Douglas Schwartz </Li> <Li> Michael Berk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sean McNamara </Li> <Li> Deborah Schwartz </Li> <Li> Douglas Schwartz </Li> <Li> Michael Berk </Li> <Li> Matt Allen </Li> <Li> Caleb Wilson </Li> <Li> Brad Gann </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soul Surfer : A True Story of Faith , Family , and Fighting to Get Back on the Board by <Ul> <Li> Bethany Hamilton </Li> <Li> Sheryl Berk </Li> <Li> Rick Bundschuh </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AnnaSophia Robb </Li> <Li> Helen Hunt </Li> <Li> Lorraine Nicholson </Li> <Li> Carrie Underwood </Li> <Li> Dennis Quaid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Marco Beltrami </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> John R. Leonetti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Jeff Canavan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mandalay Vision </Li> <Li> Brookwell McNamara Entertainment </Li> <Li> Island Film Group </Li> <Li> Enticing Entertainment </Li> <Li> Affirm Films </Li> <Li> Life 's a Beach Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> TriStar Pictures FilmDistrict </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 106 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $18 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $47.1 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Soul Surfer is a 2011 American biographical drama directed by Sean McNamara , based on the 2004 autobiography Soul Surfer : A True Story of Faith , Family , and Fighting to Get Back on the Board by Bethany Hamilton about her life as a surfer after a horrific shark attack and her recovery . The film stars AnnaSophia Robb , Helen Hunt , Dennis Quaid , and Lorraine Nicholson with Carrie Underwood , Kevin Sorbo , Sonya Balmores , Branscombe Richmond , and Craig T. Nelson . </P> <P> Filming took place in Hawaii in early 2010 , with additional filming taking place in Tahiti in August 2010 . Soul Surfer was released in theaters on April 8 , 2011 in the United States and Canada by a partnership between FilmDistrict and TriStar Pictures , and was a commercial success , earning $47,088,990 on a $18 million budget , but received mixed reviews from critical audiences . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4.3 Home media </Li> <Li> 4.4 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( Edit ) </H2> <P> In 2003 , teenager Bethany Hamilton lives in Kauai , Hawaii with her parents Tom and Cheri , and two brothers , Noah and Timmy . All are surfers , but she and her best friend Alana Blanchard have grown up with a passion for the sport and enter a competition . Her church youth ministry leader , Sarah Hill , is disappointed when she has to withdraw from a planned mission trip to Mexico because of the contest . </P> <P> In the competition , Bethany and Alana place first and third , respectively . The following day , Tom goes to the hospital for knee surgery , and the girls go surfing with Alana 's father Holt and brother Byron . As Bethany dangles her left arm in the water , a tiger shark is swimming just under her surfboard and notices her arm floating in the water . It unexpectedly attacks , ripping off her arm below the shoulder . Holt , Alana , and Byron get her out of the water where Holt makes a tourniquet out of his swimshirt to put on her while Byron calls 911 as Cheri is also informed . An ambulance meets them on the way to the hospital . Just before starting Tom 's knee surgery , Dr. David Rovinsky is called to the emergency room to treat Bethany . Besides losing her left arm , she also lost 60 % of her blood and Dr. Rovinsky calls her survival a miracle . </P> <P> The onslaught of paparazzi also proves to be a great strain on her family and their privacy . The Hamiltons are grateful to Holt for his quick and active thinking and decisive action that saved her life . Her injury prevents her from participating in the Rip Curl photo shoots , but she wishes Alana well . </P> <P> Bethany perseveres and after a recuperation period , gets back in the water , and learns to surf with one arm . Inside Edition offers to provide a prosthetic one that is cosmetically perfect and has bendable joints , in exchange for an interview . She angrily rejects it when she learns it will not help her surf as it is not weight bearing , as a result of the size of her arm stump . </P> <P> Bethany eventually re-enters the competition , telling rival Malina not to go easy on her , and rejects a five - minute head start offered by the judges . She does not perform well because she can not stay on the board long enough to go out and catch a competitive wave so Malina wins . Disappointed at this loss , she decides to give up competitive surfing and her friendship with Alana is strained following an argument . </P> <P> Bethany decides to surprise Sarah by joining the youth group on another mission trip to help the people of Phuket , Thailand who were devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . Despite her recent tragedy , she joins her youth group to help the Thai children get over their fear of the ocean . They are understandably afraid of the water , including a little boy . She decides to go into it with a surfboard , hoping this will coax him into it . It works , and the realization that she can use her gift to inspire people motivates her to take up surfing again . </P> <P> Tom , who believes that Bethany possesses a great surfer 's instinct for sensing when the best waves will form , rigs a handle on her surfboard which she can use to prevent falling off while paddling out to the waves , which is not prohibited by the competition 's rules . Bethany trains for the competition while rekindling her friendship with Alana . She enters the national championship . During the competition , she performs respectably , though she is still chasing third place . Suddenly , with only minutes left on the clock , the waves die down and all the surfers can only loiter , waiting for the waves to start back up . Tom 's belief in his daughter 's instinct is proven when she is the only one to sense a big wave forming , and she alone paddles out . When it forms , the others can not get out in time and she catches it just as the horn sounds . If it is in time , she will win , but the judges rule that the time has expired . Malina is the winner , but she has finally gotten over her differences with Bethany , inviting her up on the platform to share first place . </P> <P> Subsequently , Bethany lets the reporters interview her . One asks her what she would do if given the chance to undo the loss of her arm . She says that she would still lose it because she can embrace more people now than she ever could with both . </P> <H2> Cast ( Edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> AnnaSophia Robb as Bethany Hamilton </Li> <Li> Helen Hunt as Cheri Hamilton </Li> <Li> Dennis Quaid as Tom Hamilton </Li> <Li> Carrie Underwood as Sarah Hill </Li> <Li> Kevin Sorbo as Holt Blanchard </Li> <Li> Ross Thomas as Noah Hamilton </Li> <Li> Chris Brochu as Timmy Hamilton </Li> <Li> Lorraine Nicholson as Alana Blanchard </Li> <Li> Jeremy Sumpter as Byron Blanchard </Li> <Li> Sonia Balmores Chung as Malina Birch , Bethany 's rival </Li> <Li> Craig T. Nelson as Dr. David Rovinsky </Li> <Li> Cody Gomes as Keoki </Li> <Li> Branscombe Richmond as Ben </Li> <Li> Bethany Hamilton as Herself ( archive footage ) </Li> <Li> Alana Blanchard as Herself ( archive footage ) </Li> <Li> Sean McNamara cameos as a Rip Curl executive . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( Edit ) </H2> <P> Plans for a biopic film about Hamilton have existed since months after her shark attack and her subsequent recovery in 2004 . During Hamilton 's media attention , the father of Bethany 's friends Chantilly and Tiffany , Roy `` Dutch '' Hofstetter , became the Hamilton family 's media manager . Hofstetter , in February 2004 , envisioned a film based on Bethany 's experience , provisionally titled The Bethany Hamilton Story . Bethany published her biographical book Soul Surfer in 2004 , and BBC reported that a film about her life was scheduled to begin filming in January 2005 . Production did not begin as anticipated , and Time reported in July 2006 that production was scheduled for later in the year . Variety reported that the project at one point had an investment of $7.5 million and the backing of Peter Schlessel , a Sony Pictures executive . </P> <P> Though production had not begun by the end of 2006 , in January 2007 Sean McNamara was announced to be directing the biographical film . While Hamilton had a series of surfing successes , turning pro in 2007 , McNamara and producer David Brookwell with her manager Roy `` Dutch '' Hofstetter sought more material for the film . The book was considered `` a straightforward account '' that was targeted to Christian readers , so the filmmakers met with the Hamilton family to determine if there were any unpublished conflicts that could be highlighted in the film . They discovered that the incident had strained the family , that family members questioned their Christian faith , and that Bethany Hamilton struggled with her physical appearance and how boys would perceive her . The media attention on the family was described by Brookwell as `` a second shark attack '' that had made their lives uncomfortably public . </P> `` She was actually my suggestion . I 'd seen her in several films like Bridge to Terabithia and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and thought she could play me really well . She visited me in Hawaii and my surf coach and I taught her how to surf , so she at least looked like she knew what she was doing ! '' -- Bethany Hamilton on suggesting AnnaSophia Robb to portray her <P> McNamara , Brookwell , Hofstetter and Douglas Schwartz spent several years raising money for production . The director wrote an adapted screenplay with Michael Berk , Douglas Schwartz and Deborah Schwartz . Additional uncredited writing was performed by Ron Bass , Jen Smolka and Kara Holden . Before the film entered production , Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions acquired distribution rights for North America and most other territories . The production companies Mandalay Vision , Brookwell McNamara Entertainment and Life 's a Beach Entertainment collaborated for the production , with Enticing Entertainment and Island Film Group providing financing . Bethany Hamilton chose with her mother AnnaSophia Robb to portray her , as well as Sonia Balmores Chung and Jeremy Sumpter to play Malina and Alana 's brother , Byron . In February 2010 , Robb was announced to be part of the film as Bethany Hamilton , along with Dennis Quaid and Helen Hunt who were cast as Bethany 's parents . Singer Carrie Underwood , in her feature film debut , was cast as a church youth leader . All the surfing scenes after the shark attack were done by Hamilton herself . Filming began the same month in Hawaii . Principal photography and second - unit aerial work took place for 40 days ; cinematographer John R. Leonetti shot on 35mm film . During filming , Robb wore a green sleeve on her arm so visual effects could be included later . Though McNamara was editing the film by May 2010 , additional filming took place in August 2010 in Tahiti . During post-production , the VFX company Engine Room worked on 450 arm - removal shots , digitally inserting the upper arm residuum in place of Robb 's green sleeve . The Hamilton family was involved in the choice of music . Ultimately , the film 's production budget was $18 million . </P> <H2> Release ( Edit ) </H2> <P> In July 2010 , USA Today reported Soul Surfer as one of several faith - based films similar to The Blind Side , Get Low , Like Dandelion Dust , and Jumping the Broom . In September 2010 , independent studio FilmDistrict was launched , and the company formed a partnership with TriStar Pictures to release Soul Surfer . FilmDistrict originally committed to release the film at 300 theaters , but when executives saw the final product , they invested $26 million in a print and advertising commitment with the goal of releasing Soul Surfer in 2,000 theaters . </P> <P> Prior to the film 's commercial release , it was screened for religious leaders . A scene in which Dennis Quaid 's character reads the Bible in the hospital at his daughter 's bedside had the words `` Holy Bible '' digitally removed from the cover . Bethany Hamilton 's father said that David Zelon , an executive at Mandalay Pictures , lobbied to reduce the Soul Surfer 's Christian elements so the film could appeal more to non-Christian audiences . The Hamilton family objected , and the words `` Holy Bible '' were restored in the scene in a follow - up screening . Another debated scene was one in which Carrie Underwood 's character , a church youth leader , quotes biblical scripture ( Jeremiah 29 : 11 ) . While those involved with the film were fine with the verse , they did not want the scene to explicitly indicate that its origin was the Bible . Their stance was challenged , and the scene indicates the verse being from the Bible . The Hollywood Reporter cited the dust - up as an example of Hollywood learning to appeal to the faith - based community while still attracting secular audiences . The Blind Side , which accomplished both , had grossed $256 million in the United States and Canada . </P> <H3> Box office ( Edit ) </H3> <P> The film was released in 2,214 theaters in the United States and Canada on April 8 , 2011 . It grossed $10.6 million over its opening weekend , ranking fourth at the box office . Sony Pictures reported that 80 % of the audience was female and that 56 % were under 25 years old . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( Edit ) </H3> <P> Soul Surfer has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 46 % based on reviews from 101 critics , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus is : `` There 's an amazing true story at the heart of Soul Surfer -- and unfortunately , it 's drowned by waves of Hollywood cheese . '' CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . </P> <P> Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times was mildly positive in his review , giving the film two - and - a-half stars out of four and writing `` Soul Surfer is a wholesome movie , intended as inspirational . Whether it will cheer viewers who are not as capable as Bethany is an excellent question . AnnaSophia Robb is a convincing , cheerful heroine . Dennis Quaid and Helen Hunt , as Bethany 's parents , are stalwart and supportive , although the script indeed leaves them with no other choice . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade , writing `` ( t ) he more cynical viewers out there may say , ' Not for me . ' But Soul Surfer , while formulaic in design , is an authentic and heartfelt movie . '' S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film three stars out of five , writing `` Yes , it 's a message movie , but the message burrows deep enough under your skin to make the movie , given its utter conventionality , unexpectedly stirring . '' </P> <P> Despite mixed critical reception , it was a hit among audiences ; CinemaScore polls reports that the average grade moviegoers gave it was a rare A+ . </P> <H3> Home media ( Edit ) </H3> <P> Soul Surfer was released on DVD and Blu - ray on August 2 , 2011 by TriStar Pictures and FilmDistrict . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Awards and nominations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Association </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Casting Society of America </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Casting : Feature -- Studio or Independent Comedy </Td> <Td> Joey Paul Jensen </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crystal Dove Seal Award </Td> <Td> Best Drama </Td> <Td> Soul Surfer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ESPY Awards </Td> <Td> Best Sports Movie </Td> <Td> Soul Surfer </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Movieguide Awards </Td> <Td> Best Film for Family Audiences </Td> <Td> Soul Surfer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Movieguide Awards </Td> <Td> Most Inspiring Performance in Movies in 2011 </Td> <Td> Dennis Quaid , AnnaSophia Robb , Kevin Sorbo </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Book Adaptation </Td> <Td> Soul Surfer </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Satellite Awards </Td> <Td> Best Original Score </Td> <Td> Marco Beltrami </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Choice Movie Drama </Td> <Td> Soul Surfer </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Drama Actress </Td> <Td> AnnaSophia Robb </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Women Film Critics Circle </Td> <Td> Best Female Images in a Movie </Td> <Td> Soul Surfer </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Further reading ( Edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hamilton , Bethany ; Berk , Sheryl ; Bundschuh , Rick ( 2006 ) . Soul Surfer : A True Story of Faith , Family , and Fighting to Get Back on the Board . MTV . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0346 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( Edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Soul Surfer ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan ( February 8 , 2004 ) . `` To the power of one '' . The Observer . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Surfer Girl Makes Comeback After Shark Attack '' . cbs News . April 7 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shark girl surfer hits the waves '' . BBC . April 6 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stinchfield , Kate ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Milestones : Bethany Hamilton '' . Time . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caranicas , Peter ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Splashy finish for ' SoulSurfer ' '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` Soul Surfer Gets a Director , Now Needs a Star '' . Moviefone . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Maria ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Bethany Hamilton ( Soul Surfer ) Interview '' . The 405 . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Soul Surfer ' is first FilmDistrict pickup '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clark , Mark ( September 24 , 2011 ) . `` SOUL SURFER Interview With Bethany Hamilton ! '' . WhatCulture ! . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Carrie Underwood to star in ' Surfer ' film '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Shark bite surf princess still making waves '' . Bangkok Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : With ' Hop ' and ' Arthur , ' Russell Brand should top box office '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` More faith - based films along lines of ' Blind Side ' '' . USA Today . July 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soul Surfer DVD , scene 3 . The Underwood character states chapter and verse . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Producer Tried to Edit Bible Out of Sony 's ' Soul Surfer ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soul Surfer '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soul Surfer Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2011 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . April 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Soul Surfer '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/soul-surfer </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` 15 Movies That Made The Grade : A+ CinemaScore Posse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 Artios Award Nominations for Outstanding Achievement in Casting '' . Casting Society of America . 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 Crystal Dove Seal Award Winners '' . Dove.org . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPY Awards 2011 '' . International Business Times . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 20th Annual MOVIEGUIDE ® Faith & Values Awards Gala and Report to the Entertainment Industry Winners List '' . Movieguide.org . February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards - Soul Surfer '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Iron Lady ' and ' Kevin ' Top Women Film Critics ' Awards '' . indieWire . December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( Edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Soul Surfer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Soul Surfer on IMDb </Li> <Li> Soul Surfer at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Soul Surfer at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Soul Surfer at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Soul Surfer at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Sean McNamara </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Hollywood Chaos ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Galgameth ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Casper : A Spirited Beginning ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> 3 Ninjas : High Noon at Mega Mountain ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Casper Meets Wendy ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> P.U.N.K.S. ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Treehouse Hostage ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Race to Space ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Raise Your Voice ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Cutting Edge : Going for the Gold ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Bratz ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Soul Surfer ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Field of Lost Shoes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Robosapien : Rebooted ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Spare Parts ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Little Stooges ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The King 's Daughter ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_Surfer_(film)&oldid=813976722 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2011 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American biographical films </Li> <Li> Sea adventure films </Li> <Li> Affirm Films films </Li> <Li> Brookwell McNamara Entertainment films </Li> <Li> FilmDistrict films </Li> <Li> Films scored by Marco Beltrami </Li> <Li> Films about amputees </Li> <Li> Films about religion </Li> <Li> Films about sharks </Li> <Li> Films based on biographies </Li> <Li> Films directed by Sean McNamara </Li> <Li> Films set in Hawaii </Li> <Li> Films set in Thailand </Li> <Li> Films set in 2003 </Li> <Li> Films set in 2004 </Li> <Li> Films shot in Hawaii </Li> <Li> Films shot in Tahiti </Li> <Li> Mandalay Pictures films </Li> <Li> Surfing films </Li> <Li> TriStar Pictures films </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 06 : 34 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 20,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 371
},
{
"start_token": 21,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 27
},
{
"start_token": 27,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 34
},
{
"start_token": 34,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 44
},
{
"start_token": 44,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 74
},
{
"start_token": 50,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 72
},
{
"start_token": 74,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 100
},
{
"start_token": 80,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 98
},
{
"start_token": 100,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 138
},
{
"start_token": 106,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 136
},
{
"start_token": 138,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 184
},
{
"start_token": 144,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 182
},
{
"start_token": 145,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 181
},
{
"start_token": 166,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 180
},
{
"start_token": 184,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 213
},
{
"start_token": 189,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 211
},
{
"start_token": 213,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 223
},
{
"start_token": 223,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 233
},
{
"start_token": 233,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 243
},
{
"start_token": 243,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 282
},
{
"start_token": 249,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 280
},
{
"start_token": 254,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 259
},
{
"start_token": 259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 264
},
{
"start_token": 272,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 279
},
{
"start_token": 282,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 293
},
{
"start_token": 293,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 324
},
{
"start_token": 299,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 322
},
{
"start_token": 300,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 313
},
{
"start_token": 324,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 334
},
{
"start_token": 334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 343
},
{
"start_token": 343,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 351
},
{
"start_token": 351,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 360
},
{
"start_token": 360,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 370
},
{
"start_token": 371,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 461
},
{
"start_token": 461,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 531
},
{
"start_token": 600,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 682
},
{
"start_token": 682,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 855
},
{
"start_token": 855,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 914
},
{
"start_token": 914,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 992
},
{
"start_token": 992,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1073
},
{
"start_token": 1073,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1184
},
{
"start_token": 1184,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1401
},
{
"start_token": 1401,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1453
},
{
"start_token": 1459,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1588
},
{
"start_token": 1460,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1467
},
{
"start_token": 1467,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1474
},
{
"start_token": 1474,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1481
},
{
"start_token": 1481,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1488
},
{
"start_token": 1488,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1495
},
{
"start_token": 1495,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1502
},
{
"start_token": 1502,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1509
},
{
"start_token": 1509,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1516
},
{
"start_token": 1516,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1523
},
{
"start_token": 1523,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1535
},
{
"start_token": 1535,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1544
},
{
"start_token": 1544,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1550
},
{
"start_token": 1550,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1556
},
{
"start_token": 1556,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1566
},
{
"start_token": 1566,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1576
},
{
"start_token": 1576,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1587
},
{
"start_token": 1594,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1747
},
{
"start_token": 1747,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1907
},
{
"start_token": 1981,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2298
},
{
"start_token": 2304,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2405
},
{
"start_token": 2405,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2630
},
{
"start_token": 2637,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2695
},
{
"start_token": 2702,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2788
},
{
"start_token": 2788,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2983
},
{
"start_token": 2983,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3012
},
{
"start_token": 3019,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3042
},
{
"start_token": 3048,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3306
},
{
"start_token": 3049,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3056
},
{
"start_token": 3056,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3076
},
{
"start_token": 3076,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3107
},
{
"start_token": 3107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3128
},
{
"start_token": 3128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3148
},
{
"start_token": 3148,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3170
},
{
"start_token": 3170,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3200
},
{
"start_token": 3200,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3222
},
{
"start_token": 3222,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3242
},
{
"start_token": 3242,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3263
},
{
"start_token": 3263,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3280
},
{
"start_token": 3280,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3305
},
{
"start_token": 3313,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3365
},
{
"start_token": 3314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3364
}
] | who did the surfing in the movie soul surfer | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 1981,
"candidate_index": 62,
"end_token": 2298
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 8456660786896159000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Soul_Surfer_(film)&oldid=813976722 | 9,093,363,257,430,357,000 |
Seat belt laws in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Seat belt laws in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Seat belt laws for front seat passengers in the U.S. as of 2009 No enforcement for adults ( primary enforcement for minors ) Secondary enforcement Secondary enforcement ; primary under certain ages Primary enforcement <P> Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states . However , the first seat belt law was a federal law , Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard , which took effect on January 1 , 1968 , that required all vehicles ( except buses ) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions . This law has since been modified to require three - point seat belts in outboard - seating positions , and finally three - point seat belts in all seating positions . Initially , seat belt use was voluntary . New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts , a law that came into effect on December 1 , 1984 . Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nation 's first ticket for such violation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Primary and secondary enforcement </Li> <Li> 2 Laws by state </Li> <Li> 3 Damages reduction </Li> <Li> 4 Effectiveness </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Primary and secondary enforcement ( edit ) </H2> <P> U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement . Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation . Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation ( such as speeding , running a stop sign , etc . ) at the same time . New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle . </P> <P> In 18 of the 50 states , the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense , which means that a police officer can not stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt . ( One exception to this is Colorado , where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine . ) If a driver commits a primary violation ( e.g. , for speeding ) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt . In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense ; in many it was later changed to a primary offense : California was the first state to do this , in 1993 . Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws , all but 8 , Connecticut , Hawaii , Iowa , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , Oregon , and Texas , originally had only secondary enforcement laws . </P> <H2> Laws by state ( edit ) </H2> <P> This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States . This list includes only seatbelt laws , which often do not themselves apply to children ; however , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws . Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only . In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases . These are also `` first offense '' fines ; a subsequent offense may be much higher . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Type of law </Th> <Th> Date of first law </Th> <Th> Who is covered </Th> <Th> Base fine before fees </Th> <Th> Seat Belt Usage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 18 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Age 15 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 91.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> September 12 , 1990 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $15 ( $25 actual ) </Td> <Td> 86.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Age 8 + in front seats ; Age 8 -- 15 in all seats </Td> <Td> $10 ( $37.20 actual ) </Td> <Td> 81.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 15 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Age 15 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 78.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $20 ( $162 actual ) $50 second offense ( $190 actual ) </Td> <Td> 96.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $71 </Td> <Td> 82.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 7 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $92 </Td> <Td> 88.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 90.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> December 12 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $50 </Td> <Td> 92.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> 6 + years in front seat ; 6 through 17 years in all seats </Td> <Td> $30 ( $116 actual ) </Td> <Td> 87.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> September 1 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Age 8 -- 17 in all seats ; Age 18 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $15 </Td> <Td> 89.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> December 16 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Age 8 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $45 ( $112 actual ) </Td> <Td> 97.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 7 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $10 ( $51.50 actual ) </Td> <Td> 77.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 ( $60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school ) </Td> <Td> 92.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 92.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> All ages in front seats ; under 18 in rear seats </Td> <Td> $25 ( $127.50 actual ) </Td> <Td> 93.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 14 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $60 for age 14 - 17 ; $10 for 18 + </Td> <Td> 81.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 15 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 80.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 13 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 75.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> December 26 , 1995 </Td> <Td> Age 18 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $50 </Td> <Td> 82.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $83 </Td> <Td> 94.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Age 13 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 73.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $25 ( $65 actual ) </Td> <Td> 95.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> August 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 + $75 fee </Td> <Td> 92.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Age 7 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 81.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> September 28 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in front seats ; age 8 - 15 in all seats </Td> <Td> $10 for age 16 + ; $50 for age 8 - 15 </Td> <Td> 76.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> October 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Age 6 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 78.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1993 </Td> <Td> Age 18 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 84.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Age 6 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 93.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> None , Primary for children only </Td> <Td> No law </Td> <Td> Age 17 and under in all seats </Td> <Td> $50 </Td> <Td> 72.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> March 1 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Age 8 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $46 per person </Td> <Td> 93.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 18 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 89.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> December 1 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in front seats ; under 16 in all seats </Td> <Td> $50 ( $135 Actual after surcharges ) </Td> <Td> 89.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement , Secondary for Backseat </Td> <Td> October 1 , 1985 </Td> <Td> All ages in all seats </Td> <Td> $161 for front seat ; $10 for rear seat </Td> <Td> 89.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 14 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Age 18 + in front seats ; <P> under 18 in all seats </P> </Td> <Td> $20 for age 18 + ; $25 + 1 point on license for under 18 </Td> <Td> 74.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> May 6 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 15 + in front seat ; 8 -- 14 in all seats </Td> <Td> $30 for driver ; $20 for passenger </Td> <Td> 83.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Age 13 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 85.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> December 7 , 1990 </Td> <Td> All ages in all seats </Td> <Td> $130 </Td> <Td> 97.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Age 18 + in front seats ; age 8 - 17 in all seats </Td> <Td> $10 </Td> <Td> 86.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> June 18 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Age 8 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $75 </Td> <Td> 78.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1989 </Td> <Td> Age 6 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 85.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1995 </Td> <Td> Age 18 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 74.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> April 21 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 16 + in front seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 87.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> September 1 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats ; age 8 + years in all seats </Td> <Td> $200 if under 17 ( driver ) ; $50 if over 15 ( driver or passenger ) </Td> <Td> 93.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> April 28 , 1986 </Td> <Td> All ages in all seats </Td> <Td> $45 </Td> <Td> 89.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1994 </Td> <Td> All ages in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 85.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1988 </Td> <Td> All drivers ; age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 80.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> June 11 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Age 8 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $124 </Td> <Td> 97.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> September 1 , 1993 </Td> <Td> All ages in front seats ; 8 -- 17 in rear seats </Td> <Td> $25 </Td> <Td> 82.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Primary Enforcement </Td> <Td> December 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Age 8 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $10 </Td> <Td> 79.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> Secondary Enforcement </Td> <Td> June 8 , 1989 </Td> <Td> Age 9 + in all seats </Td> <Td> $25 for driver ; $10 for passenger </Td> <Td> 78.9 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 1 Colorado and Missouri 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16 . </P> <P> Idaho , North Dakota , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Virginia 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18 . </P> <P> Kansas , Maryland , and New Jersey , law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants ( 18 + in Kansas ) . These states assess points on one 's driving record for the seat belt violation . In California - An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof , of every fine , penalty , or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses , including all traffic offenses , except parking offenses as defined in subdivision ( i ) of Penal Code § 1463 . The additional penalty is calculated as follows : </P> <P> State penalty required by PC 1464 $10 , </P> <P> County penalty required by GC 76000 ( e ) , $ 7 Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372 ( a ) , $ 3 DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7 , $ 2 </P> Emergency medical services penalty required by GC 76000.5 , $ 2 <P> Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ( $20 ) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense , including a traffic offense , except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463 , $20 </P> <H2> Damages reduction ( edit ) </H2> <P> A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt . However , when in court , most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt , even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt . Currently , damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Florida ( See F.S.A. 316.614 ( 10 ) ) , Iowa , Michigan , Missouri , Nebraska , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . </P> <H2> Effectiveness ( edit ) </H2> <P> Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths . One study found that mandatory - seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8 % and serious traffic - related injuries by 9 % , respectively . Primary - seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Seat belt legislation </Li> <Li> Seat belt use rates in the United States </Li> <Li> Transportation safety in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( January 1 , 1968 ) . `` Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( January 1 , 1968 ) . `` Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Safety belt use laws '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Governors highway safety association '' . Ghsa.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seat Belt Use in 2010 -- Use Rates in the States and Territories '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 9News Jeremy Jojola on Denver Metro Speed Traps . 9News. 8 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iowa Seat Belt Law Guide '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MGL PartI TitleXIV Chapter90 Section13a See also : the child passenger restraint law </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` vehicle and traffic state mandated surcharges $85 for seatbelt '' . Horseheads.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home GHSA '' . ghsa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Child restraint / belt use laws '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Alma ; Einav , Liran ( November 2003 ) . `` The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 85 ( 4 ) : 828 -- 843 . doi : 10.1162 / 003465303772815754 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carpenter , Christopher S. ; Stehr , Mark ( May 2008 ) . `` The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use , motor vehicle fatalities , and crash - related injuries among youths '' . Journal of Health Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 642 -- 662 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhealeco. 2007.09. 010 . PMID 18242744 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Lois K. ; Monuteaux , Michael C. ; Burghardt , Lindsey C. ; Fleegler , Eric W. ; Nigrovic , Lise E. ; Meehan , William P. ; Schutzman , Sara A. ; Mannix , Rebekah ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in States With Primary Versus Secondary Seat Belt Laws '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 163 ( 3 ) : 184 . doi : 10.7326 / M14 - 2368 . PMID 26098590 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rivara , FrederickP. ; Thompson , DianeC. ; Cummings , Peter ( January 1999 ) . `` Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 16 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / S0749 - 3797 ( 98 ) 00113 - 5 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States state - related lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of states and territories of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Educational attainment </Li> <Li> Irreligion </Li> <Li> Largest cities by population </Li> <Li> Most popular given names </Li> <Li> Most populous counties </Li> <Li> Population <Ul> <Li> Density </Li> <Li> Growth rate </Li> <Li> Birth and death rates </Li> <Li> Historical </Li> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Amish </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> Hispanic and Latino </Li> <Li> Spanish - speaking </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Billionaires </Li> <Li> Budgets </Li> <Li> Companies </Li> <Li> Federal tax revenue </Li> <Li> Federal taxation and spending </Li> <Li> Gross domestic product <Ul> <Li> Growth rate </Li> <Li> Per capita </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Income <Ul> <Li> Household </Li> <Li> Per capita </Li> <Li> Inequality </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minimum wages </Li> <Li> Poverty rates </Li> <Li> Sales taxes </Li> <Li> Sovereign wealth funds </Li> <Li> State income taxes <Ul> <Li> Flat rate </Li> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Unemployment rates </Li> <Li> Union affiliation </Li> <Li> Vehicles per capita </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carbon dioxide emissions </Li> <Li> Botanical gardens </Li> <Li> Parks </Li> <Li> Renewable energy </Li> <Li> Superfund sites </Li> <Li> Wilderness areas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Area </Li> <Li> Coastline </Li> <Li> Elevation </Li> <Li> Forest </Li> <Li> Geographic centers </Li> <Li> Regions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attorneys general </Li> <Li> Capitals <Ul> <Li> Historical </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Capitol buildings </Li> <Li> Comparison </Li> <Li> Counties <Ul> <Li> Alphabetical </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Current State Legislators </Li> <Li> Governors <Ul> <Li> Lieutenant governors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Legislatures </Li> <Li> Libraries and archives </Li> <Li> Official languages </Li> <Li> Poets laureate </Li> <Li> Political divisions </Li> <Li> State auditors </Li> <Li> State secretaries of state </Li> <Li> State superintendents of education </Li> <Li> State supreme courts </Li> <Li> State treasurers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human Development Index </Li> <Li> Fertility rates </Li> <Li> Hospitals </Li> <Li> Life expectancy </Li> <Li> Obesity rates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date of statehood </Li> <Li> Name etymologies </Li> <Li> Historical societies and museums </Li> <Li> National Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> National Register of Historic Places </Li> <Li> State partitions </Li> <Li> Historic regions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Law </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abortion </Li> <Li> Age of consent </Li> <Li> Alcohol <Ul> <Li> Dry communities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Alford plea </Li> <Li> Cell phone use while driving </Li> <Li> Constitutions </Li> <Li> Firearms <Ul> <Li> Homicide </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Law enforcement agencies </Li> <Li> Legality of cannabis </Li> <Li> Peace Index </Li> <Li> Prisons <Ul> <Li> Incarceration rate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Same - sex unions <Ul> <Li> Former constitutional bans </Li> <Li> Marriage law </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Seat belt laws </Li> <Li> Self - representation </Li> <Li> Smoking bans </Li> <Li> Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) </Li> <Li> Statutory codes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abbreviations </Li> <Li> Demonyms </Li> <Li> Fictional states </Li> <Li> Flags </Li> <Li> Insignia </Li> <Li> License plates </Li> <Li> Numbered highways </Li> <Li> Quarters <Ul> <Li> 50 states </Li> <Li> DC & Territories </Li> <Li> ATB </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> <Li> Tallest buildings </Li> <Li> Time zones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Portals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seat_belt_laws_in_the_United_States&oldid=815118793 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Car safety </Li> <Li> United States law - related lists </Li> <Li> Vehicle law </Li> <Li> Seat belts </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 21 : 51 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 58,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 222
},
{
"start_token": 274,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 377
},
{
"start_token": 377,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 544
},
{
"start_token": 552,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 660
},
{
"start_token": 660,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2498
},
{
"start_token": 661,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 693
},
{
"start_token": 693,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 723
},
{
"start_token": 723,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 757
},
{
"start_token": 757,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 799
},
{
"start_token": 799,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 829
},
{
"start_token": 829,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 870
},
{
"start_token": 870,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 909
},
{
"start_token": 909,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 939
},
{
"start_token": 939,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 969
},
{
"start_token": 969,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1001
},
{
"start_token": 1001,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1043
},
{
"start_token": 1043,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1081
},
{
"start_token": 1081,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1115
},
{
"start_token": 1115,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1149
},
{
"start_token": 1149,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1189
},
{
"start_token": 1189,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1219
},
{
"start_token": 1219,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1258
},
{
"start_token": 1258,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1298
},
{
"start_token": 1298,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1340
},
{
"start_token": 1340,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1370
},
{
"start_token": 1370,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1400
},
{
"start_token": 1400,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1430
},
{
"start_token": 1430,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1460
},
{
"start_token": 1460,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1494
},
{
"start_token": 1494,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1538
},
{
"start_token": 1538,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1568
},
{
"start_token": 1568,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1617
},
{
"start_token": 1617,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1647
},
{
"start_token": 1647,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1677
},
{
"start_token": 1677,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1707
},
{
"start_token": 1707,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1741
},
{
"start_token": 1741,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1774
},
{
"start_token": 1774,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1805
},
{
"start_token": 1805,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1848
},
{
"start_token": 1848,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1890
},
{
"start_token": 1890,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1943
},
{
"start_token": 1913,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1920
},
{
"start_token": 1943,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1986
},
{
"start_token": 1986,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2016
},
{
"start_token": 2016,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2045
},
{
"start_token": 2045,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2083
},
{
"start_token": 2083,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2114
},
{
"start_token": 2114,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2145
},
{
"start_token": 2145,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2176
},
{
"start_token": 2176,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2206
},
{
"start_token": 2206,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2267
},
{
"start_token": 2267,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2296
},
{
"start_token": 2296,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2325
},
{
"start_token": 2325,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2364
},
{
"start_token": 2364,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2394
},
{
"start_token": 2394,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2431
},
{
"start_token": 2431,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2461
},
{
"start_token": 2461,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2497
},
{
"start_token": 2498,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2519
},
{
"start_token": 2519,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2543
},
{
"start_token": 2543,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2649
},
{
"start_token": 2649,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2659
},
{
"start_token": 2659,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2700
},
{
"start_token": 2711,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2757
},
{
"start_token": 2764,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2898
},
{
"start_token": 2904,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2960
}
] | by law who must wear a seatbelt in nj | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 660,
"candidate_index": 4,
"end_token": 2498
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 5329109287951390000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Seat_belt_laws_in_the_United_States&oldid=815118793 | -3,183,229,542,641,491,500 |
Lisbeth Salander - Wikipedia <H1> Lisbeth Salander </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish . ( July 2015 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . <Ul> <Li> View a machine - translated version of the Swedish article . </Li> <Li> Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . </Li> <Li> Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . </Li> <Li> You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . </Li> <Li> You should also add the template ( ( Translated sv Lisbeth Salander ) ) to the talk page . </Li> <Li> For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lisbeth Salander </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Millennium character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Lisbeth Salander , as portrayed by Noomi Rapace in the Swedish film series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2005 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Stieg Larsson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Noomi Rapace ( Swedish ) Tehilla Blad ( Swedish , child ) Rooney Mara ( English , 2011 ) Claire Foy ( English , 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Wasp , Irene Nesser , Monica Sholes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Computer hacker in the Hacker Republic Private investigator at Milton Security </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Alexander Zalachenko ( father ; deceased ) Agneta Sofia Salander ( mother ; deceased ) Camilla Salander ( twin sister ) Ronald Niedermann ( half - brother ; deceased ) Four unnamed half - brothers Three unnamed half - sisters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Swedish with Russian ancestry </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lisbeth Salander is a fictional character created by Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson . She is the lead character in Larsson 's award - winning Millennium series , along with the journalist Mikael Blomkvist . </P> <P> Salander first appeared in the 2005 novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( original Swedish title , Män som hatar kvinnor , literally `` Men who hate women '' in English ) . She reappeared in its sequels : The Girl Who Played with Fire ( 2006 ) , The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2007 ) , The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( 2015 ) , and The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye ( 2017 ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Creation </Li> <Li> 2 Character profile <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Personality </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Storyline in books <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Millennium series <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 The Girl Who Played With Fire </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Continuation novels <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 The Girl in the Spider 's Web </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Portrayals in films </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Creation ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the only interview he ever did about the series , Larsson stated that he based the character of Lisbeth Salander on what he imagined Pippi Longstocking might have been like as an adult . In the Millennium series , Salander has the name `` V. Kulla '' displayed on the door of her apartment on the top floor of Fiskargatan 9 in Stockholm . `` V. Kulla '' is an abbreviation of `` Villa Villekulla '' , the name of Pippi Longstocking 's house . </P> <P> Another source of inspiration was Larsson 's niece , Therese . A rebellious teenager , she often wore black clothing and makeup , and told Larsson several times that she wanted to get a tattoo of a dragon . The author often emailed Therese while writing the novels to ask her about her life and how she would react in certain situations . She told him about her battle with anorexia and that she practiced kickboxing ( previously jujitsu ) . </P> <P> After his death , many of Larsson 's friends said the character was inspired by an incident in which Larsson , then a teenager , witnessed three of his friends gang - raping an acquaintance of his named Lisbeth , and he did nothing to stop it . Days later , wracked with guilt , he begged her forgiveness -- which she refused to grant . The incident , he said , haunted him for years afterward , and in part moved him to create a character with her name who was also a rape survivor . The veracity of this story has since been questioned , after a colleague from Expo magazine reported to Rolling Stone that Larsson had told him he had heard the story secondhand and retold it as his own . </P> <H2> Character profile ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lisbeth Salander has red hair which she dyes black . Upon her first appearance in the series , she is described as a pale , skinny young woman who has hair as short as a fuse , and a pierced nose and eyebrows . She has a wasp tattoo , about two centimeters long , on her neck , a tattooed loop around the biceps of her left arm , another loop around her left ankle , a Chinese symbol on her hip , and a rose on her left calf . She has a large tattoo of a dragon on her back that runs from her shoulder , down her spine , and ends on her buttocks . This was changed in the English translation to a small dragon on her left shoulder blade . Salander visits a clinic in Geneva between the first and second books , where she had her wasp tattoo removed as she felt it was `` too conspicuous and it made her too easy to remember and identify . '' In a clinic in Genoa , she also has a breast enlargement , having previously `` been flat - chested , as if she had never reached puberty . She thought ( her breasts ) had looked ridiculous , and she was always uncomfortable showing herself naked '' . </P> <P> Salander is a world - class computer hacker . Under the pseudonym `` Wasp '' , she becomes a prominent figure in the international hacker community known as the Hacker Republic ( similar to the group Anonymous ) . She uses her computer skills as a means to earn a living , doing investigative work for Milton Security . She has an eidetic memory , and is skillful at concealing her identity ; she possessed passports in different names , and disguises herself to travel undetected around Sweden and worldwide . </P> <P> Salander has a complicated relationship with investigative journalist Mikael Blomkvist , which veers back and forth between romance and hostility throughout the series . She also has an on - again / off - again romantic relationship with Miriam `` Mimi '' Wu . </P> <H3> Personality ( edit ) </H3> <P> The survivor of a traumatic childhood , Salander is highly introverted and asocial , and has difficulty connecting to people and making friends . She is particularly hostile to men who abuse women , and takes special pleasure in exposing and punishing them . This is representative of Larsson 's personal views and a major theme throughout the entire series . In the series , Blomkvist speculates that Salander might have Asperger syndrome . Her mental state is never definitively described , however , an ambiguity that many antagonists in the series try to use against her : her sexually abusive public guardian , Nils Bjurman , describes her as `` a sick , murderous , insane fucking person '' , while her one - time jailer Dr. Peter Teleborian describes her as `` paranoid '' , `` psychotic '' , `` obsessive '' , `` schizophrenic '' , and an `` egomaniacal psychopath '' . </P> <P> On the other hand , Larsson stated that he thought that she might be looked upon as somewhat of an unusual kind of sociopath , due to her traumatic life experiences and inability to conform to social norms . </P> <P> In the book The Psychology of the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , on the question `` Is Salander a psychopath ? '' , Melissa Burkley , Ph. D. and Dr. Stephanie Mullins - Sweatt write : `` Although Salander is antagonistic and violent , she does n't appear to lack a conscience , which is the hallmark trait of a psychopath . While she may not always follow society 's rules , she does have her own set of moral principles that abide by a code of right and wrong . '' </P> <P> Despite all the opinions and speculations about her mental health diagnoses , at the end of the third book in the series Salander is declared sane and competent : </P> <P> In the exhilarating court scene in The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet 's Nest , Salander 's lawyer , Anita ( sic ) Giannini , tramples Dr. Teleborian as she demonstrates that Lisbeth is ' just as sane and intelligent as anyone in this room . ' This victory puts Lisbeth back on the right side of the asylum 's doors , as her declaration of incompetence is rescinded , then and there . Sanity prevails . '' </P> <P> </P> <P> Writers have described Salander as a `` fiercely unconventional and darkly kooky antiheroine '' , a `` superhero '' , a `` misfit '' , and `` an androgynous , asocial , bisexually active ... loner who makes a living as a computer hacker ... '' Jennie Punter in Queen 's Quarterly wrote that `` the diminutive , flat - chested , chain - smoking , tattoo - adorned , anti-social , bisexual , genius computer hacker Lisbeth Salander '' has become `` one of the most compelling characters in recent popular fiction '' . </P> <H2> Storyline in books ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Millennium series ( edit ) </H3> The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( edit ) <P> In The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo ( 2005 ) , Lisbeth Salander is introduced as a gifted , but deeply troubled , researcher and computer hacker working for Milton Security . Her boss , Dragan Armansky , commissions her to research disgraced journalist Mikael Blomkvist at the behest of a wealthy businessman , Henrik Vanger . When Blomkvist finds out that Salander hacked his computer , he hires her to assist him in investigating the disappearance of Vanger 's grandniece , Harriet , 40 years earlier . Salander uses her research skills to uncover a series of murders , dating back decades and tied to Harriet 's disappearance . During the investigation , Salander and Blomkvist become lovers . </P> <P> The novel reveals Salander was declared legally incompetent as a child and is under the care of legal guardian Holgar Palmgren , one of the few people in the world she trusts and cares for . When Palmgren suffers a stroke , the court appoints her a new guardian : Nils Bjurman , a sadist who forces Salander to perform oral sex in return for access to her allowance . In a second sex session at his flat , he rapes and sodomizes her , unaware that she is recording his actions with a hidden camera . A few days later , she returns to his flat and , after disabling him with a taser , tapes his mouth and fastens him to his bed with his own bondage equipment , and finally sodomizes him with a huge anal plug . She then explains that she will release the video recording of him raping her if he does not do exactly what she orders , or if anything happens to her . She demands that he annul her legal incompetence and restore her sole access to her bank account . She tells him that she will visit him when she pleases , and if she ever finds him with a woman , even if she 's there voluntarily , she will release the tape and destroy his life . Finally , she tattoos the words `` I AM A SADISTIC PIG , A PERVERT , AND A RAPIST '' on his abdomen , unlocks his handcuffs , and departs . </P> <P> Salander eventually uncovers evidence that Harriet 's late father , Gottfried , and her brother , Martin , committed the murders . Salander then finds Blomkvist just in time to save him from Martin , who is in the midst of torturing him . She pursues Martin on her motorcycle , but he is killed when he deliberately veers into an oncoming truck . Salander later uses her hacking skills to discover that Harriet Vanger is alive and hiding in Australia , and to get sensitive information about Blomkvist 's arch - rival , corrupt media magnate Hans - Erik Wennerström . With the information uncovered by Salander , Blomkvist publishes an exposé article and book that ruins Wennerström and transform Blomkvist 's magazine , Millennium , into one of the most respected and profitable in Sweden . </P> <P> During her investigation of Wennerström , Salander uses her hacking skills and a series of disguises to withdraw billions of Swedish kronor from one of Wennerström 's off - shore accounts . Salander anonymously reveals the address of Wennerström 's final hideout to a lawyer with criminal connections , and Wennerström is murdered three days later . </P> <P> At the end of the book , Salander acknowledges to herself that she has fallen in love with Blomkvist . On her way to tell him so , however , she sees him with his longtime lover , Millennium editor Erika Berger . Heartbroken , Salander abruptly cuts off all contact with him . </P> The Girl who Played with Fire ( edit ) <P> The Girl Who Played With Fire ( 2006 ) begins with Salander 's returning to Sweden after having traveled for a year . Shortly afterward , Salander is falsely implicated in the murder of three people : Bjurman and two of Blomkvist 's colleagues . The frame - up is in fact a conspiracy between her biological father , former Soviet spy Alexander Zalachenko , and the Section , an illegal faction within Säpo , the Swedish Security Service , whose members had protected her father after he defected from the USSR . Zalachenko had been a high - ranking member of the GRU , and his defection was regarded by Säpo as an intelligence windfall , thus leading to the Section 's covering up his subsequent illegal activities . Zalachenko had his son ( and Salander 's half - brother ) Ronald Neidermann kill Blomkvist 's colleagues , who were writing an exposé article on Zalachenko and Neidermann 's prostitution ring , and Bjurman , a former Säpo employee who would have been exposed in the article as Salander 's rapist . The Section then falsely incriminates Salander to cover up their concealment of Zalachenko 's crimes . </P> <P> Blomkvist tries to help Salander , even though she wants nothing to do with him . When she hacks into his computer , he leaves her his notes on the prostitution ring , from which she learns that Zalachenko is behind the frame - up . By the end of the novel , she tracks Zalachenko to his farm , where he shoots her in the head and has Neidermann bury her alive . She digs her way out , however , and hits her father in the face with an axe before losing consciousness . Blomkvist finds her and calls an ambulance , saving her life . </P> <P> The novel expands upon Salander 's childhood . She is portrayed as having been an extremely bright but asocial child who would violently lash out at anyone who threatened or picked on her . This was in part the result of a troubled home life ; Zalachenko repeatedly beat her mother but escaped punishment because the Section perceived his value to the Swedish State as being more important than her mother 's civil rights . </P> <P> One day , when Salander was 12 , Zalachenko beat her mother so badly that she sustained permanent brain damage . In retaliation , Salander hurled a homemade Molotov cocktail into her father 's car , leaving him permanently disfigured and in chronic pain . The Section , fearing this would lead to their exposure , had the girl declared legally insane and sent to a Children 's Psychiatric Hospital in Uppsala . While there , Salander was placed under the direct surveillance of psychologist Dr. Peter Teleborian , who had earlier conspired with the Section to have her declared insane . During her stay at the hospital , Teleborian put her in restraints for the most trivial infractions as a way of venting his repressed pedophilic urges . On the Section 's orders , Teleborian declared Salander legally incompetent so that no one would ever believe her accounts of what they had done . They then had Bjurman , a lawyer in their employ , appointed as her guardian after Palmgren 's stroke . </P> The Girl who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( edit ) <P> In the third Millennium novel , The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2007 ) , Salander is arrested for the three murders while she recuperates in the hospital . Zalachenko , who is a patient in the same hospital , is murdered by someone in the Section , who then tries to kill Salander ; fortunately , Salander 's lawyer ( Annika Giannini , Blomkvist 's sister ) has barred the door . The would - be assassin then commits suicide . </P> <P> Due to her deep - seated mistrust of authority , Salander refuses at first to cooperate in any way with her defense , relying instead on her friends in Sweden 's hacker community . They eventually help Blomkvist discover the full scope of the Section 's conspiracy , which he strives to publish at the risk of his own life . Salander eventually writes , and passes to Giannini , an exact description of the sexual abuse she suffered at Bjurman 's hands , but written in such a way as to make it sound hallucinatory so as to mislead the prosecution . </P> <P> At her trial , Salander is defiant and uncooperative . The prosecuting counsel uses testimony from Teleborian , appearing as their principal witness , to depict Salander as insane and in need of long - term care . Giannini then destroys Teleborian 's credibility by introducing the recording of Salander 's rape and produces extensive evidence of the Section 's plot , published in Millennium that morning by Blomkvist . At the same time Giannini starts questioning Teleborian , the 10 members of the Section are arrested and charged with crimes against national security . Police briefly interrupt Salander 's to arrest Teleborian for possession of child pornography , which Salander 's fellow hackers uncovered from his laptop and sent to the authorities . Salander is set free the same day , her name cleared . </P> <P> After she is cleared of the charges , Salander receives word that , as Zalachenko 's daughter , she is entitled to a small inheritance and one of his properties . She refuses the money but goes to a disused factory she has inherited . There , she is attacked by Niedermann , who has been hiding there since shortly after the confrontation with Salander at Zalachenko 's farm . She nails his feet to the floor and then calls the same gang who attacked her in the previous novel , who want him dead because he killed some of their people . Before they arrive to kill Niedermann , she contacts the police . </P> <P> That night , Blomkvist shows up at her door , and the two reconcile as friends . </P> <H3> Continuation novels ( edit ) </H3> The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( edit ) <P> In The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( 2015 ) , written by David Lagercrantz as a continuation of the original series , Salander is hired by scientist Frans Balder to find out who hacked his network and stole his quantum computer technology . She hacks into the network of his company , Solifon , and discovers that his data was stolen by a criminal organization called the `` Spider Society '' , with help from accomplices within Solifon and the National Security Agency . When Balder is murdered , Salander , with Blomkvist 's help , saves Balder 's autistic son August from the Spider Society 's assassins , and she is badly wounded in the process . She bonds with August , a fellow math prodigy , and becomes his protector . </P> <P> Salander learns the Spider Society is led by her twin sister Camilla , a sociopath who as a child tormented her and delighted in the abuse their mother suffered at their father 's hands . Camilla sends assassin Jan Holtster to kill Salander and August . Salander overpowers Holtster , however , and gives the police August 's drawing of him . She has an opportunity to shoot Camilla during her escape , but can not bring herself to kill her sister and allows her to get away . </P> <P> Salander returns August to his mother , Hanna , kicks Hanna 's abusive boyfriend out of the house , and gives Hanna and August plane tickets to Munich so they can start over . She then supplies Blomkvist with information she hacked from the NSA , which he uses to write an exposé article that results in the arrests of Camilla 's accomplices and re-establishes Millennium as the most influential news magazine in Sweden . Salander shows up at Blomkvist 's apartment , and they spend the night together . </P> <H2> Portrayals in films ( edit ) </H2> Mara 's portrayal of Lisbeth Salander in the 2011 American remake attracted critical acclaim from commentators . <P> In 2009 , the Swedish film and television studio Yellow Bird produced a trilogy of films based upon the first three novels . In these films , Salander is played as an adult by Noomi Rapace and as a child by Tehilla Blad . Rapace received a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role nomination in 2011 . </P> <P> In the 2011 American film adaptation of the first book , Salander is played by Rooney Mara , who received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress on January 24 , 2012 for her performance . </P> <P> In the 2018 movie The Girl in the Spider 's Web , Salander is portrayed by Claire Foy . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> David Denby of The New Yorker stated that the character of Lisbeth Salander clearly accounts for a large part of the novels ' success . Deirdre Donahue of USA Today referred to Salander as `` one of the most startling , engaging and sometimes perplexing heroines in recent memory . '' The New York Times 's David Kamp called her `` one of the most original characters in a thriller to come along in a while . '' Likewise , Muriel Dobbin from The Washington Times dubbed her one of the most fascinating characters to emerge in crime fiction in years ; `` Her remoteness and her capacity for anger and violence are in contrast with a desperate vulnerability that she reveals only to the most unlikely of people . '' </P> <P> Reviewing the first Swedish film , Roger Ebert noted that it is `` a compelling thriller to begin with , but it adds the rare quality of having a heroine more fascinating than the story '' . The Independent 's Jonathan Gibbs called the character `` a vision of female empowerment -- a kind of goth - geek Pippi Longstocking , '' but also an `` agglomeration of clichés . '' Richard Schickel of Los Angeles Times suggested that Salander represents something new in the thriller genre ; `` She 's a tiny bundle of post-modernist tropes , beginning with her computer skills . '' </P> <P> Since 2015 , there is a street named after Salander in Larsson _́ s home town in north Sweden , Skellefteå . It is called Lisbeth Salanders gata and is surrounded by other names from local literature . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rising , Malin ( 17 February 2009 ) . `` Swedish Crime Writer Finds Fame After Death '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rich , Nathaniel ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Mystery of the Dragon Tattoo : Stieg Larsson , the World 's Bestselling -- and Most Enigmatic -- Author '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lisbeth 's new apartment '' . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baski , Kurdo ( 31 July 2010 ) . `` How a brutal rape and a lifelong burden of guilt fuelled Girl with the Dragon Tattoo writer Stieg Larsson '' . Daily Mail . London , England : Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindqvist , Emma ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` Salanders förebild '' . Dagens Nyheter . Stockholm , Sweden : Bonnier AB . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penny , Laurie ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Girls , tattoos and men who hate women '' . New Statesman . Bangkok , Thailand : NS Media Group . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baski , Kurdo ( 31 July 2010 ) . `` How a brutal rape and a lifelong burden of guilt fuelled Girl with the Dragon Tattoo writer Stieg Larsson '' . Daily Mail . London : Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larsson , Stieg ( 2005 ) . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Norstedts Förlag . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 47347 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cochrane , Kira ( 4 October 2011 ) . `` Sequel announced to Stieg Larsson 's Girl With the Dragon Tattoo trilogy '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larsson , Stieg ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Excerpt ' The Girl Who Played With Fire ' '' . The New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lopez Torregrosa , Luisita ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Lisbeth Salander , the Girl Who Rocked the Mystery - Action Genre '' . Politics Daily . New York City : AOL . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larsson , Stieg ( 2006 ) . The Girl Who Played With Fire . Norstedts Förlag . pp. 368 -- 369 . ISBN 978 - 0307949509 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Pat ( May 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pippi Longstocking , With Dragon Tattoo '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burkley , Melissa ; Mullins - Sweatt , Stephanie ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Is Lisbeth Salander a Psychopath ? '' . Psychology Today . New York City : Sussex Publishers , LLC . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Aryn ; Simms , Mary ( November 2011 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Labeling Lisbeth : Sti ( e ) gma and Spoiled Identity '' ( PDF ) . In Irwin , William ; Bronson , Eric . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Philosophy . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 1 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 94758 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Robin S. ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Salander as Superhero : Is the Girl With the Dragon Tattoo a superhero ? '' . Psychology Today . New York City : Sussex Publishers , LLC . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peele , Stanton ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` The World 's -- and My -- Love Affair with Lisbeth Salander . Lisbeth Salander -- a misfit -- may be the most beloved figure in the world '' . Psychology Today . New York City : Sussex Publishers , LLC . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Punter , Jennie ( Fall 2010 ) . `` Crime and Punishment in a Foreign Land '' . Queen 's Quarterly . Kingston , Ontario : Queen 's University . 117 ( 3 ) : 380 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denby , David ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Double Dare '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donahue , Deirdre ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Girl Who Played With Fire by Stieg Larsson : Book Review '' . USA Today . Mclean , Virginia : Gannett Company . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamp , David ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` The Hacker and the Hack '' . The New York Times . - New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dobbin , Muriel ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` BOOK REVIEW : ' The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet 's Nest ' '' . The Washington Times . Washington DC : Washington Times LLC . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois : Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 -- via rogerebert.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibbs , Jonathan ( 24 February 2008 ) . `` The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo , By Stieg Larsson - Reviews '' . The Independent . London , England : Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( February 24 , 2008 ) . `` Book Review : ' The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet 's Nest ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California : Tronc . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Protokoll , kommunfullmäktige 2015 - 06 - 16 § 185 , Skellefteå </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stadsplaneringsbloggen , Skellefteå kommun </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sweden portal </Li> <Li> Fictional characters portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Stieg Larsson Trilogy from Quercus , publishers of Stieg Larsson </Li> <Li> The official Millennium site of Nordstedt Publishing </Li> <Li> Lisbeth Salander : The Movies Have Never Had a Heroine Quite Like Her - David Denby for The New Yorker , 2011 / 12 / 27 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Millennium series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Stieg Larsson </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo </Li> <Li> The Girl Who Played with Fire </Li> <Li> The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> David Lagercrantz </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Girl in the Spider 's Web </Li> <Li> The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Swedish films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Girl Who Played with Fire ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Millennium ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mikael Blomkvist </Li> <Li> Lisbeth Salander </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Forbes Fictional 15 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2002 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Santa Claus </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Lex Luthor </Li> <Li> J.R. Ewing </Li> <Li> Auric Goldfinger </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Charles Foster Kane </Li> <Li> Cruella de Vil </Li> <Li> Gordon Gekko </Li> <Li> Jay Gatsby </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2005 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Santa Claus </Li> <Li> Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Lex Luthor </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Arthur Bach </Li> <Li> Ebenezer Scrooge </Li> <Li> Lara Croft </Li> <Li> Cruella de Vil </Li> <Li> Lucius Malfoy </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2006 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Lucius Malfoy </Li> <Li> Tony Montana </Li> <Li> Lara Croft </Li> <Li> Mario </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2007 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Ming the Merciless </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Mom </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Carter Pewterschmidt </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Fake Steve Jobs </Li> <Li> Gomez Addams </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Lucius Malfoy </Li> <Li> Princess Peach </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2008 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Uncle Sam </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Gordon Gekko </Li> <Li> Jabba the Hutt </Li> <Li> Ebenezer Scrooge </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Adrian Veidt </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Artemis Fowl II </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Lara Croft </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Adrian Veidt </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Tooth fairy </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Sir Topham Hatt </Li> <Li> Artemis Fowl II </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Chuck Bass </Li> <Li> Jay Gatsby </Li> <Li> Lucille Bluth </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Artemis Fowl II </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Smaug </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> <Li> Arthur Bach </Li> <Li> Jo Bennett </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Chuck Bass </Li> <Li> Gordon Gekko </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Lebowski </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2012 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Smaug </Li> <Li> Flintheart Glomgold </Li> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Charles Foster Kane </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Forrest Gump </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> <Li> Lisbeth Salander </Li> <Li> Tywin Lannister </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Robert Crawley </Li> <Li> Jo Bennett </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2013 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Smaug </Li> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Charles Foster Kane </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Christian Grey </Li> <Li> Tywin Lannister </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Walden Schmidt </Li> <Li> Lara Croft </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> <Li> Mary Crawley </Li> <Li> Jay Gatsby </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisbeth_Salander&oldid=853676390 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Characters in novels of the 21st century </Li> <Li> Female characters in literature </Li> <Li> Female characters in film </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2005 </Li> <Li> Fictional bisexual females </Li> <Li> Fictional hackers </Li> <Li> Fictional private investigators </Li> <Li> Fictional vigilantes </Li> <Li> Fictional Swedish people </Li> <Li> Fictional Russian people </Li> <Li> Fictional kickboxers </Li> <Li> Fictional jujutsuka </Li> <Li> Fictional twins </Li> <Li> Fictional victims of child abuse </Li> <Li> Fictional sexual assault victims </Li> <Li> Fictional torturers </Li> <Li> Fictional LGBT characters in film </Li> <Li> Millennium series </Li> <Li> Thriller film characters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles to be expanded from July 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 08 : 31 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 8,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 230
},
{
"start_token": 9,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 229
},
{
"start_token": 41,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 227
},
{
"start_token": 42,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 55
},
{
"start_token": 55,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 99
},
{
"start_token": 99,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 129
},
{
"start_token": 129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 194
},
{
"start_token": 194,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 215
},
{
"start_token": 215,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 226
},
{
"start_token": 230,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 446
},
{
"start_token": 231,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 237
},
{
"start_token": 237,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 243
},
{
"start_token": 243,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 261
},
{
"start_token": 261,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 278
},
{
"start_token": 278,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 298
},
{
"start_token": 298,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 308
},
{
"start_token": 308,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 342
},
{
"start_token": 342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 347
},
{
"start_token": 347,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 361
},
{
"start_token": 361,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 369
},
{
"start_token": 369,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 387
},
{
"start_token": 387,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 434
},
{
"start_token": 434,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 445
},
{
"start_token": 446,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 484
},
{
"start_token": 484,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 573
},
{
"start_token": 683,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 771
},
{
"start_token": 771,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 854
},
{
"start_token": 854,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 991
},
{
"start_token": 998,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1225
},
{
"start_token": 1225,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1318
},
{
"start_token": 1318,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1364
},
{
"start_token": 1370,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1528
},
{
"start_token": 1528,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1569
},
{
"start_token": 1569,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1664
},
{
"start_token": 1664,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1695
},
{
"start_token": 1695,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1775
},
{
"start_token": 1777,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1874
},
{
"start_token": 1898,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2020
},
{
"start_token": 2020,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2282
},
{
"start_token": 2282,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2422
},
{
"start_token": 2422,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2481
},
{
"start_token": 2481,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2537
},
{
"start_token": 2546,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2747
},
{
"start_token": 2747,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2857
},
{
"start_token": 2857,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2934
},
{
"start_token": 2934,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3111
},
{
"start_token": 3122,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3209
},
{
"start_token": 3209,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3314
},
{
"start_token": 3314,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3452
},
{
"start_token": 3452,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3569
},
{
"start_token": 3569,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3588
},
{
"start_token": 3605,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3742
},
{
"start_token": 3742,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3833
},
{
"start_token": 3833,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3925
},
{
"start_token": 3950,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4012
},
{
"start_token": 4012,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4052
},
{
"start_token": 4052,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4073
},
{
"start_token": 4079,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4212
},
{
"start_token": 4212,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4319
},
{
"start_token": 4319,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4359
}
] | why does the girl with the dragon tattoo have a guardian | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 3772012314133768700
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Lisbeth_Salander&oldid=853676390 | 7,324,219,810,436,405,000 |
With You I 'm Born Again - wikipedia <H1> With You I 'm Born Again </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` With You I 'm Born Again '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Billy Preston and Syreeta Wright </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Fast Break </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> All I Wanted Was You </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 1979 ( December 1979 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Vinyl 7 '' and 45 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Motown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carol Connors </Li> <Li> David Shire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> James DiPasquale </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` With You I 'm Born Again '' is a 1979 duet written by Carol Connors and David Shire that originated on the soundtrack of the motion picture Fast Break . The song was performed by Motown recording artists Billy Preston and Syreeta Wright ( credited as Syreeta ) and became an international hit for the duo , reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the UK singles chart . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Chart success </Li> <Li> 3 Charts <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music from Fast Break was credited to David Shire and James DiPasquale , and Carol Connors put words to four of the songs on the soundtrack album . Connors recalls , `` ' I had written most of the lyrics to `` With You I 'm Born Again '' in 22 minutes , but I could n't find two words and it was driving me crazy . ' '' The right words came to her on her way to an ice cream parlor , where she requested a pencil and paper along with her order . `` ' I had finally found it -- the line I was seeking -- '' Come show me your kindness , in your arms I know I 'll find this `` -- and I wanted to get it down on paper . ' '' </P> <P> Motown executive Suzanne de Passe chose Wright as Preston 's partner for the two duets that had been written for the film , and each singer also had a solo number to cut for the soundtrack album as well . Connors recalled , `` ' Billy and Syreeta were originally not very fond of the idea of recording together -- they each wanted to do their own thing , but this worked out extremely well for both of them . ' '' The reluctant pair were surprised by the success of `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . `` Though both liked the song , they never dreamed of it being a hit single . '' </P> <P> Connors noted the impression some were left with by the song and Preston . `` ' When David Shire heard Billy Preston play the song on the organ , he said to me , `` Now I know why he 's a star . '' ' Connors also shared , `` ' The late great Marvin Hamlisch told me that he was in the barber chair when he first heard the song on the radio and stood straight up in amazement , narrowly missing getting his throat cut by the scissors . True story . ' '' </P> <P> But radio airplay and record sales almost never happened . The Fast Break soundtrack was released in early 1979 , when disco still permeated the airwaves , and the other of the duo 's recordings from the album , the dance tune `` Go for It '' , was chosen as the single that would be issued to promote the album . That selection barely made a dent in the charts , spending one week on the Disco singles chart at number 80 in Billboard magazine and `` bubbling under '' the Billboard Hot 100 for one week at number 108 . </P> <P> The film did not get much attention , either , and Preston described their next effort to give `` With You I 'm Born Again '' more exposure , explaining that `` after the film did n't do very well , the ( soundtrack ) album did n't sell well . We pulled it off that album and put it on mine . '' Preston 's album , Late at Night , came out later in 1979 , but even with that reissue of the song , Preston insisted that `` ' we still did n't think of it as a single . ' '' It did , however , begin to get airplay in the European market and was finally released as a single at the end of the year . </P> <P> Another hurdle the song had to overcome was the fact that its title did not click with some record buyers . `` Connors says her only regret about ' With You I 'm Born Again ' is that she did n't title it ' Come Bring Me Your Softness ' . ' Berry Gordy called me to let me know we had a monster hit on our hands but that early on many people were going into record stores asking for `` Come Bring Me Your Softness '' , and some record sales were lost as a result . ' '' The fact that the phrase `` born again '' is often associated with Christianity may have also been confusing , and Connors admitted , `` ' Many thought the song had religious overtones , but Robert Culp and I were lovers at the time , and that 's the way we felt about one another . Culp was the inspiration . ' '' The singers also felt the song could be interpreted in a religious context as well as being a romantic love song . Preston explained , `` When we saw ( Fast Break ) , we understood it was a romantic song . But I think of it as religious because God is love , so it all inter-relates . '' </P> <H2> Chart success ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` With You I 'm Born Again '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the issue of the magazine dated December 8 , 1979 , and peaked at number four over the course of 29 weeks . The following week marked its first appearance on the UK singles chart and on Billboard 's list of the 50 most popular Adult Contemporary songs in the U.S. , and both chart runs resulted in a number two showing . It also started three weeks on the magazine 's Hot Soul Singles chart in the January 19 , 1980 , issue and got as high as number 86 . It was Preston 's biggest hit in five years and the biggest pop hit of Wright 's career . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Pop ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( MegaCharts ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Adult Contemporary ( Billboard AC ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Pop ( Billboard Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. R&B ( Billboard Hot Soul Singles ) </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1980 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Pop ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Pop ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` With You I 'm Born Again - Discogs '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2009 , p. 778 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 75 , 13 January 1980 -- 19 January 1980 '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leszczak 2016 , p. 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` With You I 'm Born Again -- Billy Preston , Syreeta '' . allmusic.com . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darling , Cary . `` Preston - Syreeta Hit Long Time Making It . '' Billboard magazine , 26 April 1980 , p. 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 204 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 75 , 09 December 1979 -- 15 December 1979 '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2007 , p. 221 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 468 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Billy Preston & Syreeta -- With You I 'm Born Again '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM Adult Oriented Playlist '' . RPM. 1980 - 08 - 30 . p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM. 1980 - 06 - 21 . p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts -- Billy Preston & Syreeta -- With You I 'm Born Again '' . dutchcharts.nl Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedish Charts -- Billy Preston & Syreeta -- With You I 'm Born Again '' . swedishcharts.com Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles ( 1980 ) '' . RPM . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Number One Awards : Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard. 1980 - 12 - 20 . p . TIA - 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Number One Awards : Pop '' . Billboard. 1980 - 12 - 20 . p . TIA - 10 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Leszczak , Bob ( 2016 ) , Dynamic Duets : The Best Pop Collaborations from 1955 to 1999 , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 9781442271494 </Li> <Li> Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) , Joel Whitburn Presents Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles , 1942 - 2004 , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0898201608 </Li> <Li> Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) , Joel Whitburn 's Hot Dance / Disco , 1974 - 2003 , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 089820156X </Li> <Li> Whitburn , Joel ( 2007 ) , Joel Whitburn Presents Billboard Top Adult Songs , 1961 - 2006 , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0898201691 </Li> <Li> Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) , Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles , 1955 - 2008 , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0898201802 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Billy Preston </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Most Exciting Organ Ever </Li> <Li> Early Hits of ' 65 </Li> <Li> Wildest Organ in Town ! </Li> <Li> Club Meeting </Li> <Li> Greazee Soul </Li> <Li> That 's the Way God Planned It </Li> <Li> Encouraging Words </Li> <Li> I Wrote a Simple Song </Li> <Li> Music Is My Life </Li> <Li> Everybody Likes Some Kind of Music </Li> <Li> The Kids & Me </Li> <Li> It 's My Pleasure </Li> <Li> Billy Preston </Li> <Li> A Whole New Thing </Li> <Li> Late at Night </Li> <Li> Billy Preston & Syreeta </Li> <Li> The Way I Am </Li> <Li> Pressin ' On </Li> <Li> On the Air </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live European Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` That 's the Way God Planned It '' </Li> <Li> `` My Sweet Lord '' </Li> <Li> `` Outa - Space '' </Li> <Li> `` Will It Go Round in Circles '' </Li> <Li> `` Space Race '' </Li> <Li> `` Nothing from Nothing '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Back '' </Li> <Li> `` With You I 'm Born Again '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You Are So Beautiful '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Billy Preston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Syreeta Wright </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syreeta ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Stevie Wonder Presents : Syreeta ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> One to One ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Rich Love , Poor Love ( with G.C. Cameron ) ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Syreeta ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Set My Love in Motion ( 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` To Know You is to Love You '' </Li> <Li> `` With You I 'm Born Again '' ( w / Billy Preston ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_You_I%27m_Born_Again&oldid=813574144 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1979 singles </Li> <Li> Billy Preston songs </Li> <Li> Syreeta Wright songs </Li> <Li> Motown singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by David Shire </Li> <Li> Vocal duets </Li> <Li> 1979 songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Carol Connors ( singer ) </Li> <Li> Songs written for films </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 03 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 22,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 148
},
{
"start_token": 23,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 35
},
{
"start_token": 39,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 50
},
{
"start_token": 50,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 59
},
{
"start_token": 59,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 73
},
{
"start_token": 73,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 86
},
{
"start_token": 86,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 99
},
{
"start_token": 99,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 107
},
{
"start_token": 107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 115
},
{
"start_token": 115,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 135
},
{
"start_token": 123,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 133
},
{
"start_token": 135,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 147
},
{
"start_token": 148,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 225
},
{
"start_token": 283,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 426
},
{
"start_token": 426,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 546
},
{
"start_token": 546,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 645
},
{
"start_token": 645,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 749
},
{
"start_token": 749,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 883
},
{
"start_token": 883,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1109
},
{
"start_token": 1116,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1244
},
{
"start_token": 1250,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1450
},
{
"start_token": 1251,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1449
},
{
"start_token": 1260,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1386
},
{
"start_token": 1261,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1275
},
{
"start_token": 1275,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1286
},
{
"start_token": 1286,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1298
},
{
"start_token": 1298,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1310
},
{
"start_token": 1310,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1321
},
{
"start_token": 1321,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1332
},
{
"start_token": 1332,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1344
},
{
"start_token": 1344,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1357
},
{
"start_token": 1357,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1370
},
{
"start_token": 1370,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1385
},
{
"start_token": 1397,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1447
},
{
"start_token": 1398,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1409
},
{
"start_token": 1409,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1421
},
{
"start_token": 1421,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1434
},
{
"start_token": 1434,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1446
}
] | who sings with you i'm born again | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 148,
"candidate_index": 12,
"end_token": 225
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 188,
"end_token": 190
},
{
"start_token": 191,
"end_token": 193
}
],
"annotation_id": 1650250022854811400
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=With_You_I%27m_Born_Again&oldid=813574144 | -6,064,314,574,686,162,000 |
List of Awards and Nominations received By George Clooney - wikipedia <H1> List of Awards and Nominations received By George Clooney </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> George Clooney awards and nominations <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Clooney at the Paris premiere of The Ides of March on October 18 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Td> Wins </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Academy Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> British Academy Film Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Golden Globe Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Overall </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American actor , screenwriter , director , and producer George Clooney throughout his career . Clooney has received eight Academy Award nominations , winning two -- Best Supporting Actor for Syriana ( 2005 ) and as co-producer of Best Picture winner Argo ( 2012 ) . He is the only person who has been nominated in six different categories . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Awards <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 1.2 British Academy Film Awards </Li> <Li> 1.3 Empire Awards </Li> <Li> 1.4 Golden Globe Awards </Li> <Li> 1.5 MTV Movie & TV Awards </Li> <Li> 1.6 Primetime Emmy Awards </Li> <Li> 1.7 Satellite Awards </Li> <Li> 1.8 Saturn Awards </Li> <Li> 1.9 Screen Actors Guild Awards </Li> <Li> 1.10 Miscellaneous </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Academy Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Syriana </Td> <Td> Best Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck </Td> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Screenplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Michael Clayton </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Descendants </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Ides of March </Td> <Td> Best Adapted Screenplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Argo </Td> <Td> Best Picture </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> British Academy Film Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Syriana </Td> <Td> Best Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Screenplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Michael Clayton </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Descendants </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Ides of March </Td> <Td> Best Adapted Screenplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Argo </Td> <Td> Best Film </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Empire Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> O Brother , Where Art Thou ? </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck . </Td> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Television Series Drama </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> O Brother , Where Art Thou ? </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Syriana </Td> <Td> Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck </Td> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Screenplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Michael Clayton </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Ides of March </Td> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Screenplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Descendants </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Argo </Td> <Td> Best Motion Picture -- Drama </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cecil B. DeMille Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> MTV Movie & TV Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> From Dusk till Dawn </Td> <Td> Best Breakthrough Performance </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Out of Sight </Td> <Td> Best Kiss ( with Jennifer Lopez ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> O Brother , Where Art Thou ? </Td> <Td> Best On - Screen Team ( with Tim Blake Nelson & John Turturro ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Ocean 's Eleven </Td> <Td> Best Dressed </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Ocean 's Eleven </Td> <Td> Best On - Screen Team ( with the rest of the cast ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Satellite Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> O Brother , Where Art Thou ? </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck . </Td> <Td> Best Original Screenplay </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Descendants </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Saturn Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> From Dusk till Dawn </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Solaris </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The American </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Gravity </Td> <Td> Best Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Syriana </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck . </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Michael Clayton </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Descendants </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Miscellaneous ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> From Dusk till Dawn </Td> <Td> Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Syriana </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Director </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Original Screenplay ( shared with Grant Heslov ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Good Night , and Good Luck </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Cast Ensemble ( with David Strathairn , Robert Downey Jr. , Patricia Clarkson , Jeff Daniels , Frank Langella ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Ocean 's Thirteen </Td> <Td> Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Chemistry </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Ocean 's Thirteen </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Award for Favorite On Screen Match - Up ( with Brad Pitt ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Burn After Reading </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Cast Ensemble ( with Frances McDormand , John Malkovich , Tilda Swinton , Brad Pitt , Richard Jenkins ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Fantastic Mr. Fox </Td> <Td> NYFCC Award for Best Actor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> COFCA Award for Best Actor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> The Men Who Stare at Goats Up in the Air Fantastic Mr. Fox </Td> <Td> COFCA Award for Actor of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Up in the Air </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Cast Ensemble ( shared with Anna Kendrick , Vera Farmiga , Melanie Lynskey , Amy Morton , Jason Bateman , J.K. Simmons , Zach Galifianakis , Danny McBride , Sam Elliott ) </Td> <Td> Runner up </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief </Td> <Td> Primetime Emmy Award </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Descendants </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Argo </Td> <Td> Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Motion Picture ( shared with Ben Affleck , Grant Heslov ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Icon </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Money Monster </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic Movie Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OSCARS : Is George Clooney Now King Of The Academy Awards ? '' . Deadline.com. 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Search Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences '' . awardsdatabase.oscars.org . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Awards Search BAFTA Awards '' . awards.bafta.org . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Empire Awards 2001 '' . / web.archive.org . March 16 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 1996 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 1997 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 1998 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2001 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2006 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2008 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2010 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2012 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2013 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2015 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1996 MTV Movie Awards ( English ) '' . www.angelfire.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1999 MTV Movie Awards Coverage DigitalHit.com '' . www.digitalhit.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Announces Nominees for 2002 MTV Movie Awards '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Nominations Search '' . Television Academy . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 Categories International Press Academy '' . www.pressacademy.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 Categories International Press Academy '' . www.pressacademy.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Award Recipients '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` INCEPTION , LET ME IN , TRON , and THE WALKING DEAD Top the 2011 Saturn Award Nominations '' . Collider . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; GRAVITY and THE HOBBIT : THE DESOLATION OF SMAUG Lead with 8 Nominations Each '' . Collider . February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Advanced Search Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From Dusk Till Dawn - Still Biting 20 Years Later - Cryptic Rock '' . crypticrock.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ACCA 2005 - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Past Winners : 2008 - pcavote.com '' . web.archive.org . January 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ACCA 2008 - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards - New York Film Critics Circle - NYFCC '' . www.nyfcc.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Central Ohio Film Critics Association ( COFCA ) - Awards '' . www.cofca.org . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ACCA 2009 - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ACCA 2011 - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ACCA 2012 - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirsch , Becky . `` Check Out the 2012 People 's Choice Nominations Before the Show Airs Tonight ! '' . POPSUGAR Entertainment . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Full List Of Winners '' . People 's Choice . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> George Clooney on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films Directed or Produced by George Clooney </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Good Night , and Good Luck ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Leatherheads ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Ides of March ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Monuments Men ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Suburbicon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spy Kids ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Rock Star ( 2001 film ) ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Kilroy ( TV series ) ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fail Safe ( 2000 film ) ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Welcome to Collinwood ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Starbuck Holger Meins ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Insomnia ( 2002 film ) ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> K Street ( TV series ) ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Criminal ( 2004 film ) ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Syrianna ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Big Empty ( 2005 film ) ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Jacket ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Rumour Has It ... ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Unscripted ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> A Scanner Darkly ( film ) ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Pu - 239 ( film ) ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Sand and Sorrow ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Wind Chill ( film ) ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Clayton ( film ) ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Leatherheads ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Men Who Stare at Goats ( film ) ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Informant ! ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Playground ( film ) ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The American ( 2010 film ) ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Hope for Haiti Now ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Ides of March ( film ) ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Argo ( 2012 film ) ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> August : Osage County ( film ) ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Monuments Men ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Our Brand Is Crisis ( 2015 film ) ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Money Monster ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Suburbicon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> George Clooney 's Filmography </Li> <Li> Council on Foreign Relations </Li> <Li> Smoke House Pictures </Li> <Li> Danny Ocean ( character ) </Li> <Li> Not On Our Watch Project </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_George_Clooney&oldid=807720507 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of awards by actor </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 19 : 23 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 28,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 128
},
{
"start_token": 34,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 53
},
{
"start_token": 53,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 64
},
{
"start_token": 64,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 79
},
{
"start_token": 66,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 72
},
{
"start_token": 79,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 96
},
{
"start_token": 81,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 89
},
{
"start_token": 82,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 88
},
{
"start_token": 96,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 112
},
{
"start_token": 98,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 105
},
{
"start_token": 99,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 104
},
{
"start_token": 112,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 127
},
{
"start_token": 114,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 119
},
{
"start_token": 128,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 201
},
{
"start_token": 299,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 436
},
{
"start_token": 300,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 317
},
{
"start_token": 317,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 335
},
{
"start_token": 335,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 352
},
{
"start_token": 352,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 362
},
{
"start_token": 362,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 378
},
{
"start_token": 378,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 392
},
{
"start_token": 392,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 404
},
{
"start_token": 404,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 420
},
{
"start_token": 420,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 435
},
{
"start_token": 445,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 587
},
{
"start_token": 446,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 463
},
{
"start_token": 463,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 481
},
{
"start_token": 481,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 494
},
{
"start_token": 494,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 503
},
{
"start_token": 503,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 513
},
{
"start_token": 513,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 529
},
{
"start_token": 529,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 543
},
{
"start_token": 543,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 555
},
{
"start_token": 555,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 571
},
{
"start_token": 571,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 586
},
{
"start_token": 594,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 659
},
{
"start_token": 595,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 612
},
{
"start_token": 612,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 635
},
{
"start_token": 635,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 658
},
{
"start_token": 667,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 924
},
{
"start_token": 668,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 685
},
{
"start_token": 685,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 706
},
{
"start_token": 706,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 715
},
{
"start_token": 715,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 725
},
{
"start_token": 725,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 754
},
{
"start_token": 754,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 775
},
{
"start_token": 775,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 792
},
{
"start_token": 792,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 801
},
{
"start_token": 801,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 823
},
{
"start_token": 823,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 839
},
{
"start_token": 839,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 859
},
{
"start_token": 859,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 868
},
{
"start_token": 868,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 885
},
{
"start_token": 885,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 905
},
{
"start_token": 905,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 923
},
{
"start_token": 934,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1081
},
{
"start_token": 935,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 952
},
{
"start_token": 952,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 972
},
{
"start_token": 972,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 996
},
{
"start_token": 996,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1031
},
{
"start_token": 1031,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1050
},
{
"start_token": 1050,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1080
},
{
"start_token": 1089,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1149
},
{
"start_token": 1090,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1107
},
{
"start_token": 1107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1129
},
{
"start_token": 1129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1148
},
{
"start_token": 1156,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1274
},
{
"start_token": 1157,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1174
},
{
"start_token": 1174,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1203
},
{
"start_token": 1203,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1227
},
{
"start_token": 1227,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1251
},
{
"start_token": 1251,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1273
},
{
"start_token": 1281,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1373
},
{
"start_token": 1282,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1299
},
{
"start_token": 1299,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1319
},
{
"start_token": 1319,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1336
},
{
"start_token": 1336,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1354
},
{
"start_token": 1354,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1372
},
{
"start_token": 1382,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1625
},
{
"start_token": 1383,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1400
},
{
"start_token": 1400,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1423
},
{
"start_token": 1423,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1443
},
{
"start_token": 1443,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1459
},
{
"start_token": 1459,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1478
},
{
"start_token": 1478,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1494
},
{
"start_token": 1494,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1502
},
{
"start_token": 1502,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1510
},
{
"start_token": 1510,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1533
},
{
"start_token": 1533,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1558
},
{
"start_token": 1558,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1582
},
{
"start_token": 1582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1596
},
{
"start_token": 1596,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1608
},
{
"start_token": 1608,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1624
},
{
"start_token": 1631,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2201
},
{
"start_token": 1632,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1649
},
{
"start_token": 1649,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1673
},
{
"start_token": 1673,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1699
},
{
"start_token": 1699,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1724
},
{
"start_token": 1724,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1756
},
{
"start_token": 1756,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1800
},
{
"start_token": 1800,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1824
},
{
"start_token": 1824,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1857
},
{
"start_token": 1857,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1899
},
{
"start_token": 1899,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1921
},
{
"start_token": 1921,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1944
},
{
"start_token": 1944,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1978
},
{
"start_token": 1978,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2007
},
{
"start_token": 2007,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2064
},
{
"start_token": 2064,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2091
},
{
"start_token": 2091,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2118
},
{
"start_token": 2118,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2150
},
{
"start_token": 2150,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2175
},
{
"start_token": 2175,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2200
}
] | george clooney won an oscar in 2005 for the film | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 9427155460057238000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_George_Clooney&oldid=807720507 | -2,639,365,783,000,108,500 |
M.S. Swaminathan - Wikipedia <H1> M.S. Swaminathan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> M.S. Swaminathana sanjay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Swaminathan at the 100th Indian Science Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1925 - 08 - 07 ) 7 August 1925 ( age 92 ) Kumbakonam Madras Presidency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> HHM University College Thiruvananthapuram Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge University of Wisconsin - Madison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> High - yielding varieties of wheat and rice in India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mina Swaminathan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Soumya Swaminathan , Dr. Madhura Swaminathan , Dr. Nitya Swaminathan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> Padma Shri ( 1967 ) Ramon Magsaysay ( 1971 ) Padma Bhushan ( 1972 ) Albert Einstein World Award of Science ( 1986 ) Padma Vibhushan ( 1989 ) World Food Prize ( 1987 ) Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement ( 1991 ) Volvo Environment Prize ( 1999 ) Indira Gandhi Peace Prize ( 1999 ) Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Scientific career </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Institutions </Th> <Td> MS Swaminathan Research Foundation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Influences </Th> <Td> Dr. Norman Borlaug </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan ( born 7 August 1925 ) is an Indian geneticist and international administrator , renowned for his leading role in India 's Green Revolution a program under which high - yield varieties of wheat and rice seedlings were planted in the fields of poor farmers . Swaminathan is known as `` Indian Father of Green Revolution '' for his leadership and success in introducing and further developing high - yielding varieties of wheat in India . He is the founder and chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation . His stated vision is to rid the world of hunger and poverty . Swaminathan is an advocate of moving India to sustainable development , especially using environmentally sustainable agriculture , sustainable food security and the preservation of biodiversity , which he calls an `` evergreen revolution . '' </P> <P> From 1972 to 1979 he was director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research . He was Principal Secretary , Ministry of Agriculture from 1979 to 1980 . He served as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute ( 1982 -- 88 ) and became president of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1988 . </P> <P> In 1999 , Time magazine placed him in the ' Time 20 ' list of most influential Asian people of the 20th century . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and education </Li> <Li> 2 Early career </Li> <Li> 3 Professional achievements <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Notable mentions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Publications </Li> <Li> 5 Honours , awards and international recognition </Li> <Li> 6 Critics </Li> <Li> 7 Current work </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life and Education ( edit ) </H2> <P> M.S. Swaminathan was born in Kumbakonam on 7 August 1925 . He was the second son of surgeon Dr. M.K. Sambasivan and Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan . M.S. Swaminathan learnt from his father , `` that the word ' impossible ' exists mainly in our minds and that given the requisite will and effort , great tasks can be accomplished . '' Surgeon M.K. Sambasivam , a follower of Mahatma Gandhi , took the lead in Kumbakonam in `` burning his foreign clothes , '' a symbolic act in support of the Swadeshi movement : which emphasized the use of Indian rather than foreign - made clothes , and handloomed rather than mill - spun cloth . The political purpose of the swadeshi movement was to free India from dependence on foreign imports and to protect village industry . His father led in opening the temples to ( Dalit ) s , part of the temple entry movement of the Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu , and in eradicating filariasis in Kumbakonom , an area long infected with the dread disease . The sense of service to one 's fellow man was thus ingrained in him early . </P> <P> After his father 's death when he was 11 , young Swaminathan was looked after by his uncle , M.K. Narayanaswami , a radiologist . He attended the local high school and later the Catholic Little Flower High School in Kumbakonom , from which he matriculated at age 15 . Coming from a family of doctors , he naturally took admission in a medical school . But , when he witnessed the Great Bengal famine of 1943 , he decided to devote his life for getting rid of hunger from India . He was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi while he took this decision . He simply switched from the medical field to the agricultural field . He then went on to finish his undergraduate degree at Maharajas College in Trivandrum , Kerala ( now known as University College , Thiruvananthapuram ) . He studied there from 1940 -- 44 and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in zoology . </P> <P> M.S. Swaminathan is married to Mina Swaminathan , whom he met in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge . They live in Chennai , Tamil Nadu . They have three daughters and five grandchildren . Their daughters are Dr. Soumya Swaminathan , the Deputy Director General of World Health Organization , Dr. Madhura Swaminathan , who is a Professor of Economics at the Indian Statistical Institute , Bangalore and Nitya Swaminathan , a Senior Lecturer in Gender Analysis and Development at the University of East Anglia . </P> <H2> Early career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Swaminathan then decided to pursue a career in agricultural sciences . He enrolled in Madras Agricultural College ( now the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University ) where he graduated as valedictorian with another Bachelor of Science degree , this time in Agricultural Science . He explained this career decision thus : `` My personal motivation started with the great ( Bengal famine of 1943 ) , when I was a student at the University of Kerala . There was an acute rice shortage , and in Bengal about 3 million people died from starvation . All of our young people , myself included , were involved in the freedom struggle , which Gandhi had intensified , and I decided I should take to agricultural research in order to help farmers produce more . '' </P> <P> In 1947 , the year of Indian independence he moved to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute ( IARI ) in New Delhi as a post-graduate student in genetics and plant breeding . He obtained a post-graduate degree with high distinction in Cytogenetics in 1949 . He wrote the Union Public Service Commission exam and qualified for the Indian Police Service . </P> <P> He chose to accept the UNESCO Fellowship to continue his IARI research on potato genetics at the Wageningen Agricultural University , Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands . Here he succeeded in standardising procedures for transferring genes from a wide range of wild species of Solanum to the cultivated potato , Solanum tuberosum . In 1950 , he moved to study at the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Cambridge School of Agriculture . He earned a Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) degree in 1952 , for his thesis , `` Species Differentiation , and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum -- section Tuberarium . '' His work presented a new concept of the species relationships within the tuber - bearing Solanum . His Cambridge college , Fitzwilliam , made him an Honorary Fellow in 2014 . </P> <P> Swaminathan then accepted a post-doctoral research associateship at the University of Wisconsin , Department of Genetics to help set up a USDA potato research station . Despite his strong personal and professional satisfaction with the research work in Wisconsin , he declined the offer of a full - time faculty position , returning to India in early 1954 . </P> <H2> Professional achievements ( edit ) </H2> <P> Swaminathan has worked worldwide in collaboration with colleagues and students on a wide range of problems in basic and applied plant breeding , agricultural research and development and the conservation of natural resources . </P> <P> His professional career began in 1949 : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1949 -- 55 -- Research on potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) , wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) , rice ( Oryza sativa ) , and jute genetics . </Li> <Li> 1955 -- 72 -- Field research on Mexican dwarf wheat varieties . Teach Cytogenetics , Radiation Genetics , and Mutation Breeding and build up the wheat and rice germplasm collections at Indian Agricultural Research Institute IARI . </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 79 -- Director - General , Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , established the National Bureau of Plant , Animal , and Fish Genetic Resources of India . Established the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute ( changed in 2006 to Bioversity International ) . </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 80 -- Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India , Transformed the Pre-investment Forest Survey Programme into the Forest Survey of India . </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 85 -- Independent chairman , Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) Council , Rome , played a significant role in establishing the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources . </Li> <Li> 1983 -- Developed the concept of Farmers ' Rights and the text of the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources ( IUPGR ). President of the International Congress of Genetics . </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 88 -- Director General , International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , organised the International Rice Germplasm Centre , now named International Rice Genebank . </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 90 -- President of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN , develop the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD . </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 99 -- Chairman of the editorial advisory board , World Resources Institute , Washington , D.C. , conceived and produced the first `` World Resources Report . '' </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 91 -- Chairman of the International Steering Committee of the Keystone International Dialogue on Plant Genetic Resources , regarding the availability , use , exchange and protection of plant germplasm . </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 1995 -- Member , Governing Board , Auroville Foundation </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 96 -- President , World Wide Fund for Nature -- India WWF , Organized the Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Centre . Organize the Community Biodiversity Conservation Programme . </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 99 -- Chairman / Trustee , Commonwealth Secretariat Expert Group , organised the Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development , for the sustainable and equitable management of tropical rainforests in Guyana . The President of Guyana wrote in 1994 `` there would have been no Iwokrama without Swaminathan . '' </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 93 -- Founder / President , International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems ( ISME ) </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 98 -- Chaired various committees of the Government of India to prepare draft legislations relating to biodiversity ( Biodiversity Act ) and breeders ' and farmers ' rights ( Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act ) . </Li> <Li> in 1993 Dr M.S. Swaminathan , headed an expert group to prepare a draft of a national population policy that would be discussed by the Cabinet and then by Parliament . In 1994 it submitted its report . </Li> <Li> 1994 -- Chairman of the Commission on Genetic Diversity of the World Humanity Action Trust . Established a Technical Resource Centre at MSSRF for the implementation of equity provisions of CBD and FAO 's Farmers ' Rights . </Li> <Li> 1994 onwards -- Chairman of the Genetic Resources Policy Committee ( GRPC ) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ( CGIAR ) , development of policies for the management of the ex situ collections of International Agricultural Research Centers . </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 1999 chairman , Auroville Foundation </Li> <Li> 1999 -- Introduced the concept of trusteeship management of Biosphere reserves . Implemented the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust , with financial support from the Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) . </Li> <Li> 2001 -- Chairman of the Regional Steering Committee for the India -- Bangladesh joint Project on Biodiversity Management in the Sundarbans World Heritage Site , funded by the UN Foundation and UNDP . </Li> <Li> 2002 -- President of the Nobel Peace Prize - winning Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs which work towards reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats . </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 2005 -- Co-chairman with Pedro Sanchezof the UN Millennium Task Force on Hunger , a comprehensive global action plan for fighting poverty , disease and environmental degradation in developing countries . </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 2014 -- Chairman , National Commission on Farmers . </Li> <Li> Over 68 students have done their PhD thesis work under his guidance . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Notable mentions ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the occasion of the presentation of the First World Food Prize to Swaminathan in October 1987 , Javier Perez de Cuellar , Secretary General of the United Nations , wrote : `` Dr. Swaminathan is a living legend . His contributions to Agricultural Science have made an indelible mark on food production in India and elsewhere in the developing world . By any standards , he will go into the annals of history as a world scientist of rare distinction . '' </P> <P> Swaminathan has been described by the United Nations Environment Programme as `` the Father of Economic Ecology . '' </P> <P> He was one of three from India included in Time magazine 's 1999 list of the `` 20 most influential Asian people of the 20th century , '' the other two being Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore . </P> <P> Swaminathan was the featured speaker at the 2006 Norman E. Borlaug International Symposium in Des Moines , Iowa on , 19 October 2006 . He was sponsored by Humanities Iowa , an affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities . Swaminathan presented the `` Third Annual Governor 's Lecture '' and spoke on `` THE GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX : Can we replicate the single greatest period of food production in all human history ? '' about the cultural and social foundations of the Green Revolution in India and the role of historic leaders in India , such as Mahatma Gandhi , in inspiring the Green Revolution there by calling for the alleviation of widespread hunger . He talked about the links between Gandhi and the great Iowa scientist George Washington Carver . </P> <P> Swaminathan is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London , the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , the Russian Academy of Sciences , the Chinese Academy of Sciences , and the Italian Academy of Sciences . </P> <H2> Publications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dr Swaminathan is a prolific scientific researcher and writer . He published 46 single - author papers between 1950 and 1980 . Out of 118 two author papers , he was first author of 80 . Out of 63 three - author papers he was first author of 15 . Out of 21 four - author papers he was first author of 9 . In total he had 254 papers to his credit , 155 of which he was the single or first author . His scientific papers are in the fields of crop improvement ( 95 ) , cytogenetics and genetics ( 87 ) and phylogenetics ( 72 ) . His most frequent publishers were Indian Journal of Genetics ( 46 ) , Current Science ( 36 ) , Nature ( 12 ) and Radiation Botany ( 12 ) . Some of the papers are listed below . </P> <P> In addition he has written a few books on the general theme of his life 's work , biodiversity and sustainable agriculture for alleviation of hunger . </P> <P> Swaminathan 's books include </P> <Ul> <Li> `` 50 Years of Green Revolution - An Anthology of Research Papers '' , 2017 </Li> <Li> `` M.S. Swaminathan - Legend in Science and Beyond '' , 2017 </Li> <Li> `` In Search of Biohappiness - Biodiversity and Food , Health and Livelihood Security ( 2nd Edition ) '' , 2015 </Li> <Li> `` In Search of Biohappiness - Biodiversity and Food , Health and Livelihood Security '' , 2011 </Li> <Li> `` Science and Sustainable Food Security - Selected Papers of MS Swaminathan '' , 2010 </Li> <Li> `` An Evergreen Revolution '' , 2006 . </Li> <Li> `` I Predict : A Century of Hope Towards an Era of Harmony with Nature and Freedom from Hunger '' , ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> `` Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity Management '' , ( ed . ) ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Implementing the Benefit Sharing Provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity : Challenges and opportunities ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Agrobiodiversity and Farmers ' Rights , 1996 </Li> </Ul> <P> `` Sustainable Agriculture : Towards Food Security '' </P> <Ul> <Li> Farmers ' Rights and Plant Genetic Resources : A dialogue . ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Wheat Revolution : a Dialogue ( ed ) ( 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Research reports He has published laboratory research results in several scientific journals and increasingly writes for a wider audience in environmental journals . Some of his publications are available online in abstract or full text . and . </P> <P> A scientific paper in which Swaminathan and his team claimed to have produced a mutant breed of wheat by gamma irradiation of a Mexican variety ( Sonora 64 ) resulting in Sharbati Sonora claimed to have a very high lysine content led to a major controversy . The case was discussed as a classic example of scientific misdemeanor and was claimed to be an error made by the laboratory assistant . The episode was also compounded by the suicide of an agricultural scientist . Recent workers have studied it as part of a systemic problem in Indian agriculture research . </P> <H2> Honours , awards and International recognition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Swaminathan has received several outstanding awards and prizes . These prizes include large sums of money , which has helped sustain and expand his work . </P> <Ul> <Li> H.K. Firodia award for excellence in Science & Technology </Li> <Li> Four Freedoms Award for demonstrating achievement of the principles of Freedom of speech , Freedom of Religion , Freedom from want and Freedom from fear , 2000 </Li> <Li> Planet and Humanity Medal of the International Geographical Union awarded `` in recognition of his unique success in outstanding scientific research and its application , leading to Asia 's Green Revolution . 2000 </Li> <Li> UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize Laureate for outstanding contributions to the protection and management of the environment . Co -- winner with Paul and Anne Ehrlich 1994 , $200,000 prize . </Li> <Li> The Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement `` in recognition of life - long contributions to increasing biological productivity on an ecologically sustainable basis , and to promoting the conservation of biological diversity '' 1991 </Li> <Li> Honda Prize , for achieving outstanding results in the field of ecotechnology , 1991 </Li> <Li> Padma Vibhushan 1989 </Li> <Li> World Food Prize for advancing human development through increased quantity , quality or accessibility of food , 1987 </Li> <Li> Golden Heart Presidential Award of the Philippines , conferred by president Corazon Aquino 1987 </Li> <Li> Albert Einstein World Award of Science as a recognition for his contributions to plant genetics and his influence on international agricultural development . 1986 </Li> <Li> Borlaug Award , given by Coromandel Fertilizers in profound appreciation of his catalytic role in providing deep insights and inspiring fellow scientists to set goals ... for evolving a strategy for agriculture rooted in science , but tempered by a concern for ecology and human values 1979 </Li> <Li> Padma Bhushan 1972 </Li> <Li> Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership 1971 </Li> <Li> Padma Shri 1967 </Li> <Li> Foreign Fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences </Li> </Ul> <P> He holds more than 50 honorary Doctorate degrees from universities around the world . </P> <P> National Awards He has been honoured with several awards in India for his work to benefit the country . </P> <Ul> <Li> Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates , March , 2007 by iCONGO - Confederation of NGOs . </Li> <Li> Dupont - Solae Award for his contribution to the field of food and nutrition security 2004 </Li> <Li> Life Time Achievement Award from BioSpectrum 2003 </Li> <Li> Indira Gandhi Gold Plaque by the Asiatic Society for his significant contribution towards human progress . 2002 </Li> <Li> Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development `` for his outstanding contribution in the domain of plant genetics and ensuring food security to hundreds of millions of citizens in the developing world . '' 2000 </Li> <Li> Lokmanya Tilak Award by the Tilak Smarak Trust , in recognition of his contribution to the green revolution in India and for his outstanding scientific and environmental works . 2001 </Li> <Li> Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development in recognition of creative efforts toward promoting international peace , development and a new international economic order ; ensuring that scientific discoveries are used for the larger good of humanity , and enlarging the scope of freedom . 2000 </Li> <Li> Millennium Alumnus Award by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 2000 </Li> <Li> Prof PN Mehra Memorial Award 1999 </Li> <Li> Legend in his Lifetime Award by the World Wilderness Trust - India 1999 </Li> <Li> Dr. B.P. Pal Medal for unique contributions to agricultural research and development of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences , India 1997 </Li> <Li> V. Gangadharan Award for outstanding contributions to National Development 1997 </Li> <Li> Lal Bahadur Shastri Deshgaurav Samman 1992 </Li> <Li> Dr. J.C. Bose Medal , Bose Institute 1989 </Li> <Li> Krishi Ratna Award for `` devotion to the cause of agroscience , and for being the benefactor of the farming community , '' instituted by the Bharat Krishak Samaj ( Indian Farmer 's Society ) / World Agriculture Fair Memorial Trust Society , and presented by president Giani Zail Singh of India 1986 </Li> <Li> Rathindranath Tagore Prize of Visva Bharati University 1981 </Li> <Li> R.D. Misra Medal of the Indian Environmental Society 1981 </Li> <Li> Barclay Medal of the Asiatic Society for contributions to genetics 1978 </Li> <Li> Moudgil Prize of the Bureau of Indian Standards for contributions to standardisation 1978 </Li> <Li> Birbal Sahni Medal of the Indian Botanical Society for contributions to Applied Botany 1965 . </Li> <Li> Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for contributions to Biological Sciences 1961 </Li> <Li> Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration of the Indian National Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> International Awards He has been honoured with recognition from several international organisations for spreading the benefits of his work to other countries . </P> <Ul> <Li> UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Gold Medal for his outstanding work in extending the benefits of biotechnology to marginalised and poverty - stricken populations in developing countries and in securing a sound basis for sustainable agricultural , environmental and rural development 1999 </Li> <Li> Henry Shaw Medal awarded by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden in consideration of important service to humanity through emphasis on sustainability in agriculture -- USA 1998 </Li> <Li> Ordre du Merite Agricole , Govt of France to honour services of the highest quality rendered to the cause of agriculture 1997 </Li> <Li> Highest award for International Cooperation on Environment and Development , Govt of China for outstanding contributions to the lofty cause of environmental protection and development , and for his signal accomplishments in the field of international cooperation 1997 </Li> <Li> Global Environmental Leadership Award `` for encouraging village - level responses to environmental issues '' by the Climate Institute 1995 </Li> <Li> World Academy of Art and Science 1994 </Li> <Li> Asian Regional Award by the Asian Productivity Organization APO 1994 </Li> <Li> Charles Darwin International Science and Environment Medal 1993 </Li> <Li> Commandeur of the Order of the Golden Ark of the Netherlands 1990 </Li> <Li> The VOLVO Environment Prize for his outstanding research and devoted work in turning Indian food production from a deficit to a much increased supply . 1990 . </Li> <Li> Association for Women 's Rights in Development ( AWID ) international award for significant contributions to promoting the knowledge , skill , and technological empowerment of women in agriculture and for his pioneering role in mainstreaming gender considerations in agriculture and rural development 1985 . </Li> <Li> Bicentenary Medal of the University of Georgia , U.S.A. 1985 </Li> <Li> Bennett Commonwealth Prize of the Royal Society of Arts for significant contributions to Household Nutrition Security 1984 </Li> <Li> Mendel Memorial Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for contributions to Plant Genetics 1965 </Li> </Ul> <P> Fellowships </P> <Ul> <Li> Indian Academy of Sciences -- Elected Fellow ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Indian National Science Academy -- Elected Fellow ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> National Academy of Sciences , India -- Elected Fellow ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Royal Society of London -- Elected Fellow ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> National Academy of Sciences , USA -- Elected Fellow ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences -- Elected Fellow ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry -- Elected Fellow ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> National Academy of Arts and Sciences , USA -- Elected Fellow ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Accad . Naz . Delle Sciencz detta del XL , Italy -- Elected Fellow ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> European Academy of Arts , Science and Humanities -- Elected Fellow ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Am. Assn . For the Advancement of Science -- Elected Fellow </Li> <Li> The World Academy of Sciences ( TWAS ) -- Founder Fellow ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> National Academy of Agricultural Sciences -- Elected Fellow ( 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Critics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Despite these awards and honours , the credibility of Swaminathan and his promotion of biotechnology remains open to question by some . His record retains some controversy . In 1967 Swaminathan published a paper on a variety called Sharbati Sonora which he claimed had more lysine than the Mexican strains from which it was derived . It was re-examined by CIMMYT and found in 1969 to be incorrect . In 1972 Vinod Shah , an agronomist at the ICAR committed suicide and claimed that Swaminathan collected poor quality data to support his ideas . A committee was set up and an investigation was conducted into the Sharbati Sonora case . It was determined that someone had intentionally altered the value of the lysine content so that Sharbati Sonora was viewed positively . The report of the committee noted that it was not an isolated incident and that such practice `` pervades the entire scientific and academic community in this country . At the root of it is the greed for bureacratic power and love of a comfortable life that afflicts this class . '' The first among those who came to expose many of the claims made by MS Swaminathan was Claude Alvares . In his article The Great Gene Robbery 23 March 1986 The Illustrated Weekly . Alvares provided arguments to show that most of the research that was initiated by him and the International Rice Research Institute was not original . Shiv Vishwanathan in an EPW article wrote he is a sociological phenomenon . He is paradigm , exemplar , dissenter , critic and alternative ... Swaminathan always assimilates the new . Claude Alvares gives a different picture : </P> <P> Strangely , he has become more and more akin to HYV of the seeds he sells . Like them , he is capable of high - yielding varieties of phrase and word . At a Gandhi seminar , he will speak of the relevance of Gandhi . At a meeting in Madras on the necessity of combine harvesters . At another meeting on appropriate technology , he will plump for organic manures . At a talk in London , he will speak on the necessity of chemical fertilizers . He will label slum dwellers ' ecological refugees ' , and advertise his career as a quest for ' imparting an ecological basis to productivity improvement . ' This , after presiding over , and indiscriminately furthering , one of the ecologically most devastating technologies of modern times -- the HYV package of the Green revolution . </P> <H2> Current work ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> He currently holds the UNESCO - Cousteau Chair in Ecotechnology at the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai , India . </Li> <Li> He is the chairman of the National Commission on Agriculture , Food and Nutrition Security of India ( National Commission on Farmers ) . </Li> <Li> He is currently spearheading a movement to bridge the Digital divide called , `` Mission 2007 : Every Village a Knowledge Centre '' . <Ul> <Li> Bruce Alberts , President of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences said of Dr. Swaminathan : `` At 80 , M.S. retains all the energy and idealism of his youth , and he continues to inspire good behavior and more idealism from millions of his fellow human beings on this Earth . For that , we can all be thankful `` . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> M.S. Swaminathan is also a member of the Leadership Council of Compact2025 , a partnership that develops and disseminates evidence - based advice to politicians and other decision - makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Biodiversity and Poverty -- Natural Resources and the Millennium Goals '' , M.S. Swaminathan speech and a discussion , University of Berne , Auditorium Maximum , Wednesday , 24 August 2005. Speech , Full text : </Li> <Li> An insightful biography , `` M.S. Swaminathan -- One Man 's Quest for a Hunger - Free World '' was written in 2002 by Gita Gopalakrishnan , Education Development Center ( EDC ) , Sri Venkatesa Printing House , Chennai , pp. 132 ISBN 81 - 7276 - 260 - 7 Full text : . </Li> <Li> To learn the most about M.S. Swaminathan , the book to read is : `` Scientist and Humanist : M.S. Swaminathan '' by R.D. Iyer , Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , Mumbai , 2002 . pp. 245 Excerpt with photos </Li> <Li> `` The Man Who Harvests Sunshine -- The Modern Gandhi : M.S. Swaminathan . '' Andréi Erdélyi . Tertia Kiadó , H - 1158 , Budapest , Kubelsberg Kunóu36 , </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Commission on Farmers </Li> <Li> Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education </Li> <Li> Van Vigyan Kendra ( VVK ) Forest Science Centres </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ About Chairman . mssrf.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ barunroy ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` SIKKIM : Prof MS Swaminathan appointed as Chancellor of Sikkim University '' . The Himalayan Beacon . Darjeeling : Beacon Publications . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Now for the evergreen revolution : Prof. MS Swaminathan , a pioneer of India 's green revolution , calls for a new approach to world farming '' . For A Change . 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Asians of the Century : A Tale of Titans , TIME 100 : 23 -- 30 August 1999 VOL. 154 NO . 7 / 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1971 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership `` BIOGRAPHY of Moncompu Sambasivan Swaminathan '' / Retrieved on 26 March 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MS Swaminathan - On future of Indian agriculture , YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SGI Quarterly , A Buddhist forum for peace , culture and education `` An Evergreen Revolution , Interview with M.S. Swaminathan '' Retrieved on 26 March 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 996 CURRENT SCIENCE , VOL. 101 , NO . 8 , 25 October 2011 `` IN CONVERSATION M.S. Swaminathan '' Retrieved on 26 March 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Professor MS Swaminathan is new Honorary Fellow . Fitzwilliam College . 28 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : World Food Prize , Prof. Swaminathan , 1987 World Food Prize Laureate . worldfoodprize.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur , J. Richard , Technical Cooperation Programme Assistance for Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals , FAO Field Document No. 2 , TCP / RAS / 6714 ( A ) , Bangkok , July 1998 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bioversity International . bioversityinternational.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ministry of Environment & Forests , Forest Survey of India , Dehradun . envfor.nic.in </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FAO , Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture . Fao.org ( 22 June 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Genetics Federation , International Congress of Genetics . Intergenetics.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNDP , UNEP , The World Bank , World Resources Institute , `` World Resources 2005 -- The Wealth of the Poor : Managing ecosystems to fight poverty '' , 2005 . ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Final Consensus Report of the Keystone International Dialogue Series on Plant Genetic Resources : Madras Plenary Session , February 1990 , Report # 27 ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Wide Fund for Nature / India . Wwfindia.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Centre . wwfindia.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ REPORT OF AN `` AD HOC '' INTER AGENCY CONSULTATION ON PROMOTING CO-OPERATION ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF WILD PLANTS OF IMPORTANCE FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE PARIS , FRANCE , 11 -- 13 February 1998 , p. 7 ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Commonwealth and Government of Guyana Establish International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development , 9 November 1995. ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development , `` The Establishment of Iwokrama Forest '' ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems ( ISME ) , about . Mangrove.or.jp . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Legislation on Forest , Environment and Wildlife -- Biodiversity . envfor.nic.in ( 9 September 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Population Policy When will it start ticking ? Business Line . Thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Humanity Action Trust . Envirolink.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gene Conserve , Biography : `` Swaminathan 's Fifty Years of Contribution to the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources and their Sustainable and Equitable Use . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UN Millennium Task Force on Hunger , Final Report , 17 January 2005 . Unmillenniumproject.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ganguly , Meenakshi , Spaeth , A. `` M.S. Swaminathan -- The father of the Green Revolution '' , Time , The Most Influential Asians of the Century , 23 -- 30 August 1999 154 ( 7 / 8 ) ( 7 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan M.S. ( 19 October 2006 ) `` THE GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX : '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See : Powerpoint Presentation , Swaminathan M.S. ( 19 October 2006 ) `` ' HE GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX : '' , PowerPoint Presentation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hear : Swaminathan M.S. ( 19 October 2006 ) `` THE GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX : '' , ( 26.3 MB , 1 : 05 : 31 ) Audio of the First session , M.S. Swaminathin begins at 44 : 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Food Prize Symposium ( 19 October 2006 ) , Norman E. Borlaug International Symposium , Des Moines , Iowa , retrieved 22 March 2007. ( 8 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kalyane , V.L. and Kalyane , S.V. ( 1994 ) Scientometric portrait of M.S. Swaminathan . Library Science 31 ( 1 ) : pp. 31 -- 46 . ( 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan M.S. ( 2006 ) . `` An Evergreen Revolution '' . Crop Science . 46 ( 5 ) : 2293 . doi : 10.2135 / cropsci2006. 9999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan M.S. , ( 1999 ) `` I Predict : A Century of Hope Towards an Era of Harmony with Nature and Freedom from Hunger '' , East West Books ( Madras ) Pvt. Ltd. ( ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan MS , ed. , ( 1998 ) Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity Management , New Delhi : Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M.S. Swaminathan ( 1997 ) , `` Implementing the Benefit Sharing Provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity : Challenges and opportunities '' , Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter , No. 112 , pp. 19 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan MS , Agrobiodiversity and Farmers ' Rights , 1996 . New Delhi : Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. ( 10 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan , M.S. , ( 1996 ) `` Sustainable Agriculture : Towards Food Security '' , Konark , New Delhi . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M.S. Swaminathan ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) , Farmers ' Rights and Plant Genetic Resources : A dialogue . Madras : Macmillan India Ltd. ( 11 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan MS ( ed ) ( 1993 ) Wheat Revolution : a Dialogue . Madras , Macmillan India Ltd . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information , Literature databases , Swaminathan MS , search result ( 12 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S.D.A. , National Agricultural Library , Agricola , search : Swaminathan , M.S. , result = 198 articles. ( 13 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kohn , Alexander ( 1997 ) False Prophets : Fraud An Error In Science And Medicine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanlon , Joseph Top food scientist published false data . New Scientist Vol. 64 , No. 922 , pp. 436 -- 37 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert S. Anderson 1983 Cultivating Science as Cultural Policy : A Contrast of Agricultural and Nuclear Science in India . Pacific Affairs , Vol. 56 , No. 1 pp. 38 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Scientist . `` Defence of Swaminathan '' ( letters ) . New Scientist , 1975 ( 30 January ) : 280 -- 281 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Scientist . `` Swaminathan controversy '' ( letters ) . New Scientist , 1975 ( February ) : 339 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Scientist . `` Swaminathan controversy '' ( letters ) . New Scientist , 1974 ( 26 December ) : 948 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajeswari Sarala Raina ( 1999 ) Professionalization and evaluation : The case of Indian agricultural research . Knowledge , Technology , and Policy . Volume 11 , Number 4 pp. 69 -- 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNEP , Sasakawa Environment Prize , previous Laureates , co-winners 94 . Unep.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Honda Foundation , About the award . hondafoundation.jp </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Albert Einstein World Award of Science 1986 '' . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ List of Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences . bas.org.bd </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Country should move to evergreen revolution . '' The Hindu . 31 March 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suresh , N , BioSpectrum Awards 2003 , The search for Biotech greats , 12 December 2003. ( 14 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times of India . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 13 July 2001 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The WILD World Network : World Wilderness Trust -- India 1999 ( 15 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bose Institute , Kolkata . Boseinst.ernet.in . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indian Environmental Society . Iesglobal.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indian Botanical Society , MEDALS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY , Birbal Sahni Medal. ( 16 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M.S Swaminathan gets Indira Gandhi National Integration Award Business Line . Thehindubusinessline.com ( 10 October 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Volvo Environment Prize Foundation , The 1990 Volvo Environment Prize awarded to Dr. M.S. Swaminathan ( 17 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Association for Women 's Rights in Development ( AWID ) . awid.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NAAS Fellow '' . National Academy of Agricultural Sciences . 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Broad and Nichloas Wade ( 1982 ) . Betrayers of the Truth . Simon and Schuster . pages 104 - 105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GM WATCH , `` India 's GM Godfather '' , Profile : MS Swaminathan , Norfolk Genetic Information ( NGIN ) Network , 10 / 8 / 2004. ( 18 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swami 's Capers : The Great Gene Robbery by Claude Alvares . Swamiscapers.blogspot.com ( 30 April 2007 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swaminathan as king of scientific frauds M.S. Dalit Voice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.epw.org.in/uploads/articles/4318.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Father of Poverty , Hunger in India -- Quack M.S. Swaminathan `` CORRUPTION FREE INDIA . Corruptionfree.wordpress.com ( 2006 - 08 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNESCO , UNITWIN , Chairs Programme , Directory , India , 104 AEN , UNESCO - Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair / The Asian Ecotechnology Network , 1996 , p. 463. ( 19 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Commission on Farmers , Ministry of Agriculture , Govt. of India ( 20 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MSSRF , Mission 2007 : Every Village a Knowledge Centre , 2005 . mssrf.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce , president -- National Academy of Sciences , Washington D.C. , `` The M.S. Swaminathan I know '' , Current Science , vol. 89 , NO . 2 , 25 August 2005 , ( 21 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leadership Council members from the website of the Compact 2025 partnership . Compact2025.org ( 17 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to M.S. Swaminathan . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Islamic banking may solve farmer suicide crisis : Swaminathan -- TCN News </Li> <Li> Listen : ( 8 : 46 ) to Dr. M.S. Swaminathan speaking at U.N. World Summit on Sustainable Development , p. 83 27 August 2002 </Li> <Li> Prof MS Swaminathan 's Inspiring Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Green Revolution Champion Prof MS Swaminathan at BITS Pilani </Li> <Li> Proud to be an Indian Prof MS Swaminathan lectures at BITS Pilani ... </Li> <Li> Prof MS Swaminathan Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Evergreen Prof MS Swaminathan lectures at BITS Pilani Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Evergreen Prof MS Swaminathan speech at BITS Pilani Rajasthan </Li> <Li> BITS Pilani Rajasthan Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 -- Curtain Raiser </Li> <Li> Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 at BITS Pilani Rajasthan -- Curtain Raiser </Li> <Li> Curtain Raiser : Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 at BITS Pilani Rajasthan </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ramon Magsaysay Award winners of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Anshu Gupta </Li> <Li> Amitabha Chowdhury </Li> <Li> Aruna Roy </Li> <Li> Arun Shourie </Li> <Li> Arvind Kejriwal </Li> <Li> Baba Amte </Li> <Li> Banoo Jehangir Coyaji </Li> <Li> Bezwada Wilson </Li> <Li> BG Verghese </Li> <Li> Chandi Prasad Bhatt </Li> <Li> C.D. Deshmukh </Li> <Li> Dara Nusserwanji Khurody </Li> <Li> Ela Bhatt </Li> <Li> Gour Kishore Ghosh </Li> <Li> Harish Hande </Li> <Li> Jockin Arputham </Li> <Li> James Michael Lyngdoh </Li> <Li> Jayaprakash Narayan </Li> <Li> Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay </Li> <Li> Kiran Bedi </Li> <Li> Kulandei Francis </Li> <Li> K.V. Subbanna </Li> <Li> Lakshmi Chand Jain </Li> <Li> Laxminarayan Ramdas </Li> <Li> Mabelle Arole </Li> <Li> Mahasweta Devi </Li> <Li> Mahesh Chandra Mehta </Li> <Li> Manibhai Desai </Li> <Li> Mandakini Amte </Li> <Li> Mother Teresa </Li> <Li> M.S. Subbulakshmi </Li> <Li> M.S. Swaminathan </Li> <Li> Nileema Mishra </Li> <Li> Palagummi Sainath </Li> <Li> Pandurang Shastri Athavale </Li> <Li> Prakash Amte </Li> <Li> P.K. Sethi </Li> <Li> Rajendra Singh </Li> <Li> Ravi Shankar </Li> <Li> R.K. Laxman </Li> <Li> Rajanikant Arole </Li> <Li> Sanjiv Chaturvedi </Li> <Li> Satyajit Ray </Li> <Li> Sombhu Mitra </Li> <Li> Sandeep Pandey </Li> <Li> Shantha Sinha </Li> <Li> T.M. Krishna </Li> <Li> T.N. Seshan </Li> <Li> Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel </Li> <Li> V. Shanta </Li> <Li> Verghese Kurien </Li> <Li> Vinoba Bhave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Padma Vibhushan award recipients </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ebrahim Alkazi </Li> <Li> Kishori Amonkar </Li> <Li> Amitabh Bachchan </Li> <Li> M. Balamuralikrishna </Li> <Li> T. Balasaraswati </Li> <Li> Asha Bhosle </Li> <Li> Nandalal Bose </Li> <Li> Hariprasad Chaurasia </Li> <Li> Girija Devi </Li> <Li> Kumar Gandharva </Li> <Li> Adoor Gopalakrishnan </Li> <Li> Satish Gujral </Li> <Li> Gangubai Hangal </Li> <Li> Bhupen Hazarika </Li> <Li> M.F. Husain </Li> <Li> Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer </Li> <Li> Bhimsen Joshi </Li> <Li> Ali Akbar Khan </Li> <Li> Amjad Ali Khan </Li> <Li> Allauddin Khan </Li> <Li> Bismillah Khan </Li> <Li> Yamini Krishnamurthy </Li> <Li> Dilip Kumar </Li> <Li> R.K. Laxman </Li> <Li> Birju Maharaj </Li> <Li> Kishan Maharaj </Li> <Li> Lata Mangeshkar </Li> <Li> Sonal Mansingh </Li> <Li> Mallikarjun Mansur </Li> <Li> Zubin Mehta </Li> <Li> Mario Miranda </Li> <Li> Kelucharan Mohapatra </Li> <Li> Raghunath Mohapatra </Li> <Li> Jasraj Motiram </Li> <Li> Benode Behari Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Hrishikesh Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Rajinikanth </Li> <Li> Ram Narayan </Li> <Li> D.K. Pattammal </Li> <Li> K. Shankar Pillai </Li> <Li> Akkineni Nageswara Rao </Li> <Li> Kaloji Narayana Rao </Li> <Li> Satyajit Ray </Li> <Li> S.H. Raza </Li> <Li> Zohra Sehgal </Li> <Li> Uday Shankar </Li> <Li> Ravi Shankar </Li> <Li> V. Shantaram </Li> <Li> Shivkumar Sharma </Li> <Li> Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman </Li> <Li> M.S. Subbulakshmi </Li> <Li> K.G. Subramanyan </Li> <Li> Kapila Vatsyayan </Li> <Li> Homai Vyarawalla </Li> <Li> K.J. Yesudas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Civil Service </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bimala Prasad Chaliha </Li> <Li> Naresh Chandra </Li> <Li> T.N. Chaturvedi </Li> <Li> Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri </Li> <Li> Suranjan Das </Li> <Li> Rajeshwar Dayal </Li> <Li> Basanti Devi </Li> <Li> P.N. Dhar </Li> <Li> Jyotindra Nath Dixit </Li> <Li> M.S. Gill </Li> <Li> Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim </Li> <Li> H.V.R. Iyengar </Li> <Li> Bhola Nath Jha </Li> <Li> Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi </Li> <Li> Ajudhia Nath Khosla </Li> <Li> Rai Krishnadasa </Li> <Li> V. Krishnamurthy </Li> <Li> P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam </Li> <Li> Pratap Chandra Lal </Li> <Li> K.B. Lall </Li> <Li> Sam Manekshaw </Li> <Li> Om Prakash Mehra </Li> <Li> Mohan Sinha Mehta </Li> <Li> M.G.K. Menon </Li> <Li> Brajesh Mishra </Li> <Li> Sumati Morarjee </Li> <Li> A. Ramasamy Mudaliar </Li> <Li> Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda </Li> <Li> Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan </Li> <Li> Braj Kumar Nehru </Li> <Li> Bhairab Dutt Pande </Li> <Li> Ghananand Pande </Li> <Li> Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit </Li> <Li> T.V. Rajeswar </Li> <Li> C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao </Li> <Li> Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao </Li> <Li> V.K.R.V. Rao </Li> <Li> Khusro Faramurz Rustamji </Li> <Li> Harish Chandra Sarin </Li> <Li> Binay Ranjan Sen </Li> <Li> Homi Sethna </Li> <Li> Arjan Singh </Li> <Li> Harbaksh Singh </Li> <Li> Kirpal Singh </Li> <Li> Manmohan Singh </Li> <Li> Tarlok Singh </Li> <Li> Lallan Prasad Singh </Li> <Li> Balaram Sivaraman </Li> <Li> Chandrika Prasad Srivastava </Li> <Li> T. Swaminathan </Li> <Li> Arun Shridhar Vaidya </Li> <Li> Dharma Vira </Li> <Li> Narinder Nath Vohra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature and Education </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> V.S.R. Arunachalam </Li> <Li> Jagdish Bhagwati </Li> <Li> Satyendra Nath Bose </Li> <Li> Tara Chand </Li> <Li> Suniti Kumar Chatterji </Li> <Li> D.P. Chattopadhyaya </Li> <Li> Bhabatosh Datta </Li> <Li> Avinash Dixit </Li> <Li> Mahasweta Devi </Li> <Li> John Kenneth Galbraith </Li> <Li> Sarvepalli Gopal </Li> <Li> Lakshman Shastri Joshi </Li> <Li> Kaka Kalelkar </Li> <Li> Dhondo Keshav Karve </Li> <Li> Gopinath Kaviraj </Li> <Li> Kuvempu </Li> <Li> O.N.V. Kurup </Li> <Li> Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis </Li> <Li> Sitakant Mahapatra </Li> <Li> John Mathai </Li> <Li> Kotha Satchidanda Murthy </Li> <Li> Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir </Li> <Li> Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri </Li> <Li> Bal Ram Nanda </Li> <Li> R.K. Narayan </Li> <Li> Amrita Pritam </Li> <Li> K.N. Raj </Li> <Li> C. Rangarajan </Li> <Li> Raja Rao </Li> <Li> Ramoji Rao </Li> <Li> Hormasji Maneckji Seervai </Li> <Li> Rajaram Shastri </Li> <Li> Kalu Lal Shrimali </Li> <Li> Govindbhai Shroff </Li> <Li> Khushwant Singh </Li> <Li> Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh </Li> <Li> Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey </Li> <Li> Mahadevi Varma </Li> <Li> Bashir Hussain Zaidi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medicine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jasbir Singh Bajaj </Li> <Li> B.K. Goyal </Li> <Li> Purshotam Lal </Li> <Li> A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar </Li> <Li> S.I. Padmavati </Li> <Li> Autar Singh Paintal </Li> <Li> Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti </Li> <Li> Balu Sankaran </Li> <Li> V. Shanta </Li> <Li> Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar </Li> <Li> Prakash Narain Tandon </Li> <Li> Brihaspati Dev Triguna </Li> <Li> M.S. Valiathan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sunderlal Bahuguna </Li> <Li> B.K.S. Iyengar </Li> <Li> Rambhadracharya </Li> <Li> Sri Sri Ravi Shankar </Li> <Li> Jaggi Vasudev </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public Affairs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> L.K. Advani </Li> <Li> Montek Singh Ahluwalia </Li> <Li> Aruna Asaf Ali </Li> <Li> Fazal Ali </Li> <Li> Adarsh Sein Anand </Li> <Li> Madhav Shrihari Aney </Li> <Li> Parkash Singh Badal </Li> <Li> Sikander Bakht </Li> <Li> Milon K. Banerji </Li> <Li> Mirza Hameedullah Beg </Li> <Li> P.N. Bhagwati </Li> <Li> Raja Chelliah </Li> <Li> Chandra Kisan Daphtary </Li> <Li> Niren De </Li> <Li> C.D. Deshmukh </Li> <Li> Anthony Lancelot Dias </Li> <Li> Uma Shankar Dikshit </Li> <Li> Kazi Lhendup Dorjee </Li> <Li> P.B. Gajendragadkar </Li> <Li> Benjamin A. Gilman </Li> <Li> Zakir Husain </Li> <Li> V.R. Krishna Iyer </Li> <Li> Jagmohan </Li> <Li> Lakshmi Chand Jain </Li> <Li> Aditya Nath Jha </Li> <Li> Murli Manohar Joshi </Li> <Li> Mehdi Nawaz Jung </Li> <Li> Ali Yavar Jung </Li> <Li> Vijay Kelkar </Li> <Li> Hans Raj Khanna </Li> <Li> V.N. Khare </Li> <Li> Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher </Li> <Li> Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai </Li> <Li> Jivraj Narayan Mehta </Li> <Li> V.K. Krishna Menon </Li> <Li> Hirendranath Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Ajoy Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Pranab Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Padmaja Naidu </Li> <Li> Gulzarilal Nanda </Li> <Li> Govind Narain </Li> <Li> Fali Sam Nariman </Li> <Li> Hosei Norota </Li> <Li> Nanabhoy Palkhivala </Li> <Li> K. Parasaran </Li> <Li> Hari Vinayak Pataskar </Li> <Li> Sunder Lal Patwa </Li> <Li> Sharad Pawar </Li> <Li> Naryana Raghvan Pillai </Li> <Li> Sri Prakasa </Li> <Li> N.G. Ranga </Li> <Li> Ravi Narayana Reddy </Li> <Li> Y . Venugopal Reddy </Li> <Li> Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq </Li> <Li> Lakshmi Sahgal </Li> <Li> P.A. Sangma </Li> <Li> M.C. Setalvad </Li> <Li> Karan Singh </Li> <Li> Nagendra Singh </Li> <Li> Swaran Singh </Li> <Li> Walter Sisulu </Li> <Li> Soli Sorabjee </Li> <Li> Kalyan Sundaram </Li> <Li> Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi </Li> <Li> Atal Bihari Vajpayee </Li> <Li> M.N. Venkatachaliah </Li> <Li> Kottayan Katankot Venugopal </Li> <Li> Jigme Dorji Wangchuck </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Science and Engineering </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> V.K. Aatre </Li> <Li> Salim Ali </Li> <Li> Norman Borlaug </Li> <Li> Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar </Li> <Li> Rajagopala Chidambaram </Li> <Li> Charles Correa </Li> <Li> Satish Dhawan </Li> <Li> Anil Kakodkar </Li> <Li> A.P.J. Abdul Kalam </Li> <Li> Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan </Li> <Li> Har Gobind Khorana </Li> <Li> Daulat Singh Kothari </Li> <Li> Verghese Kurien </Li> <Li> Raghunath Anant Mashelkar </Li> <Li> G. Madhavan Nair </Li> <Li> Roddam Narasimha </Li> <Li> Jayant Narlikar </Li> <Li> Rajendra K. Pachauri </Li> <Li> Benjamin Peary Pal </Li> <Li> Yash Pal </Li> <Li> I.G. Patel </Li> <Li> Venkatraman Ramakrishnan </Li> <Li> K.R. Ramanathan </Li> <Li> Raja Ramanna </Li> <Li> C.R. Rao </Li> <Li> C.N.R. Rao </Li> <Li> Palle Rama Rao </Li> <Li> Udupi Ramachandra Rao </Li> <Li> Vikram Sarabhai </Li> <Li> Man Mohan Sharma </Li> <Li> Obaid Siddiqi </Li> <Li> E. Sreedharan </Li> <Li> M.R. Srinivasan </Li> <Li> George Sudarshan </Li> <Li> M.S. Swaminathan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Social Work </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baba Amte </Li> <Li> Pandurang Shastri Athavale </Li> <Li> Janaki Devi Bajaj </Li> <Li> Mirabehn </Li> <Li> Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay </Li> <Li> Durgabai Deshmukh </Li> <Li> Nanaji Deshmukh </Li> <Li> Nirmala Deshpande </Li> <Li> Mohan Dharia </Li> <Li> U.N. Dhebar </Li> <Li> Valerian Gracias </Li> <Li> Veerendra Heggade </Li> <Li> Mary Clubwala Jadhav </Li> <Li> Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta </Li> <Li> Usha Mehta </Li> <Li> Sister Nirmala </Li> <Li> Nellie Sengupta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Viswanathan Anand </Li> <Li> Edmund Hillary </Li> <Li> Sachin Tendulkar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trade and Industry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dhirubhai Ambani </Li> <Li> Ghanshyam Das Birla </Li> <Li> Ashok Sekhar Ganguly </Li> <Li> Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan </Li> <Li> Lakshmi Mittal </Li> <Li> N.R. Narayana Murthy </Li> <Li> M. Narasimham </Li> <Li> Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi </Li> <Li> Azim Premji </Li> <Li> Prathap C. Reddy </Li> <Li> J.R.D. Tata </Li> <Li> Ratan Tata </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1970 -- 1979 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ramkinkar Baij </Li> <Li> Hirabai Barodekar </Li> <Li> Buddhadeb Bosu </Li> <Li> Amiya Chakravarty </Li> <Li> T.S. Avinashilingam Chettiar </Li> <Li> Lala Hansraj Gupta </Li> <Li> Ratan Lal Joshi </Li> <Li> Gurram Jashuva </Li> <Li> Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar </Li> <Li> Kumari Kamala </Li> <Li> P.K. Kelkar </Li> <Li> M.S. Krishnan </Li> <Li> Syed Abdul Latif </Li> <Li> Bhagwantrao Mandloi </Li> <Li> Mahesh Prasad Mehray </Li> <Li> Sombhu Mitra </Li> <Li> Krishnaswami Ramiah </Li> <Li> Anant alias Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe </Li> <Li> Surrendar Saini </Li> <Li> Viswanatha Satyanarayana </Li> <Li> Ahmed Jan Thirakwa </Li> <Li> N.M. Wagle </Li> <Li> Prem Nath Wahi </Li> <Li> Yashpal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> N. Ramaswami Ayyar </Li> <Li> Suraj Bhan </Li> <Li> Gokulbhai Bhatt </Li> <Li> Jaishankar Bhojak </Li> <Li> Kandathil Mammen Cherian </Li> <Li> Ramrao Deshmukh </Li> <Li> Satish Dhawan </Li> <Li> Abasaheb Garware </Li> <Li> Gangubai Hangal </Li> <Li> Musiri Subramania Iyer </Li> <Li> Palghat Mani Iyer </Li> <Li> Jainendra Kumar </Li> <Li> Raj Kapoor </Li> <Li> Dhananjay Keer </Li> <Li> Amir Khan </Li> <Li> Nissar Hussain Khan </Li> <Li> Guru Kunchu Kurup </Li> <Li> R.K. Laxman </Li> <Li> Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta </Li> <Li> Kalindi Charan Panigrahi </Li> <Li> D.K. Pattammal </Li> <Li> Krishnarao Phulambrikar </Li> <Li> Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai </Li> <Li> Vulimiri Ramalingaswami </Li> <Li> Suresh Chandra Roy </Li> <Li> Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme </Li> <Li> Pichu Sambamoorthi </Li> <Li> Bhagwati Charan Verma </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1972 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jagjit Singh Aurora </Li> <Li> Madhavrao Bagal </Li> <Li> Gopal Gurunath Bewoor </Li> <Li> Kunhiraman Palat Candeth </Li> <Li> Ram Narayan Chakravarti </Li> <Li> Yashodhara Dasappa </Li> <Li> Hari Chand Dewan </Li> <Li> Minoo Merwan Engineer </Li> <Li> Inderjit Singh Gill </Li> <Li> Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani </Li> <Li> L.A. Krishna Iyer </Li> <Li> Sourendra Nath Kohli </Li> <Li> Jai Krishna </Li> <Li> Nilakanta Krishnan </Li> <Li> Ashwini Kumar </Li> <Li> T.A. Pai </Li> <Li> Vinayakrao Patwardhan </Li> <Li> Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke </Li> <Li> Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare </Li> <Li> Tapishwar Narain Raina </Li> <Li> Bharat Ram </Li> <Li> Mohinder Singh Randhawa </Li> <Li> Adya Rangacharya </Li> <Li> M.B. Ramachandra Rao </Li> <Li> A.S. Rao </Li> <Li> Sujoy Bhushan Roy </Li> <Li> Khusro Faramurz Rustamji </Li> <Li> Shantilal C. Sheth </Li> <Li> Baldev Singh </Li> <Li> Khem Karan Singh </Li> <Li> Sartaj Singh </Li> <Li> Sagat Singh </Li> <Li> Birendranath Sircar </Li> <Li> Papanasam Sivan </Li> <Li> Chandrika Prasad Srivastava </Li> <Li> M.S. Swaminathan </Li> <Li> Bal Dattatreya Tilak </Li> <Li> Syed Husain Zaheer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1973 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Om P. Bahl </Li> <Li> Chembai </Li> <Li> Harindranath Chattopadhyay </Li> <Li> Banarsidas Chaturvedi </Li> <Li> M.A. Muthiah Chettiar </Li> <Li> M.F. Husain </Li> <Li> Pothan Joseph </Li> <Li> N.R. Malkani </Li> <Li> Vinoo Mankad </Li> <Li> Krishnarao Shankar Pandit </Li> <Li> Vennelakanti Raghavaiah </Li> <Li> Raja Ramanna </Li> <Li> K. Sukumaran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice Boner </Li> <Li> Camille Bulcke </Li> <Li> Ram Kumar Caroli </Li> <Li> Dhirendra Nath Ganguly </Li> <Li> D.V. Gundappa </Li> <Li> V.S. Huzurbazar </Li> <Li> Chintamoni Kar </Li> <Li> Mogubai Kurdikar </Li> <Li> Jayant Pandurang Naik </Li> <Li> Habib Rahman </Li> <Li> Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy </Li> <Li> John Richardson </Li> <Li> Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan </Li> <Li> Sukhlal Sanghvi </Li> <Li> Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia </Li> <Li> Jaideva Singh </Li> <Li> Khushwant Singh </Li> <Li> Arunachala Sreenivasan </Li> <Li> Raman Viswanathan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Begum Akhtar </Li> <Li> Dilbagh Singh Athwal </Li> <Li> Asima Chatterjee </Li> <Li> Madhav Sadashiv Gore </Li> <Li> Pratul Chandra Gupta </Li> <Li> P.K. Iyengar </Li> <Li> Darab Jehangir Jussawala </Li> <Li> Pancheti Koteswaram </Li> <Li> Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi </Li> <Li> Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay </Li> <Li> Kirpal Singh Narang </Li> <Li> Ratan Shastri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Malcolm Adiseshiah </Li> <Li> Harivansh Rai Bachchan </Li> <Li> Nabakanta Barua </Li> <Li> Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi </Li> <Li> Zehra Ali Yavar Jung </Li> <Li> Mallikarjun Mansur </Li> <Li> Yash Pal </Li> <Li> Bhogilal Pandya </Li> <Li> Udupi Ramachandra Rao </Li> <Li> Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi </Li> <Li> Devulapalli Krishnasastri </Li> <Li> C. Sivaramamurti </Li> <Li> E.C. George Sudarshan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1977 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gopinath Aman </Li> <Li> Prithvi Singh Azad </Li> <Li> Harish - Chandra </Li> <Li> Kumar Gandharva </Li> <Li> Phulrenu Guha </Li> <Li> Jagmohan </Li> <Li> Kailas Nath Kaul </Li> <Li> Yousuf Hussain Khan </Li> <Li> K.S. Narayanaswamy </Li> <Li> Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi </Li> <Li> Perugu Siva Reddy </Li> <Li> Annapurna Devi </Li> <Li> Yudhvir Singh </Li> <Li> M.N. Srinivas </Li> <Li> Thenpattinam Ponnusamy Meenakshi Sundaran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> # Posthumous conferral <Ul> <Li> 1954 -- 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Biological Science </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> M.S. Swaminathan ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Bimal Kumar Bachhawat ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Jagannath Ganguly ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Dilbagh Singh Athwal ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Chirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Hari Krishan Jain ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Arun Kumar Sharma ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Tathamangalam Ananthanarayanan Venkitasubramanian ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Madhu Sudan Kanungo ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Narayana Balakrishnan Nair ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Birendra Bijoy Biswas ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Satish Chandra Maheshwari ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Sardul Singh Guraya ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> John Barnabas ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Obaid Siddiqi ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Archana Sharma ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Guru Prakash Dutta ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Kishan Singh ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Trichnopoly Chelvaraj Anand Kumar ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> V. Sasisekharan ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Amar Nath Bhaduri ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> M.K. Chandrashekaran ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Asis Datta ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Jamuna Sharan Singh ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Sushil Kumar ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Sunil Kumar Podder ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Ramamirtha Jayaraman ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Govindarajan Padmanabhan ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> K.R.K. Easwaran ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Chhitar Mal Gupta ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> M. Vijayan ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Madhav Gadgil ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Avadhesha Surolia </Li> <Li> Sudhir Kumar Sopory </Li> <Li> Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> M.R.S. Rao ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Subhash Chandra Lakhotia ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Manju Ray </Li> <Li> Samir K. Brahmachari ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Virendra Nath Pandey ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Srinivas Kishanrao ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Dipankar Chatterji ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Raghavendra Gadagkar ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> M.R.N. Murthy ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Ramakrishnan Nagaraj ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Alok Bhattacharya ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Seyed E. Hasnain ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Kalappa Muniyappa ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Ghanshyam Swarup ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Vishweshwaraiah Prakash ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jayaraman Gowrishankar ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Kanury Venkata Subba Rao ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> K. VijayRaghavan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Debi Prasad Sarkar ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Siddhartha Roy ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Valakunja Nagaraja ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinakar Mashnu Salunke ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jayant B. Udgaonkar ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Umesh Varshney ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Raghavan Varadarajan ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Amitabha Chattopadhyay ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Satyajit Mayor ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Gopal Chandra Kundu ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Ramesh Venkata Sonti ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Tapas Kumar Kundu ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Shekhar C. Mande ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Vinod Bhakuni ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Upinder Singh Bhalla ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Narayanaswamy Srinivasan ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> L.S. Shashidhara ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Amitabh Joshi ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Bhaskar Saha ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Sanjeev Galande ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Shubha Tole ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Amit Prakash Sharma ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Rajan Sankaranarayanan ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Shantanu Chowdhury ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Suman Kumar Dhar ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Roop Mallik ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Balasubramanian Gopal ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Rajeev Kumar Varshney ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Rishikesh Narayanan ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All the branches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biological Science </Li> <Li> Chemical Science </Li> <Li> Engineering Science </Li> <Li> Mathematical Science </Li> <Li> Medical Science </Li> <Li> Physical Science </Li> <Li> Earth , Atmosphere , Ocean & Planetary Sciences </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ricardo Bressani ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Werner Stumm ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Hugh Huxley ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Margaret Burbidge ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Martin Kamen ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Gustav Nossal ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Albrecht Fleckenstein ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Raymond U. Lemieux ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Ali Javan ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Sherwood Rowland ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Herbert H. Jasper ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Alec Jeffreys ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jean - Marie Ghuysen ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Charles R. Goldman ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Robert Weinberg ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Frank Fenner ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Niels Birbaumer ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Daniel H. Janzen ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Martin Rees ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Ralph J. Cicerone ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> John Hopfield ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Ahmed Zewail ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Fraser Stoddart ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Ada Yonath ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> John T. Houghton ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Julio Montaner ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Geoffrey Ozin ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Grätzel ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Paul Nurse ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Philip Cohen ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Ewine van Dishoeck ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Edward Witten ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Omar M. Yaghi ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 54207475 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n82009536 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1472 8092 </Li> <Li> GND : 122565290 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 031570305 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb140340249 ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00475833 </Li> <Li> IATH : w6vh7q94 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._S._Swaminathan&oldid=804679968 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science </Li> <Li> 1925 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Indian geneticists </Li> <Li> Scientists from Chennai </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Royal Order of Sahametrei </Li> <Li> Commanders of the Order of Agricultural Merit </Li> <Li> Digital divide activists </Li> <Li> Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates </Li> <Li> World Food Prize laureates </Li> <Li> Agriculture in India </Li> <Li> Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha </Li> <Li> Indian development specialists </Li> <Li> Sustainability advocates </Li> <Li> Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences </Li> <Li> Ramon Magsaysay Award winners </Li> <Li> Alumni of Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge </Li> <Li> University of Wisconsin -- Madison alumni </Li> <Li> Fellows of the Royal Society </Li> <Li> Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences </Li> <Li> Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy </Li> <Li> Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences , India </Li> <Li> Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences </Li> <Li> Members of National Advisory Council , India </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Order of Agricultural Merit </Li> <Li> People from Thanjavur district </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu Agricultural University alumni </Li> <Li> University College Trivandrum alumni </Li> <Li> University of Madras alumni </Li> <Li> Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences </Li> <Li> Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences </Li> <Li> 20th - century Indian biologists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use Indian English from September 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> संस्कृतम् </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 13 : 56 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 14,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 245
},
{
"start_token": 15,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 22
},
{
"start_token": 22,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 33
},
{
"start_token": 33,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 56
},
{
"start_token": 56,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 69
},
{
"start_token": 69,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 94
},
{
"start_token": 94,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 112
},
{
"start_token": 112,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 124
},
{
"start_token": 124,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 141
},
{
"start_token": 141,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 213
},
{
"start_token": 213,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 219
},
{
"start_token": 219,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 230
},
{
"start_token": 230,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 240
},
{
"start_token": 245,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 387
},
{
"start_token": 387,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 452
},
{
"start_token": 452,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 478
},
{
"start_token": 564,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 764
},
{
"start_token": 764,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 925
},
{
"start_token": 925,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1016
},
{
"start_token": 1023,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1158
},
{
"start_token": 1158,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1221
},
{
"start_token": 1221,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1367
},
{
"start_token": 1367,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1428
},
{
"start_token": 1435,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1471
},
{
"start_token": 1471,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1480
},
{
"start_token": 1480,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2290
},
{
"start_token": 1481,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1511
},
{
"start_token": 1511,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1550
},
{
"start_token": 1550,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1601
},
{
"start_token": 1601,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1632
},
{
"start_token": 1632,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1665
},
{
"start_token": 1665,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1698
},
{
"start_token": 1698,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1728
},
{
"start_token": 1728,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1756
},
{
"start_token": 1756,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1788
},
{
"start_token": 1788,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1823
},
{
"start_token": 1823,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1836
},
{
"start_token": 1836,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1868
},
{
"start_token": 1868,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1924
},
{
"start_token": 1924,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1942
},
{
"start_token": 1942,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1986
},
{
"start_token": 1986,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2026
},
{
"start_token": 2026,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2066
},
{
"start_token": 2066,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2110
},
{
"start_token": 2110,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2119
},
{
"start_token": 2119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2154
},
{
"start_token": 2154,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2189
},
{
"start_token": 2189,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2226
},
{
"start_token": 2226,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2261
},
{
"start_token": 2261,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2274
},
{
"start_token": 2274,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2289
},
{
"start_token": 2297,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2382
},
{
"start_token": 2382,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2403
},
{
"start_token": 2403,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2443
},
{
"start_token": 2443,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2578
},
{
"start_token": 2578,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2617
},
{
"start_token": 2623,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2774
},
{
"start_token": 2774,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2803
},
{
"start_token": 2803,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2809
},
{
"start_token": 2809,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2983
},
{
"start_token": 2810,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2827
},
{
"start_token": 2827,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2841
},
{
"start_token": 2841,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2864
},
{
"start_token": 2864,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2883
},
{
"start_token": 2883,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2900
},
{
"start_token": 2900,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2910
},
{
"start_token": 2910,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2936
},
{
"start_token": 2936,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2953
},
{
"start_token": 2953,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2973
},
{
"start_token": 2973,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2982
},
{
"start_token": 2983,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2993
},
{
"start_token": 2993,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3028
},
{
"start_token": 2994,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3014
},
{
"start_token": 3014,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3027
},
{
"start_token": 3028,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3068
},
{
"start_token": 3068,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3170
},
{
"start_token": 3181,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3209
},
{
"start_token": 3209,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3514
},
{
"start_token": 3210,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3221
},
{
"start_token": 3221,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3250
},
{
"start_token": 3250,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3285
},
{
"start_token": 3285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3317
},
{
"start_token": 3317,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3353
},
{
"start_token": 3353,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3369
},
{
"start_token": 3369,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3374
},
{
"start_token": 3374,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3394
},
{
"start_token": 3394,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3410
},
{
"start_token": 3410,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3436
},
{
"start_token": 3436,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3485
},
{
"start_token": 3485,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3490
},
{
"start_token": 3490,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3499
},
{
"start_token": 3499,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3504
},
{
"start_token": 3504,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3513
},
{
"start_token": 3514,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3530
},
{
"start_token": 3530,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3551
},
{
"start_token": 3551,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3972
},
{
"start_token": 3552,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3569
},
{
"start_token": 3569,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3587
},
{
"start_token": 3587,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3596
},
{
"start_token": 3596,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3615
},
{
"start_token": 3615,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3654
},
{
"start_token": 3654,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3686
},
{
"start_token": 3686,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3736
},
{
"start_token": 3736,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3748
},
{
"start_token": 3748,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3756
},
{
"start_token": 3756,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3771
},
{
"start_token": 3771,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3795
},
{
"start_token": 3795,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3807
},
{
"start_token": 3807,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3815
},
{
"start_token": 3815,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3825
},
{
"start_token": 3825,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3880
},
{
"start_token": 3880,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3890
},
{
"start_token": 3890,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3901
},
{
"start_token": 3901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3914
},
{
"start_token": 3914,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3929
},
{
"start_token": 3929,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3946
},
{
"start_token": 3946,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3958
},
{
"start_token": 3958,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3971
},
{
"start_token": 3972,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3997
},
{
"start_token": 3997,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4328
},
{
"start_token": 3998,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4040
},
{
"start_token": 4040,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4072
},
{
"start_token": 4072,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4096
},
{
"start_token": 4096,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4136
},
{
"start_token": 4136,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4158
},
{
"start_token": 4158,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4167
},
{
"start_token": 4167,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4179
},
{
"start_token": 4179,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4189
},
{
"start_token": 4189,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4203
},
{
"start_token": 4203,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4232
},
{
"start_token": 4232,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4279
},
{
"start_token": 4279,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4291
},
{
"start_token": 4291,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4310
},
{
"start_token": 4310,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4327
},
{
"start_token": 4331,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4518
},
{
"start_token": 4332,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4344
},
{
"start_token": 4344,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4356
},
{
"start_token": 4356,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4370
},
{
"start_token": 4370,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4382
},
{
"start_token": 4382,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4396
},
{
"start_token": 4396,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4409
},
{
"start_token": 4409,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4424
},
{
"start_token": 4424,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4440
},
{
"start_token": 4440,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4459
},
{
"start_token": 4459,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4475
},
{
"start_token": 4475,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4488
},
{
"start_token": 4488,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4504
},
{
"start_token": 4504,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4517
},
{
"start_token": 4524,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4807
},
{
"start_token": 4807,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4955
},
{
"start_token": 4962,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5149
},
{
"start_token": 4963,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4986
},
{
"start_token": 4986,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5012
},
{
"start_token": 5012,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5104
},
{
"start_token": 5037,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5103
},
{
"start_token": 5038,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5102
},
{
"start_token": 5104,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5148
},
{
"start_token": 5156,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5327
},
{
"start_token": 5157,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5196
},
{
"start_token": 5196,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5253
},
{
"start_token": 5253,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5294
},
{
"start_token": 5294,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5326
}
] | who was responsible for green revolution in india | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 245,
"candidate_index": 13,
"end_token": 387
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 246,
"end_token": 249
}
],
"annotation_id": 8665365190988548000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=M._S._Swaminathan&oldid=804679968 | -8,996,391,916,695,556,000 |
House of Lords - wikipedia <H1> House of Lords </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United Kingdom House of Lords . For other uses , see House of Lords ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> House of Lords of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Upper House of the Parliament of the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lord Speaker </Th> <Td> Norman , Lord Fowler , non-affiliated Since 1 September 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leader of the House </Th> <Td> Natalie , Baroness Evans of Bowes Park , Conservative Since 14 July 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leader of the Opposition </Th> <Td> Angela , Baroness Smith of Basildon , Labour Since 27 May 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third Party Leader </Th> <Td> Richard , Lord Newby , Liberal Democrat Since 13 September 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seats </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 785 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political groups </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Lords Temporal </Dt> <Dt> HM Government </Dt> <Dd> Conservative Party ( 245 ) </Dd> <Dt> Confidence and supply </Dt> <Dd> Democratic Unionist Party ( 3 ) </Dd> <Dt> HM Most Loyal Opposition </Dt> <Dd> Labour Party ( 191 ) </Dd> <Dt> Crossbench </Dt> <Dd> Crossbenchers ( 181 ) </Dd> <Dt> Other groups </Dt> <Dd> Liberal Democrats ( 98 ) </Dd> <Dd> Non-affiliated ( 29 ) </Dd> <Dd> UK Independence Party ( 3 ) </Dd> <Dd> Ind . Labour ( 3 ) </Dd> <Dd> Ulster Unionist Party ( 2 ) </Dd> <Dd> Green Party ( 1 ) </Dd> <Dd> Ind . Social Democrat ( 1 ) </Dd> <Dd> Ind . Ulster Unionist ( 1 ) </Dd> <Dd> Plaid Cymru ( 1 ) </Dd> <Dd> Lord Speaker ( 1 ) </Dd> <Dt> Lords Spiritual </Dt> <Dd> Bishops ( 25 ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salary </Th> <Td> No annual salary , but tax - free daily allowance and expenses paid . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> House of Lords Chamber </Li> <Li> Palace of Westminster </Li> <Li> Westminster </Li> <Li> London </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> www.parliament.uk/lords </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Footnotes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Lords Spiritual sit on the Government benches . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Excludes 26 peers on leave of absence or otherwise disqualified from sitting . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The House of Lords of the United Kingdom , also known as the House of Peers , is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Like the House of Commons , it meets in the Palace of Westminster . Officially , the full name of the house is the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled . </P> <P> Unlike the elected House of Commons , all members of the House of Lords ( excluding 90 hereditary peers elected among themselves and two peers who are ex officio members ) are appointed . The membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal . The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England . Of the Lords Temporal , the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister , or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission . However , they also include some hereditary peers including four dukes . </P> <P> Membership was once an entitlement of all hereditary peers , other than those in the peerage of Ireland , but under the House of Lords Act 1999 , the right to membership was restricted to 92 hereditary peers . Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men . </P> <P> While the House of Commons has a defined 650 - seat membership , the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed . There are currently 785 sitting Lords . The House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its lower house . </P> <P> The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have been approved by the House of Commons . It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons . While it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law , except in certain limited circumstances , it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions . In this capacity , the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process . Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons . While members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers , high - ranking officials such as cabinet ministers are usually drawn from the Commons . The House of Lords has its own support services , separate from the Commons , including the House of Lords Library . </P> <P> The Queen 's Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament . In addition to its role as the upper house , until the establishment of the Supreme Court in 2009 , the House of Lords , through the Law Lords , acted as the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom judicial system . The House also has a Church of England role , in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 19th century </Li> <Li> 1.2 20th century </Li> <Li> 1.3 Lords reform <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 First admission of women </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 1997 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 2010 -- present </Li> <Li> 1.3. 4 House of Lords Reform Act 2014 </Li> <Li> 1.3. 5 House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 </Li> <Li> 1.3. 6 Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 </Li> <Li> 1.3. 7 Overcrowding </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Relationship with the Government </Li> <Li> 1.5 Legislative functions </Li> <Li> 1.6 Former judicial role </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Membership <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Lords Spiritual </Li> <Li> 2.2 Lords Temporal </Li> <Li> 2.3 Qualifications <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Cash for Peerages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Removal from House membership </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Officers </Li> <Li> 4 Procedure <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Disciplinary powers <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Regulation of behaviour in the chamber </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Leave of absence </Li> <Li> 4.3 Attendance allowance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Committees </Li> <Li> 6 Current composition </Li> <Li> 7 Government leaders and ministers in the Lords <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Leaders and chief whips </Li> <Li> 7.2 Other ministers </Li> <Li> 7.3 Other whips ( Lords and Baronesses - in - Waiting ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Overseas counterparts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Today 's Parliament of the United Kingdom largely descends , in practice , from the Parliament of England , though the Treaty of Union of 1706 and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty in 1707 created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland . This new parliament was , in effect , the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland . </P> <P> The House of Lords developed from the `` Great Council '' ( Magnum Concilium ) that advised the King during medieval times . This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics , noblemen , and representatives of the counties of England and Wales ( afterwards , representatives of the boroughs as well ) . The first English Parliament is often considered to be the `` Model Parliament '' ( held in 1295 ) , which included archbishops , bishops , abbots , earls , barons , and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it . </P> <P> The power of Parliament grew slowly , fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined . For example , during much of the reign of Edward II ( 1307 -- 1327 ) , the nobility was supreme , the Crown weak , and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless . In 1569 , the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter , but by an authoritative statute , passed by Parliament itself . </P> <P> During the reign of Edward II 's successor , Edward III , Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers : the House of Commons ( consisting of the shire and borough representatives ) and the House of Lords ( consisting of the bishops , abbots and peers ) . The authority of Parliament continued to grow , and during the early 15th century both Houses exercised powers to an extent not seen before . The Lords were far more powerful than the Commons because of the great influence of the great landowners and the prelates of the realm . </P> <P> The power of the nobility declined during the civil wars of the late 15th century , known as the Wars of the Roses . Much of the nobility was killed on the battlefield or executed for participation in the war , and many aristocratic estates were lost to the Crown . Moreover , feudalism was dying , and the feudal armies controlled by the barons became obsolete . Henry VII ( 1485 -- 1509 ) clearly established the supremacy of the monarch , symbolised by the `` Crown Imperial '' . The domination of the Sovereign continued to grow during the reigns of the Tudor monarchs in the 16th century . The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII ( 1509 -- 1547 ) . </P> <P> The House of Lords remained more powerful than the House of Commons , but the Lower House continued to grow in influence , reaching a zenith in relation to the House of Lords during the middle 17th century . Conflicts between the King and the Parliament ( for the most part , the House of Commons ) ultimately led to the English Civil War during the 1640s . In 1649 , after the defeat and execution of King Charles I , the Commonwealth of England was declared , but the nation was effectively under the overall control of Oliver Cromwell , Lord Protector of England , Scotland and Ireland . </P> <P> The House of Lords was reduced to a largely powerless body , with Cromwell and his supporters in the Commons dominating the Government . On 19 March 1649 , the House of Lords was abolished by an Act of Parliament , which declared that `` The Commons of England ( find ) by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England . '' The House of Lords did not assemble again until the Convention Parliament met in 1660 and the monarchy was restored . It returned to its former position as the more powerful chamber of Parliament -- a position it would occupy until the 19th century . </P> Queen Anne addressing the House of Lords , c. 1708 -- 14 , by Peter Tillemans An early 19th - century illustration showing the east wall of the House of Lords in the centre . The rejection of the People 's Budget , proposed by David Lloyd George ( above ) , precipitated a political crisis in 1909 . The House of Lords voting for the Parliament Act 1911 <H3> 19th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 19th century was marked by several changes to the House of Lords . The House , once a body of only about 50 members , had been greatly enlarged by the liberality of George III and his successors in creating peerages . The individual influence of a Lord of Parliament was thus diminished . </P> <P> Moreover , the power of the House as a whole decreased , whilst that of the House of Commons grew . Particularly notable in the development of the Lower House 's superiority was the Reform Bill of 1832 . The electoral system of the House of Commons was far from democratic : property qualifications greatly restricted the size of the electorate , and the boundaries of many constituencies had not been changed for centuries . </P> <P> Entire cities such as Manchester were not represented by a single individual in the House of Commons , but the 11 voters of Old Sarum retained their ancient right to elect two MPs . A small borough was susceptible to bribery , and was often under the control of a patron , whose nominee was guaranteed to win an election . Some aristocrats were patrons of numerous `` pocket boroughs '' , and therefore controlled a considerable part of the membership of the House of Commons . </P> <P> When the House of Commons passed a Reform Bill to correct some of these anomalies in 1831 , the House of Lords rejected the proposal . The popular cause of reform , however , was not abandoned by the ministry , despite a second rejection of the bill in 1832 . Prime Minister Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey advised the King to overwhelm opposition to the bill in the House of Lords by creating about 80 new pro-Reform peers . William IV originally balked at the proposal , which effectively threatened the opposition of the House of Lords , but at length relented . </P> <P> Before the new peers were created , however , the Lords who opposed the bill admitted defeat and abstained from the vote , allowing the passage of the bill . The crisis damaged the political influence of the House of Lords but did not altogether end it . A vital reform was effected by the Lords themselves in 1868 , when they changed their standing orders to abolish proxy voting , preventing Lords from voting without taking the trouble to attend . Over the course of the century the power of the Upper House were further eroded , and the Commons gradually became the stronger House of Parliament . </P> <H3> 20th century ( edit ) </H3> Punch 1911 cartoon shows Asquith and Lloyd George preparing coronets for 500 new peers to threaten takeover of House of Lords <P> The status of the House of Lords returned to the forefront of debate after the election of a Liberal Government in 1906 . In 1909 , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , introduced into the House of Commons the `` People 's Budget '' , which proposed a land tax targeting wealthy landowners . The popular measure , however , was defeated in the heavily Conservative House of Lords . </P> <P> Having made the powers of the House of Lords a primary campaign issue , the Liberals were narrowly re-elected in January 1910 . Prime Minister H.H. Asquith then proposed that the powers of the House of Lords be severely curtailed . After a further general election in December 1910 , and with an undertaking by King George V to create sufficient new Liberal peers to overcome Lords ' opposition to the measure if necessary , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords . </P> <P> The Parliament Act 1911 effectively abolished the power of the House of Lords to reject legislation , or to amend it in a way unacceptable to the House of Commons : most bills could be delayed for no more than three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years . It was not meant to be a permanent solution ; more comprehensive reforms were planned . Neither party , however , pursued the matter with much enthusiasm , and the House of Lords remained primarily hereditary . In 1949 , the Parliament Act reduced the delaying power of the House of Lords further to two sessions or one year . </P> <P> In 1958 , the predominantly hereditary nature of the House of Lords was changed by the Life Peerages Act 1958 , which authorised the creation of life baronies , with no numerical limits . The number of Life Peers then gradually increased , though not at a constant rate . </P> <P> The Labour Party had for most of the 20th century a commitment , based on the party 's historic opposition to class privilege , to abolish the House of Lords , or at least expel the hereditary element . In 1968 , the Labour Government of Harold Wilson attempted to reform the House of Lords by introducing a system under which hereditary peers would be allowed to remain in the House and take part in debate , but would be unable to vote . This plan , however , was defeated in the House of Commons by a coalition of traditionalist Conservatives ( such as Enoch Powell ) , and Labour members who continued to advocate the outright abolition of the Upper House ( such as Michael Foot ) . </P> <P> When Michael Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980 , abolition of the House of Lords became a part of the party 's agenda ; under his successor , Neil Kinnock , however , a reformed Upper House was proposed instead . In the meantime , the creation of hereditary peerages ( except for members of the Royal Family ) has been arrested , with the exception of three creations during the administration of the Conservative Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s . </P> <P> Whilst some hereditary peers were at best apathetic , the Labour Party 's clear commitments were not lost on Merlin Hanbury - Tracy , 7th Baron Sudeley , who for decades was considered an expert on the House of Lords . In December 1979 the Conservative Monday Club published his extensive paper entitled Lords Reform -- Why tamper with the House of Lords ? and in July 1980 The Monarchist carried another article by Sudeley entitled Why Reform or Abolish the House of Lords ? . In 1990 he wrote a further booklet for the Monday Club entitled The Preservation of the House of Lords . </P> <H3> Lords Reform ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Reform of the House of Lords First admission of women ( edit ) <P> There were no women sitting in the House of Lords until 1958 , when a small number came into the chamber as a result of the Life Peerages Act 1958 . One of these was Irene Curzon , 2nd Baroness Ravensdale , who had inherited her father 's peerage in 1925 and was made a life peer to enable her to sit . After a campaign stretching back in some cases to the 1920s , another twelve women who held hereditary peerages in their own right were finally admitted by the Peerage Act 1963 . </P> 1997 -- 2010 ( edit ) <P> The Labour Party included in its 1997 general election Manifesto a commitment to remove the hereditary peerage from the House of Lords . Their subsequent election victory in 1997 under Tony Blair finally heralded the demise of the traditional House of Lords . The Labour Government introduced legislation to expel all hereditary peers from the Upper House as a first step in Lords reform . As a part of a compromise , however , it agreed to permit 92 hereditary peers to remain until the reforms were complete . Thus all but 92 hereditary peers were expelled under the House of Lords Act 1999 ( see below for its provisions ) , making the House of Lords predominantly an appointed house . </P> <P> Since 1999 , however , no further reform has taken place . The Wakeham Commission proposed introducing a 20 % elected element to the Lords , but this plan was widely criticised . A Joint Committee was established in 2001 to resolve the issue , but it reached no conclusion and instead gave Parliament seven options to choose from ( fully appointed , 20 % elected , 40 % elected , 50 % elected , 60 % elected , 80 % , and fully elected ) . In a confusing series of votes in February 2003 , all of these options were defeated , although the 80 % elected option fell by just three votes in the Commons . Socialist MPs favouring outright abolition voted against all the options . </P> <P> In 2005 , a cross-party group of senior MPs ( Kenneth Clarke , Paul Tyler , Tony Wright , George Young and Robin Cook ) published a report proposing that 70 % of members of the House of Lords should be elected -- each member for a single long term -- by the single transferable vote system . Most of the remainder were to be appointed by a Commission to ensure a mix of `` skills , knowledge and experience '' . This proposal was also not implemented . A cross-party campaign initiative called `` Elect the Lords '' was set up to make the case for a predominantly elected Second Chamber in the run up to the 2005 general election . </P> <P> At the 2005 election , the Labour Party proposed further reform of the Lords , but without specific details . The Conservative Party , which had , prior to 1997 , opposed any tampering with the House of Lords , favoured an 80 % elected Second Chamber , while the Liberal Democrats called for a fully elected Senate . During 2006 , a cross-party committee discussed Lords reform , with the aim of reaching a consensus : its findings were published in early 2007 . </P> <P> On 7 March 2007 , members of the House of Commons voted ten times on a variety of alternative compositions for the upper chamber . Outright abolition , a wholly appointed house , a 20 % elected house , a 40 % elected house , a 50 % elected house and a 60 % elected house were all defeated in turn . Finally the vote for an 80 % elected chamber was won by 305 votes to 267 , and the vote for a wholly elected chamber was won by an even greater margin : 337 to 224 . Significantly this last vote represented an overall majority of MPs . </P> <P> Furthermore , examination of the names of MPs voting at each division shows that , of the 305 who voted for the 80 % elected option , 211 went on to vote for the 100 % elected option . Given that this vote took place after the vote on 80 % -- whose result was already known when the vote on 100 % took place -- this showed a clear preference for a fully elected upper house among those who voted for the only other option that passed . But this was nevertheless only an indicative vote and many political and legislative hurdles remained to be overcome for supporters of an elected second chamber . The House of Lords , soon after , rejected this proposal and voted for an entirely appointed House of Lords . </P> <P> In July 2008 , Jack Straw , the Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , introduced a white paper to the House of Commons proposing to replace the House of Lords with an 80 -- 100 % elected chamber , with one third being elected at each general election , for a term of approximately 12 -- 15 years . The white paper states that as the peerage would be totally separated from membership of the upper house , the name `` House of Lords '' would no longer be appropriate : It goes on to explain that there is cross-party consensus for the new chamber to be titled the `` Senate of the United Kingdom '' ; however , to ensure the debate remains on the role of the upper house rather than its title , the white paper is neutral on the title of the new house . </P> <P> On 30 November 2009 , a Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords was agreed by them ; certain amendments were agreed by them on 30 March 2010 and on 12 June 2014 . The scandal over expenses in the Commons was at its highest pitch only six months before , and the Labourite leadership under Janet Royall determined that something sympathetic should be done . </P> <P> In Meg Russell 's article `` Is the House of Lords already reformed ? '' , she states three essential features of a legitimate House of Lords . The first is that it must have adequate powers over legislation to make the government think twice before making a decision . The House of Lords , she argues , currently has enough power to make it relevant . During Tony Blair 's first year , he was defeated 38 times in the Lords . Secondly , as to the composition of the Lords , Meg Russell suggests that the composition must be distinct from the Commons , otherwise it would render the Lords useless . The third feature is the perceived legitimacy of the Lords . She writes , `` In general legitimacy comes with election . '' </P> <P> If the Lords have a distinct and elected composition , this would probably come about through fixed term proportional representation . If this happens , then the perceived legitimacy of the Lords could arguably outweigh the legitimacy of the Commons . This would especially be the case if the House of Lords had been elected more recently than the House of Commons as it could be said to reflect the will of the people better than the Commons . </P> <P> In this scenario , there may well come a time when the Lords twice reject a Bill from the Commons and it is forced through . This would in turn trigger questions about the amount of power the Lords should have and there would be pressure for it to increase . This hypothetical process is known as the `` circumnavigation of power theory '' . It implies that it would never be in any government 's interest to legitimise the Lords , as they would be forfeiting their own power . </P> 2010 -- present ( edit ) <P> The Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition agreed , after the 2010 general election , to outline clearly a provision for a wholly or mainly elected second chamber , elected by proportional representation . These proposals sparked a debate on 29 June 2010 . As an interim measure , appointment of new peers would reflect the shares of the vote secured by the political parties in the last general election . </P> <P> Detailed proposals for Lords reform , including a draft House of Lords Reform Bill , were published on 17 May 2011 . These included a 300 - member hybrid house , of whom 80 % would be elected . A further 20 % would be appointed , and reserve space would be included for some Church of England bishops . Under the proposals , members would also serve single non-renewable terms of 15 years . Former MPs would be allowed to stand for election to the Upper House , but members of the Upper House would not be immediately allowed to become MPs . </P> <P> The details of the proposal were : </P> <Ul> <Li> The upper chamber shall continue to be known as the House of Lords for legislative purposes . </Li> <Li> The reformed House of Lords should have 300 members of whom 240 are `` Elected Members '' and 60 appointed `` Independent Members '' . Up to 12 Church of England bishops may sit in the house as ex officio `` Lords Spiritual '' . </Li> <Li> Elected Members will serve a single , non-renewable term of 15 years . </Li> <Li> Elections to the reformed Lords should take place at the same time as elections to the House of Commons . </Li> <Li> Elected Members should be elected using the Single Transferable Vote system of proportional representation . </Li> <Li> Twenty Independent Members ( a third ) shall take their seats within the reformed house at the same time as elected members do so , and for the same 15 - year term . </Li> <Li> Independent Members will be appointed by the Queen after being proposed by the Prime Minister acting on advice of an Appointments Commission . </Li> <Li> There will no longer be a link between the peerage system and membership of the upper house . </Li> <Li> The current powers of the House of Lords would not change and the House of Commons shall retain its status as the primary House of Parliament . </Li> </Ul> <P> The proposals were considered by a Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform made up of both MPs and Peers , which issued its final report on 23 April 2012 , making the following suggestions : </P> <Ul> <Li> The reformed House of Lords should have 450 members . </Li> <Li> Party groupings , including the Crossbenchers , should choose which of their members are retained in the transition period , with the percentage of members allotted to each group based on their share of the peers with high attendance during a given period . </Li> <Li> Up to 12 Lords Spiritual should be retained in a reformed House of Lords . </Li> </Ul> <P> Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg introduced the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 on 27 June 2012 which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011 . However , this Bill was abandoned by the Government on 6 August 2012 following opposition from within the Conservative Party . </P> House of Lords Reform Act 2014 ( edit ) <P> A private members bill to introduce some reforms was introduced by Dan Byles in 2013 . The House of Lords Reform Act 2014 received the Royal Assent in 2014 . Under the new law : </P> <Ul> <Li> All peers can retire or resign from the chamber ( prior to this only hereditary peers could disclaim their peerages ) . </Li> <Li> Peers can be disqualified for non-attendance . </Li> <Li> Peers can be removed for receiving prison sentences of a year or more . </Li> </Ul> House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 ( edit ) <P> The House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 authorised the House to expel or suspend members . </P> Lords Spiritual ( women ) Act 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 See also : Women in the House of Lords <P> This act makes provision to preferentially admit bishops of the Church of England who are women to the Lords Spiritual in the 10 years following its commencement . </P> <P> In 2015 , Rachel Treweek , Bishop of Gloucester , became the first woman to sit as a Lord Spiritual in the House of Lords . </P> Overcrowding ( edit ) <P> The size of the House of Lords has varied greatly throughout its history . From about 50 members in the early 1700s , it increased to a record size of 1,330 in October 1999 , before Lords reform reduced it to 669 by March 2000 . </P> <P> In April 2011 , a cross-party group of former leading politicians , including many senior members of the House of Lords , called on the Prime Minister David Cameron to stop creating new peers . He had created 117 new peers since becoming prime minister in May 2010 , a faster rate of elevation than any PM in British history . The expansion occurred while his government had tried ( in vain ) to reduce the size of the House of Commons by 50 members , from 650 to 600 . </P> <P> In August 2014 , despite there being a seating capacity of only around 230 to 400 on the benches in the Lords chamber , the House had 774 active members ( plus 54 who were not entitled to attend or vote , having been suspended or granted leave of absence ) . This made the House of Lords the largest parliamentary chamber in any democracy . In August 2014 , former Speaker of the House of Commons Betty Boothroyd requested that `` older peers should retire gracefully '' to ease the overcrowding in the House of Lords . She also criticised successive prime ministers for filling the second chamber with `` lobby fodder '' in an attempt to help their policies become law . She made her remarks days before a new batch of peers were due to be created . </P> <P> In August 2015 , following the creation of a further 45 peers in the Dissolution Honours , the total number of eligible members of the Lords increased to 826 . In a report entitled Does size matter ? the BBC said : `` Increasingly , yes . Critics argue the House of Lords is the second largest legislature after the Chinese National People 's Congress and dwarfs Upper Houses in other bi-cameral democracies such as the United States ( 100 senators ) , France ( 348 senators ) , Australia ( 76 senators ) and India ( 250 members ) . The Lords is also larger than the Supreme People 's Assembly of North Korea ( 687 members ) . ( ... ) Peers grumble that there is not enough room to accommodate all of their colleagues in the Chamber , where there are only about 400 seats , and say they are constantly jostling for space -- particularly during high - profile sittings '' , but added , `` On the other hand , defenders of the Lords say that it does a vital job scrutinising legislation , a lot of which has come its way from the Commons in recent years '' . </P> <H3> Relationship with the Government ( edit ) </H3> <P> The House of Lords does not control the term of the Prime Minister or of the Government . Only the Lower House may force the Prime Minister to resign or call elections by passing a motion of no - confidence or by withdrawing supply . Thus , the House of Lords ' oversight of the government is limited . </P> <P> Most Cabinet ministers are from the House of Commons rather than the House of Lords . In particular , all Prime Ministers since 1902 have been members of the Lower House . ( Alec Douglas - Home , who became Prime Minister in 1963 whilst still an Earl , disclaimed his peerage and was elected to the Commons soon after his term began . ) In recent history , it has been very rare for major cabinet positions ( except Lord Chancellor and Leader of the House of Lords ) to have been filled by peers . </P> <P> Exceptions include Peter Carrington , who was the Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 , David Young ( Minister without Portfolio , then Secretary of State for Employment and then Secretary of State for Trade and Industry from 1984 to 1989 ) , Valerie Amos , who served as Secretary of State for International Development and Peter Mandelson , who served as First Secretary of State , Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills and President of the Board of Trade . George Robertson was briefly a peer whilst serving as Secretary of State for Defence before resigning to take up the post of Secretary General of NATO . From 1999 to 2010 the Attorney General for England and Wales was a Member of the House of Lords ; the most recent was Patricia Scotland . </P> <P> The House of Lords remains a source for junior ministers and members of government . Like the House of Commons , the Lords also has a Government Chief Whip as well as several Junior Whips . Where a government department is not represented by a minister in the Lords or one is not available , government whips will act as spokesmen for them . </P> <H3> Legislative functions ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom The House of Lords meets in a chamber in the Palace of Westminster . <P> Legislation , with the exception of money bills , may be introduced in either House . </P> <P> The House of Lords debates legislation , and has power to amend or reject bills . However , the power of the Lords to reject a bill passed by the House of Commons is severely restricted by the Parliament Acts . Under those Acts , certain types of bills may be presented for the Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords ( i.e. the Commons can override the Lords ' veto ) . The House of Lords can not delay a money bill ( a bill that , in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons , solely concerns national taxation or public funds ) for more than one month . </P> <P> Other public bills can not be delayed by the House of Lords for more than two parliamentary sessions , or one calendar year . These provisions , however , only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons , and can not have the effect of extending a parliamentary term beyond five years . A further restriction is a constitutional convention known as the Salisbury Convention , which means that the House of Lords does not oppose legislation promised in the Government 's election manifesto . </P> <P> By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts , the House of Lords is further restrained insofar as financial bills are concerned . The House of Lords may neither originate a bill concerning taxation or Supply ( supply of treasury or exchequer funds ) , nor amend a bill so as to insert a taxation or Supply - related provision . ( The House of Commons , however , often waives its privileges and allows the Upper House to make amendments with financial implications . ) Moreover , the Upper House may not amend any Supply Bill . The House of Lords formerly maintained the absolute power to reject a bill relating to revenue or Supply , but this power was curtailed by the Parliament Acts , as aforementioned . </P> <H3> Former judicial role ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Judicial functions of the House of Lords <P> Historically , the House of Lords held several judicial functions . Most notably , until 2009 the House of Lords served as the court of last resort for most instances of UK law . Since 1 October 2009 this role is now held by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . </P> <P> The Lords ' judicial functions originated from the ancient role of the Curia Regis as a body that addressed the petitions of the King 's subjects . The functions were exercised not by the whole House , but by a committee of `` Law Lords '' . The bulk of the House 's judicial business was conducted by the twelve Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , who were specifically appointed for this purpose under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . </P> <P> The judicial functions could also be exercised by Lords of Appeal ( other members of the House who happened to have held high judicial office ) . No Lord of Appeal in Ordinary or Lord of Appeal could sit judicially beyond the age of seventy - five . The judicial business of the Lords was supervised by the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and their deputy , the Second Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary . </P> <P> The jurisdiction of the House of Lords extended , in civil and in criminal cases , to appeals from the courts of England and Wales , and of Northern Ireland . From Scotland , appeals were possible only in civil cases ; Scotland 's High Court of Justiciary is the highest court in criminal matters . The House of Lords was not the United Kingdom 's only court of last resort ; in some cases , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council performs such a function . The jurisdiction of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom , however , is relatively restricted ; it encompasses appeals from ecclesiastical courts , disputes under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 , and a few other minor matters . Issues related to devolution were transferred from the Privy Council to the Supreme Court in 2009 . </P> <P> The twelve Law Lords did not all hear every case ; rather , after World War II cases were heard by panels known as Appellate Committees , each of which normally consisted of five members ( selected by the Senior Lord ) . An Appellate Committee hearing an important case could consist of more than five members . Though Appellate Committees met in separate committee rooms , judgement was given in the Lords Chamber itself . No further appeal lay from the House of Lords , although the House of Lords could refer a `` preliminary question '' to the European Court of Justice in cases involving an element of European Union law , and a case could be brought at the European Court of Human Rights if the House of Lords did not provide a satisfactory remedy in cases where the European Convention on Human Rights was relevant . </P> <P> A distinct judicial function -- one in which the whole House used to participate -- is that of trying impeachments . Impeachments were brought by the House of Commons , and tried in the House of Lords ; a conviction required only a majority of the Lords voting . Impeachments , however , are to all intents and purposes obsolete ; the last impeachment was that of Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville , in 1806 . </P> <P> Similarly , the House of Lords was once the court that tried peers charged with high treason or felony . The House would be presided over not by the Lord Chancellor , but by the Lord High Steward , an official especially appointed for the occasion of the trial . If Parliament was not in session , then peers could be tried in a separate court , known as the Lord High Steward 's Court . Only peers , their wives , and their widows ( unless remarried ) were entitled to such trials ; the Lords Spiritual were tried in ecclesiastical courts . In 1948 , the right of peers to be tried in such special courts was abolished ; now , they are tried in the regular courts . The last such trial in the House was of Edward Russell , 26th Baron de Clifford , in 1935 . An illustrative dramatisation circa 1928 of a trial of a peer ( the fictional Duke of Denver ) on a charge of murder ( a felony ) is portrayed in the 1972 BBC Television adaption of Dorothy L. Sayers ' Lord Peter Wimsey mystery Clouds of Witness . </P> <P> The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 resulted in the creation of a separate Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , to which the judicial function of the House of Lords , and some of the judicial functions of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , were transferred . In addition , the office of Lord Chancellor was reformed by the act , removing his ability to act as both a government minister and a judge . This was motivated in part by concerns about the historical admixture of legislative , judicial , and executive power . The new Supreme Court is located at Middlesex Guildhall . </P> <H2> Membership ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peerage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ranks ( show ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Duke </Li> <Li> Duchess </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Marquess </Li> <Li> Marchioness </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Earl </Li> <Li> Countess </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Viscount </Li> <Li> Viscountess </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Baron </Li> <Li> Baroness </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Types ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Hereditary </Li> <Li> Life </Li> <Li> Representative </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Divisions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Great Britain </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Overview </Li> <Li> Privileges </Li> <Li> Robes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Lords </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British politics portal </Li> <Li> United Kingdom portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Lords Spiritual ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Lords Spiritual <P> Members of the House of Lords who sit by virtue of their ecclesiastical offices are known as Lords Spiritual . Formerly , the Lords Spiritual were the majority in the English House of Lords , comprising the church 's archbishops , ( diocesan ) bishops , abbots , and those priors who were entitled to wear a mitre . After the English Reformation 's highpoint in 1539 , only the archbishops and bishops continued to attend , as the Dissolution of the Monasteries had just disproved of and suppressed the positions of abbot and prior . In 1642 , during the few Lords ' gatherings convened during English Interregnum which saw periodic war , the Lords Spiritual were excluded altogether , but they returned under the Clergy Act 1661 . </P> <P> The number of Lords Spiritual was further restricted by the Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847 , and by later Acts . The Lords Spiritual can now number no more than 26 ; these are the Archbishop of Canterbury , the Archbishop of York , the Bishop of London , the Bishop of Durham , the Bishop of Winchester ( who sit by right regardless of seniority ) and the 21 longest - serving bishops from other dioceses in the Church of England ( excluding the dioceses of Sodor and Man and Gibraltar in Europe , as these lie entirely outside the United Kingdom ) . Following a change to the law in 2014 to allow women to be ordained bishops , the Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 was passed , which provides that whenever a vacancy arises among the Lords Spiritual during the ten years following the Act coming into force , the vacancy has to be filled by a woman , if one is eligible . This does not apply to the five bishops who sit by right . </P> <P> The current Lords Spiritual represent only the Church of England . Bishops of the Church of Scotland historically sat in the Parliament of Scotland but were finally excluded in 1689 ( after a number of previous exclusions ) when the Church of Scotland became permanently Presbyterian . There are no longer bishops in the Church of Scotland in the traditional sense of the word , and that Church has never sent members to sit in the Westminster House of Lords . The Church of Ireland did obtain representation in the House of Lords after the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801 . </P> <P> Of the Church of Ireland 's ecclesiastics , four ( one archbishop and three bishops ) were to sit at any one time , with the members rotating at the end of every parliamentary session ( which normally lasted about one year ) . The Church of Ireland , however , was disestablished in 1871 , and thereafter ceased to be represented by Lords Spiritual . Bishops of Welsh sees in the Church of England originally sat in the House of Lords ( after 1847 , only if their seniority within the Church entitled them to ) , but the Church in Wales ceased to be a part of the Church of England in 1920 and was simultaneously disestablished in Wales . Accordingly , bishops of the Church in Wales were no longer eligible to be appointed to the House as bishops of the Church of England , but those already appointed remained . </P> <P> Other ecclesiastics have sat in the House of Lords as Lords Temporal in recent times : Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits was appointed to the House of Lords ( with the consent of the Queen , who acted on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ) , as was his successor Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks . Julia Neuberger is the Senior Rabbi to the West London Synagogue . In recognition of his work at reconciliation and in the peace process in Northern Ireland , the Archbishop of Armagh ( the senior Anglican bishop in Northern Ireland ) , Robin Eames , was appointed to the Lords by John Major . Other clergymen appointed include Donald Soper , Timothy Beaumont , and some Scottish clerics . </P> <P> There have been no Roman Catholic clergymen appointed , though it was rumoured that Cardinal Basil Hume and his successor Cormac Murphy O'Connor were offered peerages , by James Callaghan , Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair respectively , but declined . Hume later accepted the Order of Merit , a personal appointment of the Queen , shortly before his death . O'Connor said he had his maiden speech ready , but Roman Catholics who have received Holy Orders are prohibited by Canon Law from holding major offices connected with any government other than the Holy See . </P> <P> Former Archbishops of Canterbury , having reverted to the status of bishop but who are no longer diocesans , are invariably given life peerages and sit as Lords Temporal . </P> <P> By custom at least one of the Bishops reads prayers in each legislative day ( a role taken by the chaplain in the Commons ) . They often speak in debates ; in 2004 Rowan Williams , the Archbishop of Canterbury , opened a debate into sentencing legislation . Measures ( proposed laws of the Church of England ) must be put before the Lords , and the Lords Spiritual have a role in ensuring that this takes place . </P> <H3> Lords Temporal ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries , the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords . Unlike the Lords Spiritual , they may be publicly partisan , aligning themselves with one or another of the political parties that dominate the House of Commons . Publicly non-partisan Lords are called crossbenchers . Originally , the Lords Temporal included several hundred hereditary peers ( that is , those whose peerages may be inherited ) , who ranked variously as dukes , marquesses , earls , viscounts , and barons ( as well as Scottish Lords of Parliament ) . Such hereditary dignities can be created by the Crown ; in modern times this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day ( except in the case of members of the Royal Family ) . </P> <P> Holders of Scottish and Irish peerages were not always permitted to sit in the Lords . When Scotland united with England to form Great Britain in 1707 , it was provided that the Scottish hereditary peers would only be able to elect 16 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords ; the term of a representative was to extend until the next general election . A similar provision was enacted when Ireland merged with Great Britain in 1801 to form the United Kingdom ; the Irish peers were allowed to elect 28 representatives , who were to retain office for life . Elections for Irish representatives ended in 1922 , when most of Ireland became an independent state ; elections for Scottish representatives ended with the passage of the Peerage Act 1963 , under which all Scottish peers obtained seats in the Upper House . </P> <P> In 1999 , the Labour government brought forward the House of Lords Act removing the right of several hundred hereditary peers to sit in the House . The Act provided , as a measure intended to be temporary , that 92 people would continue to sit in the Lords by virtue of hereditary peerages , and this is still in effect . </P> <P> Of the 92 , two remain in the House of Lords because they hold royal offices connected with Parliament : the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain . Of the remaining ninety peers sitting in the Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage , 15 are elected by the whole House and 75 are chosen by fellow hereditary peers in the House of Lords , grouped by party . ( If a hereditary peerage holder is given a life peerage , he or she becomes a member of the House of Lords without a need for a by - election . ) The exclusion of other hereditary peers removed Charles , Prince of Wales ( who is also Earl of Chester ) and all other Royal Peers , including Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ; Prince Andrew , Duke of York ; Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ; Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ; and Prince Edward , Duke of Kent . </P> <P> The number of peers to be chosen by a political group reflects the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that group ( see current composition below ) in 1999 . When an elected hereditary peer dies , a by - election is held , with a variant of the Alternative Vote system being used . If the recently deceased hereditary peer had been elected by the whole House , then so is his or her replacement ; a hereditary peer elected by a specific political group ( including the non-aligned crossbenchers ) is replaced by a vote of the hereditary peers already elected to the Lords belonging to that political group ( whether elected by that group or by the whole house ) . </P> <P> Until 2009 , the Lords Temporal also included the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , a group of individuals appointed to the House of Lords so that they could exercise its judicial functions . Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , more commonly known as Law Lords , were first appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . They were selected by the Prime Minister of the day , but were formally appointed by the Sovereign . A Lord of Appeal in Ordinary had to retire at the age of 70 , or , if his or her term was extended by the government , at the age of 75 ; after reaching such an age , the Law Lord could not hear any further cases in the House of Lords . </P> <P> The number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary ( excluding those who were no longer able to hear cases because of age restrictions ) was limited to twelve , but could be changed by statutory instrument . By a convention of the House , Lords of Appeal in Ordinary did not take part in debates on new legislation , so as to maintain judicial independence . Lords of Appeal in Ordinary held their seats in the House of Lords for life , remaining as members even after reaching the judicial retirement age of 70 or 75 . Former Lord Chancellors and holders of other high judicial office could also sit as Law Lords under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act , although in practice this right was only rarely exercised . </P> <P> Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 , the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary when the Act came into effect in 2009 became judges of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and were then barred from sitting or voting in the House of Lords until they had retired as judges . One of the main justifications for the new Supreme Court was to establish a separation of powers between the judiciary and the legislature . It is therefore unlikely that future appointees to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom will be made Lords of Appeal in Ordinary . </P> <P> The largest group of Lords Temporal , and indeed of the whole House , are life peers . Life peerages rank only as barons or baronesses , and are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958 . Like all other peers , life peers are created by the Sovereign , who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister or the House of Lords Appointments Commission . By convention , however , the Prime Minister allows leaders of other parties to nominate some life peers , so as to maintain a political balance in the House of Lords . Moreover , some non-party life peers ( the number being determined by the Prime Minister ) are nominated by the independent House of Lords Appointments Commission . </P> <P> In 2000 , the government announced it would set up an Independent Appointments Commission , under Dennis , Lord Stevenson of Coddenham , to select fifteen so - called `` people 's peers '' for life peerages . However , when the choices were announced in April 2001 , from a list of 3,000 applicants , the choices were treated with criticism in the media , as all were distinguished in their field , and none were `` ordinary people '' as some had originally hoped . </P> <H3> Qualifications ( edit ) </H3> See also : Women in the House of Lords <P> Several different qualifications apply for membership of the House of Lords . No person may sit in the House of Lords if under the age of 21 . Furthermore , only United Kingdom , Irish and Commonwealth citizens may sit in the House of Lords . The nationality restrictions were previously more stringent : under the Act of Settlement 1701 , and prior to the British Nationality Act 1948 , only natural - born subjects qualified . </P> <P> Additionally , some bankruptcy - related restrictions apply to members of the Upper House . A person may not sit in the House of Lords if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order ( applicable in England and Wales only ) , or if he or she is adjudged bankrupt ( in Northern Ireland ) , or if his or her estate is sequestered ( in Scotland ) . A final restriction bars an individual convicted of high treason from sitting in the House of Lords until completing his or her full term of imprisonment . An exception applies , however , if the individual convicted of high treason receives a full pardon . Note that an individual serving a prison sentence for an offence other than high treason is not automatically disqualified . </P> <P> Women were excluded from the House of Lords until the Life Peerages Act 1958 , passed to address the declining number of active members , made possible the creation of peerages for life . Women were immediately eligible and four were among the first life peers appointed . However , hereditary peeresses continued to be excluded until the passage of the Peerage Act 1963 . Since the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , hereditary peeresses remain eligible for election to the Upper House ; there is one ( Margaret of Mar , 31st Countess of Mar ) among the 90 hereditary peers who continue to sit . </P> Cash for peerages ( edit ) <P> The Honours ( Prevention of Abuses ) Act 1925 made it illegal for a peerage , or other honour , to be bought or sold . Nonetheless , there have been repeated allegations that life peerages ( and thus membership of the House of Lords ) have been made available to major political donors in exchange for donations . The most prominent case , the 2006 Cash for Honours scandal , saw a police investigation , with no charges being brought . A 2015 study found that of 303 people nominated for peerages in the period 2005 -- 14 , a total of 211 were former senior figures within politics ( including former MPs ) , or were non-political appointments . Of the remaining 92 political appointments from outside public life , 27 had made significant donations to political parties . The authors concluded firstly that nominees from outside public life were much more likely to have made large gifts than peers nominated after prior political or public service . They also found that significant donors to parties were far more likely to be nominated for peerages than other party members . </P> <H3> Removal from House membership ( edit ) </H3> <P> Traditionally there was no mechanism by which members could resign or be removed from the House of Lords ( compare the situation as regards resignation from the House of Commons ) . The Peerage Act 1963 permitted a person to disclaim their newly inherited peerage ( within certain time limits ) ; this meant that such a person could effectively renounce their membership of the Lords . This might be done in order to remain or become qualified to sit in the House of Commons , as in the case of Tony Benn ( formerly the second Viscount Stansgate ) , who had campaigned for such a change . </P> <P> The House of Lords Reform Act 2014 made provision for members ' resignation from the House , removal for non-attendance , and automatic expulsion upon conviction for a serious criminal offence ( if resulting in a jail sentence of at least one year ) . In June 2015 , under the House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 , the House 's Standing Orders may provide for the expulsion or suspension of a member upon a resolution of the House . </P> <H2> Officers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Traditionally the House of Lords did not elect its own speaker , unlike the House of Commons ; rather , the ex officio presiding officer was the Lord Chancellor . With the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 , the post of Lord Speaker was created , a position to which a peer is elected by the House and subsequently appointed by the Crown . The first Lord Speaker , elected on 4 May 2006 , was Helene Hayman , a former Labour peer . As the Speaker is expected to be an impartial presiding officer , Hayman resigned from the Labour Party . In 2011 , Frances D'Souza was elected as the second Lord Speaker , replacing Hayman in September 2011 . D'Souza was in turn succeeded by Norman Fowler in September 2016 , the incumbent Lord Speaker . </P> <P> This reform of the post of Lord Chancellor was made due to the perceived constitutional anomalies inherent in the role . The Lord Chancellor was not only the Speaker of the House of Lords , but also a member of the Cabinet ; his or her department , formerly the Lord Chancellor 's Department , is now called the Ministry of Justice . The Lord Chancellor is no longer the head of the judiciary of England and Wales . Hitherto , the Lord Chancellor was part of all three branches of government : the legislative , the executive , and the judicial . </P> <P> The overlap of the legislative and executive roles is a characteristic of the Westminster system , as the entire cabinet consists of members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords ; however , in June 2003 , the Blair Government announced its intention to abolish the post of Lord Chancellor because of the office 's mixed executive and judicial responsibilities . The abolition of the office was rejected by the House of Lords , and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was thus amended to preserve the office of Lord Chancellor . The Act no longer guarantees that the office holder of Lord Chancellor is the presiding officer of the House of Lords , and therefore allows the House of Lords to elect a speaker of their own . </P> Charles Pepys as Lord Chancellor . The Lord Chancellor wore black and gold robes whilst presiding over the House of Lords . <P> The Lord Speaker may be replaced as presiding officer by one of his or her deputies . The Chairman of Committees , the Principal Deputy Chairman of Committees , and several Chairmen are all deputies to the Lord Speaker , and are all appointed by the House of Lords itself at the beginning of each session . By custom , the Crown appoints each Chairman , Principal Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chairman to the additional office of Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords . There was previously no legal requirement that the Lord Chancellor or a Deputy Speaker be a member of the House of Lords ( though the same has long been customary ) . </P> <P> Whilst presiding over the House of Lords , the Lord Chancellor traditionally wore ceremonial black and gold robes . Robes of black and gold are now worn by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice in the House of Commons , on ceremonial occasions . This is no longer a requirement for the Lord Speaker except for State occasions outside of the chamber . The Speaker or Deputy Speaker sits on the Woolsack , a large red seat stuffed with wool , at the front of the Lords Chamber . </P> <P> When the House of Lords resolves itself into committee ( see below ) , the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees presides , not from the Woolsack , but from a chair at the Table of the House . The presiding officer has little power compared to the Speaker of the House of Commons . He or she only acts as the mouthpiece of the House , performing duties such as announcing the results of votes . This is because , unlike in the House of Commons where all statements are directed to `` Mr / Madam Speaker '' , in the House of Lords they are directed to `` My Lords '' ; i.e. , the entire body of the House . </P> <P> The Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker can not determine which members may speak , or discipline members for violating the rules of the House ; these measures may be taken only by the House itself . Unlike the politically neutral Speaker of the House of Commons , the Lord Chancellor and Deputy Speakers originally remained members of their respective parties , and were permitted to participate in debate ; however , this is no longer true of the new role of Lord Speaker . </P> <P> Another officer of the body is the Leader of the House of Lords , a peer selected by the Prime Minister . The Leader of the House is responsible for steering Government bills through the House of Lords , and is a member of the Cabinet . The Leader also advises the House on proper procedure when necessary , but such advice is merely informal , rather than official and binding . A Deputy Leader is also appointed by the Prime Minister , and takes the place of an absent or unavailable leader . </P> <P> The Clerk of the Parliaments is the chief clerk and officer of the House of Lords ( but is not a member of the House itself ) . The Clerk , who is appointed by the Crown , advises the presiding officer on the rules of the House , signs orders and official communications , endorses bills , and is the keeper of the official records of both Houses of Parliament . Moreover , the Clerk of the Parliaments is responsible for arranging by - elections of hereditary peers when necessary . The deputies of the Clerk of the Parliaments ( the Clerk Assistant and the Reading Clerk ) are appointed by the Lord Speaker , subject to the House 's approval . </P> <P> The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod is also an officer of the House ; he takes his title from the symbol of his office , a black rod . Black Rod ( as the Gentleman Usher is normally known ) is responsible for ceremonial arrangements , is in charge of the House 's doorkeepers , and may ( upon the order of the House ) take action to end disorder or disturbance in the Chamber . Black Rod also holds the office of Serjeant - at - Arms of the House of Lords , and in this capacity attends upon the Lord Speaker . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod 's duties may be delegated to the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod or to the Assistant Serjeant - at - Arms . </P> <H2> Procedure ( edit ) </H2> Benches in the chamber are coloured red . In contrast , the House of Commons is decorated in green . The royal thrones , c. 1902 . Note that the Sovereign 's throne ( on left ) is raised slightly higher than the consort 's . See also : Stages of a bill section in Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom <P> The House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in the Palace of Westminster . The Lords Chamber is lavishly decorated , in contrast with the more modestly furnished Commons Chamber . Benches in the Lords Chamber are coloured red . The Woolsack is at the front of the Chamber ; the Government sit on benches on the right of the Woolsack , while members of the Opposition sit on the left . Crossbenchers , sit on the benches immediately opposite the Woolsack . </P> <P> The Lords Chamber is the site of many formal ceremonies , the most famous of which is the State Opening of Parliament , held at the beginning of each new parliamentary session . During the State Opening , the Sovereign , seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber and in the presence of both Houses of Parliament , delivers a speech outlining the Government 's agenda for the upcoming parliamentary session . </P> <P> In the House of Lords , members need not seek the recognition of the presiding officer before speaking , as is done in the House of Commons . If two or more Lords simultaneously rise to speak , the House decides which one is to be heard by acclamation , or , if necessary , by voting on a motion . Often , however , the Leader of the House will suggest an order , which is thereafter generally followed . Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole ( `` My Lords '' ) rather than to the presiding officer alone ( as is the custom in the Lower House ) . Members may not refer to each other in the second person ( as `` you '' ) , but rather use third person forms such as `` the noble Duke '' , `` the noble Earl '' , `` the noble Lord '' , `` my noble friend '' , `` The most Reverend Primate '' , etc . </P> <P> Each member may make no more than one speech on a motion , except that the mover of the motion may make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end . Speeches are not subject to any time limits in the House ; however , the House may put an end to a speech by approving a motion `` that the noble Lord be no longer heard '' . It is also possible for the House to end the debate entirely , by approving a motion `` that the Question be now put '' . This procedure is known as Closure , and is extremely rare . </P> <P> Once all speeches on a motion have concluded , or Closure invoked , the motion may be put to a vote . The House first votes by voice vote ; the Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question , and the Lords respond either `` content '' ( in favour of the motion ) or `` not content '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote , but if his assessment is challenged by any Lord , a recorded vote known as a division follows . </P> <P> Members of the House enter one of two lobbies ( the content lobby or the not - content lobby ) on either side of the Chamber , where their names are recorded by clerks . At each lobby are two Tellers ( themselves members of the House ) who count the votes of the Lords . The Lord Speaker may not take part in the vote . Once the division concludes , the Tellers provide the results thereof to the presiding officer , who then announces them to the House . </P> <P> If there is an equality of votes , the motion is decided according to the following principles : legislation may proceed in its present form , unless there is a majority in favour of amending or rejecting it ; any other motions are rejected , unless there is a majority in favour of approving it . The quorum of the House of Lords is just three members for a general or procedural vote , and 30 members for a vote on legislation . If fewer than three or 30 members ( as appropriate ) are present , the division is invalid . </P> <H3> Disciplinary powers ( edit ) </H3> <P> By contrast with the House of Commons , the House of Lords has not until recently had an established procedure for putting sanctions on its members . When a cash for influence scandal was referred to the Committee of Privileges in January 2009 , the Leader of the House of Lords also asked the Privileges Committee to report on what sanctions the House had against its members . After seeking advice from the Attorney General for England and Wales and the former Lord Chancellor James , Lord Mackay of Clashfern , the committee decided that the House `` possessed an inherent power '' to suspend errant members , although not to withhold a writ of summons nor to expel a member permanently . When the House subsequently suspended Peter , Lord Truscott and Tom , Lord Taylor of Blackburn for their role in the scandal , they were the first to meet this fate since 1642 . </P> <P> Recent changes have expanded the disciplinary powers of the House . Section 3 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 now provides that any member of the House of Lords convicted of a crime and sentenced to imprisonment for more than one year loses their seat . The House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 allows the House to set up procedures to suspend , and to expel , its members . </P> Regulation of behaviour in the chamber ( edit ) <P> There are two motions which have grown up through custom and practice and which govern questionable conduct within the House . They are brought into play by a member standing up , possibly intervening on another member , and moving the motion without notice . When the debate is getting excessively heated , it is open to a member to move `` that the Standing Order on Asperity of Speech be read by the Clerk '' . The motion can be debated , but if agreed by the House , the Clerk of the Parliaments will read out Standing Order 33 which provides `` That all personal , sharp , or taxing speeches be forborn '' . The Journals of the House of Lords record only four instances on which the House has ordered the Standing Order to be read since the procedure was invented in 1871 . </P> <P> For more serious problems with an individual Lord , the option is available to move `` That the noble Lord be no longer heard '' . This motion also is debatable , and the debate which ensues has sometimes offered a chance for the member whose conduct has brought it about to come to order so that the motion can be withdrawn . If the motion is passed , its effect is to prevent the member from continuing their speech on the motion then under debate . The Journals identify eleven occasions on which this motion has been moved since 1884 ; four were eventually withdrawn , one was voted down , and six were passed . </P> <H3> Leave of absence ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1958 , to counter criticism that some peers only appeared at major decisions in the House and thereby particular votes were swayed , the Standing Orders of the House of Lords were enhanced . Peers who did not wish to attend meetings regularly or were prevented by ill health , age or further reasons , were now able to request Leave of Absence . During the granted time a peer is expected not to visit the House 's meetings until either its expiration or termination , announced at least a month prior to their return . </P> <H3> Attendance allowance ( edit ) </H3> <P> Members of the House of Lords can , since 2010 , opt to receive a £ 300 per day attendance allowance , plus limited travel expenses . Peers can elect to receive a reduced attendance allowance of £ 150 per day instead . Prior to 2010 peers from outside London could claim an overnight allowance of £ 174 . </P> <H2> Committees ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unlike in the House of Commons , when the term committee is used to describe a stage of a bill , this committee does not take the form of a public bill committee , but what is described as Committee of the Whole House . It is made up of all Members of the House of Lords allowing any Member to contribute to debates if he or she chooses to do so and allows for more flexible rules of procedure . It is presided over by the Chairman of Committees . </P> <P> The term committee is also used to describe Grand Committee , where the same rules of procedure apply as in the main chamber , except that no divisions may take place . For this reason , business that is discussed in Grand Committee is usually uncontroversial and likely to be agreed unanimously . </P> <P> Public bills may also be committed to pre-legislative committees . A pre-legislative Committee is specifically constituted for a particular bill . These committees are established in advance of the bill being laid before either the House of Lords or the House of Commons and can take evidence from the public . Such committees are rare and do not replace any of the usual stages of a bill , including committee stage . </P> <P> The House of Lords also has 15 Select Committees . Typically , these are sessional committees , meaning that their members are appointed by the House at the beginning of each session , and continue to serve until the next parliamentary session begins . In practice , these are often permanent committees , which are re-established during every session . These committees are typically empowered to make reports to the House `` from time to time '' , that is , whenever they wish . Other committees are ad - hoc committees , which are set up to investigate a specific issue . When they are set up by a motion in the House , the motion will set a deadline by which the Committee must report . After this date , the Committee will cease to exist unless it is granted an extension . One example of this is the Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change . The House of Lords may appoint a chairman for a committee ; if it does not do so , the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees may preside instead . Most of the Select Committees are also granted the power to co-opt members , such as the European Union Committee . The primary function of Select Committees is to scrutinise and investigate Government activities ; to fulfil these aims , they are permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence . Bills may be referred to Select Committees , but are more often sent to the Committee of the Whole House and Grand Committees . </P> <P> The committee system of the House of Lords also includes several Domestic Committees , which supervise or consider the House 's procedures and administration . One of the Domestic Committees is the Committee of Selection , which is responsible for assigning members to many of the House 's other committees . </P> <H2> Current composition ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Members of the House of Lords <P> There are currently 785 sitting members of the House of Lords . An additional 26 Lords are ineligible from participation , including eight peers who are constitutionally disqualified as members of the Judiciary . </P> <P> The House of Lords Act 1999 allocated 75 of the 92 hereditary peers to the parties based on the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that party in 1999 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Conservative Party : 42 peers </Li> <Li> Labour Party : 2 peers </Li> <Li> Liberal Democrats : 3 peers </Li> <Li> Crossbenchers : 28 peers </Li> </Ul> <P> Of the initial 42 hereditary peers elected as Conservatives , one , Leonard , Lord Willoughby de Broke , now sits as a member of UKIP . </P> <P> Fifteen hereditary peers are elected by the whole House , and the remaining hereditary peers are the two royal office - holders , the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain , both of whom are currently on leave of absence . </P> <P> A report in 2007 stated that many members of the Lords ( particularly the life peers ) do not attend regularly ; the average daily attendance was around 408 . </P> <P> While the number of hereditary peers is limited to 92 , and that of Lords spiritual to 26 , there is no maximum limit to the number of life peers who may be members of the House of Lords at any time . </P> <H2> Government leaders and ministers in the Lords ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Leaders and chief whips ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Natalie , Baroness Evans of Bowes Park -- Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal ( Conservative ; Cabinet member ) </Li> <Li> Frederick Curzon , 7th Earl Howe -- Minister of State for Defence and Deputy Leader of the House of Lords ( Conservative ; unpaid ) </Li> <Li> John , Lord Taylor of Holbeach -- Lords Chief Whip and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms </Li> <Li> Patrick Stopford , 9th Earl of Courtown -- Government Deputy Chief Whip and Captain of the Queen 's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ministers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Theodore , Lord Agnew of Oulton -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Education ( unpaid ) </Li> <Li> Tariq , Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon -- Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office </Li> <Li> Thomas , Lord Ashton of Hyde -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Culture , Media and Sport </Li> <Li> Michael , Lord Bates -- Minister of State for International Development ( unpaid ) </Li> <Li> Nick , Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government and the Wales Office </Li> <Li> Peta , Baroness Buscombe -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Work and Pensions </Li> <Li> The Lord Callanan -- Minister of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union </Li> <Li> Ian , Lord Duncan of Springbank -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Scotland Office and the Northern Ireland Office </Li> <Li> Rona , Baroness Fairhead -- Minister of State at the Department for International Trade ( unpaid ) </Li> <Li> John , Lord Gardiner of Kimble -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Rural Affairs and Biosecurity </Li> <Li> Oliver Eden , Lord Henley -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for at the Department for Business , Innovation and Industrial Strategy </Li> <Li> Richard , Lord Keen of Elie -- Advocate General for Scotland </Li> <Li> James , Lord O'Shaughnessy -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Health </Li> <Li> Liz , Baroness Sugg -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Transport </Li> <Li> Susan , Baroness Williams of Trafford -- Minister of State for the Home Office </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other whips ( Lords and Baronesses - in - Waiting ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Peta , Baroness Buscombe </Li> <Li> Annabel , Baroness Goldie ( unpaid ) </Li> <Li> Zahida , Baroness Manzoor ( unpaid ) </Li> <Li> Deborah , Baroness Stedman - Scott </Li> <Li> Charlotte , Baroness Vere of Norbiton </Li> <Li> George , Lord Young of Cookham </Li> <Li> James , Viscount Younger of Leckie </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gunpowder Plot </Li> <Li> Constitution Committee </Li> <Li> House of Lords Library </Li> <Li> Introduction ( House of Lords ) Introduction ceremony </Li> <Li> Lord - in - Waiting </Li> <Li> Parliament in the Making </Li> <Li> Parliament Week </Li> <Li> Parliamentary Archives </Li> <Li> Reform of the House of Lords </Li> <Li> Relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H3> Overseas counterparts ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Extant </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> House of Ariki of the Cook Islands </Li> <Li> Australian Senate </Li> <Li> House of Elders ( Somaliland ) </Li> <Li> House of Nobility ( Sweden ) </Li> <Li> Canadian Senate </Li> <Li> Dewan Negara ( Malaysia ) </Li> <Li> Rajya Sabha ( India ) </Li> <Li> Senate ( Lesotho ) , composed of 22 hereditary tribal chiefs and 11 King 's nominees </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Defunct </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Irish House of Lords ( sat 1297 -- 1800 ) </Li> <Li> Chamber of Peers ( France ) </Li> <Li> Chamber of Peers ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Chamber of Peers ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> House of Peers ( Japan ) </Li> <Li> Prussian House of Lords </Li> <Li> House of Lords ( Austria ) </Li> <Li> Senate of the Kingdom of Italy </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lords by party , type of peerage and gender '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quick Guide to the House of Lords '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Conventions : Joint Committee '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Lords. 25 April 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords '' . May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of Lords Appointments Commission website '' . 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of Lords briefing paper on Membership : Types of Member , Routes to membership , Parties & groups '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adonis , Andrew ( 1993 ) . Parliament Today ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 194 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Siaroff , Comparing Political Regimes , University of Toronto Press 2013 , chapter 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What individual Lords do '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guide to the House of Lords '' . BBC Democracy Live . 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Parliament Act 1911 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . -- s. 2 exempts bills extending the life of a Parliament from the restrictions on the Lords ' powers to delay bills , while s. 6 excludes Provisional Order bills . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carmichael , Paul ; Dickson , Brice ( 1999 ) . The House of Lords : Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles . Hart Publishing . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 020 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feldman , David ( 31 March 2011 ) , The Constitutional Reform Process ( Written Evidence submitted to the House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution ) , Cambridge , United Kingdom : Faculty of Law , University of Cambridge , p. 21 , retrieved 29 January 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reidy , Aisling ; Russell , Meg ( June 1999 ) , Second Chambers as Constitutional Guardians and Protectors of Human Rights , London : The Constitution Unit , School of Public Policy , University College London , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carmichael , Paul ; Dickson , Brice ( 1999 ) . The House of Lords : Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles . Hart Publishing . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 020 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary sovereignty '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loveland ( 2009 ) p. 158 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` An Act abolishing the House of Lords '' . 19 March 1649 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKechnie , The reform of the House of Lords etc </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Monarchist , no . 57 , p. 27 -- 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labour 's 1997 pledges : The constitution '' . BBC . 6 May 2002 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lords report fails to satisfy '' . BBC . 20 January 2000 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election issues : Constitutional Reform '' . BBC . 5 April 2005 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The House of Lords : Reform Cm 7027 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MPs back all - elected Lords plan '' . BBC . 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Assinder , Nick ( 14 March 2007 ) . `` Where now for Lords reform ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peers reject Lords reform plans '' . BBC . 14 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Straw unveils elected Lords plan '' . BBC . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords '' ( PDF ) . parliament.uk : ( 4th ed . ) . Parliament of the United Kingdom . May 2015 . p. 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Russell , Meg ( July 2003 ) . `` Is the House of Lords Already Reformed ? '' . The Political Quarterly . 74 ( 3 ) : 311 ‒ 318 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 923X. 00540 . ISSN 0032 - 3179 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Treadwell ( 2010 ) p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House of Lords Reform Draft Bill ( PDF ) ( Report ) . HM Government . May 2011 . pp. 7 -- 9 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summary Agenda 27 June 2012 UK Parliament website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proposals for a reformed House of Lords published '' . Deputy Prime Minister . 17 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farrington , Conor . `` Does It Matter If the House of Lords is n't Reformed ? Perspectives from a Symposium at Trinity Hall , Cambridge . '' The Political Quarterly , vol. 83 , no . 3 ( Jul - Sep 2012 ) , p. 599 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Byles : House of Lords Reform Private Members Bill '' . PoliticsHome ( Press release ) . 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` House of Lords Reform Act 2014 '' . Parliament of the UK . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rachel Treweek becomes first woman bishop to enter House of Lords '' . Churchtimes.co.uk. 2015 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Darren ( 16 June 2013 ) . `` The Supersized House of Lords '' . Electoral Reform Society . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of Lords -- Annual Report and Accounts 1999 -- 2000 '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . This major change had the effect of reducing the total membership of the House from 1,330 in October 1999 -- the highest figure ever recorded -- to 669 in March 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crick , Michael ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` Stop making new lords , political big - wigs urge Cameron '' . BBC News . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lansdale , James ; Bishop , Emma ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` Peers fight for space in crowded House '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ghose , Katie ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Crowded house -- why we have too many lords '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , Michael ( 4 August 2014 ) . `` Betty Boothroyd urges older peers to retire '' . The Times . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of Lords : Does size matter ? '' . BBC News Online . 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliament and government '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wasson , Ellis ( 31 August 2009 ) . A History of Modern Britain : 1714 to the Present . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781405139359 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House of Lords ( 2013 ) . Companion to the standing orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords ( PDF ) ( 23 ed . ) . London : The Stationery Office . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1948 , section 30 ( repealed ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lords Spiritual and Temporal '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shell ( 2007 ) p. 54 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shell ( 2007 ) p. 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Explanatory Notes to The House of Commons ( Removal of Clergy Disqualification ) Act 2001 '' . London , United Kingdom : Office of Public Sector Information . 21 May 2001 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shell ( 2007 ) p. 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biography of the Chief Rabbi '' . London , United Kingdom : Office of the Chief Rabbi . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People 's Peers : the strange case of the missing lollipop ladies , BBC News Open Politics , 2001 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Standing Orders of the House of Lords relating to Public Business '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act 1981 , Schedule 7 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Life Peerages Act 1958 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Peerage Act 1963 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Parliament . House of Lords Act 1999 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Honours ( Prevention of Abuses ) Act 1925 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mell , Radford and Thevoz : Is There a Market for Peerages ? Can Donations Buy You a British Peerage ? A Study in the Link Between Party Political Funding and Peerage Nominations , 2005 - 14 University of Oxford , pp 8 , 13 , 17 , 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Parliament . House of Lords Reform Act 2014 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Parliament . House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with the Lord Speaker '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baroness D'Souza elected Lord Speaker '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deputy Speakers '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of Lords briefing paper , A Guide to Business , page 3 '' . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Powers of the House of Lords in respect of its Members '' . House of Lords , Committee for Privileges . paragraph 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Powers of the House of Lords in respect of its Members '' . House of Lords , Committee for Privileges . paragraph 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sparrow , , Andrew ( 21 May 2009 ) . `` ' Sullied ' members suspend two peers in first case since 1642 '' . The Guardian . p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . October 2006 . paragraph 4.58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Standing Orders of the House of Lords '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 23 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Lords Journal vol . CIII p. 629 , vol . CIV p. 381 , vol. 182 p. 90 , and vol. 231 p. 644 and 648 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords '' . October 2006 . paragraphs 4.59 and 4.60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Lords Journal vol . CXVI p. 162 , vol . CXXIII p. 354 , vol. 192 p. 231 , vol. 215 p. 200 -- 1 , vol. 218 p. 119 , vol. 221 p. 539 , vol. 225 p. 194 , vol. 226 p. 339 , vol. 228 p. 308 , vol. 229 p. 89 , and vol. 233 p. 791 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of Lords -- Reform and Proposals for Reform since 1900 '' . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The House of Lords : Reform . The Stationery Office . 2007 . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 10 - 170272 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliament of the United Kingdom , Official Website -- FAQ '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Members of the Lords : allowances '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Wilkinson ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Peer claims £ 300 a day in expenses to walk 200 yards to work at House of Lords '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . p. 138 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . p. 40 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . p. 128 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ad - Hoc Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . p. 214 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ineligible members of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lists of Members of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Willoughby de Broke , Lord UK Independence Party </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The House of Lords : Reform ( PDF ) . London : The Stationery Office . February 2007 . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 10 - 170272 - 0 . OCLC 83593847 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . taking the 2005 -- 2006 session , the average attendance was around 408 , or 56 % of members . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Carroll , Alex ( 2007 ) . Constitutional and Administrative Law ( 4th ed . ) . Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 1231 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Hayter , Paul ( 2007 ) . Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords ( 21st ed . ) . Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . </Li> <Li> Jones , Bill ; Dennis Kavanagh ; Michael Moran ; Philip Norton ( 2007 ) . Politics UK ( 6th ed . ) . Pearson Education . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 2411 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Loveland , Ian ( 2009 ) . Constitutional Law , Administrative Law and Human Rights ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921974 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Mell , Andrew ; Radford , Simon ; Thevoz , Seth Alexander ( 2015 ) . Is there a market for peerages ? Oxford University Department of Economics discussion paper , No. 744 . </Li> <Li> Shell , Donald ( 2007 ) . The House of Lords ( 3rd ed . ) . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5443 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further Reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Harry Jones ( 1912 ) . Liberalism and the House of Lords : The Story of the Veto Battle , 1832 -- 1911 . London : Methuen . </Li> <Li> Smith , Philip Vernon ( 1884 ) . The House of Lords and the nation . London . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : UK Constitution and Government </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Lords . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : House of Lords </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official House of Lords website </Li> <Li> Official House of Lords publications website </Li> <Li> Archives of the House of Lords </Li> <Li> British House of Lords people from www.C-SPAN.org </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 55.7 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 29.5 '' W / 51.498806 ° N 0.124861 ° W / 51.498806 ; - 0.124861 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Officers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> House of Commons </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> House of Lords </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speaker </Td> <Td> John Bercow </Td> <Td> Lord Speaker </Td> <Td> The Lord Fowler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leader of the House of Commons </Td> <Td> Andrea Leadsom </Td> <Td> Leader of the House of Lords </Td> <Td> The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serjeant at Arms </Td> <Td> Kamal El - Hajji </Td> <Td> Lady Usher of the Black Rod </Td> <Td> Sarah Clarke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clerk of the House </Td> <Td> David Natzler </Td> <Td> Clerk of the Parliaments </Td> <Td> Edward Ollard </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Judicial functions of the House of Lords </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judgments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All </Li> <Li> Notable </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Trials of Peers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lords </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Lords of Appeal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law Lords ( all </Li> <Li> peerages ) </Li> <Li> Supreme Court of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United Kingdom articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chronology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Formation </Li> <Li> Georgian era </Li> <Li> Victorian era </Li> <Li> Edwardian era </Li> <Li> First World War </Li> <Li> Interwar </Li> <Li> Second World War </Li> <Li> UK since 1945 ( social history ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Empire </Li> <Li> Maritime </Li> <Li> Military </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Administrative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Countries of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Crown dependencies </Li> <Li> Overseas territories </Li> <Li> City status </Li> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Former colonies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British Isles <Ul> <Li> terminology </Li> <Li> Great Britain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Coastline </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Lakes and lochs </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Volcanoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resources </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Energy / Renewable energy <Ul> <Li> Biodiesel </Li> <Li> Coal </Li> <Li> Geothermal </Li> <Li> Hydraulic frac . </Li> <Li> Hydroelectricity </Li> <Li> Marine </Li> <Li> North Sea oil </Li> <Li> Solar </Li> <Li> Wind </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Food <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Fishing <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> Scottish </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hunting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Materials <Ul> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Forestry </Li> <Li> Mining </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Courts </Li> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Human rights </Li> <Li> Judiciary </Li> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Law enforcement </Li> <Li> Legislation </Li> <Li> Monarchy <Ul> <Li> monarchs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nationality </Li> <Li> Parliament <Ul> <Li> House of Commons </Li> <Li> House of Lords </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Civil service </Li> <Li> Departments </Li> <Li> Prime Minister <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Royal Navy </Li> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Royal Air Force </Li> <Li> Weapons of mass destruction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Banks <Ul> <Li> Bank of England </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Budget </Li> <Li> Economic geography </Li> <Li> Manufacturing </Li> <Li> Pound ( currency ) </Li> <Li> Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> <Li> Telecommunications </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Transport </Li> <Li> British Rail </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Affordability of housing </Li> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Demography </Li> <Li> Drug policy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> Health </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Innovation </Li> <Li> Languages </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Prostitution </Li> <Li> Public holidays </Li> <Li> Social care </Li> <Li> Social structure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Art </Li> <Li> Cinema </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Identity </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> <Li> Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Countries of the United Kingdom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History <Ul> <Li> social </Li> <Li> timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Economy <Ul> <Li> tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Health care </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern Ireland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Politics <Ul> <Li> Assembly </Li> <Li> Executive </Li> <Li> First Minister and deputy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Economy <Ul> <Li> tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Health care </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History <Ul> <Li> timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Politics <Ul> <Li> Parliament </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> First Minister </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Economy <Ul> <Li> tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Health care </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wales </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Welsh Government </Li> <Li> Politics <Ul> <Li> Assembly </Li> <Li> First Minister </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Economy <Ul> <Li> tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Health care </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Index </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Legislatures of the United Kingdom and dependencies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> European Union </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> European Union legislative procedure <Ul> <Li> Commission </Li> <Li> Parliament </Li> <Li> Council of the European Union </Li> <Li> national parliaments </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parliament of the United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> House of Commons </Li> <Li> House of Lords </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Devolved </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependent territories </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Crown dependencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bailiwick of Guernsey <Ul> <Li> dependencies : Alderney </Li> <Li> Sark </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jersey </Li> <Li> Isle of Man <Ul> <Li> House of Keys </Li> <Li> Legislative Council </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overseas Territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Bermuda <Ul> <Li> House of Assembly </Li> <Li> Senate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Pitcairn Islands </Li> <Li> Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commonwealth Parliamentary Association </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> European Union law applies in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar . Following the invokation of Article 50 , the United Kingdom is set to leave the European Union . A Great Repeal Bill has been proposed to incorporate all current European laws into British law . `` Bailiwick - wide '' legislature passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in Guernsey , but also in Alderney and Sark , with the consent of their governments . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Upper houses of national legislatures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unitary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependent and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Isle of Man </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-UN states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Somaliland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> British Raj </Li> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Ceylon </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> East Germany </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Irish Free State </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Serbia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Prussia </Li> <Li> Russian Empire </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> <Li> Weimar Germany </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bicameralism </Li> <Li> Unicameralism </Li> <Li> List of abolished upper houses </Li> <Li> List of legislatures by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> National lower houses </Li> <Li> National bicameral legislatures </Li> <Li> National unicameral legislatures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 141623106 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n80001216 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 2171 6807 </Li> <Li> GND : 1025242 - 3 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 027866246 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb121640344 ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&oldid=834590812 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> House of Lords </Li> <Li> National upper houses </Li> <Li> Parliament of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Infobox legislature with background color </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Use British English from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Gàidhlig </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> Zazaki </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 45 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 39,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 453
},
{
"start_token": 40,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 57
},
{
"start_token": 61,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 66
},
{
"start_token": 66,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 82
},
{
"start_token": 82,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 87
},
{
"start_token": 87,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 105
},
{
"start_token": 105,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 128
},
{
"start_token": 128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 150
},
{
"start_token": 150,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 170
},
{
"start_token": 170,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 175
},
{
"start_token": 175,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 187
},
{
"start_token": 180,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 185
},
{
"start_token": 191,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 341
},
{
"start_token": 197,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 339
},
{
"start_token": 206,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 213
},
{
"start_token": 213,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 218
},
{
"start_token": 218,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 226
},
{
"start_token": 226,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 232
},
{
"start_token": 232,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 239
},
{
"start_token": 242,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 248
},
{
"start_token": 252,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 259
},
{
"start_token": 259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 265
},
{
"start_token": 265,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 273
},
{
"start_token": 273,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 281
},
{
"start_token": 281,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 289
},
{
"start_token": 289,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 296
},
{
"start_token": 296,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 305
},
{
"start_token": 305,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 314
},
{
"start_token": 314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 321
},
{
"start_token": 321,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 328
},
{
"start_token": 332,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 338
},
{
"start_token": 341,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 362
},
{
"start_token": 362,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 368
},
{
"start_token": 372,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 399
},
{
"start_token": 374,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 397
},
{
"start_token": 375,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 381
},
{
"start_token": 381,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 386
},
{
"start_token": 399,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 404
},
{
"start_token": 404,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 409
},
{
"start_token": 409,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 414
},
{
"start_token": 414,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 452
},
{
"start_token": 416,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 450
},
{
"start_token": 417,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 431
},
{
"start_token": 431,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 449
},
{
"start_token": 453,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 529
},
{
"start_token": 529,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 649
},
{
"start_token": 649,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 707
},
{
"start_token": 707,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 763
},
{
"start_token": 763,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 913
},
{
"start_token": 913,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1002
},
{
"start_token": 1274,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1325
},
{
"start_token": 1275,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1324
},
{
"start_token": 1325,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1411
},
{
"start_token": 1411,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1510
},
{
"start_token": 1510,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1597
},
{
"start_token": 1597,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1698
},
{
"start_token": 1698,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1832
},
{
"start_token": 1832,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1944
},
{
"start_token": 1944,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2063
},
{
"start_token": 2139,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2196
},
{
"start_token": 2196,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2273
},
{
"start_token": 2273,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2362
},
{
"start_token": 2362,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2469
},
{
"start_token": 2469,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2580
},
{
"start_token": 2608,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2684
},
{
"start_token": 2684,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2780
},
{
"start_token": 2780,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2890
},
{
"start_token": 2890,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2942
},
{
"start_token": 2942,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3074
},
{
"start_token": 3074,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3160
},
{
"start_token": 3160,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3268
},
{
"start_token": 3291,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3388
},
{
"start_token": 3394,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3518
},
{
"start_token": 3518,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3650
},
{
"start_token": 3650,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3774
},
{
"start_token": 3774,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3861
},
{
"start_token": 3861,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3973
},
{
"start_token": 3973,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4111
},
{
"start_token": 4111,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4265
},
{
"start_token": 4265,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4336
},
{
"start_token": 4336,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4475
},
{
"start_token": 4475,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4556
},
{
"start_token": 4556,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4649
},
{
"start_token": 4655,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4727
},
{
"start_token": 4727,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4833
},
{
"start_token": 4833,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4842
},
{
"start_token": 4842,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5074
},
{
"start_token": 4843,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4862
},
{
"start_token": 4862,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4909
},
{
"start_token": 4909,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4924
},
{
"start_token": 4924,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4946
},
{
"start_token": 4946,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4963
},
{
"start_token": 4963,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4999
},
{
"start_token": 4999,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5024
},
{
"start_token": 5024,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5044
},
{
"start_token": 5044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5073
},
{
"start_token": 5074,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5112
},
{
"start_token": 5112,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5189
},
{
"start_token": 5113,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5125
},
{
"start_token": 5125,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5171
},
{
"start_token": 5171,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5188
},
{
"start_token": 5189,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5239
},
{
"start_token": 5248,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5285
},
{
"start_token": 5285,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5336
},
{
"start_token": 5286,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5310
},
{
"start_token": 5310,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5319
},
{
"start_token": 5319,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5335
},
{
"start_token": 5349,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5371
},
{
"start_token": 5400,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5430
},
{
"start_token": 5430,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5458
},
{
"start_token": 5462,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5510
},
{
"start_token": 5510,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5603
},
{
"start_token": 5603,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5746
},
{
"start_token": 5746,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5953
},
{
"start_token": 5962,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6023
},
{
"start_token": 6023,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6122
},
{
"start_token": 6122,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6262
},
{
"start_token": 6262,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6328
},
{
"start_token": 6359,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6377
},
{
"start_token": 6377,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6496
},
{
"start_token": 6496,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6587
},
{
"start_token": 6587,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6721
},
{
"start_token": 6739,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6793
},
{
"start_token": 6793,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6875
},
{
"start_token": 6875,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6954
},
{
"start_token": 6954,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7102
},
{
"start_token": 7102,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7254
},
{
"start_token": 7254,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7333
},
{
"start_token": 7333,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7534
},
{
"start_token": 7534,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7642
},
{
"start_token": 7648,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7828
},
{
"start_token": 7653,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7662
},
{
"start_token": 7662,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7667
},
{
"start_token": 7667,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7727
},
{
"start_token": 7673,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7725
},
{
"start_token": 7674,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7684
},
{
"start_token": 7675,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7683
},
{
"start_token": 7684,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7694
},
{
"start_token": 7685,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7693
},
{
"start_token": 7694,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7704
},
{
"start_token": 7695,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7703
},
{
"start_token": 7704,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7714
},
{
"start_token": 7705,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7713
},
{
"start_token": 7714,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7724
},
{
"start_token": 7715,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7723
},
{
"start_token": 7727,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7746
},
{
"start_token": 7733,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7744
},
{
"start_token": 7746,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7773
},
{
"start_token": 7752,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7771
},
{
"start_token": 7773,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7792
},
{
"start_token": 7779,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7790
},
{
"start_token": 7792,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7799
},
{
"start_token": 7799,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7815
},
{
"start_token": 7801,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7813
},
{
"start_token": 7802,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7807
},
{
"start_token": 7807,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7812
},
{
"start_token": 7815,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7827
},
{
"start_token": 7817,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7825
},
{
"start_token": 7840,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7972
},
{
"start_token": 7972,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8156
},
{
"start_token": 8156,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8262
},
{
"start_token": 8262,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8418
},
{
"start_token": 8418,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8545
},
{
"start_token": 8545,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8644
},
{
"start_token": 8644,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8676
},
{
"start_token": 8676,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8758
},
{
"start_token": 8765,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8909
},
{
"start_token": 8909,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9058
},
{
"start_token": 9058,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9122
},
{
"start_token": 9122,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9290
},
{
"start_token": 9290,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9417
},
{
"start_token": 9417,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9550
},
{
"start_token": 9550,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9681
},
{
"start_token": 9681,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9783
},
{
"start_token": 9783,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9911
},
{
"start_token": 9911,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10000
},
{
"start_token": 10015,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10094
},
{
"start_token": 10094,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10234
},
{
"start_token": 10234,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10346
},
{
"start_token": 10352,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10546
},
{
"start_token": 10555,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10666
},
{
"start_token": 10666,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10752
},
{
"start_token": 10758,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10901
},
{
"start_token": 10901,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11006
},
{
"start_token": 11006,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11139
},
{
"start_token": 11161,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11280
},
{
"start_token": 11280,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11374
},
{
"start_token": 11374,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11502
},
{
"start_token": 11502,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11588
},
{
"start_token": 11588,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11684
},
{
"start_token": 11684,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11809
},
{
"start_token": 11809,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11946
},
{
"start_token": 12014,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12101
},
{
"start_token": 12101,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12176
},
{
"start_token": 12176,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12356
},
{
"start_token": 12356,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12470
},
{
"start_token": 12470,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12569
},
{
"start_token": 12569,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12662
},
{
"start_token": 12662,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12766
},
{
"start_token": 12773,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12932
},
{
"start_token": 12932,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13010
},
{
"start_token": 13019,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13169
},
{
"start_token": 13169,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13288
},
{
"start_token": 13296,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13395
},
{
"start_token": 13402,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13463
},
{
"start_token": 13469,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13562
},
{
"start_token": 13562,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13617
},
{
"start_token": 13617,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13691
},
{
"start_token": 13691,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13959
},
{
"start_token": 13959,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14012
},
{
"start_token": 14028,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14064
},
{
"start_token": 14064,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14097
},
{
"start_token": 14097,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14126
},
{
"start_token": 14098,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14105
},
{
"start_token": 14105,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14112
},
{
"start_token": 14112,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14119
},
{
"start_token": 14119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14125
},
{
"start_token": 14126,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14155
},
{
"start_token": 14155,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14199
},
{
"start_token": 14199,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14231
},
{
"start_token": 14231,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14276
},
{
"start_token": 14297,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14401
},
{
"start_token": 14298,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14324
},
{
"start_token": 14324,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14351
},
{
"start_token": 14351,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14373
},
{
"start_token": 14373,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14400
},
{
"start_token": 14408,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14699
},
{
"start_token": 14409,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14431
},
{
"start_token": 14431,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14455
},
{
"start_token": 14455,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14478
},
{
"start_token": 14478,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14494
},
{
"start_token": 14494,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14520
},
{
"start_token": 14520,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14536
},
{
"start_token": 14536,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14553
},
{
"start_token": 14553,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14576
},
{
"start_token": 14576,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14595
},
{
"start_token": 14595,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14614
},
{
"start_token": 14614,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14638
},
{
"start_token": 14638,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14651
},
{
"start_token": 14651,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14665
},
{
"start_token": 14665,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14682
},
{
"start_token": 14682,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14698
},
{
"start_token": 14715,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14773
},
{
"start_token": 14716,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14722
},
{
"start_token": 14722,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14731
},
{
"start_token": 14731,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14740
},
{
"start_token": 14740,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14748
},
{
"start_token": 14748,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14756
},
{
"start_token": 14756,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14764
},
{
"start_token": 14764,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14772
}
] | who is allowed in the house of lords | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 14311264381576118000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&oldid=834590812 | 4,411,200,076,723,330,000 |
PAW Patrol - Wikipedia <H1> PAW Patrol </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> PAW Patrol </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Animation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Keith Chapman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Scott Kraft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jamie Whitney ( 2013 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Charles E. Bastien ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jaxon Mercey </Li> <Li> Drew Davis </Li> <Li> Devan Cohen </Li> <Li> Justin Kelley </Li> <Li> Samuel Faraci </Li> <Li> Carter Thorne </Li> <Li> Kallan Holley </Li> <Li> Ron Pardo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Smidi Smith </Li> <Li> Scott Krippayne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` PAW Patrol '' performed by Scott Simons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> `` PAW Patrol '' ( instrumental ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 113 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Dodge ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Laura Clunie ( season 3 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ronnen Harary </Li> <Li> Keith Chapman </Li> <Li> Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan ( season 5 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Scott Kraft </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Patricia Burns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 23 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guru Studio </Li> <Li> Spin Master Entertainment </Li> <Li> TVOKids </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> TVOKids ( Canada ) Nickelodeon ( U.S. ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> HDTV ( 1080i ) </Li> <Li> SDTV ( 480i ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Surround </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> PAW Patrol is a Canadian CGI -- animated television series created by Keith Chapman . It is produced by Spin Master Entertainment in association with TVOKids and Nickelodeon , with animation provided by Guru Studio . In Canada , the series is primarily broadcast on TVOKids , which first ran previews of the show in August 2013 . The series first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 12 , 2013 . </P> <P> The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of search and rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol . They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay . Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real - life profession , such as a firefighter and a police officer . They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary . They are also equipped with backpacks called `` pup packs '' that contain tools that relate to the pups ' jobs . </P> <P> Spin Master has developed the show into a media franchise and released an ongoing line of toys based on it . PAW Patrol toy sales have generated millions of dollars in revenue for the corporation and increased Spin Master 's presence in the preschool toy market . The show , and its associated products , have received a variety of awards and nominations from associations such as the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Format </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 PAW Patrol members <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Original members </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Occasional members </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Production </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 5.2 DVD releases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Merchandise </Li> <Li> 8 Live events </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes . Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives , often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground . Ryder , a ten - year - old boy , is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself . His most frequent caller is an accident - prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot , who knows much about Adventure Bay 's wildlife . Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags . The team members report to their base , the Lookout , and enter its elevator . Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises . When they reach the top floor , they arrange themselves in a line . Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened . He chooses several members of the team , normally two first responders , to help solve whatever problem has emerged . They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission . When they have finished , Ryder says his catchphrase : `` Whenever you 're in trouble , just yelp for help ! '' , and congratulates the pups . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of PAW Patrol episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> PAW Patrol members ( edit ) </H3> Original members ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol . He is a ten - year - old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use . His vehicle is an ATV . He is the only character to be featured in every mission , and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode . He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013 -- 2015 , by Elijha Hammill from 2015 -- 2016 , and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward . </Li> <Li> Marshall is a Dalmatian . He serves as a firedog and medic . His vehicle is a fire engine , which transforms into an ambulance . He is known for being exceptionally clumsy . A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol 's elevator . His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often `` I 'm good . '' He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013 -- 2015 and by Drew Davis from 2015 onward . </Li> <Li> Chase is a German Shepherd . He serves as a police and spy dog . His vehicle is a police car . He is the most mature of the dogs , and will always announce `` Ready for action , Ryder , sir ! '' when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission . He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013 -- 2014 , by Max Calinescu from 2014 -- 2018 , and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward . </Li> <Li> Rubble is an English bulldog . He serves as a construction dog . His vehicle is a bulldozer . He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating . He is voiced by Devan Cohen . </Li> <Li> Rocky is a grey - and - white mongrel of an unspecified breed . He serves as a recycling dog . His vehicle is a recycling truck , which can also transform into a salvage tugboat . A running gag in the series is Rocky 's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe . He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013 -- 2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward . </Li> <Li> Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever . He serves as an aquatic rescue pup . His vehicle is a hovercraft , which can also convert into a submarine . He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013 -- 2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward . </Li> <Li> Skye is a cockapoo . She serves as an aviator . Her vehicle is a helicopter , and she has wings built into her backpack . She is voiced by Kallan Holley . </Li> </Ul> Occasional members ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol 's most frequent caller , who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup - themed special episodes . He is a marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay . His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder . In the second season , an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle . He is the team 's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . Along with Everest , Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three . </Li> <Li> Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice . Her vehicle is a snowmobile . Like Tracker , she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay 's ski resort , but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed . She is voiced by Berkley Silverman . Everest , along with Cap'n Turbot , was added to the opening theme in season three . </Li> <Li> Tracker is a brown - and - white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup . His vehicle is a Jeep , and he is bilingual , speaking fluently in Spanish and English . Like Everest , he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker , a boy named Carlos . He is voiced by David Lopez . As of season four , he and Robo - Dog have not been added to the opening theme . </Li> <Li> Robo - Dog is a robotic dog introduced in `` Pups Save Ryder 's Robot . '' He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol 's multi-member vehicles . Unlike the other pups , Robo - Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks . His vehicle ( the PAW Patroller ) was added to the opening theme in season three , but Robo - Dog himself does not appear . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay . She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta , whom she keeps in her purse . She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom . She is voiced by Deann Degruijter . </Li> <Li> Chickaletta is the mayor 's pet chicken . She is not quick - witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway . She is introduced in `` Pup Pup and Away '' when she jumps into Mayor Goodway 's purse during a hot air balloon race . </Li> <Li> Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot 's cousin and sidekick , who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse . He is very self - centered and loves to show off . Francois works as a zoologist and nature photographer . He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words . He is voiced by Peter Cugno . </Li> <Li> Wally is Cap'n Turbot 's pet walrus , who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island . He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child . Although he can not talk , Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers . </Li> <Li> Katie is a girl Ryder 's age . She runs Adventure Bay 's pet clinic . She is voiced by Katherine Forrester . </Li> <Li> Cali is Katie 's pet cat . She has lavender - colored fur . Her meows are provided by Julie Lemieux . </Li> <Li> Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom who is Mayor Goodway 's rival . He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . </Li> <Li> The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger 's group of cats who closely resemble the six main PAW Patrol pups . Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup 's outfits and abilities . </Li> <Li> Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay . He is voiced by Blair Williams . </Li> <Li> Alex Porter is Mr. Porter 's young grandson . He is voiced by Christian Distefano . </Li> <Li> Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay . They own a barn and have several animals , such as a pair of pigs and a cow . Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013 -- 2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward . Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo . </Li> <Li> Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay . He becomes Everest 's caretaker after she is introduced . He is voiced by Scott McCord . </Li> <Li> Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker 's caretaker . He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli . </Li> <Li> Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode `` Pups Save Daring Danny X '' . </Li> <Li> Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg . She acts as an antagonist in `` Mission PAW '' - themed episodes in the fourth season . She is voiced by Anya Cooke . <Ul> <Li> Busby is Sweetie 's chew toy , robot minion and sidekick . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Spin Master , the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy that Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary designed in 2010 . Later the same year , the company requested proposals for a television show based on the transforming toy , and accepted one from Bob the Builder creator Keith Chapman . Chapman sketched early designs of the PAW Patrol team under the working title Raffi & the Rescue Dogs . Spin Master hired toy designers to develop the format further ; after the concept was in place , they began designing merchandise . </P> <P> Chapman 's original pitch focused on the idea that the six PAW Patrol dogs were rescued by Ryder before joining the team . Scott Kraft , the show 's first writer , and Jamie Whitney , the show 's first director , decided to abandon the rescued dog theme in 2012 . The name of the series ' protagonist , Ryder , was changed multiple times during production ; he was originally called Raffi , Roddy , and Robbie before Spin Master settled on Ryder . </P> Early models of the PAW Patrol pups <P> According to a 2017 Spin Master interview , `` everything pup - related was debated endlessly : names , sizes , ages , breeds . '' The pups ' designs underwent major changes after Chapman 's pitch ; they were originally very realistic , with unique fur and textures based on their breeds , but they were later simplified and made more cartoonish . The visual appearance of Cap'n Turbot , mainly his distinctive bead eyes and large nose , was based on the design of Chapman 's Bob the Builder character . Ryder 's hairstyle was based on that of Ronnen Harary . </P> <P> In January 2012 , Spin Master began approaching television broadcasters . The company negotiated a broadcast partnership with Nickelodeon , and the network first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada . The series became Spin Master 's first solely - owned intellectual property ( IP ) once it was released in August 2013 . </P> <P> Since it began production , the show 's animation has been provided by Guru Studio . In a 2016 interview with Maclean 's Magazine , Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio 's animators were originally suspicious of the show 's `` toyetic '' concept . The series ' rock - inspired original score was composed by the Ontario - based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post . The opening theme song , and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons . </P> <P> With each season of the show , new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes . In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star , Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise 's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie - in merchandise . In August of the same year , Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show 's content `` fresh '' and `` relevant '' . </P> <P> The first season aired from August 2013 to August 2014 . The second season premiered in August 2014 ; in Canada , it concluded in September 2015 and in the United States , it concluded in December 2015 . A third season premiered in November 2015 . A fourth season premiered February 6 , 2017 . Spin Master has confirmed that fifth and sixth seasons are in development . The fifth season premiered on February 6 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Broadcast ( edit ) </H3> <P> The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries . </P> <P> In Canada , the series is shown on TVOKids , Knowledge Kids , Télé - Québec and City Kids . In the United States , the series is aired on Nickelodeon with reruns on Nick Jr . </P> <P> As required for Canadian programs aired on federally - funded networks , PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1 . Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub . A British English dub , which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes , is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr . UK . Anione , JEI TV , and KBS have all broadcast the Korean - dubbed version . The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland 's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015 . The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2 . The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese - dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016 . </P> <P> In July 2016 , film distribution company Notorious Pictures acquired the rights to an Italian theatrical release of the series . Six episodes of PAW Patrol were screened as a package film in select Italian cinemas from December 22 , 2016 until January 8 of the following year . Sabahat Khan , of Spin Master partner RBC Capital Markets , has stated that he `` would n't be surprised by a ( North American ) feature film down the line . '' In November 2017 , Ronnen Harary confirmed that Spin Master is `` currently considering whether to extend the PAW Patrol franchise into feature films at some point in the next 12 to 24 months . '' </P> <H3> DVD releases ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Region 1 </Th> <Th> Region 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PAW Patrol </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2014 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winter Rescues </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2014 </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall and Chase On the Case ! </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 27 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pups and the Pirate Treasure </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meet Everest ! </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brave Heroes , Big Rescues </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> February 13 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All Wings on Deck </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sports Day ! Game On ! </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pups Save Christmas </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pups Save the Bunnies Easter Egg Hunt </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Air Pups </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Great Pirate Rescue ! </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Great Snow Rescue </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sea Patrol </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Summer Rescues </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon . Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon 's 2014 ratings growth . It ranked as the highest - rated , preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013 and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season . The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016 , but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month . Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a `` creative resurgence '' that increased the Nick Jr. channel 's viewership in 2016 . At Nickelodeon 's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers , Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network ( the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines ) . </P> <P> In March 2015 , two back - to - back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings ( among total viewers ) in Australia . In May 2015 , it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool - aged children . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four - star rating , stating that `` perhaps the show 's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem - solving '' . Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show , calling it `` packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... ca n't help but snicker at '' . Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series , but felt that some of the characters `` seem rather arbitrary , like Rocky the Recycling Pup '' . The About Group 's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its `` formulaic '' nature but affirming that the `` show is not without funny moments '' . </P> <P> A research study , commissioned by Sky in March 2016 , reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program . </P> <P> Criticism has been directed toward the show 's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only one main female . Cat Conway of Dan Abrams ' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked , `` the police pup , firefighting pup , builder pup , sea - rescue pup , and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male , because of course you could n't have a female police dog , could you ? '' Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health `` found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable '' while watching the program . Today 's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag `` # IncludeTheGirls '' . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2014 , the series ' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the season two episode `` Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' was nominated for Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards . As of 2017 , PAW Patrol has received four Canadian Screen Award nominations , winning one of them in 2016 and two in 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo </Td> <Td> Scott Krippayne Smidi Smith </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parents ' Choice Foundation </Td> <Td> `` Fun Stuff '' Award </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Environmental Media Awards </Td> <Td> Environmental Media Award in Children 's Television </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Toy of the Year Awards </Td> <Td> Property of the Year , 2015 </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preschool Toy of the Year , 2015 </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Toy of the Year Awards </Td> <Td> Property of the Year , 2016 </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43rd Annie Awards </Td> <Td> Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4th Canadian Screen Awards </Td> <Td> Best Pre-School Program or Series </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series </Td> <Td> Jamie Whitney </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Licensing.biz People Awards </Td> <Td> Licensee Team of the Year </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Toy Association </Td> <Td> Preschool License of the Year </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Cinema Editors Awards </Td> <Td> Best Editing in Animation </Td> <Td> Tom Berger </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SOCAN Awards </Td> <Td> International TV Series Music Award </Td> <Td> Voodoo Highway Music & Post </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 5th Canadian Screen Awards </Td> <Td> Best Pre-School Program or Series </Td> <Td> Spin Master </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series </Td> <Td> Jamie Whitney </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <P> On May 18 , 2014 , Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys `` R '' Us locations across Canada . The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year . Dion Vlachos , a representative from Nickelodeon , was in charge of the U.S. product launch . </P> <P> PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master 's most profitable brands . Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. ( or 25 per cent ) of Spin Master 's gross product sales for 2015 . Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the `` continuing strength '' of PAW Patrol toys , in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses , made up 40.5 per cent of the firm 's second quarter revenue . Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company 's presence in the preschool market . Throughout 2016 , Spin Master 's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category . PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this . </P> <P> The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom . The group also reported that it was the best - selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015 . Dave Brandon , the chief executive officer of Toys `` R '' Us , listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season 's `` hottest '' items . Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season . </P> <H2> Live events ( edit ) </H2> <P> In April 2016 , a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live : Race to the Rescue was announced . The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race . It toured Canada , the United States , Mexico , Australia and the Philippines . A sequel show , titled PAW Patrol Live : The Great Pirate Adventure , was announced in June 2017 . It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern , and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor . The shows are produced by VStar Entertainment Group , which is best known for producing the popular Sesame Street Live touring shows for 37 years . </P> <P> Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom . They joined an `` Etch A Sketch Day '' celebration at Spin Master 's office in Toronto on July 26 , 2016 . The characters , along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program , were included as part of the Nick Jr . Play Date Tour in autumn 2015 . Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham , Suffolk , and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016 . Multiple meet - and - greet events attracted far more attendees than expected , with some reaching over 5,000 visitors . They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13 , 2016 . They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon - themed area of the Thurrock 's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London , England . </P> <P> Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show 's characters have attracted the attention of the show 's distributor . In February 2016 , several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups . Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead . There was some consumer backlash as a result , but the events were not held . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Imgur : The most awesome images on the Internet '' . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jamster -- Logos and more ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Spin Master Entertainment / Nickelodeon Productions ( 2013 / 2014 ) '' . Retrieved 9 October 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Damon van der Linde ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol has Spin Master on a roll as earnings exceed analyst expectations '' . Financial Post . Sun Media . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Picks Up Second Season of PAW Patrol , TV 's Number - One Preschool Series '' ( PDF ) . Nickelodeon Press . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews 4 Animated Series as Part of Growing Preschool Slate ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol '' . Screener / Zap2it . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Mgmt Roadshow Presentation 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hollywood helps make Southern California center of toy universe '' . Daily Breeze . Digital First Media . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/television/whats-paw-patrols-secret-how-it-captivated-children-and-conquered-theworld/article37417532/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Entertainment Brands Take Part in Licensing Expo '' . PR Newswire. April 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Bows First Preschool IP '' . License ! Global . August 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Plans ' PAW Patrol ' Tour '' . License ! Global . July 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinman , Jaime ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` What 's not to love about PAW Patrol -- if you 're a kid ? '' . Maclean 's . Rogers Media . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bryson , Carey . `` PAW Patrol - TV Show Review for Parents '' . About.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevenson , Verity ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol drives Toronto toy firm 's profits '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Page 32 - Spin Master Corp . Fiscal 2016 Second Quarter Results Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . August 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Page 18 - Spin Master Corp . Fiscal 2016 Third Quarter Results Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . November 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Page 7 - Spin Master Corp . Fiscal 2017 Third Quarter Results Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . November 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Announces Acquisition of Swimways Corporation and Establishment of Outdoor Business Segment '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://tvokids.com/school-age/paw-patrol </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rentrée des classes 2016 : quels dessins animés regarder avant de partir à l'école '' . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Dassault Group . August 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patrulha Pata Microsite '' . Canal Panda ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pups Save the Penguins - Channel 5 '' . Channel 5 . Viacom International Media Networks Europe . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 퍼피 구조대 Puppy Patrol '' . Spin Master ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hvolpasveitin á RÚV '' . RÚV ( in Icelandic ) . Government of Iceland . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryhmä Hau Maanantaisin , Yle TV2 - Yle Areena 14 '' . Yle TV2 ( in Finnish ) . Yle . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` APOS News Round - Up '' . Animation Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brief - Notorious Pictures buys distribution rights for 6 new episodes of cartoon series PAW Patrol '' . Reuters . July 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notorious Pictures acquista i diritti per la distribuzione cinematografica di 6 nuove avventure di `` PAW Patrol '' `` . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . July 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Edited transcript of TOY.TO earnings conference call '' . Yahoo ! News . Thomson Reuters . November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Winter Rescues : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Marshall & Chase on the Case : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zahn , James ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Meet Everest comes to DVD this Fall '' . The Rock Father . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bentley , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legend , ' ' Room ' & ' Creed ' top new DVD releases on March 1 '' . The Fresno Bee . The McClatchy Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' PAW Patrol : Sports Day ! '' Available on DVD August 2 ! `` . BSC Kids . July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Pups Save Christmas : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol : Pups Save the Bunnies : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Pirate Rescue ! '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Snow Rescue '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Sea Patrol '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Summer Rescues '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Viacom Quarterly Profit Rises 16 % , Lifted by Cable Fees and Lower Costs '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' PAW Patrol ' Renewed for Season Two by Nickelodeon '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kidscreen : Smart TV , building momentum '' ( PDF ) . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications . May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Scores 52 Straight Weeks at Number One and Wins the Month of July with Kids 2 - 11 , Kids 2 - 5 '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Shaw , Lucas ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dauman 's Done the Easy Part . Now He Has to Find Viacom Some Hits '' . Bloomberg L.P. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon to Revive ' Legends of the Hidden Temple ' as TV Movie '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knox , David . `` Tuesday 17 March 2015 Ratings '' . TV Tonight . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yvernault , Véronique ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Licences : Gare à la Pat'Patrouille ! '' . Libre Service Actualités ( in French ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` PAW Patrol TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Randy ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Brave Heroes , Big Rescues '' . DVD Talk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pegler , Pattie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : Jake and the Neverland Pirates , PAW Patrol '' . Stuff.co.nz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo voted the nation 's all time favourite kids TV show '' . Sky plc. 29 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conway , Cat ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Quit Pushing Your Gendered Crap on My Son '' . The Mary Sue . Dan Abrams . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King , Brandy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Media Moment : What I Learned from ( Paw ) - Patrolling My Kids ' TV Show '' . Center on Media and Child Health . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waverman , Emma ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` It 's ridiculous that in 2015 we need # IncludeTheGirls ! '' . Today 's Parent. Rogers Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards 2014 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . The LA Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` '' PAW Patrol : Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' - 43rd Annual Annie Awards `` . AnnieAwards.org . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second night of 2016 Canadian Screen Awards recognizes more talent '' . Tribute.ca . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TVO 's creative content lauded with eight 2017 Canadian Screen Awards '' . TVOntario . March 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Nominations : ' Young and the Restless ' Leads with 26 Nominations '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catanzarite , Gina . `` PAW Patrol - Spring 2014 Television '' . Parents ' Choice Foundation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Environmental Media Awards -- The Complete List of Winners '' . E ! News . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TIA Names Toy of the Year Nominees '' . License ! Global . November 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Callan , Patrick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Toy of the Year finalists revealed '' . Kidscreen . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced '' . ETCanada.com . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Winning Week for PAW Patrol : Program Director Takes Home Prize at Canadian Screen Awards '' . PR Newswire . March 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master opens Australian office '' . Kidscreen . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Canadian Cinema Editors reveals 2016 award nominees '' . Playback . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Wins the International TV Series Music Award at 2016 SOCAN Awards Ceremony '' . CCS Rights Management . June 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` PAW Patrol toy line hits Toys ' R ' Us '' . Kidscreen . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffin , Rachel ; Brown , Heather ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Spin Master to Launch Its Highly Anticipated PAW Patrol Toy Line at Toys `` R '' Us `` . Spin Master ( Press release ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Ups Dion Vlachos to EVP Retail '' . Animation Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Reports Strong Q2 2016 Financial Results '' . KFMB - TV . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burke , Jade ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master sees ' huge momentum ' for PAW Patrol toy line '' . Licensing.biz . NewBay Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muller , Lutz ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master - An Interesting Performance '' . Seeking Alpha . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` The top Christmas toys for 2015 : will you pick PAW Patrol or Pie Face ? '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergeron , Tom ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jersey 's own toy story : New CEO Dave Brandon talks shopping , shipping and how he aims to change Toys R Us '' . NJ Biz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Ted ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Toys R Us declares hottest 15 toys of the holiday season '' . WBAY - TV . Media General . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Packham , Amy ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top Argos Toys for Christmas 2016 : Predictions of Bestselling Toys Released '' . The Huffington Post . Verizon Communications . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's PAW Patrol Is On a Roll with First - Ever Live Tour '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . Berkshire Hathaway . April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live ! Australia '' . Nick Jr . Australia . Nickelodeon . December 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live in Manila '' . Life Like Touring . June 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` All Paws on Deck ! PAW Patrol to Set Sail on 17 - City Tour with New Pirate - Themed Show '' . People . Time Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Tara ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master attempts a Guinness World Records title in celebration of Etch A Sketch Day '' . CNW Group . Cision . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nick Jr . Play Date Tour comes to Westfield Trumbull '' . Trumbull Times . October 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol is coming to Bridgwater '' . Bridgwater Mercury . July 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 5,000 people visit White Post Farm to meet PAW Patrol 's Chase and Marshall '' . Nottingham Post . Local World . April 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hundreds queue to see PAW Patrol stars '' . itv.com . ITV plc. April 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Linda ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol stars set to rock Glenarm Castle on night of music and display '' . Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Branded FEC Coming to UK 's intu Lakeside Shopping Centre '' . Blooloop . May 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sutherland , Emily ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Greene King : Kids ' meeting with PAW Patrol characters ' cancelled due to Nickelodeon legal threat '' . Morning Advertiser . William Reed Business Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parry , Josh ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Parents angry after Nickelodeon ' force pub to cancel unofficial PAW Patrol event ' '' . Liverpool Echo . Trinity Mirror . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> PAW Patrol at TVOKids.com </Li> <Li> PAW Patrol at NickJr.com </Li> <Li> PAW Patrol on IMDb </Li> <Li> PAW Patrol at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nick Jr. original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peppa Pig ( since 2004 ) </Li> <Li> PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Miffy 's Adventures Big and Small ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Top Wing ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Thomas & Friends ( since 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1980s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nick Jr . Rocks ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Allegra 's Window ( 1994 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Little Bear ( 1995 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Blue 's Clues ( 1996 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ; 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin ( 1997 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Maisy ( 1998 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> 64 Zoo Lane ( 1999 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Phred on Your Head Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Nanalan ' ( 1999 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Tiny Planets ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Oswald ( 2001 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The URL with Phred Show ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Play with Me Sesame ( 2002 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Max & Ruby ( 2002 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Miffy and Friends ( 2003 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Moose and Zee ( 2003 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Oobi ( 2003 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Connie the Cow ( 2003 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Whoopi 's Littleburg ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Blue 's Room ( 2004 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> LazyTown ( 2004 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2004 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Backyardigans ( 2004 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Cooking for Kids with Luis ( 2004 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Pocoyo ( 2005 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Pinky Dinky Doo ( 2005 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2005 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jack 's Big Music Show ( 2005 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Wonder Pets ! ( 2006 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! ( 2006 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Upside Down Show ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba ! ( 2007 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Olivia ( 2009 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom ( 2009 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Team Umizoomi ( 2010 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dino Dan ( 2010 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Mia and Me ( 2011 - 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Rabbit ( 2012 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Julius Jr. ( 2013 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Wallykazam ! ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Duggee ( 2014 -- 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Nick Jr . Puppies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 -- 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rainbow Rangers ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Butterbean 's Café ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Blue 's Clues ( Reboot ) ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Swashbuckling Adventures of Capitán Calavera ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Fashion Ally ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nick Jr. ( block ) </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon on CBS </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PAW_Patrol&oldid=846062101 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Television shows about dogs </Li> <Li> 2013 Canadian television series debuts </Li> <Li> Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters </Li> <Li> Canadian computer - animated television series </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Fictional dogs </Li> <Li> 2010s Canadian animated television series </Li> <Li> Nick Jr. shows </Li> <Li> TVOntario shows </Li> <Li> Canadian children 's animated adventure television series </Li> <Li> Canadian children 's animated fantasy television series </Li> <Li> Canadian preschool education television series </Li> <Li> Toy brands </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 13 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 01 : 20 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 8,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 417
},
{
"start_token": 9,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 15
},
{
"start_token": 19,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 27
},
{
"start_token": 27,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 37
},
{
"start_token": 37,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 47
},
{
"start_token": 47,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 76
},
{
"start_token": 53,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 74
},
{
"start_token": 54,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 63
},
{
"start_token": 63,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 73
},
{
"start_token": 76,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 118
},
{
"start_token": 82,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 116
},
{
"start_token": 118,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 138
},
{
"start_token": 125,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 136
},
{
"start_token": 126,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 131
},
{
"start_token": 138,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 154
},
{
"start_token": 154,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 169
},
{
"start_token": 169,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 179
},
{
"start_token": 179,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 191
},
{
"start_token": 191,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 201
},
{
"start_token": 201,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 216
},
{
"start_token": 216,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 221
},
{
"start_token": 221,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 278
},
{
"start_token": 230,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 276
},
{
"start_token": 231,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 241
},
{
"start_token": 241,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 251
},
{
"start_token": 259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 271
},
{
"start_token": 278,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 290
},
{
"start_token": 290,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 300
},
{
"start_token": 300,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 329
},
{
"start_token": 309,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 327
},
{
"start_token": 314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 319
},
{
"start_token": 329,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 334
},
{
"start_token": 334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 350
},
{
"start_token": 350,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 372
},
{
"start_token": 356,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 370
},
{
"start_token": 357,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 363
},
{
"start_token": 363,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 369
},
{
"start_token": 372,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 381
},
{
"start_token": 381,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 405
},
{
"start_token": 405,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 411
},
{
"start_token": 411,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 416
},
{
"start_token": 417,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 493
},
{
"start_token": 493,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 593
},
{
"start_token": 593,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 678
},
{
"start_token": 790,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1028
},
{
"start_token": 1042,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1232
},
{
"start_token": 1043,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1055
},
{
"start_token": 1055,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1065
},
{
"start_token": 1065,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1100
},
{
"start_token": 1100,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1135
},
{
"start_token": 1135,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1170
},
{
"start_token": 1170,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1205
},
{
"start_token": 1205,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1231
},
{
"start_token": 1251,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1737
},
{
"start_token": 1252,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1346
},
{
"start_token": 1346,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1441
},
{
"start_token": 1441,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1525
},
{
"start_token": 1525,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1573
},
{
"start_token": 1573,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1652
},
{
"start_token": 1652,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1701
},
{
"start_token": 1701,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1736
},
{
"start_token": 1742,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2110
},
{
"start_token": 1743,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1856
},
{
"start_token": 1856,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1942
},
{
"start_token": 1942,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2032
},
{
"start_token": 2032,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2109
},
{
"start_token": 2116,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2716
},
{
"start_token": 2117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2167
},
{
"start_token": 2167,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2221
},
{
"start_token": 2221,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2288
},
{
"start_token": 2288,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2342
},
{
"start_token": 2342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2367
},
{
"start_token": 2367,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2391
},
{
"start_token": 2391,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2437
},
{
"start_token": 2437,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2481
},
{
"start_token": 2481,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2499
},
{
"start_token": 2499,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2517
},
{
"start_token": 2517,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2580
},
{
"start_token": 2580,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2611
},
{
"start_token": 2611,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2636
},
{
"start_token": 2636,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2658
},
{
"start_token": 2658,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2715
},
{
"start_token": 2698,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2714
},
{
"start_token": 2699,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2713
},
{
"start_token": 2722,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2825
},
{
"start_token": 2825,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2913
},
{
"start_token": 2920,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3026
},
{
"start_token": 3026,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3094
},
{
"start_token": 3094,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3185
},
{
"start_token": 3185,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3279
},
{
"start_token": 3279,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3360
},
{
"start_token": 3372,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3387
},
{
"start_token": 3387,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3426
},
{
"start_token": 3426,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3565
},
{
"start_token": 3565,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3685
},
{
"start_token": 3692,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3990
},
{
"start_token": 3693,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3706
},
{
"start_token": 3706,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3724
},
{
"start_token": 3724,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3742
},
{
"start_token": 3742,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3765
},
{
"start_token": 3765,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3785
},
{
"start_token": 3785,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3804
},
{
"start_token": 3804,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3825
},
{
"start_token": 3825,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3844
},
{
"start_token": 3844,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3866
},
{
"start_token": 3866,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3885
},
{
"start_token": 3885,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3908
},
{
"start_token": 3908,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3925
},
{
"start_token": 3925,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3945
},
{
"start_token": 3945,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3961
},
{
"start_token": 3961,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3975
},
{
"start_token": 3975,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3989
},
{
"start_token": 4002,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4147
},
{
"start_token": 4147,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4208
},
{
"start_token": 4215,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4348
},
{
"start_token": 4348,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4380
},
{
"start_token": 4380,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4509
},
{
"start_token": 4515,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4603
},
{
"start_token": 4603,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5000
},
{
"start_token": 4604,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4624
},
{
"start_token": 4624,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4658
},
{
"start_token": 4658,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4682
},
{
"start_token": 4682,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4707
},
{
"start_token": 4707,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4736
},
{
"start_token": 4736,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4756
},
{
"start_token": 4756,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4785
},
{
"start_token": 4785,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4812
},
{
"start_token": 4812,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4836
},
{
"start_token": 4836,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4857
},
{
"start_token": 4857,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4880
},
{
"start_token": 4880,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4903
},
{
"start_token": 4903,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4926
},
{
"start_token": 4926,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4951
},
{
"start_token": 4951,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4978
},
{
"start_token": 4978,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4999
},
{
"start_token": 5006,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5068
},
{
"start_token": 5068,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5216
},
{
"start_token": 5216,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5320
},
{
"start_token": 5327,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5446
},
{
"start_token": 5446,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5615
},
{
"start_token": 5615,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5691
}
] | who does the voice of sky in paw patrol | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 1701,
"candidate_index": 60,
"end_token": 1736
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 1732,
"end_token": 1734
}
],
"annotation_id": 7860525083285968000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=PAW_Patrol&oldid=846062101 | 5,542,912,367,064,503,000 |
List of mountain ranges of Pakistan - wikipedia <H1> List of mountain ranges of Pakistan </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Highest peaks of Pakistan as seen from space Highest Karakoram peaks as seen from International Space Station Satellite image of a part of the Sulaiman Range . <P> Pakistan is home to of many mountains like northern and western mountains above 7,000 metres ( 22,970 ft ) . Five of the world 's fourteen mountains taller than 8,000 metres ( 26,000 ft ) ( `` eight - thousanders '' ) are in Pakistan , four of which are near Concordia . </P> <P> Most of Pakistan 's high peaks are located in the Karakoram range , the highest of which is K2 8126 meter long ( 8,611 metres ( 28,251 ft ) ) , the second - highest peak on earth . The highest peak of Himalayan range in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat ( 8,126 metres ( 26,660 ft ) ) , which is the ninth - highest peak of the world . </P> <P> Following are the mountain ranges that are fully or partially included in Pakistan : </P> <Ul> <Li> Karakoram , including the world 's second - highest peak , K2 ( 8,611 m or 28,251 ft ) </Li> <Li> Himalayas ; second highest peak in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat ( 8,126 metres ( 26,660 ft ) ) </Li> <Li> Hindu Kush ; highest peak is Tirich Mir ( 7,690 metres ( 25,230 ft ) ) . </Li> <Li> Hindu Raj in northern Pakistan , part of the eastern Hindu Kush . </Li> <Li> Safēd Kōh , starting from Tora Bora on the border with eastern Afghanistan west of the Khyber Pass . </Li> <Li> Sulaiman Mountains ; highest peak is Takht - e-Sulaiman ( 3,487 metres ( 11,440 ft ) ) . </Li> <Li> Spin Ghar Mountains ; highest peak is Mount Sikaram ( 4,761 metres ( 15,620 ft ) ) </Li> <Li> Salt Range , a hill system in the Punjab Province that is abundant in salt ; highest peak is Sakaser ( 1,522 metres ( 4,993 ft ) ) </Li> <Li> Margalla Hills in Punjab whose highest peak is Tilla Charouni ( 1,604 metres ( 5,262 ft ) ) </Li> <Li> Toba Kakar Range , a southern offshoot of the Hindu Kush in Balochistan </Li> <Li> Makran Range , a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan , in Iran and Pakistan near the coast of the Arabian Sea . The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges . Of its 1,000 - kilometre ( 620 mi ) extent , about 750 kilometres ( 470 mi ) is in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Ras Koh Range </Li> <Li> Chagai Range </Li> <Li> Kirthar Range , located along the Balochistan and Sindh provincial border . It runs north - south for about 300 kilometres ( 186 mi ) from the Mula River in east - central Balochistan south to Cape Muari ( Cape Monze ) west of Karachi on the Arabian Sea . The Hill Station of Sindh at Gorakh , in Kirthar Mountains Range , off Dadu , at the height of 5,688 feet ( 1,734 m ) , averaging 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) , is one of the two large plateaus in the Sindh segment of Kirthar mountains . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Mountain Ranges of Pakistan , NASA . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC , Planet Earth , `` Mountains '' , Part Three </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanskrit , Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pakistan topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Basic topics </Li> <Li> Alphabetical index of topics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ancient </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stone age </Li> <Li> Soanian </Li> <Li> Mehrgarh </Li> <Li> Indus Valley </Li> <Li> Indo - Iranics </Li> <Li> Indo - Aryan </Li> <Li> Achaemenid </Li> <Li> Greco - Bactrian </Li> <Li> Maurya </Li> <Li> Gandhara </Li> <Li> Indo - Greek </Li> <Li> Indo - Scythians </Li> <Li> Indo - Parthian </Li> <Li> Kushan </Li> <Li> Indo - Sassanid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medieval </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indo - Hephthalite </Li> <Li> Kamboja </Li> <Li> Rai Dynasty </Li> <Li> Shahi </Li> <Li> Pala </Li> <Li> Solanki </Li> <Li> Muhammad bin Qasim </Li> <Li> Ghaznavid </Li> <Li> Ghurid </Li> <Li> Mamluk </Li> <Li> Khalji </Li> <Li> Tughlaq </Li> <Li> Sayyid </Li> <Li> Lodi </Li> <Li> Timurid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pre-colonial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mughal </Li> <Li> East India Company </Li> <Li> Durrani </Li> <Li> Sikh Confederacy </Li> <Li> Sikh Empire </Li> <Li> First Anglo - Afghan War </Li> <Li> First Anglo - Sikh War </Li> <Li> Second Anglo - Sikh War </Li> <Li> Rebellion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colonial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British Raj </Li> <Li> Second Anglo - Afghan War </Li> <Li> Durand Line </Li> <Li> Third Anglo - Afghan War </Li> <Li> Aligarh Movement </Li> <Li> Hindi -- Urdu controversy </Li> <Li> Pakistan Movement <Ul> <Li> Muslim League </Li> <Li> Two nation theory </Li> <Li> Jinnah 's 14 Points </Li> <Li> Lahore Resolution </Li> <Li> Direct Action Day </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Partition </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dominion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dominion of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Princely states </Li> <Li> 1947 War </Li> <Li> Liaquat -- Nehru Pact </Li> <Li> Baghdad Pact </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indus Treaty </Li> <Li> 1965 War </Li> <Li> 1971 War </Li> <Li> Project - 706 </Li> <Li> Islamisation </Li> <Li> Baloch insurgency </Li> <Li> Kargil War </Li> <Li> Liberalization </Li> <Li> War in North - West Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Features </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaches </Li> <Li> Deserts </Li> <Li> Glaciers </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Lakes </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Passes </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Valleys </Li> <Li> Waterfalls </Li> <Li> Wetlands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arabian Sea </Li> <Li> Gwadar Bay </Li> <Li> Indus Plain </Li> <Li> Pothohar Plateau </Li> <Li> Salt Range </Li> <Li> Sistan Basin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coal fields </Li> <Li> Gas fields </Li> <Li> Minerals </Li> <Li> Oil fields </Li> <Li> Tectonics </Li> <Li> Volcanoes </Li> <Li> Floods </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botanical gardens </Li> <Li> Ecoregions </Li> <Li> Environmental issues </Li> <Li> Forests </Li> <Li> Protected areas <Ul> <Li> national parks </Li> <Li> game reserves </Li> <Li> sanctuaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wildlife <Ul> <Li> flora </Li> <Li> fauna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Zoos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Archaeological sites </Li> <Li> Climate <Ul> <Li> weather records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Borders </Li> <Li> Natural disasters <Ul> <Li> earthquakes </Li> <Li> floods </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Subdivisions <Ul> <Li> provinces </Li> <Li> districts </Li> <Li> cities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> World Heritage Sites </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Governance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> President </Li> <Li> National Security Council ( C NS </Li> <Li> ECC </Li> <Li> AEDB </Li> <Li> NCA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National government <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Ministries </Li> <Li> Prime Minister </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Provincial governments <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> <Li> Chief Ministers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Local government <Ul> <Li> Union councils </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parliament ( Majlis - e-Shoora ) <Ul> <Li> Senate ( upper house ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Assembly ( lower house ) <Ul> <Li> Speaker </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Provincial assemblies </Li> <Li> Jirga ( tribal assembly ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judicial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Supreme Council </Li> <Li> Supreme Court <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Shariat Court </Li> <Li> High Courts </Li> <Li> District Courts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Feudalism </Li> <Li> Intelligence community </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> <Li> Martial law </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Law </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitution <Ul> <Li> LFO </Li> <Li> PPC </Li> <Li> WPB </Li> <Li> PCO </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human rights <Ul> <Li> Forced disappearance </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> LGBT history </Li> <Li> Law enforcement <Ul> <Li> Police </Li> <Li> Criminal Investigation ( CID ) </Li> <Li> Anti-Narcotics ( ANF ) </Li> <Li> Capital punishment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Terrorism <Ul> <Li> State terrorism </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Air force </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Marines </Li> <Li> Coast Guard </Li> <Li> Paramilitary </Li> <Li> Nuclear </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Economy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Infrastructure </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electricity <Ul> <Li> Thermal </Li> <Li> Hydro </Li> <Li> nuclear </Li> <Li> solar </Li> <Li> wind </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Foreign aid </Li> <Li> Fuel extraction </Li> <Li> Housing </Li> <Li> Planning Commission </Li> <Li> Post </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Tallest buildings </Li> <Li> Telecommunications <Ul> <Li> Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transportation <Ul> <Li> bridges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Water management <Ul> <Li> Water supply and sanitation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aerospace </Li> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Defence </Li> <Li> Automobile </Li> <Li> Fishery </Li> <Li> Forestry </Li> <Li> Husbandry </Li> <Li> Labour <Ul> <Li> child </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> Mining </Li> <Li> Pharmaceuticals </Li> <Li> Textiles <Ul> <Li> Silk </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commerce </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Banking <Ul> <Li> banks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Companies </Li> <Li> Investment board </Li> <Li> Rupee ( currency ) </Li> <Li> Securities and Exchange Commission </Li> <Li> Stock markets </Li> <Li> Trading Corporation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Policy programmes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Corporatisation </Li> <Li> Directive investment </Li> <Li> Industrialisation </Li> <Li> Military economisation </Li> <Li> Nationalisation </Li> <Li> Privatisation </Li> <Li> Public - private partnering </Li> <Li> Redundant Islamic economisation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Society and culture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Education <Ul> <Li> institutions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Feudalism </Li> <Li> Gender discrimination </Li> <Li> Healthcare <Ul> <Li> hospitals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human rights <Ul> <Li> LGBT </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Marriage </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> Naming </Li> <Li> Pakistanis ( list ) </Li> <Li> Prostitution </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Time </Li> <Li> Urbanisation </Li> <Li> Women </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diaspora </Li> <Li> Ethnicity </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Languages <Ul> <Li> Urdu </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Cinema <Ul> <Li> films </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dance </Li> <Li> Festivals </Li> <Li> Folklore </Li> <Li> Literature <Ul> <Li> Mushaira </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Philosophy </Li> <Li> Textiles </Li> <Li> Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lifestyle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clothing <Ul> <Li> Shalwar kameez </Li> <Li> Mehndi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Etiquette </Li> <Li> Gun culture </Li> <Li> Nationalism <Ul> <Li> flags </Li> <Li> public holidays </Li> <Li> songs </Li> <Li> symbols </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athletics </Li> <Li> Baseball </Li> <Li> Boxing </Li> <Li> Cricket </Li> <Li> Cycling </Li> <Li> Field hockey </Li> <Li> Football </Li> <Li> Gilli - danda </Li> <Li> Golf </Li> <Li> Kabaddi </Li> <Li> Motorsport </Li> <Li> Marathon ( Lahore ) </Li> <Li> Olympics </Li> <Li> Paralympics </Li> <Li> Polo </Li> <Li> Rugby </Li> <Li> Squash </Li> <Li> Swimming </Li> <Li> Tennis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botanical gardens </Li> <Li> Cemeteries </Li> <Li> Churches </Li> <Li> Forts </Li> <Li> Gurdwaras </Li> <Li> Hindu temples </Li> <Li> Libraries </Li> <Li> Mausolea and shrines </Li> <Li> Mosques </Li> <Li> Museums </Li> <Li> Parks </Li> <Li> Stadiums </Li> <Li> World Heritage Sites </Li> <Li> Zoos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Geography of Pakistan related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landforms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaches </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Glaciers </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Lakes </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Valleys </Li> <Li> Volcanoes </Li> <Li> Waterfalls </Li> <Li> Hill stations </Li> <Li> Passes </Li> <Li> Deserts </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tectonics </Li> <Li> Mountain ranges </Li> <Li> Minerals </Li> <Li> Gemstones </Li> <Li> Desert regions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative units </Li> <Li> Regions </Li> <Li> Districts </Li> <Li> Cities and towns </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Environmental issues </Li> <Li> Ecoregions </Li> <Li> Fauna </Li> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Protected Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biosphere Reserves </Li> <Li> National Parks </Li> <Li> Wildlife Sanctuaries </Li> <Li> Game reserves </Li> <Li> Protected wetlands </Li> <Li> World Heritage Sites </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By province </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gilgit -- Baltistan </Li> <Li> Islamabad </Li> <Li> Punjab ( Lahore ) </Li> <Li> Sindh ( Karachi ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan&oldid=853006610 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mountain ranges of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Lists of mountains of Pakistan </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Pakistan articles missing geocoordinate data </Li> <Li> All articles needing coordinates </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 16,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 67
},
{
"start_token": 17,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 66
},
{
"start_token": 94,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 149
},
{
"start_token": 149,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 221
},
{
"start_token": 221,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 237
},
{
"start_token": 237,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 610
},
{
"start_token": 238,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 259
},
{
"start_token": 259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 279
},
{
"start_token": 279,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 298
},
{
"start_token": 298,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 313
},
{
"start_token": 313,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 334
},
{
"start_token": 334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 354
},
{
"start_token": 354,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 373
},
{
"start_token": 373,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 403
},
{
"start_token": 403,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 423
},
{
"start_token": 423,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 438
},
{
"start_token": 438,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 498
},
{
"start_token": 498,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 503
},
{
"start_token": 507,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 609
},
{
"start_token": 616,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 629
},
{
"start_token": 617,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 628
},
{
"start_token": 618,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 627
}
] | write the name of the mountains in the correct place on the map of pakistan | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 15539517192138297000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan&oldid=853006610 | -3,971,612,312,872,961,500 |
Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) - wikipedia <H1> Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pirates of the Caribbean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) Rob Marshall ( 4 ) Joachim Rønning ( 5 -- 6 ) Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Jerry Bruckheimer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Ted Elliott ( 1 -- 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> Ted Elliott ( 1 , 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 5 ) Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney ( 1 -- 5 ) On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Johnny Depp Geoffrey Rush Kevin McNally Orlando Bloom ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Keira Knightley ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Jack Davenport ( 1 -- 3 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1 -- 3 ) Bill Nighy ( 2 -- 3 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 2 -- 3 ) Tom Hollander ( 2 -- 3 ) Chow Yun - fat ( 3 ) Penélope Cruz ( 4 ) Ian McShane ( 4 ) Javier Bardem ( 5 ) Brenton Thwaites ( 5 ) Kaya Scodelario ( 5 ) ( see below ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Klaus Badelt ( 1 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1 -- 4 ) Rodrigo y Gabriela ( 4 ) Eric Whitacre ( 4 ) Geoff Zanelli ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> The Curse of the Black Pearl : 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 Dead Man 's Chest : 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 At World 's End : 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 On Stranger Tides : 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 Dead Men Tell No Tales : 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 726 minutes ( 1 -- 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> Total ( 5 films ) : $1.274 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> Total ( 5 films ) : $4,524,358,182 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of American fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . </P> <P> Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . </P> <P> The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . </P> <P> The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Films <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Short film <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 First film </Li> <Li> 3.2 Second and third films </Li> <Li> 3.3 Fourth film </Li> <Li> 3.4 Fifth film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Principal cast </Li> <Li> 5 Crew </Li> <Li> 6 Music <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Film soundtracks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 7.2 Critical and public response </Li> <Li> 7.3 Accolades <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3 MTV Movie Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 4 Teen Choice Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Films ( edit ) </H2> Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . <H3> The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl <P> Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . </P> <H3> Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest <P> Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . </P> <H3> At World 's End ( 2007 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End <P> Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . </P> <H3> On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides <P> Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . </P> <H3> Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales <P> Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . </P> <H3> Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized . </P> <P> In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . </P> <H2> Short film ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Tales of the code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . </P> <P> The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK 5 - disc set . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> First film ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . </P> <P> In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . </P> <P> Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success . </P> <H3> Second and third films ( edit ) </H3> <P> After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates . </P> <P> Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . </P> <H3> Fourth film ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . </P> <P> Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . </P> <H3> Fifth film ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . </P> <P> A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . </P> <H2> Principal cast ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) <Ul> <Li> This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . </Li> <Li> A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . </Li> <Li> A indicates a cameo appearance . </Li> <Li> A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . </Li> <Li> A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) </Th> <Th> At World 's End ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain Jack Sparrow </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> Johnny Depp </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain Hector Barbossa </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> Geoffrey Rush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joshamee Gibbs </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> Kevin McNally </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> William `` Will '' Turner , Jr . </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Orlando Bloom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Orlando Bloom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elizabeth Swann Pirate King </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Keira Knightley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Keira Knightley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marty </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Martin Klebba </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Martin Klebba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> James Norrington </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Jack Davenport </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weatherby Swann </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Jonathan Pryce </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pintel </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Lee Arenberg </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ragetti </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Mackenzie Crook </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cotton </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> David Bailie </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mullroy </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> Angus Barnett </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Angus Barnett </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Angus Barnett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Murtogg </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> Giles New </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Giles New </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Giles New </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theodore Groves </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> Greg Ellis </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Greg Ellis </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gillette </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> Damian O'Hare </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Damian O'Hare </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anamaria </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> Zoe Saldana </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Davy Jones </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Bill Nighy </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Silhouette only </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> William Turner , Sr . Bootstrap Bill </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Stellan Skarsgård </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cutler Beckett </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Tom Hollander </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tia Dalma Calypso </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Naomie Harris </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sao Feng </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Chow Yun - fat </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain Edward Teague </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Keith Richards </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Alexander Scheer Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Henry Turner </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Dominic Scott Kay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scrum </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen Graham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain Edward Teach Blackbeard </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Ian McShane </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angelica Teach </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Penélope Cruz </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philip Swift </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Sam Claflin </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syrena </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain Armando Salazar </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Javier Bardem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carina Barbossa Carina Smyth </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Kaya Scodelario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Uncle '' Jack Teague </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Paul McCartney </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Crew ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Story by </Th> <Th> Cinematographer </Th> <Th> Producer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Td> July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> Gore Verbinski </Td> <Td> Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio </Td> <Td> Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio and Stuart Beattie and Jay Wolpert </Td> <Td> Dariusz Wolski </Td> <Td> Jerry Bruckheimer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Td> July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Td> May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Td> May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> Rob Marshall </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio ( Based on : On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> <Td> May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg </Td> <Td> Jeff Nathanson </Td> <Td> Jeff Nathanson and Terry Rossio </Td> <Td> Paul Cameron </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series <H3> Film soundtracks ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Length </Th> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Label </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 43 : 50 </Td> <Td> Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer </Td> <Td> Walt Disney Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 58 : 32 </Td> <Td> Hans Zimmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 55 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 77 : 11 </Td> <Td> Hans Zimmer and Rodrigo y Gabriela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 75 : 20 </Td> <Td> Geoff Zanelli </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> All - time Ranking </Th> <Th> Budget </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Other territories </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 </Td> <Td> $305,413,918 </Td> <Td> $348,850,097 </Td> <Td> $654,264,015 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> $140 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Man 's Chest </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 </Td> <Td> $423,315,812 </Td> <Td> $642,863,913 </Td> <Td> $1,066,179,725 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> $225 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> At World 's End </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 </Td> <Td> $309,420,425 </Td> <Td> $654,000,000 </Td> <Td> $963,420,425 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> $300 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On Stranger Tides </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 </Td> <Td> $241,071,802 </Td> <Td> $804,642,000 </Td> <Td> $1,045,713,802 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> $378.5 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> $172,558,876 </Td> <Td> $622,221,339 </Td> <Td> $794,780,215 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> $230 - $320 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> $ 7009145178083300000 ♠ 1,451,780,833 </Th> <Th> $ 7009307257734900000 ♠ 3,072,577,349 </Th> <Th> $ 7009452435818200000 ♠ 4,524,358,182 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> $1.274 billion </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time . It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , since followed by other film franchises . </P> <P> The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . </P> <H3> Critical and public response ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Rotten Tomatoes </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> <Th> CinemaScore </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Td> <Td> 79 % ( 210 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 63 ( 40 reviews ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Man 's Chest </Td> <Td> 54 % ( 220 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 53 ( 37 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> At World 's End </Td> <Td> 45 % ( 220 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 36 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On Stranger Tides </Td> <Td> 32 % ( 262 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 45 ( 39 reviews ) </Td> <Td> B+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Td> <Td> 30 % ( 230 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 39 ( 45 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A − </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Actor in a Leading Role </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Art Direction </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Makeup </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sound Editing </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sound Mixing </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Visual Effects </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Movie </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Performance </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Female Performance </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Breakthrough Female Performance </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best On - Screen Team </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Villain </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Comedic Performance </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 25 Teen Choice Awards , of which 16 were won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Chemistry </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Liar </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Liplock </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Summer Movie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Scream </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Rumble </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Hissy Fit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Male Hottie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actress </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Villain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Bill Nighy ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Bill Nighy ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Ian McShane ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . JohnnyDeppMoviesList.org . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Plot , Casting Announced as Production Begins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . 3 December 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-5-dead-men-blu-ray-sales/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-6-kaya-scodelario-return/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ComicFade/status/915333922883432448 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Byrkit . `` Wedlocked on Jim Byrkit 's portfolio '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerard Raiti ( 2003 - 07 - 11 ) . `` ILM and Disney Make Pirate Perfection '' . VFXWorld . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean presskit Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 2006 - 12 - 09 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stax ( 2003 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Depp & Bruckheimer Talk Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greg Dean Schmitz . `` Greg 's Previews -- Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio , Stuart Beattie , Jay Wolpert ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Jerry Bruckheimer '' . Moviehole. 2007 - 05 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gore Verbinski , Johnny Depp ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caroline Westbrook ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Pirates films tests its stars '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty . `` How Pirates fits into Johnny Depp 's quirky career '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( October 21 , 2003 ) . `` Back - to - Back Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to Plan : The Harrowing and True Story of Dead Man 's Chest ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio ( 2006 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charting the Return ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Everything Relates Back to What Started Everything Off in the First '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles : The Voyage Begins '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 -- Return to The Bahamas '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aloha Oe : Hawaii Farewell '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheigh Crabtree ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Old Disney magic in new animated logo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Producer Jerry Bruckheimer On Set Interview '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Screenwriter Terry Rossio On Set Interview : Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : On Stranger Tides '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Interview -- Bruckheimer on Pirates of the Caribbean 4 '' . IGN. 2010 - 05 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Fourth try aims to stir high ' Tides ' at B.O. '' Variety . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( 2010 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Not even Bruckheimer movies can escape budget cuts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Twitter / JERRY BRUCKHEIMER : Officially wrapped PIRATES '' . Twitter.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarafin , Jarrod ( 2010 - 01 - 07 ) . `` PIRATES 4 Sails May 2011 '' . Mania.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : FLEMING JR , MIKE ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 's Official Title Released Vh1 India '' . Vh1.in. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' title revealed -- Movies News '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 : Ten Revelations From Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Release Info '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Billy Donnelly ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Interview : KON - TIKI Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . This Is Infamous . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men ' Sequel '' . MTV News . 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Disney Delays Voyage Of ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' ; Eyeing 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Delayed ; 2016 Release Likely '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Raise a Black Flag ! A New Pirates of the Caribbean Film Is Coming Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com. 2014 - 07 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Set for Summer 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Sets Off Release Date Dominoes ; Rubs Against ' Ready Player One ' -- Will Spielberg Pic Move ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . 2016 - 01 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia '' . The Guardian . 2014 - 09 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Open for business ! Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 starts production Down Under with cast and crew arriving ... and Johnny Depp set to join them next year '' . Daily Mail . 2014 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean movie confirmed to film in Queensland '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Begins Production in Australia '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Disney , Depp return to ' Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burgess , Matthew ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . The Age . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` We 're Only Watching ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' for Young Jack Sparrow Actor Anthony De La Torre ! '' . Life & Style . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush Says He 's Planning To Shoot ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' In The Spring '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Interview -- Bruckheimer on Pirates of the Caribbean 4 '' . IGN . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates films tests its stars '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindsey , Duncan ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Young Elizabeth Swann from Pirates Of The Caribbean is looking a lot different these days '' . Metro . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ugen , Rume . `` Remember Elizabeth Swan From Pirates Of The Caribbean ? She 's All Grown Up ! '' . Heart . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Keira Knightley returns in new Pirates of the Caribbean trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ' ( 2003 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` More new footage # JohnnyDepp on # BlackPearl # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba , # GilesNew # AngusBarnett V1 '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Damian O'Hare '' . Hamilton Hodell Talent Management . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saldana : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' filming not to my taste '' . BreakingNews.ie . August 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Exclusive : Pirates ' Bill `` Davy Jones '' Nighy `` . Comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` There 's one extra scene after ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' -- here 's what it means '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 end credits scene : What does it mean for Pirates 6 villain ? '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matloff , Jason . `` Scene Stealer : Stellan Skarsgård '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest - Tom Hollander interview '' . IndieLondon . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` The actress behind Tia Dalma 's black teeth '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( July 7 , 2005 ) . `` Chow Down for Pirates 3 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WENN ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` Keith Richards - Richards To Shoot Pirates Role In September '' . contactmusic.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Wants Another Rolling Stone to Join Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Daily Express . April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SpyKyle ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ( Spoilers ) : Did anyone notice this easter egg during the flashback scene ? r / piratesofthecaribbean '' . reddit . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( 28 Mar 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 28 Mar 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Christmas ad Scot to star in Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Scotsman . November 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Graham sails with ' Pirates 4 ' crew '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin Added to Cast of Walt Disney Pictures ' / Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Epic Adventure Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Slash Film . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Legends of On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Astrid Berges - Frisbey Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Paul McCartney Joins Johnny Depp & Crew For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greg Dean Schmitz . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Greg 's Preview '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 13 , 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stax ( June 25 , 2003 ) . `` Depp & Bruckheimer Talk Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ' ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' ( 2011 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Depp Perception : Why For did Johnny really want to work for Walt Disney Studios ? '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Will Hit Theaters July 2015 ; ' Maleficent ' Moves to Summer 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline , com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Hans Zimmer Interview '' . MovieWeb . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schweiger , Daniel ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Audio : On The Score With Hans Zimmer '' . Film Music Magazine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Production costs : $410.6 million ; rebate : $32.1 million </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Showdowns : ' Pirates ' Vs. ' Pirates ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2003 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' raid record books '' . Box Office Mojo. 2006 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Third ' Pirates ' Sacks Memorial Record '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean : The Curse Of The Black Pearl Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Total Film -- Pirates Of The Caribbean : At World 's End '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 3 : At World 's End ( 2007 ; Rated PG - 13 ) '' . richardroeper.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End DVD Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ ( July 7 , 2006 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest '' . ChristianityToday.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End - Review '' . New York Times . July 7 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl - Awards '' . IMDb. 9 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . ReelViews . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' sinks Depp , ' Pirates ' '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` BBC News -- Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . azcentral.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates in the Media '' . ABDO Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Prince of Persia ' weaker than hoped for in foreign debut '' . Los Angeles Times . May 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : The Sands of Times reviews at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lone Ranger ' to Cost Disney $160 - $190 M in Q4 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 76th Academy Award Winners '' . Blackflix.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Disney portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pirates of the Caribbean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Curse of the Black Pearl <Ul> <Li> video game </Li> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dead Man 's Chest <Ul> <Li> video game </Li> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> At World 's End <Ul> <Li> video game </Li> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> On Stranger Tides <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dead Men Tell No Tales <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Hector Barbossa </Li> <Li> Will Turner </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Swann </Li> <Li> Joshamee Gibbs </Li> <Li> James Norrington </Li> <Li> Davy Jones </Li> <Li> Pintel and Ragetti </Li> <Li> Bootstrap Bill </Li> <Li> Cutler Beckett </Li> <Li> Tia Dalma </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black Pearl </Li> <Li> Flying Dutchman </Li> <Li> Queen Anne 's Revenge </Li> <Li> Kraken </Li> <Li> Locations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of songs in the film series </Li> <Li> `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' </Li> <Li> Soundtrack Treasures Collection </Li> <Li> Swashbuckling Sea Songs </Li> <Li> 1966 soundtrack </Li> <Li> `` He 's a Pirate '' </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme park attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Battle for the Sunken Treasure </Li> <Li> The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adventures in the Magic Kingdom </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean Online </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts II </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned </Li> <Li> Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game </Li> <Li> Disney Infinity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Sparrow </Li> <Li> Legends of the Brethren Court </Li> <Li> The Price of Freedom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Trading Card Game </Li> <Li> Pinball machine </Li> <Li> Lego Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Accolades for the film series </Li> <Li> Rob Kidd </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&oldid=828019764 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> 1740s in fiction </Li> <Li> 18th century in fiction </Li> <Li> Film series </Li> <Li> Films based on theme - park attractions </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) </Li> <Li> Pirate films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with format and no URL </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pending changes protected pages </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 02 : 19 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 39,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 505
},
{
"start_token": 40,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 48
},
{
"start_token": 52,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 84
},
{
"start_token": 84,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 94
},
{
"start_token": 94,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 121
},
{
"start_token": 121,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 158
},
{
"start_token": 158,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 187
},
{
"start_token": 187,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 289
},
{
"start_token": 289,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 325
},
{
"start_token": 325,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 339
},
{
"start_token": 339,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 352
},
{
"start_token": 352,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 442
},
{
"start_token": 442,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 457
},
{
"start_token": 457,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 466
},
{
"start_token": 466,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 474
},
{
"start_token": 474,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 489
},
{
"start_token": 489,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 504
},
{
"start_token": 505,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 537
},
{
"start_token": 537,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 750
},
{
"start_token": 750,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 940
},
{
"start_token": 940,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 979
},
{
"start_token": 1274,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1342
},
{
"start_token": 1366,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1475
},
{
"start_token": 1499,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1591
},
{
"start_token": 1613,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1730
},
{
"start_token": 1756,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1820
},
{
"start_token": 1833,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1922
},
{
"start_token": 1922,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1987
},
{
"start_token": 2008,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2142
},
{
"start_token": 2142,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2199
},
{
"start_token": 2212,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2391
},
{
"start_token": 2391,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2631
},
{
"start_token": 2631,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2716
},
{
"start_token": 2725,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2920
},
{
"start_token": 2920,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2977
},
{
"start_token": 2984,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3194
},
{
"start_token": 3194,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3247
},
{
"start_token": 3254,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3514
},
{
"start_token": 3514,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3649
},
{
"start_token": 3671,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3766
},
{
"start_token": 3672,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3691
},
{
"start_token": 3691,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3721
},
{
"start_token": 3721,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3729
},
{
"start_token": 3729,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3750
},
{
"start_token": 3750,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3765
},
{
"start_token": 3766,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4311
},
{
"start_token": 3767,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3775
},
{
"start_token": 3775,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3824
},
{
"start_token": 3824,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3843
},
{
"start_token": 3843,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3854
},
{
"start_token": 3854,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3864
},
{
"start_token": 3864,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3892
},
{
"start_token": 3892,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3916
},
{
"start_token": 3916,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3931
},
{
"start_token": 3931,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3943
},
{
"start_token": 3943,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3955
},
{
"start_token": 3955,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3966
},
{
"start_token": 3966,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3977
},
{
"start_token": 3977,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3988
},
{
"start_token": 3988,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4009
},
{
"start_token": 4009,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4030
},
{
"start_token": 4030,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4048
},
{
"start_token": 4048,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4065
},
{
"start_token": 4065,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4076
},
{
"start_token": 4076,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4094
},
{
"start_token": 4094,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4113
},
{
"start_token": 4113,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4127
},
{
"start_token": 4127,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4142
},
{
"start_token": 4142,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4158
},
{
"start_token": 4158,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4177
},
{
"start_token": 4177,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4198
},
{
"start_token": 4198,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4209
},
{
"start_token": 4209,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4225
},
{
"start_token": 4225,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4239
},
{
"start_token": 4239,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4253
},
{
"start_token": 4253,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4268
},
{
"start_token": 4268,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4281
},
{
"start_token": 4281,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4295
},
{
"start_token": 4295,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4310
},
{
"start_token": 4317,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4541
},
{
"start_token": 4318,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4350
},
{
"start_token": 4350,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4405
},
{
"start_token": 4405,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4433
},
{
"start_token": 4433,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4454
},
{
"start_token": 4454,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4496
},
{
"start_token": 4496,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4540
},
{
"start_token": 4569,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4810
},
{
"start_token": 4570,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4592
},
{
"start_token": 4592,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4641
},
{
"start_token": 4641,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4683
},
{
"start_token": 4683,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4721
},
{
"start_token": 4721,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4766
},
{
"start_token": 4766,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4809
},
{
"start_token": 4824,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5125
},
{
"start_token": 4825,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4855
},
{
"start_token": 4855,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4875
},
{
"start_token": 4875,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4919
},
{
"start_token": 4919,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4961
},
{
"start_token": 4961,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5003
},
{
"start_token": 5003,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5044
},
{
"start_token": 5044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5089
},
{
"start_token": 5089,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5124
},
{
"start_token": 5125,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5209
},
{
"start_token": 5209,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5418
},
{
"start_token": 5427,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5578
},
{
"start_token": 5428,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5443
},
{
"start_token": 5443,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5470
},
{
"start_token": 5470,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5497
},
{
"start_token": 5497,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5524
},
{
"start_token": 5524,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5549
},
{
"start_token": 5549,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5577
},
{
"start_token": 5578,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5743
},
{
"start_token": 5768,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5795
},
{
"start_token": 5795,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5952
},
{
"start_token": 5796,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5804
},
{
"start_token": 5804,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5838
},
{
"start_token": 5838,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5862
},
{
"start_token": 5862,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5879
},
{
"start_token": 5879,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5896
},
{
"start_token": 5896,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5914
},
{
"start_token": 5914,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5932
},
{
"start_token": 5932,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5951
},
{
"start_token": 5958,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5983
},
{
"start_token": 5983,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6061
},
{
"start_token": 5984,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5992
},
{
"start_token": 5992,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6026
},
{
"start_token": 6026,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6060
},
{
"start_token": 6067,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6093
},
{
"start_token": 6093,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6313
},
{
"start_token": 6094,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6102
},
{
"start_token": 6102,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6136
},
{
"start_token": 6136,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6155
},
{
"start_token": 6155,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6182
},
{
"start_token": 6182,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6209
},
{
"start_token": 6209,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6232
},
{
"start_token": 6232,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6259
},
{
"start_token": 6259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6285
},
{
"start_token": 6285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6312
},
{
"start_token": 6319,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6344
},
{
"start_token": 6344,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6806
},
{
"start_token": 6345,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6353
},
{
"start_token": 6353,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6387
},
{
"start_token": 6387,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6413
},
{
"start_token": 6413,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6442
},
{
"start_token": 6442,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6465
},
{
"start_token": 6465,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6507
},
{
"start_token": 6507,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6532
},
{
"start_token": 6532,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6569
},
{
"start_token": 6569,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6592
},
{
"start_token": 6592,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6611
},
{
"start_token": 6611,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6634
},
{
"start_token": 6634,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6653
},
{
"start_token": 6653,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6684
},
{
"start_token": 6684,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6708
},
{
"start_token": 6708,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6730
},
{
"start_token": 6730,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6767
},
{
"start_token": 6767,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6805
}
] | what is the name of the latest pirates of the caribbean movie | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 3254,
"candidate_index": 37,
"end_token": 3514
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 3500,
"end_token": 3505
}
],
"annotation_id": 12062285373430000000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&oldid=828019764 | 5,716,270,445,893,493,000 |
Wikipedia : citing sources - Wikipedia <H1> Wikipedia : citing sources </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For information on referencing citations in Wikipedia articles , see Help : Footnotes , Wikipedia : Inline citation , and Help : Referencing for beginners . For information about citing Wikipedia articles for use in work outside of Wikipedia , see Wikipedia : Citing Wikipedia . `` WP : CS '' redirects here . For the essay about using common sense , see WP : UCS . For WikiProject Computer Science , see WP : COMPSCI . `` WP : REF '' redirects here . For the Wikipedia Reference desk , see WP : RD . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page documents an English Wikipedia content guideline . It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow , though it is best treated with common sense , and occasional exceptions may apply . Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus . When in doubt , discuss first on the talk page . </Td> <Td> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : CS </Li> <Li> WP : CITE </Li> <Li> WP : REF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A citation , also called a reference , uniquely identifies a source of information , e.g. : </P> Ritter , R.M. ( 2002 ) . The Oxford Style Manual . Oxford University Press . p. 1 . <P> Wikipedia 's Verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged , and for all quotations , anywhere in article space . </P> <P> A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts . In the first part , each section of text that is either based on , or quoted from , an outside source is marked as such with an inline citation . The inline citation may be a superscript footnote number , or an abbreviated version of the citation called a short citation . The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references , which provides complete , formatted detail about the source , so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it . </P> <P> This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation . Each article should use one citation method or style throughout . If an article already has citations , preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it ( the principle is reviewed at § Variation in citation methods ) . While you should try to write citations correctly , what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source . Others will improve the formatting if needed . Help : Referencing for beginners provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wikipedia guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guidelines list </Li> <Li> Policies list </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Behavioral guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assume good faith </Li> <Li> Conflict of interest </Li> <Li> Courtesy vanishing </Li> <Li> Disruptive editing </Li> <Li> Do n't bite the newbies </Li> <Li> Do n't edit to make a point </Li> <Li> Etiquette </Li> <Li> Do n't game the system </Li> <Li> User pages </Li> <Li> Other behavioral guidelines </Li> <Li> WMF friendly space policy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discussion guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Talk page guidelines </Li> <Li> Signatures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Content guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Citing sources </Li> <Li> Identifying reliable sources <Ul> <Li> medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fringe theories </Li> <Li> Non-free content </Li> <Li> Offensive material </Li> <Li> Do n't copy long texts </Li> <Li> Do n't create hoaxes </Li> <Li> Patent nonsense </Li> <Li> External links </Li> <Li> Other content guidelines </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editing guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Article size </Li> <Li> Be bold </Li> <Li> Edit summary </Li> <Li> Shortcuts </Li> <Li> Understandability </Li> <Li> Other editing guidelines </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organization guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Categories , lists , templates </Li> <Li> Categorization </Li> <Li> Disambiguation </Li> <Li> Subpages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manual of Style <Ul> <Li> contents </Li> <Li> lists </Li> <Li> tables </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deletion guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deletion process </Li> <Li> Speedy keep </Li> <Li> Deletion guidelines for administrators </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other guideline categories </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naming conventions </Li> <Li> Notability </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types of citation </Li> <Li> 2 When and why to cite sources <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Multimedia </Li> <Li> 2.2 When not to cite </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Inline citations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Footnotes <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 How to create the list of citations </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 How to place an inline citation using ref tags </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Repeated citations </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Separating citations from explanatory footnotes </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 Avoiding clutter </Li> <Li> 3.1. 6 Citing multiple pages of the same source </Li> <Li> 3.1. 7 Duplicate citations </Li> <Li> 3.1. 8 Short citations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Parenthetical referencing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 What information to include <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Examples <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Books </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Journal articles </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Newspaper articles </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Web pages </Li> <Li> 4.1. 5 Sound recordings </Li> <Li> 4.1. 6 Film , television , or video recordings </Li> <Li> 4.1. 7 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Identifying parts of a source <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Books and print articles </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Audio and video sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Links and ID numbers <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Linking to pages in PDF files </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Linking to Google Books pages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Say where you read it </Li> <Li> 4.5 Dates and reprints of older publications </Li> <Li> 4.6 Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems </Li> <Li> 4.7 Additional annotation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Citation style <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Variation in citation methods <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 To be avoided </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Generally considered helpful </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Handling links in citations <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Avoid embedded links </Li> <Li> 6.2 Convenience links </Li> <Li> 6.3 Indicating availability </Li> <Li> 6.4 Links to sources </Li> <Li> 6.5 Preventing and repairing dead links </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Text -- source integrity </Li> <Li> 8 Bundling citations </Li> <Li> 9 In - text attribution </Li> <Li> 10 General references </Li> <Li> 11 Dealing with unsourced material </Li> <Li> 12 Citation templates and tools <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Metadata </Li> <Li> 12.2 Citation processing tools </Li> <Li> 12.3 Programming tools </Li> <Li> 12.4 Citation export tools </Li> <Li> 12.5 Reference management software </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 Notes </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Types of citation </H2> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : CITETYPE </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> A full citation fully identifies a reliable source and , where applicable , the place in that source ( such as a page number ) where the information in question can be found . For example : Rawls , John . A Theory of Justice . Harvard University Press , 1971 , p. 1 . This type of citation is usually given as a footnote , and is the most commonly used citation method in Wikipedia articles . </Li> <Li> An inline citation means any citation added close to the material it supports , for example after the sentence or paragraph , normally in the form of a footnote . </Li> <Li> A short citation is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found , but without giving full details of the source -- these will have been provided in a full bibliographic citation either in an earlier footnote , or in a separate section . For example : Rawls 1971 , p. 1 . This system is used in some articles ; the short citations may be given either as footnotes , or as parenthetical references within the text . </Li> <Li> In - text attribution involves adding the source of a statement to the article text , such as Rawls argues that X . This is done whenever a writer or speaker should be credited , such as with quotations , close paraphrasing , or statements of opinion or uncertain fact . The in - text attribution does not give full details of the source -- this is done in a footnote in the normal way . See In - text attribution below . </Li> <Li> A general reference is a citation that supports content , but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation . General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section . They are usually found in underdeveloped articles , especially when all article content is supported by a single source . They may also be listed in more developed articles as a supplement to inline citations . </Li> </Ul> <H2> When and why to cite sources </H2> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : WHYCITE </Li> </Ul> <P> By citing sources for Wikipedia content , you enable users to verify that the information given is supported by reliable sources , thus improving the credibility of Wikipedia while showing that the content is not original research . You also help users find additional information on the subject ; and by giving attribution you avoid plagiarising the source of your words or ideas . </P> <P> In particular , sources are required for material that is challenged or likely to be challenged -- if reliable sources can not be found for challenged material , it is likely to be removed from the article . Sources are also required when quoting someone , with or without quotation marks , or closely paraphrasing a source . However , the citing of sources is not limited to those situations -- editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information contained in an article . </P> <P> Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons , particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory . In accordance with the biography of living persons policy , unsourced information of this type is likely to be removed on sight . </P> <H3> Multimedia </H3> <P> For an image or other media file , details of its origin and copyright status should appear on its file page . Image captions should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article . A citation is not needed for descriptions such as alt text that are verifiable directly from the image itself , or for text that merely identifies a source ( e.g. , the caption `` Belshazzar 's Feast ( 1635 ) '' for File : Rembrandt - Belsazar. jpg ) . </P> <H3> When not to cite </H3> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : WHENNOTCITE </Li> </Ul> <P> Citations are not used on disambiguation pages ( sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles ) . Citations are often omitted from the lead section of an article , insofar as the lead summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article , although quotations and controversial statements , particularly if about living persons , should be supported by citations even in the lead . See WP : LEADCITE for more information . </P> <H2> Inline citations </H2> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : INCITE </Li> <Li> WP : INLINECITE </Li> </Ul> Further information : Wikipedia : Inline citation <P> Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given bit of material in an article with the specific reliable source ( s ) that support it . Inline citations are added using either footnotes ( long or short ) or parenthetical references . This section describes how to add either type , and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes or parenthetical references . </P> <P> If long or short inline citations placed in footnotes are used , the first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a section where the list of those citations is to appear . This is not necessary for inline parenthetical references , as these appear directly inline in the article prose . </P> <H3> Footnotes </H3> See also : Help : Footnotes How to create the list of citations <P> This section , if needed , is usually titled `` Notes '' or `` References '' , and is placed at or near the bottom of the article . For more about the order and titles of sections at the end of an article ( which may also include `` Further reading '' and `` External links '' sections ) , see Wikipedia : Footers . </P> <P> </P> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : ASL </Li> </Ul> <P> With some exceptions discussed below , citations appear in a single section containing only the < references / > tag or the ( ( Reflist ) ) template . For example : </P> = = References = = ( ( Reflist ) ) <P> The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading . Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote , and each footnote contains a caret that links back to the corresponding point in the text . Scrolling lists , or lists of citations appearing within a scroll box , should never be used . This is because of issues with readability , browser compatibility , accessibility , printing , and site mirroring . </P> <P> If an article contains a list of general references , this is usually placed in a separate section , titled ( for example ) `` References '' . This usually comes immediately after the section ( s ) listing footnotes , if any . ( If the general references section is called `` References '' , then the citations section is usually called `` Notes '' . ) </P> How to place an inline citation using ref tags Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : CITEFOOT </Li> </Ul> Further information : Footnotes : the basics <P> To create a footnote , use the < ref > ... < / ref > syntax at the appropriate place in the article text , for example : </P> <Ul> <Li> Justice is a human invention. < ref > Rawls , John . ' ' A Theory of Justice ' ' . Harvard University Press , 1971 , p. 1. < / ref > It ... </Li> </Ul> <P> which will be displayed as something like : </P> <Ul> <Li> Justice is a human invention . It ... </Li> </Ul> <P> It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes ( where the citation text is actually displayed ) ; for this , see the previous section . </P> <P> As in the above example , citation markers are normally placed after adjacent punctuation such as periods and commas . Citations should not be placed within , or on the same line as , section headings . For exceptions , see the Punctuation and footnotes section of the Manual of Style . Note also that no space is added before the citation marker . </P> <P> The citation should be added close to the material it supports , offering text -- source integrity . If a word or phrase is particularly contentious , an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence , but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the clause , sentence , or paragraph , so long as it 's clear which source supports which part of the text . </P> Repeated citations Further information : Footnotes : using a source more than once <P> For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote , you can use the named references feature , choosing a name to identify the inline citation , and typing < ref name = '' name `` > text of the citation < / ref > . Thereafter , the same named reference may be reused any number of times either before or after the defining use by typing just < ref name = '' name `` / > . The use of the slash before the > means that the tag is self - closing , and the < / ref > used to close other references must not be used in addition . </P> <P> The text of the name can be almost anything -- apart from being completely numeric . If spaces are used in the text of the name , the text must be placed within double quotes . Placing all named references within double quotes may be helpful to future editors who do not know that rule . To help with page maintenance , it is recommended that the text of the name have a connection to the inline citation or footnote , for example `` author year page '' : < ref name = '' Smith 2005 p94 `` > text of the citation < / ref > . </P> Separating citations from explanatory footnotes <P> If an article contains both footnoted citations and other ( explanatory ) footnotes , then it is possible ( but not necessary ) to divide them into two separate lists , using the grouping feature described in the Grouping footnotes section of the footnotes help page . The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections , called ( for example ) `` Notes '' and `` References '' respectively . </P> Avoiding clutter <P> Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can become difficult and confusing . There are two main methods to avoid clutter in the edit window : </P> <Ul> <Li> Inserting short citations ( see below ) that then refer to a full list of source texts <Ul> <Li> Parenthetical references ( see below ) are an established subformat of this , which forgoes the use of inline notes and simply puts the short citation in the main body . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Using list - defined references by collecting the full citation code within the reference list template , and then inserting them in the text with < ref name = `` ABC '' / > tags . </Li> </Ul> <P> As with other citation formats , articles should not undergo large - scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so . </P> Citing multiple pages of the same source <P> </P> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : IBID </Li> </Ul> Further information : Help : References and page numbers <P> When an article cites many different pages from the same source , to avoid the redundancy of many big , nearly identical full citations , most Wikipedia editors use one of three options : </P> <Ul> <Li> Short citations in footnotes </Li> <Li> Named references in conjunction with the ( ( rp ) ) or ( ( r ) ) templates to specify the page </Li> <Li> Short citations in parenthesis </Li> </Ul> <P> The use of ibid. or Id. ( or similar abbreviations ) is discouraged , as these may become broken as new references are added ( op . cit. is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article ; however , not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms ) . If the use of ibid is extensive , use the ( ( ibid ) ) template . </P> Duplicate citations <P> </P> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : DUPCITES </Li> </Ul> <P> Please combine precisely duplicated full citations , in keeping with the existing citation style ( if any ) . Do not discourage editors , particularly inexperienced ones , from adding duplicate citations when the use of the source is appropriate , because a duplicate is usually better than no citation . But any editor should feel free to combine them , and doing so is the best practice on Wikipedia . </P> <P> Citations to different pages or parts of the same source can also be combined ( preserving the distinct parts of the citations ) , as described in the previous section . Any method that is consistent with the existing citation style ( if any ) may be used , or consensus can be sought to change the existing style . </P> Short citations <P> </P> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : CITESHORT </Li> <Li> WP : SFN </Li> </Ul> Main page : Help : Shortened footnotes <P> Some Wikipedia articles use short citations , giving summary information about the source together with a page number , as in < ref > Smith 2010 , p. 1. < / ref > . These are used together with full citations , which give full details of the sources , but without page numbers , and are listed in a separate `` References '' section . Short citations are used in articles that apply parenthetical referencing ( see below ) , but they can also be used as footnote citations , as described here . </P> <P> Forms of short citations used include author - date referencing ( APA style , Harvard style , or Chicago style ) , and author - title or author - page referencing ( MLA style or Chicago style ) . As before , the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a `` Notes '' or `` Footnotes '' section , which immediately precedes the `` References '' section containing the full citations to the source . Short citations can be written manually , or by using the ( ( sfn ) ) or ( ( harvnb ) ) templates . ( Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style . ) The short citations and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source . See the template documentation for details and solutions to common problems . For variations with and without templates , see wikilinks to full references . For a set of realistic examples , see these . </P> <P> This is how short citations look in the edit box : </P> The Sun is pretty big , < ref > Miller 2005 , p. 23. < / ref > but the Moon is not so big. < ref > Brown 2006 , p. 46. < / ref > The Sun is also quite hot. < ref > Miller 2005 , p. 34. < / ref > = = Notes = = ( ( Reflist ) ) = = References = = * Brown , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . `` Size of the Moon '' , ' ' Scientific American ' ' , 51 ( 78 ) . * Miller , Edward ( 2005 ) . ' ' The Sun ' ' . Academic Press . <P> This is how they look in the article : </P> <P> The Sun is pretty big , but the Moon is not so big . The Sun is also quite hot . Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Miller 2005 , p. 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Brown 2006 , p. 46 . </Li> <Li> ^ Miller 2005 , p. 34 . </Li> </Ol> <P> References </P> <Ul> <Li> Brown , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . `` Size of the Moon '' , Scientific American , 51 ( 78 ) . </Li> <Li> Miller , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Sun . Academic Press . </Li> </Ul> <P> Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article : </P> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Miller , The Sun , p. 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Brown , `` Size of the Moon '' , p. 46 . </Li> <Li> ^ Miller , The Sun , p. 34 . </Li> </Ol> <P> When using manual links it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references . The script User : Ucucha / HarvErrors will show many related errors . Duplicate anchors may be found by using the W3C Markup Validation Service . </P> <H3> Parenthetical referencing </H3> Further information : Wikipedia : Parenthetical referencing <P> While most articles use footnote citations as described in the above sections , some articles use a parenthetical referencing style . Here , short citations in parentheses , such as ( Smith 2010 , p. 1 ) , are placed within the article text itself . Full details of each source used are given in a full citation , e.g. , Smith , John . Name of Book . Cambridge University Press , 2010 . The full citations are listed in alphabetical order , according to the authors ' surnames , at the end of the article in a `` References '' section . </P> <P> Several forms of short citation are used in Wikipedia ; see Short citations above . The inline citation and full citation may be linked using a template ( see linking inline and full citations ) ; as with other citation templates , these should not be added to articles without consensus . </P> <P> This is how it looks in the edit box : </P> The Sun is pretty big ( Miller 2005 , p. 1 ) , but the Moon is not so big ( Brown 2006 , p. 2 ) . The Sun is also quite hot ( Miller 2005 , p. 3 ) . = = References = = * Brown , R ( 2006 ) . `` Size of the Moon '' , ' ' Scientific American ' ' , 51 ( 78 ) . * Miller , E ( 2005 ) . ' ' The Sun ' ' , Academic Press . <P> This is how it looks in the article : </P> <P> The Sun is pretty big ( Miller 2005 , p. 1 ) , but the Moon is not so big ( Brown 2006 , p. 2 ) . The Sun is also quite hot ( Miller 2005 , p. 3 ) . References </P> <Ul> <Li> Brown , R ( 2006 ) . `` Size of the Moon '' , Scientific American , 51 ( 78 ) . </Li> <Li> Miller , E ( 2005 ) . The Sun , Academic Press . </Li> </Ul> <P> Notice that , unlike footnotes , parenthetical references are placed before adjacent punctuation such as commas and periods . </P> <H2> What information to include </H2> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : CITEHOW </Li> <Li> WP : HOWCITE </Li> </Ul> <P> Listed below is the information that a typical inline citation or general reference will provide , though other details may be added as necessary . This information is included in order to identify the source , assist readers in finding it , and ( in the case of inline citations ) indicate the place in the source where the information is to be found . ( If an article uses parenthetical referencing or short citations , then the inline citations will refer to this information in abbreviated form , as described in the relevant sections above . ) </P> <H3> Examples </H3> Books See also the template ( ( cite book ) ) . <P> Citations for books typically include : </P> <Ul> <Li> name of author ( s ) </Li> <Li> title of book in italics </Li> <Li> translated title of book in square brackets after the title if not in English ( optional ) </Li> <Li> volume when appropriate </Li> <Li> name of publisher </Li> <Li> city of publication , e.g. London : Routledge ( optional ) </Li> <Li> year of publication of the edition you are citing </Li> <Li> original year of publication in square brackets , e.g. 2017 ( 1972 ) ( optional ) </Li> <Li> chapter or page numbers cited , if appropriate </Li> <Li> edition , if not the first edition </Li> <Li> ISBN ( optional ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Citations for individually authored chapters in books typically include : <Ul> <Li> name of author ( s ) </Li> <Li> title of the chapter </Li> <Li> translated title of the chapter book if not in English ( optional ) </Li> <Li> name of book 's editor </Li> <Li> name of book and other details as above </Li> <Li> chapter number or page numbers for the chapter ( optional ) </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> In some instances , the verso of a book may record , `` Reprinted with corrections XXXX '' or similar , where ' XXXX ' is a year . This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions . In such a case , record : the year of the particular reprint , the edition immediately prior to this particular reprint ( if not the first edition ) and a note to say `` Reprint with corrections '' . If ( ( cite ) ) ( or similar ) is being used , the notation , `` Reprint with corrections '' , can be added immediately following the template . Reprints of older publications gives an example of appending a similar textual note . </P> Journal articles See also the template ( ( cite journal ) ) . <P> Citations for journal articles typically include : </P> <Ul> <Li> name of the author ( s ) </Li> <Li> year and sometimes month of publication </Li> <Li> title of the article within quotation marks </Li> <Li> translated title of the article in square brackets after the title if not in English </Li> <Li> name of the journal in italics </Li> <Li> volume number , issue number , and page numbers ( article numbers in some electronic journals ) </Li> <Li> DOI and / or other identifiers are optional </Li> </Ul> Newspaper articles See also the template ( ( cite news ) ) . <P> Citations for newspaper articles typically include : </P> <Ul> <Li> byline ( author 's name ) , if any </Li> <Li> title of the article within quotation marks </Li> <Li> translated title of the article in square brackets after the title if not in English </Li> <Li> name of the newspaper in italics </Li> <Li> city of publication ( if not included in name of newspaper ) , in parentheses </Li> <Li> date of publication ( the `` ( ( Cite news ) ) '' template places the date after the byline if there is one ) </Li> <Li> page number ( s ) are optional </Li> </Ul> Web pages Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : CITEWEB </Li> </Ul> See also the template ( ( cite web ) ) . <P> Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include : </P> <Ul> <Li> URL of the web page -- that is the URL of the web page where the referenced content can be found , not , e.g. , the main page of a website when the content is on a subpage of that website ( see Wikipedia : Shallow references ) </Li> <Li> name of the author ( s ) </Li> <Li> title of the article within quotation marks </Li> <Li> translated title of the article in square brackets after the title if not in English </Li> <Li> title or domain name of the website </Li> <Li> publisher , if known </Li> <Li> date of publication </Li> <Li> page number ( s ) ( if applicable ) </Li> <Li> the date you retrieved ( or accessed ) the web page ( required if the publication date is unknown ) </Li> </Ul> Sound recordings For more details on this topic , see Help : References and page numbers § Other in - source locations . <P> Citations for sound recordings typically include : </P> <Ul> <Li> name of the composer ( s ) , songwriter ( s ) , script writer ( s ) or the like </Li> <Li> name of the performer ( s ) </Li> <Li> title of the song or individual track in quotation marks </Li> <Li> title of the album in italics ( if applicable ) </Li> <Li> name of the record label </Li> <Li> year of release </Li> <Li> medium ( for example : LP , audio cassette , CD , MP3 file ) </Li> <Li> approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs , where appropriate </Li> </Ul> <P> Do not cite an entire body of work by one performer . Instead , make one citation for each work your text relies on . </P> Film , television , or video recordings See also the template ( ( cite AV media ) ) . <P> Citations for films , TV episodes , or video recordings typically include : </P> <Ul> <Li> name of the director </Li> <Li> name of the producer , if relevant </Li> <Li> names of major performers </Li> <Li> for a TV episode , the title of the episode in quotation marks </Li> <Li> title of the film or TV series in italics </Li> <Li> name of the studio </Li> <Li> year of release </Li> <Li> medium ( for example : film , videocassette , DVD ) </Li> <Li> approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs , where appropriate </Li> </Ul> Other See also the template ( ( cite album notes ) ) . See also the template ( ( cite comic ) ) . See also the template ( ( comic strip reference ) ) . See also the template ( ( cite conference ) ) for conference reports or papers . See also the template ( ( cite court ) ) for court cases or legal decisions . See also the template ( ( cite encyclopedia ) ) . See also the template ( ( cite episode ) ) for TV or radio series . See also the template ( ( cite mailing list ) ) . See also the template ( ( cite map ) ) . See also the template ( ( cite newsgroup ) ) . See also the template ( ( citation ) ) for patents . See also the template ( ( cite press release ) ) . See also the template ( ( cite thesis ) ) . See also the template ( ( cite video game ) ) . <H3> Identifying parts of a source </H3> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : Page numbers </Li> <Li> WP : PAGENUM </Li> </Ul> Further information : Help : References and page numbers <P> When citing lengthy sources , you should identify which part of a source is being cited . </P> Books and print articles <P> Specify the page number or range of page numbers . Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole . When you specify a page number , it is helpful to specify the version ( date and edition for books ) of the source because the layout , pagination , length , etc. can change between editions . </P> <P> If there are no page numbers , whether in ebooks or print materials , then you can use other means of identifying the relevant section of a lengthy work , such as the chapter number or the section title . </P> <P> In some works , such as plays and ancient works , there are standard methods of referring to sections , such as `` Act 1 , scene 2 '' for plays and Bekker numbers for Aristotle 's works . Use these methods whenever appropriate . </P> Audio and video sources <P> Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs . Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing ; for example , movies are often released in different editions or `` cuts '' . Due to variations between formats and playback equipment , precision may not be accurate in some cases . However , many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online ; generally the subcontractors who handle audio - visual are quite precise . </P> <H3> Links and ID numbers </H3> <P> A citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source . If you have a URL ( web page ) link , you can add it to the title part of the citation , so that when you add the citation to Wikipedia the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable . To do this , enclose the URL and the title in square brackets -- the URL first , then a space , then the title . For example : </P> Carr A , Ory D ( 2006 ) . ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030496 `` Does HIV cause cardiovascular disease ? '' ) ' ' PLoS Medicine ' ' , 3 ( 11 ) : e496 . <P> For web - only sources with no publication date , the `` Retrieved '' date ( or the date you accessed the web page ) should be included , in case the web page changes in the future . For example : Retrieved 15 July 2011 or you can use the accessdate parameter in the automatic Wikipedia : refToolbar 2.0 editing window feature . </P> <P> You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation . The ID number might be an ISBN for a book , a DOI ( digital object identifier ) for an article , or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases , such as a PMID number for articles on PubMed . It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Wikipedia , for example by typing ISBN ( or PMID ) followed by a space and the ID number . </P> <P> If your source is not available online , it should be available in reputable libraries , archives , or collections . If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable , any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available ( though not necessarily reliable ) : providing an ISBN or OCLC number ; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source ( the work , its author , or its publisher ) ; or directly quoting the material on the talk page , briefly and in context . </P> Linking to pages in PDF files Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : PAGELINKS </Li> <Li> WP : BOOKLINKS </Li> </Ul> <P> Links to long PDF documents can be made more convenient by taking readers to a specific page with the addition of # page = n to the document URL , where n is the page number . For example , using http://www.domain.com/document.pdf#page=5 as the citation URL displays page five of the document in any PDF viewer that supports this feature . If the viewer or browser does not support it , it will display the first page instead . </P> Linking to Google Books pages Further information : Wikipedia talk : Citing sources / Archive 29 § Linking to Google Books pages <P> Google Books sometimes allows numbered book pages to be linked to directly . These can be added in several ways ( with and without citation templates ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rawls , John . A Theory of Justice . Harvard University Press , 1971 , p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Or with a template : Rawls , John ( 1971 ) . A Theory of Justice . Harvard University Press . p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Rawls 1971 , p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Rawls 1971 , p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Rawls 1971 , p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Rawls 1971 , 18 . </Li> </Ul> <P> In edit mode , the URL for p. 18 of A Theory of Justice can be entered like this using the ( ( Cite book ) ) template : </P> ( ( cite book last = Rawls first = John title = A Theory of Justice publisher = Harvard University Press date = 1971 page = 18 url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ) ) <P> or like this , in the first of the above examples , formatted manually : </P> Rawls , John . ( https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ' ' A Theory of Justice ' ' ) . Harvard University Press , 1971 , p. 18 . <P> When the page number is a Roman numeral , commonly seen at the beginning of books , the URL looks like this for page xvii ( Roman numeral 17 ) of the same book : https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17 The &pg = PR17 indicates `` page , Roman , 17 '' , in contrast to the &pg = PA18 , `` page , Arabic , 18 '' the URL given earlier . </P> <P> You can also link to a tipped - in page , such as an unnumbered page of images between two regular pages . ( If the page contains an image that is protected by copyright , it will be replaced by a tiny notice saying `` copyrighted image '' . ) The URL for eleventh tipped - in page inserted after page 304 of The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , looks like this : https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11 The &pg = PA304 - IA11 can be interpreted as `` page , Arabic , 304 ; inserted after : 11 '' . </P> <P> Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview ; they will not work with snippet view . Keep in mind that availability varies by location . No editor is required to add page links , but if another editor adds them , they should not be removed without cause ; see the October 2010 RfC for further information . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Note that the Citation Style 1 , Citation Style 2 and Citation Style Vancouver templates properly support links only in the url = and archive - url = parameters . Placing links in the page = or pages = parameters may not link properly and will cause mangled COinS metadata output . </Dd> </Dl> <P> There is a Wikipedia citation tool for Google Books that may be helpful . </P> <H3> Say where you read it </H3> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : SAYWHEREYOUREADIT </Li> <Li> WP : SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT </Li> <Li> WP : SWYRT </Li> <Li> WP : SWYGT </Li> <Li> WP : SAYWHERE </Li> </Ul> <P> `` Say where you read it '' follows the practice in academic writing of citing sources directly only if you have read the source yourself . If your knowledge of the source is secondhand -- that is , if you have read Jones ( 2010 ) , who cited Smith ( 2009 ) , and you want to use what Smith ( 2009 ) said -- make clear that your knowledge of Smith is based on your reading of Jones . </P> <P> When citing the source , write the following ( this formatting is just an example ) : </P> <P> John Smith ( 2009 ) . Name of Book I Have n't Seen , Cambridge University Press , p. 99 , cited in Paul Jones ( 2010 ) . Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen , Oxford University Press , p. 29 . </P> <P> Or if you are using short citations : </P> <P> Smith ( 2009 ) , p. 99 , cited in Jones ( 2010 ) , p. 29 . </P> <P> Note : The advice to `` say where you read it '' does not mean that you have to give credit to any sources , search engines , websites , library catalogs , archives , etc. , that led you to Smith 's book . If you have read Smith 's book yourself , that 's all you have to cite . You do not need to specify how you obtained and read Smith 's book . </P> <P> So long as you are confident that you read a true and accurate copy , it does not matter whether you read the book using an online service like Google Books ; using preview options at a bookseller 's website like Amazon ; on an e-reader ( except to the extent that this affects page numbering ) ; through your library ; via online paid databases of scanned publications , such as JSTOR ; using reading machines ; or any other method . </P> <H3> Dates and reprints of older publications </H3> <P> Editors should be aware that older sources ( especially those in the public domain ) are sometimes reprinted with modern publication dates . When this occurs and the citation style being used requires it , cite both the original publication date , as well as the date of the re-publication . E.g. : </P> <Ul> <Li> Darwin , Charles ( 1964 ) ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species ( facsimile of 1st ed . ) . Harvard University Press . </Li> </Ul> <P> This is done automatically in the ( ( citation ) ) and ( ( cite book ) ) templates when you use the orig - year = parameter . </P> <P> Alternately , information about the reprint can be appended as a textual note : </P> <Ul> <Li> Boole , George ( 1854 ) . An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities . Macmillan . Reprinted with corrections , Dover Publications , New York , NY , 1958 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems </H3> <P> Publication dates , for both older and recent sources , should be written with the goal of helping the reader find the publication and , once found , confirm that the correct publication has been located . For example , if the publication date bears a date in the Julian calendar , it should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar . </P> <P> If the publication date was given as a season or holiday , such as `` Winter '' or `` Christmas '' of a particular year or two - year span , it should not be converted to a month or date , such as July -- August or December 25 . If a publication provided both seasonal and specific dates , prefer the specific one . </P> <H3> Additional annotation </H3> <P> In most cases it is sufficient for a citation footnote simply to identify the source ( as described in the sections above ) ; readers can then consult the source to see how it supports the information in the article . Sometimes , however , it is useful to include additional annotation in the footnote , for example to indicate precisely which information the source is supporting ( particularly when a single footnote lists more than one source -- see § Bundling citations and § Text -- source integrity , below ) . </P> <P> A footnote may also contain a relevant exact quotation from the source . This is especially helpful when the cited text is long or dense . A quotation allows readers to immediately identify the applicable portion of the reference . Quotes are also useful if the source is not easily accessible . </P> <P> In the case of non-English sources , it may be helpful to quote from the original text and then give an English translation . If the article itself contains a translation of a quote from such a source ( without the original ) , then the original should be included in the footnote . ( See the WP : Verifiability § Non-English sources policy for more information . ) </P> <H2> Citation style </H2> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : CITESTYLE </Li> </Ul> <P> While citations should aim to provide the information listed above , Wikipedia does not have a single house style , though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style . A number of citation styles exist including those described in the Wikipedia articles for Citation , APA style , ASA style , MLA style , The Chicago Manual of Style , Author - date referencing , the Vancouver system and Bluebook . </P> <P> Although nearly any consistent style may be used , avoid all - numeric date formats other than YYYY - MM - DD , because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day . For example , 2002 - 06 - 11 may be used , but not 11 / 06 / 2002 . The YYYY - MM - DD format should in any case be limited to Gregorian calendar dates where the year is after 1582 . </P> <H3> Variation in citation methods </H3> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : CITEVAR </Li> </Ul> <P> Editors should not attempt to change an article 's established citation style merely on the grounds of personal preference , to make it match other articles , or without first seeking consensus for the change . The arbitration committee ruled in 2006 : </P> <P> Wikipedia does not mandate styles in many different areas ; these include ( but are not limited to ) American vs. British spelling , date formats , and citation style . Where Wikipedia does not mandate a specific style , editors should not attempt to convert Wikipedia to their own preferred style , nor should they edit articles for the sole purpose of converting them to their preferred style , or removing examples of , or references to , styles which they dislike . </P> <P> As with spelling differences , it is normal practice to defer to the style used by the first major contributor or adopted by the consensus of editors already working on the page , unless a change in consensus has been achieved . If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style , you should follow it ; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article , seek consensus for a change on the talk page . If you are the first contributor to add citations to an article , you may choose whichever style you think best for the article . </P> <P> If all or most of the citations in an article consist of bare URLs , or otherwise fail to provide needed bibliographic data -- such as the name of the source , the title of the article or web page consulted , the author ( if known ) , the publication date ( if known ) , and the page numbers ( where relevant ) -- then that would not count as a `` consistent citation style '' and can be changed freely to insert such data . The data provided should be sufficient to uniquely identify the source , allow readers to find it , and allow readers to initially evaluate it without retrieving it . </P> To be avoided <P> When an article is already consistent , avoid : </P> <Ul> <Li> switching between major citation styles , e.g. parenthetical and < ref > tags , or replacing the preferred style of one academic discipline with another 's ; </Li> <Li> adding citation templates to an article that already uses a consistent system without templates , or removing citation templates from an article that uses them consistently ; </Li> <Li> changing where the references are defined , e.g. moving reference definitions in the reflist to the prose , or moving reference definitions from the prose into the reflist . </Li> </Ul> Generally considered helpful <P> The following are standard practice : </P> <Ul> <Li> improving existing citations by adding missing information , such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations : an improvement because it aids verifiability , and fights linkrot ; </Li> <Li> replacing some or all general references with inline citations : an improvement because it provides more verifiable information to the reader , and helps maintain text -- source integrity ; </Li> <Li> imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles ( e.g. , some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references ) : an improvement because it makes the citations easier to understand and edit ; </Li> <Li> fixing errors in citation coding , including incorrectly used template parameters , and < ref > markup problems : an improvement because it helps the citations to be parsed correctly ; </Li> <Li> combining duplicate citations ( see § Duplicate citations , above ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Handling links in citations </H2> <P> As noted above under What information to include , it is helpful to include hyperlinks to source material , when available . Here we note some issues concerning these links . </P> <H3> Avoid embedded links </H3> <P> Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation , because they are highly susceptible to linkrot . Wikipedia allowed this in its early years -- for example by adding a link after a sentence , like this ( http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html ) , which looks like this . ( 1 ) This is no longer recommended . Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations , even if placed between ref tags , like this < ref > ( http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</ref > . Since any citation that accurately identifies the source is better than none , do not revert the good - faith addition of partial citations . They should be considered temporary , and replaced with more complete , properly formatted citations as soon as possible . </P> <P> Embedded links should never be used to place external links in the content of an article , like this : `` Apple , Inc. announced their latest product ... '' . </P> <H3> Convenience links </H3> Further information : Wikipedia : Copyrights § Linking to copyrighted works <P> A convenience link is a link to a copy of your source on a web page provided by someone other than the original publisher or author . For example , a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper 's website may be hosted elsewhere . When offering convenience links , it is important to be reasonably certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original , without any changes or inappropriate commentary , and that it does not infringe the original publisher 's copyright . Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable . Where several sites host a copy of the material , the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with Wikipedia : Neutral point of view and Wikipedia : Verifiability . </P> <H3> Indicating availability </H3> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : INDICATEAVAIL </Li> </Ul> <P> If your source is not available online , it should be available in reputable libraries , archives , or collections . If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable , any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available ( though not necessarily reliable ) : providing an ISBN or OCLC number ; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source ( the work , its author , or its publisher ) ; or directly quoting the material on the talk page , briefly and in context . </P> <H3> Links to sources </H3> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : SOURCELINKS </Li> </Ul> <P> For a source available in hardcopy , microform , and / or online , omit , in most cases , which one you read . While it is useful to cite author , title , edition ( 1st , 2nd , etc . ) , and similar information , it generally is not important to cite a database such as ProQuest , EbscoHost , or JStor ( see the list of academic databases and search engines ) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party 's login . The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source . Do n't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL . However , you may provide the DOI , ISBN , or another uniform identifier , if available . If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party 's login for access , you may provide the URL for that link . If the source only exists online , give the link even if access is restricted ( see WP : PAYWALL ) . </P> <H3> Preventing and repairing dead links </H3> See also : Wikipedia : Link rot Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : DEADREF </Li> </Ul> <P> To help prevent dead links , persistent identifiers are available for some sources . Some journal articles have a digital object identifier ( DOI ) ; some online newspapers and blogs , and also Wikipedia , have permalinks that are stable . When permanent links are n't available , consider archiving the referenced document when writing the article ; on - demand web archiving services such as WebCite ( http://www.webcitation.org ) or the Wayback Machine ( http://www.archive.org/web ) are fairly easy to use ( see pre-emptive archiving ) . </P> <P> Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible . Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working . Follow these steps when you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content : </P> <Ol> <Li> Confirm status : First , check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down . Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged . The online service `` Is it down right now ? '' can help to determine if a site is down , and any information known . </Li> <Li> Check for a changed URL on the same Web site : Pages are frequently moved to different location on the same site as they become archive content rather than news . The site 's error page may have a `` Search '' box ; alternatively , in the popular Google search engine the keyterm `` site : '' is used , as in ⟨ site : en.wikipedia.org `` New Zealand police vehicle markings and livery '' ⟩ . </Li> <Li> Check for web archives : Many Web archiving services exist ; link to their archive of the URL 's content , if available . Examples : <Ul> <Li> Internet Archive has billions of archived web pages . See Wikipedia : Using the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> WebCite has billions of archived web pages . See Wikipedia : Using WebCite . </Li> <Li> The UK Government Web Archive ( http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/ ) preserves 1500 UK central government websites . </Li> <Li> The Mementos interface allows you to search multiple archiving services with a single request using the Memento protocol . Unfortunately , the Mementos web page interface removes any parameters which are passed with the URL . If the URL contains a `` ? '' it is unlikely to work properly . When entering the URL into the Mementos interface manually , the most common change needed is to change `` ? '' to `` % 3F '' . While making only this change will not be sufficient in all cases , it will work most of the time . The bookmarklet in the table below will properly encode URLs such that searches will work . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> If multiple archive dates are available , try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the access - date = . If that parameter is not specified , a search of the article 's revision history can be performed to determine when the link was added to the article . </Dd> <Dd> For most citation templates , archive locations are entered using the archive - url = , archive - date = and dead - url = parameters . The primary link is automatically switched to the archive when dead - url = yes . This retains the original link location for reference . </Dd> <Dd> If the web page now leads to a completely different website , set dead - url = usurped to hide the original website link in the citation . </Dd> <Dd> Note : Some archives currently operate with a delay of ~ 18 months before a link is made public . As a result , editors should wait ~ 24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists . Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with ( ( dead link date = February 2018 ) ) , so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead . </Dd> <Dd> Bookmarklets to check common archive sites for archives of the current page : <Dl> <Dt> Archive.org </Dt> <Dd> javascript : void ( window. open ( ' https://web.archive.org/web/*/'+location.href ) ) </Dd> <Dt> WebCite </Dt> <Dd> javascript : void ( window. open ( ' http://www.webcitation.org/query.php?url='+location.href ) ) </Dd> <Dt> Archive.is </Dt> <Dd> javascript : void ( window. open ( ' http://archive.is/?run=1&url='+location.href ) ) </Dd> <Dt> Mementos interface </Dt> <Dd> javascript : void ( window. open ( ' http://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search/'+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+'?referrer='+encodeURIComponent(document.referrer ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Remove convenience links : If the material was published on paper ( e.g. , academic journal , newspaper article , magazine , book ) , then the dead URL is not necessary . Simply remove the dead URL , leaving the remainder of the reference intact . </Li> <Li> Find a replacement source : Search the web for quoted text , the article title , and parts of the URL . Consider contacting the website / person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it . Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else , including the user who added the reference . Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question . </Li> <Li> Remove hopelessly lost web - only sources : If the source material does not exist offline , and if there is no archived version of the web page ( be sure to wait ~ 24 months ) , and if you can not find another copy of the material , then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation . If it is material that is specifically required by policy to have an inline citation , then please consider tagging it with ( ( citation needed ) ) . It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation , and notify the editor who added the now - dead link . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Text -- source integrity </H2> <P> </P> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : INTEGRITY </Li> </Ul> For WikiProject Integrity ( which is not related to text -- source integrity ) , go here . <P> When using inline citations , it is important to maintain text -- source integrity . The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to check that the material is sourced ; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed . The distance between material and its source is a matter of editorial judgment , but adding text without clearly placing its source may lead to allegations of original research , of violations of the sourcing policy , and even of plagiarism . </P> <P> Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text -- source relationships are maintained . References need not be moved solely to maintain the chronological order of footnotes as they appear in the article , and should not be moved if doing so might break the text - source relationship . </P> <P> If a sentence or paragraph is footnoted with a source , adding new material that is not supported by the existing source to the sentence / paragraph , without a source for the new text , is highly misleading if placed to appear that the cited source supports it . When new text is inserted into a paragraph , make sure it is supported by the existing or a new source . For example , when editing text originally reading </P> <P> The sun is pretty big . Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Miller , Edward . The Sun . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 1 . </Li> </Ol> <P> an edit that does not imply that the new material is sourced by the same reference is </P> <P> The sun is pretty big . The sun is also quite hot . Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Miller , Edward . The Sun . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Smith , John . The Sun 's Heat . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 2 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Do not add other facts or assertions into a fully cited paragraph or sentence : </P> <P> N </P> <P> The sun is pretty big , but the moon is not so big . The sun is also quite hot . Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Miller , Edward . The Sun . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Smith , John . The Sun 's Heat . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 2 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Include a source to support the new information . There are several ways to write this , including : </P> <P> Y </P> <P> The sun is pretty big , but the moon is not so big . The sun is also quite hot . Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Miller , Edward . The Sun . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Brown , Rebecca . `` Size of the Moon '' , Scientific American , 51 ( 78 ) : 46 . </Li> <Li> ^ Smith , John . The Sun 's Heat . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 2 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bundling citations </H2> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : CITEBUNDLE </Li> <Li> WP : BUNDLING </Li> </Ul> Main page : Help : Citation merging Further information : Wikipedia : Citation overkill <P> Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote . For example , when there are multiple sources for a given sentence , and each source applies to the entire sentence , the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence , like this . Or they can be bundled into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph , like this . </P> <P> Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text , or if the sources all support the same text . Bundling has several advantages : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point , maintaining text -- source integrity ; </Li> <Li> It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph ; </Li> <Li> It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences , with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text , such as this . </Li> <Li> It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged , because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> When formatting multiple citations in a footnote , there are several layouts available , as illustrated below . Within a given article , only a single layout should be used . </P> <P> The sun is pretty big , but the moon is not so big . The sun is also quite hot . Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Bullets </Li> <Li> ^ For the sun 's size , see Miller , Edward . The Sun . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 1 . <Ul> <Li> For the moon 's size , see Brown , Rebecca . `` Size of the Moon '' , Scientific American , 51 ( 78 ) : 46 . </Li> <Li> For the sun 's heat , see Smith , John . The Sun 's Heat . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 2 . </Li> </Ul> Line breaks </Li> <Li> ^ For the sun 's size , see Miller , Edward . The Sun . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 1 . For the moon 's size , see Brown , Rebecca . `` Size of the Moon '' , Scientific American , 51 ( 78 ) : 46 . For the sun 's heat , see Smith , John . The Sun 's Heat . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 2 . <P> Paragraph </P> </Li> <Li> ^ For the sun 's size , see Miller , Edward . The Sun . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 1 . For the moon 's size , see Brown , Rebecca . `` Size of the Moon '' , Scientific American , 51 ( 78 ) : 46 . For the sun 's heat , see Smith , John . The Sun 's Heat . Academic Press , 2005 , p. 2 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> In - text attribution </H2> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : INTEXT </Li> </Ul> Further information : Wikipedia : Neutral point of view § Attributing and specifying biased statements <P> In - text attribution is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source , in addition to an inline citation after the sentence . In - text attribution should be used with direct speech ( a source 's words between quotation marks or as a block quotation ) ; indirect speech ( a source 's words modified without quotation marks ) ; and close paraphrasing . It can also be used when loosely summarizing a source 's position in your own words . It avoids inadvertent plagiarism and helps the reader see where a position is coming from . An inline citation should follow the attribution , usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question . </P> <P> For example : </P> <P> N To reach fair decisions , parties must consider matters as if behind a veil of ignorance . </P> <P> Y John Rawls says that , to reach fair decisions , parties must consider matters as if behind a veil of ignorance . </P> <P> When using in - text attribution , make sure it does n't lead to an inadvertent neutrality violation . For example , the following implies parity between the sources , without making clear that the position of Darwin is the majority view : </P> <P> N Charles Darwin says that human beings evolved through natural selection , but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars . </P> <P> Y Humans evolved through natural selection , as first explained in Charles Darwin 's The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex . </P> <P> Neutrality issues apart , there are other ways in - text attribution can mislead . The sentence below suggests The New York Times has alone made this important discovery : </P> <P> N According to The New York Times , the sun will set in the west this evening . </P> <P> Y The sun sets in the west each evening . </P> <P> It is preferable not to clutter articles with information best left to the references . Interested readers can click on the ref to find out the publishing journal : </P> <P> N In an article published in The Lancet in 2012 , researchers announced the discovery of the new tissue type . </P> <P> Y The discovery of the new tissue type was first published by researchers in 2012 . </P> <P> Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader , but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in - text attribution : </P> <P> Y By mass , oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium . </P> <H2> General references </H2> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : GENREF </Li> </Ul> <P> A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content , but is not linked to any particular text in the article through an inline citation . General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a `` References '' section , and are usually sorted by the last name of the author or the editor . General reference sections are most likely to be found in underdeveloped articles , especially when all article content is supported by a single source . The disadvantage of general references is that text -- source integrity is lost , unless the article is very short . They are frequently reworked by later editors into inline citations . </P> <P> The appearance of a general references section is the same as those given above in the sections on short citations and parenthetical references . If both cited and uncited references exist , their distinction can be highlighted with separate section names , e.g. , `` References '' and `` General references '' . </P> <H2> Dealing with unsourced material </H2> Shortcuts <Ul> <Li> WP : NOCITE </Li> <Li> WP : BLPCITE </Li> </Ul> <P> If an article has no references at all , then : </P> <Ul> <Li> If the entire article is `` Patent Nonsense '' , tag it for speedy deletion using criterion G1 . </Li> <Li> If the article is a biography of a living person , it can be tagged with ( ( subst : prod blp ) ) to propose deletion . If it 's a biography of a living person and is an attack page , then it should be tagged for speedy deletion using criterion G10 , which will blank the page . </Li> <Li> If the article does n't fit into the above two categories , then consider finding references yourself , or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the article creator . You may also tag the article with the ( ( unreferenced ) ) template and consider nominating it for deletion . </Li> </Ul> <P> For individual unreferenced claims in an article : </P> <Ul> <Li> If the article is a biography of a living person , then any contentious material must be removed immediately : see Biographies of living persons . If the unreferenced material is seriously inappropriate , it may need to be hidden from general view , in which case request admin assistance . </Li> <Li> If the material added appears to be false or an expression of opinion , remove it and inform the editor who added the unsourced material . The ( ( uw - unsourced1 ) ) template may be placed on their talk page . </Li> <Li> In any other case consider finding references yourself , or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the editor who added the unsourced material . You may place a ( ( citation needed ) ) or ( ( dubious ) ) tag against the added text . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Citation templates and tools </H2> Shortcut <Ul> <Li> WP : CITECONSENSUS </Li> </Ul> Further information : Wikipedia : Citation templates and Help : Citation tools For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand , see Wikipedia : Citing sources / Example edits for different methods § Footnotes . <P> Citation templates can be used to format citations in a consistent way . The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged : an article should not be switched between templated and non-templated citations without good reason and consensus -- see Variation in citation methods above . </P> <P> If citation templates are used in an article , the parameters should be accurate . It is inappropriate to set parameters to false values to cause the template to render as if it were written in some style other than the style normally produced by the template ( e.g. , MLA style ) . </P> <H3> Metadata </H3> <P> Citations may be accompanied by metadata , though it is not mandatory . Most citation templates on Wikipedia use the COinS standard . Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user , for instance by providing links to their library 's online copies of the cited works . In articles that format citations manually , metadata may be added manually in a span , according to the COinS specification . </P> <P> </P> <H3> Citation processing tools </H3> <Ul> <Li> User : Ark25 / RefScript , a JavaScript bookmarklet -- creates references in one click , works for many newspapers </Li> <Li> User : Badgettrg , Biomedical citation maker . uses Pubmed ID ( PMID ) or DOI or PMCID or NCT . Adds links to ACP Journal Club and Evidence - Based Medicine comments if present . </Li> <Li> User : Citation bot ( formerly DOI bot ) -- a bot that automatically fixes common errors in individual citations and adds missing fields </Li> <Li> User : Zhaofeng Li / Reflinks -- adds titles to bare url references and other cleanup </Li> <Li> Citation template generator -- generates complete templates using identification numbers such as PMIDs ( PubMed IDs ) . </Li> <Li> Wikipedia template filling -- generates Vancouver style citations from PMIDs ( PubMed IDs ) . </Li> <Li> Wikipedia citation tool for Google Books -- converts bare Google book links into ( ( cite book ) ) format . </Li> <Li> DOI Wikipedia reference generator </Li> <Li> New York Times Wikipedia reference generator </Li> <Li> Yadkard : A web - based tool for generating shortened footnotes and citation using Google Books URLs , DOI or ISBN . Also supports some news websites . </Li> <Li> User : Salix alba / Citoid a client for the mw : citoid server which generates Citation Style 1 templates from urls . </Li> <Li> Template : Ref info , which can aid evaluating what kind of citation style was used to write the article </Li> </Ul> <H3> Programming tools </H3> See also : Help : Citation tools § Tools <Ul> <Li> Wikicite is a free program that helps editors to create citations for their Wikipedia contributions using citation templates . It is written in Visual Basic . NET , making it suitable only for users with the . NET Framework installed on Windows , or , for other platforms , the Mono alternative framework . Wikicite and its source code is freely available ; see the developer 's page for further details . <Ul> <Li> Wikicite+ is a program based on the original Wikicite source code . It features extra validation , bug fixes , additional cite templates ( such as cite episode ) as well as tools for stub sorting and more . It is also available for free under the Apache License 2.0 and is open source . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> User : Richiez has tools to automatically handle citations for a whole article at a time . Converts occurrences of ( ( pmid XXXX ) ) or ( ( isbn XXXX ) ) to properly formatted footnote or Harvard - style references . Written in Ruby and requires a working installation with basic libraries . </Li> <Li> pubmed2wikipedia. xsl an XSL stylesheet transforming the XML output of PubMed to Wikipedia refs . </Li> <Li> RefTag by Apoc2400 creates a prefilled ( ( cite book ) ) template with various options from a Google Books URL . The page provides a bookmarklet for single - click transfer . </Li> <Li> wikiciter web interface , does Google Books , pdf files , beta . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Citation export tools </H3> <P> You can insert a link beside each citation in Wikipedia , allowing you to export the citation to a reference manager such as EndNote . To install the script just add the following line to Special : MyPage / skin. js ( applies to the currently selected skin ) or Special : MyPage / common. js ( applies to all skins ) '' </P> importScript ( `` User : Smith609 / endnote. js '' ) ; <P> Then `` Publish changes '' and follow the instructions at the top of that page to bypass your browser 's cache . </P> <H3> Reference management software </H3> <P> Reference management software can output formatted citations in several styles , including BibTeX , RIS , or Wikipedia citation template styles . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Comparison of reference management software -- side - by - side comparison of various reference management software <Dl> <Dd> Wikipedia : Citing sources with Zotero -- essay on using Zotero to quickly add citations to articles . Zotero ( by Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media ; license : Affero GPL ) is open - source software with local reference database which can be synchronized between several computers over the online database ( up to 300 MB without payment ) . </Dd> <Dd> EndNote ( by Thomson Reuters ; license : proprietary ) </Dd> <Dd> Mendeley ( by Elsevier ; license : proprietary ) </Dd> <Dd> Paperpile ( by Paperpile , LLC ; license : proprietary ) </Dd> <Dd> Papers ( by Springer ; license : proprietary ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> See also </H2> <P> How to cite </P> <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia : References dos and don'ts -- a concise summary of some of the most important guidance on this page </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Referencing for beginners -- a simple practical guide to getting started </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Citation templates -- a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Verification methods -- listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Citing sources / Example edits for different methods -- showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Citing sources / Further considerations </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Inline citation </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : External links -- for information about the External links section </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Improving referencing efforts </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Layout § Further reading -- for information about the Further reading section </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : List of sources </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Nesting footnotes </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Scientific citation guidelines -- guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Plagiarism § Public - domain sources -- guideline covering the inclusion of material in the public domain </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : How to mine a source -- essay on getting maximum information from cited material </Li> </Ul> <P> Citation problems </P> <Ul> <Li> Template : Refimprove -- template to add to article ( or section ) where citations are needed </Li> <Li> Template : Text - source -- template to add to article ( or section ) where text -- source integrity is questioned </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Citation needed -- explanation of template to tag statements that need a citation </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Link rot -- guide to preventing link rot </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Copyright problems -- in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately </Li> <Li> Template : Irrelevant citation -- citation does not say what it is claimed to say </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : WikiProject Citation cleanup -- a group of people devoted to cleaning citations </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Citation overkill -- why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Bombardment -- an essay regarding the overuse of citations </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : You do n't need to cite that the sky is blue -- an essay advising : do not cite already obvious information </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : You do need to cite that the sky is blue -- an essay advising : just because something appears obvious to you does not mean it is obvious to everyone </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Video links -- an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user - submitted video sites </Li> <Li> Wikipedia : Reference database -- essay / proposal </Li> </Ul> <P> Changing citation style formats </P> <Ul> <Li> WP : CITEVAR </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Words like citation and reference are used interchangeably on the English Wikipedia . On talk pages where the language can be more informal or in edit summaries or templates where space is a consideration , reference is often abbreviated ref with the plural refs . Footnote may refer specifically to citations using ref tag formatting or to explanatory text ; endnotes specifically refers to citations placed at the end of the page . See also : Wikipedia : Glossary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See this July 2007 discussion for more detail on why scrolling reference lists should not be used . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Concordia Libraries ( Concordia University ) . Citation and Style Guides . </Li> <Li> New Oxford Style Manual . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198767251 </Li> <Li> The Writers ' Workshop , Center for Writing Studies . `` Citation Styles Handbook : APA '' , University of Illinois . </Li> <Li> The Writers ' Workshop , Center for Writing Studies . `` Citation Styles Handbook : MLA '' , University of Illinois . </Li> <Li> University of Chicago Press . ( 2003 ) . The Chicago Manual of Style , 16th edition . ISBN 978 - 0226104201 </Li> <Li> A writer 's practical guide to MLA documentation </Li> <Li> AMA Citation Style </Li> <Li> Chicago / Turabian Documentation </Li> <Li> `` Citation Guide -- Turabian '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Guide to Citation Style Guides </Li> <Li> Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals </Li> <Li> American Chemical Society reference style guidelines </Li> <Li> Citation Machine </Li> <Li> How to write citations </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citation needed . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> reFill , expand bare references with ease </Li> <Li> Video tutorial on citing sources : Part 1 , Part 2 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Wikipedia key policies and guidelines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Five pillars <Ul> <Li> What Wikipedia is not </Li> <Li> Ignore all rules </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Content </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Verifiability </Li> <Li> No original research </Li> <Li> Neutral point of view </Li> <Li> What Wikipedia is not </Li> <Li> Biographies of living persons </Li> <Li> Image use </Li> <Li> Wikipedia is not a dictionary </Li> <Li> Article titles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Notability </Li> <Li> Autobiography </Li> <Li> Citing sources </Li> <Li> Identifying reliable sources <Ul> <Li> medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Do not include copies of primary sources </Li> <Li> Plagiarism </Li> <Li> Do n't create hoaxes </Li> <Li> Fringe theories </Li> <Li> Patent nonsense </Li> <Li> External links </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conduct </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Civility </Li> <Li> Consensus </Li> <Li> Editing policy </Li> <Li> Harassment </Li> <Li> Vandalism </Li> <Li> Ignore all rules </Li> <Li> No personal attacks </Li> <Li> Ownership of content </Li> <Li> Edit warring </Li> <Li> Dispute resolution </Li> <Li> Sock puppetry </Li> <Li> No legal threats </Li> <Li> Child protection </Li> <Li> Paid - contribution disclosure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assume good faith </Li> <Li> Conflict of interest </Li> <Li> Disruptive editing </Li> <Li> Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point </Li> <Li> Etiquette </Li> <Li> Gaming the system </Li> <Li> Please do not bite the newcomers </Li> <Li> Courtesy vanishing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deletion </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deletion policy </Li> <Li> Proposed deletion </Li> <Li> Criteria for speedy deletion </Li> <Li> Attack page </Li> <Li> Oversight </Li> <Li> Proposed deletion of BLP </Li> <Li> Proposed deletion ( books ) </Li> <Li> Revision deletion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enforcement </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrators </Li> <Li> Banning </Li> <Li> Blocking </Li> <Li> Page protection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editing </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Article size </Li> <Li> Be bold </Li> <Li> Disambiguation </Li> <Li> Hatnotes </Li> <Li> Set index articles </Li> <Li> Subpages </Li> <Li> User pages </Li> <Li> Talk page guidelines <Ul> <Li> Signatures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Broad - concept article </Li> <Li> Project namespace <Ul> <Li> WikiProjects </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manual of Style <Ul> <Li> Contents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Accessibility <Ul> <Li> Understandability </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dates and numbers </Li> <Li> Images </Li> <Li> Layout </Li> <Li> Lead section </Li> <Li> Linking </Li> <Li> Lists </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Categories , lists , and navigation templates </Li> <Li> Categorization </Li> <Li> Template namespace </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WMF </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of policies </Li> <Li> Friendly space policy </Li> <Li> Licensing and copyright </Li> <Li> Privacy policy </Li> <Li> Values </Li> <Li> FAQ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of all policies and guidelines <Ul> <Li> List of policies </Li> <Li> List of guidelines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lists of attempts in creating fundamental principles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Wikipedia referencing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Policies and guidelines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Verifiability </Li> <Li> Biographies of living persons </Li> <Li> Identifying reliable sources <Ul> <Li> Medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Citing sources </Li> <Li> Scientific citations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General advice </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Citation needed </Li> <Li> Find sources </Li> <Li> Combining sources </Li> <Li> Offline sources </Li> <Li> Referencing styles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citing sources </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Citation Style 1 </Li> <Li> Citation Style 2 </Li> <Li> Citation Style Vancouver </Li> <Li> LSA </Li> <Li> Comics </Li> <Li> Citation templates </Li> <Li> Reflist template </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inline citations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Footnotes </Li> <Li> Parenthetical referencing </Li> <Li> Punctuation and footnotes </Li> <Li> Shortened footnotes </Li> <Li> Nesting footnotes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Help for beginners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reference - tags </Li> <Li> Citations quick reference </Li> <Li> Introduction to referencing </Li> <Li> Referencing with citation templates </Li> <Li> Referencing without using templates </Li> <Li> Referencing dos and don'ts </Li> <Li> Citing Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Advanced help </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cite link labels </Li> <Li> Citation tools </Li> <Li> Cite errors </Li> <Li> Cite messages </Li> <Li> Converting between references formats </Li> <Li> Reference display customization </Li> <Li> References and page numbers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Template documentation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( ( Edit refs ) ) </Li> <Li> ( ( Refref ) ) </Li> <Li> ( ( Refref2 ) ) </Li> <Li> ( ( Refstart ) ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tools </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia Library </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Citation Style 1 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General templates </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> ( ( Cite arXiv ) ) </Dt> <Dd> arXiv preprints </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite AV media ) ) </Dt> <Dd> audio and visual </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite AV media notes ) ) </Dt> <Dd> audio and visual liner notes </Dd> <Dt> ( ( cite bioRxiv ) ) </Dt> <Dd> bioRxiv preprints </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite book ) ) </Dt> <Dd> books </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite conference ) ) </Dt> <Dd> conference papers </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite encyclopedia ) ) </Dt> <Dd> edited collections </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite episode ) ) </Dt> <Dd> radio or television episodes </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite interview ) ) </Dt> <Dd> interviews </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite journal ) ) </Dt> <Dd> academic journals and papers </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite magazine ) ) </Dt> <Dd> magazines </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite mailing list ) ) </Dt> <Dd> public mailing lists </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite map ) ) </Dt> <Dd> maps </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite news ) ) </Dt> <Dd> news articles </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite newsgroup ) ) </Dt> <Dd> online newsgroups </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite podcast ) ) </Dt> <Dd> audio or video podcast </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite press release ) ) </Dt> <Dd> press releases </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite report ) ) </Dt> <Dd> unpublished reports </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite serial ) ) </Dt> <Dd> audio or video serials </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite sign ) ) </Dt> <Dd> signs , plaques </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite speech ) ) </Dt> <Dd> speeches </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite techreport ) ) </Dt> <Dd> technical reports </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite thesis ) ) </Dt> <Dd> theses </Dd> <Dt> ( ( Cite web ) ) </Dt> <Dd> web sources </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Categories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Citation Style 1 templates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( ( Citation Style documentation ) ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Citation Style 1 noticeboard </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&oldid=825368457 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia content guidelines </Li> <Li> Wikipedia style guidelines </Li> <Li> Wikipedia citation administration </Li> <Li> Wikipedia how - to </Li> <Li> Wikipedia verifiability </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected project pages </Li> <Li> Wikipedia move - protected project pages </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Project page </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Tools </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikinews </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Wikiversity </Li> <Li> Wiktionary </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Чӑвашла </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Davvisámegiella </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hornjoserbsce </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ilokano </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Kurdî </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> ລາວ </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Baso Minangkabau </Li> <Li> Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Napulitano </Li> <Li> Нохчийн </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> ଓଡ଼ିଆ </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> پښتو </Li> <Li> ភាសា ខ្មែរ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> سنڌي </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Ślůnski </Li> <Li> Soomaaliga </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Basa Sunda </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Тоҷикӣ </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 吴语 </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 00 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Privacy policy </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 114,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 200
},
{
"start_token": 115,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 199
},
{
"start_token": 180,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 197
},
{
"start_token": 181,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 186
},
{
"start_token": 186,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 191
},
{
"start_token": 191,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 196
},
{
"start_token": 200,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 219
},
{
"start_token": 238,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 267
},
{
"start_token": 267,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 373
},
{
"start_token": 373,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 483
},
{
"start_token": 483,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 821
},
{
"start_token": 484,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 490
},
{
"start_token": 490,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 504
},
{
"start_token": 492,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 502
},
{
"start_token": 504,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 510
},
{
"start_token": 510,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 601
},
{
"start_token": 512,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 599
},
{
"start_token": 513,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 578
},
{
"start_token": 515,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 576
},
{
"start_token": 516,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 521
},
{
"start_token": 521,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 526
},
{
"start_token": 534,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 541
},
{
"start_token": 541,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 550
},
{
"start_token": 553,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 560
},
{
"start_token": 564,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 569
},
{
"start_token": 569,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 575
},
{
"start_token": 578,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 584
},
{
"start_token": 584,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 598
},
{
"start_token": 586,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 596
},
{
"start_token": 587,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 592
},
{
"start_token": 601,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 607
},
{
"start_token": 607,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 665
},
{
"start_token": 609,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 663
},
{
"start_token": 614,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 624
},
{
"start_token": 618,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 623
},
{
"start_token": 636,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 643
},
{
"start_token": 643,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 649
},
{
"start_token": 657,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 662
},
{
"start_token": 665,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 671
},
{
"start_token": 671,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 734
},
{
"start_token": 673,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 732
},
{
"start_token": 674,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 703
},
{
"start_token": 676,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 701
},
{
"start_token": 695,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 700
},
{
"start_token": 703,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 709
},
{
"start_token": 709,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 731
},
{
"start_token": 711,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 729
},
{
"start_token": 712,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 719
},
{
"start_token": 734,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 740
},
{
"start_token": 740,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 762
},
{
"start_token": 742,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 760
},
{
"start_token": 743,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 759
},
{
"start_token": 747,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 758
},
{
"start_token": 762,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 768
},
{
"start_token": 768,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 788
},
{
"start_token": 770,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 786
},
{
"start_token": 779,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 785
},
{
"start_token": 788,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 795
},
{
"start_token": 795,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 808
},
{
"start_token": 797,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 806
},
{
"start_token": 808,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 820
},
{
"start_token": 810,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 818
},
{
"start_token": 1254,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1261
},
{
"start_token": 1255,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1260
},
{
"start_token": 1261,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1631
},
{
"start_token": 1262,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1342
},
{
"start_token": 1342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1374
},
{
"start_token": 1374,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1463
},
{
"start_token": 1463,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1548
},
{
"start_token": 1548,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1630
},
{
"start_token": 1640,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1647
},
{
"start_token": 1641,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1646
},
{
"start_token": 1647,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1713
},
{
"start_token": 1713,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1803
},
{
"start_token": 1803,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1848
},
{
"start_token": 1851,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1941
},
{
"start_token": 1948,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1955
},
{
"start_token": 1949,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1954
},
{
"start_token": 1955,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2038
},
{
"start_token": 2043,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2055
},
{
"start_token": 2044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2049
},
{
"start_token": 2049,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2054
},
{
"start_token": 2062,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2136
},
{
"start_token": 2136,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2192
},
{
"start_token": 2208,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2276
},
{
"start_token": 2279,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2286
},
{
"start_token": 2280,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2285
},
{
"start_token": 2286,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2320
},
{
"start_token": 2330,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2414
},
{
"start_token": 2414,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2484
},
{
"start_token": 2494,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2501
},
{
"start_token": 2495,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2500
},
{
"start_token": 2508,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2538
},
{
"start_token": 2538,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2577
},
{
"start_token": 2539,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2576
},
{
"start_token": 2577,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2587
},
{
"start_token": 2587,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2599
},
{
"start_token": 2588,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2598
},
{
"start_token": 2599,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2630
},
{
"start_token": 2630,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2696
},
{
"start_token": 2696,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2777
},
{
"start_token": 2790,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2907
},
{
"start_token": 2907,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3017
},
{
"start_token": 3022,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3098
},
{
"start_token": 3100,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3133
},
{
"start_token": 3133,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3227
},
{
"start_token": 3134,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3188
},
{
"start_token": 3152,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3187
},
{
"start_token": 3153,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3186
},
{
"start_token": 3188,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3226
},
{
"start_token": 3227,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3251
},
{
"start_token": 3261,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3268
},
{
"start_token": 3262,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3267
},
{
"start_token": 3277,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3313
},
{
"start_token": 3313,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3351
},
{
"start_token": 3314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3320
},
{
"start_token": 3320,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3344
},
{
"start_token": 3344,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3350
},
{
"start_token": 3351,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3430
},
{
"start_token": 3435,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3442
},
{
"start_token": 3436,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3441
},
{
"start_token": 3442,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3515
},
{
"start_token": 3515,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3577
},
{
"start_token": 3582,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3594
},
{
"start_token": 3583,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3588
},
{
"start_token": 3588,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3593
},
{
"start_token": 3601,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3698
},
{
"start_token": 3698,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3884
},
{
"start_token": 3884,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3897
},
{
"start_token": 4012,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4023
},
{
"start_token": 4023,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4047
},
{
"start_token": 4047,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4076
},
{
"start_token": 4048,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4057
},
{
"start_token": 4057,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4066
},
{
"start_token": 4066,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4075
},
{
"start_token": 4079,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4120
},
{
"start_token": 4080,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4104
},
{
"start_token": 4104,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4119
},
{
"start_token": 4120,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4138
},
{
"start_token": 4141,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4180
},
{
"start_token": 4142,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4153
},
{
"start_token": 4153,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4168
},
{
"start_token": 4168,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4179
},
{
"start_token": 4180,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4226
},
{
"start_token": 4237,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4343
},
{
"start_token": 4343,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4397
},
{
"start_token": 4397,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4409
},
{
"start_token": 4501,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4512
},
{
"start_token": 4512,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4557
},
{
"start_token": 4557,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4598
},
{
"start_token": 4558,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4582
},
{
"start_token": 4582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4597
},
{
"start_token": 4598,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4619
},
{
"start_token": 4626,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4638
},
{
"start_token": 4627,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4632
},
{
"start_token": 4632,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4637
},
{
"start_token": 4638,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4738
},
{
"start_token": 4753,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4761
},
{
"start_token": 4761,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4874
},
{
"start_token": 4762,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4770
},
{
"start_token": 4770,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4777
},
{
"start_token": 4777,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4796
},
{
"start_token": 4796,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4801
},
{
"start_token": 4801,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4806
},
{
"start_token": 4806,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4819
},
{
"start_token": 4819,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4830
},
{
"start_token": 4830,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4848
},
{
"start_token": 4848,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4858
},
{
"start_token": 4858,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4867
},
{
"start_token": 4867,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4873
},
{
"start_token": 4874,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4949
},
{
"start_token": 4875,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4948
},
{
"start_token": 4886,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4947
},
{
"start_token": 4887,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4895
},
{
"start_token": 4895,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4901
},
{
"start_token": 4901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4916
},
{
"start_token": 4916,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4923
},
{
"start_token": 4923,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4933
},
{
"start_token": 4933,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4946
},
{
"start_token": 4949,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5084
},
{
"start_token": 5097,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5106
},
{
"start_token": 5106,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5188
},
{
"start_token": 5107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5116
},
{
"start_token": 5116,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5124
},
{
"start_token": 5124,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5133
},
{
"start_token": 5133,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5150
},
{
"start_token": 5150,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5158
},
{
"start_token": 5158,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5177
},
{
"start_token": 5177,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5187
},
{
"start_token": 5201,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5210
},
{
"start_token": 5210,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5310
},
{
"start_token": 5211,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5222
},
{
"start_token": 5222,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5231
},
{
"start_token": 5231,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5248
},
{
"start_token": 5248,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5256
},
{
"start_token": 5256,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5273
},
{
"start_token": 5273,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5300
},
{
"start_token": 5300,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5309
},
{
"start_token": 5313,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5320
},
{
"start_token": 5314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5319
},
{
"start_token": 5331,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5342
},
{
"start_token": 5342,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5483
},
{
"start_token": 5343,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5394
},
{
"start_token": 5394,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5403
},
{
"start_token": 5403,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5412
},
{
"start_token": 5412,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5429
},
{
"start_token": 5429,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5438
},
{
"start_token": 5438,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5444
},
{
"start_token": 5444,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5449
},
{
"start_token": 5449,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5460
},
{
"start_token": 5460,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5482
},
{
"start_token": 5506,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5515
},
{
"start_token": 5515,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5617
},
{
"start_token": 5516,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5539
},
{
"start_token": 5539,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5548
},
{
"start_token": 5548,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5560
},
{
"start_token": 5560,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5572
},
{
"start_token": 5572,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5579
},
{
"start_token": 5579,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5584
},
{
"start_token": 5584,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5601
},
{
"start_token": 5601,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5616
},
{
"start_token": 5617,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5644
},
{
"start_token": 5663,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5678
},
{
"start_token": 5678,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5766
},
{
"start_token": 5679,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5685
},
{
"start_token": 5685,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5694
},
{
"start_token": 5694,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5700
},
{
"start_token": 5700,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5715
},
{
"start_token": 5715,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5726
},
{
"start_token": 5726,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5732
},
{
"start_token": 5732,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5737
},
{
"start_token": 5737,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5750
},
{
"start_token": 5750,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5765
},
{
"start_token": 5951,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5964
},
{
"start_token": 5952,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5958
},
{
"start_token": 5958,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5963
},
{
"start_token": 5973,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5992
},
{
"start_token": 5996,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6063
},
{
"start_token": 6063,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6105
},
{
"start_token": 6105,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6152
},
{
"start_token": 6156,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6253
},
{
"start_token": 6259,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6348
},
{
"start_token": 6382,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6448
},
{
"start_token": 6448,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6549
},
{
"start_token": 6549,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6648
},
{
"start_token": 6655,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6667
},
{
"start_token": 6656,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6661
},
{
"start_token": 6661,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6666
},
{
"start_token": 6667,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6748
},
{
"start_token": 6770,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6800
},
{
"start_token": 6800,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6879
},
{
"start_token": 6801,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6821
},
{
"start_token": 6821,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6847
},
{
"start_token": 6847,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6855
},
{
"start_token": 6855,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6863
},
{
"start_token": 6863,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6871
},
{
"start_token": 6871,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6878
},
{
"start_token": 6879,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6910
},
{
"start_token": 6942,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6959
},
{
"start_token": 6984,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7055
},
{
"start_token": 7055,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7161
},
{
"start_token": 7161,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7227
},
{
"start_token": 7227,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7283
},
{
"start_token": 7228,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7282
},
{
"start_token": 7283,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7299
},
{
"start_token": 7307,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7334
},
{
"start_token": 7308,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7313
},
{
"start_token": 7313,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7318
},
{
"start_token": 7318,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7323
},
{
"start_token": 7323,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7328
},
{
"start_token": 7328,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7333
},
{
"start_token": 7334,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7417
},
{
"start_token": 7417,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7436
},
{
"start_token": 7436,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7481
},
{
"start_token": 7481,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7491
},
{
"start_token": 7491,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7511
},
{
"start_token": 7511,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7590
},
{
"start_token": 7590,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7675
},
{
"start_token": 7683,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7738
},
{
"start_token": 7738,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7769
},
{
"start_token": 7739,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7768
},
{
"start_token": 7769,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7800
},
{
"start_token": 7800,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7816
},
{
"start_token": 7816,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7862
},
{
"start_token": 7817,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7861
},
{
"start_token": 7871,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7935
},
{
"start_token": 7935,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8003
},
{
"start_token": 8007,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8102
},
{
"start_token": 8102,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8156
},
{
"start_token": 8156,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8227
},
{
"start_token": 8232,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8239
},
{
"start_token": 8233,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8238
},
{
"start_token": 8239,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8315
},
{
"start_token": 8315,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8399
},
{
"start_token": 8406,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8413
},
{
"start_token": 8407,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8412
},
{
"start_token": 8413,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8458
},
{
"start_token": 8458,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8544
},
{
"start_token": 8544,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8655
},
{
"start_token": 8655,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8774
},
{
"start_token": 8777,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8788
},
{
"start_token": 8788,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8879
},
{
"start_token": 8789,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8818
},
{
"start_token": 8818,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8847
},
{
"start_token": 8847,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8878
},
{
"start_token": 8882,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8890
},
{
"start_token": 8890,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9044
},
{
"start_token": 8891,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8923
},
{
"start_token": 8923,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8955
},
{
"start_token": 8955,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8996
},
{
"start_token": 8996,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9029
},
{
"start_token": 9029,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9043
},
{
"start_token": 9050,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9083
},
{
"start_token": 9088,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9226
},
{
"start_token": 9226,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9259
},
{
"start_token": 9274,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9419
},
{
"start_token": 9424,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9431
},
{
"start_token": 9425,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9430
},
{
"start_token": 9431,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9530
},
{
"start_token": 9536,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9543
},
{
"start_token": 9537,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9542
},
{
"start_token": 9543,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9756
},
{
"start_token": 9771,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9778
},
{
"start_token": 9772,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9777
},
{
"start_token": 9778,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9869
},
{
"start_token": 9869,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9914
},
{
"start_token": 9914,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10253
},
{
"start_token": 9915,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9973
},
{
"start_token": 9973,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10053
},
{
"start_token": 10053,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10252
},
{
"start_token": 10080,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10251
},
{
"start_token": 10081,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10100
},
{
"start_token": 10100,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10116
},
{
"start_token": 10116,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10133
},
{
"start_token": 10133,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10250
},
{
"start_token": 10253,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10576
},
{
"start_token": 10254,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10575
},
{
"start_token": 10255,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10574
},
{
"start_token": 10256,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10324
},
{
"start_token": 10324,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10378
},
{
"start_token": 10378,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10408
},
{
"start_token": 10408,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10490
},
{
"start_token": 10490,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10573
},
{
"start_token": 10504,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10572
},
{
"start_token": 10508,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10521
},
{
"start_token": 10524,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10537
},
{
"start_token": 10540,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10553
},
{
"start_token": 10557,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10571
},
{
"start_token": 10576,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10840
},
{
"start_token": 10577,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10626
},
{
"start_token": 10626,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10703
},
{
"start_token": 10703,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10839
},
{
"start_token": 10849,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10856
},
{
"start_token": 10850,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10855
},
{
"start_token": 10874,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10966
},
{
"start_token": 10966,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11023
},
{
"start_token": 11023,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11105
},
{
"start_token": 11105,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11114
},
{
"start_token": 11114,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11134
},
{
"start_token": 11115,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11133
},
{
"start_token": 11134,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11153
},
{
"start_token": 11153,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11169
},
{
"start_token": 11169,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11209
},
{
"start_token": 11170,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11188
},
{
"start_token": 11188,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11208
},
{
"start_token": 11209,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11226
},
{
"start_token": 11229,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11253
},
{
"start_token": 11253,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11293
},
{
"start_token": 11254,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11272
},
{
"start_token": 11272,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11292
},
{
"start_token": 11293,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11314
},
{
"start_token": 11317,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11341
},
{
"start_token": 11341,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11405
},
{
"start_token": 11342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11360
},
{
"start_token": 11360,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11384
},
{
"start_token": 11384,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11404
},
{
"start_token": 11410,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11422
},
{
"start_token": 11411,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11416
},
{
"start_token": 11416,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11421
},
{
"start_token": 11436,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11511
},
{
"start_token": 11511,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11545
},
{
"start_token": 11545,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11656
},
{
"start_token": 11546,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11655
},
{
"start_token": 11547,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11654
},
{
"start_token": 11548,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11572
},
{
"start_token": 11572,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11589
},
{
"start_token": 11589,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11623
},
{
"start_token": 11623,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11653
},
{
"start_token": 11656,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11689
},
{
"start_token": 11689,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11713
},
{
"start_token": 11713,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11960
},
{
"start_token": 11717,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11802
},
{
"start_token": 11741,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11799
},
{
"start_token": 11742,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11772
},
{
"start_token": 11772,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11798
},
{
"start_token": 11802,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11882
},
{
"start_token": 11882,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11959
},
{
"start_token": 11967,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11974
},
{
"start_token": 11968,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11973
},
{
"start_token": 11989,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12112
},
{
"start_token": 12112,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12117
},
{
"start_token": 12117,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12137
},
{
"start_token": 12137,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12162
},
{
"start_token": 12162,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12207
},
{
"start_token": 12207,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12234
},
{
"start_token": 12234,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12262
},
{
"start_token": 12262,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12294
},
{
"start_token": 12294,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12314
},
{
"start_token": 12314,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12326
},
{
"start_token": 12326,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12357
},
{
"start_token": 12357,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12380
},
{
"start_token": 12380,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12398
},
{
"start_token": 12398,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12437
},
{
"start_token": 12437,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12458
},
{
"start_token": 12463,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12470
},
{
"start_token": 12464,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12469
},
{
"start_token": 12470,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12592
},
{
"start_token": 12592,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12647
},
{
"start_token": 12654,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12666
},
{
"start_token": 12655,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12660
},
{
"start_token": 12660,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12665
},
{
"start_token": 12666,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12679
},
{
"start_token": 12679,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12822
},
{
"start_token": 12680,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12701
},
{
"start_token": 12701,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12764
},
{
"start_token": 12764,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12821
},
{
"start_token": 12822,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12832
},
{
"start_token": 12832,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12985
},
{
"start_token": 12833,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12886
},
{
"start_token": 12886,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12931
},
{
"start_token": 12931,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12984
},
{
"start_token": 12992,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12999
},
{
"start_token": 12993,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12998
},
{
"start_token": 13037,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13087
},
{
"start_token": 13087,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13143
},
{
"start_token": 13146,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13229
},
{
"start_token": 13236,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13493
},
{
"start_token": 13237,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13259
},
{
"start_token": 13259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13297
},
{
"start_token": 13297,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13323
},
{
"start_token": 13323,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13341
},
{
"start_token": 13341,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13361
},
{
"start_token": 13361,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13378
},
{
"start_token": 13378,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13401
},
{
"start_token": 13401,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13407
},
{
"start_token": 13407,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13415
},
{
"start_token": 13415,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13445
},
{
"start_token": 13445,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13470
},
{
"start_token": 13470,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13492
},
{
"start_token": 13506,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13765
},
{
"start_token": 13507,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13640
},
{
"start_token": 13580,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13639
},
{
"start_token": 13581,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13638
},
{
"start_token": 13640,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13697
},
{
"start_token": 13697,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13714
},
{
"start_token": 13714,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13749
},
{
"start_token": 13749,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13764
},
{
"start_token": 13770,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13835
},
{
"start_token": 13847,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13871
},
{
"start_token": 13876,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13900
},
{
"start_token": 13900,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14036
},
{
"start_token": 13901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14035
},
{
"start_token": 13919,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14034
},
{
"start_token": 13920,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13986
},
{
"start_token": 13986,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13998
},
{
"start_token": 13998,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14009
},
{
"start_token": 14009,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14022
},
{
"start_token": 14022,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14033
}
] | where does the isbn go in a citation | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 6448,
"candidate_index": 243,
"end_token": 6549
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 6457,
"end_token": 6459
}
],
"annotation_id": 8250940878965093000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_sources&oldid=825368457 | 9,042,479,926,098,598,000 |
Ascomycota - wikipedia <H1> Ascomycota </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ascomycota </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sarcoscypha coccinea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom : </Td> <Td> Fungi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subkingdom : </Td> <Td> Dikarya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Division : </Td> <Td> Ascomycota ( Berk . ) Caval. - Sm. ( 1998 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Subdivisions / Classes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Pezizomycotina <Dl> <Dd> Arthoniomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Coniocybomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Dothideomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Eurotiomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Geoglossomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Laboulbeniomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Lecanoromycetes </Dd> <Dd> Leotiomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Lichinomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Orbiliomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Pezizomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Sordariomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Xylonomycetes </Dd> <Dd> `` Unplaced orders '' <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Lahmiales </Dd> <Dd> Itchiclahmadion </Dd> <Dd> Triblidiales </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Saccharomycotina <Dl> <Dd> Saccharomycetes </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Taphrinomycotina <Dl> <Dd> Archaeorhizomyces </Dd> <Dd> Neolectomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Pneumocystidomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Schizosaccharomycetes </Dd> <Dd> Taphrinomycetes </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ascomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that , together with the Basidiomycota , form the subkingdom Dikarya . Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes . They are the largest phylum of Fungi , with over 64,000 species . The defining feature of this fungal group is the `` ascus '' ( from Greek : ἀσκός ( askos ) , meaning `` sac '' or `` wineskin '' ) , a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores , called ascospores , are formed . However , some species of the Ascomycota are asexual , meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores . Previously placed in the Deuteromycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa , asexual ( or anamorphic ) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on morphological or physiological similarities to ascus - bearing taxa , and by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences . </P> <P> The ascomycetes are a monophyletic group , i.e. it contains all descendants of one common ancestor . This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds , such as antibiotics and for making bread , alcoholic beverages , and cheese , but also as pathogens of humans and plants . Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels , truffles , brewer 's yeast and baker 's yeast , dead man 's fingers , and cup fungi . The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens ( loosely termed `` ascolichens '' ) such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota . There are many plant - pathogenic ascomycetes , including apple scab , rice blast , the ergot fungi , black knot , and the powdery mildews . Several species of ascomycetes are biological model organisms in laboratory research . Most famously , Neurospora crassa , several species of yeasts , and Aspergillus species are used in many genetics and cell biology studies . Penicillium species on cheeses and those producing antibiotics for treating bacterial infectious diseases are examples of taxa that belong to the Ascomycota . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes and their characteristics </Li> <Li> 2 Modern classification of Ascomycota </Li> <Li> 3 Outdated taxon names </Li> <Li> 4 Morphology </Li> <Li> 5 Metabolism </Li> <Li> 6 Distribution and living environment </Li> <Li> 7 Reproduction <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Asexual reproduction <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Asexual spores </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Conidiogenesis and dehiscence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Heterokaryosis and parasexuality </Li> <Li> 7.3 Sexual reproduction <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Formation of sexual spores </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Ecology <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Lichens </Li> <Li> 8.2 Mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes </Li> <Li> 8.3 Symbiotic relationships with animals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Importance for humans <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Harmful interactions </Li> <Li> 9.2 Positive effects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 Cited texts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes and their characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ascomycetes : </P> <P> Ascomycetes are ' spore shooters ' . They are fungi which produce microscopic spores inside special , elongated cells or sacs , known as ' asci ' , which give the group its name . </P> <P> Asexual reproduction : </P> <P> Asexual reproduction is the dominant form of propagation in the Ascomycota , and is responsible for the rapid spread of these fungi into new areas . Asexual reproduction of ascomycetes is very diverse from both structural and functional points of view . The most important and general is production of conidia , but chlamydospores are also frequently produced . Furthermore , Ascomycota also reproduce asexually through budding . </P> <P> 1 ) Conidia formation : </P> <P> Asexual reproduction may occur through vegetative reproductive spores , the conidia . Asexual , non-motile haploid spore of a fungus , which is named after the Greek word for dust ; conia and hence also known as conidiospores and mitospores . The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus and are products of mitotic cell divisions and thus are sometimes call mitospores , which are genetically identical to the mycelium from which they originate . They are typically formed at the ends of specialized hyphae , the conidiophores . Depending on the species they may be dispersed by wind or water , or by animals . Conidiophores may simply branch off from the mycelia or they may be formed in fruiting bodies . </P> <P> The hypha that creates the sporing ( conidiating ) tip can be very similar to the normal hyphal tip , or it can be differentiated . The most common differentiation is the formation of a bottle shaped cell called a phialide , from which the spores are produced . As all of these asexual structures are not single hyphae . In some groups , the conidiophores ( the structures that bear the conidia ) are aggregated to form a thick structure . </P> <P> E.g. In the order Moniliales , all of them are single hyphae with the exception of the aggregations , termed as coremia or synnema . These produce structures rather like corn - stokes , with many conidia being produced in a mass from the aggregated conidiophores . </P> <P> The diverse conidia and conidiophores sometimes develop in asexual sporocarps with different characteristics ( e.g. aecervulus , pycnidium , sporodochium ) . Some species of Ascomycetes form their structures within plant tissue , either as parasite or saprophytes . These fungi have evolved more complex asexual sporing structures , probably influenced by the cultural conditions of plant tissue as a substrate . These structures are called the sporodochium . This is a cushion of conidiophores created from a pseudoparenchymatous stroma in plant tissue . The pycnidium is a globose to flask - shaped parenchymatous structure , lined on its inner wall with conidiophores . The acervulus is a flat saucer shaped bed of conidiophores produced under a plant cuticle , which eventually erupt through the cuticle for dispersal . </P> <P> 2 ) Budding : </P> <P> Asexual reproduction process in ascomycetes also involves the budding which we clearly observe in yeast . This is termed a `` blastic process '' . It involves the blowing out or blebbing of the hyphal tip wall . The blastic process can involve all wall layers , or there can be a new cell wall synthesized which is extruded from within the old wall . </P> <P> The initial events of budding can be seen as the development of a ring of chitin around the point where the bud is about to appear . This reinforces and stabilizes the cell wall . Enzymatic activity and turgor pressure act to weaken and extrude the cell wall . New cell wall material is incorporated during this phase . Cell contents are forced into the progeny cell , and as the final phase of mitosis ends a cell plate , the point at which a new cell wall will grow inwards from , forms . </P> <P> Characteristics of ascomycetes : </P> <P> Ascomycota are morphologically diverse . The group includes organisms from unicellular yeasts to complex cup fungi . </P> <P> There are 2000 identified genera and 30,000 species of Ascomycota . </P> <P> The unifying characteristic among these diverse groups is the presence of a reproductive structure known as the ascus , though in some cases it has a reduced role in the life cycle . </P> <P> Many ascomycetes are of commercial importance . Some play a beneficial role , such as the yeasts used in baking , brewing , and wine fermentation , plus truffles and morels , which are held as gourmet delicacies . </P> <P> Many of them cause tree diseases , such as Dutch elm disease and apple blights . </P> <P> Some of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes are apple scab , rice blast , the ergot fungi , black knot , and the powdery mildews . </P> <P> The yeasts are used to produce alcoholic beverages and breads . The mold Penicillium is used to produce the anti-biotic penicillin . </P> <P> Almost half of all members of the phylum Ascomycota form symbiotic associations with algae to form lichens . </P> <P> Others , such as morels ( a highly prized edible fungi ) , form important mychorrhizal relationships with plants , thereby providing enhanced water and nutrient uptake and , in some cases , protection from insects . </P> <P> Almost all ascomycetes are terrestrial or parasitic . However , a few have adapted to marine or freshwater environments . </P> <P> The cell walls of the hyphae are variably composed of chitin and β - glucans , just as in Basidiomycota . However , these fibers are set in a matrix of glycoprotein containing the sugars galactose and mannose . </P> <P> The mycelium of ascomycetes is usually made up of septate hyphae . However , there is not necessarily any fixed number of nuclei in each of the divisions . </P> <P> The septal walls have septal pores which provide cytoplasmic continuity throughout the individual hyphae . Under appropriate conditions , nuclei may also migrate between septal compartments through the septal pores . </P> <P> A unique character of the Ascomycota ( but not present in all ascomycetes ) is the presence of Woronin bodies on each side of the septa separating the hyphal segments which control the septal pores . If an adjoining hypha is ruptured , the Woronin bodies block the pores to prevent loss of cytoplasm into the ruptured compartment . The Woronin bodies are spherical , hexagonal , or rectangular membrane bound structures with a crystalline protein matrix . </P> <H2> Modern classification of Ascomycota ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are three subphyla that are described and accepted : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Pezizomycotina are the largest subphylum and contains all ascomycetes that produce ascocarps ( fruiting bodies ) , except for one genus , Neolecta , in the Taphrinomycotina . It is roughly equivalent to the previous taxon , Euascomycetes . The Pezizomycotina includes most macroscopic `` ascos '' such as truffles , ergot , ascolichens , cup fungi ( discomycetes ) , pyrenomycetes , lorchels , and caterpillar fungus. ( 1 ) It also contains microscopic fungi such as powdery mildews , dermatophytic fungi , and Laboulbeniales . </Li> <Li> The Saccharomycotina comprise most of the `` true '' yeasts , such as baker 's yeast and Candida , which are single - celled ( unicellular ) fungi , which reproduce vegetatively by budding . Most of these species were previously classified in a taxon called Hemiascomycetes . </Li> <Li> The Taphrinomycotina include a disparate and basal group within the Ascomycota that was recognized following molecular ( DNA ) analyses . The taxon was originally named Archiascomycetes ( or Archaeascomycetes ) . It includes both hyphal fungi ( Neolecta , Taphrina , Archaeorhizomyces ) , fission yeasts ( Schizosaccharomyces ) , and the mammalian lung parasite , Pneumocystis . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Outdated taxon names ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several outdated taxon names -- based on morphological features -- are still occasionally used for species of the Ascomycota . These include the following sexual ( teleomorphic ) groups , defined by the structures of their sexual fruiting bodies : the Discomycetes , which included all species forming apothecia ; the Pyrenomycetes , which included all sac fungi that formed perithecia or pseudothecia , or any structure resembling these morphological structures ; and the Plectomycetes , which included those species that form cleistothecia . Hemiascomycetes included the yeasts and yeast - like fungi that have now been placed into the Saccharomycotina or Taphrinomycotina , while the Euascomycetes included the remaining species of the Ascomycota , which are now in the Pezizomycotina , and the Neolecta , which are in the Taphrinomycotina . </P> <P> Some ascomycetes do not reproduce sexually or are not known to produce asci and are therefore anamorphic species . Those anamorphs that produce conidia ( mitospores ) were previously described as Mitosporic Ascomycota . Some taxonomists placed this group into a separate artificial phylum , the Deuteromycota ( or `` Fungi Imperfecti '' ) . Where recent molecular analyses have identified close relationships with ascus - bearing taxa , anamorphic species have been grouped into the Ascomycota , despite the absence of the defining ascus . Sexual and asexual isolates of the same species commonly carry different binomial species names , as , for example , Aspergillus nidulans and Emericella nidulans , for asexual and sexual isolates , respectively , of the same species . </P> <P> Species of the Deuteromycota were classified as Coelomycetes if they produced their conidia in minute flask - or saucer - shaped conidiomata , known technically as pycnidia and acervuli . The Hyphomycetes were those species where the conidiophores ( i.e. , the hyphal structures that carry conidia - forming cells at the end ) are free or loosely organized . They are mostly isolated but sometimes also appear as bundles of cells aligned in parallel ( described as synnematal ) or as cushion - shaped masses ( described as sporodochial ) . </P> <H2> Morphology ( edit ) </H2> A member of the Cordyceps genus which is parasitic on arthropods . Note the elongated stromata . Species unknown , perhaps Cordyceps ignota . <P> Most species grow as filamentous , microscopic structures called hyphae or as budding single cells ( yeasts ) . Many interconnected hyphae form a thallus usually referred to as the mycelium , which -- when visible to the naked eye ( macroscopic ) -- is commonly called mold . During sexual reproduction , many Ascomycota typically produce large numbers of asci . The ascus is often contained in a multicellular , occasionally readily visible fruiting structure , the ascocarp ( also called an ascoma ) . Ascocarps come in a very large variety of shapes : cup - shaped , club - shaped , potato - like , spongy , seed - like , oozing and pimple - like , coral - like , nit - like , golf - ball - shaped , perforated tennis ball - like , cushion - shaped , plated and feathered in miniature ( Laboulbeniales ) , microscopic classic Greek shield - shaped , stalked or sessile . They can appear solitary or clustered . Their texture can likewise be very variable , including fleshy , like charcoal ( carbonaceous ) , leathery , rubbery , gelatinous , slimy , powdery , or cob - web - like . Ascocarps come in multiple colors such as red , orange , yellow , brown , black , or , more rarely , green or blue . Some ascomyceous fungi , such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae , grow as single - celled yeasts , which -- during sexual reproduction -- develop into an ascus , and do not form fruiting bodies . </P> The `` candlesnuff fungus '' in its asexual state , Xylaria hypoxylon <P> In lichenized species , the thallus of the fungus defines the shape of the symbiotic colony . Some dimorphic species , such as Candida albicans , can switch between growth as single cells and as filamentous , multicellular hyphae . Other species are pleomorphic , exhibiting asexual ( anamorphic ) as well as a sexual ( teleomorphic ) growth forms . </P> <P> Except for lichens , the non-reproductive ( vegetative ) mycelium of most ascomycetes is usually inconspicuous because it is commonly embedded in the substrate , such as soil , or grows on or inside a living host , and only the ascoma may be seen when fruiting . Pigmentation , such as melanin in hyphal walls , along with prolific growth on surfaces can result in visible mold colonies ; examples include Cladosporium species , which form black spots on bathroom caulking and other moist areas . Many ascomycetes cause food spoilage , and , therefore , the pellicles or moldy layers that develop on jams , juices , and other foods are the mycelia of these species or occasionally Mucoromycotina and almost never Basidiomycota . Sooty molds that develop on plants , especially in the tropics are the thalli of many species . </P> The ascocarp of a morel contains numerous apothecia . <P> Large masses of yeast cells , asci or ascus - like cells , or conidia can also form macroscopic structures . For example . Pneumocystis species can colonize lung cavities ( visible in x-rays ) , causing a form of pneumonia . Asci of Ascosphaera fill honey bee larvae and pupae causing mummification with a chalk - like appearance , hence the name `` chalkbrood '' . Yeasts for small colonies in vitro and in vivo , and excessive growth of Candida species in the mouth or vagina causes `` thrush '' , a form of candidiasis . </P> <P> The cell walls of the ascomycetes almost always contain chitin and β - glucans , and divisions within the hyphae , called `` septa '' , are the internal boundaries of individual cells ( or compartments ) . The cell wall and septa give stability and rigidity to the hyphae and may prevent loss of cytoplasm in case of local damage to cell wall and cell membrane . The septa commonly have a small opening in the center , which functions as a cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells , also sometimes allowing cell - to - cell movement of nuclei within a hypha . Vegetative hyphae of most ascomycetes contain only one nucleus per cell ( uninucleate hyphae ) , but multinucleate cells -- especially in the apical regions of growing hyphae -- can also be present . </P> <H2> Metabolism ( edit ) </H2> <P> In common with other fungal phyla , the Ascomycota are heterotrophic organisms that require organic compounds as energy sources . These are obtained by feeding on a variety of organic substrates including dead matter , foodstuffs , or as symbionts in or on other living organisms . To obtain these nutrients from their surroundings , ascomycetous fungi secrete powerful digestive enzymes that break down organic substances into smaller molecules , which are then taken up into the cell . Many species live on dead plant material such as leaves , twigs , or logs . Several species colonize plants , animals , or other fungi as parasites or mutualistic symbionts and derive all their metabolic energy in form of nutrients from the tissues of their hosts . </P> <P> Owing to their long evolutionary history , the Ascomycota have evolved the capacity to break down almost every organic substance . Unlike most organisms , they are able to use their own enzymes to digest plant biopolymers such as cellulose or lignin . Collagen , an abundant structural protein in animals , and keratin -- a protein that forms hair and nails -- , can also serve as food sources . Unusual examples include Aureobasidium pullulans , which feeds on wall paint , and the kerosene fungus Amorphotheca resinae , which feeds on aircraft fuel ( causing occasional problems for the airline industry ) , and may sometimes block fuel pipes . Other species can resist high osmotic stress and grow , for example , on salted fish , and a few ascomycetes are aquatic . </P> <P> The Ascomycota is characterized by a high degree of specialization ; for instance , certain species of Laboulbeniales attack only one particular leg of one particular insect species . Many Ascomycota engage in symbiotic relationships such as in lichens -- symbiotic associations with green algae or cyanobacteria -- in which the fungal symbiont directly obtains products of photosynthesis . In common with many basidiomycetes and Glomeromycota , some ascomycetes form symbioses with plants by colonizing the roots to form mycorrhizal associations . The Ascomycota also represents several carnivorous fungi , which have developed hyphal traps to capture small protists such as amoebae , as well as roundworms ( Nematoda ) , rotifers , tardigrades , and small arthropods such as springtails ( Collembola ) . </P> Hypomyces completus on culture medium <H2> Distribution and living environment ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Ascomycota are represented in all land ecosystems worldwide , occurring on all continents including Antarctica . Spores and hyphal fragments are dispersed through the atmosphere and freshwater environments , as well as ocean beaches and tidal zones . The distribution of species is variable ; while some are found on all continents , others , as for example the white truffle Tuber magnatum , only occur in isolated locations in Italy and Eastern Europe . The distribution of plant - parasitic species is often restricted by host distributions ; for example , Cyttaria is only found on Nothofagus ( Southern Beech ) in the Southern Hemisphere . </P> <H2> Reproduction ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Asexual reproduction ( edit ) </H3> <P> Asexual reproduction is the dominant form of propagation in the Ascomycota , and is responsible for the rapid spread of these fungi into new areas . It occurs through vegetative reproductive spores , the conidia . The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus and are products of mitotic cell divisions and thus are sometimes called mitospores , which are genetically identical to the mycelium from which they originate . They are typically formed at the ends of specialized hyphae , the conidiophores . Depending on the species they may be dispersed by wind or water , or by animals . </P> Asexual spores ( edit ) <P> Different types of asexual spores can be identified by colour , shape , and how they are released as individual spores . Spore types can be used as taxonomic characters in the classification within the Ascomycota . The most frequent types are the single - celled spores , which are designated amerospores . If the spore is divided into two by a cross-wall ( septum ) , it is called a didymospore . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Conidiospores of Trichoderma aggressivum , Diameter approx . 3μm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conidiophores of molds of the genus Aspergillus , conidiogenesis is blastic - phialidic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conidiophores of Trichoderma harzianum , conidiogenesis is blastic - phialidic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conidiophores of Trichoderma fertile with vase - shaped phialides and newly formed conidia on their ends ( bright points ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When there are two or more cross-walls , the classification depends on spore shape . If the septae are transversal , like the rungs of a ladder , it is a phragmospore , and if they possess a net - like structure it is a dictyospore . In staurospores ray - like arms radiate from a central body ; in others ( helicospores ) the entire spore is wound up in a spiral like a spring . Very long worm - like spores with a length - to - diameter ratio of more than 15 : 1 , are called scolecospores . </P> Conidiogenesis and dehiscence ( edit ) <P> Important characteristics of the anamorphs of the Ascomycota are conidiogenesis , which includes spore formation and dehiscence ( separation from the parent structure ) . Conidiogenesis corresponds to Embryology in animals and plants and can be divided into two fundamental forms of development : blastic conidiogenesis , where the spore is already evident before it separates from the conidiogenic hypha , and thallic conidiogenesis , during which a cross-wall forms and the newly created cell develops into a spore . The spores may or may not be generated in a large - scale specialized structure that helps to spread them . </P> <P> These two basic types can be further classified as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> blastic - acropetal ( repeated budding at the tip of the conidiogenic hypha , so that a chain of spores is formed with the youngest spores at the tip ) , </Li> <Li> blastic - synchronous ( simultaneous spore formation from a central cell , sometimes with secondary acropetal chains forming from the initial spores ) , </Li> <Li> blastic - sympodial ( repeated sideways spore formation from behind the leading spore , so that the oldest spore is at the main tip ) , </Li> <Li> blastic - annellidic ( each spore separates and leaves a ring - shaped scar inside the scar left by the previous spore ) , </Li> <Li> blastic - phialidic ( the spores arise and are ejected from the open ends of special conidiogenic cells called phialides , which remain constant in length ) , </Li> <Li> basauxic ( where a chain of conidia , in successively younger stages of development , is emitted from the mother cell ) , </Li> <Li> blastic - retrogressive ( spores separate by formation of crosswalls near the tip of the conidiogenic hypha , which thus becomes progressively shorter ) , </Li> <Li> thallic - arthric ( double cell walls split the conidiogenic hypha into cells that develop into short , cylindrical spores called arthroconidia ; sometimes every second cell dies off , leaving the arthroconidia free ) , </Li> <Li> thallic - solitary ( a large bulging cell separates from the conidiogenic hypha , forms internal walls , and develops to a phragmospore ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sometimes the conidia are produced in structures visible to the naked eye , which help to distribute the spores . These structures are called `` conidiomata '' ( singular : conidioma ) , and may take the form of pycnidia ( which are flask - shaped and arise in the fungal tissue ) or acervuli ( which are cushion - shaped and arise in host tissue ) . </P> <P> Dehiscence happens in two ways . In schizolytic dehiscence , a double - dividing wall with a central lamella ( layer ) forms between the cells ; the central layer then breaks down thereby releasing the spores . In rhexolytic dehiscence , the cell wall that joins the spores on the outside degenerates and releases the conidia . </P> <H3> Heterokaryosis and parasexuality ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several Ascomycota species are not known to have a sexual cycle . Such asexual species may be able to undergo genetic recombination between individuals by processes involving heterokaryosis and parasexual events . </P> <P> Parasexuality refers to the process of heterokaryosis , caused by merging of two hyphae belonging to different individuals , by a process called anastomosis , followed by a series of events resulting in genetically different cell nuclei in the mycelium . The merging of nuclei is not followed by meiotic events , such as gamete formation and results in an increased number of chromosomes per nuclei . Mitotic crossover may enable recombination , i.e. , an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes . The chromosome number may then be restored to its haploid state by nuclear division , with each daughter nuclei being genetically different from the original parent nuclei . Alternatively , nuclei may lose some chromosomes , resulting in aneuploid cells . Candida albicans ( class Saccharomycetes ) is an example of a fungus that has a parasexual cycle ( see Candida albicans and Parasexual cycle ) . </P> <H3> Sexual reproduction ( edit ) </H3> Ascus of Hypocrea virens with eight two - celled Ascospores <P> Sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota leads to the formation of the ascus , the structure that defines this fungal group and distinguishes it from other fungal phyla . The ascus is a tube - shaped vessel , a meiosporangium , which contains the sexual spores produced by meiosis and which are called ascospores . </P> <P> Apart from a few exceptions , such as Candida albicans , most ascomycetes are haploid , i.e. , they contain one set of chromosomes per nucleus . During sexual reproduction there is a diploid phase , which commonly is very short , and meiosis restores the haploid state . The sexual cycle of one well - studied representative species of Ascomycota is described in greater detail in Neurospora crassa . </P> Formation of sexual spores ( edit ) <P> The sexual part of the life cycle commences when two hyphal structures mate . In the case of homothallic species , mating is enabled between hyphae of the same fungal clone , whereas in heterothallic species , the two hyphae must originate from fungal clones that differ genetically , i.e. , those that are of a different mating type . Mating types are typical of the fungi and correspond roughly to the sexes in plants and animals ; however one species may have more than two mating types , resulting in sometimes complex vegetative incompatibility systems . The adaptive function of mating type is discussed in Neurospora crassa . </P> <P> Gametangia are sexual structures formed from hyphae , and are the generative cells . A very fine hypha , called trichogyne emerges from one gametangium , the ascogonium , and merges with a gametangium ( the antheridium ) of the other fungal isolate . The nuclei in the antheridium then migrate into the ascogonium , and plasmogamy -- the mixing of the cytoplasm -- occurs . Unlike in animals and plants , plasmogamy is not immediately followed by the merging of the nuclei ( called karyogamy ) . Instead , the nuclei from the two hyphae form pairs , initiating the dikaryophase of the sexual cycle , during which time the pairs of nuclei synchronously divide . Fusion of the paired nuclei leads to mixing of the genetic material and recombination and is followed by meiosis . A similar sexual cycle is present in the blue green algae ( Rhodophyta ) . A discarded hypothesis held that a second karyogamy event occurred in the ascogonium prior to ascogeny , resulting in a tetraploid nucleus which divided into four diploid nuclei by meiosis and then into eight haploid nuclei by a supposed process called brachymeiosis , but this hypothesis was disproven in the 1950s . </P> Unitunicate - inoperculate Asci of Hypomyces chrysospermus <P> From the fertilized ascogonium , dinucleate hyphae emerge in which each cell contains two nuclei . These hyphae are called ascogenous or fertile hyphae . They are supported by the vegetative mycelium containing uni -- ( or mono -- ) nucleate hyphae , which are sterile . The mycelium containing both sterile and fertile hyphae may grow into fruiting body , the ascocarp , which may contain millions of fertile hyphae . </P> <P> The sexual structures are formed in the fruiting layer of the ascocarp , the hymenium . At one end of ascogenous hyphae , characteristic U-shaped hooks develop , which curve back opposite to the growth direction of the hyphae . The two nuclei contained in the apical part of each hypha divide in such a way that the threads of their mitotic spindles run parallel , creating two pairs of genetically different nuclei . One daughter nucleus migrates close to the hook , while the other daughter nucleus locates to the basal part of the hypha . The formation of two parallel cross-walls then divides the hypha into three sections : one at the hook with one nucleus , one at the basal of the original hypha that contains one nucleus , and one that separates the U-shaped part , which contains the other two nuclei . </P> Diagram of an apothecium ( the typical cup - like reproductive structure of Ascomycetes ) showing sterile tissues as well as developing and mature asci . <P> Fusion of the nuclei ( karyogamy ) takes place in the U-shaped cells in the hymenium , and results in the formation of a diploid zygote . The zygote grows into the ascus , an elongated tube - shaped or cylinder - shaped capsule . Meiosis then gives rise to four haploid nuclei , usually followed by a further mitotic division that results in eight nuclei in each ascus . The nuclei along with some cytoplasma become enclosed within membranes and a cell wall to give rise to ascospores that are aligned inside the ascus like peas in a pod . ( For a general description of meiosis and its adaptive function see Meiosis and Bernstein and Bernstein ) . </P> <P> Upon opening of the ascus , ascospores may be dispersed by the wind , while in some cases the spores are forcibly ejected form the ascus ; certain species have evolved spore cannons , which can eject ascospores up to 30 cm . away . When the spores reach a suitable substrate , they germinate , form new hyphae , which restarts the fungal life cycle . </P> <P> The form of the ascus is important for classification and is divided into four basic types : unitunicate - operculate , unitunicate - inoperculate , bitunicate , or prototunicate . See the article on asci for further details . </P> <H2> Ecology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Ascomycota fulfil a central role in most land - based ecosystems . They are important decomposers , breaking down organic materials , such as dead leaves and animals , and helping the detritivores ( animals that feed on decomposing material ) to obtain their nutrients . Ascomycetes along with other fungi can break down large molecules such as cellulose or lignin , and thus have important roles in nutrient cycling such as the carbon cycle . </P> <P> The fruiting bodies of the Ascomycota provide food for many animals ranging from insects and slugs and snails ( Gastropoda ) to rodents and larger mammals such as deer and wild boars . </P> <P> Many ascomycetes also form symbiotic relationships with other organisms , including plants and animals . </P> <H3> Lichens ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Lichen <P> Probably since early in their evolutionary history , the Ascomycota have formed symbiotic associations with green algae ( Chlorophyta ) , and other types of algae and cyanobacteria . These mutualistic associations are commonly known as lichens , and can grow and persist in terrestrial regions of the earth that are inhospitable to other organisms and characterized by extremes in temperature and humidity , including the Arctic , the Antarctic , deserts , and mountaintops . While the photoautotrophic algal partner generates metabolic energy through photosynthesis , the fungus offers a stable , supportive matrix and protects cells from radiation and dehydration . Around 42 % of the Ascomycota ( about 18,000 species ) form lichens , and almost all the fungal partners of lichens belong to the Ascomycota . </P> <H3> Mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Members of the Ascomycota form two important types of relationship with plants : as mycorrhizal fungi and as endophytes . Mycorrhiza are symbiotic associations of fungi with the root systems of the plants , which can be of vital importance for growth and persistence for the plant . The fine mycelial network of the fungus enables the increased uptake of mineral salts that occur at low levels in the soil . In return , the plant provides the fungus with metabolic energy in the form of photosynthetic products . </P> <P> Endophytic fungi live inside plants , and those that form mutualistic or commensal associations with their host , do not damage their hosts . The exact nature of the relationship between endophytic fungus and host depends on the species involved , and in some cases fungal colonization of plants can bestow a higher resistance against insects , roundworms ( nematodes ) , and bacteria ; in the case of grass endophytes the fungal symbiont produces poisonous alkaloids , which can affect the health of plant - eating ( herbivorous ) mammals and deter or kill insect herbivores . </P> <H3> Symbiotic relationships with animals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several ascomycetes of the genus Xylaria colonize the nests of leafcutter ants and other fungus - growing ants of the tribe Attini , and the fungal gardens of termites ( Isoptera ) . Since they do not generate fruiting bodies until the insects have left the nests , it is suspected that , as confirmed in several cases of Basidiomycota species , they may be cultivated . </P> <P> Bark beetles ( family Scolytidae ) are important symbiotic partners of ascomycetes . The female beetles transport fungal spores to new hosts in characteristic tucks in their skin , the mycetangia . The beetle tunnels into the wood and into large chambers in which they lay their eggs . Spores released from the mycetangia germinate into hyphae , which can break down the wood . The beetle larvae then feed on the fungal mycelium , and , on reaching maturity , carry new spores with them to renew the cycle of infection . A well - known example of this is Dutch elm disease , caused by Ophiostoma ulmi , which is carried by the European elm bark beetle , Scolytus multistriatus . </P> <H2> Importance for humans ( edit ) </H2> Tree attacked by the Bluestain fungus , Ophiostoma minus <P> Ascomycetes make many contributions to the good of humanity , and also have many ill effects . </P> <H3> Harmful interactions ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of their most harmful roles is as the agent of many plant diseases . For instance : </P> <Ul> <Li> Dutch Elm Disease , caused by the closely related species Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo - ulmi , has led to the death of many elms in Europe and North America . </Li> </Ul> Claviceps purpurea on rye ( Secale cereale ) <Ul> <Li> The originally Asian Cryphonectria parasitica is responsible for attacking Sweet Chestnuts ( Castanea sativa ) , and virtually eliminated the once - widespread American Chestnut ( Castanea dentata ) , </Li> <Li> A disease of maize ( Zea mays ) , which is especially prevalent in North America , is brought about by Cochliobolus heterostrophus . </Li> <Li> Taphrina deformans causes leaf curl of peach . </Li> <Li> Uncinula necator is responsible for the disease powdery mildew , which attacks grapevines . </Li> <Li> Species of Monilinia cause brown rot of stone fruit such as peaches ( Prunus persica ) and sour cherries ( Prunus ceranus ) . </Li> <Li> Members of the Ascomycota such as Stachybotrys chartarum are responsible for fading of woollen textiles , which is a common problem especially in the tropics . </Li> <Li> Blue - green , red and brown molds attack and spoil foodstuffs - for instance Penicillium italicum rots oranges . </Li> <Li> Cereals infected with Fusarium graminearum contain mycotoxins like deoxynivalenol ( DON ) , which can lead to skin and mucous membrane lesions when eaten by pigs . </Li> <Li> Ergot ( Claviceps purpurea ) is a direct menace to humans when it attacks wheat or rye and produces highly poisonous and carcinogenic alkaloids , causing ergotism if consumed . Symptoms include hallucinations , stomach cramp , and a burning sensation in the limbs ( `` Saint Anthony 's Fire '' ) . </Li> <Li> Aspergillus flavus , which grows on peanuts and other hosts , generates aflatoxin , which damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic . </Li> <Li> Candida albicans , a yeast that attacks the mucous membranes , can cause an infection of the mouth or vagina called thrush or candidiasis , and is also blamed for `` yeast allergies '' . </Li> <Li> Fungi like Epidermophyton cause skin infections but are not very dangerous for people with healthy immune systems . However , if the immune system is damaged they can be life - threatening ; for instance , Pneumocystis jirovecii is responsible for severe lung infections that occur in AIDS patients . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Positive effects ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the other hand , ascus fungi have brought some important benefits to humanity . </P> <Ul> <Li> The most famous case may be that of the mould Penicillium chrysogenum ( formerly Penicillium notatum ) , which , probably to attack competing bacteria , produces an antibiotic that , under the name of penicillin , triggered a revolution in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in the 20th century . </Li> <Li> The medical importance of Tolypocladium niveum as an immunosuppressor can hardly be exaggerated . It excretes Ciclosporin , which , as well as being given during Organ transplantation to prevent rejection , is also prescribed for auto - immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis , although there is some doubt over the long - term side - effects of the treatment . </Li> </Ul> Stilton cheese veined with Penicillium roqueforti <Ul> <Li> Some ascomycete fungi can be altered relatively easily through genetic engineering procedures . They can then produce useful proteins such as insulin , human growth hormone , or TPa , which is employed to dissolve blood clots . </Li> <Li> Several species are common model organisms in biology , including Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Schizosaccharomyces pombe , and Neurospora crassa . The genomes of a number of ascomycete fungi have been fully sequenced . </Li> <Li> Baker 's Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) is used to make bread , beer and wine , during which process sugars such as glucose or sucrose are fermented to make ethanol and carbon dioxide . Bakers use the yeast for carbon dioxide production , causing the bread to rise , with the ethanol boiling off during cooking . Most vintners use it for ethanol production , with the carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere during fermentation . Brewers and traditional producers of sparkling wine use both , with a primary fermentation for the alcohol and a secondary one to produce the carbon dioxide bubbles that provide the drinks with `` sparkling '' texture in the case of wine and the desirable foam in the case of beer . </Li> <Li> Enzymes of Penicillium camemberti play a role in the manufacture of the cheeses Camembert and Brie , while those of Penicillium roqueforti do the same for Gorgonzola , Roquefort and Stilton . </Li> <Li> In Asia , Aspergillus oryzae is added to a pulp of soaked soya beans to make soy sauce , and is used to break down starch in rice and other grains into simple sugars for fermentation into East Asian alcoholic beverages such as huangjiu and sake . </Li> <Li> Finally , some members of the Ascomycota are choice edibles ; morels ( Morchella spp . ) , truffles ( Tuber spp . ) , and lobster mushroom ( Hypomyces lactifluorum ) are some of the most sought - after fungal delicacies . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Ascomycota families incertae sedis </Li> <Li> List of Ascomycota genera incertae sedis </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Cavalier - Smith , T. ( 1998 ) . `` A revised six - kingdom system of Life '' . Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . 73 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 266 . PMID 9809012 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185X. 1998. tb00030. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirk et al. , p. 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lutzoni F ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Assembling the fungal tree of life : progress , classification , and evolution of subcellular traits '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1446 -- 80 . PMID 21652303 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1446 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James TY ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six - gene phylogeny '' . Nature . 443 ( 7113 ) : 818 -- 22 . PMID 17051209 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05110 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexopoulos , Mims & Blackwell 1996 , p. 233 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexopoulos , Mims & Blackwell 1996 , pp. 218 -- 222 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krajicek BJ , Thomas CF Jr , Limper AH ( 2009 ) . `` Pneumocystis pneumonia : current concepts in pathogenesis , diagnosis , and treatment '' . Clinics in Chest Medicine . 30 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 89 . PMID 19375633 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccm. 2009.02. 005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James RR , Skinner JS ( 2005 ) . `` PCR diagnostic methods for Ascosphaera infections in bees '' . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 90 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 103 . PMID 16214164 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jip. 2005.08. 004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hendey , N.I. ( 1964 ) . `` Some observations on Cladosporium resinae as a fuel contaminant and its possible role in the corrosion of aluminium alloy fuel tanks '' . Transactions of the British Mycological Society . 47 ( 7 ) : 467 -- 475 . doi : 10.1016 / s0007 - 1536 ( 64 ) 80024 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laybourn - Parry J. , J ( 2009 ) . `` Microbiology . No place too cold '' . Science . 324 ( 5934 ) : 1521 -- 22 . PMID 19541982 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1173645 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mello A , Murat , Bonfante P ( 2006 ) . `` Truffles : much more than a prized and local fungal delicacy '' . FEMS Microbiology Letters. 260 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . PMID 16790011 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.2006. 00252. x . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See the Conidium article for full details . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deacon 2005 , pp. 164 -- 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deacon 2005 , pp. 167 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlile , Michael J. ( 2005 ) . `` Two influential mycologists : Helen Gwynne - Vaughan ( 1879 - 1967 ) and Lilian Hawker ( 1908 - 1991 ) '' . Mycologist. 19 ( 03 ) : 129 -- 131 . doi : 10.1017 / s0269915x05003058 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein H and Bernstein C ( 2013 ) . Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis . In Meiosis : Bernstein C and Bernstein H , editors . ISBN 978 - 953 - 51 - 1197 - 9 , InTech , http://www.intechopen.com/books/meiosis/evolutionary-origin-and-adaptive-function-of-meiosis </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulz B , Boyle C. , B ; Boyle , C ( 2005 ) . `` The endophytic continuum '' . Mycological Research . 109 ( 6 ) : 661 -- 86 . PMID 16080390 . doi : 10.1017 / S095375620500273X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moser , J.C. ; Konrad , H. ; Blomquist , S.R. ; Kirisits , T. ( 2010 ) . `` Do mites phoretic on elm bark beetles contribute to the transmission of Dutch elm disease ? '' . Naturwissenschaften. 97 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 227 . PMID 19967528 . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 009 - 0630 - x . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Cited texts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikispecies has information related to : Ascomycota </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Alexopoulos , C.J. ; Mims , C.W. ; Blackwell , M. ( 1996 ) . Introductory Mycology . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 52229 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Deacon , J. ( 2005 ) . Fungal Biology . Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3066 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jennings DH , Lysek G ( 1996 ) . Fungal Biology : Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle . Guildford , UK : Bios Scientific . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85996 - 150 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Kirk PM , Cannon PF , Minter DW , Stalpers JA ( 2008 ) . Dictionary of the Fungi ( 10th ed . ) . Wallingford : CABI . ISBN 0 - 85199 - 826 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Taylor EL , Taylor TN ( 1993 ) . The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 651589 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Eukaryota </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Domain </Dt> <Dd> Archaea </Dd> <Dd> Bacteria </Dd> <Dd> Eukaryota </Dd> <Dt> ( Supergroup </Dt> <Dd> Plant </Dd> <Dd> Hacrobia </Dd> <Dd> Heterokont </Dd> <Dd> Alveolata </Dd> <Dd> Rhizaria </Dd> <Dd> Excavata </Dd> <Dd> Amoebozoa </Dd> <Dd> Opisthokonta <Dl> <Dd> Animal </Dd> <Dd> Fungi ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Excavata </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Metamonad </Li> <Li> Malawimonadea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discoba </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Euglenozoa </Li> <Li> Jakobea </Li> <Li> Percolozoa </Li> <Li> Tsukubea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diaphoretickes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Archaeplastida </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Glaucophyta </Li> <Li> Rhodophyta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Viridiplantae or plantae sensu stricto </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chlorophyta </Li> <Li> Streptophyta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cryptista </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cryptophyceae </Li> <Li> Endohelea </Li> <Li> Goniomonadea </Li> <Li> Kathablepharidea </Li> <Li> Palpitea </Li> <Li> Picomonadea </Li> <Li> Telonemea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Haptista </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Centrohelea </Li> <Li> Pavlovophyceae </Li> <Li> Prymnesiophyceae </Li> <Li> Rappemonada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SAR </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rhizaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cercozoa </Li> <Li> Retaria <Ul> <Li> Acantharea </Li> <Li> Foraminifera </Li> <Li> Polycystinea </Li> <Li> Sticholonchea </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Halvaria </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Stramenopiles ( heterokonts ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bicosoecea </Li> <Li> Developayellales </Li> <Li> Hyphochytrea </Li> <Li> Ochrophyta </Li> <Li> Opalinata </Li> <Li> Opalomonadea </Li> <Li> Peronosporomycetes </Li> <Li> Pirsoniales </Li> <Li> Platysulca </Li> <Li> Sagenista </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alveolata </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acavomonadia </Li> <Li> Ciliates </Li> <Li> Colponemidia </Li> <Li> Myzozoa <Ul> <Li> Apicomonadea </Li> <Li> Apicomplexa </Li> <Li> Chromerida </Li> <Li> Dinoflagellata </Li> <Li> Perkinsozoa </Li> <Li> Protoalveolata </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Incertae sedis </Th> <Td> Kamera lens </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Podiata </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Varisulca </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diphyllatea </Li> <Li> Discocelida </Li> <Li> Glissodiscea </Li> <Li> Micronucleariida </Li> <Li> Rigifilida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amorphea </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Amoebozoa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conosa ( Archamoebae , Semiconosia ) </Li> <Li> Lobosa ( Cutosea , Discosea , Tubulinea ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Obazoa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Apusomonadida </Li> <Li> Breviatea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opisthokonta </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Holozoa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Choanoflagellates </Li> <Li> Corallochytrea </Li> <Li> Filasterea </Li> <Li> Mesomycetozoea </Li> <Li> Metazoa or Animals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Holomycota </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cristidiscoidea </Li> <Li> True fungi </Li> <Li> Opisthosporidia <Ul> <Li> Aphelida </Li> <Li> Cryptomycota </Li> <Li> Microsporidia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Incertae sedis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parakaryon myojinensis </Li> <Li> † Acritarcha </Li> <Li> † Charnia </Li> <Li> † Gakarusia </Li> <Li> † Galaxiopsis </Li> <Li> † Grypania </Li> <Li> † Leptoteichos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Major kingdoms are underlined . See also : protist . Sources and alternative views : Wikispecies . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Opisthokont : True fungi classification , fungal orders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Domain </Dt> <Dd> Archaea </Dd> <Dd> Bacteria </Dd> <Dd> Eukaryota </Dd> <Dt> ( Supergroup </Dt> <Dd> Plant </Dd> <Dd> Hacrobia </Dd> <Dd> Heterokont </Dd> <Dd> Alveolata </Dd> <Dd> Rhizaria </Dd> <Dd> Excavata </Dd> <Dd> Amoebozoa </Dd> <Dd> Opisthokonta <Dl> <Dd> Animal </Dd> <Dd> Fungi ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dikarya </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ascomycota ( sac fungi ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pezizomycotina </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Leotiomyceta </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dothideomyceta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coniocybomycetes </Li> <Li> Lichinomycetes </Li> <Li> Arthoniomycetes </Li> <Li> Dothideomycetes </Li> <Li> Eurotiomycetes </Li> <Li> Lecanoromycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sordariomyceta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xylonomycetes </Li> <Li> Geoglossomycetes </Li> <Li> Leotiomycetes </Li> <Li> Laboulbeniomycetes </Li> <Li> Sordariomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Orbiliomycetes </Li> <Li> Pezizomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saccharomycotina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saccharomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taphrinomycotina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Archaeorhizomycetes </Li> <Li> Neolectomycetes </Li> <Li> Pneumocystidomycetes </Li> <Li> Schizosaccharomycetes </Li> <Li> Taphrinomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basidiomycota ( with basidia ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pucciniomycotina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tritirachiomycetes </Li> <Li> Mixiomycetes </Li> <Li> Agaricostilbomycetes </Li> <Li> Cystobasidiomycetes </Li> <Li> Microbotryomycetes </Li> <Li> Classiculomycetes </Li> <Li> Cryptomycocolacomycetes </Li> <Li> Atractiellomycetes </Li> <Li> Pucciniomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ustilaginomycotina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monilielliomycetes </Li> <Li> Malasseziomycetes </Li> <Li> Ustilaginomycetes </Li> <Li> Exobasidiomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agaricomycotina </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hymenomycete </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dacrymycetales </Li> <Li> Agaricomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wallemiomycetes </Li> <Li> Bartheletiomycetes </Li> <Li> Tremellomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Entorrhizomycota </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Entorrhizomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glomeromycota </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glomeromycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zygomycota ( paraphyletic ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mucoromycotina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mortierellomycetes </Li> <Li> Mucoromycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kickxellomycotina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zoopagomycetes </Li> <Li> Kickxellomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Entomophthoromycotina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neozygitomycetes </Li> <Li> Basidiobolomycetes </Li> <Li> Entomophthoromycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zoosporic fungi ( paraphyletic ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Olpidiomycota </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Olpidiomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blastocladiomycota </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blastocladiomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chytridiomycota </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neocallimastigomycetes </Li> <Li> Hyaloraphidiomycetes </Li> <Li> Monoblepharidomycetes </Li> <Li> Chytridiomycetes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Fungal phyla are underlined . See also : fungi imperfecti ( polyphyletic group ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Taxon identifiers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wd : Q174726 </Li> <Li> EoL : 5577 </Li> <Li> Index Fungorum : 90031 </Li> <Li> ITIS : 610624 </Li> <Li> MycoBank : 90031 </Li> <Li> NCBI : 4890 </Li> <Li> WoRMS : 21891 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascomycota&oldid=801252107 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ascomycota </Li> <Li> Fungus phyla </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with ' species ' microformats </Li> <Li> Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikispecies </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Runa Simi </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Walon </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 16 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 12,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 178
},
{
"start_token": 13,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 18
},
{
"start_token": 22,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 28
},
{
"start_token": 28,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 34
},
{
"start_token": 34,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 43
},
{
"start_token": 43,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 52
},
{
"start_token": 52,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 71
},
{
"start_token": 71,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 78
},
{
"start_token": 78,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 177
},
{
"start_token": 80,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 175
},
{
"start_token": 81,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 146
},
{
"start_token": 83,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 145
},
{
"start_token": 123,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 144
},
{
"start_token": 128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 143
},
{
"start_token": 129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 142
},
{
"start_token": 130,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 141
},
{
"start_token": 146,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 154
},
{
"start_token": 148,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 153
},
{
"start_token": 154,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 174
},
{
"start_token": 156,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 173
},
{
"start_token": 178,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 346
},
{
"start_token": 346,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 539
},
{
"start_token": 708,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 745
},
{
"start_token": 745,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 750
},
{
"start_token": 750,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 820
},
{
"start_token": 820,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 827
},
{
"start_token": 827,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 950
},
{
"start_token": 950,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1034
},
{
"start_token": 1034,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1083
},
{
"start_token": 1083,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1214
},
{
"start_token": 1214,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1220
},
{
"start_token": 1220,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1287
},
{
"start_token": 1287,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1384
},
{
"start_token": 1384,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1390
},
{
"start_token": 1390,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1409
},
{
"start_token": 1409,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1422
},
{
"start_token": 1422,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1457
},
{
"start_token": 1457,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1498
},
{
"start_token": 1498,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1516
},
{
"start_token": 1516,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1543
},
{
"start_token": 1543,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1567
},
{
"start_token": 1567,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1587
},
{
"start_token": 1587,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1626
},
{
"start_token": 1626,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1648
},
{
"start_token": 1648,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1689
},
{
"start_token": 1689,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1720
},
{
"start_token": 1720,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1753
},
{
"start_token": 1753,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1833
},
{
"start_token": 1842,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1854
},
{
"start_token": 1854,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2057
},
{
"start_token": 1855,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1945
},
{
"start_token": 1945,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1995
},
{
"start_token": 1995,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2056
},
{
"start_token": 2065,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2199
},
{
"start_token": 2199,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2326
},
{
"start_token": 2326,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2420
},
{
"start_token": 2450,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2717
},
{
"start_token": 2729,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2792
},
{
"start_token": 2792,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2938
},
{
"start_token": 2947,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3047
},
{
"start_token": 3047,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3187
},
{
"start_token": 3193,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3322
},
{
"start_token": 3322,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3460
},
{
"start_token": 3460,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3587
},
{
"start_token": 3601,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3711
},
{
"start_token": 3724,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3825
},
{
"start_token": 3830,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3905
},
{
"start_token": 3905,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3975
},
{
"start_token": 3906,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3919
},
{
"start_token": 3919,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3936
},
{
"start_token": 3936,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3950
},
{
"start_token": 3950,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3974
},
{
"start_token": 3975,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4079
},
{
"start_token": 4085,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4188
},
{
"start_token": 4188,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4201
},
{
"start_token": 4201,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4463
},
{
"start_token": 4202,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4235
},
{
"start_token": 4235,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4261
},
{
"start_token": 4261,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4289
},
{
"start_token": 4289,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4315
},
{
"start_token": 4315,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4345
},
{
"start_token": 4345,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4370
},
{
"start_token": 4370,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4397
},
{
"start_token": 4397,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4435
},
{
"start_token": 4435,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4462
},
{
"start_token": 4463,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4533
},
{
"start_token": 4533,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4593
},
{
"start_token": 4601,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4635
},
{
"start_token": 4635,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4788
},
{
"start_token": 4805,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4861
},
{
"start_token": 4861,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4933
},
{
"start_token": 4940,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5051
},
{
"start_token": 5051,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5257
},
{
"start_token": 5264,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5338
},
{
"start_token": 5338,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5487
},
{
"start_token": 5513,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5635
},
{
"start_token": 5635,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5704
},
{
"start_token": 5704,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5745
},
{
"start_token": 5751,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5830
},
{
"start_token": 5830,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5865
},
{
"start_token": 5865,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5882
},
{
"start_token": 5892,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6024
},
{
"start_token": 6033,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6124
},
{
"start_token": 6124,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6224
},
{
"start_token": 6233,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6302
},
{
"start_token": 6302,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6427
},
{
"start_token": 6444,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6463
},
{
"start_token": 6470,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6490
},
{
"start_token": 6490,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6526
},
{
"start_token": 6491,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6525
},
{
"start_token": 6534,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6894
},
{
"start_token": 6535,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6567
},
{
"start_token": 6567,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6593
},
{
"start_token": 6593,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6603
},
{
"start_token": 6603,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6619
},
{
"start_token": 6619,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6645
},
{
"start_token": 6645,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6673
},
{
"start_token": 6673,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6695
},
{
"start_token": 6695,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6724
},
{
"start_token": 6724,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6779
},
{
"start_token": 6779,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6804
},
{
"start_token": 6804,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6841
},
{
"start_token": 6841,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6893
},
{
"start_token": 6901,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6918
},
{
"start_token": 6918,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7038
},
{
"start_token": 6919,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6973
},
{
"start_token": 6973,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7037
},
{
"start_token": 7044,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7380
},
{
"start_token": 7045,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7085
},
{
"start_token": 7085,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7120
},
{
"start_token": 7120,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7251
},
{
"start_token": 7251,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7285
},
{
"start_token": 7285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7334
},
{
"start_token": 7334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7379
}
] | the asexual spores produced by members of the phylum ascomycota are called | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 3724,
"candidate_index": 65,
"end_token": 3825
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 3759,
"end_token": 3760
}
],
"annotation_id": 11929366671769448000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ascomycota&oldid=801252107 | 8,117,187,113,863,646,000 |
Spawn ( Comics ) - Wikipedia <H1> Spawn ( Comics ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Spawn </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Image Comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Spawn # 1 ( May 1992 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Todd McFarlane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alter ego </Th> <Td> Albert Francis `` Al '' Simmons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Hellspawn Human ( formerly ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team affiliations </Th> <Td> CIA United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable aliases </Th> <Td> The One , Hellspawn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abilities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superhuman strength , speed , agility and endurance </Li> <Li> Immortality ( to an extent , powers drain when used and full drainage of powers equals death ) </Li> <Li> Healing factor </Li> <Li> Highly skilled tactician , martial artist , swordsman , marksman , athlete and acrobat </Li> <Li> Teleportation </Li> <Li> Shapeshifting </Li> <Li> Necroplasmic energy blasts </Li> <Li> Resurrection </Li> <Li> Multiple demonic powers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Spawn is a fictional character , an antihero that appears in a monthly comic book of the same name published by Image Comics . Created by Todd McFarlane , the character first appeared in Spawn # 1 ( May 1992 ) . Spawn was ranked 60th on Wizard magazine 's list of the Top 200 Comic Book Characters of All Time , 50th on Empire magazine 's list of The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters and 36th on IGN 's 2011 Top 100 Comic Book Heroes . </P> <P> The series has spun off several other comics , including Angela , Curse of the Spawn , Sam & Twitch , and the Japanese manga Shadows of Spawn . Spawn was adapted into a 1997 feature film and portrayed by Michael Jai White , an HBO animated series lasting from 1997 until 1999 , and a series of action figures whose high level of detail made McFarlane Toys known in the toy industry . The character also appears in annual compilations , mini-series specials written by guest authors and artists , and numerous cross-over story - lines in other comic books . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Publication history </Li> <Li> 2 Fictional character biography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2.2 Early history of Spawn <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 First metamorphosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 War of Heaven and Hell <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Battle for life </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 King of Hell </Li> <Li> 2.3. 3 Spawn in Armageddon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Back in the mortal world <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 New clown </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Spawn at his prime <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Morana </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Endgame </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Characters </Li> <Li> 4 Spin - offs and crossovers </Li> <Li> 5 Legal disputes <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Dispute with Neil Gaiman </Li> <Li> 5.2 Tony Twist suit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Creative teams </Li> <Li> 7 Collected editions <Ul> <Li> 7.1 US releases <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Spawn Collection </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Spawn Compendium </Li> <Li> 7.1. 3 Spawn Origins Collection </Li> <Li> 7.1. 4 Deluxe Edition </Li> <Li> 7.1. 5 Hardcover Edition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 UK releases </Li> <Li> 7.3 South African releases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Related collected editions <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Spin - off trade paperback collections </Li> <Li> 8.2 One - shot editions </Li> <Li> 8.3 Spin - off hardcover collection <Ul> <Li> 8.3. 1 Curse of the Spawn </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 In other media <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Television </Li> <Li> 9.2 Film </Li> <Li> 9.3 Video games </Li> <Li> 9.4 Merchandising </Li> <Li> 9.5 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Publication history </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Spawn enjoyed considerable popularity upon its initial release in the 1990s . Comic book collecting was enjoying a marked upswing at the time , fueled by the speculator boom looking for the next hot book that would jump in value after its release . McFarlane had enjoyed superstar status among comic fans with his work on Spider - Man , which had featured McFarlane 's name prominently as both writer and artist . McFarlane 's subsequent break with Marvel and the formation of Image Comics was seen by many as a sea - change event , changing the very way in which comics were produced . Wizard , on May 2008 , rated `` The Launch of Image Comics '' as No. 1 in the list of events that rocked the Comic Industry from 1991 to 2008 . </P> <P> The first issue of Spawn was very popular with sales of 1.7 million copies . During Spawn 's second year of publication , Wizard noted that `` The top dog at Image is undoubtedly Todd McFarlane 's Spawn , which , without the added marketing push of fancy covers , polybagged issues , or card inserts has become the best - selling comic on a consistent basis that is currently being published . '' Sales slumped around the time of Spawn # 25 , but by Spawn # 45 it was again a consistently strong seller . </P> <P> The popularity of the franchise peaked with the 1997 Spawn feature film , the pre-release publicity for which helped make Spawn the top selling comic book for May 1997 ; in addition , the spin - off Curse of the Spawn # 9 came in at fifth best - selling for the same month . However , the film was only a mild commercial success and failed to start a film franchise based on the character . A 2008 issue , Spawn # 174 , ranked 99th best - selling comic of the month with retail orders of 22,667 . In October 2008 , issue # 185 , which marked both a new creative direction and Todd McFarlane 's return to the book , sold out at the distribution level and received a second printing . By issue # 191 in May 2009 , with estimated sales of 19,803 copies , Spawn had dropped below Top 100 titles sold monthly to comic shops as reported by Diamond Comic Distributors . As of August 2010 Spawn no longer was ranked in the top 300 sales figures chart reported by Diamond Comic Distributors . On the day of its release in 2011 , issue # 200 sold out . This issue featured work by Greg Capullo , David Finch , Michael Golden , Jim Lee , Rob Liefeld , Marc Silvestri , Danny Miki , and Ashley Wood . A second printing was released the next month . Despite its remarkable sales , it received a negative review from IGN . </P> <H2> Fictional character Biography </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Origin </H3> <P> Albert Francis `` Al '' Simmons ( Lt. Colonel , USMC - Ret . ) , born in Detroit Michigan , was a highly trained Force Recon Marine who was at his most successful point when he saved the President from an attempted assassination . He was promoted to a high level and recruited to a highly classified unit within the CIA devoted to black ops . Once there , he began to question the morality of what his agency was doing . </P> <P> Jason Wynn hired Bruce Stinson ( codenamed Chapel ) , Simmons ' friend and partner , to kill him . In a blazing inferno , Simmons was killed and his soul sent to Hell , because he had knowingly killed innocents while working for the CIA . </P> <P> Simmons made a deal with an evil being known as Malebolgia : in exchange for his soul , he would get to see once again his wife , Wanda . However , when Simmons returned to the human world , five years had passed , and he had been transformed into a demonic creature with little memory of his former life . After regaining his memories , he sought out his wife , only to find she had moved on and married his best friend , Terry Fitzgerald , and that they now had a daughter named Cyan . </P> <P> After this event , the Violator appeared , and revealed to Simmons the purpose of his resurrection . They fought , but the battle was interrupted by Malebolgia . </P> <H3> Early history of Spawn </H3> <P> In his early battles Spawn faced street thugs and gangs , becoming a dark and brutal antihero , culminating in his brutal murder of a pedophile and child murderer named Billy Kincaid . As a result , he gained the attention of the detective duo of Sam Burke and Twitch Williams . It is around this time that Spawn becomes `` King of Rat City '' , a gathering of alleys where bums and the homeless live . There he meets the bum Cogliostro , who seems to know much more about Spawn than he first lets on , and becomes his mentor . </P> <P> He would also be hunted by the warrior angel , Angela , who hunted Hellspawns for sport , and would soon battle the cyborg mob enforcer Overt - Kill . This confrontation almost killed Spawn , but he was able to emerge victorious . He was again hunted by Angela and would fight the angelic warrior called the Anti-Spawn a.k.a. the Redeemer who was in fact Jason Wynn . </P> First metamorphosis <P> After a confrontation with the Redeemer , Spawn 's suit mutated and became more advanced . Its new cape and chains were able to shape shift into different things to confuse his opponents . The cape now looked slightly ripped , and the costume had lost its red glow , having evolved to what is now black and white . Spawn 's boots and gloves had also changed , having been replaced with spikes . Spawn used his new equipment to slash off the Redeemer 's hand and defeat him . Spawn thought that the battle was over until he met someone more powerful than The Redeemer known as the Freak . Spawn fought with the Freak but was caught unaware by The Freak 's ability to create nightmares , which he did to torture Spawn with his past . During the battle , a creature appearing to have the original appearance of Spawn fights other beings and creatures and knocks out Spawn . When Spawn awakens the creature tells him that ever since the metamorphosis the suit will feed off of souls . Spawn later finds himself in New York City . He would fight with The Curse , meet Harry Houdini who taught him about magic , and also meet Batman . </P> <P> After this , Tony Twist sends a reprogrammed Overt - Kill after Terry , blaming him for the recent attacks on the mob , and Spawn is forced to reveal his identity while saving his friend . However it is a well - placed shot from Twitch Williams that brings down Overt - Kill . He would later bring back his friend Bobby after he was killed in another fight with Chapel . Spawn would be a part of Angela 's trial and later traveled to the South and had an encounter with the KKK and an abusive father of two boys . When he returned to New York he was attacked by a new Redeemer . This caused his costume to evolve and defeat the Redeemer with its new - found power . After another encounter with the Curse , the suit began to go wild , and , after saving Terry from cancer , sent him to Hell , but Malebolgia sent him back with full control of the suit . </P> <P> Spawn wears a living symbiotic costume , Leetha of the 7th House of K ( also known as K7 - Leetha ) . While wearing it , the host assumes a dominant role over his suit . His shroud , spikes , chains , and skulls are all part of an organism bonded to his central nervous system that will protect Spawn even if he is unconscious . </P> <H3> War of Heaven and Hell </H3> Battle for life <P> As Spawn struggled to find a way to get rid of Hell 's control and regain control , he noticed that the attacks were coming from both Heaven and Hell . Due to increasing attacks , Spawn began to lose himself to evil . However thanks to the arrival of the Heap , an emissary of the Greenworld , he was able to regain his goal . Greenworld is a dimension whose power was equal to both Heaven and Hell 's , which Spawn had never faced before . They gave new powers to Spawn so he could better understand the world and its people , which allowed him to overcome the worst from both Heaven and Hell . Though these powers were not really known they seem to give control of all the elements around the world . </P> <P> It was around this time that Spawn battled the powerful god Urizen . Spawn once stopped a cult from summoning Urizen , but this time he had been summoned by two gate opener demons named Ab and Zab . Urizen was causing massive destruction to the world and after losing a battle to him , Spawn came back and used his new abilities to use the Earth itself to swallow Urizen and imprison him . </P> <P> It was explained that the Greenworld had no interest in the war of Heaven and Hell , but was getting frustrated with the destruction that it brought . This caused earth `` pain '' , and later Spawn became aware of it . Spawn did not change his powers though , but rather , `` listened '' to the earth , until being attacked by Urizen . After recovering , Spawn learns that the Greenworld had imbued him with a gift -- which he uses to contain Urizen by splitting the ground and imprisoning him inside the earth . </P> <P> After his battle , Spawn learned that Malebolgia had caused Urizen 's release in an attempt to start Armageddon and conquer the forces of Heaven . Spawn and Angela then journeyed to Hell to stop him . During battle , Angela managed to mortally wound Malebolgia , but gets killed by him in retaliation . Consumed with anger , Spawn takes Malebolgia 's head . </P> King of Hell <P> Upon killing Malebolgia , Spawn learns that Hell 's throne is rightfully his , offered to him by the demon Mammon . Though he refuses the offer , Spawn eventually deliberates with his teacher Cog and decides to turn Hell into a new paradise . During this act , Cog reveals that he is in reality the biblical Cain who was the first person to go to hell , having murdered his own brother in envy . His true goal had always been to take over Hell and use a Hellspawn to do it . Having betrayed Spawn , Cog took the throne for himself , but gave his former student his human form back , a parting gift . </P> <P> After returning he meets a young Wiccan named Nyx . With her help he regains his suit , though he remains weaker than before due to still having a human form . However , Mammon tricks and betrays Nyx and usurps her control over Spawn 's union with his suit , removing all of Spawn 's past memories in the process . With no memory , Spawn wanders the Earth , and during this time releases a group of angels who are called the Forgotten and take no sides in the war between Heaven and Hell . He discovers that Mammon is a member of the Fallen who was sent to Hell . </P> Spawn in Armageddon <P> Spawn regains his memories thanks to the power of the Greenworld . His suit also evolves once more and now it seems one with his body but as time progresses , he begins to hate himself . Both Heaven and Hell have rejected him and now he sits in the back alleys , the city streets , sitting upon a stage prop in an abandoned warehouse as maggots and other horrible insects crawl inside his body . Nesting inside the empty shell that he has become where is he to go ? His first thought is to return to the Dead Zone however that land is Heaven 's territory and a Hellspawn is not welcomed . Immediately , upon entering Spawn is confronted by the Disciple who promptly greets Spawn by tearing his brain out and throwing his heart into the Greenworld whilst Spawn 's body is thrown to Hell . Spawn is then captured and tortured by Mammon so he can understand the secrets inside him . </P> <P> When Spawn 's heart fell to the Green World , a soul was freed , as all the souls that died within the hour Al died went into the Spawn suit ( thus why Malebolgia could not control Spawn ) . Chris meets with his mother once more as the Man of Miracles instructed him and then he travels to hell along with Sam Burke and Twitch Williams to rescue Spawn from Mammon . Spawn escapes and when he returns to earth , Signs of Armageddon begin to appear and Spawn begins looking for a way to stop it . Spawn discovers that Wanda 's twin children are responsible and he stops them from killing their entire family , but is unable to destroy them . Zera reveals that Jake is God and Katie is Satan . </P> <P> Spawn finds out that the Mother removed them of their powers and positions and sent them to Earth due to their hatred of each other and constant fighting . She tells him he can not stop Armageddon , but he has the potential to be elevated to the power of a God and preserve the human race . </P> <P> He has to eat a piece of Forbidden Fruit from the Garden of Eden to gain such power . She tells Spawn he must prove himself first and has to fight against The Disciple . It is revealed that there are twelve disciples , each one representing one of Jesus ' . His power is also weakened as a demon is never to enter the Garden and it has taken the form of a counter starting at 9 : 9 : 9 : 9 . However , with guidance from Cyan he defeats all the Disciples except for the last , Judas , who Cyan tells him not to kill . He then stabs him in the heart , but the Mother gives Spawn a piece of the fruit and resurrects him . He gains a more angelic form and greater power . </P> <P> He returns to Earth finding it destroyed by the Four Horsemen and all the humans dead and Angels and Demons in their place waiting to fight in the final battle . After defeating Zera he finds dead warriors of Heaven and one of them is Granny Blake having been betrayed by her faith . Spawn then battles the forces of Satan and God . He uses all the power given to him by the Mother to destroy the forces of Heaven and Hell and even all humanity . He has stopped Armageddon by taking away their armies ; he is then killed by the two who then fight alone on Earth . </P> <P> However , Spawn comes back and by opening himself to the power of the Mother , resurrects everyone with the knowledge of what happened . He left God and Satan to fight in their own little world and closed the doors to Heaven , Hell and Earth . He asked to be turned into a human again by the Mother , but later asked to once again become a Hellspawn . </P> <H3> Back in the mortal world </H3> New Clown <P> After a series of odd murders Spawn finds that the Clown has come back possessing the body of man named Barney Saunders . It was revealed that Saunders was having an affair with a woman named Wilma Barbara and got trapped in a garbage chute when he was trying to hide from her husband . He was there for sometime until Spawn destroyed and remade the world . He was rescued by Clown so he could use his body for himself . He then brought out the dark urges inside the tenants of an apartment building and used this to form a doorway to Hell to bring back his brothers . However , before he could form a portal Wilma showed up and his love for her allowed Saunders to take back control . He then intended to close the portal by going through it , but he took Wilma with him due to being angry over her leaving him in the chute . </P> <P> Zera reappeared only her head survived and she was suspended in a jar . Spawn was summoned by a Voodoo priestess named Mambo Suzanne . Zera was attempting to take over Nyx 's body and fight Spawn , but she was killed when Suzanne used their fighting as a distraction and threw her head into the streets where it was eaten by demon dogs . Nyx was freed and her and Spawn became friends again . </P> <P> Ab and Zab create a hell where visitors are forced to view their deepest fears due to demons called sin eaters they feed on guilt from the visitors then making them face the evil that they had ever done . A woman who was in the house both had delusions of their fear caused by the sin eaters . They fed on the guilt giving them more power when Spawn confronted Ab and Zab he was faced with his own sin against Wanda and his unborn child . Spawn was unable to break free from the guilt and was slowly fed on by a sin eater . When Nyx interfered he was able to break a sin eater illusion . Nyx realized that he was getting more powerful . Spawn breaks all the others illusions then he comes across one who learned is Albert Simmons brother , Richard who was going through his worst sin Spawn who was still not yet recovering from all those memories as Albert Simmons . </P> <P> Spawn decides to allow Richard to feel his sins . It is realized that it was Mammon ( as Mr. Malefick ) that put an influence on Albert Simmons and taught Albert Simmons to torture and murder small animals , attempting to make him become a servant who would feel no pity in taking a being 's life . Malefick had also influenced Richard Simmons to take drugs and introduced him to the drug dealer Weasel . It was only Marc Simmons who was able to save himself from Mammon but was unable to help the others . Richard Simmons ' delusion of his past climaxed with him stabbing and injuring Weasel with a knife that was given by Mammon while intoxicated with drugs . Richard calls his brothers to help him save the drug dealer 's life and Albert Simmons , not wanting his brothers getting in the crime decides instead of calling an ambulance and pulls the knife from Weasel 's body and kills him with it . Mammon appears sending the brothers home while he hides the drug dealer 's body . </P> <P> Nyx and Spawn then kill the last sin eater and Spawn discovers that Richard can not remember his parents due to a spell placed by Mammon and Spawn goes to find out about them . He finds their home under a spell placed by Mammon keeping them there for years . His mother is not shocked by his form , but his father is . It was revealed his mother planned with Mammon to create a hellspawn stronger than the others , but his father was grief - stricken that he could n't stop her . He is then given a journal by his father that his mother prevented him from seeing . It revealed that his ancestor came across a hellspawn in the past known as the Gunslinger Spawn . The Tale of Two Brothers </P> <H3> Spawn at his prime </H3> <P> The comic series during the continuation from the last issue Spawn was left helpless and at a little weakened against his enemy Erskine 's psychic powers , and although Spawn had psychic powers of his own he was in trouble due to Erskine 's creation of a tentacle creature that had the ability of impaling his enemies . This creature also showed the features of Mammon that was coaxing . Nyx had come out of nowhere to stab the creature with a sword , but not killing the creature just stunning it to get its attention , but it was a mistake by Nyx only making herself the creatures target . Next she uses her telepathic powers to contact Marc Simmons , asking him to shoot Erskine . Erskine retaliates and ceases Marc 's attack and accidentally grabbed the trigger of Marc 's special gun causing the creature to disappear , while Spawn and Nyx go to the hospital where Erskine is . </P> <P> Spawn is given an opportunity of whether or not whether he should cause Erskine 's death . Which threatens Spawn to enter the bubble dome , a dimension if Erskine does not reveal the location of Mammon , who Spawn believed was causing the attacks . Mammon then appears only to complicate the situation and make things worse by allowing Erskine to complete his last murder , by using a devastating psychic projection of a strange woman to attack the last victim . After all that had happened Mammon confesses that it was him who taught Erskine how to use his powers . Which been shown in his recent killing . Erskine tries to commit suicide leaving behind his possessions of the doctor who he was taken care by after he was brought to the hospital . Spawn continues to attack Mammon , and ask what Mammon wanted from him . Mammon tells him that he was a special being with great divine powers . </P> <P> Later a man wakes in a mortuary with no memory of who he is . Soon some doctors working on him discover he is alive and panic only to be killed by someone in a robe . The person was previously seen with Mammon and is revealed to be Morana . Severin is the man 's name and he finds that he is one of the first species of vampires called the Vrykolakas . However he wants to die and Morana promises him death in return for his help . While Marc , Nyx and Spawn talk Severin appears defeats Marc and Nyx and bites Spawn to transfer his vampirism . He retreats back to Morana hoping for death , but is cursed to have to go over his last few moments repeatedly for all time . </P> <P> It is revealed Cyan has been experiencing horrid visions mostly of her mother covered in blood and even Spawn 's current torment . Severin 's attack has caused Spawn to battle the suit in his mind . It tells him it was always in control not Al . It tells him of its anger of relinquishing his godlike powers and that Wanda had been having affairs before his death . The two fight in Spawn 's mind him in his human form as the suit tells him Wanda never wanted his child soon Al gives in and gets up . Meanwhile , Mammon with Morana and his adopted mother and father Lucian and Daciana as they prepare for the next step in their plans . Cyan is having more visions that cause her to be scared of Spawn and after seeing her door in blood she opens it to find Spawn asking if he 's going to kill her mom . Luckily Granny had warned Cyan and she used a knife with the old shoe lace she got from Spawn to send Spawn into an illusionary world to talk to Wanda non-violently . </P> Morana <P> There , he speaks with Wanda while they ride on a boat in a lake . He says he wanted to move on but ca n't . Wanda wonders if he could go if she forgave him . She says she can not forgive Al for the death of their child , but that she still loves the man inside him . Spawn tries to take out Cyan 's knife , but only pulls out his wedding ring and somehow suppresses the suit . Soon , Cyan and Nyx show up , and they get to the shore only for K7 - Leetha to appear and take over Nyx . It says it has been working with Mammon from the start to build Spawn and in return would get to live on freely on earth . Now controlled by the K7 , Nyx tries to kill Cyan and Wanda , but is halted by Mammon , who promises even more power if K7 still obeys his wishes . The entire group goes to a castle , where Mammon says his plan to make a perfect Hellspawn . He wanted the Rapture to occur so that Satan , God and Malebolgia would be gone , and then revealed his perfect Hellspawn was Al and Wanda 's miscarried child : Morana . He chose those two due to the fact that both their families have been filled with Spawns ' from previous times . </P> <P> After washing herself in virgin 's blood , Morana is now fully mature . She bonds with the uniform and gets ready to consume her parents ' souls . With none of the most powerful magic being usable , Cyan taps into her powers and goes to the future . She talks with an old woman who gives her a message for Al . Returning , she has Spawn summon the last twelve ( but most powerful ) members of the Legion . They are beaten by Morana one by one . Mammon insults Al , and in turn , he disowns Morana , enraging her , which gives Cyan the chance to tell Nyx a spell to trap Mammon and Morana . It works , both demons are sealed away , and the others return home , save Al , who jumped into another dimension to be reborn as a weapon against both heaven and hell . </P> Endgame <P> Spawn passes Vickie through that reality and is soon ready to enter the human dimension . He makes his way to a certain point in the alleys ( probably the spot he first returned from hell ) and then blows off his head . Meanwhile , a man under the named Jim Downing , who is without his memories and is healing ( unusually fast ) at a hospital , wakes up . He seems to know Spawn , as he was thinking about him before his awakening . A janitor tries to make money off Jim 's story and calls a lawyer . The lawyer then calls someone else and tells the janitor not to go to the papers , after which the lawyer commits suicide . Soon , a thug is paid to capture Jim . While he is talking to a nurse who prayed for his recovery , the thug attacks with a flaming skull . Jim flees while the thug causes a massive amount of damage to the hospital . Soon , the thug catches up to Jim , but Jim transforms into Spawn , kills his attacker , then escapes the burning hospital back in human form , eventually being taken in by firefighters . </P> <P> He is later transported to another hospital with other patients . He later leaves and reunites with his previous nurse Sara . After remembering his first transformation , he begins to turn again . He calls to Sara , but leaves before she can see him . Meanwhile , a reporter begins to ask questions about what happened at the hospital . Wandering the city Jim is attacked and effortlessly kills his would be killers . This draws the attention of Sam and Twitch , who recognize the chaos as something Spawn may do . </P> <P> After again reuniting with Sara and telling him about his transformation , he then wanders off again , only to run into Wanda Blake , Al Simmons ' ex-wife . She recognizes Jim as the form Al took when he originally came back to earth , and she realizes he is a Spawn like Al . </P> <P> On her advice , he travels to Rat City and finds Spawn 's throne , where Spawn ruled , and is met by an angel . He ends up fighting the angel , who calls him a traitor during the fight . Fearing the angel has done something to Sara , he beats the angel and leaves . Jim finds out that a man was asking questions about him , later finding out the man was working from another man named Gilbert Sanchez . </P> <P> The angel Spawn beat is later attacked by Clown who removes her wings . When Spawn returns he 's sees the angel both powerless and insane and is surprised to find Freak and later Violator himself . Despite Freak 's warnings Clown begins to deceive Jim and informs him that his suit is a living being but then vanishes . Clown later allows himself to be arrested by Sam and Twitch to meet the leader of a vampire group to attempt to form a unity between the leader , Clown and Spawn . </P> <P> Gilbert Sanchez is later killed by other mob members for his information on the new Spawn . Spawn attempts to learn more about him , but after being assaulted uses his powers on his attacker . Jim later finds the man who had been asking Sara questions . He tracks to his family 's home which is suddenly bombed killing everyone inside but Spawn . He is later able to find more mob members and questions them further and then finishing them when he 's done . </P> <H2> Characters </H2> Main article : List of Spawn characters <H2> Spin - offs and crossovers </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Angela miniseries </Dt> <Dd> In 1994 and 1995 , a three - issue Angela limited series was published , written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Greg Capullo . The series along with Angela 's one - shot were later reprinted in a trade paperback ( ISBN 1 - 887279 - 09 - 1 ) , which , as of 2005 , is out - of - print . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn : Blood Feud </Dt> <Dd> Spawn miniseries during 1995 , issues 1 - 4 . Written by Alan Moore . Drawn by Tony Daniel . Ink by Kevin Conrad . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn The Impaler </Dt> <Dd> Three - issue miniseries released in October 1996 , inspired by the story of the Wallacian voivode Vlad Țepeș . Written by Mike Grell with art by Rob Prior . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn : The Dark Ages </Dt> <Dd> This series focused on Lord Covenant , a 12th Century knight killed in a holy crusade far from his homeland , who returns to Earth as a Hellspawn . As a plague of violence and turmoil cover the English countryside , the Dark Knight must choose whether to align himself with the innocent inhabitants of the once - thriving kingdom or with the malevolent forces of evil and corruption . The series ran for 28 issues . Issues 15 - 28 featured writer Steve Niles and artist Nat Jones . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn : Blood and Salvation </Dt> <Dd> A prestige - format one shot that concludes the story of Daniel Llanso , the Hellspawn featured in the first four issues of Curse of the Spawn . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Hellspawn </Dt> <Dd> A relatively avant - garde spin - off comic inspired by Spawn . Darker and more atmospheric than Spawn , Hellspawn frequently dealt with disturbing subject matter . It originally featured writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Ashley Wood . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn : Blood and Shadows </Dt> <Dd> A Spawn prestige - format one shot released in 1999 . Written by Paul Jenkins with art by Ashley Wood . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Sam & Twitch + Case Files : Sam & Twitch </Dt> <Dd> A spin - off series following the crime investigations of detectives Sam Burke and Twitch Williams . Sam and Twitch ended in 2003 after 26 issues , to be followed by Case Files . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn : The Undead </Dt> <Dd> This series concentrates on Al Simmons . Unlike the original Spawn series , it was self - contained , single - issue stories . Written by Paul Jenkins it lasted 9 issues . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn : Simony </Dt> <Dd> Published in 2003 by Semic of France , McFarlane allowed the creators ( Jean - François Porchero and Alex Nikolavitch ) to create an original Spawn tale without using Image comics . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Shadows of Spawn </Dt> <Dd> Recently released on American shores are three graphic novel compilations of the Spawn manga , known as Shadows of Spawn . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Spawn : Architects of Fear </Dt> <Dd> A prestige format one - shot released in February 2008 . Written by Arthur Claire with artwork by Aleksi Briclot . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> The Adventures of Spawn </Dt> </Dl> Cover of Spawn / Batman Polish edition . Art by Todd McFarlane . <Dl> <Dd> At the San Diego Comic Con ( SDCC ) ' 06 it was announced that a new take on the Spawn mythos was in the works . This new Spawn story is known as The Adventures of Spawn and as stated by Jon Goff , a moderator on the Spawn.com Message Board and McFarlane employee , it is a re-imagining of the Spawn story that is essentially a `` What If ? '' universe that hearkens back to classic kid - friendly Saturday morning cartoons . The story takes place in a webcomic format and has been tied into the action figure world through McFarlane Toys ' Spawn Series 30 . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Violator </Dt> <Dd> A three issue miniseries written by Alan Moore with art by Bart Sears which focused on the conflict between Violator / Clown and Tony Twist and also featured Spawn . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Medieval Spawn / Witchblade </Dt> <Dd> A three issue miniseries written by Garth Ennis . Medieval Spawn and the wielder of the Witchblade team up against Lord Cardinale , wielder of the Darkness </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Legal disputes </H2> <H3> Dispute with Neil Gaiman </H3> <P> In 1993 , McFarlane contracted Neil Gaiman to write Spawn # 9 . While doing so , Gaiman introduced the characters Cogliostro , Angela , and Medieval Spawn . All three characters were designed and co-created by Todd McFarlane and continued to be featured in the series after Gaiman 's involvement , and some had tie - ins with McFarlane 's toy company . Cogliostro had a prominent role in the live - action movie in 1997 . McFarlane had agreed that Gaiman was a co-creator of the characters and paid him royalties for reprints , graphic novels , and action figures . After a few years , he ceased the payment of royalties and gave Gaiman notice that he owned all rights to the characters , citing the copyright notice from # 9 and claimed that Gaiman 's work had been work - for - hire and that McFarlane was the sole owner . </P> <P> In 2002 , Gaiman filed suit against McFarlane and , in response , McFarlane counter-sued . Gaiman had partnered with Marvel Comics to form Marvels and Miracles , LLC , which bankrolled the lawsuit . The main goal was to determine the issue of ownership for another character Gaiman felt he had a stake in , Miracleman , which at the time McFarlane was believed to hold a sizable stake in after his buyout of the assets of Eclipse Comics . This issue was thrown out . Instead , the court chose to rule on the breach of contract issue , the rights of ownership , and the copyrightability of the characters from Spawn # 9 . Several arguments were presented by McFarlane and all were rejected , leading to a sizable judgment against McFarlane and Image Comics . The matter went to appeal and the judgment was upheld in a 2003 decision . </P> <P> Gaiman 's rights as co-creator and co-owner of Cogliostro , Angela , and Medieval Spawn were acknowledged . The court 's view was that Gaiman and McFarlane 's collaboration led to each contributing half of the work . Gaiman wrote the story while McFarlane illustrated the character ; because of this , each held a 50 % stake in the characters . Issue 9 was reprinted for the first time since the lawsuit was filed in the hardcover edition of Spawn Origins : Volume 1 . In a reprint collection of the first twelve issues of Spawn , the contentious issue ( along with Dave Sim 's # 10 , featuring copyrighted character Cerebus ) was excluded , but both issues have been reprinted in the hardcover and deluxe editions Spawn Origins : Volume 1 . In 2012 , McFarlane and Gaiman settled their dispute , and Gaiman was given full ownership of Angela . </P> <H3> Tony Twist suit </H3> <P> Todd McFarlane created a mob enforcer character named `` Antonio ' Tony Twist ' Twistelli '' , who McFarlane acknowledged was named after hockey player Tony Twist . Twist won a $15 million verdict in 2004 when a St. Louis , Missouri jury found Todd McFarlane Productions had profited from Twist 's likeness . The verdict was upheld after two appeals in June 2006 , but the two later settled out of court for $5 million . </P> <H2> Creative teams </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Writers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Todd McFarlane ( # 's 1 -- 7 , 12 -- 15 , 21 -- 150 , 185 -- current ) ( wrote # 's 201 - 219 under pseudonym Will Carlton ) </Li> <Li> Brian Holguin ( # 's 71 -- 150 , 185 -- 190 ) </Li> <Li> David Hine ( # 's 150 -- 184 ) </Li> <Li> Jonathan David Goff ( # 's 200 -- 241 ) </Li> <Li> Paul Jenkins ( # 's 251 -- 254 ) </Li> <Li> Erik Larsen ( # 's 259 -- 266 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Artists </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Todd McFarlane ( # 's 1 -- 15 , 21 -- 24 , 26 -- 34 , 50 , 195 -- 196 , 200 ) </Li> <Li> Greg Capullo ( # 's 16 -- 20 , 26 -- 37 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 49 -- 75 , 78 -- 100 , 193 , 200 ) </Li> <Li> Angel Medina ( # 's 101 -- 139 , 142 -- 150 ) </Li> <Li> Philip Tan ( # 's 150 -- 164 ) </Li> <Li> Brian Haberlin ( # 's 166 -- 173 , 176 -- 178 , 180 -- 184 ) </Li> <Li> Whilce Portacio ( # 's 185 -- 192 , 194 -- 195 , 197 ) </Li> <Li> Erik Larsen ( # 's 199 , 258 -- 266 ) ( contributed uncredited inking work on # 27 ) </Li> <Li> Szymon Kudranski ( # 's 201 -- 250 , 256 -- 257 , 267 -- current ) </Li> <Li> Jonboy Meyers : ( # 's 251 -- 256 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Guest writers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Alan Moore ( # 's 8 , 37 ) ( also wrote Spawn : Blood Feud prelude back - up story in # 32 ) </Li> <Li> Neil Gaiman ( # 9 ) ( also wrote a scene in # 26 uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Dave Sim ( # 10 ) </Li> <Li> Frank Miller ( # 11 ) </Li> <Li> Grant Morrison ( # 's 16 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew Grossenberg ( # 's 19 -- 20 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Orzechowski ( # 's 19 -- 20 ) </Li> <Li> Julia Simmons ( # 38 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Niles ( # 's 105 -- 106 ) </Li> <Li> Robert Kirkman ( # 200 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Guest artists </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Marc Silvestri ( # 's 25 , 200 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Daniel ( # 's 38 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 46 , 48 ) ( also drew Spawn : Blood Feud prelude back - up story in # 32 ) </Li> <Li> Dwayne Turner ( # 's 76 -- 77 ) </Li> <Li> Nat Jones ( # 's 139 -- 141 ) </Li> <Li> Lan Medina ( # 165 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Cansino ( # 's 174 -- 175 ) </Li> <Li> Mike Mayhew ( # 179 ) </Li> <Li> Rob Liefeld ( # 196 ) ( contributed uncredited inking work on # 11 along with Jim Lee ) </Li> <Li> Khary Randolph ( # 198 ) </Li> <Li> Robert Kirkman ( # 200 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Golden ( # 200 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Collected editions </H2> <P> Many issues of Spawn have been gathered together in various trade paperbacks collections since the mid-nineties . The original US and UK trade releases contain issue 9 , but not 10 ( Cerebus ' appearance ) . </P> <H3> US releases </H3> <P> Each containing four to five issues , the original Spawn trade paperbacks started in 1995 under a different trade cover design . After the live - action 1997 movie , a new trade cover design was created , with Brent Ashe providing new covers for Books 1 -- 7 , and Ashley Wood for Books 8 -- 12 . These reissues were retitled with subtitles . The sequential trades stopped after Book 12 , but several new volumes appeared in 2006 -- 2008 , collecting various story arcs . Beginning in 2009 , a new series of volumes was released , collecting the `` Endgame '' storyline . </P> <Ul> <Li> Book 1 , `` Beginnings '' , 1 -- 5 </Li> <Li> Book 2 , `` Dark Discoveries '' , 6 -- 9 , 11 </Li> <Li> Book 3 , `` Book 3 '' , 12 -- 15 </Li> <Li> Book 4 , `` Book 4 '' , 16 -- 20 </Li> <Li> Book 5 , `` Death and Rebirth '' , 21 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Book 6 , `` Pathway to Judgement '' , 26 -- 30 </Li> <Li> Book 7 , `` Deadman 's Touch '' , 31 -- 34 </Li> <Li> Book 8 , `` Betrayal of Blood '' , 35 -- 38 </Li> <Li> Book 9 , `` Urban Jungle '' , 39 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Book 10 , `` Vengeance of the Dead '' , 43 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Book 11 , `` Crossroads '' , 48 -- 50 ( 50 is double - sized ) </Li> <Li> Book 12 , `` Immortality '' , 51 -- 54 </Li> <Li> Spawn : Capital Collection ( January 1993 ) -- contains issues 1 - 3 ( note : this was a limited edition hardcover exclusively available from Capital City Distribution , and only 1200 copies were made ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Armageddon Collection Part 1 -- contains issues 150 -- 155 </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Armageddon Collection Part 2 -- contains issues 156 -- 164 </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Complete Armageddon Collection -- contains issues 150 -- 164 </Li> <Li> Spawn : New Flesh Collection ( December 2007 ) -- contains issues 166 -- 169 , plus a short story from Image Holiday Special 2005 ( note : Issue # 165 was n't included because it features the story of Mandarin Spawn ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : Neo Noir -- contains issues 170 -- 175 </Li> <Li> Spawn : Endgame Volume 1 ( June 2009 ) -- contains issues 185 -- 190 , with some altered artwork </Li> <Li> Spawn : Endgame Volume 2 ( April 2010 ) -- contains issues 191 -- 196 , with some altered artwork </Li> <Li> Spawn : Endgame Collection ( January 2011 ) -- combines Endgame Vol 1 and 2 ( issues 185 -- 196 with some altered artwork ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : New Beginnings Volume 1 ( July 2011 ) -- contains issues 201 -- 206 . </Li> <Li> Spawn : New Beginnings Volume 2 ( March 2012 ) -- contains issues 207 -- 212 . </Li> <Li> Spawn : Resurrection ( November 2015 ) -- contains Spawn : Resurrection # 1 and issues 251 -- 255 . </Li> <Li> Spawn : Satan Saga Wars ( June 21 , 2016 ) -- collects SPAWN # 256 - 262 </Li> <Li> Spawn : Hell on Hearth ( September 20 , 2017 ) -- collects SPAWN # 263 - 275 </Li> </Ul> Spawn Collection <P> In 2005 the entire Spawn series began to appear in massive trade paperback releases under the title Spawn Collection , each containing ( with the exception of Volume 1 ) approximately twenty issues . Released after the Gaiman lawsuit , these editions do not contain either Issue 9 ( featuring the first appearance of Angela and Cogliostro , both created by Neil Gaiman ) or Issue 10 ( featuring Dave Sim 's Cerebus ) . </P> <P> Spawn Collection Volumes 1 and 2 were published in both hardcover and trade paperback formats , while Volume 3 onward were only released as trade paperbacks . As of 2009 , Spawn Collection Volume 1 is currently out of print , with its fourth printing released in June 2007 . In 2009 it was announced that the Spawn Collection would end with Volume 6 , to be replaced by a new TBP format that includes soft - and hardcover versions , reprinting the entire Spawn series from the early issues once again ( see below ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> Spawn Collection Volume 1 -- contains issues 1 -- 8 , 11 -- 12 ( December 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Collection Volume 2 -- contains issues 13 -- 33 ( July 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Collection Volume 3 -- contains issues 34 -- 54 ( March 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Collection Volume 4 -- contains issues 55 -- 75 ( September 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Collection Volume 5 -- contains issues 76 -- 95 ( April 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Collection Volume 6 -- contains issues 96 -- 116 ( August 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Spawn Collection Volume 1 was ranked 17 in the top 100 graphic novels for December 2005 period , with pre-order sales of 3,227 . </P> Spawn Compendium <P> In 2012 , Spawn Compendium was released , reprinting issues # 1 - 50 at 1136 pages in black and white . The book went to a second printing in March 2016 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Spawn Compendium Volume 1 -- collects Spawn issues # 1 - 50 in black and white </Li> </Ul> Spawn Origins Collection <P> In 2009 , a line of newly redesigned and reformatted trade paperbacks was announced , replacing the Spawn Collection line ( see above ) and once again collecting the early issues of Spawn . These new trades feature new cover art by Greg Capullo , recreating classic Spawn covers . In addition to the 6 issue trade paperbacks , this line features three oversized 12 -- 13 issue hardcovers , and two large 25 - issue limited slipcased deluxe editions ( which come in both a standard edition and a signed and numbered edition limited to 500 copies ) . The 12 - issue hardcover edition of Volume One was the first to reprint both Issues 9 and 10 , and the 25 - issue deluxe editions did as well . </P> <Ul> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 1 -- collects issues # 1 -- 6 ( May 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 2 -- collects issues # 7 -- 9 , 11 -- 14 ( July 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 3 -- collects issues # 15 -- 20 ( December 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 4 -- collects issues # 21 -- 26 ( January 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 5 -- collects issues # 27 -- 32 ( May 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 6 -- collects issues # 33 -- 38 ( July 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 7 -- collects issues # 39 -- 44 ( September 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 8 -- collects issues # 45 -- 50 ( November 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 9 -- collects issues # 51 -- 56 ( February 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 10 -- collects issues # 57 -- 62 ( March 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 11 -- collects issues # 63 -- 68 ( June 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 12 -- collects issues # 69 -- 74 ( September 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 13 -- collects issues # 75 -- 80 ( January 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 14 -- collects issues # 81 -- 86 ( March 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 15 -- collects issues # 87 -- 92 ( June 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 16 -- collects issues # 93 -- 98 ( September 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 17 -- collects issues # 99 -- 104 ( February 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 18 -- collects issues # 105 -- 110 ( May 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 19 -- collects issues # 111 -- 116 ( September 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection Volume 20 -- collects issues # 117 -- 122 ( February 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> Deluxe Edition <Ul> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection : Deluxe Edition Volume 1 -- collects issues # 1 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection : Deluxe Edition Volume 2 -- collects issues # 26 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection : Deluxe Edition Volume 3 -- collects issues # 51 -- 75 </Li> <Li> Spawn Origins Collection : Deluxe Edition Volume 4 -- collects issues # 76 -- 100 </Li> </Ul> Hardcover Edition <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Material collected </Th> <Th> Pages </Th> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Th> ISBN </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 1 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 1 - 12 </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607061533 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 2 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 13 - 25 </Td> <Td> 328 </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607062288 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 3 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 26 - 37 </Td> <Td> 328 </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607062370 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 4 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 38 - 50 </Td> <Td> 325 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607064374 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 5 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 51 - 62 </Td> <Td> 325 </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607062431 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 6 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 63 - 75 </Td> <Td> 325 </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607065302 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 7 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 76 - 87 </Td> <Td> 320 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607065869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 8 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 88 - 100 </Td> <Td> 368 </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607066750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 9 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 101 - 112 </Td> <Td> 384 </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1607067764 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 10 </Td> <Td> Spawn # 113 - 125 </Td> <Td> 352 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 978 - 1632159069 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> UK releases </H3> <P> These releases were originally published in fifteen 5 -- 6 -- issue volumes in the UK by Titan Books , with titles named by religious theme . The following books contained original series issues 1 -- 82 , with the exception of the previously mentioned Issue 10 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Creation -- contains issues 1 -- 5 </Li> <Li> Evolution -- contains issues 6 -- 9 and 11 </Li> <Li> Revelation -- contains issues 12 -- 15 </Li> <Li> Escalation -- contains issues 16 -- 20 </Li> <Li> Confrontation -- contains issues 21 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Retribution -- contains issues 26 -- 30 </Li> <Li> Transformation -- contains issues 31 -- 36 </Li> <Li> Abduction -- contains issues 37 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Sanction -- contains issues 43 -- 48 </Li> <Li> Damnation -- contains issues 49 -- 53 </Li> <Li> Corruption -- contains issues 54 -- 58 </Li> <Li> Devastation -- contains issues 59 -- 64 </Li> <Li> Termination -- contains issues 65 -- 70 </Li> <Li> Resurrection -- contains issues 71 -- 76 </Li> <Li> Ascension -- contains issues 77 -- 82 </Li> </Ul> <H3> South African releases </H3> <P> Originally published by a South African publisher named Battle Axe Press in the early 1990s . Only the first 10 issues were published due to legal matters . The comic book prints were released on standard paper as opposed to the original glossy paper from Image comics . </P> <H2> Related collected editions </H2> <H3> Spin - off trade paperback collections </H3> <P> Several Spawn - related mini-series have been collected in TPB editions . </P> <Ul> <Li> Angela ( later retitled Spawn : Angela 's Hunt ) -- collects Neil Gaiman 's Angela issues 1 -- 3 and the 1995 one - shot . </Li> <Li> Spawn : Bloodfeud -- collects Spawn : Bloodfeud 1 - 4 ISBN 1840231173 </Li> <Li> Hellspawn : The Ashley Wood Collection - collects Hellspawn issues 1 - 10 , replaces pages from issue 10 originally drawn by Ben Templesmith with new art by Ashley Wood </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Undead -- collects Spawn : The Undead issues 1 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Medieval Spawn / Witchblade -- collects Medieval Spawn / Witchblade 1 - 3 ISBN 188727944X </Li> <Li> Sam & Twitch Book 1 : Udaku -- collects 1 -- 8 of the Sam and Twitch spin off . </Li> <Li> Sam & Twitch : The Brian Michael Bendis Collection 1 -- collects issues 1 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Sam & Twitch : The Brian Michael Bendis Collection 2 -- collects issues 10 -- 19 </Li> <Li> Sam & Twitch : The Writer ISBN 1607062275 </Li> <Li> Violator vs. Badrock -- collects Alan Moore 's crossover miniseries issues 1 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Shadows of Spawn Collection - collects the Spawn manga ISBN 1582406588 </Li> <Li> Spawn : Book of the Dead ISBN 160706149X Released in both hardcover and softcover editions </Li> <Li> Alan Moore : Wild Worlds -- collects Spawn / Wild C.A.T.S 1 - 4 ISBN 1401213790 </Li> </Ul> <H3> One - shot editions </H3> <Ul> <Li> Spawn : Blood and Shadows ISBN 1582401098 </Li> <Li> Spawn : Blood and Salvation ISBN 1582401144 </Li> <Li> Spawn : Simony ISBN 1582403651 </Li> <Li> Spawn : Architects of Fear ISBN 1582408386 </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Movie ISBN 1887279814 </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Book Of Souls ASIN : B0039ODNQW </Li> <Li> Spawn : Bible ASIN : B001M0G3NK </Li> <Li> Spawn Adult Coloring Book </Li> <Li> Spawn : Godslayer </Li> <Li> Spawn / Batman ISBN 1582400199 </Li> <Li> Batman / Spawn : War Devil ISBN 1563891441 </Li> <Li> Spawn & Batman : Inner Demons ( Unreleased ) </Li> <Li> Spawn / Savage Dragon : Newsstand edition of Savage Dragon issue 30 </Li> <Li> Angela Special </Li> <Li> Angela / Glory </Li> <Li> Glory / Angela </Li> <Li> Glory / Celestine </Li> <Li> Aria - Angela Blank & Noir </Li> </Ul> <H3> Spin - off hardcover Collection </H3> <P> A few Spawn - related mini-series have been collected in HC editions . </P> <Ul> <Li> Spawn : The Dark Ages Complete Collection -- collects Issues 1 - 28 ISBN 1607066866 </Li> <Li> Hellspawn : Complete Collection -- collects Issues 1 - 16 ISBN 1607061554 </Li> <Li> Sam & Twitch : Complete Collection Volume 1 -- collects Issues 1 - 12 ISBN 1607062402 </Li> <Li> Sam& Twitch : Complete Collection Volume 2 -- collects Issues 13 - 24 ISBN 1607062429 </Li> </Ul> Curse of the Spawn <P> Most of the Curse of the Spawn -- spin - off series has been collected in TPB editions . </P> <Ul> <Li> Curse of the Spawn : Book 1 : Sacrifice of the Soul -- issues 1 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Curse of the Spawn : Book 2 : Blood and Sutures -- issues 5 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Curse of the Spawn : Book 3 : Shades of Grey -- issues 9 -- 11 , 29 </Li> <Li> Curse of the Spawn : Book 4 : Lost Values -- issues 12 -- 14 , 22 </Li> <Li> The Best of Curse of the Spawn -- contains issues 1 -- 8 , 12 -- 16 and 20 -- 29 without the coloring </Li> </Ul> <H2> In other media </H2> <H3> Television </H3> <Ul> <Li> Spawn made his animated debut in the HBO miniseries Todd McFarlane 's Spawn in which Spawn is voiced by Keith David . The series won two Emmys ( one in 1998 and another in 1999 ) and two Golden Reel Awards ( 1998 / 1999 ) . A new animated series , unrelated to the first , is currently in the works . </Li> <Li> Spawn appeared in the Robot Chicken episode `` Celebutard Mountain '' voiced by Adam Talbot . The episode features a violin battle between Spawn and Malebolgia where Spawn performs a parody of the Charlie Daniels song `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' . Malebolgia wins the battle despite being a terrible violin player and Spawn is subsequently enslaved . </Li> <Li> In The Powerpuff Girls episode `` Super Zeroes '' , the main characters appear as superheroines that parody different comic book characters . Buttercup appears in a likeness of Spawn , the character being known as `` Spore '' in their universe . Her appearance is dark with a large cape and green eyes , and she gives herself the name `` Mange '' . Even a parody of Malebolgia appears , giving her powers . </Li> <Li> A villain who appeared in the show World of Quest named General Ogun has a strong resemblance to Spawn . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film </H3> <Ul> <Li> In 1997 , a film adaptation featured Michael Jai White as Spawn . As a result , White became the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture . The making of a sequel has been discussed along with a reboot with McFarlane himself directing . </Li> <Li> In 2014 YouTuber Irisse released Spawn : The Recall a short fan film based on the character </Li> <Li> In early 2015 , Todd McFarlane announced a new Spawn adaptation for the big screen . In February 2016 McFarlane confirmed he had completed the script for the film with a larger - than - normal page count because he 's `` putting in details for myself '' in conjunction with his hopes to direct . In July 2017 , it was officially confirmed that McFarlane would direct the film , which is being produced under Jason Blum 's production company Blumhouse . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Video games </H3> <P> Spawn has starred in several video games : </P> <Ul> <Li> Todd McFarlane 's Spawn : The Video Game ( 1995 ) ( SNES ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Eternal ( 1997 ) ( PlayStation ) </Li> <Li> Spawn ( 1999 ) ( Game Boy Color ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : In the Demon 's Hand ( 1999 , 2000 ) ( Dreamcast , Arcade ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : Armageddon ( 2003 ) ( Xbox , PlayStation 2 , and Nintendo GameCube ) </Li> <Li> Spawn appeared as a special guest in the Xbox version of Soulcalibur II ( 2003 ) . McFarlane also created the character Necrid , which appears across all versions of the game . <Ul> <Li> Soulcalibur II HD Online ( 2013 ) : Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Merchandising </H3> <Ul> <Li> At the time of the release of the live action film , Spawn appeared in several commercials for Taco Bell . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Music </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Dark Saga by Iced Earth is a concept album based upon the Spawn story . The cover of the album , by Greg Capullo and Todd McFarlane , depicts Spawn himself , though due to legal issues , Iced Earth could not use the names of the characters in the songs . </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular Culture </H2> <P> In 2011 , Spawn was featured in the tenth episode of the ScrewAttack series Death Battle , where he fought and defeated Kratos from God of War . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Spawn villains </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes : ( 40 - 21 ) '' . IGN . May 5 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nama , Adilifu ( 1 October 2011 ) . Super Black : American Pop Culture and Black Superheroes . University of Texas Press . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74252 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson . `` X-Men # 1 , One Piece , and world records '' , The Comics Chronicles , November 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rossen , Jake ( May 2008 ) . `` 50 Events That Rocked Comics '' . Wizard Magazine # 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Todd McFarlane - Complete Biography '' . Spawn.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wizard Market Watch '' . Wizard ( 22 ) . June 1993 . pp. 134 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pearson , Lars ( August 1997 ) . `` Spawn 's Scorching '' . Wizard ( 72 ) . p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wizard Top 100 '' . Wizard ( 72 ) . August 1997 . p. 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 300 Comics Actual -- January 2008 '' . icv2.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McFarlane - Portacio Spawn Sells Out '' . Newsarama.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comic Book Sales Figures for April 2009 '' . Newsarama.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spawn # 200 Sells Out in One Day - Comic Book Resources '' . Comicbookresources.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spawn # 200 - Review '' . IGN.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Victoria ( 8 May 2012 ) . Gothicka : Vampire Heroes , Human Gods , and the New Supernatural . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06540 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : M. Keith Booker ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels . ABC - CLIO . pp. 583 -- 585 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35746 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , Todd ( 30 October 2008 ) . African Americans and Popular Culture ( 3 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 06408 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan , Randy ; Smith , Matthew J. ( January 2013 ) . Icons of the American Comic Book : From Captain America to Wonder Woman . ABC - CLIO . p. 503 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39923 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Hank ; Golden , Christopher ; Bissette , Stephen R. ( 28 October 2008 ) . Prince of Stories : The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 239 -- 252 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 6178 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Points of Articulation : KIMOTA ! Neil Gaiman vs. Todd McFarlane '' . OAFEnet. 2003 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Points of Articulation : KIMOTA ! Neil Gaiman vs. Todd McFarlane , part 2 '' . OAFEnet. 2004 - 09 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gaiman & McFarlane Settle Suit on Medieval Spawn , Angela - CBR '' . Comicbookresources.com. 2012 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TODD MCFARLANE Reacts to the Marvel / ANGELA Situation '' . Newsarama.com. 2013 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBC Arts ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Todd McFarlane Productions files for bankruptcy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Appeals court upholds $15 M verdict for Twist '' . Stlouis.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( EXCLUSIVE ! ) McFARLANE REUNITES WITH ' SPAWN ' '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Pro Logs Extra : Will Carlton '' . ComicBuzz. 2012 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan David Goff '' . Comic Book DB . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paul Jenkins '' . Comic Book DB. 1965 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spawn ( 1992 ) # 27 '' . Comic Book DB . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Spawn ( 1992 ) # 32 '' . Comic Book DB . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` June 2010 '' . MaggieThompson.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spawn ( 1992 ) # 11 '' . Comic Book DB . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Graphic Novels Actual -- December 2005 '' . icv2.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greg Capullo . Spawn : Origins Collection Deluxe Edition Volume 4 Signed & Numbered ( Spawn Origins Collections ) . Amazon.co.uk . ISBN 9781607068327 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spawn : Origins Collection , Book 10 HC Releases '' . Image Comics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hellspawn Collection Spawn Comic Books '' . SpawnWorld . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards for `` Spawn '' `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spawn Animated Series Coming Back to Life '' . TMP International / Spawn.com. 2004 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Once - Dead Heroes Go , He 's Tough to Beat - latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2012 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jai White is first Black comic superhero to star on the movie screen in ' Spawn . ' '' . Jet magazine . September 22 , 1997 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Todd McFarlane here .... Unedited and Uncensored ! AMA ! : IAmA '' . Reddit.com. 2015 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Todd McFarlane gives Spawn film reboot update EW.com '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/new-spawn-movie-works-todd-mcfarlane-blumhouse-1023407 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Varanini , Giancarlo ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Link , Spawn , Heihachi confirmed for Soul Calibur II '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dark Saga '' . Iced Earth . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kratos VS Spawn - DEATH BATTLE ! - ScrewAttack ! '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Spawn at DMOZ </Li> <Li> Spawn at the Comic Book DB </Li> <Li> Spawn on IMDb </Li> <Li> Spawn at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> SpawnWorld , Spawn comic and toys guide and encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Cover Gallery at ComicCovers.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Spawn </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Protagonists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spawn </Li> <Li> Cogliostro </Li> <Li> Nyx </Li> <Li> Man of Miracles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heaven </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angela </Li> <Li> Tiffany </Li> <Li> Zera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hell </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mammon </Li> <Li> Violator </Li> <Li> Malebolgia </Li> <Li> Billy Kincaid </Li> <Li> Hellspawn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curse </Li> <Li> Freak </Li> <Li> Sam and Twitch </Li> <Li> Chapel </Li> <Li> Jason Wynn </Li> <Li> Jessica Priest </Li> <Li> Overt - Kill </Li> <Li> Tremor </Li> <Li> Spawn villains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - offs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angela </Li> <Li> Curse of the Spawn </Li> <Li> Hellspawn </Li> <Li> Sam and Twitch </Li> <Li> Shadows of Spawn </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Spawn </Li> <Li> Spawn : Godslayer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film and TV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spawn ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Todd McFarlane 's Spawn ( 1997 - 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Animation ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Todd McFarlane 's Spawn : The Video Game ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : The Eternal ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : In the Demon 's Hand ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Spawn : Armageddon ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Soulcalibur II ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writers and artists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Todd McFarlane </Li> <Li> Brian Holguin </Li> <Li> David Hine </Li> <Li> Greg Capullo </Li> <Li> Angel Medina </Li> <Li> Philip Tan </Li> <Li> Brian Haberlin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neil Gaiman </Li> <Li> Alan Moore </Li> <Li> Image Comics </Li> <Li> McFarlane Toys </Li> <Li> Necroplasm </Li> <Li> Spawn / Batman </Li> <Li> Batman - Spawn : War Devil </Li> <Li> The Dark Saga </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MusicBrainz : 4a1eb92e - 0b0f - 495f - 9982 - d43a843c9c6f </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spawn_(comics)&oldid=800661167 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Image Comics superheroes </Li> <Li> Spawn ( comics ) </Li> <Li> Spawn characters </Li> <Li> 1992 comics debuts </Li> <Li> Action figures </Li> <Li> Characters created by Todd McFarlane </Li> <Li> Comics adapted into animated series </Li> <Li> American comics adapted into films </Li> <Li> Comics adapted into television series </Li> <Li> Comics adapted into video games </Li> <Li> Comics characters introduced in 1992 </Li> <Li> Comics characters with superhuman strength </Li> <Li> Fictional African - American people </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from Michigan </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from New York City </Li> <Li> Fictional characters with accelerated healing </Li> <Li> Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds </Li> <Li> Fictional characters who can teleport </Li> <Li> Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils </Li> <Li> Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel </Li> <Li> Fictional deities </Li> <Li> Fictional demons and devils </Li> <Li> Fictional mercenaries </Li> <Li> Fictional suicides </Li> <Li> Fictional secret agents and spies </Li> <Li> Fictional shapeshifters </Li> <Li> Fictional soldiers </Li> <Li> Fictional undead </Li> <Li> Fictional lieutenant colonels </Li> <Li> Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel </Li> <Li> Fictional vigilantes </Li> <Li> Superhero film characters </Li> <Li> Image Comics titles </Li> <Li> Mythology in comics </Li> <Li> Undead superheroes </Li> <Li> Fictional characters with disfigurements </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2007 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Comics infobox image less caption </Li> <Li> Character pop </Li> <Li> Converted comics character infoboxes </Li> <Li> Converted category character infoboxes </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2009 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> <Li> Articles with DMOZ links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 18,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 69
},
{
"start_token": 19,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 68
},
{
"start_token": 69,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 259
},
{
"start_token": 70,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 75
},
{
"start_token": 79,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 85
},
{
"start_token": 85,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 94
},
{
"start_token": 94,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 109
},
{
"start_token": 109,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 119
},
{
"start_token": 119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 127
},
{
"start_token": 127,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 141
},
{
"start_token": 141,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 153
},
{
"start_token": 153,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 168
},
{
"start_token": 168,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 180
},
{
"start_token": 180,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 258
},
{
"start_token": 185,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 256
},
{
"start_token": 186,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 196
},
{
"start_token": 196,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 216
},
{
"start_token": 220,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 236
},
{
"start_token": 242,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 247
},
{
"start_token": 250,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 255
},
{
"start_token": 259,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 348
},
{
"start_token": 348,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 452
},
{
"start_token": 750,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 801
},
{
"start_token": 751,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 800
},
{
"start_token": 801,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 941
},
{
"start_token": 941,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1040
},
{
"start_token": 1040,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1301
},
{
"start_token": 1306,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1372
},
{
"start_token": 1307,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1371
},
{
"start_token": 1372,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1422
},
{
"start_token": 1373,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1421
},
{
"start_token": 1425,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1510
},
{
"start_token": 1510,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1559
},
{
"start_token": 1559,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1660
},
{
"start_token": 1660,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1691
},
{
"start_token": 1697,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1803
},
{
"start_token": 1803,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1874
},
{
"start_token": 1876,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2092
},
{
"start_token": 2092,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2267
},
{
"start_token": 2267,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2337
},
{
"start_token": 2347,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2488
},
{
"start_token": 2488,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2565
},
{
"start_token": 2565,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2666
},
{
"start_token": 2666,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2733
},
{
"start_token": 2736,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2858
},
{
"start_token": 2858,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2973
},
{
"start_token": 2976,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3146
},
{
"start_token": 3146,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3285
},
{
"start_token": 3285,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3345
},
{
"start_token": 3345,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3490
},
{
"start_token": 3490,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3604
},
{
"start_token": 3604,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3677
},
{
"start_token": 3686,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3852
},
{
"start_token": 3852,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3930
},
{
"start_token": 3930,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4102
},
{
"start_token": 4102,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4289
},
{
"start_token": 4289,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4427
},
{
"start_token": 4433,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4598
},
{
"start_token": 4598,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4765
},
{
"start_token": 4765,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4904
},
{
"start_token": 4904,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5099
},
{
"start_token": 5100,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5344
},
{
"start_token": 5344,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5504
},
{
"start_token": 5505,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5717
},
{
"start_token": 5717,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5814
},
{
"start_token": 5814,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5872
},
{
"start_token": 5872,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5958
},
{
"start_token": 5958,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6053
},
{
"start_token": 6053,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6142
},
{
"start_token": 6159,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6232
},
{
"start_token": 6164,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6231
},
{
"start_token": 6232,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6267
},
{
"start_token": 6233,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6239
},
{
"start_token": 6239,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6266
},
{
"start_token": 6267,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6306
},
{
"start_token": 6268,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6273
},
{
"start_token": 6273,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6305
},
{
"start_token": 6306,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6407
},
{
"start_token": 6307,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6314
},
{
"start_token": 6314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6406
},
{
"start_token": 6407,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6446
},
{
"start_token": 6408,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6415
},
{
"start_token": 6415,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6445
},
{
"start_token": 6446,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6493
},
{
"start_token": 6450,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6492
},
{
"start_token": 6493,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6525
},
{
"start_token": 6494,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6501
},
{
"start_token": 6501,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6524
},
{
"start_token": 6525,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6575
},
{
"start_token": 6526,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6538
},
{
"start_token": 6538,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6574
},
{
"start_token": 6575,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6618
},
{
"start_token": 6576,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6582
},
{
"start_token": 6582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6617
},
{
"start_token": 6618,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6659
},
{
"start_token": 6619,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6624
},
{
"start_token": 6624,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6658
},
{
"start_token": 6659,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6689
},
{
"start_token": 6660,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6665
},
{
"start_token": 6665,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6688
},
{
"start_token": 6689,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6721
},
{
"start_token": 6690,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6697
},
{
"start_token": 6697,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6720
},
{
"start_token": 6721,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6729
},
{
"start_token": 6722,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6728
},
{
"start_token": 6742,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6857
},
{
"start_token": 6743,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6856
},
{
"start_token": 6857,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6894
},
{
"start_token": 6861,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6893
},
{
"start_token": 6894,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6931
},
{
"start_token": 6895,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6901
},
{
"start_token": 6901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6930
},
{
"start_token": 6941,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7098
},
{
"start_token": 7098,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7254
},
{
"start_token": 7254,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7411
},
{
"start_token": 7416,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7495
},
{
"start_token": 7499,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8072
},
{
"start_token": 7500,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8071
},
{
"start_token": 7502,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7507
},
{
"start_token": 7507,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7604
},
{
"start_token": 7508,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7543
},
{
"start_token": 7543,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7558
},
{
"start_token": 7558,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7569
},
{
"start_token": 7569,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7581
},
{
"start_token": 7581,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7592
},
{
"start_token": 7592,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7603
},
{
"start_token": 7604,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7609
},
{
"start_token": 7609,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7790
},
{
"start_token": 7610,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7637
},
{
"start_token": 7637,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7674
},
{
"start_token": 7674,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7689
},
{
"start_token": 7689,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7700
},
{
"start_token": 7700,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7719
},
{
"start_token": 7719,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7736
},
{
"start_token": 7736,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7758
},
{
"start_token": 7758,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7777
},
{
"start_token": 7777,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7789
},
{
"start_token": 7792,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7798
},
{
"start_token": 7798,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7921
},
{
"start_token": 7799,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7826
},
{
"start_token": 7826,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7844
},
{
"start_token": 7844,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7852
},
{
"start_token": 7852,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7860
},
{
"start_token": 7860,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7871
},
{
"start_token": 7871,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7882
},
{
"start_token": 7882,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7893
},
{
"start_token": 7893,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7901
},
{
"start_token": 7901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7912
},
{
"start_token": 7912,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7920
},
{
"start_token": 7921,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7927
},
{
"start_token": 7927,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8069
},
{
"start_token": 7928,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7939
},
{
"start_token": 7939,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7974
},
{
"start_token": 7974,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7985
},
{
"start_token": 7985,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7996
},
{
"start_token": 7996,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8004
},
{
"start_token": 8004,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8015
},
{
"start_token": 8015,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8023
},
{
"start_token": 8023,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8044
},
{
"start_token": 8044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8052
},
{
"start_token": 8052,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8060
},
{
"start_token": 8060,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8068
},
{
"start_token": 8076,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8115
},
{
"start_token": 8119,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8229
},
{
"start_token": 8229,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8710
},
{
"start_token": 8230,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8242
},
{
"start_token": 8242,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8257
},
{
"start_token": 8257,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8270
},
{
"start_token": 8270,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8283
},
{
"start_token": 8283,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8297
},
{
"start_token": 8297,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8311
},
{
"start_token": 8311,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8325
},
{
"start_token": 8325,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8339
},
{
"start_token": 8339,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8352
},
{
"start_token": 8352,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8367
},
{
"start_token": 8367,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8386
},
{
"start_token": 8386,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8398
},
{
"start_token": 8398,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8437
},
{
"start_token": 8437,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8452
},
{
"start_token": 8452,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8467
},
{
"start_token": 8467,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8481
},
{
"start_token": 8481,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8526
},
{
"start_token": 8526,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8538
},
{
"start_token": 8538,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8560
},
{
"start_token": 8560,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8582
},
{
"start_token": 8582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8609
},
{
"start_token": 8609,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8628
},
{
"start_token": 8628,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8647
},
{
"start_token": 8647,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8669
},
{
"start_token": 8669,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8689
},
{
"start_token": 8689,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8709
},
{
"start_token": 8712,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8789
},
{
"start_token": 8789,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8888
},
{
"start_token": 8888,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8990
},
{
"start_token": 8889,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8909
},
{
"start_token": 8909,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8925
},
{
"start_token": 8925,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8941
},
{
"start_token": 8941,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8957
},
{
"start_token": 8957,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8973
},
{
"start_token": 8973,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8989
},
{
"start_token": 8990,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9016
},
{
"start_token": 9018,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9053
},
{
"start_token": 9053,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9073
},
{
"start_token": 9054,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9072
},
{
"start_token": 9076,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9209
},
{
"start_token": 9209,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9575
},
{
"start_token": 9210,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9228
},
{
"start_token": 9228,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9250
},
{
"start_token": 9250,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9268
},
{
"start_token": 9268,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9286
},
{
"start_token": 9286,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9304
},
{
"start_token": 9304,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9322
},
{
"start_token": 9322,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9340
},
{
"start_token": 9340,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9358
},
{
"start_token": 9358,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9376
},
{
"start_token": 9376,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9394
},
{
"start_token": 9394,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9412
},
{
"start_token": 9412,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9430
},
{
"start_token": 9430,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9448
},
{
"start_token": 9448,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9466
},
{
"start_token": 9466,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9484
},
{
"start_token": 9484,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9502
},
{
"start_token": 9502,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9520
},
{
"start_token": 9520,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9538
},
{
"start_token": 9538,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9556
},
{
"start_token": 9556,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9574
},
{
"start_token": 9577,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9647
},
{
"start_token": 9578,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9595
},
{
"start_token": 9595,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9612
},
{
"start_token": 9612,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9629
},
{
"start_token": 9629,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9646
},
{
"start_token": 9649,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9990
},
{
"start_token": 9650,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9669
},
{
"start_token": 9669,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9701
},
{
"start_token": 9701,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9733
},
{
"start_token": 9733,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9765
},
{
"start_token": 9765,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9797
},
{
"start_token": 9797,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9829
},
{
"start_token": 9829,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9861
},
{
"start_token": 9861,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9893
},
{
"start_token": 9893,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9925
},
{
"start_token": 9925,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9957
},
{
"start_token": 9957,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9989
},
{
"start_token": 9994,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10044
},
{
"start_token": 10044,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10183
},
{
"start_token": 10045,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10054
},
{
"start_token": 10054,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10065
},
{
"start_token": 10065,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10074
},
{
"start_token": 10074,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10083
},
{
"start_token": 10083,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10092
},
{
"start_token": 10092,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10101
},
{
"start_token": 10101,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10110
},
{
"start_token": 10110,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10119
},
{
"start_token": 10119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10128
},
{
"start_token": 10128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10137
},
{
"start_token": 10137,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10146
},
{
"start_token": 10146,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10155
},
{
"start_token": 10155,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10164
},
{
"start_token": 10164,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10173
},
{
"start_token": 10173,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10182
},
{
"start_token": 10188,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10238
},
{
"start_token": 10251,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10265
},
{
"start_token": 10265,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10508
},
{
"start_token": 10266,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10295
},
{
"start_token": 10295,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10310
},
{
"start_token": 10310,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10342
},
{
"start_token": 10342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10358
},
{
"start_token": 10358,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10375
},
{
"start_token": 10375,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10397
},
{
"start_token": 10397,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10415
},
{
"start_token": 10415,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10433
},
{
"start_token": 10433,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10443
},
{
"start_token": 10443,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10459
},
{
"start_token": 10459,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10472
},
{
"start_token": 10472,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10489
},
{
"start_token": 10489,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10507
},
{
"start_token": 10514,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10657
},
{
"start_token": 10515,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10524
},
{
"start_token": 10524,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10533
},
{
"start_token": 10533,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10540
},
{
"start_token": 10540,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10549
},
{
"start_token": 10549,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10557
},
{
"start_token": 10557,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10568
},
{
"start_token": 10568,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10576
},
{
"start_token": 10576,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10582
},
{
"start_token": 10582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10587
},
{
"start_token": 10587,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10594
},
{
"start_token": 10594,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10604
},
{
"start_token": 10604,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10615
},
{
"start_token": 10615,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10629
},
{
"start_token": 10633,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10638
},
{
"start_token": 10638,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10643
},
{
"start_token": 10643,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10648
},
{
"start_token": 10648,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10656
},
{
"start_token": 10664,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10679
},
{
"start_token": 10679,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10747
},
{
"start_token": 10680,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10697
},
{
"start_token": 10697,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10711
},
{
"start_token": 10711,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10729
},
{
"start_token": 10729,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10746
},
{
"start_token": 10751,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10772
},
{
"start_token": 10772,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10876
},
{
"start_token": 10773,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10792
},
{
"start_token": 10792,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10810
},
{
"start_token": 10810,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10830
},
{
"start_token": 10830,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10849
},
{
"start_token": 10849,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10875
},
{
"start_token": 10884,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11114
},
{
"start_token": 10885,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10950
},
{
"start_token": 10950,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11013
},
{
"start_token": 11013,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11091
},
{
"start_token": 11091,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11113
},
{
"start_token": 11117,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11278
},
{
"start_token": 11118,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11173
},
{
"start_token": 11173,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11192
},
{
"start_token": 11192,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11277
},
{
"start_token": 11282,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11292
},
{
"start_token": 11292,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11424
},
{
"start_token": 11293,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11309
},
{
"start_token": 11309,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11321
},
{
"start_token": 11321,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11332
},
{
"start_token": 11332,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11351
},
{
"start_token": 11351,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11369
},
{
"start_token": 11369,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11423
},
{
"start_token": 11403,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11422
},
{
"start_token": 11404,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11421
},
{
"start_token": 11427,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11452
},
{
"start_token": 11428,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11451
},
{
"start_token": 11455,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11512
},
{
"start_token": 11456,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11511
},
{
"start_token": 11517,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11547
}
] | when did the first spawn comic come out | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 69,
"candidate_index": 2,
"end_token": 259
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 104,
"end_token": 106
}
],
"annotation_id": 13406461863938451000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Spawn_(comics)&oldid=800661167 | 9,011,027,430,137,838,000 |
Bad Times at the El Royale - wikipedia <H1> Bad Times at the El Royale </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bad Times at the El Royale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Drew Goddard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drew Goddard </Li> <Li> Jeremy Latcham </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Drew Goddard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeff Bridges </Li> <Li> Cynthia Erivo </Li> <Li> Dakota Johnson </Li> <Li> Jon Hamm </Li> <Li> Cailee Spaeny </Li> <Li> Lewis Pullman </Li> <Li> Chris Hemsworth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Michael Giacchino </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Seamus McGarvey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Lisa Lassek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Goddard Textiles </Li> <Li> TSG Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) ( Fantastic Fest ) </Li> <Li> October 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 12 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 141 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $32 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $27.1 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bad Times at the El Royale is a 2018 American neo-noir thriller film written , produced and directed by Drew Goddard . The film stars Jeff Bridges , Cynthia Erivo , Dakota Johnson , Jon Hamm , Cailee Spaeny , Lewis Pullman , Nick Offerman and Chris Hemsworth . Set in 1969 , the plot follows seven strangers each hiding dark secrets , who come to a head one night in a shady hotel on the California - Nevada border . </P> <P> Bad Times at the El Royale premiered at Fantastic Fest on September 27 , 2018 , and was theatrically released in the United States on October 12 , 2018 . The film has grossed $27 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics , with praise for its acting and Goddard 's screenplay and direction , although some reviewers disliked the 141 - minute runtime and pacing . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film opens in 1959 , when a man enters a hotel room , pulls up the floorboards , and buries a dufflebag , before being shot and killed . Ten years later , in 1969 , Catholic priest Daniel Flynn , singer Darlene Sweet , home supplies salesman Laramie Seymour Sullivan , and hippy Emily Summerspring arrive at the El Royale . Sullivan explains to Father Flynn and Darlene that the El Royale , which straddles the California - Nevada border , had been a bustling hotel until the previous year when it lost several permits . They meet the hotel 's only employee , Miles Miller , and book their rooms . </P> <P> Upon checking into the honeymoon suite , Sullivan ( in reality an FBI agent named Dwight Broadbeck , sent to investigate the hotel and remove evidence of their operations ) discovers a passageway leading into a corridor looking onto one - way mirrors in each of the hotel 's rooms , as well as a 16mm camera setup at the end of the hall . Broadbeck witnesses Father Flynn pulling up his floorboards and Darlene practicing singing , before watching an apparent kidnapping in progress in Emily 's room ; over the telephone he is instructed by the Director of the FBI to not interfere with the kidnapping , and to instead sabotage the guests ' vehicles to prevent any of them from leaving the hotel . Meanwhile , Flynn , who is staying in the room next door , overhears Darlene singing and invites her to join him for dinner . She sees him drugging her drink and knocks him unconscious with a bottle , running out of the hotel to escape . Miles , whom Sullivan had seen earlier that night passed out in the maintenance closet in a drug - induced stupor , finds Flynn and , believing him to be a priest , asks for absolution for his sins ; he reveals to him the secret passageway , explaining that `` management '' has instructed him to film certain guests and send the footage to them . However , he chose to hold back one particularly incriminating film reel of a recently deceased public figure , which he has hidden in the closet , because the subject was nice to him . </P> <P> Against orders , Broadbeck attempts to rescue Emily 's `` hostage , '' who is revealed to be her younger sister , Rose . Emily opens fire on Broadbeck , killing him and accidentally injuring Miles who was watching from behind the mirror . Darlene attempts to escape in her car after witnessing the murder , but Flynn arrives and asks to talk . He reveals that he is really a criminal named Donald `` Doc '' O'Kelly , who was imprisoned after a botched robbery ten years earlier . Recently freed on parole , O'Kelly has returned to the El Royale in priest garb to retrieve the money which his brother Felix had hidden there before being killed in a double cross - but owing to his failing memory he can not recall which room it was in . He had attempted to drug her to gain access to her room , believing the cash to be buried there after he could not find it in his own room . Darlene agrees to allow him to search her room in exchange for half the cash . </P> <P> In the lobby , Emily and Rose , having discovered the corridor , interrogate Miles about the surveillance operation , while Emily weighs whether or not she should kill him . It is revealed that Emily has forcibly removed her sister from a cult led by Billy Lee , a charismatic and sadistic figure responsible for a string of murders in Malibu . However , Rose reveals that she has already called Billy about their location and that he is on his way to retrieve her . As O'Kelly and Darlene attempt to leave with the money , Billy Lee and his cultists arrive and hold them hostage along with Emily and Miles . </P> <P> While interrogating and terrorizing the group , Lee discovers the money and the film Miles had hidden , which he realizes is worth much more than the money . In a sadistic game of roulette , Lee kills Emily , and threatens to kill Miles , O'Kelly , and Darlene . Using a brief power outage to his advantage , O'Kelly attacks Lee as the hotel lounge catches fire . During the chaos , Miles reveals that he served as a sniper in Vietnam where he killed 123 people . At Darlene 's insistence , he picks up a gun and kills Lee and the other cultists . A distraught Rose stabs Miles , but is shot by O'Kelly . As Miles lies dying , Darlene urges O'Kelly to play the part of priest one more time and absolve Miles of his guilt over his actions in Vietnam and at the El Royale . O'Kelly and Darlene retrieve the money and Sweet tosses the film and ledger book page with their names on it into the fire before the pair flee the hotel . </P> <P> Not long after , Darlene performs at a show in Reno for the crowd , as O'Kelly proudly looks on . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jeff Bridges as Donald O'Kelly / Daniel Flynn , a robber masquerading as a priest , staying in Room Four . </Li> <Li> Cynthia Erivo as Darlene Sweet , a struggling soul singer staying in Room Five . </Li> <Li> Dakota Johnson as Emily Summerspring , a woman trying to save her sister from Billy 's cult , staying in Room Seven . <Ul> <Li> Hannah Zirke as young Emily </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jon Hamm as Dwight Broadbeck / Seymour ' Laramie ' Sullivan , an undercover FBI agent , staying in Room One , the Honeymoon Suite . </Li> <Li> Cailee Spaeny as Rose Summerspring , Emily 's sister and Billy Lee 's accomplice <Ul> <Li> Charlotte Mosby as young Rose </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lewis Pullman as Miles Miller , the concierge and sole employee left at the El Royale , who served as a sniper in Vietnam . <Ul> <Li> Austin Abell as young Miles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chris Hemsworth as Billy Lee , a charismatic cult leader and Rose 's spiritual guide . </Li> <Li> Nick Offerman as Felix O'Kelly , Doc 's brother and criminal partner </Li> <Li> Xavier Dolan as Buddy Sunday , a music producer who fires Darlene due to budget cuts </Li> <Li> Shea Whigham as Dr. Woodbury Laurence , a prison doctor who diagnoses O'Kelly </Li> <Li> Mark O'Brien as Larsen Rogers , Doc and Felix 's accomplice </Li> <Li> Charles Halford as Sammy Wilds , Doc 's prison cellmate </Li> <Li> Jim O'Heir as Milton Wyrick , the presenter at Darlene 's show in Reno </Li> <Li> Manny Jacinto as Waring `` Wade '' Espiritu , a member of Billy Lee 's cult </Li> <Li> Alvina August as Vesta Shears , a singer who replaces Darlene </Li> <Li> Gerry Nairn as Paul Kraemer , a reporter </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On March 8 , 2017 , it was announced that 20th Century Fox had bought the spec script Bad Times at the El Royale , written by Drew Goddard , who would also direct and produce the film . On August 23 , 2017 , Chris Hemsworth and Jeff Bridges were cast in the 1960s - set film , to play two among the several characters who collide at the El Royale hotel , near California 's Lake Tahoe . That same day , it was also reported that Tom Holland had passed on a role , and that Beyoncé was being courted for the role of an African - American vocalist . It was also revealed that main roles in the ensemble would include a vacuum cleaner salesman , two female criminals , a male cult leader , and a desk clerk . Later in August 2017 , newcomer Cailee Spaeny was added to the cast to play an impressionable Southern girl brought to the hotel , while Cynthia Erivo was cast as the African - American singer who finds herself in the wrong place at the wrong time . In January 2018 , Dakota Johnson and Russell Crowe joined the cast . In February 2018 , Jon Hamm , Nick Offerman , and Mark O'Brien joined the cast , and in May 2018 , Lewis Pullman was also confirmed for a role . </P> <P> Principal photography on the film began on January 29 , 2018 in Vancouver , British Columbia . In February , it was being shot in Burnaby . The El Royale is quite similar in appearance and characteristics to a closed former hotel - casino called the Cal Neva Lodge & Casino . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first trailer was released on June 7 , 2018 . The film had its world premiere at Fantastic Fest on September 27 , 2018 and also screened at the San Sebastián International Film Festival . It was theatrically released in the United States on October 12 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of October 28 , 2018 , Bad Times at the El Royale has grossed $16.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $10.5 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $27.1 million , against a production budget of $32 million . </P> <P> In the United States and Canada , Bad Times at the El Royale was released alongside First Man and Goosebumps 2 : Haunted Halloween , and was projected to gross $8 -- 12 million from 2,808 theaters in its opening weekend , with some predictions going as high as $17 million . The film made $2.8 million on its first day and went on to debut to $7.2 million , finishing seventh at the box office . Deadline Hollywood speculates the film was hurt by its 141 minute runtime , as well as its niche genre and lack of awards buzz . The film dropped 52 % in its second weekend to $3.4 million , finishing ninth . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 73 % based on 193 reviews , with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Smart , stylish , and packed with solid performances , Bad Times at the El Royale delivers pure popcorn fun with the salty tang of social subtext . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` Mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Identity </Li> <Li> Looking Glass </Li> <Li> Vacancy </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bad Times at the El Royale '' . San Sebastián International Film Festival . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bad Times at the El Royale ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Bad Times At The El Royale Trailer Breakdown with Drew Goddard '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2018 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Dates Amy Adams Pic ' Woman In The Window ' , Moves Thriller ' Bad Times At The El Royale ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knight , Lewis ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Bad Times at the El Royale review round - up : Critics praise Chris Hemsworth in wacky new film '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Buys ' Bad Times At The El Royale ' From Drew Goddard Who Will Also Direct '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth , Jeff Bridges to Star in Drew Goddard 's ' Bad Times at the El Royale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Bridges , Chris Hemsworth to Star in Drew Goddard 's `` Bad Times at the El Royale '' `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Goddard 's ' Bad Times at the El Royale ' Adds Newcomer Cailee Spaeny ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Winner Cynthia Erivo Joins Drew Goddard 's ' Bad Times at the El Royale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Dakota Johnson to Star Opposite Chris Hemsworth in Drew Goddard 's Thriller `` Bad Times at the El Royale '' ( Exclusive ) `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dakota Johnson and Jon Hamm finish filming Bad Times at the El Royale '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Peter ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' Star Nick Offerman Joins Amazon 's ' Good Omens ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Nick Offerman Joins The Cast Of Thriller Bad Times At The El Royale 🔫 Celebrity WotNot '' . 2 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First ' Bad Times at the El Royale ' Images Let Us Revel in Shirtless Chris Hemsworth '' . 29 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bad Times at the El Royale : Chris Hemsworth , Dakota Johnson , Jeff Bridges & More Filming in Vancouver Area '' . What 's Filming ? . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dakota Johnson begins work on Bad Times at the El Royale '' . Mail Online . February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna . `` ' Bad Times at the El Royale ' Trailer : Drew Goddard 's ' The Martian ' Follow - Up Is An Eerie Ensemble Film Set in 1969 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray . `` Fantastic Fest : ' Bad Times At The El Royale ' Set As Closing Night Film , ' MID90S ' And ' Under The Silver Lake ' Added To Lineup '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rolfe , Pamela . `` ' Bad Times at the El Royale ' to Close San Sebastian Film Festival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' First Man ' Takes on ' Venom ' and ' A Star Is Born ' as October Box Office Goes Galactic '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As ' Venom ' Bites $35 M+ ; ' First Man ' Lands Third With $16 M+ -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Halloween ' Scares Up Second - Best October Opening With $77 M+ ; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon ; Great Launch For Miramax '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bad Times at the El Royale ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bad Times at the El Royale reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bad Times at the El Royale on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Drew Goddard </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Bad Times at the El Royale ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> X-Force ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Times_at_the_El_Royale&oldid=866521168 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Drew Goddard </Li> <Li> 2010s mystery films </Li> <Li> 2010s thriller films </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American mystery films </Li> <Li> American thriller films </Li> <Li> Neo-noir </Li> <Li> Films about death </Li> <Li> Films about murder </Li> <Li> Films scored by Michael Giacchino </Li> <Li> Films set in 1969 </Li> <Li> Films set in California </Li> <Li> Films set in hotels </Li> <Li> Films set in Nevada </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Drew Goddard </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 04 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 16,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 264
},
{
"start_token": 17,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 27
},
{
"start_token": 27,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 34
},
{
"start_token": 34,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 44
},
{
"start_token": 44,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 62
},
{
"start_token": 50,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 60
},
{
"start_token": 62,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 72
},
{
"start_token": 72,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 109
},
{
"start_token": 77,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 107
},
{
"start_token": 109,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 119
},
{
"start_token": 119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 128
},
{
"start_token": 128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 138
},
{
"start_token": 138,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 156
},
{
"start_token": 144,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 154
},
{
"start_token": 156,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 167
},
{
"start_token": 167,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 217
},
{
"start_token": 173,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 215
},
{
"start_token": 174,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 191
},
{
"start_token": 191,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 208
},
{
"start_token": 217,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 227
},
{
"start_token": 227,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 236
},
{
"start_token": 236,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 244
},
{
"start_token": 244,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 253
},
{
"start_token": 253,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 263
},
{
"start_token": 264,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 347
},
{
"start_token": 347,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 418
},
{
"start_token": 475,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 591
},
{
"start_token": 591,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 869
},
{
"start_token": 869,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1058
},
{
"start_token": 1058,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1174
},
{
"start_token": 1174,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1360
},
{
"start_token": 1360,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1383
},
{
"start_token": 1389,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1701
},
{
"start_token": 1390,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1413
},
{
"start_token": 1413,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1430
},
{
"start_token": 1430,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1464
},
{
"start_token": 1454,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1463
},
{
"start_token": 1455,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1462
},
{
"start_token": 1464,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1492
},
{
"start_token": 1492,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1517
},
{
"start_token": 1507,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1516
},
{
"start_token": 1508,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1515
},
{
"start_token": 1517,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1553
},
{
"start_token": 1543,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1552
},
{
"start_token": 1544,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1551
},
{
"start_token": 1553,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1571
},
{
"start_token": 1571,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1585
},
{
"start_token": 1585,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1603
},
{
"start_token": 1603,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1618
},
{
"start_token": 1618,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1631
},
{
"start_token": 1631,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1643
},
{
"start_token": 1643,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1659
},
{
"start_token": 1659,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1677
},
{
"start_token": 1677,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1690
},
{
"start_token": 1690,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1700
},
{
"start_token": 1707,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1944
},
{
"start_token": 1944,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1998
},
{
"start_token": 2004,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2056
},
{
"start_token": 2069,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2119
},
{
"start_token": 2119,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2239
},
{
"start_token": 2246,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2365
}
] | who's in the cast of bad times at the el royale | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 16996289396775506000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bad_Times_at_the_El_Royale&oldid=866521168 | 7,714,521,696,167,387,000 |
It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( season 4 ) - wikipedia <H1> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( season 4 ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( season 4 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> FX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 18 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) -- November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The fourth season of the American comedy television series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered on FX on September 18 , 2008 . The season contains 13 episodes and concluded airing on November 20 , 2008 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Season synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring cast </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 DVD release </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Season synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Gang gets even crazier this season when Sweet Dee and Charlie become cannibals while Mac and Dennis decide to hunt humans for sport . Later , the gang hatches a plot to counter soaring prices at the pump by stealing and reselling gasoline , then try living the healthy life -- by scamming their way to free medical insurance , but not before trying to prove that Paddy 's Pub is historically relevant , and kidnapping a newspaper critic who panned their bar . Dee and Frank set out to stop Bruce Mathis ( Dee and Dennis 's biological father ) from donating Barbara 's inheritance to a community center for Muslims while Charlie and Mac fake their deaths to escape Mac 's convict father , Luther , who vowed in `` Dennis Looks Like a Registered Sex Offender '' to get revenge on the two of them for screwing up his plan to make amends with the people he terrorized before he was sent away to prison for the first time . </P> <P> This season also sees Frank holding a contest to find a new billboard model for the bar and the gang trying to bring good karma to a Hispanic family by rebuilding their hovel . Dennis ' erotic memoirs land him in a mental hospital with comedian Sinbad and Matchbox Twenty lead singer , Rob Thomas . Dee and Artemis live it up like the girls on Sex and the City , while Frank and the rest of the gang solve a scatological mystery . Charlie continues to stalk The Waitress , especially in light of news that someone else is having sex with her ; then Charlie reworks his `` Night Man '' song into a sprawling musical to win over The Waitress . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly </Li> <Li> Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds </Li> <Li> Rob McElhenney as Mac </Li> <Li> Kaitlin Olson as Dee Reynolds </Li> <Li> Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mary Elizabeth Ellis as The Waitress </Li> <Li> David Hornsby as Cricket / Colonel Cricket </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Zachary Knighton as Random Guy </Li> <Li> Geoff Pierson as Warden </Li> <Li> Lynne Marie Stewart as Charlie 's Mom </Li> <Li> Artemis Pebdani as Artemis </Li> <Li> Fran Kranz as College Student </Li> <Li> Fisher Stevens as Korman </Li> <Li> Rob Thomas as Himself </Li> <Li> Sinbad as Himself </Li> <Li> Lisa Locicero as Philadelphia Soul Executive </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mac and Dennis : Manhunters '' </Td> <Td> Fred Savage </Td> <Td> Charlie Day & Jordan Young & Elijah Aron </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> IP04002 </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Charlie and Dee freak out and become cannibals after Frank tells them that the meat they stole from him was human meat . Meanwhile , Mac and Dennis go after the most dangerous prey of all -- man -- by hunting Cricket . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Gang Solves the Gas Crisis '' </Td> <Td> Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> Charlie Day & Sonny Lee & Patrick Walsh </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> IP04009 </Td> <Td> 1.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> To profit from high gas prices , Mac , Dennis , and Charlie fill barrels of gasoline and sell them door - to - door . Meanwhile , Dee and Frank plot to brand Bruce Mathis ( Dennis and Dee 's biological father from `` Dennis and Dee Get a New Dad '' ) as a terrorist after learning that Barbara 's inheritance money is going to be donated to a Muslim community center . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` America 's Next Top Paddy 's Billboard Model Contest '' </Td> <Td> Fred Savage </Td> <Td> Rob McElhenney & Charlie Day & Adam Stein </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> IP04006 </Td> <Td> 1.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Mac and Frank hold a contest where the winner will be the billboard model for Paddy 's Pub . Dennis competes in the contest . Meanwhile , Charlie and Dee set out to create a viral video to put on Youtube . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mac 's Banging the Waitress '' </Td> <Td> Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> David Hornsby </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> IP04011 </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> When Charlie learns that The Waitress has a boyfriend , he enlists the help of his bad ass best friend Mac find out who the guy is so he can destroy the relationship . Dennis , jealous of Mac and Charlie 's relationship , tries to convince Charlie that Mac is double crossing him by having Charlie listen in on them banging . However , they both get more than they bargained for when they hear it . Through a series of lies and misunderstandings and then confessions and revelations it is revealed that The Waitress and Mac each have ulterior motives for getting together . Frank and Dee are not featured in this episode . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Mac and Charlie Die ( Part 1 ) '' </Td> <Td> Fred Savage & Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & Rob McElhenney </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> IP04003 </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Mac and Charlie use Dee 's car and credit cards to fake their deaths to avoid the wrath of Mac 's father who was released from prison and is out for vengeance . Meanwhile , Frank and Dennis go inside the world of anonymous sex when they discover a glory hole in one of the bathroom stalls . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Mac and Charlie Die ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> Fred Savage </Td> <Td> Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & Rob McElhenney </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> IP04004 </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Dennis , Frank , and Dee find unique ways of coping with the apparent loss of their friends . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Who Pooped the Bed ? '' </Td> <Td> Fred Savage </Td> <Td> Rob McElhenney & Scott Marder & Rob Rosell </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> IP04007 </Td> <Td> 1.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Frank and Charlie find that someone has pooped in their bed and Mac and Dennis join them as they attempt to catch the culprit . Meanwhile , Dee takes Artemis and the Waitress on a `` Sex and the City '' - style night on the town . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Paddy 's Pub : The Worst Bar in Philadelphia '' </Td> <Td> Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> Scott Marder & Rob Rosell & David Hornsby </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> IP04012 </Td> <Td> 1.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The gang kidnaps a newspaper critic ( guest star Fisher Stevens ) who dubbed Paddy 's Pub `` the worst bar in Philadelphia , '' but their plan gets out of hand when they also kidnap the critic 's neighbor and pet cat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Dennis Reynolds : An Erotic Life '' </Td> <Td> Fred Savage </Td> <Td> Glenn Howerton & Rob Rosell & Scott Marder </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> IP04005 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Dennis plans on publishing an account of his sexual exploits and ends up in a rehab facility along with comedian Sinbad and Matchbox 20 frontman Rob Thomas . Meanwhile , Charlie and Dee try to `` walk in each other 's shoes '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Sweet Dee Has a Heart Attack '' </Td> <Td> Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> Rob Rosell & Scott Marder </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> IP04013 </Td> <Td> 1.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After Dee is hospitalized for a heart attack , she and Dennis try to adopt a healthier lifestyle . Charlie and Mac become office workers to get health insurance . While tripping on anxiety pills , Frank gets placed in a mental ward reminiscent of One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , a film in which DeVito appeared . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` The Gang Cracks the Liberty Bell '' </Td> <Td> Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton & David Hornsby </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> IP04010 </Td> <Td> 1.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> In an attempt to turn their bar into a Philadelphia landmark , the gang tells the story of how Paddy 's Pub was historically relevant during the Revolutionary War , specifically cracking the Liberty Bell . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Gang Gets Extreme : Home Makeover Edition '' </Td> <Td> Fred Savage </Td> <Td> Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & David Hornsby </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> IP04001 </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> The gang sets out to redecorate a poor family 's home a la Extreme Makeover : Home Edition , believing the `` selfless '' act will lead to good karma . Rather than improving the house , Charlie and Dennis end up destroying the entire building after they attempt to demolish a wall with a propane torch . Meanwhile , Dee and Mac hold the family captive , trying to instill `` American Values '' despite a poor grasp of the Spanish language . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Nightman Cometh '' </Td> <Td> Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & Rob McElhenney </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> IP04008 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Charlie writes a musical based on the song he composed in `` Sweet Dee 's Dating a Retarded Person '' and casts the gang in lead roles all in a secret attempt to propose to the waitress and get her to marry him . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DVD release ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : The Complete 4th Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Set details </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Special features </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> 13 episodes </Li> <Li> 3 - disc DVD set ( Region 1 & 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Technical specifications </P> <Ul> <Li> Full Frame ( 1.33 : 1 ) </Li> <Li> English Dolby Surround </Li> <Li> English , French , Spanish and Portuguese subtitles </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Dennis Reynolds : An Erotic Life </Li> <Li> The Nightman Cometh Live ! </Li> <Li> Blooper reel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Release dates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Region 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Region 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> September 15 , 2009 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> March 30 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( November 15 , 2008 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Ratings '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : Weekly Top Cable Shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Its Always Sunny In Philadelphia : Season 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - The Complete Season 3 ( 3 Disc Set ) ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( season 4 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes on IMDb </Li> <Li> List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia season 4 episodes at TV.com </Li> <Li> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia at epguides.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Kelly </Li> <Li> Dennis Reynolds </Li> <Li> Mac </Li> <Li> Deandra Reynolds </Li> <Li> Frank Reynolds </Li> <Li> The Waitress </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Nightman Cometh '' </Li> <Li> `` Charlie Work '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia_(season_4)&oldid=857416527 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2008 American television seasons </Li> <Li> It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 August 2018 , at 15 : 11 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 24,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 141
},
{
"start_token": 25,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 39
},
{
"start_token": 39,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 45
},
{
"start_token": 45,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 56
},
{
"start_token": 56,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 66
},
{
"start_token": 66,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 71
},
{
"start_token": 71,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 80
},
{
"start_token": 80,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 109
},
{
"start_token": 109,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 115
},
{
"start_token": 115,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 127
},
{
"start_token": 127,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 140
},
{
"start_token": 141,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 181
},
{
"start_token": 237,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 413
},
{
"start_token": 413,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 539
},
{
"start_token": 552,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 588
},
{
"start_token": 553,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 560
},
{
"start_token": 560,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 567
},
{
"start_token": 567,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 573
},
{
"start_token": 573,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 580
},
{
"start_token": 580,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 587
},
{
"start_token": 595,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 614
},
{
"start_token": 596,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 604
},
{
"start_token": 604,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 613
},
{
"start_token": 621,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 683
},
{
"start_token": 622,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 629
},
{
"start_token": 629,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 635
},
{
"start_token": 635,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 644
},
{
"start_token": 644,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 650
},
{
"start_token": 650,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 657
},
{
"start_token": 657,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 663
},
{
"start_token": 663,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 669
},
{
"start_token": 669,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 674
},
{
"start_token": 674,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 682
},
{
"start_token": 701,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2169
},
{
"start_token": 702,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 742
},
{
"start_token": 742,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 791
},
{
"start_token": 791,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 838
},
{
"start_token": 838,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 888
},
{
"start_token": 888,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 967
},
{
"start_token": 967,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1020
},
{
"start_token": 1020,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1066
},
{
"start_token": 1066,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1109
},
{
"start_token": 1109,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1229
},
{
"start_token": 1229,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1285
},
{
"start_token": 1285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1347
},
{
"start_token": 1347,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1400
},
{
"start_token": 1400,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1423
},
{
"start_token": 1423,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1473
},
{
"start_token": 1473,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1525
},
{
"start_token": 1525,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1579
},
{
"start_token": 1579,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1627
},
{
"start_token": 1627,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1680
},
{
"start_token": 1680,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1728
},
{
"start_token": 1728,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1776
},
{
"start_token": 1776,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1840
},
{
"start_token": 1840,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1891
},
{
"start_token": 1891,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1931
},
{
"start_token": 1931,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1984
},
{
"start_token": 1984,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2072
},
{
"start_token": 2072,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2120
},
{
"start_token": 2120,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2168
},
{
"start_token": 2176,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2309
},
{
"start_token": 2177,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2192
},
{
"start_token": 2192,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2202
},
{
"start_token": 2202,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2278
},
{
"start_token": 2204,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2223
},
{
"start_token": 2209,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2222
},
{
"start_token": 2227,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2253
},
{
"start_token": 2228,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2237
},
{
"start_token": 2237,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2242
},
{
"start_token": 2242,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2252
},
{
"start_token": 2255,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2276
},
{
"start_token": 2256,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2264
},
{
"start_token": 2264,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2271
},
{
"start_token": 2278,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2284
},
{
"start_token": 2284,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2294
},
{
"start_token": 2294,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2308
}
] | it's always sunny in philadelphia dee walks in charlie's shoes | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 16682079415546042000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia_(season_4)&oldid=857416527 | -816,449,772,167,251,000 |
I Think We 're Alone Now - wikipedia <H1> I Think We 're Alone Now </H1> For other uses , see I Think We 're Alone Now ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Tommy James and the Shondells </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album I Think We 're Alone Now </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> January 5 , 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Roulette </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ritchie Cordell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ritchie Cordell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tommy James and the Shondells singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mirage '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mirage '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' is a song written and composed by Ritchie Cordell that was the title selection from a same - named album released by the American recording artists Tommy James and the Shondells . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was a 1967 US hit for James and the Shondells , reaching number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The song has since been covered several times by other artists . The late 1987 recording by Tiffany reached number 1 on the charts of various countries including the US , UK , Canada , and New Zealand . One month earlier , another Tommy James song had also hit number 1 -- Billy Idol 's version of `` Mony , Mony '' . Other cover versions have also charted , including those by The Rubinoos ( number 45 US , 1977 ) and Girls Aloud ( number 4 UK , 2006 ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Original version <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Content </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Charts <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 The Lene Lovich version <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Track listings and formats </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Tiffany version <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Background <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Approach </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Reception </Li> <Li> 4.3 Music video </Li> <Li> 4.4 Track listings and formats </Li> <Li> 4.5 Chart history </Li> <Li> 4.6 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 4.7 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 4.8 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 The Snuff version <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Track listings and formats </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Girls Aloud version <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Background </Li> <Li> 6.2 Release </Li> <Li> 6.3 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.4 Reception </Li> <Li> 6.5 Music video </Li> <Li> 6.6 Live performances </Li> <Li> 6.7 Track listings and formats </Li> <Li> 6.8 Credits and personnel </Li> <Li> 6.9 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 6.9. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 6.9. 2 Year - end chart </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Other versions </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Original version ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was a 1967 hit song for Tommy James and the Shondells , reaching number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during a 17 - week stay . The recording was produced by Ritchie Cordell and Bo Gentry . Cordell wrote or co-wrote many songs for James , including the follow - up single `` Mirage '' and its B - side `` Run , Run , Baby , Run '' , and 1968 's `` Mony Mony '' . Rock critic Lester Bangs called the single `` the bubblegum apotheosis '' . </P> <P> Like many early Tommy James and the Shondells releases , only band members Tommy James and Eddie Gray were featured on the record . ( The rest of the band provided background vocals . ) Studio musicians were used as the rest of the rhythm section to back up the Shondells . These musicians include Artie Butler playing Ondioline electric keyboard , Al Gorgoni on guitar , Joe Macho on bass , Paul Griffin on piano , and Bobby Gregg on drums . </P> <P> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' stands out as one of James 's most successful recordings . It was featured in the horror film Mother 's Day ( 1980 ) and the science - fiction thriller 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) . </P> <H3> Content ( edit ) </H3> <P> The version that James and the Shondells originally performed uses hard - driving arrangements for its two verses , both fiercely performed so as to convey a sense of urgency . However , the refrain ( performed twice ) is almost whispered and indeed followed by a sound effect of crickets chirping , giving an atmosphere of forbidden activities that are being deliberately kept hidden . The fade - out uses the lyrics of the refrain , but this time , the hard - driving arrangements are resumed . </P> <P> The lyrics themselves speak of parental prohibition , especially against sexual activities , and have both the narrator and the person being addressed `` trying to get away into the night '' to avoid , evade , or defy such prohibition . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1967 -- 68 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Listener ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cashbox Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1967 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM 100 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The Lene Lovich version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Lene Lovich </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Stateless </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Lucky Number '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Stiff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ritchie Cordell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Les Chappell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lene Lovich singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> `` Lucky Number '' ( 1979 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> `` Lucky Number '' ( 1979 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1978 , the American singer Lene Lovich recorded a cover version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Her version was originally released with her hit song `` Lucky Number '' as a B - side . Lovich recorded the song after contacting the radio presenter Charlie Gillett , who helped her get signed by Dave Robinson of Stiff Records . Robinson liked the record and immediately proposed it to be released as a single . However , her song `` Lucky Number '' gained so much more attention that it was later re-released as a lead single , as which it peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . </P> <P> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' appeared on Lovich 's 1978 debut album , Stateless , and she would later record the song in other languages , including German and Japanese . </P> <H3> Track listings and formats ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' single ( UK ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 2 : 45 </Li> <Li> `` Lucky Number '' -- 2 : 20 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Tiffany version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Tiffany </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Tiffany </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` No Rules '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' single </Li> <Li> 2 '' single </Li> <Li> CD single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Synthpop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 47 ( Album Version ) 4 : 25 ( Single Version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> MCA Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ritchie Cordell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> George Tobin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tiffany singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Danny '' ( 1987 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1987 ) </Td> <Td> `` Could 've Been '' ( 1988 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Danny '' ( 1987 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1987 ) </Td> <Td> `` Could 've Been '' ( 1988 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was re-popularized when American pop singer Tiffany covered the song for her debut studio album , Tiffany , which was released in 1987 on the MCA Records label . When George Tobin , Tiffany 's manager and producer , gave her the cassette of the original version by Tommy James & the Shondells , Tiffany hated the idea of recording a version of her own for her album , mostly because she thought the song was neither modern enough nor hip enough . </P> <P> Tiffany 's version is referenced in the alternative group Weezer 's song `` Heart Songs '' on the band 's 2008 Red Album . Weezer incorrectly referred to it as having been performed by Debbie Gibson , who performed a similar style of pop music and was popular during the same time as Tiffany . Rivers Cuomo admitted that he noticed the mistake while writing the song , but left it in the finished song . </P> Approach ( edit ) <P> Darwish and Tobin made no attempt to contrast the verses and the refrain , as James and the Shondells had , instead keeping the `` peppy '' arrangements they used all throughout her recording and performances . </P> <H3> Reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' proved to be Tiffany 's biggest hit once she did record and release it . Her version of the song spent two weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart ( coincidentally , another Tommy James & the Shondells cover , Billy Idol 's version of `` Mony , Mony '' , followed it on the top spot ) and three weeks at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . </P> <P> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was not the first single from Tiffany 's debut album . The first single was `` Danny '' , but radio started picking up `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' , another selection on the album . It became a runaway number 1 hit and was the eighteenth highest selling single for 1987 and the thirty - second highest selling single in Australia for 1988 . </P> <H3> Music video ( edit ) </H3> <P> The music video was shot in a shopping mall in Ogden , Utah , which echoed the way her early career had been promoted . Elements of the video were filmed in the now demolished Bull Ring Centre in Birmingham , UK . The video was featured in the 2012 film Ted and the song was also on the soundtrack and appears in its sequel . </P> <H3> Track listings and formats ( edit ) </H3> <P> 7 `` / CD single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 3 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` No Rules '' -- 4 : 05 </Li> </Ol> <P> 12 '' vinyl single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 35 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single version ) -- 4 : 25 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( dub version ) -- 6 : 35 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Chart history ( edit ) </H3> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( The Record ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Th> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1987 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Cash Box </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1988 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 626,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The Snuff version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Snuff </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 12 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD single </Li> <Li> 7 '' single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 1 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Fat Wreck Chords </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ritchie Cordell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Snuff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Snuff singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sweet Days '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1998 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sweet Days '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1998 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1989 , Snuff covered the song for their first album , Snuff Said . In 1998 , Snuff again covered the song for the compilation album Punk Chartbusters Vol 3 . Unlike the original , this version is very punk - heavy . In addition to the original length of the song that was released , many different length versions of the song exist : there is such an extended version with a length from 6 : 36 minutes , a 3 : 00 minutes long remix , and an a capella version , which contains a length from 5 : 50 minutes . On the B - side of the song is the single `` Christmas Song '' . </P> <H3> Track listings and formats ( edit ) </H3> <P> 7 '' </P> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 1 : 50 </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Song '' -- 0 : 05 </Li> </Ol> <P> CD single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 1 : 50 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 36 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( remix ) -- 3 : 00 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( a capella version ) -- 5 : 50 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Girls Aloud version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Girls Aloud </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Sound of Girls Aloud </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Why Do It ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Jingle Bell Rock '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 18 December 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD single </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Electropop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 42 ( single mix / version ) 3 : 18 ( album version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Fascination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ritchie Cordell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Xenomania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Girls Aloud singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Walk This Way '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Walk This Way '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2006 , the British all - female pop group Girls Aloud recorded a cover version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' for their greatest hits album The Sound of Girls Aloud and the soundtrack of It 's a Boy Girl Thing . Girls Aloud 's version was produced by Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania . The song was recorded just days before the group 's greatest hits was sent to be manufactured . Following a single remix , `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was released as a contender for the Christmas number one . It reached the top five on the UK Singles Chart . </P> <P> The music video , inspired by heist films , features Girls Aloud robbing a Las Vegas casino . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was promoted through various live appearances and was featured on 2007 's The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour . The track was criticised and labelled `` pointless '' by contemporary music critics . </P> <H3> Release ( edit ) </H3> <P> Until three days before the greatest hits was manufactured , a cover of Irene Cara 's `` What A Feeling '' was going to be in place of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . But members of Girls Aloud had called their record label on a Friday afternoon to say that they would rather record `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ; the group recorded the song the following morning , and the album was mastered on Monday , three days afterwards . The album version was drastically reworked for the single release , due to the initial version having been so hastily recorded . Higgins said that `` Xenomania used the only idea they could think of , which was to make the song sound like ' Something Kinda Ooooh . ' '' Sarah Harding said , `` We 've given it a Girls Aloud twist , made it a bit clubbier , and also brought it up to date . '' The single features an alternative vocal arrangement and an entirely new backing track . Later pressings of the greatest hits include the single version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . </P> <P> The song was released on 18 December 2006 . It was available on two CD single formats and as a digital download . The first disc included a previously unreleased track entitled `` Why Do It ? '' , co-written by Girls Aloud . The second CD format features a number of remixes , as well as a cover of the Christmas classic `` Jingle Bell Rock '' . Girls Aloud 's cover of `` Jingle Bell Rock '' was originally featured on the Christmas bonus disc that came with the limited edition of 2005 's Chemistry . The artwork for the second disc features Girls Aloud draped over a Fender guitar amplifier . </P> <P> Girls Aloud 's version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' appears on the soundtrack to the film It 's a Boy Girl Thing ( 2006 ) , starring Samaire Armstrong and Kevin Zegers . The film was produced by Elton John 's partner David Furnish . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Girls Aloud 's cover of the song was widely slated by music critics . An unidentified staff writer at WalesOnline described it as `` cheap , obnoxious , totally pointless and , destined to be loved only by people too out of their heads on Christmas spirit to know any better '' . Adam Burling of musicOMH exclaimed , `` Christmas does funny things to people . Even pop groups as reliably excellent at singles as Girls Aloud toss out pointless , lazy covers in a ruthless attempt to snare that coveted seasonal chart - topper from the X-Factor's clutches . '' A BBC Music review of The Sound of Girls Aloud chose to `` ignore the Xmas party cover '' . Yahoo ! Music stated `` the karaoke rendition ( s ) of ( ... ) Tiffany 's ' I Think We 're Alone Now ' really drag this collection down '' . On the other hand , John Murphy of musicOMH said the cover `` actually does the impossible by making Tiffany 's version sound good '' . </P> <H3> Reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The single debuted at number 50 on the UK Singles Chart a week prior to its physical release , due to download sales . The following week , `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' peaked at number 4 on the Christmas chart , being beaten by Leona Lewis ' `` A Moment Like This '' . The song slipped to number 7 in its second week . It spent a total of seven weeks in the top 75 . The song also peaked at number 11 on the Irish Singles Chart and spent six weeks in Ireland 's top 50 . As their 17th best selling single it has sold a total of 85,000 copies . </P> <H3> Music video ( edit ) </H3> <P> The video , directed by Alex Hemming and Nick Collett , is based , as stated above , on films like Ocean 's 11 and Casino . During the video , the group attempt to rob a Las Vegas casino . </P> <P> Three different endings to the video were shot . The first shows the girls getting caught and tied up after opening a box full of money in the casino 's safe ; the second features Kimberley Walsh ( with her back to the camera ) removing her clothes in front of casino owners , causing them to faint ; and the third features the girls playing with the money . 3 customers were allowed to vote on their favourite ending from November 8 to November 15 , 2006 . This last ending won the vote , despite the version with Kimberley stripping being uploaded to the internet . In March 2007 , all versions of the video were made available to download on iTunes , though in the UK Store only . </P> <H3> Live performances ( edit ) </H3> <P> The band performed the song at the following events : </P> <Ul> <Li> G-A-Y </Li> <Li> Strictly Come Dancing </Li> <Li> Popworld </Li> <Li> The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour </Li> </Ul> <H3> Track listings and formats ( edit ) </H3> <P> These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . </P> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> UK CD1 ( Fascination / 1714586 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single mix ) -- 3 : 42 </Li> <Li> `` Why Do It ? '' ( Girls Aloud , Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Nick Coler ) -- 2 : 53 </Li> </Ol> <P> UK CD2 ( Fascination / 1714587 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single mix ) -- 3 : 42 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Uniting Nations Remix ) -- 6 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Tony Lamezma Baubletastic Remix ) -- 5 : 32 </Li> <Li> `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( Joe Beal , Jim Boothe ) -- 1 : 59 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( video ) -- 3 : 37 </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <P> The Singles Boxset ( CD14 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single mix ) -- 3 : 42 </Li> <Li> `` Why Do It ? '' -- 2 : 53 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Uniting Nations Remix ) -- 6 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Tony Lamezma Baubletastic Remix ) -- 5 : 32 </Li> <Li> `` Jingle Bell Rock '' -- 1 : 59 </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Alternative Mix ) -- </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Co-Stars Epic Club Mix ) -- </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Flip & Fill Remix ) -- </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( video ) -- 3 : 37 </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Credits and personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Guitar : Nick Coler </Li> <Li> Keyboards : Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Toby Scott </Li> <Li> Mastering : Dick Beetham for 360 Mastering </Li> <Li> Mixing : Brian Higgins , Tim Powell </Li> <Li> Production : Brian Higgins , Xenomania </Li> <Li> Programming : Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Paul Woods </Li> <Li> Vocals : Girls Aloud </Li> <Li> Published by Warner / Chappell Music and Xenomania Music </Li> </Ul> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2006 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> Year - end chart ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2006 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song has also been covered by a number of other artists , including The Killers , The Turtles , Trust Company , Gary Lewis and the Playboys , The Spinto Band , Pascal featuring Karen Parry , The Click Five , Bel 's Boys , The Birthday Massacre , Comadre , The Pipettes , Ratcat on their EP Ratcat , Screeching Weasel , The Crimea , The Rubinoos , Kids Incorporated , and Me First and the Gimme Gimmes . </P> <P> A Japanese adaptation `` Futari no Sekai '' ( ふたり の 世界 ) was recorded by Yōko Nagayama on her album Tokyo Menu ( トーキョー ・ メニュー ) . A Spanish adaptation `` Ahora estoy solo '' was recorded by Los Hitters . </P> <P> The Tiffany version of the song was spoofed by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on his 1988 album , Even Worse , as `` I Think I 'm a Clone Now '' . </P> <P> Dave Garr , who wrote a good deal of song parodies about computers , covered this as `` I Think We 're a Clone Now '' . The parody dealt with the licensing of the Macintosh from Apple Computer to other companies during the short period in which Macintosh clones were made . The video was recorded in 1995 at Apple 's headquarters and features the building and its landmarks of the day , references to former Apple CEOs Mike Spindler and John Sculley , and some vintage Macintosh computers including a Macintosh Classic and an Apple Lisa . </P> <P> Also , as part of RadioShack 's `` TheShack '' commercial campaign , one commercial features a man in an office cubicle with headphones on singing part of the bridge and chorus in a falsetto range to Tiffany 's version . </P> <P> Swedish group Cosmo4 covered Tiffany 's version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' for their debut album `` Around The World '' as requested by the Russian record label Style Records . Despite the album having been shelved , the song was released to the compilation Dance 2008 , Vol. 2 in Thailand by the record label Red Beat in 2008 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=636#n_view_location </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://musiccanada.wordpress.com/2015/10/29/top-100-singles-of-1967-in-canada/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 , Music Outfitters . Accessed February 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Chart Hits of 1968 '' , Cash Box , December 23 , 1967 . Accessed February 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Juneau , Jason . `` Innovation in New Wave : Lene Lovich '' , Perfect Sound Forever , September , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ I Think We 're Alone Now ( UK 7 - inch Single liner notes ) . Lene Lovich . Stiff Records . 1978 . BUY 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Top 100 Pop Singles of 1987 '' . 80sxchange.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1988 '' . ARIACharts . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and June 19 , 1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits 1975 - present . Mississauga , Ont. : Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 759 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Tiffany '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1988 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Swiss Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tiffany - Chart history ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tiffany - Chart history ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 240 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0920&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1987 / Top 100 Songs of 1987 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1987 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1988 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Top 100 Singles : 1988 '' . BPI YearBook 1989 / 90 . London , England : British Phonographic Industry . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9061 - 5410 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Music Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter I Think We 're Alone Now in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-charts-flashback-1988-tiffany-i-think-were-alone-now__21562/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Peter ( 2009 ) . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . The Singles Boxset ( Booklet ) . Girls Aloud . London , England : Fascination Records . pp. 32 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacqui Swift ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Girls are loud and proud '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud - I Think We 're Alone Now ( CD , Single , CD1 ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud - Chemistry ( CD , Album + CD , Bon ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Elton 's heart 's meltin ' at Xmas '' . The Sun . News International . 2006 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud , I Think We 're Alone Now '' . walesonline.co.uk . Media Wales . 2006 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Burling ( 2006 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Girls Aloud - I Think We 're Alone Now ( Polydor ) '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Talia Kraines ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Girls Aloud The Sound of Girls Aloud : the Greatest Hits Review '' . BBC Music . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Webb ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Girls Aloud - The Sound Of Girls Aloud '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Murphy ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Girls Aloud - The Sound Of : The Greatest Hits ( Polydor ) '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . ChartStats.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` X Factor 's Leona has festive No 1 '' . BBC News . BBC . 2006 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart - 6th January 2007 '' . The Official UK Charts Company . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud '' . The Official UK Charts Company . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . aCharts.us . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Girls have Christmas all tied up '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror. 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud are in pole position '' . The Sun . News International . 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kim 's Aloud to keep kit on in video , Sunday Mail </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Download Girls Aloud Music on iTunes '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 51 , 2006 '' . Irish Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tommy James and the Shondells </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tommy James </Li> <Li> John Golden </Li> <Li> Bobby Guy </Li> <Li> Glenn Wyka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hanky Panky </Li> <Li> It 's Only Love </Li> <Li> I Think We 're Alone Now </Li> <Li> Gettin ' Together </Li> <Li> Mony Mony </Li> <Li> Crimson & Clover </Li> <Li> Cellophane Symphony </Li> <Li> The Best of Tommy James and The Shondells </Li> <Li> Travelin ' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hanky Panky '' </Li> <Li> `` Say I Am ( What I Am ) '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Only Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Ya ! Ya ! '' </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Mirage '' </Li> <Li> `` Gettin ' Together '' </Li> <Li> `` Mony Mony '' </Li> <Li> `` Do Something to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Crimson and Clover '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Cherry Wine '' </Li> <Li> `` Crystal Blue Persuasion '' / `` I 'm Alive '' </Li> <Li> `` Ball of Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` She '' </Li> <Li> `` Gotta Get Back to You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` California Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Good Lovin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Go Crazy '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Shake a Tail Feather '' </Li> <Li> `` Shout '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Book </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tiffany Darwish </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tiffany </Li> <Li> Hold an Old Friend 's Hand </Li> <Li> New Inside </Li> <Li> Dreams Never Die </Li> <Li> The Color of Silence </Li> <Li> Dust Off and Dance </Li> <Li> Just Me </Li> <Li> Rose Tattoo </Li> <Li> A Million Miles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Could 've Been '' </Li> <Li> `` I Saw Him Standing There '' </Li> <Li> `` Feelings of Forever '' </Li> <Li> `` All This Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Radio Romance '' </Li> <Li> `` Hold an Old Friend 's Hand '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's the Lover ( Not the Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh Jackie '' </Li> <Li> `` I Always Thought I 'd See You Again '' </Li> <Li> `` New Inside '' </Li> <Li> `` Here in My Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Back in the Groove '' </Li> <Li> `` Voices That Care '' </Li> <Li> `` If Love Is Blind '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't You See '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Not Sleeping '' </Li> <Li> `` Open My Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` Be with U Tonite '' </Li> <Li> `` Na Na Na '' </Li> <Li> `` Higher '' </Li> <Li> `` Serpentine '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Tiffany </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Girls Aloud songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sound of the Underground </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sound of the Underground '' </Li> <Li> `` No Good Advice '' </Li> <Li> `` Some Kind of Miracle '' </Li> <Li> `` Life Got Cold '' </Li> <Li> `` Jump '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> What Will the Neighbours Say ? </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Show '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Machine '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Stand by You '' </Li> <Li> `` Jump '' </Li> <Li> `` Wake Me Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Graffiti My Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Here We Go '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chemistry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Biology '' </Li> <Li> `` See the Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Whole Lotta History '' </Li> <Li> `` Long Hot Summer '' </Li> <Li> `` Swinging London Town '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' </Li> <Li> `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tangled Up </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Call the Shots '' </Li> <Li> `` Sexy ! No No No ... '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Speak French '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Out of Control </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Promise '' </Li> <Li> `` The Loving Kind '' </Li> <Li> `` Untouchable '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ten </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Something New '' </Li> <Li> `` On the Metro '' </Li> <Li> `` Beautiful ' Cause You Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Memory of You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Stay Another Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Walk This Way '' ( vs. Sugababes ) </Li> <Li> `` Theme to St. Trinian 's '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Think_We%27re_Alone_Now&oldid=849035388 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1967 singles </Li> <Li> 1987 singles </Li> <Li> 1988 singles </Li> <Li> 1998 singles </Li> <Li> 2006 singles </Li> <Li> Tommy James and the Shondells songs </Li> <Li> Tiffany ( American singer ) songs </Li> <Li> Girls Aloud songs </Li> <Li> The Turtles songs </Li> <Li> Gary Lewis & the Playboys songs </Li> <Li> Lene Lovich songs </Li> <Li> The Click Five songs </Li> <Li> Screeching Weasel songs </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Xenomania </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in New Zealand </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> UK Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> MCA Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Ritchie Cordell </Li> <Li> 1966 songs </Li> <Li> Roulette Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs about sexuality </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with format and no URL </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for France </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Scotland </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 01 : 59 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 31,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 253
},
{
"start_token": 32,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 44
},
{
"start_token": 48,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 59
},
{
"start_token": 59,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 72
},
{
"start_token": 72,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 88
},
{
"start_token": 88,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 99
},
{
"start_token": 99,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 109
},
{
"start_token": 109,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 117
},
{
"start_token": 117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 127
},
{
"start_token": 127,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 135
},
{
"start_token": 135,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 147
},
{
"start_token": 147,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 159
},
{
"start_token": 159,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 170
},
{
"start_token": 170,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 210
},
{
"start_token": 172,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 208
},
{
"start_token": 173,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 207
},
{
"start_token": 210,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 252
},
{
"start_token": 214,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 250
},
{
"start_token": 215,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 249
},
{
"start_token": 253,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 418
},
{
"start_token": 631,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 734
},
{
"start_token": 734,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 819
},
{
"start_token": 819,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 866
},
{
"start_token": 872,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 963
},
{
"start_token": 963,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1007
},
{
"start_token": 1015,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1146
},
{
"start_token": 1016,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1145
},
{
"start_token": 1025,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1082
},
{
"start_token": 1026,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1040
},
{
"start_token": 1040,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1049
},
{
"start_token": 1049,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1061
},
{
"start_token": 1061,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1071
},
{
"start_token": 1071,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1081
},
{
"start_token": 1095,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1141
},
{
"start_token": 1096,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1107
},
{
"start_token": 1107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1117
},
{
"start_token": 1117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1128
},
{
"start_token": 1128,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1140
},
{
"start_token": 1155,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1345
},
{
"start_token": 1156,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1168
},
{
"start_token": 1172,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1180
},
{
"start_token": 1180,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1188
},
{
"start_token": 1188,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1201
},
{
"start_token": 1201,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1210
},
{
"start_token": 1210,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1220
},
{
"start_token": 1220,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1228
},
{
"start_token": 1228,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1238
},
{
"start_token": 1238,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1246
},
{
"start_token": 1246,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1258
},
{
"start_token": 1258,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1270
},
{
"start_token": 1270,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1278
},
{
"start_token": 1278,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1310
},
{
"start_token": 1280,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1308
},
{
"start_token": 1281,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1307
},
{
"start_token": 1310,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1344
},
{
"start_token": 1314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1342
},
{
"start_token": 1315,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1341
},
{
"start_token": 1345,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1463
},
{
"start_token": 1463,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1499
},
{
"start_token": 1508,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1518
},
{
"start_token": 1509,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1517
},
{
"start_token": 1518,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1544
},
{
"start_token": 1519,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1533
},
{
"start_token": 1533,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1543
},
{
"start_token": 1551,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1813
},
{
"start_token": 1552,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1564
},
{
"start_token": 1568,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1575
},
{
"start_token": 1575,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1583
},
{
"start_token": 1583,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1596
},
{
"start_token": 1596,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1605
},
{
"start_token": 1605,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1628
},
{
"start_token": 1610,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1626
},
{
"start_token": 1611,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1616
},
{
"start_token": 1616,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1621
},
{
"start_token": 1628,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1635
},
{
"start_token": 1635,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1643
},
{
"start_token": 1643,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1664
},
{
"start_token": 1664,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1673
},
{
"start_token": 1673,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1685
},
{
"start_token": 1685,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1697
},
{
"start_token": 1697,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1704
},
{
"start_token": 1704,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1743
},
{
"start_token": 1706,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1741
},
{
"start_token": 1707,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1740
},
{
"start_token": 1743,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1784
},
{
"start_token": 1747,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1782
},
{
"start_token": 1748,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1781
},
{
"start_token": 1788,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1794
},
{
"start_token": 1794,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1808
},
{
"start_token": 1819,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1912
},
{
"start_token": 1912,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1990
},
{
"start_token": 1994,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2033
},
{
"start_token": 2039,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2122
},
{
"start_token": 2122,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2200
},
{
"start_token": 2207,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2275
},
{
"start_token": 2284,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2291
},
{
"start_token": 2291,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2317
},
{
"start_token": 2292,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2306
},
{
"start_token": 2306,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2316
},
{
"start_token": 2317,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2323
},
{
"start_token": 2323,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2379
},
{
"start_token": 2324,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2342
},
{
"start_token": 2342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2360
},
{
"start_token": 2360,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2378
},
{
"start_token": 2388,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2729
},
{
"start_token": 2389,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2728
},
{
"start_token": 2398,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2631
},
{
"start_token": 2399,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2413
},
{
"start_token": 2413,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2424
},
{
"start_token": 2424,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2437
},
{
"start_token": 2437,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2451
},
{
"start_token": 2451,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2463
},
{
"start_token": 2463,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2474
},
{
"start_token": 2474,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2486
},
{
"start_token": 2486,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2497
},
{
"start_token": 2497,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2510
},
{
"start_token": 2510,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2520
},
{
"start_token": 2520,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2533
},
{
"start_token": 2533,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2545
},
{
"start_token": 2545,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2558
},
{
"start_token": 2558,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2570
},
{
"start_token": 2570,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2582
},
{
"start_token": 2582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2595
},
{
"start_token": 2595,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2605
},
{
"start_token": 2605,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2619
},
{
"start_token": 2619,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2630
},
{
"start_token": 2644,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2686
},
{
"start_token": 2645,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2656
},
{
"start_token": 2656,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2664
},
{
"start_token": 2664,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2675
},
{
"start_token": 2675,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2685
},
{
"start_token": 2686,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2724
},
{
"start_token": 2687,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2698
},
{
"start_token": 2698,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2706
},
{
"start_token": 2706,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2715
},
{
"start_token": 2715,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2723
},
{
"start_token": 2735,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2799
},
{
"start_token": 2736,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2750
},
{
"start_token": 2750,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2765
},
{
"start_token": 2765,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2780
},
{
"start_token": 2780,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2798
},
{
"start_token": 2782,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2796
},
{
"start_token": 2807,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3004
},
{
"start_token": 2808,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2820
},
{
"start_token": 2820,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2827
},
{
"start_token": 2827,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2838
},
{
"start_token": 2838,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2856
},
{
"start_token": 2843,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2854
},
{
"start_token": 2848,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2853
},
{
"start_token": 2856,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2863
},
{
"start_token": 2863,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2873
},
{
"start_token": 2873,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2883
},
{
"start_token": 2883,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2895
},
{
"start_token": 2895,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2906
},
{
"start_token": 2906,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2913
},
{
"start_token": 2913,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2957
},
{
"start_token": 2915,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2955
},
{
"start_token": 2916,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2954
},
{
"start_token": 2957,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3003
},
{
"start_token": 2961,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3001
},
{
"start_token": 2962,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3000
},
{
"start_token": 3004,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3127
},
{
"start_token": 3140,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3166
},
{
"start_token": 3141,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3155
},
{
"start_token": 3155,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3165
},
{
"start_token": 3170,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3240
},
{
"start_token": 3171,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3185
},
{
"start_token": 3185,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3203
},
{
"start_token": 3203,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3220
},
{
"start_token": 3220,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3239
},
{
"start_token": 3248,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3529
},
{
"start_token": 3249,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3261
},
{
"start_token": 3265,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3273
},
{
"start_token": 3273,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3285
},
{
"start_token": 3285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3311
},
{
"start_token": 3292,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3309
},
{
"start_token": 3293,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3301
},
{
"start_token": 3301,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3308
},
{
"start_token": 3311,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3321
},
{
"start_token": 3321,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3338
},
{
"start_token": 3326,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3336
},
{
"start_token": 3338,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3346
},
{
"start_token": 3346,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3354
},
{
"start_token": 3354,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3377
},
{
"start_token": 3377,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3385
},
{
"start_token": 3385,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3397
},
{
"start_token": 3397,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3408
},
{
"start_token": 3408,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3416
},
{
"start_token": 3416,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3457
},
{
"start_token": 3418,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3455
},
{
"start_token": 3419,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3454
},
{
"start_token": 3457,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3500
},
{
"start_token": 3461,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3498
},
{
"start_token": 3462,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3497
},
{
"start_token": 3504,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3510
},
{
"start_token": 3510,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3524
},
{
"start_token": 3535,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3651
},
{
"start_token": 3651,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3716
},
{
"start_token": 3722,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3926
},
{
"start_token": 3926,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4042
},
{
"start_token": 4042,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4093
},
{
"start_token": 4100,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4282
},
{
"start_token": 4288,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4408
},
{
"start_token": 4415,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4458
},
{
"start_token": 4458,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4592
},
{
"start_token": 4599,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4611
},
{
"start_token": 4611,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4636
},
{
"start_token": 4615,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4620
},
{
"start_token": 4623,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4635
},
{
"start_token": 4645,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4668
},
{
"start_token": 4670,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4995
},
{
"start_token": 4671,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4994
},
{
"start_token": 4673,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4682
},
{
"start_token": 4682,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4727
},
{
"start_token": 4683,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4701
},
{
"start_token": 4701,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4726
},
{
"start_token": 4727,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4736
},
{
"start_token": 4736,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4830
},
{
"start_token": 4737,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4755
},
{
"start_token": 4755,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4774
},
{
"start_token": 4774,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4794
},
{
"start_token": 4794,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4812
},
{
"start_token": 4812,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4829
},
{
"start_token": 4834,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4842
},
{
"start_token": 4842,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4990
},
{
"start_token": 4843,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4861
},
{
"start_token": 4861,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4873
},
{
"start_token": 4873,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4892
},
{
"start_token": 4892,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4912
},
{
"start_token": 4912,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4923
},
{
"start_token": 4923,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4938
},
{
"start_token": 4938,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4955
},
{
"start_token": 4955,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4972
},
{
"start_token": 4972,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4989
},
{
"start_token": 5003,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5081
},
{
"start_token": 5004,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5010
},
{
"start_token": 5010,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5022
},
{
"start_token": 5022,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5031
},
{
"start_token": 5031,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5040
},
{
"start_token": 5040,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5048
},
{
"start_token": 5048,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5063
},
{
"start_token": 5063,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5069
},
{
"start_token": 5069,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5080
},
{
"start_token": 5090,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5189
},
{
"start_token": 5091,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5188
},
{
"start_token": 5098,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5148
},
{
"start_token": 5099,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5111
},
{
"start_token": 5111,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5122
},
{
"start_token": 5122,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5134
},
{
"start_token": 5134,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5147
},
{
"start_token": 5159,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5184
},
{
"start_token": 5160,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5171
},
{
"start_token": 5171,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5183
},
{
"start_token": 5196,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5279
},
{
"start_token": 5279,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5324
},
{
"start_token": 5324,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5359
},
{
"start_token": 5359,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5460
},
{
"start_token": 5460,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5503
},
{
"start_token": 5503,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5570
}
] | who wrote i think we're alone now | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 253,
"candidate_index": 19,
"end_token": 418
},
"short_answers": [
{
"start_token": 269,
"end_token": 271
}
],
"annotation_id": 5592520347778922000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Think_We%27re_Alone_Now&oldid=849035388 | -3,146,884,691,500,372,000 |
This Is America ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> This Is America ( song ) </H1> 2018 Childish Gambino song <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` This Is America '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Childish Gambino </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Trap </Li> <Li> Afrobeat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> mcDJ </Li> <Li> RCA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Donald Glover </Li> <Li> Ludwig Göransson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyricist ( s ) </Th> <Td> Donald Glover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Donald Glover </Li> <Li> Ludwig Göransson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Childish Gambino singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Terrified '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` This Is America '' ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> `` Summertime Magic '' ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` This Is America '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` This Is America '' is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino . Written and produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson , it was released on May 5 , 2018 , at the same time that Gambino was hosting that day 's episode of Saturday Night Live . The song features background vocals by American rappers Young Thug , Slim Jxmmi , BlocBoy JB , 21 Savage and Quavo . The song addresses the wider issue of gun violence in the United States , the high rate of mass shootings in the United States , along with longstanding racism and discrimination against African Americans . </P> <P> The song 's music video was directed by Japanese - American filmmaker Hiro Murai , a frequent Gambino collaborator . It received seven nominations at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards , including for Video of the Year . According to RCA Records , the song is not the first single from Gambino 's upcoming studio album . `` This Is America '' became the 31st song to debut at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming both Gambino 's first number one and top ten single in the country . It has also topped the charts in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Composition </Li> <Li> 2 Music video <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Critical reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cover versions and media appearances </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 5 Credits and personnel </Li> <Li> 6 Charts </Li> <Li> 7 Certifications </Li> <Li> 8 Release history </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song features a gospel - style choir and background contributions from various American rappers . Young Thug , Slim Jxmmi , BlocBoy JB , 21 Savage and Quavo each deliver an ad - lib . Young Thug returns to supply the song 's outro . The lyrics primarily address being black in the United States and gun violence in the country . It also touches on police brutality . Pitchfork 's Stephen Kearse described the song as a representation of the `` tightrope of being black '' , with the song `` built on the sharp contrast between jolly , syncretic melodies and menacing trap cadences '' . </P> <P> Media outlets reported that a number of listeners accused Gambino of plagiarism over `` This Is America '' , pointing out the similarities between the song and `` American Pharaoh '' by Jase Harley . CBS News stated , `` The tracks have a similar sound , and share similar themes in the lyrics . '' Harley stated that he felt `` This Is America '' was influenced by his song , but that he does not have an issue with it . Glover 's manager , Fam Rothstein , denied any plagiarism . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> In the video , Gambino assumes a stance similar to the Jim Crow caricature . <P> Directed by Hiro Murai , the music video for the song was released on YouTube simultaneously with Gambino 's performance of the song on Saturday Night Live . The video follows Gambino dancing through a warehouse , interacting with a series of chaotic scenes . According to Murai , the video was inspired by the films Mother ! and City of God . Choreographed by Sherrie Silver , Gambino and his entourage of young dancers perform several viral dance moves including the South African Gwara Gwara and `` Shoot '' popularized by BlocBoy JB , who is one of the ad - lib contributors on the song . Gambino 's dancing is contrasted against moments of violence . Only 53 seconds into the video , Gambino shoots a man in the back of the head with a handgun , while assuming a comical stance similar to a Jim Crow caricature . At a later point , he uses an automatic weapon to gun down a church choir , which viewers have interpreted as a reference to the 2015 Charleston church shooting . In both instances , a child appears from offscreen holding a red cloth , on which Gambino gently lays the weapon used , while the bodies are simply dragged away , which viewers have interpreted `` as a reference to Americans ' willingness to protect gun rights over people '' . The first shooting also marks a transition in the music , from an African `` folk - inspired melody '' to `` dark , pulsing trap '' . </P> <P> Throughout the video , numerous vehicles from several decades ago are featured , many of them with their hazard lights flashing and the driver 's side door ajar , which critics interpreted as representing fatal police shootings during traffic stops , particularly the shooting of Philando Castile , who was shot while in a 1997 Oldsmobile ; others have interpreted that the older model cars represent the relative lack of upward mobility of African - Americans . American singer SZA makes a cameo appearance towards the end of the video , seated atop one of these vehicles . The video ends with Gambino in a darkened portion of the warehouse , fearfully running towards the camera while being chased by several white people . Viewers have said this resembles scenes from the film Get Out . </P> <P> The video received 12.9 million views in 24 hours and has over 350 million views as of July 2018 . The first person depicted as being shot in the video , a guitarist who had been accompanying Gambino 's singing up to that point , was musician Calvin the Second , but was initially mistaken by many viewers to be the father of teenager Trayvon Martin . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic described the initial reaction on Twitter as `` a gushing river of well - deserved praise '' and the video as `` the most talked - about music video of recent memory . '' Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone commented that the video `` is a surreal , visceral statement about gun violence in America '' . Pitchfork awarded the song the distinction of `` Best New Track '' . Billboard critics ranked it 10th among the `` greatest music videos of the 21st century . '' Mahita Gajanan of Time quoted music history professor Guthrie Ramsey at the University of Pennsylvania , </P> <P> He 's talking about the contradictions of trying to get money , the idea of being a black man in America . It comes out of two different sound worlds . Part of the brilliance of the presentation is that you go from this happy major mode of choral singing that we associate with South African choral singing , and then after the first gunshot it moves right into the trap sound . </P> <H2> Cover versions and media appearances ( edit ) </H2> <P> Glover hosted the May 5 episode of the 43rd season of Saturday Night Live , and performed two new songs as Childish Gambino on the same episode , the second of which was `` This Is America '' . Daniel Kaluuya , best known as the star of the film Get Out which the music video reportedly references , introduced the song 's performance . </P> <P> Several artists attracted attention and millions of views for creating covers of the song and music video with altered lyrics and themes , retaining the song 's instrumental and the general structure of its music video . On May 12 , Canadian Internet personality Nicole Arbour released `` This Is America : Women 's Edit '' . Arbour intended for the cover to promote women 's empowerment , but was accused of belittling the racial issues addressed by the original video . Nigerian rapper Falz released `` This Is Nigeria '' on May 25 , highlighting the nation 's issues with corruption and organized crime among others . </P> <P> The music video also spawned popular Internet memes , particularly those in which the audio was replaced so that Childish Gambino appeared to be dancing in time to another song . Versions using Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe '' and Earth , Wind & Fire 's `` September '' were some of the most viewed . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` This Is America '' debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the 31st song to do so in the chart 's history . It debuted with 78,000 downloads sold and 65.3 million US streams in the first week . Its music video accounted for 68 % of the song 's streaming total . `` This Is America '' is also Gambino 's first top 10 ; he previously reached number 12 in August 2017 with `` Redbone '' . `` This Is America '' overtook Drake 's `` Nice for What '' from the top position . Gambino is also the second Emmy Award - winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100 , the first being Justin Timberlake , who topped the chart with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 . It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks , and left the top ten after five weeks . </P> <H2> Credits and personnel ( edit ) </H2> <P> Credits are adapted from Tidal . </P> <Ul> <Li> Donald Glover -- lead vocals ( as Childish Gambino ) , production , composition </Li> <Li> Ludwig Göransson -- production , composition , record engineering </Li> <Li> Derek `` MixedByAli '' Ali -- mix engineering </Li> <Li> Mike Bozzi -- master engineering </Li> <Li> Quavo -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Young Thug -- background vocals </Li> <Li> 21 Savage -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Slim Jxmmi -- background vocals </Li> <Li> BlocBoy JB -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Alex Tumay -- record engineering </Li> <Li> Riley Mackin -- record engineering </Li> <Li> Kesha `` K. Lee '' Lee -- record engineering </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2018 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Various </Th> <Td> May 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> mcDJ </Li> <Li> RCA </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> May 15 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Rhythmic contemporary radio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornish , Audie ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Glover 's ' This Is America ' Holds Ugly Truths To Be Self - Evident '' . NPR . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Craig ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Internet Has Already Devoured ' This Is America ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . The same night he dropped off the video for `` This Is America , '' a combination trap and afrobeat banger with a beguiling message about race and gun violence . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This Is America / Childish Gambino '' . Tidal . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arcand , Rob ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Debuts Politically - Charged New Song `` This is America '' on SNL : Watch `` . Spin . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Guan , Frank ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` What It Means When Childish Gambino Says ' This Is America ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> Mitchell , Peters ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino ' This Is America ' Reactions : The Good , The Bad & The Kanye Bashing '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Lefevre , Jules ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Hello , Childish Gambino Just Dropped The Music Video Of The Year '' . Junkee . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kornhaber , Spencer ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Glover Is Watching You Watch Him '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Cardi B , Beyonce , Jay - Z Lead 2018 MTV VMA Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Childish Gambino Releases New Song And Video `` This Is America '' - RCA Records `` . RCA Records . May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Russell , Scott ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Makes His Triumphant Return with `` This Is America , '' `` Saturday '' `` . Paste Magazine . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Espinoza , Joshua ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are the Rappers Who Contributed to Childish Gambino 's `` This Is America '' `` . Complex . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tesema , Martha ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Glover tackles gun violence in powerful video for ' This Is America , ' his new single '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holland , Jesse J. ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' seals Glover 's rep as protest artist '' . AP News . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : France , Lisa Respers ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' : The Childish Gambino video explained '' . CNN . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` '' This Is America '' by Childish Gambino Review Pitchfork `` . pitchfork.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Collaborator Denies `` This Is America '' Plagiarism Allegations `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Kai ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Accused of Ripping Song for `` This Is America '' `` . XXL . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Park , Andrea ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's manager denies accusation of plagiarism over `` This is America '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> Skelton , Eric ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino Returns With Video For New Song `` This Is America '' `` . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Félix , Doreen St ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Carnage and Chaos of Childish Gambino 's `` This Is America '' `` . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Saturday Night Live ( May 7 , 2018 ) , Childish Gambino : This Is America ( Live ) - SNL , retrieved May 10 , 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino releases surprise track '' . BBC News . May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' Director Hiro Murai Shares Video Influences : ' City Of God ' Meets the Last 20 Minutes of ' mother ! ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Desire ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino ' This Is America ' Video : 9 Cultural References Explained '' . Vibe . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amoako , Aida ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Dancing Makes ' This Is America ' So Uncomfortable to Watch '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` '' This Is America '' Is What Happens When Childish Gambino and Atlanta Become One `` . Slate Magazine . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rao , Sonia ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is America ' : Breaking down Childish Gambino 's powerful new music video '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller , Hayley ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Video , Explained '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan , Ilana ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino ' This Is America ' : All of the hidden references in hit music video '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penrose , Nerisha ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's Record - Breaking ' This Is America ' Video Hits 50 Million Views in Mere Days '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glover , Donald ( May 5 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino - This Is America ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` That 's not Trayvon Martin 's dad in ' This Is America ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Childish Gambino 's Caustic Video for New Song ' This Is America ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Music Videos of the 21st Century : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . July 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gajanan , Mahita ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` An Expert 's Take on the Symbolism in Childish Gambino 's Viral ' This Is America ' Video '' . Time . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Scott ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' SNL ' : Childish Gambino Delivers ' This Is America ' With Intro By ' Get Out 's Daniel Kaluuya '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This Is America : Breaking down Childish Gambino 's powerful new music video '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . May 9 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` YouTuber defends Gambino ' women 's edit ' '' . BBC . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Nicole Arbour 's feminist makeover of Childish Gambino 's ' This is America ' sparks backlash '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The hit `` This is Nigeria '' video tackles the country 's worst problems one reference at a time `` . QZ . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nigerian Rapper Goes Viral With His Take On ' This Is America ' '' . NPR . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam . `` You ca n't shut down ' This Is America ' memes . That 's what ' This Is America ' is about '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino 's `` This is America '' x `` Call Me Maybe '' Mashup `` . Highsnobiety . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Is No. 1 On The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This Is America / Childish Gambino '' . Tidal . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201820 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 20 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese Top Music '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 20 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 21 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 20 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201820 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 20 : del 11.05. 2018 al 17.05. 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Childish Gambino -- This Is America '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Has Already Been Certified Platinum '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Rhythmic '' . All Access Music Group . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Childish Gambino </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Camp </Li> <Li> Because the Internet </Li> <Li> `` Awaken , My Love ! '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EP </Li> <Li> Kauai </Li> <Li> Summer Pack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mixtapes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Culdesac </Li> <Li> ROYALTY </Li> <Li> STN MTN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Heartbeat '' </Li> <Li> `` Bonfire '' </Li> <Li> `` 3005 '' </Li> <Li> `` Crawl '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweatpants '' </Li> <Li> `` Sober '' </Li> <Li> `` Me and Your Mama '' </Li> <Li> `` Redbone '' </Li> <Li> `` Terrified '' </Li> <Li> `` This Is America '' </Li> <Li> `` Summertime Magic '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Trouble '' </Li> <Li> `` Bed Peace '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Feels Like Summer '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clapping for the Wrong Reasons </Li> <Li> Derrick Comedy </Li> <Li> Ludwig Göransson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_America_(song)&oldid=854454099 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 singles </Li> <Li> 2018 songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Australia </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in New Zealand </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> RCA Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs involved in plagiarism controversies </Li> <Li> Songs written by Donald Glover </Li> <Li> Songs written by Ludwig Göransson </Li> <Li> Donald Glover songs </Li> <Li> Songs about the United States </Li> <Li> Trap music ( hip hop ) songs </Li> <Li> Music memes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Czechdigital </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for France </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Hungarystream </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch40 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Portugal </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Scotland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 20,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 230
},
{
"start_token": 21,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 30
},
{
"start_token": 34,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 42
},
{
"start_token": 42,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 60
},
{
"start_token": 60,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 69
},
{
"start_token": 69,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 84
},
{
"start_token": 74,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 82
},
{
"start_token": 84,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 94
},
{
"start_token": 94,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 109
},
{
"start_token": 99,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 107
},
{
"start_token": 109,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 129
},
{
"start_token": 117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 127
},
{
"start_token": 129,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 141
},
{
"start_token": 141,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 161
},
{
"start_token": 149,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 159
},
{
"start_token": 161,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 169
},
{
"start_token": 169,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 204
},
{
"start_token": 171,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 202
},
{
"start_token": 172,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 201
},
{
"start_token": 208,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 214
},
{
"start_token": 214,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 225
},
{
"start_token": 230,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 338
},
{
"start_token": 338,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 449
},
{
"start_token": 517,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 628
},
{
"start_token": 628,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 724
},
{
"start_token": 746,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1009
},
{
"start_token": 1009,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1147
},
{
"start_token": 1147,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1216
},
{
"start_token": 1223,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1333
},
{
"start_token": 1333,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1408
},
{
"start_token": 1418,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1485
},
{
"start_token": 1485,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1595
},
{
"start_token": 1595,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1656
},
{
"start_token": 1663,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1827
},
{
"start_token": 1835,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1843
},
{
"start_token": 1843,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1948
},
{
"start_token": 1844,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1860
},
{
"start_token": 1860,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1871
},
{
"start_token": 1871,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1881
},
{
"start_token": 1881,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1888
},
{
"start_token": 1888,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1894
},
{
"start_token": 1894,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1901
},
{
"start_token": 1901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1908
},
{
"start_token": 1908,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1915
},
{
"start_token": 1915,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1922
},
{
"start_token": 1922,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1929
},
{
"start_token": 1929,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1936
},
{
"start_token": 1936,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1947
},
{
"start_token": 1954,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2313
},
{
"start_token": 1955,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1967
},
{
"start_token": 1967,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1977
},
{
"start_token": 1977,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1991
},
{
"start_token": 1991,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2004
},
{
"start_token": 2004,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2016
},
{
"start_token": 2016,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2028
},
{
"start_token": 2028,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2043
},
{
"start_token": 2043,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2054
},
{
"start_token": 2054,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2065
},
{
"start_token": 2065,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2078
},
{
"start_token": 2078,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2091
},
{
"start_token": 2091,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2103
},
{
"start_token": 2103,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2113
},
{
"start_token": 2113,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2126
},
{
"start_token": 2126,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2137
},
{
"start_token": 2137,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2150
},
{
"start_token": 2150,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2163
},
{
"start_token": 2163,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2176
},
{
"start_token": 2176,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2189
},
{
"start_token": 2189,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2199
},
{
"start_token": 2199,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2212
},
{
"start_token": 2212,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2225
},
{
"start_token": 2225,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2236
},
{
"start_token": 2236,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2247
},
{
"start_token": 2247,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2259
},
{
"start_token": 2259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2273
},
{
"start_token": 2273,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2283
},
{
"start_token": 2283,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2300
},
{
"start_token": 2300,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2312
},
{
"start_token": 2319,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2405
},
{
"start_token": 2320,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2334
},
{
"start_token": 2334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2348
},
{
"start_token": 2348,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2363
},
{
"start_token": 2363,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2378
},
{
"start_token": 2378,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2404
},
{
"start_token": 2380,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2402
},
{
"start_token": 2412,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2478
},
{
"start_token": 2413,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2431
},
{
"start_token": 2431,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2458
},
{
"start_token": 2446,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2454
},
{
"start_token": 2458,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2477
}
] | childish gambino this is america official music video | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 15569707474902628000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=This_Is_America_(song)&oldid=854454099 | -7,456,116,971,833,190,000 |
Braveheart - wikipedia <H1> Braveheart </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Braveheart ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Braveheart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> North American theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Alan Ladd , Jr . </Li> <Li> Bruce Davey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Randall Wallace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Sophie Marceau </Li> <Li> Patrick McGoohan </Li> <Li> Catherine McCormack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> James Horner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> John Toll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Steven Rosenblum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Icon Productions </Li> <Li> The Ladd Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paramount Pictures ( North America ) </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox ( International ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 18 ) ( Seattle ) </Li> <Li> May 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 178 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $65 -- 70 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $210.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Braveheart is a 1995 American epic war film directed by and starring Mel Gibson . Gibson portrays William Wallace , a late 13th - century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England . The story is inspired by Blind Harry 's epic poem The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace and was adapted for the screen by Randall Wallace . </P> <P> The film was nominated for ten Academy Awards at the 68th Academy Awards and won five : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Cinematography , Best Makeup , and Best Sound Editing . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Release and reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Reviews </Li> <Li> 5.3 Affect on tourism </Li> <Li> 5.4 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 5.5 Cultural effects </Li> <Li> 5.6 Wallace Monument </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Historical inaccuracy <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Jus primae noctis </Li> <Li> 6.2 Occupation and independence </Li> <Li> 6.3 Portrayal of William Wallace </Li> <Li> 6.4 Portrayal of Isabella of France </Li> <Li> 6.5 Portrayal of Robert the Bruce </Li> <Li> 6.6 Portrayal of Longshanks and Prince Edward </Li> <Li> 6.7 Wallace 's military campaign </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Accusations of Anglophobia </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1280 , King Edward `` Longshanks '' invades and conquers Scotland following the death of Alexander III of Scotland , who left no heir to the throne . Young William Wallace witnesses Longshanks ' treachery , survives the deaths of his father and brother , and is taken abroad on a pilgrimage throughout Europe by his paternal Uncle Argyle , where he is educated . Years later , Longshanks grants his noblemen land and privileges in Scotland , including Prima Nocte . Meanwhile , a grown Wallace returns to Scotland and falls in love with his childhood friend Murron MacClannough , and the two marry in secret . Wallace rescues Murron from being raped by English soldiers , but as she fights off their second attempt , Murron is captured and publicly executed . In retribution , Wallace leads his clan to slaughter the English garrison in his hometown and send the occupying garrison at Lanark back to England . </P> <P> Longshanks orders his son Prince Edward to stop Wallace by any means necessary . Wallace rebels against the English , and as his legend spreads , hundreds of Scots from the surrounding clans join him . Wallace leads his army to victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and then destroys the city of York , killing Longshanks ' nephew and sending his severed head to the king . Wallace seeks the assistance of Robert the Bruce , the son of nobleman Robert the Elder and a contender for the Scottish crown . Robert is dominated by his father , who wishes to secure the throne for his son by submitting to the English . Worried by the threat of the rebellion , Longshanks sends his son 's wife Isabella of France to try to negotiate with Wallace as a distraction for the landing of another invasion force in Scotland . </P> <P> After meeting him in person , Isabella becomes enamored of Wallace . Warned of the coming invasion by Isabella , Wallace implores the Scottish nobility to take immediate action to counter the threat and take back the country . Leading the English army himself , Longshanks confronts the Scots at Falkirk where noblemen Lochlan and Mornay , having been bribed by Longshanks , betray Wallace , causing the Scots to lose the battle . As Wallace charges toward the departing Longshanks on horseback , he is intercepted by one of the king 's lancers , who turns out to be Robert the Bruce , but filled with remorse , Bruce gets Wallace to safety before the English can capture him . Wallace kills Lochlan and Mornay for their betrayal , and wages a guerrilla war against the English for the next seven years , assisted by Isabella , with whom he eventually has an affair . Robert sets up a meeting with Wallace in Edinburgh , but Robert 's father has conspired with other nobles to capture and hand over Wallace to the English . Learning of his treachery , Robert disowns his father . Isabella exacts revenge on the now terminally ill Longshanks by telling him that his bloodline will be destroyed upon his death as she is now pregnant with Wallace 's child . </P> <P> In London , Wallace is brought before an English magistrate , tried for high treason , and condemned to public torture and beheading . Even whilst being hanged , drawn and quartered , Wallace refuses to submit to the king . As cries for mercy come from the watching crowd deeply moved by the Scotsman 's valor , the magistrate offers him one final chance , asking him only to utter the word , `` Mercy '' , and be granted a quick death . Wallace instead shouts , `` Freedom ! '' , and the judge orders his death . Moments before being decapitated , Wallace sees a vision of Murron in the crowd , smiling at him . </P> <P> In 1314 , Robert , now Scotland 's king , leads a Scottish army before a ceremonial line of English troops on the fields of Bannockburn , where he is to formally accept English rule . As he begins to ride toward the English , he stops and invokes Wallace 's memory , imploring his men to fight with him as they did with Wallace . Robert then leads his army into battle against the stunned English , winning the Scots their freedom . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mel Gibson as William Wallace <Ul> <Li> James Robinson as young William Wallace </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sophie Marceau as Princess Isabella of France </Li> <Li> Angus Macfadyen as Robert the Bruce </Li> <Li> Patrick McGoohan as King Edward `` Longshanks '' </Li> <Li> Catherine McCormack as Murron MacClannough - Wallace <Ul> <Li> Mhairi Calvey as young Murron </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brendan Gleeson as Hamish <Ul> <Li> Andrew Weir as young Hamish </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Peter Hanly as Prince Edward </Li> <Li> James Cosmo as Campbell </Li> <Li> David O'Hara as Stephen of Ireland </Li> <Li> Ian Bannen as Bruce 's father </Li> <Li> Seán McGinley as MacClannough </Li> <Li> Brian Cox as Argyle Wallace </Li> <Li> Sean Lawlor as Malcolm Wallace </Li> <Li> Sandy Nelson as John Wallace </Li> <Li> Stephen Billington as Phillip </Li> <Li> John Kavanagh as Craig </Li> <Li> Alun Armstrong as Mornay </Li> <Li> John Murtagh as Lochlan </Li> <Li> Tommy Flanagan as Morrison </Li> <Li> Donal Gibson as Stewart </Li> <Li> Jeanne Marine as Nicolette </Li> <Li> Michael Byrne as Smythe </Li> <Li> Malcolm Tierney as Magistrate </Li> <Li> Bernard Horsfall as Balliol </Li> <Li> Peter Mullan as Veteran </Li> <Li> Gerard McSorley as Cheltham ( inspired by Hugh de Cressingham ) </Li> <Li> Richard Leaf as Governor of York </Li> <Li> Mark Lees as Old Crippled Scotsman </Li> <Li> Tam White as MacGregor </Li> <Li> Jimmy Chisholm as Faudron </Li> <Li> David Gant as the Royal Magistrate </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> Gibson ( right ) on set with 20th Century Fox executive Scott Neeson <P> Gibson 's production company , Icon Productions , had difficulty raising enough money even if he were to star in the film . Warner Bros. was willing to fund the project on the condition that Gibson sign for another Lethal Weapon sequel , which he refused . Paramount Pictures only agreed to American and Canadian distribution of Braveheart after 20th Century Fox partnered for international rights . The production budget has been estimated by IMDb at US $72 million . </P> <P> While the crew spent six weeks shooting on location in Scotland , the major battle scenes were shot in Ireland using members of the Irish Army Reserve as extras . To lower costs , Gibson had the same extras , up to 1,600 in some scenes , portray both armies . The reservists had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their military uniforms for medieval garb . </P> <P> Braveheart was shot in the anamorphic format with Panavision C - and E-Series lenses . </P> <P> Gibson toned down the film 's battle scenes to avoid an NC - 17 rating from the MPAA ; the final version was rated R for `` brutal medieval warfare '' . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Braveheart ( soundtrack ) <P> The score was composed and conducted by James Horner and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra . It is Horner 's second of three collaborations with Mel Gibson as director . The score has gone on to be one of the most commercially successful soundtracks of all time . It received considerable acclaim from film critics and audiences and was nominated for a number of awards , including the Academy Award , Saturn Award , BAFTA Award , and Golden Globe Award . </P> <H2> Release and reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> On its opening weekend , Braveheart grossed $9,938,276 in the United States and $75.6 million in its box office run in the U.S. and Canada . Worldwide , the film grossed $210,409,945 and was the thirteenth highest - grossing film of 1995 . </P> <H3> Reviews ( edit ) </H3> <P> Braveheart met with generally positive reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 78 % with an average score of 7.2 / 10 . In his review , Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of four , writing , `` An action epic with the spirit of the Hollywood swordplay classics and the grungy ferocity of The Road Warrior . '' </P> <P> The film 's depiction of the Battle of Stirling Bridge was listed by CNN as one of the best battles in cinema history . </P> <P> In a 2005 poll by British film magazine Empire , Braveheart was No. 1 on their list of `` The Top 10 Worst Pictures to Win Best Picture Oscar '' . Ironically , Empire Magazine 's readers also voted Braveheart the best film of 1995 . </P> <H3> Affect on tourism ( edit ) </H3> <P> The European premiere was on September 3 , 1995 in Stirling . </P> <P> In 1996 , the year after the film was released , the annual three - day `` Braveheart Conference '' at Stirling Castle attracted fans of Braveheart , increasing the conference 's attendance to 167,000 from 66,000 in the previous year . In the following year , research on visitors to the Stirling area indicated that 55 % of the visitors had seen Braveheart . Of visitors from outside Scotland , 15 % of those who saw Braveheart said it influenced their decision to visit the country . Of all visitors who saw Braveheart , 39 % said the film influenced in part their decision to visit Stirling , and 19 % said the film was one of the main reasons for their visit . In the same year , a tourism report said that the `` Braveheart effect '' earned Scotland ₤ 7 million to ₤ 15 million in tourist revenue , and the report led to various national organizations encouraging international film productions to take place in Scotland . </P> <P> The film generated huge interest in Scotland and in Scottish history , not only around the world , but also in Scotland itself . Fans came from all over the world to see the places in Scotland where William Wallace fought , also to the places in Scotland and Ireland used as locations in the film . At a Braveheart Convention in 1997 , held in Stirling the day after the Scottish Devolution vote and attended by 200 delegates from around the world , Braveheart author Randall Wallace , Seoras Wallace of the Wallace Clan , Scottish historian David Ross and Bláithín FitzGerald from Ireland gave lectures on various aspects of the film . Several of the actors also attended including James Robinson ( Young William ) , Andrew Weir ( Young Hamish ) , Julie Austin ( the young bride ) and Mhairi Calvey ( Young Murron ) . </P> <H3> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H3> <P> Braveheart was nominated for many awards during the 1995 Oscar season , though it was not viewed by many as a major contender such as Apollo 13 , Il Postino : The Postman , Leaving Las Vegas , Sense and Sensibility , and The Usual Suspects . It was n't until after the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director at the 53rd Golden Globe Awards that it was viewed as a serious Oscar contender . When the nominations were announced for the 68th Academy Awards , Braveheart received ten Academy Award nominations , and a month later , won five . In 2010 , the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Ceremony </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipients </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 68th Academy Awards </Td> <Td> Best Picture </Td> <Td> Mel Gibson , Alan Ladd , Jr. , and Bruce Davey </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Screenplay </Td> <Td> Randall Wallace </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Cinematography </Td> <Td> John Toll </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Charles Knode </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Sound Mixing </Td> <Td> Andy Nelson , Scott Millan , Anna Behlmer , and Brian Simmons </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Sound Editing </Td> <Td> Lon Bender and Per Hallberg </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Film Editing </Td> <Td> Steven Rosenblum </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Makeup </Td> <Td> Peter Frampton , Paul Pattison , and Lois Burwell </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Score </Td> <Td> James Horner </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53rd Golden Globe Awards </Td> <Td> Best Motion Picture -- Drama </Td> <Td> Braveheart </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Score </Td> <Td> James Horner </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Screenplay </Td> <Td> Randall Wallace </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49th British Academy Film Awards </Td> <Td> Best Direction </Td> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Film Music </Td> <Td> James Horner </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Production Design </Td> <Td> Thomas E. Sanders </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Cinematography </Td> <Td> John Toll </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Charles Knode </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Makeup </Td> <Td> Peter Frampton , Paul Pattison , and Lois Burwell </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Sound </Td> <Td> Andy Nelson , Scott Millan , Anna Behlmer , and Brian Simmons </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 MTV Movie Awards </Td> <Td> Best Movie </Td> <Td> Braveheart </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Performance </Td> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Most Desirable Male </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Action Sequence </Td> <Td> Battle of Stirling </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> American Film Institute lists </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 91 </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : <Ul> <Li> William Wallace -- Nominated Hero </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : <Ul> <Li> `` They may take away our lives , but they 'll never take our freedom ! '' -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 62 </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated </Li> <Li> AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Epic Film </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cultural effects ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lin Anderson , author of Braveheart : From Hollywood To Holyrood , credits the film with playing a significant role in affecting the Scottish political landscape in the mid to late 1990s . </P> <H3> Wallace Monument ( edit ) </H3> Tom Church 's Freedom statue . <P> In 1997 , a 12 - ton sandstone statue depicting Mel Gibson as William Wallace in Braveheart was placed in the car park of the Wallace Monument near Stirling , Scotland . The statue , which was the work of Tom Church , a monumental mason from Brechin , included the word `` Braveheart '' on Wallace 's shield . The installation became the cause of much controversy ; one local resident stated that it was wrong to `` desecrate the main memorial to Wallace with a lump of crap '' . In 1998 , someone wielding a hammer vandalized the statue 's face . After repairs were made , the statue was encased in a cage every night to prevent further vandalism . This only incited more calls for the statue to be removed , as it then appeared that the Gibson / Wallace figure was imprisoned . The statue was described as `` among the most loathed pieces of public art in Scotland '' . In 2008 , the statue was returned to its sculptor to make room for a new visitor centre being built at the foot of the Wallace Monument . </P> <H2> Historical inaccuracy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Randall Wallace , who wrote the screenplay , has acknowledged Blind Harry 's 15th century epic poem The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace , Knight of Elderslie as a major inspiration for the film . In defending his script , Randall Wallace has said , `` Is Blind Harry true ? I do n't know . I know that it spoke to my heart and that 's what matters to me , that it spoke to my heart . '' Blind Harry 's poem is now not regarded as historically accurate , and although some incidents in the film that are not historically accurate are taken from Blind Harry ( e.g. the hanging of Scottish nobles at the start ) , there are large parts that are based neither on history nor Blind Harry ( e.g. Wallace 's affair with Princess Isabella ) . </P> <P> Elizabeth Ewan describes Braveheart as a film that `` almost totally sacrifices historical accuracy for epic adventure '' . The `` brave heart '' refers in Scottish history to that of Robert the Bruce , and an attribution by William Edmondstoune Aytoun , in his poem Heart of Bruce , to Sir James the Good Douglas : `` Pass thee first , thou dauntless heart , As thou wert wont of yore ! '' , prior to Douglas ' demise at the Battle of Teba in Andalusia . It has been described as one of the most historically inaccurate modern films . </P> <P> Sharon Krossa notes that the film contains numerous historical errors , beginning with the wearing of belted plaid by Wallace and his men . In that period `` no Scots ... wore belted plaids ( let alone kilts of any kind ) . '' Moreover , when Highlanders finally did begin wearing the belted plaid , it was not `` in the rather bizarre style depicted in the film '' . She compares the inaccuracy to `` a film about Colonial America showing the colonial men wearing 20th century business suits , but with the jackets worn back - to - front instead of the right way around . '' `` The events are n't accurate , the dates are n't accurate , the characters are n't accurate , the names are n't accurate , the clothes are n't accurate -- in short , just about nothing is accurate . '' The belted plaid ( feileadh mór léine ) was not introduced until the 16th century . Peter Traquair has referred to Wallace 's `` farcical representation as a wild and hairy highlander painted with woad ( 1,000 years too late ) running amok in a tartan kilt ( 500 years too early ) . '' </P> <P> Irish historian Seán Duffy remarked `` the battle of Stirling Bridge could have done with a bridge . '' </P> <P> In 2009 , the film was second on a list of `` most historically inaccurate movies '' in The Times . In the humorous non-fictional historiography An Utterly Impartial History of Britain ( 2007 ) , author John O'Farrell notes that Braveheart could not have been more historically inaccurate , even if a `` Plasticine dog '' had been inserted in the film and the title changed to William Wallace and Gromit . </P> <P> In the DVD audio commentary of Braveheart , Mel Gibson acknowledges many of the historical inaccuracies but defends his choices as director , noting that the way events were portrayed in the film was much more `` cinematically compelling '' than the historical fact or conventional mythos . </P> <H3> Jus primae noctis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Edward Longshanks , King of England , is shown invoking Jus primae noctis , allowing the Lord of a medieval estate to take the virginity of his serfs ' maiden daughters on their wedding nights . Critical medieval scholarship regards this supposed right as a myth , `` the simple reason why we are dealing with a myth here rests in the surprising fact that practically all writers who make any such claims have never been able or willing to cite any trustworthy source , if they have any . '' </P> <H3> Occupation and Independence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film suggests Scotland had been under English occupation for some time , at least during Wallace 's childhood , and in the run - up to the Battle of Falkirk Wallace says to the younger Bruce , `` ( W ) e 'll have what none of us have ever had before , a country of our own . '' In fact Scotland had been invaded by England only the year before Wallace 's rebellion ; prior to the death of King Alexander III it had been a fully separate kingdom . </P> <H3> Portrayal of William Wallace ( edit ) </H3> <P> As John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett write , `` Because ( William ) Wallace is one of Scotland 's most important national heroes and because he lived in the very distant past , much that is believed about him is probably the stuff of legend . But there is a factual strand that historians agree to '' , summarized from Scots scholar Matt Ewart : </P> <P> Wallace was born into the gentry of Scotland ; his father lived until he was 18 , his mother until his 24th year ; he killed the sheriff of Lanark when he was 27 , apparently after the murder of his wife ; he led a group of commoners against the English in a very successful battle at Stirling in 1297 , temporarily receiving appointment as guardian ; Wallace 's reputation as a military leader was ruined in the same year of 1297 , leading to his resignation as guardian ; he spent several years of exile in France before being captured by the English at Glasgow , this resulting in his trial for treason and his cruel execution . </P> <P> A.E. Christa Canitz writes about the historical William Wallace further : `` ( He ) was a younger son of the Scottish gentry , usually accompanied by his own chaplain , well - educated , and eventually , having been appointed Guardian of the Kingdom of Scotland , engaged in diplomatic correspondence with the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck and Hamburg '' . She finds that in Braveheart , `` any hint of his descent from the lowland gentry ( i.e. , the lesser nobility ) is erased , and he is presented as an economically and politically marginalized Highlander and ' a farmer ' -- as one with the common peasant , and with a strong spiritual connection to the land which he is destined to liberate . '' </P> <P> Colin McArthur writes that Braveheart `` constructs Wallace as a kind of modern , nationalist guerrilla leader in a period half a millennium before the appearance of nationalism on the historical stage as a concept under which disparate classes and interests might be mobilised within a nation state . '' Writing about Braveheart 's `` omissions of verified historical facts '' , McArthur notes that Wallace made `` overtures to Edward I seeking less severe treatment after his defeat at Falkirk '' , as well as `` the well - documented fact of Wallace 's having resorted to conscription and his willingness to hang those who refused to serve . '' Canitz posits that depicting `` such lack of class solidarity '' as the conscriptions and related hangings `` would contaminate the movie 's image of Wallace as the morally irreproachable primus inter pares among his peasant fighters . '' </P> <H3> Portrayal of Isabella of France ( edit ) </H3> <P> Isabella of France is shown having an affair with Wallace after the Battle of Falkirk . She later tells Edward I she is pregnant , implying that her son , Edward III , was a product of the affair . In reality , Isabella was three years old and living in France at the time of the Battle of Falkirk , was not married to Edward II until he was already king , and Edward III was born seven years after Wallace died . </P> <H3> Portrayal of Robert the Bruce ( edit ) </H3> <P> Robert the Bruce did change sides between the Scots loyalists and the English more than once in the earlier stages of the Wars of Scottish Independence , but he never betrayed Wallace directly , and he probably did not fight on the English side at the Battle of Falkirk ( although this claim does appear in a few medieval sources ) . Later , the Battle of Bannockburn was not a spontaneous battle ; he had already been fighting a guerrilla campaign against the English for eight years . His title before becoming king was Earl of Carrick , not Earl of Bruce . </P> <H3> Portrayal of Longshanks and Prince Edward ( edit ) </H3> <P> The actual Edward I was ruthless and temperamental , but the film exaggerates his character for effect . Edward enjoyed poetry and harp music , was a devoted and loving husband to his wife Eleanor of Castile , and as a religious man he gave generously to charity . The film 's scene where he scoffs cynically at Isabella for distributing gold to the poor after Wallace refuses it as a bribe would have been unlikely . Also , Edward died on campaign two years after Wallace 's execution , not in bed at his home . </P> <P> The depiction of the future Edward II as an effeminate homosexual drew accusations of homophobia against Gibson . </P> <P> We cut a scene out , unfortunately ... where you really got to know that character ( Edward II ) and to understand his plight and his pain ... But it just stopped the film in the first act so much that you thought , ' When 's this story going to start ? ' </P> <P> The actual Edward II , who fathered five children by two different women , was rumoured to have had sexual affairs with men , including Piers Gaveston , on whom the Prince 's male lover Phillip was loosely based . </P> <P> Gibson defended his depiction of Prince Edward as weak and ineffectual , saying : </P> <P> I 'm just trying to respond to history . You can cite other examples -- Alexander the Great , for example , who conquered the entire world , was also a homosexual . But this story is n't about Alexander the Great . It 's about Edward II . </P> <P> In response to Longshanks 's murder of the Prince 's male lover Phillip , Gibson replied : `` The fact that King Edward throws this character out a window has nothing to do with him being gay ... He 's terrible to his son , to everybody . '' Gibson asserted that the reason Longshanks kills his son 's lover is because the king is a `` psychopath '' . Gibson expressed bewilderment that some filmgoers would laugh at this murder . </P> <H3> Wallace 's military campaign ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` MacGregors from the next glen '' joining Wallace shortly after the action at Lanark is dubious , since it is questionable whether Clan Gregor existed at that stage , and when they did emerge their traditional home was Glen Orchy , some distance from Lanark . </P> <P> Wallace did win an important victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge , but the version in Braveheart is highly inaccurate , as it was filmed without a bridge ( and without Andrew Moray , joint commander of the Scots army , who was fatally injured in the battle ) . Later , Wallace did carry out a large - scale raid into the north of England , but he did not get as far south as York , nor did he kill Longshanks ' nephew . ( However this was not as wide of the mark as Blind Harry , who has Wallace making it as far south as St. Albans , and only refraining from attacking London after the English queen came out to meet him . ) Edward 's nephew John of Brittany did take part in the Wars of Scottish Independence , but he was not killed at York . </P> <P> The `` Irish conscripts '' at the Battle of Falkirk are also unhistorical ; there were no Irish troops at Falkirk ( although many of the English army were actually Welsh ) , and it is anachronistic to refer to conscripts in the Middle Ages ( although there were feudal levies ) . </P> <P> The two - handed long swords used by Gibson in the film were not in wide use in the period . A one - handed sword and shield would be more accurate . </P> <H2> Accusations of Anglophobia ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sections of the English media accused the film of harbouring Anglophobia . The Economist called it `` xenophobic '' , and John Sutherland writing in The Guardian stated that : `` Braveheart gave full rein to a toxic Anglophobia '' . </P> <P> In The Times , MacArthur said `` the political effects are truly pernicious . It 's a xenophobic film . '' Ian Burrell of The Independent has noted , `` The Braveheart phenomenon , a Hollywood - inspired rise in Scottish nationalism , has been linked to a rise in anti-English prejudice '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Braveheart ( 1995 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Braveheart ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ THR Staff ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson Once Threw an Ashtray Through a Wall During ' Braveheart ' Budget Talks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 25 July 2005 ) . `` Mel tongue - ties studios '' . Daily Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Braveheart 10th Chance To Boost Tourism In Trim '' . Meath Chronicle . August 28 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Probst ( 1 June 1996 ) . `` Cinematic Transcendence '' . American Cinematographer . Los Angeles , California , United States : American Society of Cinematographers. 77 ( 6 ) : 76 . ISSN 0002 - 7928 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Classification and Rating Administration ; Motion Picture Association of America . `` Reasons for Movie Ratings ( CARA ) '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The best -- and worst -- movie battle scenes '' . CNN . 30 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson 's `` Braveheart '' Voted Worst Oscar Winner `` . hollywood.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Empire Award Past Winners - 1996 '' . Empireonline.com . Bauer Consumer Media . 2003 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotland a nation again for a night '' . The Herald . Glasgow. 4 September 1995 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zumkhawala - Cook , Richard ( 2008 ) . Scotland as We Know It : Representations of National Identity in Literature , Film and Popular Culture . McFarland . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4031 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacLellan , Rory ; Smith , Ronnie ( 1998 ) . Tourism in Scotland . Cengage Learning EMEA . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86152 - 089 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin - Jones , David ( 2009 ) . Scotland : Global Cinema -- Genres , Modes , and Identities . Edinburgh University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 3391 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 68th Academy Awards ( 1996 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : How `` Toxic '' Is IFTA 's Best Indies ? `` . Deadline . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Nominees Archived August 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HollywoodBowlBallot '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Movies_Ballot_06 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boztas , Senay ( 31 July 2005 ) . `` Wallace movie ' helped Scots get devolution ' -- ( Sunday Herald ) '' . Braveheart.info . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wallace statue back at home of sculptor '' . The Courier. 16 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hal G.P. Colebatch ( 8 August 2006 ) . `` The American Spectator '' . Spectator.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kevin Hurley ( 19 September 2004 ) . `` They may take our lives but they wo n't take Freedom '' . Scotland on Sunday . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wallace statue back with sculptor '' . BBC News . 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Lin ( 2005 ) . Braveheart : From Hollywood to Holyrood . Luath Press Ltd. p. 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Unmapping the Territory : Blind Hary 's Wallace , Felicity Riddy 's chapter in Edward Cowan 's The Wallace Book ( 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85976 - 652 - 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ewan , Elizabeth ( October 1995 ) . `` Braveheart '' . American Historical Review . 100 ( 4 ) : 1219 -- 21 . doi : 10.2307 / 2168219 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers and Other Poems / Aytoun , W.E. ( William Edmondstoune ) , 1813 -- 1865 '' . Infomotions.com. 2004 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : White , Caroline ( 4 August 2009 ) . `` The 10 most historically inaccurate movies '' . London : The Times . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krossa , Sharon L. `` Braveheart Errors : An Illustration of Scale '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krossa , Sharon L. `` Regarding the Film Braveheart '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A History of Scottish Kilts Authentic Ireland Travel '' . Authenticireland.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Traquair , Peter Freedom 's Sword , HarperCollins Publishers ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History Ireland '' . History Ireland . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Farrell , John ( 2007 ) , An Utterly Impartial History of Britain , Doubleday , p. 126 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Classen , Albrecht ( 2007 ) . The medieval chastity belt : a myth - making process . Macmillan . p. 151 . ISBN 9781403975584 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Urban legends website '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence , John Shelton ; Jewett , Robert ( 2002 ) . The Myth of the American Superhero . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4911 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Canitz , A.E. Christa ( 2005 ) . `` ' Historians ... Will Say I Am a liar ' : The Ideology of False Truth Claims in Mel Gibson 's Braveheart and Luc Besson 's The Messenger '' . In Utz , Richard J. ; Swan , Jesse G. Studies in Medievalism XIII : Postmodern Medievalisms . D.S. Brewer . pp. 127 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 012 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McArthur , Colin ( 1998 ) . `` Braveheart and the Scottish Aesthetic Dementia '' . In Barta , Tony . Screening the Past : Film and the Representation of History . Praeger . pp. 167 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95402 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ewan , Elizabeth ( October 1995 ) . `` Braveheart '' . The American Historical Review . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . 100 ( 4 ) : 1219 -- 21 . ISSN 0002 - 8762 . OCLC 01830326 . doi : 10.2307 / 2168219 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Caroline ( 4 August 2009 ) . `` The 10 most historically inaccurate movies '' . London : The Times . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penman , Michael Robert the Bruce : King of the Scots pp. 58 - 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Della Cava , Marco R. ( May 24 , 1995 ) . `` Gibson has faith in family and freedom '' . USA Today . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , Ruth ( May 21 , 1995 ) . `` Mel Gibson Dons Kilt and Directs '' . San Francisco Chronicle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gay Alliance has Gibson 's ' Braveheart ' in its sights '' , Daily News , 11 May 1995 , archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 , retrieved 13 February 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Zoller Seitz ( May 25 , 1995 ) . `` Icon : Mel Gibson talks about Braveheart , movie stardom , and media treachery '' . Dallas Observer . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Way , George & Squire , Romily ( 1994 ) . Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia . pp. 220 -- 221 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt , Easton . `` Two - handed swords in Ironclad , Braveheart , Robin Hood & Kingdom of Heaven '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Economist.com '' . Economist.com. 18 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Sutherland '' . The Guardian . London . 11 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Braveheart battle cry is now but a whisper '' . London : Times Online . 24 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colin , McArthur ( 2003 ) . Brigadoon , Braveheart and the Scots : Distortions of Scotland in Hollywood Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 927 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burrell , Ian ( 8 February 1999 ) . `` Most race attack victims ` are white ' : The English Exiles -- News '' . London : The Independent . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Braveheart </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Braveheart . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Braveheart on IMDb </Li> <Li> Braveheart at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Braveheart at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Braveheart at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Braveheart at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Roger Ebert 's review of Braveheart </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mel Gibson filmography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Man Without a Face ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Braveheart ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Apocalypto ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Braveheart ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Stooges ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Singing Detective ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Paparazzi ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Apocalypto ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Get the Gringo ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Stonehearst Asylum ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Professor and the Madman ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenwriter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Apocalypto ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Get the Gringo ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related Articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Icon Productions ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Max ( franchise ) </Li> <Li> Lethal Weapon ( franchise ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films by Randall Wallace </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Secretariat ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven Is for Real ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Pearl Harbor ( executive producer , 2001 ) </Li> <Li> We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Braveheart ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Academy Award for Best Picture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1927 / 28 -- 1950 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) </Li> <Li> The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) </Li> <Li> All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) </Li> <Li> Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) </Li> <Li> Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) </Li> <Li> Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) </Li> <Li> It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Rebecca ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Casablanca ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Going My Way ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> All About Eve ( 1950 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1951 -- 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> An American in Paris ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Marty ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Gigi ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Apartment ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> West Side Story ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Jones ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver ! ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Patton ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The French Connection ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Sting ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rocky ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie Hall ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Ordinary People ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Gandhi ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Amadeus ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Out of Africa ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Platoon ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Rain Man ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Unforgiven ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Braveheart ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The English Patient ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> American Beauty ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Gladiator ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Crash ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Departed ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Artist ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Argo ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Spotlight ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Moonlight ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Empire Award for Best Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Braveheart ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Se7en ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Men in Black ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Matrix ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Gladiator ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> King Kong ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Casino Royale ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Avatar ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Inception ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Skyfall ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Gravity ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Interstellar ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Revenant ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Rogue One ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4846412 - 0 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braveheart&oldid=806786359 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1995 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1990s action films </Li> <Li> 1990s biographical films </Li> <Li> 1990s drama films </Li> <Li> 1990s historical films </Li> <Li> 1990s war films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American biographical films </Li> <Li> American epic films </Li> <Li> American historical films </Li> <Li> American war drama films </Li> <Li> Action drama films </Li> <Li> Action films based on actual events </Li> <Li> Anti-English sentiment </Li> <Li> Best Film Empire Award winners </Li> <Li> Best Picture Academy Award winners </Li> <Li> Biographical films about military leaders </Li> <Li> Drama films based on actual events </Li> <Li> Epic films based on actual events </Li> <Li> Fiction narrated by a dead person </Li> <Li> Films set in Scotland </Li> <Li> Films set in the 13th century </Li> <Li> Films set in the 14th century </Li> <Li> Films shot in County Kildare </Li> <Li> Films shot in County Meath </Li> <Li> Films shot in County Wicklow </Li> <Li> Films shot in Fingal </Li> <Li> Films shot in Highland ( council area ) </Li> <Li> War epic films </Li> <Li> War films based on actual events </Li> <Li> Wars of Scottish Independence </Li> <Li> William Wallace </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox films </Li> <Li> Icon Productions films </Li> <Li> Paramount Pictures films </Li> <Li> The Ladd Company films </Li> <Li> Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup </Li> <Li> Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award </Li> <Li> Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award </Li> <Li> Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe </Li> <Li> Film scores by James Horner </Li> <Li> Films directed by Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Films produced by Bruce Davey </Li> <Li> Films produced by Mel Gibson </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kurdî </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 04 : 11 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 22,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 279
},
{
"start_token": 23,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 28
},
{
"start_token": 28,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 37
},
{
"start_token": 37,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 47
},
{
"start_token": 47,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 72
},
{
"start_token": 53,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 70
},
{
"start_token": 58,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 65
},
{
"start_token": 72,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 82
},
{
"start_token": 82,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 107
},
{
"start_token": 87,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 105
},
{
"start_token": 107,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 117
},
{
"start_token": 117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 126
},
{
"start_token": 126,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 136
},
{
"start_token": 136,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 155
},
{
"start_token": 142,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 153
},
{
"start_token": 147,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 152
},
{
"start_token": 155,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 181
},
{
"start_token": 161,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 179
},
{
"start_token": 162,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 170
},
{
"start_token": 170,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 178
},
{
"start_token": 181,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 230
},
{
"start_token": 187,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 228
},
{
"start_token": 188,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 204
},
{
"start_token": 204,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 221
},
{
"start_token": 230,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 240
},
{
"start_token": 240,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 249
},
{
"start_token": 249,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 257
},
{
"start_token": 257,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 268
},
{
"start_token": 268,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 278
},
{
"start_token": 279,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 359
},
{
"start_token": 359,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 395
},
{
"start_token": 541,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 704
},
{
"start_token": 704,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 857
},
{
"start_token": 857,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1085
},
{
"start_token": 1085,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1207
},
{
"start_token": 1207,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1293
},
{
"start_token": 1299,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1549
},
{
"start_token": 1300,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1317
},
{
"start_token": 1306,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1316
},
{
"start_token": 1307,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1315
},
{
"start_token": 1317,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1326
},
{
"start_token": 1326,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1334
},
{
"start_token": 1334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1344
},
{
"start_token": 1344,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1362
},
{
"start_token": 1352,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1361
},
{
"start_token": 1353,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1360
},
{
"start_token": 1362,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1377
},
{
"start_token": 1367,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1376
},
{
"start_token": 1368,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1375
},
{
"start_token": 1377,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1384
},
{
"start_token": 1384,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1390
},
{
"start_token": 1390,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1398
},
{
"start_token": 1398,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1406
},
{
"start_token": 1406,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1412
},
{
"start_token": 1412,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1419
},
{
"start_token": 1419,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1426
},
{
"start_token": 1426,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1433
},
{
"start_token": 1433,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1439
},
{
"start_token": 1439,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1445
},
{
"start_token": 1445,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1451
},
{
"start_token": 1451,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1457
},
{
"start_token": 1457,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1463
},
{
"start_token": 1463,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1469
},
{
"start_token": 1469,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1475
},
{
"start_token": 1475,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1481
},
{
"start_token": 1481,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1487
},
{
"start_token": 1487,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1493
},
{
"start_token": 1493,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1499
},
{
"start_token": 1499,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1512
},
{
"start_token": 1512,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1520
},
{
"start_token": 1520,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1528
},
{
"start_token": 1528,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1534
},
{
"start_token": 1534,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1540
},
{
"start_token": 1540,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1548
},
{
"start_token": 1568,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1650
},
{
"start_token": 1650,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1721
},
{
"start_token": 1721,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1738
},
{
"start_token": 1738,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1772
},
{
"start_token": 1785,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1870
},
{
"start_token": 1885,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1930
},
{
"start_token": 1936,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2005
},
{
"start_token": 2005,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2031
},
{
"start_token": 2031,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2079
},
{
"start_token": 2087,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2101
},
{
"start_token": 2101,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2274
},
{
"start_token": 2274,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2426
},
{
"start_token": 2434,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2566
},
{
"start_token": 2566,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2994
},
{
"start_token": 2567,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2583
},
{
"start_token": 2583,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2613
},
{
"start_token": 2613,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2626
},
{
"start_token": 2626,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2640
},
{
"start_token": 2640,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2653
},
{
"start_token": 2653,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2667
},
{
"start_token": 2667,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2691
},
{
"start_token": 2691,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2708
},
{
"start_token": 2708,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2722
},
{
"start_token": 2722,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2742
},
{
"start_token": 2742,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2756
},
{
"start_token": 2756,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2777
},
{
"start_token": 2777,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2790
},
{
"start_token": 2790,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2804
},
{
"start_token": 2804,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2817
},
{
"start_token": 2817,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2837
},
{
"start_token": 2837,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2851
},
{
"start_token": 2851,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2866
},
{
"start_token": 2866,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2879
},
{
"start_token": 2879,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2893
},
{
"start_token": 2893,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2913
},
{
"start_token": 2913,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2936
},
{
"start_token": 2936,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2954
},
{
"start_token": 2954,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2968
},
{
"start_token": 2968,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2978
},
{
"start_token": 2978,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2993
},
{
"start_token": 2994,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3002
},
{
"start_token": 2995,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3001
},
{
"start_token": 3002,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3132
},
{
"start_token": 3003,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3014
},
{
"start_token": 3014,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3026
},
{
"start_token": 3026,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3047
},
{
"start_token": 3037,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3046
},
{
"start_token": 3038,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3045
},
{
"start_token": 3047,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3081
},
{
"start_token": 3057,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3080
},
{
"start_token": 3058,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3079
},
{
"start_token": 3081,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3092
},
{
"start_token": 3092,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3104
},
{
"start_token": 3104,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3120
},
{
"start_token": 3120,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3131
},
{
"start_token": 3139,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3174
},
{
"start_token": 3187,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3384
},
{
"start_token": 3391,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3539
},
{
"start_token": 3539,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3643
},
{
"start_token": 3643,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3851
},
{
"start_token": 3851,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3872
},
{
"start_token": 3872,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3947
},
{
"start_token": 3947,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3997
},
{
"start_token": 4005,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4098
},
{
"start_token": 4106,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4201
},
{
"start_token": 4210,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4278
},
{
"start_token": 4278,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4400
},
{
"start_token": 4400,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4531
},
{
"start_token": 4531,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4683
},
{
"start_token": 4693,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4779
},
{
"start_token": 4789,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4895
},
{
"start_token": 4906,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5005
},
{
"start_token": 5005,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5025
},
{
"start_token": 5025,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5082
},
{
"start_token": 5082,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5124
},
{
"start_token": 5124,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5140
},
{
"start_token": 5140,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5191
},
{
"start_token": 5191,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5275
},
{
"start_token": 5284,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5333
},
{
"start_token": 5333,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5489
},
{
"start_token": 5489,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5544
},
{
"start_token": 5544,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5579
},
{
"start_token": 5587,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5630
},
{
"start_token": 5630,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5686
}
] | who played robert the bruce father in braveheart | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 11761005017279087000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Braveheart&oldid=806786359 | 9,189,647,719,794,532,000 |
Once Upon a Time in America - Wikipedia <H1> Once Upon a Time in America </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time in America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Sergio Leone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Arnon Milchan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leonardo Benvenuti </Li> <Li> Piero De Bernardi </Li> <Li> Enrico Medioli </Li> <Li> Franco Arcalli </Li> <Li> Franco Ferrini </Li> <Li> Sergio Leone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Hoods by Harry Grey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert De Niro </Li> <Li> James Woods </Li> <Li> Elizabeth McGovern </Li> <Li> Joe Pesci </Li> <Li> Burt Young </Li> <Li> Tuesday Weld </Li> <Li> Treat Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Ennio Morricone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Tonino Delli Colli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Nino Baragli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Ladd Company </Li> <Li> Embassy International Pictures </Li> <Li> PSO Enterprises </Li> <Li> Rafran Cinematografica </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Ladd Company </Li> <Li> Warner Bros . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 23 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 23 ) ( Cannes ) </Li> <Li> June 1 , 1984 ( 1984 - 06 - 01 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 229 minutes ( European release ) 139 minutes ( US release ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $30 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $5.3 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 epic crime drama film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods . The film is an Italian - American venture produced by The Ladd Company , Embassy International Pictures , PSO Enterprises , and Rafran Cinematografica , and distributed by Warner Bros. Based on Harry Grey 's novel The Hoods , it chronicles the lives of best friends David `` Noodles '' Aaronson and Maximilian `` Max '' Bercovicz as they lead a group of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence as Jewish gangsters in New York City 's world of organized crime . The film explores themes of childhood friendships ; love , lust , greed , betrayal , loss , broken relationships , together with the rise of mobsters in American society . </P> <P> It was the final film directed by Leone before his death five years later , and the first feature film he had directed in 13 years . The cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli , and the film score by Ennio Morricone . Leone originally envisaged two three - hour films , then a single 269 - minute ( 4 hours and 29 minutes ) version , but was convinced by distributors to shorten it to 229 minutes ( 3 hours and 49 minutes ) . The American distributors , The Ladd Company , further shortened it to 139 minutes , and rearranged the scenes into chronological order , without Leone 's involvement . The shortened version was a critical and commercial flop in the United States , and critics who had seen both versions harshly condemned the changes that were made . The original `` European cut '' has remained a critical favorite and frequently appears in lists of the greatest gangster films of all time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Editing </Li> <Li> 3.5 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Versions <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 US excisions </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 USSR </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 TV compilation </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Restored original </Li> <Li> 4.1. 5 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Interpretations </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Gangsters enter a Chinese puppet theater , looking for a marked man . The proprietors slip into a hidden opium den and warn a man named `` Noodles '' , but he pays no attention . In a flashback , he watches the police remove three disfigured corpses from a street . He successfully kills one of the three thugs that are after him but learns that the thugs have murdered his girlfriend while looking for him and finds that someone else has stolen his money . He leaves the city . </P> <P> David `` Noodles '' Aaronson struggles as a street kid in Manhattan 's Lower East Side in 1920 . He and his friends Patrick `` Patsy '' Goldberg , Philip `` Cockeye '' Stein , and little Dominic commit petty crimes under the supervision of local boss Bugsy . Planning to rob a drunk at the moment a passing truck hides them from a policeman , they 're foiled by the older Max Bercovicz , who jumps off the truck to rob the man himself . Noodles confronts Max , but a crooked policeman steals the watch they were fighting over . Later , Max 's camera enables them to blackmail the policeman , who was having sex with a teenage girl , and thus start their own gang independent of Bugsy , who had previously enjoyed the policeman 's corrupt protection . The boys establish a suitcase money fund , which they hide in a locker at the railway station , giving the key to Fat Moe , a reliable friend who 's not part of the operation . Noodles is in love with Fat Moe 's sister Deborah , who aspires to be a dancer and actress . One day , Bugsy ambushes the boys and shoots little Dominic , who dies in Noodles ' arms , Noodles then stabs Bugsy to death and injures a police officer who tried to intervene . Noodles is arrested and sentenced to 12 years in prison . </P> <P> Adult Noodles is released from jail in 1932 and is reacquainted with his old gang : Max , Patsy , and Cockeye , who are now major players in the bootlegging industry during Prohibition . Noodles reunites with Deborah and tries to rekindle their relationship . Meanwhile , during a robbery , the gang meets Carol , who soon becomes Max 's girlfriend . The gang prospers from bootlegging under Prohibition , providing muscle for union boss Jimmy Conway O'Donnell . Noodles tries to impress Deborah on an extravagant date , then rapes her on their way home in a limousine , after which he becomes remorseful . </P> <P> The gang 's financial success ends with the repeal of Prohibition , when Max considers a suggestion to set up what was to become the Teamsters ' union , which Noodles refuses and leaves . Max runs after him and they go to Florida together . While there , Max suggests robbing the New York Federal Reserve Bank , but Noodles sees it as suicidal . Carol , who also fears for Max 's life , convinces Noodles to call the police on his friend for a minor offence , just to keep him in jail for a short time . Noodles does this at an end - of - Prohibition party . Shortly after , Max , who has followed him to the office , knocks him unconscious for calling him crazy . Regaining consciousness , Noodles finds out that Max , Patsy , and Cockeye have been killed by the police , and is consumed with guilt over making the phone call that led to the beginning scenes of the film . Noodles is then seen boarding the first bus to leave New York , going to Buffalo , where he will live in hiding under a fake identity for the next 35 years . </P> <P> In 1968 , Noodles receives a letter informing him that the cemetery where his friends are buried has been sold and asking him to make arrangements for their reburial . Realising that someone has deduced his identity , Noodles returns to Manhattan and stays with Fat Moe above his still - open restaurant . While visiting the new cemetery , Noodles finds there , visibly hung for him to take it , a key to the railway locker once kept by the gang , and further notes the license plate of a car that is following him there . Opening the locker , he discovers a suitcase full of cash , like the one kept there and taken away , now with a note saying the money is a down payment on his next job . Noodles hears about the lavish estate of Secretary Bailey , an embattled political figure whose name has been mentioned in news reports of the car explosion that killed the District Attorney . </P> <P> Noodles visits Carol , who lives at a retirement home run by the Bailey Foundation . She tells him that Max planted the idea of Carol and Noodles tipping off the police because he wanted to die rather than go insane like his father , who died in an asylum . He opened fire on the police to ensure his own death . While at the home , Noodles sees a photo of Deborah at the institution 's dedication . Noodles tracks down Deborah , now a successful actress . He questions her about Secretary Bailey , telling her that he has received an invitation to a party at Bailey 's house . Deborah claims not to know much about Bailey , but Noodles already knows they have lived together for years . In the end , Deborah tells him Bailey was a starving immigrant who married a very wealthy woman who died in childbirth . She begs him to not go to the party but leave via the back exit and not the main door of her dressing room , where a young man named David is waiting for her . Noodles leaves via the main door and Deborah explains that the young man is Secretary Bailey 's son , named David ( which is also Noodles ' given name ) . David bears an obvious resemblance to Max as a young man ( and is played by the same actor ) , implying that Secretary Bailey is Max . </P> <P> Secretary Bailey is revealed to be Max . Noodles meets with Max in his private room at the party . Max explains that corrupt policemen helped him fake his own death so that he could steal the gang 's money and steal Noodles ' love interest , Deborah , in order to begin a new life as Mr. Bailey , a man with contacts to the Teamsters ' union . Now faced with ruin and the spectre of a Teamster assassination , Max asks Noodles to kill him . Noodles refuses despite Max 's permission and goading , because , in his eyes , Max died with the gang . As Noodles leaves Bailey 's estate , he hears a garbage truck start up and looks back to see a man standing at the driveway 's gated entrance . As he begins to walk towards Noodles , the truck passes between them . As the truck passes , Noodles sees its auger grinding down rubbish , the man nowhere to be seen . </P> <P> In a flashback , a young adult Noodles enters the opium den after his gang 's murder , taking the drug and broadly grinning . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Robert De Niro as Noodles <Ul> <Li> Scott Tiler as Young Noodles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> James Woods as Max <Ul> <Li> Rusty Jacobs as Young Max / David </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Elizabeth McGovern as Deborah <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Connelly as Young Deborah </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Treat Williams as Jimmy O'Donnell </Li> <Li> Tuesday Weld as Carol </Li> <Li> Burt Young as Joe </Li> <Li> Joe Pesci as Frankie </Li> <Li> Danny Aiello as Police Chief Aiello </Li> <Li> William Forsythe as Cockeye <Ul> <Li> Adrian Curran as Young Cockeye </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> James Hayden as Patsy <Ul> <Li> Brian Bloom as Young Patsy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Darlanne Fluegel as Eve </Li> <Li> Larry Rapp as Fat Moe <Ul> <Li> Mike Monetti as Young Fat Moe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Richard Bright as Chicken Joe </Li> <Li> Amy Ryder as Peggy <Ul> <Li> Julie Cohen as Young Peggy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Olga Karlatos as Woman in the Puppet Theatre </Li> <Li> Noah Moazezi as Dominic </Li> <Li> James Russo as Bugsy </Li> </Ul> <P> The cast also includes Robert Harper as Sharkey , Mario Brega as Mandy , Paul Herman as Monkey , Marcia Jean Kurtz as Max 's Mother , Estelle Harris as Peggy 's Mother , and Richard Foronji as Whitey . Louise Fletcher appears in the 2012 restoration as the director of the cemetery Noodles visits in 1968 . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the mid-1960s , Sergio Leone read the novel The Hoods by Harry Grey , a pseudonym for the former gangster - turned - informant whose real name was Harry Goldberg . In 1968 , after shooting Once Upon a Time in the West , Leone made many efforts to talk to Grey . Having enjoyed Leone 's Dollars Trilogy , Grey finally responded and agreed to meet with Leone at a Manhattan bar . Following that initial meeting , Leone met with Grey several times throughout the remainder of the 1960s and 1970s to understand America through Grey 's point of view . Intent on making another trilogy about America consisting of Once Upon a Time in the West , Duck , You Sucker ! and Once Upon a Time in America , Leone turned down an offer from Paramount Pictures to direct The Godfather in order to pursue his pet project . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Leone considered many actors for the film during the long development process . Originally , in 1975 , Gérard Depardieu , who was determined to learn English with a Brooklyn accent for the role , was cast as Max , with Jean Gabin playing the older Max . Richard Dreyfuss was cast as Noodles , with James Cagney playing the older Noodles . In 1980 , Leone spoke of casting Tom Berenger as Noodles , with Paul Newman playing the older Noodles . Among actors considered for the role of Max were Dustin Hoffman , Jon Voight , Harvey Keitel , John Malkovich , and John Belushi . </P> <P> Early in 1981 , Brooke Shields was offered the role of Deborah Gelly , after Leone had seen The Blue Lagoon , claiming that `` she had the potential to play a mature character . '' A writers ' strike delayed the project , and Shields withdrew before auditions began . Elizabeth McGovern was cast as Deborah and Jennifer Connelly as her younger self . </P> <P> Joe Pesci was among many to audition for Max . He got the smaller role of Frankie , partly as a favor to his friend De Niro . Danny Aiello auditioned for several roles and was ultimately cast as the police chief who ( coincidentally ) shares his surname . Claudia Cardinale ( who appeared in Once Upon a Time in the West ) wanted to play Carol , but Leone was afraid she would not be convincing as a New Yorker and turned her down . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was shot between June 14 , 1982 , and April 22 , 1983 . Leone tried , as he had with A Fistful of Dynamite , to produce the film with a young director under him . In the early days of the project he courted John Milius , a fan of his who was enthusiastic about the idea ; but Milius was working on The Wind and the Lion and the script for Apocalypse Now and could not commit to the project . For the film 's visual style , Leone used as references the paintings of such artists as Reginald Marsh , Edward Hopper , and Norman Rockwell , as well as ( for the 1922 sequences ) the photographs of Jacob Riis . F. Scott Fitzgerald 's novel The Great Gatsby influenced Noodles ' relationship with Deborah . </P> <P> Most exteriors were shot in New York City ( such as in Williamsburg along South 6th Street , where Fat Moe 's restaurant was based , and South 8th Street ) , but several key scenes were shot elsewhere . Most interiors were shot in Cinecittà in Rome . The beach scene , where Max unveils his plan to rob the Federal Reserve , was shot at the Don CeSar in St. Petersburg , Florida . The New York 's railway `` Grand Central Station '' scene in the thirties flashbacks was filmed in the Gare du Nord in Paris . The interiors of the lavish restaurant where Noodles takes Deborah on their date were shot in the Hotel Excelsior in Venice , Italy . The gang 's hit on Joe was filmed in Quebec . The view of the Manhattan Bridge shown in the film 's poster can be seen from Washington Street in Brooklyn . </P> <P> The shooting script , completed in October 1981 after many delays and a writers ' strike between April and July of that year , was 317 pages in length . </P> <H3> Editing ( edit ) </H3> <P> By the end of filming , Leone had eight to ten hours worth of footage . With his editor , Nino Baragli , Leone trimmed this to almost six hours , and he originally wanted to release the film in two parts , each three hours . The producers refused , partly because of the commercial and critical failure of Bertolucci 's two - part 1900 , and Leone was forced to further shorten it . The film was originally 269 minutes ( 4 hours and 29 minutes ) , but when the film premiered out of competition at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival , Leone had cut it to 229 minutes ( 3 hours and 49 minutes ) to appease the distributors , which was the version shown in European cinemas . However , the American wide release was edited further to 139 minutes ( 2 hours and 19 minutes ) by the studio , against the director 's wishes . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> The musical score was composed by Leone 's longtime collaborator Ennio Morricone . The film 's long production resulted in Morricone 's finishing the composition of most of the soundtrack before many scenes had been filmed . Some of Morricone 's pieces were played on set as filming took place , a technique that Leone had used for Once Upon a Time in the West . `` Deborah 's Theme '' was written for another film in the 1970s but was rejected ; Morricone presented the piece to Leone , who was initially reluctant to include it , considering it too similar to Morricone 's main title music for Once Upon a Time in the West . The score is also notable for Morricone 's incorporation of the music of Gheorghe Zamfir , who plays a pan flute . At times this music is used to convey remembrance , at other times terror . Zamfir 's flute music was used to similarly haunting effect in Peter Weir 's Picnic at Hanging Rock ( 1975 ) . Morricone also collaborated with vocalist Edda Dell'Orso on the score . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time in America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Ennio Morricone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 1 , 1984 October 17 , 1995 ( Special Edition ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> December 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Forum Studios , Rome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Contemporary classical </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Mercury Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Ennio Morricone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Special Edition cover </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1995 Special Edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A soundtrack album was released in 1984 by Mercury Records . This was followed by a special - edition release in 1995 , featuring four additional tracks . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Side one </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Once Upon a Time in America '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Poverty '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Deborah 's Theme '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Childhood Memories '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Amapola '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Friends '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Prohibition Dirge '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 20 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Side two </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Cockeye 's Song '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Amapola , Part II '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Childhood Poverty '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Photographic Memories '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Friends '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Friendship & Love '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Speakeasy '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Deborah 's Theme -- Amapola '' </Td> <Td> 6 : 13 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Bonus tracks ( 1995 Special Edition ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Suite from Once Upon a Time in America ( Includes Amapola ) '' </Td> <Td> 13 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Poverty ( Temp . Version ) '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Unused Theme '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Unused Theme ( Version 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Besides the original music , the film used source music , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` God Bless America '' ( written by Irving Berlin , performed by Kate Smith -- 1943 ) -- Plays over the opening credits from a radio in Eve 's bedroom and briefly at the film 's ending . </Li> <Li> `` Yesterday '' ( written by Lennon -- McCartney -- 1965 ) -- A Muzak version of this piece plays when Noodles first returns to New York in 1968 , examining himself in a train station mirror . An instrumental version of the song also plays briefly during the dialogue scene between Noodles and `` Bailey '' towards the end of the film . </Li> <Li> `` Summertime '' ( written by George Gershwin -- 1935 ) An instrumental version of the aria from the opera Porgy and Bess is playing softly in the background as Noodles , just before leaving , explains to `` Secretary Bailey '' why he could never kill his friend . </Li> <Li> `` Amapola '' ( written by Joseph LaCalle , American lyrics by Albert Gamse -- 1923 ) -- Originally an opera piece , several instrumental versions of this song were played during the film ; a jazzy version , which was played on the gramophone danced to by young Deborah in 1922 ; a similar version played by Fat Moe 's jazz band in the speakeasy in 1932 ; and a string version , during Noodles ' date with Deborah . It has been suggested that Leone used this piece after hearing a version of it in the film Carnal Knowledge , though this has not been confirmed . Both versions are available on the soundtrack . </Li> <Li> `` La gazza ladra '' overture ( Gioachino Rossini -- 1817 ) -- Used during the famous baby - switching scene in the hospital . </Li> <Li> `` Night and Day '' ( written and sung by Cole Porter -- 1932 ) -- Played by a jazz band during the beach scene before the beachgoers receive word of Prohibition 's repeal , and during the party at the house of `` Secretary Bailey '' in 1968 . </Li> <Li> `` St. James Infirmary Blues '' is used during the Prohibition `` funeral '' at the gang 's speakeasy . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Once Upon a Time in America premiered at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May and received a `` 15 - minute standing ovation '' . In the United States , the film received a wide release in 894 theaters on June 1 , 1984 and grossed $2.4 million during its opening weekend . It ended its box office run with a gross of just over $5.3 million on a $30 million budget , and became labeled as a box office flop . The financial and critical disaster of the American release almost bankrupted The Ladd Company . Eventually , the film premiered in Leone 's native Italy out of competition at the 41st Venice International Film Festival in September 1984 . That same month , the film was released wide in Italy on September 28 , 1984 in its 229 - minute version . </P> <H3> Versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several different versions of Once Upon a Time in America have been shown . The original European release version ( 1984 , 229 minutes ) was shown internationally . </P> US excisions ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , its use of the term `` excised '' . Please help us clarify the section . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film was shown in limited release and for film critics in America , where it was slightly trimmed to secure an `` R '' rating . Cuts were made to two rape scenes and some of the more graphic violence at the beginning . Noodles ' meeting with Bailey in 1968 was also excised . The film gained a mediocre reception at several sneak premieres in North America . Because of this early audience reaction , the fear of its length , its graphic violence , and the inability of theaters to have multiple showings in one day , the decision was made by The Ladd Company to make many edits and cut entire scenes without the supervision of Sergio Leone . This American wide release ( 1984 , 139 minutes ) was drastically different from the European release , as the non-chronological story was rearranged into chronological order . Other major cuts involved many of the childhood sequences , making the adult 1933 sections more prominent . Noodles ' 1968 meeting with Deborah was excised , and the scene with Bailey ends with him shooting himself ( with the sound of a gunshot off screen ) rather than the garbage truck conclusion of the 229 - minute version . </P> Ussr ( edit ) <P> In the Soviet Union , the film was shown theatrically in the late 1980s , with other Hollywood blockbusters such as the two King Kong films . The story was rearranged in chronological order and the film was split in two , with the two parts shown as separate movies , one containing the childhood scenes and the other comprising the adulthood scenes . Despite the rearranging , no major scene deletions were made . It was rated `` 16 + '' by the Goskino . </P> Tv compilation ( edit ) <P> A network television version was shown in the early to mid-1990s with a running time of almost three hours ( excluding commercials ) . While it retained the film 's original non-chronological order , many key scenes involving violence and graphic content were left out . This version was a one - off showing , and no copies are known to exist . </P> Restored original ( edit ) Robert De Niro and Elizabeth McGovern at the screening of the film 's restored version , during the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . <P> In March 2011 , it was announced that Leone 's original 269 - minute version was to be re-created by a film lab in Italy under the supervision of Leone 's children , who had acquired the Italian distribution rights , and the film 's original sound editor , Fausto Ancillai , for a premiere in 2012 at either the Cannes Film Festival or Venice Film Festival . </P> <P> The restored film premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , but because of unforeseen rights issues for the deleted scenes , the restoration had a runtime of only 251 minutes . However , Martin Scorsese ( whose Film Foundation helped with the restoration ) stated that he is helping Leone 's children gain the rights to the final 24 minutes of deleted scenes to create a complete restoration of Leone 's envisaged 269 - minute version . On August 3 , 2012 , it was reported that after the premiere at Cannes , the restored film was pulled from circulation , pending further restoration work . </P> Home Media ( edit ) <P> In North America , the heavily edited 139 - minute version was made available on DVD in the late 1990s . This was followed by a two - disc special edition release on June 10 , 2003 , featuring the 229 - minute version of the film . This special edition was rereleased on January 11 , 2011 , on both DVD and Blu - ray . On September 30 , 2014 , Warner Bros. released a two - disc Blu - ray and DVD set of the 251 - minute restoration shown at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , dubbed the Extended Director 's Cut . This version was previously released in Italy , on September 4 , 2012 . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This paragraph needs additional citations for verification . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The initial critical response to Once Upon a Time in America was mixed , because of the different versions released worldwide . While internationally the film was well received in its original form , American critics were much more dissatisfied with the 139 - minute version released in North America . This condensed version was a critical and financial disaster , and many American critics who knew of Leone 's original cut attacked the short version . Some critics compared shortening the film to shortening Richard Wagner 's operas , saying that works of art that are meant to be long should be given the respect they deserve . Roger Ebert wrote in his 1984 review that the uncut version was `` an epic poem of violence and greed '' but described the American theatrical version as a `` travesty '' . Ebert 's television film critic partner Gene Siskel considered the uncut version to be the best film of 1984 . </P> <P> It was only after Leone 's death and the subsequent restoration of the original version that critics began to give it the kind of praise displayed at its original Cannes showing . The uncut original film is considered to be far superior to the edited version released in the US in 1984 . Ebert , in his review of Brian De Palma 's The Untouchables , called the original uncut version of Once Upon a Time in America the best film depicting the Prohibition era . James Woods , who considers it to be Leone 's finest film , mentioned in the DVD documentary that one critic dubbed the film the worst of 1984 , only to see the original cut years later and call it the best of the 1980s . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 86 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.6 / 10 based on 50 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Sergio Leone 's epic crime drama is visually stunning , stylistically bold , and emotionally haunting , and filled with great performances from the likes of Robert De Niro and James Woods . '' </P> <P> The film has since been ranked as one of the best films of the gangster genre . When Sight & Sound asked several UK critics in 2002 what their favorite films of the last 25 years were , Once Upon a Time in America placed at number 10 . In 2015 , the film was ranked at number nine on Time Out 's list of the 50 best gangster films of all time . </P> <H3> Interpretations ( edit ) </H3> <P> As the film begins and ends in 1933 , with Noodles hiding in an opium den from syndicate hitmen , and the last shot of the film is of Noodles in a smiling , opium - soaked high , the film can be interpreted as having been a drug - induced dream , with Noodles remembering his past and envisioning the future . In an interview by Noël Simsolo published in 1987 , Leone confirms the validity of this interpretation , saying that the scenes set in the 1960s could be seen as an opium dream of Noodles ' . In the DVD commentary for the film , film historian and critic Richard Schickel states that opium users often report vivid dreams , and that these visions have a tendency to explore the user 's past and future . </P> <P> Many people ( including Schickel ) assume that the 1968 Frisbee scene , which has an immediate cut and gives no further resolution , was part of a longer sequence . Ebert stated that the purpose of the flying disc scene was to establish the 1960s time frame and nothing more . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite its modern critical success , the initial American release did not fare well with critics and received no Academy Award nominations . The film 's music was disqualified from Oscar consideration for a technicality , as the studio accidentally omitted the composer 's name from the opening credits when trimming its running time for the American release . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38th British Academy Film Awards </Td> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Gabriella Pescucci </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Film Music </Td> <Td> Ennio Morricone </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction </Td> <Td> Sergio Leone </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress in a Supporting Role </Td> <Td> Tuesday Weld </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Cinematography </Td> <Td> Tonino Delli Colli </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42nd Golden Globe Awards </Td> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Sergio Leone </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Score </Td> <Td> Ennio Morricone </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8th Japan Academy Prize </Td> <Td> Outstanding Foreign Language Film </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards </Td> <Td> Best Film </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Sergio Leone </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Music Score </Td> <Td> Ennio Morricone </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of films cut over the director 's opposition </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America '' . Trove . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time in America ( EN ) ( Original title ) '' . European Audiovisual Observatory . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=onceuponatimeinamerica.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macnab , Geoffrey ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Martin Scorsese breathes new life into gangster classic Once Upon a Time in America '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hughes Crime Wave : The Filmgoers ' guide to the great crime movies pp. 156 -- 157 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frayling , Christopher ( July 1 , 2000 ) . Sergio Leone : Something to Do with Death ( PDF ) . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 388 -- 392 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Fristoe . `` Sergio Leone Profile '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucia Bozzola . `` Sergio Leone '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Loews Don CeSar Hotel '' . Loews Hotels . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Washington Street , Brooklyn New York </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hughes Crimewave : The Filmgoers ' guide to the great crime movies p. 163 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Festival de Cannes : Once Upon a Time in America '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Other reviews by Messrob Torikian ( August 25 , 2003 ) . `` Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) '' . Soundtrack . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) Soundtrack '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America ( Special Edition ) - Ennio Morricone '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America '' . The Numbers ( website ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCarty , John ( May 24 , 2005 ) . Bullets Over Hollywood : The American Gangster Picture from the Silents to `` The Sopranos '' . Boston , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . p. 235 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Venice Film Festival : The 1980 's '' . Carnival of Venice . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Once Upon a Time : Sergio Leone ( Documentary ) ( in English and Italian ) . CreaTVty , Westbrook . January 8 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Variety ( 10 March 2011 ) : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' to be restored '' Retrieved April 21 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Film Forum ( 13 Mar 2011 ) : `` Once Upon a Time in America -- 269 minute version in 2012 '' Retrieved April 21 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Another chance for ' Once ' -- Entertainment News , Film Festivals , Media '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallman , Brett ( April 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time in America , ' Other Director 's Cuts Worth Watching -- Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cannes Classics 2012 - Festival de Cannes 2014 ( International Film Festival ) . Festival-cannes.fr . Retrieved on June 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paley , Tony ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sergio Leone 's Once Upon a Time in America is withdrawn from circulation '' . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erickson , Glenn ( June 2003 ) . `` DVD Savant Review : Once Upon a Time in America '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America Preview '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America : Extended Director 's Cut Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . June 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America ( Comparison ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1984 ) . `` Once Upon A Time in America '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene . `` '' Siskel and Ebert '' Top Ten Films ( 1980 - 1998 ) `` . Estate of Gene Siskel . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( July 10 , 1999 ) . `` A Cinematic Rarity : Showing of Leone 's Uncut ' America ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 3 , 1987 ) . `` The Untouchables ( 1987 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time in America '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Modern Times '' . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . December 2002 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 50 best gangster movies of all time '' . Time Out . Time Out Limited . March 12 , 2015 . p. 5 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simsolo , Noël ( 1987 ) . Conversations avec Sergio Leone . Paris : Stock . ISBN 2 - 234 - 02049 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time in America commentary with film historian Richard Schickel </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time in America DVD audio commentary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Snubbed by Oscar : Mistakes & Omissions '' . AMC Networks . American Movie Classics Company . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ibid </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Film in 1985 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 8 , 1985 ) . `` Amadeus , '' The Killing Fields , '' Top Nominees `` . Associated Press Archive . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 8th Japan Academy Prize '' . Japan Academy Prize Association ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards '' . Los Angeles Film Critics Association . 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hughes , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crime Wave : The Filmgoers ' guide to the great crime movies . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Once Upon a Time in America on IMDb </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in America at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in America at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in America at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Unofficial movie site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Sergio Leone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> They Stole a Tram ( 1954 ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> The Last Days of Pompeii ( 1959 ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> The Colossus of Rhodes ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> A Fistful of Dollars ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> For a Few Dollars More ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in the West ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Duck , You Sucker ! ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> A Genius , Two Partners and a Dupe ( 1975 ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb165019655 ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4633532 - 8 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 149807961 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 316751724 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America&oldid=845871458 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1984 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1980s crime films </Li> <Li> American crime films </Li> <Li> American epic films </Li> <Li> Italian crime films </Li> <Li> Italian epic films </Li> <Li> Italian - language films </Li> <Li> Yiddish - language films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Sergio Leone </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Sergio Leone </Li> <Li> Films scored by Ennio Morricone </Li> <Li> Films about Jewish - American organized crime </Li> <Li> Films about prohibition in the United States </Li> <Li> Mafia films </Li> <Li> Films about Jews and Judaism </Li> <Li> Films based on American novels </Li> <Li> Films set in Brooklyn </Li> <Li> Films set in New York City </Li> <Li> Films set in 1920 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1932 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1933 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1968 </Li> <Li> Films shot in Italy </Li> <Li> Films shot in New Jersey </Li> <Li> Films shot in New York City </Li> <Li> Regency Enterprises films </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. films </Li> <Li> The Ladd Company films </Li> <Li> Nonlinear narrative films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> <Li> Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 32 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 18 : 29 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 16,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 334
},
{
"start_token": 17,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 27
},
{
"start_token": 27,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 37
},
{
"start_token": 37,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 47
},
{
"start_token": 47,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 57
},
{
"start_token": 57,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 92
},
{
"start_token": 63,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 90
},
{
"start_token": 68,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 73
},
{
"start_token": 92,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 105
},
{
"start_token": 105,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 143
},
{
"start_token": 110,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 141
},
{
"start_token": 111,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 116
},
{
"start_token": 143,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 153
},
{
"start_token": 153,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 163
},
{
"start_token": 163,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 173
},
{
"start_token": 173,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 201
},
{
"start_token": 179,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 199
},
{
"start_token": 180,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 185
},
{
"start_token": 185,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 190
},
{
"start_token": 201,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 221
},
{
"start_token": 207,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 219
},
{
"start_token": 208,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 213
},
{
"start_token": 213,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 218
},
{
"start_token": 221,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 270
},
{
"start_token": 227,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 268
},
{
"start_token": 228,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 244
},
{
"start_token": 244,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 261
},
{
"start_token": 270,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 290
},
{
"start_token": 290,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 306
},
{
"start_token": 295,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 304
},
{
"start_token": 306,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 314
},
{
"start_token": 314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 323
},
{
"start_token": 323,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 333
},
{
"start_token": 334,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 480
},
{
"start_token": 480,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 650
},
{
"start_token": 776,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 826
},
{
"start_token": 777,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 825
},
{
"start_token": 826,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 920
},
{
"start_token": 920,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1168
},
{
"start_token": 1168,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1278
},
{
"start_token": 1278,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1487
},
{
"start_token": 1487,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1657
},
{
"start_token": 1657,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1910
},
{
"start_token": 1910,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2085
},
{
"start_token": 2085,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2112
},
{
"start_token": 2118,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2298
},
{
"start_token": 2119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2135
},
{
"start_token": 2125,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2134
},
{
"start_token": 2126,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2133
},
{
"start_token": 2135,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2152
},
{
"start_token": 2140,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2151
},
{
"start_token": 2141,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2150
},
{
"start_token": 2152,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2167
},
{
"start_token": 2157,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2166
},
{
"start_token": 2158,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2165
},
{
"start_token": 2167,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2174
},
{
"start_token": 2174,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2180
},
{
"start_token": 2180,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2186
},
{
"start_token": 2186,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2192
},
{
"start_token": 2192,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2200
},
{
"start_token": 2200,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2215
},
{
"start_token": 2205,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2214
},
{
"start_token": 2206,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2213
},
{
"start_token": 2215,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2230
},
{
"start_token": 2220,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2229
},
{
"start_token": 2221,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2228
},
{
"start_token": 2230,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2236
},
{
"start_token": 2236,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2253
},
{
"start_token": 2242,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2252
},
{
"start_token": 2243,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2251
},
{
"start_token": 2253,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2260
},
{
"start_token": 2260,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2275
},
{
"start_token": 2265,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2274
},
{
"start_token": 2266,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2273
},
{
"start_token": 2275,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2285
},
{
"start_token": 2285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2291
},
{
"start_token": 2291,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 2297
},
{
"start_token": 2298,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2358
},
{
"start_token": 2370,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2526
},
{
"start_token": 2532,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2642
},
{
"start_token": 2642,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2709
},
{
"start_token": 2709,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2798
},
{
"start_token": 2804,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2949
},
{
"start_token": 2949,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3108
},
{
"start_token": 3108,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3140
},
{
"start_token": 3146,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3310
},
{
"start_token": 3316,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3505
},
{
"start_token": 3505,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3622
},
{
"start_token": 3506,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3516
},
{
"start_token": 3516,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3525
},
{
"start_token": 3525,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3544
},
{
"start_token": 3544,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3553
},
{
"start_token": 3553,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3564
},
{
"start_token": 3564,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3573
},
{
"start_token": 3573,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3582
},
{
"start_token": 3582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3591
},
{
"start_token": 3595,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3602
},
{
"start_token": 3606,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3613
},
{
"start_token": 3622,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3652
},
{
"start_token": 3652,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3793
},
{
"start_token": 3653,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3659
},
{
"start_token": 3659,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3671
},
{
"start_token": 3671,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3692
},
{
"start_token": 3692,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3708
},
{
"start_token": 3708,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3726
},
{
"start_token": 3726,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3743
},
{
"start_token": 3743,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3759
},
{
"start_token": 3759,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3775
},
{
"start_token": 3775,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3792
},
{
"start_token": 3793,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3954
},
{
"start_token": 3794,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3800
},
{
"start_token": 3800,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3812
},
{
"start_token": 3812,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3830
},
{
"start_token": 3830,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3849
},
{
"start_token": 3849,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3866
},
{
"start_token": 3866,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3883
},
{
"start_token": 3883,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3899
},
{
"start_token": 3899,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3917
},
{
"start_token": 3917,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3933
},
{
"start_token": 3933,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3953
},
{
"start_token": 3954,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4065
},
{
"start_token": 3955,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3966
},
{
"start_token": 3966,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 3978
},
{
"start_token": 3978,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4005
},
{
"start_token": 4005,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4026
},
{
"start_token": 4026,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4043
},
{
"start_token": 4043,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4064
},
{
"start_token": 4065,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4080
},
{
"start_token": 4080,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4461
},
{
"start_token": 4081,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4122
},
{
"start_token": 4122,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4188
},
{
"start_token": 4188,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4240
},
{
"start_token": 4240,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4359
},
{
"start_token": 4359,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4386
},
{
"start_token": 4386,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4438
},
{
"start_token": 4438,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4460
},
{
"start_token": 4467,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4615
},
{
"start_token": 4621,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4652
},
{
"start_token": 4657,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4721
},
{
"start_token": 4658,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 4720
},
{
"start_token": 4721,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4934
},
{
"start_token": 4938,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5026
},
{
"start_token": 5031,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5096
},
{
"start_token": 5124,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5194
},
{
"start_token": 5194,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5303
},
{
"start_token": 5308,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5431
},
{
"start_token": 5438,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5469
},
{
"start_token": 5439,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 5468
},
{
"start_token": 5469,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5633
},
{
"start_token": 5633,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5833
},
{
"start_token": 5833,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5909
},
{
"start_token": 5915,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6056
},
{
"start_token": 6056,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6110
},
{
"start_token": 6116,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6177
},
{
"start_token": 6177,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6372
},
{
"start_token": 6178,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6191
},
{
"start_token": 6191,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6212
},
{
"start_token": 6212,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6226
},
{
"start_token": 6226,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6239
},
{
"start_token": 6239,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6256
},
{
"start_token": 6256,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6270
},
{
"start_token": 6270,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6289
},
{
"start_token": 6289,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6303
},
{
"start_token": 6303,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6323
},
{
"start_token": 6323,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6344
},
{
"start_token": 6344,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6357
},
{
"start_token": 6357,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 6371
}
] | once upon a time movie robert de niro | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": -1,
"candidate_index": -1,
"end_token": -1
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 13083170747422093000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America&oldid=845871458 | -2,720,097,783,302,091,300 |
North Carolina - wikipedia <H1> North Carolina </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state . For the British colony from 1712 -- 1776 , see Province of North Carolina . For other uses , see North Carolina ( disambiguation ) . `` The Old North State '' redirects here . For the song of the same name , see The Old North State ( song ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State of North Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Seal </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : Old North State ; Tar Heel State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Esse quam videri : `` To be , rather than to seem '' ( official ) ; First in Flight : First in Freedom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spoken languages </Th> <Td> <P> As of 2000 </P> <Ul> <Li> English 90.70 % </Li> <Li> Spanish 6.18 % </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> North Carolinian ( official ) ; Tar Heel ( colloquial ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capital </Th> <Td> Raleigh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest city </Th> <Td> Charlotte </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest metro </Th> <Td> Charlotte metro area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> Ranked 28th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 53,819 sq mi ( 139,390 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 170 miles ( 261 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 560 miles ( 901 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> % water </Th> <Td> 9.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latitude </Th> <Td> 33 ° 50 ′ N to 36 ° 35 ′ N </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longitude </Th> <Td> 75 ° 28 ′ W to 84 ° 19 ′ W </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Td> Ranked 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 10,273,419 ( 2017 est . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 208.7 / sq mi ( 80.6 / km ) Ranked 15th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Median household income </Th> <Td> $50,797 ( 38th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highest point </Th> <Td> Mount Mitchell 6,684 ft ( 2037 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean </Th> <Td> 700 ft ( 210 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lowest point </Th> <Td> Atlantic Ocean Sea level </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Before statehood </Th> <Td> Province of North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Admission to Union </Th> <Td> November 21 , 1789 ( 12th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> Roy Cooper ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lieutenant Governor </Th> <Td> Dan Forest ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature </Th> <Td> General Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper house </Th> <Td> Senate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower house </Th> <Td> House of Representatives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Senators </Th> <Td> Richard Burr ( R ) Thom Tillis ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. House delegation </Th> <Td> 10 Republicans 3 Democrats ( list ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Eastern : UTC - 5 / - 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 3166 </Th> <Td> US - NC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviations </Th> <Td> NC , N.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.nc.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) North Carolina state symbols </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Flag of North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Seal of North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Living insignia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bird </Th> <Td> Cardinal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Butterfly </Th> <Td> Eastern tiger swallowtail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fish </Th> <Td> Red Drum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flower </Th> <Td> Flowering Dogwood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insect </Th> <Td> Western honeybee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marsupial </Th> <Td> Virginia Opossum ( state marsupial ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tree </Th> <Td> Longleaf Pine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beverage </Th> <Td> Milk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dance </Th> <Td> Clogging </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Food </Th> <Td> Scuppernong grape , sweet potato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fossil </Th> <Td> Megalodon teeth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gemstone </Th> <Td> Emerald </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mineral </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rock </Th> <Td> Granite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Td> `` The Old North State '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State route marker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State quarter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Released in 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for North Carolina . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> North Carolina ( / ˌkærəˈlaɪnə / ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States . It borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south , Tennessee to the west , Virginia to the north , and the Atlantic Ocean to the east . North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U.S. states . The state is divided into 100 counties . The capital is Raleigh , which along with Durham is home to the largest research park in the United States ( Research Triangle Park ) . The most populous municipality is Charlotte , which is the third largest banking center in the United States after New York City and San Francisco . </P> <P> The state has a wide range of elevations , from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) at Mount Mitchell , the highest point in North America east of the Mississippi River . The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean . Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone . More than 300 miles ( 500 km ) from the coast , the western , mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Native Americans , lost colonies , and permanent settlement </Li> <Li> 1.2 Colonial period and Revolutionary War </Li> <Li> 1.3 Antebellum period </Li> <Li> 1.4 American Civil War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Geography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Flora and fauna </Li> <Li> 2.2 Climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Ethnicity </Li> <Li> 3.2 Languages </Li> <Li> 3.3 Religion </Li> <Li> 3.4 Most populated counties </Li> <Li> 3.5 Major cities </Li> <Li> 3.6 Largest combined statistical areas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Economy </Li> <Li> 5 Transportation </Li> <Li> 6 Government and politics </Li> <Li> 7 Education <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Primary and secondary education </Li> <Li> 7.2 Colleges and universities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Media </Li> <Li> 9 Sports </Li> <Li> 10 Tourism </Li> <Li> 11 Recreation </Li> <Li> 12 Arts and culture <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Music </Li> <Li> 12.2 Shopping </Li> <Li> 12.3 Cuisine and agriculture </Li> <Li> 12.4 Ships named for the state </Li> <Li> 12.5 State parks </Li> <Li> 12.6 State symbols </Li> <Li> 12.7 Armed forces installations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Primary sources </Li> <Li> 16 Further reading </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of North Carolina <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ceremony of Secotan warriors in North Carolina . Watercolour painted by English colonist John White in 1585 . A plaque to commemorate the first indigenous person who was converted to Christianity , Manteo at the Roanoke Colony Dr. M. T. Pope ( after whom the Pope House Museum was named ) , a prominent citizen of Raleigh , 1900 The North Carolina Museum of History , Raleigh <P> Woodland - culture American Indians were in the area around 1000 BCE ; starting around 750 CE , Mississippian - culture Indians created larger political units with stronger leadership and more stable , longer - term settlements . During this time , important buildings were constructed as pyramidal , flat - topped buildings . By 1550 , many groups of American Indians lived in present - day North Carolina , including Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , Cape Fear Indians , Waxhaw , Waccamaw , and Catawba . </P> <P> Juan Pardo explored the area in 1566 -- 1567 , establishing Fort San Juan in 1567 at the site of the Native American community of Joara , a Mississippian culture regional chiefdom in the western interior , near the present - day city of Morganton . The fort lasted only 18 months ; the local inhabitants killed all but one of the 120 men Pardo had stationed at a total of six forts in the area . A later expedition by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe followed in 1584 , at the direction of Sir Walter Raleigh . </P> <P> In June 1718 , the pirate Blackbeard ran his flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , aground at Beaufort Inlet , North Carolina , in present - day Carteret County . After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships . In November , after appealing to the governor of North Carolina , who promised safe - haven and a pardon , Blackbeard was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia . In 1996 Intersal , Inc. , a private firm , discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne 's Revenge , which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places . </P> <P> North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina . The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729 . Originally settled by small farmers , sometimes having a few slaves , who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture , the colony lacked cities or towns . Pirates menaced the coastal settlements , but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed . Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century , as the economy attracted Scots - Irish , Quaker , English and German immigrants . The colonists generally supported the American Revolution , as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies . </P> <P> During colonial times , Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722 , and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766 . Construction of Tryon Palace , which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon , began in 1767 and was completed in 1771 . In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital , as its central location protected it from coastal attacks . Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital , the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh , sponsor of Roanoke , the `` lost colony '' on Roanoke Island . </P> <P> North Carolina made the smallest per - capita contribution to the war of any state , as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington ; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene . There was some military action , especially in 1780 -- 81 . Many Carolinian frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains , into the Washington District ( later known as Tennessee ) , but in 1789 , following the Revolution , the state was persuaded to relinquish its claim to the western lands . It ceded them to the national government so that the Northwest Territory could be organized and managed nationally . </P> <P> After 1800 , cotton and tobacco became important export crops . The eastern half of the state , especially the Tidewater region , developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor . Many free people of color migrated to the frontier along with their European - American neighbors , where the social system was looser . By 1810 , nearly 3 percent of the free population consisted of free people of color , who numbered slightly more than 10,000 . The western areas were dominated by white families , especially Scots - Irish , who operated small subsistence farms . In the early national period , the state became a center of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy , with a strong Whig presence , especially in the West . After Nat Turner 's slave uprising in 1831 , North Carolina and other southern states reduced the rights of free blacks . In 1835 the legislature withdrew their right to vote . </P> <P> On May 20 , 1861 , North Carolina was the last of the Confederate states to declare secession from the Union , 13 days after the Tennessee legislature voted for secession . Some 125,000 North Carolinians served in the military ; 20,000 were killed in battle , the most of any state in the Confederacy , and 21,000 died of disease . The state government was reluctant to support the demands of the national government in Richmond , and the state was the scene of only small battles . </P> <P> With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 , the Reconstruction Era began . The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen . A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen , northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years . The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870 , in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls , to suppress black voting . Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876 , when the Red Shirts , a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party , helped suppress black voting . More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876 . </P> <P> Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor 's office , but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them . In 1896 a biracial , Populist - Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor 's office . The Democrats regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of public facilities . Voters of North Carolina 's 2nd congressional district elected a total of four African - American congressmen through these years of the late 19th century . </P> <P> Political tensions ran so high that a small group of white Democrats in 1898 planned to take over the Wilmington government if their candidates were not elected . In the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 , more than 1,500 white men attacked the black newspaper and neighborhood , killed numerous men , and ran off the white Republican mayor and aldermen . They installed their own people and elected Alfred M. Waddell as mayor , in the only coup d'état in United States history . </P> <P> In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution , with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state . Exclusion from voting had wide effects : it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office . After a decade of white supremacy , many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle - class black Americans . Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights . It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina . </P> <P> As in the rest of the former Confederacy , North Carolina had become a one - party state , dominated by the Democratic Party . Impoverished by the Civil War , the state continued with an economy based on tobacco , cotton and agriculture . Towns and cities remained few in the east . A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont , based on cotton mills established at the fall line . Railroads were built to connect the new industrializing cities . The state was the site of the first successful controlled , powered and sustained heavier - than - air flight , by the Wright brothers , near Kitty Hawk on December 17 , 1903 . In the first half of the 20th century , many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities , in the Great Migration . Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas . </P> <P> North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression , but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers . After World War II , the state 's economy grew rapidly , highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte , Raleigh , and Durham in the Piedmont . Raleigh , Durham , and Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle , a major area of universities and advanced scientific and technical research . In the 1990s , Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center . Tourism has also been a boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville . </P> <P> By the 1970s , spurred in part by the increasingly leftward tilt of national Democrats , conservative whites began to vote for Republican national candidates and gradually for more Republicans locally . The Greensboro Sit - ins played a crucial role in the Civil Rights Movement to bring full equality to American blacks . </P> <H3> Native Americans , lost colonies , and permanent settlement ( edit ) </H3> See also : Native Americans in the United States , Joara , Roanoke Island , and Fort Raleigh National Historic Site Map of the coast of Virginia and North Carolina , drawn 1585 -- 1586 by Theodor de Bry , based on map by John White of the Roanoke Colony <P> North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cultures . Before 200 AD , they were building earthwork mounds , which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes . Succeeding peoples , including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD in the Piedmont , continued to build or add on to such mounds . In the 500 -- 700 years preceding European contact , the Mississippian culture built large , complex cities and maintained far - flung regional trading networks . Its largest city was Cahokia , located in present - day Illinois near the Mississippi River . </P> <P> Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region include the Carolina Algonquian - speaking tribes of the coastal areas , such as the Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , and Cape Fear Indians , who were the first encountered by the English ; the Iroquoian - speaking Meherrin , Cherokee , and Tuscarora of the interior ; and Southeastern Siouan tribes , such as the Cheraw , Waxhaw , Saponi , Waccamaw , and Catawba . </P> <P> Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara , a regional chiefdom near present - day Morganton . Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540 . In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico . Pardo made a winter base at Joara , which he renamed Cuenca . His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there , while Pardo traveled further , and built and garrisoned five other forts . He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island , South Carolina , then a center of Spanish Florida . In the spring of 1568 , natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior , including the one at Fort San Juan . Although the Spanish never returned to the interior , this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States . A 16th - century journal by Pardo 's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement . </P> John White returns to find the colony abandoned . <P> In 1584 , Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh , for whom the state capital is named , for land in present - day North Carolina ( then part of the territory of Virginia ) . It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize . Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s , but both failed . The fate of the `` Lost Colony '' of Roanoke Island remains one of the most widely debated mysteries of American history . Virginia Dare , the first English child to be born in North America , was born on Roanoke Island on August 18 , 1587 ; Dare County is named for her . </P> <P> As early as 1650 , settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound . By 1663 , King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent ; it generally established North Carolina 's borders . He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665 , a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions . In 1710 , owing to disputes over governance , the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina . The latter became a crown colony in 1729 . </P> <P> In the 1700s , a series of smallpox epidemics swept the South , causing high fatalities among the Native Americans , who had no immunity to the new disease ( it had become endemic in Europe ) . According to the historian Russell Thornton , `` The 1738 epidemic was said to have killed one - half of the Cherokee , with other tribes of the area suffering equally . '' </P> <H3> Colonial period and Revolutionary War ( edit ) </H3> See also : Province of Carolina , Province of North Carolina , and American Revolutionary War Reconstructed royal governor 's mansion Tryon Palace in New Bern <P> After the Spanish in the 16th century , the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia . The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available . Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants . He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655 . By 1663 , this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina , known as the Albemarle Settlements , was undergoing full - scale English settlement . During the same period , the English monarch Charles II gave the province to the Lords Proprietors , a group of noblemen who had helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660 . The new province of `` Carolina '' was named in honor and memory of King Charles I ( Latin : Carolus ) . In 1712 , North Carolina became a separate colony . Except for the Earl Granville holdings , it became a royal colony seventeen years later . A large revolt happened in the state in 1711 known as Cary 's Rebellion . </P> <P> Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina , or the Low Country and uplands , affected the political , economic , and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century . The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands . The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots - Irish , English , and German Protestants , the so - called `` cohee '' . Arriving during the mid - to late 18th century , the Scots - Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution ; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution . During the American Revolutionary War , the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown , because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain . The English , Welsh , Scots - Irish , and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain . </P> <P> Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants , hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage . In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid . Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status . Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African - American men . Because the mothers were free , their children were born free . Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia . As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain , planters imported more slaves , and the state 's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened , effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste . The economy 's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor , devoted first to the production of tobacco . </P> <P> On April 12 , 1776 , the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown , through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress . The dates of both of these events are memorialized on the state flag and state seal . Throughout the Revolutionary War , fierce guerrilla warfare erupted between bands of pro-independence and pro-British colonists . In some cases the war was also an excuse to settle private grudges and rivalries . A major American victory in the war took place at King 's Mountain along the North Carolina -- South Carolina border ; on October 7 , 1780 , a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina ( including what is today the state of Tennessee ) and southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson . Most of the soldiers fighting for the British side in this battle were Carolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown ( they were called `` Tories '' or Loyalists ) . The American victory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonists who favored American independence , and it prevented the British Army from recruiting new soldiers from the Tories . </P> 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford <P> The road to Yorktown and America 's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina . As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden , South Carolina , the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them . Following General Daniel Morgan 's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17 , 1781 , southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina , and away from the latter 's base of supply in Charleston , South Carolina . This campaign is known as `` The Race to the Dan '' or `` The Race for the River . '' </P> <P> In the Battle of Cowan 's Ford , Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan 's Ford on February 1 , 1781 , in an attempt to engage General Morgan 's forces during a tactical withdrawal . Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene 's newly recruited forces . Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present - day Greensboro on March 15 , 1781 . Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle , their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling . Following this `` Pyrrhic victory '' , Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements , and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army . This decision would result in Cornwallis ' eventual defeat at Yorktown , Virginia , later in 1781 . The Patriots ' victory there guaranteed American independence . </P> <H3> Antebellum period ( edit ) </H3> <P> On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution . In 1840 , it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh , still standing today . Most of North Carolina 's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state . Although North Carolina 's plantation system was smaller and less cohesive than that of Virginia , Georgia , or South Carolina , significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton , as well as suburban planters around the cities of Raleigh , Charlotte , and Durham in the Piedmont . Planters owning large estates wielded significant political and socio - economic power in antebellum North Carolina , which was a slave society . They placed their interests above those of the generally non-slave - holding `` yeoman '' farmers of western North Carolina . In mid-century , the state 's rural and commercial areas were connected by the construction of a 129 - mile ( 208 km ) wooden plank road , known as a `` farmer 's railroad '' , from Fayetteville in the east to Bethania ( northwest of Winston - Salem ) . </P> Map of the roads and railroads of North Carolina , 1854 <P> Besides slaves , there were a number of free people of color in the state . Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century . The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women , indentured servants or free , and African men , indentured , slave or free . After the Revolution , Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves . Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves . The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution . </P> <P> On October 25 , 1836 , construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh . In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro , High Point , and Charlotte . During the Civil War , the Wilmington - to - Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort ; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . </P> <P> During the antebellum period , North Carolina was an overwhelmingly rural state , even by Southern standards . In 1860 only one North Carolina town , the port city of Wilmington , had a population of more than 10,000 . Raleigh , the state capital , had barely more than 5,000 residents . </P> <P> While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states , according to the 1860 census , more than 330,000 people , or 33 % of the population of 992,622 , were enslaved African Americans . They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater . In addition , 30,463 free people of color lived in the state . They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain , especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern , where a variety of jobs were available . Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835 , when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner . Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases . </P> <H3> American Civil War ( edit ) </H3> Main article : North Carolina in the American Civil War Further information : American Civil War Union captures Fort Fisher , 1865 <P> In 1860 , North Carolina was a slave state , in which one - third of the population was enslaved . This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states . The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state , South Carolina , becoming the last or second - to - last state to officially join the Confederacy . The title of `` last to join the Confederacy '' has been disputed ; although Tennessee 's informal secession on May 7 , 1861 , preceded North Carolina 's official secession on May 20 , the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8 , 1861 . </P> <P> North Carolina was the site of few battles , but it provided the Confederacy with at least 125,000 troops , which is far more than any other state did . Approximately 40,000 of those troops died : more than half of disease , the remainder from battlefield wounds and from starvation . North Carolina also supplied about 15,000 Union troops . Elected in 1862 , Governor Zebulon Baird Vance tried to maintain state autonomy against Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond . </P> Sculpture of Confederate soldier Silent Sam , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , by John Wilson <P> After secession , some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy . Some of the yeoman farmers in the state 's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War , while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict . Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war . Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state , which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863 . Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines , where they became essentially free . </P> <P> Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia , the Confederacy 's most famous army . The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville , which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman 's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865 . In April 1865 , after losing the Battle of Morrisville , Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place , in what is today Durham . North Carolina 's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union , in February 1865 , after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher , its major defense downriver . </P> Bennett Place historic site in Durham <P> The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina , in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861 . At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 , the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett / Pettigrew 's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment . During the Battle of Chickamauga , the 58th North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining Union forces from the battlefield . At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865 , the 75th North Carolina Regiment , a cavalry unit , fired the last shots of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War . For many years , North Carolinians proudly boasted that they had been `` First at Bethel , Farthest at Gettysburg and Chickamauga , and Last at Appomattox . '' </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Geography of North Carolina Köppen climate types of North Carolina North Carolina topographic map . North Carolina 's three topographic regions are evident : the Appalachian Mountains in brown , the Piedmont in yellow , and the Atlantic Coastal Plain in green . The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway . Deer in the Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina View at end of Cherohala Skyway near Tellico Plains <P> North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south , Georgia on the southwest , Tennessee on the west , Virginia on the north , and the Atlantic Ocean on the east . The United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region . </P> <P> North Carolina consists of three main geographic regions : the Atlantic coastal plain , occupying the eastern portion of the state ; the central Piedmont region , and the Mountain region in the west , which is part of the Appalachian Mountains . The coastal plain consists of more specifically - defined areas known as the Outer Banks , a string of sandy , narrow barrier islands separated from the mainland by sounds or inlets , including Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound , the tidewater region , the native home of the venus flytrap , and the inner coastal plain , where longleaf pine trees are native . </P> <P> So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the `` Graveyard of the Atlantic '' ; more than 1,000 ships have sunk in these waters since records began in 1526 . The most famous of these is the Queen Anne 's Revenge ( flagship of the pirate Blackbeard ) , which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718 . </P> <P> The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line , the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers . The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state 's most populous region , containing the six largest cities in the state by population . It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges . Small , isolated , and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont , including the Sauratown Mountains , Pilot Mountain , the Uwharrie Mountains , Crowder 's Mountain , King 's Pinnacle , the Brushy Mountains , and the South Mountains . The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet ( 91 m ) in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) in the west . </P> <P> The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range . Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains , Blue Ridge Mountains , and Black Mountains . The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States , and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) , the highest point east of the Mississippi River . </P> Cullasaja Falls in Macon County <P> North Carolina has 17 major river basins . The five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico , while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean . Of the 17 basins , 11 originate within the state of North Carolina , but only four are contained entirely within the state 's border -- the Cape Fear , the Neuse , the White Oak , and the Tar -- Pamlico basin . </P> <H3> Flora and fauna ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Wildlife of North Carolina <H3> Climate ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Climate of North Carolina Snow in Old Fort , North Carolina caused by the 2009 Blizzard Graveyard Fields in autumn A rainy day at Charlotte Motor Speedway <P> Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state , with the mountain area being coolest year - round . The climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream , especially in the coastal plain . These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast , where temperatures only occasionally drop below the freezing point at night . The coastal plain averages around 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) of snow or ice annually , and in many years , there may be no snow or ice at all . </P> <P> The Atlantic Ocean exerts less influence on the climate of the Piedmont region , which has hotter summers and colder winters than along the coast , though the average daily maximum is still below 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) in most locations . </P> <P> North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter , with summer bringing threat of hurricanes , tropical storms , heavy rain , and flooding . Destructive hurricanes that have hit North Carolina include Hurricane Fran , Hurricane Floyd , and Hurricane Hazel , the latter being the strongest storm ever to make landfall in the state , as a Category 4 in 1954 . Hurricane Isabel ranks as the most destructive of the 21st century . </P> <P> North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year , many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain . Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk , especially in the eastern part of the state . The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains , which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over ; the storms will often re-form farther east . A phenomenon known as `` cold - air damming '' often occurs in the northwestern part of the state , which can weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter . </P> <P> In April 2011 , the worst tornado outbreak in North Carolina 's history occurred . Thirty confirmed tornadoes touched down , mainly in the Eastern Piedmont and Sandhills , killing at least 24 people . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Monthly normal high and low temperatures ( Fahrenheit ) for various North Carolina cities . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asheville </Th> <Td> 47 / 27 </Td> <Td> 51 / 30 </Td> <Td> 59 / 35 </Td> <Td> 68 / 43 </Td> <Td> 75 / 51 </Td> <Td> 81 / 60 </Td> <Td> 84 / 64 </Td> <Td> 83 / 63 </Td> <Td> 77 / 56 </Td> <Td> 68 / 45 </Td> <Td> 59 / 36 </Td> <Td> 49 / 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boone </Th> <Td> 42 / 21 </Td> <Td> 45 / 23 </Td> <Td> 52 / 29 </Td> <Td> 61 / 37 </Td> <Td> 69 / 46 </Td> <Td> 76 / 54 </Td> <Td> 79 / 58 </Td> <Td> 78 / 57 </Td> <Td> 72 / 50 </Td> <Td> 63 / 39 </Td> <Td> 54 / 31 </Td> <Td> 45 / 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cape Hatteras </Th> <Td> 52 / 39 </Td> <Td> 54 / 40 </Td> <Td> 59 / 45 </Td> <Td> 66 / 53 </Td> <Td> 74 / 61 </Td> <Td> 81 / 69 </Td> <Td> 85 / 74 </Td> <Td> 84 / 73 </Td> <Td> 80 / 69 </Td> <Td> 72 / 60 </Td> <Td> 64 / 51 </Td> <Td> 56 / 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Charlotte </Th> <Td> 51 / 30 </Td> <Td> 55 / 33 </Td> <Td> 63 / 39 </Td> <Td> 72 / 47 </Td> <Td> 79 / 56 </Td> <Td> 86 / 64 </Td> <Td> 89 / 68 </Td> <Td> 88 / 67 </Td> <Td> 81 / 60 </Td> <Td> 72 / 49 </Td> <Td> 62 / 39 </Td> <Td> 53 / 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fayetteville </Th> <Td> 52 / 31 </Td> <Td> 56 / 32 </Td> <Td> 64 / 39 </Td> <Td> 73 / 47 </Td> <Td> 80 / 56 </Td> <Td> 87 / 65 </Td> <Td> 90 / 70 </Td> <Td> 89 / 69 </Td> <Td> 83 / 63 </Td> <Td> 74 / 49 </Td> <Td> 63 / 40 </Td> <Td> 54 / 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greensboro </Th> <Td> 48 / 30 </Td> <Td> 52 / 32 </Td> <Td> 61 / 39 </Td> <Td> 70 / 47 </Td> <Td> 78 / 56 </Td> <Td> 85 / 65 </Td> <Td> 88 / 69 </Td> <Td> 86 / 68 </Td> <Td> 80 / 61 </Td> <Td> 70 / 49 </Td> <Td> 61 / 40 </Td> <Td> 51 / 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Raleigh </Th> <Td> 51 / 30 </Td> <Td> 54 / 32 </Td> <Td> 63 / 40 </Td> <Td> 72 / 48 </Td> <Td> 80 / 57 </Td> <Td> 87 / 66 </Td> <Td> 90 / 70 </Td> <Td> 88 / 69 </Td> <Td> 82 / 62 </Td> <Td> 73 / 50 </Td> <Td> 64 / 41 </Td> <Td> 54 / 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wilmington </Th> <Td> 56 / 36 </Td> <Td> 60 / 38 </Td> <Td> 66 / 44 </Td> <Td> 74 / 52 </Td> <Td> 81 / 60 </Td> <Td> 87 / 69 </Td> <Td> 90 / 73 </Td> <Td> 88 / 71 </Td> <Td> 84 / 66 </Td> <Td> 76 / 55 </Td> <Td> 68 / 45 </Td> <Td> 59 / 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for North Carolina ( 1980 - 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 49.9 ( 9.9 ) </Td> <Td> 53.7 ( 12.1 ) </Td> <Td> 61.8 ( 16.6 ) </Td> <Td> 71 ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 78.1 ( 25.6 ) </Td> <Td> 85.2 ( 29.6 ) </Td> <Td> 88.1 ( 31.2 ) </Td> <Td> 86.8 ( 30.4 ) </Td> <Td> 80.8 ( 27.1 ) </Td> <Td> 71.6 ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 62.5 ( 16.9 ) </Td> <Td> 52.5 ( 11.4 ) </Td> <Td> 70.17 ( 21.23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 28.4 ( − 2 ) </Td> <Td> 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) </Td> <Td> 37.2 ( 2.9 ) </Td> <Td> 45.2 ( 7.3 ) </Td> <Td> 54 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 63 ( 17 ) </Td> <Td> 66.8 ( 19.3 ) </Td> <Td> 65.8 ( 18.8 ) </Td> <Td> 58.9 ( 14.9 ) </Td> <Td> 47.2 ( 8.4 ) </Td> <Td> 38.3 ( 3.5 ) </Td> <Td> 30.8 ( − 0.7 ) </Td> <Td> 47.21 ( 8.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation inches ( mm ) </Th> <Td> 3.7 ( 94 ) </Td> <Td> 3.5 ( 89 ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 ( 107 ) </Td> <Td> 3.5 ( 89 ) </Td> <Td> 3.8 ( 97 ) </Td> <Td> 4.3 ( 109 ) </Td> <Td> 4.8 ( 122 ) </Td> <Td> 4.7 ( 119 ) </Td> <Td> 4.3 ( 109 ) </Td> <Td> 3.3 ( 84 ) </Td> <Td> 3.3 ( 84 ) </Td> <Td> 3.5 ( 89 ) </Td> <Td> 46.9 ( 1,192 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : USA.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Demographics of North Carolina <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1790 </Td> <Td> 393,751 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1800 </Td> <Td> 478,103 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1810 </Td> <Td> 556,526 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1820 </Td> <Td> 638,829 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1830 </Td> <Td> 737,987 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1840 </Td> <Td> 753,419 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> 869,039 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1860 </Td> <Td> 992,622 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1870 </Td> <Td> 1,071,361 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 1,399,750 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 1,617,949 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 1,893,810 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 2,206,287 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 2,559,123 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 3,170,276 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 3,571,623 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 4,061,929 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 4,556,155 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 5,082,059 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 5,881,766 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 6,628,637 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 8,049,313 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9,535,471 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2017 </Td> <Td> 10,273,419 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Source : 1910 -- 2010 2016 estimate </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of North Carolina was 10,146,788 on July 1 , 2016 , a 6.4 % increase since the 2010 Census . Of the people residing in North Carolina , 58.5 % were born in North Carolina , 33.1 % were born in another US state , 1.0 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 7.4 % were born in another country . </P> <H3> Ethnicity ( edit ) </H3> <P> Demographics of North Carolina covers the varieties of ethnic groups that reside in North Carolina , along with the relevant trends . </P> <P> The state 's racial composition in the 2010 Census : </P> <Ul> <Li> White : 68.5 % ( 65.3 % non-Hispanic white , 3.2 % White Hispanic ) </Li> <Li> Black or African American : 21.5 % </Li> <Li> Latin and Hispanic American of any race : 8.4 % </Li> <Li> Some other race : 4.3 % </Li> <Li> Multiracial American : 2.2 % </Li> <Li> Asian American : 2.2 % </Li> <Li> Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander : 1 % </Li> </Ul> <Table> North Carolina Racial Breakdown of Population <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Racial composition </Th> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White </Td> <Td> 75.6 % </Td> <Td> 72.1 % </Td> <Td> 68.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> 22.0 % </Td> <Td> 21.6 % </Td> <Td> 21.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asian </Td> <Td> 0.8 % </Td> <Td> 1.4 % </Td> <Td> 2.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Native </Td> <Td> 1.2 % </Td> <Td> 1.2 % </Td> <Td> 1.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other race </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 2.3 % </Td> <Td> 4.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Two or more races </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1.3 % </Td> <Td> 2.3 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Languages ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of 2010 , 89.66 % ( 7,750,904 ) of North Carolina residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 6.93 % ( 598,756 ) spoke Spanish , 0.32 % ( 27,310 ) French , 0.27 % ( 23,204 ) German , and Chinese ( which includes Mandarin ) was spoken as a main language by 0.27 % ( 23,072 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 10.34 % ( 893,735 ) of North Carolina 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . North Carolina is also home to a spectrum of different dialects of Southern American English and Appalachian English . </P> <Table> Top 15 Non-English Languages Spoken in North Carolina <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> 6.93 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> 0.32 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German </Td> <Td> 0.27 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese ( including Mandarin ) </Td> <Td> 0.27 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnamese </Td> <Td> 0.24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> 0.17 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean </Td> <Td> 0.16 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tagalog </Td> <Td> 0.13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hindi </Td> <Td> 0.12 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gujarati , Russian , and Hmong ( tied ) </Td> <Td> 0.11 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian and Japanese ( tied ) </Td> <Td> 0.08 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cherokee </Td> <Td> 0.01 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in North Carolina ( 2014 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Religion </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Percent </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Protestant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 66 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Evangelical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mainstream </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Historically Black </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Catholic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mormon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Eastern Orthodox </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jehovah 's Witness </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jewish </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Other faith </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> North Carolina residents , like those of other Southern states , since the colonial era have historically been overwhelmingly Protestant , first Anglican , then Baptist and Methodist . By the late 19th century , the largest Protestant denomination was the Baptist . After the Civil War , black Baptists were not allowed in white churches , due to segregation , and set up their own independent congregations . Black Baptists went on to develop their own state and national associations , to be free of white supervision . </P> <P> While the Baptists in total ( counting both blacks and whites ) have maintained the majority in this part of the country ( known as the Bible Belt ) , the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths , including Judaism , Islam , Baha'i , Buddhism , and Hinduism . As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination , with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members ; the second largest was the United Methodist Church , with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches . The third was the Roman Catholic Church , with 428,000 members in 190 congregations . The fourth greatest was the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , with 186,000 members and 710 congregations ; this denomination was brought by Scots - Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the colonial era . </P> <P> The state also has a special history with the Moravian Church , as settlers of this faith ( largely of German origin ) found a home in the Winston - Salem area in the 18th and 19th centuries . Presbyterians , historically Scots - Irish , have had a strong presence in Charlotte and in Scotland County . </P> <P> Currently , the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity : the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased , as well as general religious diversity . The second - largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism , which is strong in the northern Piedmont , especially in populous Guilford County . There are also a substantial number of Quakers in Guilford County and northeastern North Carolina . Many universities and colleges in the state have been founded on religious traditions , and some currently maintain that affiliation , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Belmont Abbey College ( Catholic ) </Li> <Li> Bennett College for Women ( United Methodist Church ) </Li> <Li> Campbell University ( Baptist ) </Li> <Li> Catawba College ( United Church of Christ ) </Li> <Li> Chowan University ( Baptist ) </Li> <Li> Davidson College ( Presbyterian ) </Li> <Li> Duke University ( Historically Methodist ) </Li> <Li> Elon University ( United Church of Christ ) </Li> <Li> Gardner -- Webb University ( Cooperative Baptist Fellowship ) </Li> <Li> Greensboro College ( Methodist ) </Li> <Li> Guilford College ( Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) ) </Li> <Li> High Point University ( United Methodist Church ) </Li> <Li> Lees - McRae College ( Presbyterian ) </Li> <Li> Lenoir - Rhyne University ( Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ) </Li> <Li> Livingstone College ( African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ) </Li> <Li> Louisburg College ( United Methodist Church ) </Li> <Li> Mars Hill University ( Christian ) </Li> <Li> Methodist University ( United Methodist Church ) </Li> <Li> Montreat College ( Christian ) </Li> <Li> University of Mount Olive ( Baptist ) </Li> <Li> North Carolina Wesleyan College ( United Methodist Church ) </Li> <Li> William Peace University ( Presbyterian ) </Li> <Li> Pfeiffer University ( Methodist ) </Li> <Li> Queens University of Charlotte ( Presbyterian ) </Li> <Li> St. Andrews Presbyterian College ( Presbyterian ) </Li> <Li> Saint Augustine 's College ( Episcopal ) </Li> <Li> Salem College ( Moravian Church ) </Li> <Li> Shaw University ( Baptist ) </Li> <Li> Wake Forest University ( Historically Baptist ) </Li> <Li> Warren Wilson College ( Historically Presbyterian ) </Li> <Li> Wingate University ( Historically Baptist ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The state also has several major seminaries , including the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest , and the Hood Theological Seminary ( AME Zion ) in Salisbury . </P> <H3> Most populated counties ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of counties in North Carolina <P> In 2016 , the US Census Bureau released 2015 population estimate counts for North Carolina 's counties . Mecklenburg County has the largest population , while Wake County has the second largest population in North Carolina . </P> <H3> Major cities ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of municipalities in North Carolina <P> In 2017 , the US Census Bureau released 2016 population estimate counts for North Carolina 's cities with populations above 70,000 . Charlotte has the largest population , while Raleigh has the highest population density of North Carolina 's largest cities . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="10"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Largest cities or towns in North Carolina Source : </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> County </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlotte Raleigh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charlotte </Td> <Td> Mecklenburg </Td> <Td> 842,051 </Td> <Td> Greensboro Durham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raleigh </Td> <Td> Wake </Td> <Td> 458,880 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greensboro </Td> <Td> Guilford </Td> <Td> 287,027 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Durham </Td> <Td> Durham </Td> <Td> 263,016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Winston - Salem </Td> <Td> Forsyth </Td> <Td> 242,203 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Fayetteville </Td> <Td> Cumberland </Td> <Td> 204,759 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Cary </Td> <Td> Wake </Td> <Td> 162,320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Wilmington </Td> <Td> New Hanover </Td> <Td> 117,525 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> High Point </Td> <Td> Guilford </Td> <Td> 111,223 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Greenville </Td> <Td> Pitt </Td> <Td> 91,495 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Largest Combined Statistical areas ( edit ) </H3> Charlotte skyline <P> North Carolina has three major Combined Statistical Areas with populations of more than 1.6 million ( U.S. Census Bureau 2015 estimates ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Metrolina : Charlotte -- Concord -- Gastonia , North Carolina -- South Carolina -- population 2,583,956 </Li> <Li> The Research Triangle : Raleigh -- Durham -- Chapel Hill , North Carolina -- population 2,117,103 </Li> <Li> The Piedmont Triad : Greensboro -- Winston - Salem -- High Point , North Carolina -- population 1,642,506 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Economy of North Carolina See also : North Carolina locations by per capita income <P> North Carolina has a very diverse economy because of its great availability of hydroelectric power , its pleasant climate , and its wide variety of soils . The state ranks third among the South Atlantic states in population , but leads the region in industry and agriculture . North Carolina leads the nation in the production of tobacco , textiles , and furniture . Charlotte , the state 's largest city , is a major textile and trade center . According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the `` Old North State '' has gained many different industry sectors . See the following article summary : science , technology , energy and math , or STEM , industries in the area surrounding North Carolina 's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001 , placing Raleigh - Cary at No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country where technology is booming . In 2010 , North Carolina 's total gross state product was $424.9 billion , while the state debt in November 2012 , according to one source , totalled US $2.4 bn , while according to another , was in 2012 US $57.8 bn . In 2011 , the civilian labor force was at around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million . The working population is employed across the major employment sectors . The economy of North Carolina covers 15 metropolitan areas . In 2010 , North Carolina was chosen as the third - best state for business by Forbes Magazine , and the second - best state by Chief Executive Officer Magazine . </P> <P> North Carolina is the leading U.S. state in production of flue - cured tobacco and sweet potatoes , and comes second in the farming of pigs and hogs , trout , and turkeys . In the three most recent USDA surveys ( 2002 , 2007 , 2012 ) , North Carolina also ranked second in the production of Christmas trees . </P> <P> Based on American Community Survey 2010 - 2014 data , North Carolina 's median household income was $46,693 . It ranked forty - first out of fifty states plus the District of Columbia for median household income . North Carolina had the fourteenth highest poverty rate in the nation at 17.6 % . 13 % of families were below the poverty line . </P> <P> Since 2000 , there has been a clear division in the economic growth of North Carolina 's urban and rural areas . While North Carolina 's urban areas have enjoyed a prosperous economy with steady job growth , low unemployment , and rising wages , many of the state 's rural counties have suffered from job loss , rising levels of poverty , and population loss as their manufacturing base has declined . According to one estimate , one - half of North Carolina 's 100 counties have lost population since 2010 , primarily due to the poor economy in many of North Carolina 's rural areas . However , the population of the state 's urban areas is steadily increasing . </P> <P> North Carolina 's 2016 total gross state product was $521 billion . </P> <H2> Transportation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Transportation in North Carolina <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A North Carolina license plate . <P> Transportation systems in North Carolina consist of air , water , road , rail , and public transportation including intercity rail via Amtrak and light rail in Charlotte . North Carolina has the second - largest state highway system in the country as well as the largest ferry system on the east coast . </P> <P> North Carolina 's airports serve destinations throughout the United States and international destinations in Canada , Europe , Central America , and the Caribbean . In 2013 Charlotte Douglas International Airport ranked as the 23rd busiest airport in the world . </P> <P> North Carolina has a growing passenger rail system with Amtrak serving most major cities . Charlotte is also home to North Carolina 's only light rail system known as the Lynx . </P> <H2> Government and Politics ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Government of North Carolina and Politics of North Carolina <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> North Carolina statewide election results <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Office </Th> <Th> Republican </Th> <Th> Democratic </Th> <Th> Other </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Governor </Td> <Td> 48.8 % 2,298,880 </Td> <Td> 49.0 % 2,309,157 </Td> <Td> 2.2 % 102,977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> 49.8 % 2,362,631 </Td> <Td> 46.2 % 2,189,316 </Td> <Td> 4.0 % 189,617 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 51.1 % 2,395,376 </Td> <Td> 45.4 % 2,128,165 </Td> <Td> 3.6 % 167,592 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 48.8 % 1,423,259 </Td> <Td> 47.3 % 1,377,651 </Td> <Td> 3.9 % 114,371 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Governor </Td> <Td> 54.6 % 2,440,707 </Td> <Td> 43.2 % 1,931.580 </Td> <Td> 2.2 % 96,008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> 50.4 % 2,270,395 </Td> <Td> 48.4 % 2,178,391 </Td> <Td> 1.3 % 56,586 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 54.8 % 1,458,046 </Td> <Td> 43.1 % 1,145,074 </Td> <Td> 2.1 % 56,959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Governor </Td> <Td> 46.9 % 2,001,168 </Td> <Td> 50.3 % 2,146,189 </Td> <Td> 2.9 % 121,584 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> 49.4 % 2,128,474 </Td> <Td> 49.7 % 2,142,651 </Td> <Td> 0.9 % 39,664 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 44.2 % 1,887,510 </Td> <Td> 52.7 % 2,249,311 </Td> <Td> 3.2 % 135,149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Governor </Td> <Td> 42.9 % 1,495,021 </Td> <Td> 55.6 % 1,939,154 </Td> <Td> 1.5 % 52,513 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> 56.0 % 1,961,166 </Td> <Td> 43.6 % 1,525,849 </Td> <Td> 0.4 % 13,992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 51.6 % 1,791,450 </Td> <Td> 47.0 % 1,632,527 </Td> <Td> 1.4 % 48,105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 53.6 % 1,248,664 </Td> <Td> 45.0 % 1,047,983 </Td> <Td> 1.5 % 34,534 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Governor </Td> <Td> 46.3 % 1,360,960 </Td> <Td> 52.0 % 1,530,324 </Td> <Td> 1.7 % 50,778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> 56.0 % 1,631,163 </Td> <Td> 43.2 % 1,257,692 </Td> <Td> 0.8 % 22,407 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 47.0 % 945,943 </Td> <Td> 51.2 % 1,029,237 </Td> <Td> 1.8 % 36,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Governor </Td> <Td> 42.8 % 1,097,053 </Td> <Td> 56.0 % 1,436,638 </Td> <Td> 1.3 % 32,494 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> 48.7 % 1,225,938 </Td> <Td> 44.0 % 1,107,849 </Td> <Td> 7.2 % 182,020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 52.6 % 1,345,833 </Td> <Td> 45.9 % 1,173,875 </Td> <Td> 1.4 % 36,748 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Governor </Td> <Td> 43.2 % 1,121,955 </Td> <Td> 52.7 % 1,368,246 </Td> <Td> 4.1 % 104,983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> 43.4 % 1,134,661 </Td> <Td> 42.7 % 1,114,042 </Td> <Td> 13.9 % 363,147 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> 50.4 % 1,297,892 </Td> <Td> 46.3 % 1,194,015 </Td> <Td> 3.3 % 85,984 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . North Carolina State Legislative Building <P> The government of North Carolina is divided into three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . These consist of the Council of State ( led by the Governor ) , the bicameral legislature ( called the General Assembly ) , and the state court system ( headed by the North Carolina Supreme Court ) . The state constitution delineates the structure and function of the state government . North Carolina has 13 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and two seats in the U.S. Senate . </P> <P> North Carolina 's party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years : While the 2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in over a century , North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races . Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter 's comfortable victory in the state in 1976 , the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008 . In the 1990s , Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996 . In the early 2000s , Republican George W. Bush easily won the state by over 12 points , but by 2008 , demographic shifts , population growth , and increased liberalization in heavily populated areas such as the Research Triangle , Charlotte , Greensboro , Winston - Salem , Fayetteville , and Asheville , propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina , the first Democrat to win the state since 1976 . In 2012 , North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state , with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte . However , Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a 2 - point win in North Carolina , the only 2012 swing state that Obama lost , and one of only two states ( along with Indiana ) to flip from Obama in 2008 to the GOP in 2012 . </P> <P> In 2012 , the state elected a Republican Governor ( Pat McCrory ) and Lieutenant Governor ( Dan Forest ) for the first time in more than two decades , while also giving the Republicans veto - proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate . Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control , with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats ' four . In the 2014 mid-term elections , Republican David Rouzer won the state 's Seventh Congressional District seat , increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10 - 3 in favor of the GOP . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of school districts in North Carolina and List of high schools in North Carolina A lesson at Kituwah Academy on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina . The language immersion school , operated by the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians , teaches the same curriculum as other state primary schools , but the Native American Cherokee language is the medium of instruction from pre-school on up and students learn it as a first language . Such schools have proven instrumental in the preservation and perpetuation of the Cherokee language . <P> Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction . The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education , but the board , rather than the superintendent , holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy . In 2009 , the board 's chairman also became the `` chief executive officer '' for the state 's school system . North Carolina has 115 public school systems , each of which is overseen by a local school board . A county may have one or more systems within it . The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System , Charlotte - Mecklenburg Schools , Guilford County Schools , Winston - Salem / Forsyth County Schools , and Cumberland County Schools . In total there are 2,425 public schools in the state , including 99 charter schools . North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan . </P> <H3> Colleges and universities ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of colleges and universities in North Carolina and List of universities in North Carolina by enrollment <P> In 1795 , North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States -- the University of North Carolina ( now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . More than 200 years later , the University of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University , North Carolina A&T State University , North Carolina Central University , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , East Carolina University , Western Carolina University , Winston - Salem State University , the University of North Carolina at Asheville , the University of North Carolina at Charlotte , the University of North Carolina at Pembroke , UNC Wilmington , Elizabeth City State University , Appalachian State University , Fayetteville State University , and UNC School of the Arts , and . Along with its public universities , North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system. The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University , with more than 34,000 students . </P> Duke Chapel at Duke University Old Well at UNC - Chapel Hill Memorial Bell Tower at NC State Wait Chapel at Wake Forest University The Joyner Library clock tower at East Carolina University The New Quad at UNC Charlotte The Fountain at University of North Carolina at Greensboro <P> North Carolina is also home to many well - known private colleges and universities , including Duke University , Wake Forest University , Pfeiffer University , Lees - McRae College , Davidson College , Barton College , North Carolina Wesleyan College , Elon University , Guilford College , Livingstone College , Salem College , Shaw University ( the first historically black college or university in the South ) , Laurel University , Meredith College , Methodist University , Belmont Abbey College ( the only Catholic college in the Carolinas ) , Campbell University , University of Mount Olive , Montreat College , High Point University , Lenoir - Rhyne University ( the only Lutheran university in North Carolina ) and Wingate University . </P> Tree map depicting post-secondary education institutions in North Carolina . Each is sized by its relative share of degrees awarded . The colors noted in the key below refer to the type of institution . From left to right , these are 1 ) Public , 4 + year , 2 ) Public , 2 year 3 ) Private , not - for - profit 4 + year 4 ) Private , for - profit 4 + year , 5 ) Private , for - profit , 2 year 6 ) Private , for - profit , < 2 year 7 ) Private , non-profit , 2 year 8 ) Private , non-profit , < 2 year . <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> See also : Category : North Carolina media <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Sports in North Carolina <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises : the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte , while the Raleigh - based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League . The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas . The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship , having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006 . North Carolina is also home to two other top - level professional teams in less prominent sports -- the Charlotte Hounds of Major League Lacrosse and the North Carolina Courage of the National Women 's Soccer League . </P> <P> While North Carolina has no Major League Baseball team , it does have numerous minor league baseball teams , with the highest level of play coming from the AAA - affiliated Charlotte Knights and Durham Bulls . Additionally , North Carolina has minor league teams in other team sports including soccer and ice hockey , most notably North Carolina FC and the Charlotte Checkers , both of which play in the second tier of their respective sports . </P> <P> In addition to professional team sports , North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock - car racing , with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Cup Series races every year . Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame , while Concord is the home of several top - flight racing teams , including Hendrick Motorsports , Roush Fenway Racing , Richard Petty Motorsports , Stewart - Haas Racing , and Chip Ganassi Racing . Numerous other tracks around North Carolina host races from low - tier NASCAR circuits as well . </P> <P> Golf is a popular summertime leisure activity , and North Carolina has hosted several important professional golf tournaments . Pinehurst Resort in Pinehurst has hosted a PGA Championship , Ryder Cup , two U.S. Opens , and one U.S. Women 's Open . The Wells Fargo Championship is a regular stop on the PGA Tour and is held at Quail Hollow Club in Charlotte , while the Wyndham Championship is played annually in Greensboro at Sedgefield Country Club . </P> <P> College sports are also popular in North Carolina , with 18 schools competing at the Division I level . The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is headquartered in Greensboro , and both the ACC Football Championship Game ( Charlotte ) and the ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament ( Greensboro ) were most recently held in North Carolina . College basketball in particular is very popular , buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke , North Carolina , North Carolina State , and Wake Forest . The ACC Championship Game and the Belk Bowl are held annually in Charlotte 's Bank of America Stadium , featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference . Additionally , the state has hosted the NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four on two occasions , in Greensboro in 1974 and in Charlotte in 1994 . </P> <H2> Tourism ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Biltmore Estate , Asheville <P> Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state , including the historic Biltmore Estate . The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013 . The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States , known for its rich art deco architecture , mountain scenery and outdoor activities , and liberal and happy residents . </P> <P> In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital , African American Cultural Complex , Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh , Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU , Haywood Hall House & Gardens , Marbles Kids Museum , North Carolina Museum of Art , North Carolina Museum of History , North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame , Raleigh City Museum , J.C. Raulston Arboretum , Joel Lane House , Mordecai House , Montfort Hall , and the Pope House Museum . The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city . </P> <P> In the Charlotte area , amenities include the Carolina Panthers NFL football team and Charlotte Hornets basketball team , Carowinds amusement park , Charlotte Motor Speedway , U.S. National Whitewater Center , and the Discovery Place . Nearby Concord has the Great Wolf Lodge and Sea Life Aquarium . </P> <P> In the Conover -- Hickory area , Hickory Motor Speedway , RockBarn Golf and Spa , home of the Greater Hickory Classic at Rock Barn ; Catawba County Firefighters Museum , and SALT Block attract many tourists to Conover . Hickory which has Valley Hills Mall . </P> <P> The Piedmont Triad , or center of the state , is home to Krispy Kreme , Mayberry , Texas Pete , the Lexington Barbecue Festival , and Moravian cookies . The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals , plants , and a 57 - piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world 's largest - land - area natural - habitat park . Seagrove , in the central portion of the state , attracts many tourists along Pottery Highway ( NC Hwy 705 ) . MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80,000 people to its four - day music festival ; and Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in Greensboro is another attraction . </P> <P> The Outer Banks and surrounding beaches attract millions of people to the Atlantic beaches every year . </P> <P> The mainland northeastern part of the state , having recently adopted the name the Inner Banks , is also known as the Albemarle Region , for the Albemarle Settlements , some of the first settlements on North Carolina 's portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain . The regions historic sites are connected by the Historic Albemarle Tour . </P> <H2> Recreation ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Blue Ridge Mountains of the Shining Rock Wilderness Area Cape Hatteras National Seashore near Avon , North Carolina <P> North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities , from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains . North Carolina offers fall colors , freshwater and saltwater fishing , hunting , birdwatching , agritourism , ATV trails , ballooning , rock climbing , biking , hiking , skiing , boating and sailing , camping , canoeing , caving ( spelunking ) , gardens , and arboretums . North Carolina has theme parks , aquariums , museums , historic sites , lighthouses , elegant theaters , concert halls , and fine dining . </P> <P> North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths , 34 state parks , and 14 national parks . National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail , the Blue Ridge Parkway , Cape Hatteras National Seashore , Cape Lookout National Seashore , Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock , Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo , Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro , Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County , the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail , Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston - Salem , the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail , and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills . National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina , Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina , Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains , and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state . </P> <H2> Arts and culture ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Culture of North Carolina <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> North Carolina has rich traditions in art , music , and cuisine . The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina , supporting more than 43,600 full - time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina . North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding and continues to bring millions into the NC economy . Also see this list of museums in North Carolina . </P> <P> One of the more famous arts communities in the state is Seagrove , the handmade - pottery capital of the U.S. , where artisans create handcrafted pottery inspired by the same traditions that began in this community more than 200 years ago . With nearly 100 shops and galleries scattered throughout the area , visitors can find everything from traditional tableware to folk and collectible art pieces and historical reproductions . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Music of North Carolina <P> North Carolina boasts a large number of noteworthy jazz musicians , some among the most important in the history of the genre . These include : John Coltrane , ( Hamlet , High Point ) ; Thelonious Monk ( Rocky Mount ) ; Billy Taylor ( Greenville ) ; Woody Shaw ( Laurinburg ) ; Lou Donaldson ( Durham ) ; Max Roach ( Newland ) ; Tal Farlow ( Greensboro ) ; Albert , Jimmy and Percy Heath ( Wilmington ) ; Nina Simone ( Tryon ) ; and Billy Strayhorn ( Hillsborough ) . </P> Fiddlin ' Bill Hensley , mountain fiddler , Asheville , 1937 <P> North Carolina is also famous for its tradition of old - time music , and many recordings were made in the early 20th century by folk - song collector Bascom Lamar Lunsford . Musicians such as the North Carolina Ramblers helped solidify the sound of country music in the late 1920s , while the influential bluegrass musician Doc Watson also hailed from North Carolina . Both North and South Carolina are hotbeds for traditional rural blues , especially the style known as the Piedmont blues . </P> <P> Ben Folds Five originated in Winston - Salem , and Ben Folds still records and resides in Chapel Hill . </P> <P> The British band Pink Floyd is named , in part , after Chapel Hill bluesman Floyd Council . </P> <P> The Research Triangle area has long been a well - known center for folk , rock , metal , jazz and punk . James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill , and his 1968 song `` Carolina in My Mind '' has been called an unofficial anthem for the state . Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole , Shirley Caesar , Roberta Flack , Clyde McPhatter , Nnenna Freelon , Warren Haynes , Jimmy Herring , Michael Houser , Eric Church , Future Islands , Randy Travis , Ryan Adams , Ronnie Milsap , Anthony Hamilton , The Avett Brothers and Luke Combs . </P> <P> Metal and punk acts such as Corrosion of Conformity , Between the Buried and Me , and Nightmare Sonata are native to North Carolina . </P> <P> EDM producer Porter Robinson hails from Chapel Hill . </P> <P> North Carolina is the home of more American Idol finalists than any other state : Clay Aiken ( season two ) , Fantasia Barrino ( season three ) , Chris Daugherty ( season five ) , Kellie Pickler ( season five ) , Bucky Covington ( season five ) , Anoop Desai ( season eight ) , Scotty McCreery ( season ten ) , and Caleb Johnson ( season thirteen ) . North Carolina also has the most American Idol winners with Barrino , McCreery , and Johnson . </P> <P> In the mountains , the Brevard Music Center hosts choral , orchestral , and solo performances during its annual summer schedule . </P> <P> Also , see the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame . </P> <H3> Shopping ( edit ) </H3> <P> North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices . SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas , with almost 2.0 million square feet . Other major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Carolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville . Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston - Salem ; Crabtree Valley Mall , North Hills Mall , and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh ; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro ; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point ; Concord Mills in Concord ; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory ; Cross Creek Mall in Fayetteville ; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington , North Carolina , and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte , Nags Head , Blowing Rock , and Mebane , North Carolina . </P> <H3> Cuisine and agriculture ( edit ) </H3> 2008 Lexington Barbecue Festival <P> A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue . There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue . The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt . Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato - based sauce , and only the pork shoulder ( dark meat ) is used . Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington , home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival , which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October . Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar - and - red - pepper - based sauce and the `` whole hog '' is cooked , thus integrating both white and dark meat . </P> <P> Krispy Kreme , an international chain of doughnut stores , was started in North Carolina ; the company 's headquarters are in Winston - Salem . Pepsi - Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern . A regional soft drink , Cheerwine , was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury . Despite its name , the hot sauce Texas Pete was created in North Carolina ; its headquarters are also in Winston - Salem . The Hardee 's fast - food chain was started in Rocky Mount . Another fast - food chain , Bojangles ' , was started in Charlotte , and has its corporate headquarters there . A popular North Carolina restaurant chain is Golden Corral . Started in 1973 , the chain was founded in Fayetteville , with headquarters located in Raleigh . Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle Company was founded in Mount Olive in 1926 . Fast casual burger chain Hwy 55 Burgers , Shakes & Fries also makes its home in Mount Olive . Cook Out , a popular fast - food chain featuring burgers , hot dogs , and milkshakes in a wide variety of flavors , was founded in Greensboro in 1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina . In 2013 , Southern Living named Durham -- Chapel Hill the South 's `` Tastiest City . '' </P> <P> Over the last decade , North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize - winning wine ( Noni Bacca Winery ) , internationally prized cheeses ( Ashe County ) , `` L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques : Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes , January 15 , 2010 '' international hub for truffles ( Garland Truffles ) , and beer making , as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6 % to 15 % . The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production , while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named ' Beer City USA . ' Asheville boasts the largest breweries per capita of any city in the United States . Recognized and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include Highland Brewing , Duck Rabbit Brewery , Mother Earth Brewery , Weeping Radish Brewery , Big Boss Brewing , Foothills Brewing , Carolina Brewing Company , Lonerider Brewing , and White Rabbit Brewing Company . </P> <P> North Carolina has large grazing areas for beef and dairy cattle . Truck farms can be found in North Carolina . A truck farm is a small farm where fruits and vegetables are grown to be sold at local markets . The state 's shipping , commercial fishing , and lumber industries are important to its economy . Service industries , including education , health care , private research , and retail trade , are also important . Research Triangle Park , a large industrial complex located in the Raleigh - Durham area , is one of the major centers in the country for electronics and medical research </P> <P> Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War . Many farmers grew some tobacco , and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular . Winston - Salem is the birthplace of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company ( RJR ) , founded by R.J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town . By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year . Today it is the second - largest tobacco company in the U.S. ( behind Altria Group ) . RJR is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc. , which in turn is 42 % owned by British American Tobacco . </P> <H3> Ships named for the state ( edit ) </H3> USS North Carolina on permanent display in Wilmington Further information : USS North Carolina <P> Several ships have been named after the state . Most famous is the USS North Carolina , a World War II battleship . The ship served in several battles against the forces of Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater during the war . Now decommissioned , it is part of the USS North Carolina Battleship Memorial in Wilmington . Another USS North Carolina , a nuclear attack submarine , was commissioned in Wilmington , North Carolina , on May 3 , 2008 . </P> <H3> State parks ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of North Carolina state parks <P> The state maintains a group of protected areas known as the North Carolina State Park System , which is managed by the North Carolina Division of Parks & Recreation ( NCDPR ) , an agency of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( NCDENR ) . </P> <H3> State symbols ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) North Carolina state symbols </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Flag of North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Seal of North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Living insignia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bird </Th> <Td> Cardinal ( bird ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fish </Th> <Td> Red drum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flower </Th> <Td> Flowering Dogwood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insect </Th> <Td> Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mammal </Th> <Td> Eastern Gray Squirrel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reptile </Th> <Td> Eastern Box Turtle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tree </Th> <Td> Longleaf Pine ( Pinus palustris ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beverage </Th> <Td> Milk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> red and blue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dance </Th> <Td> Clogging </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Food </Th> <Td> Sweet potato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gemstone </Th> <Td> Emerald </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mineral </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> Esse quam videri ( `` To be , rather than to seem '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rock </Th> <Td> Granite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shell </Th> <Td> Scotch bonnet ( sea snail ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slogan </Th> <Td> First Flight ( unofficial ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Td> `` The Old North State ( song ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State route marker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> State quarter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Released in 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols </Td> </Tr> </Table> Cardinal , North Carolina state bird Dogwood , North Carolina state flower Main article : List of North Carolina state symbols <Ul> <Li> State motto : Esse quam videri ( `` To be , rather than to seem '' ) ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> State song : `` The Old North State '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> State flower : Dogwood ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> State bird : Cardinal ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> State colors : The red and blue of the N.C. and U.S. flags ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> State toast : `` The Tar Heel Toast '' ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> State tree : Pine ( Pinus ) ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> State shell : Scotch bonnet ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> State mammal : Eastern gray squirrel ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> State salt water fish : Red drum ( also known as the channel bass ) ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> State insect : European honey bee ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> State gemstone : Emerald ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> State reptile : Eastern box turtle ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> State rock : Granite ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> State beverage : Milk ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> State historical boat : Shad boat ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> State language : English ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> State dog : Plott Hound ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> State military academy : Oak Ridge Military Academy ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> State tartan : Carolina Tartan ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> State vegetable : Sweet potato ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> State red berry : Strawberry ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> State blue berry : Blueberry ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> State fruit : Scuppernong grape ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> State wildflower : Carolina lily ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> State Christmas tree : Fraser fir ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> State carnivorous plant : Venus flytrap ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> State folk dance : Clogging ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> State popular dance : Carolina shag ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> State birthplace of traditional pottery : The Seagrove area ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> State sport : NASCAR ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Armed forces installations ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Troopers of the 82nd Airborne Division training on Fort Bragg , March 2011 <P> Fort Bragg , near Fayetteville and Southern Pines , is a large and comprehensive military base and is the headquarters of the XVIII Airborne Corps , 82nd Airborne Division , and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command . Serving as the air wing for Fort Bragg is Pope Field , also located near Fayetteville . </P> <P> Located in Jacksonville , Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station ( MCAS ) Cherry Point , MCAS New River , Camp Geiger , Camp Johnson , Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay , makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world . MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing . Located in Goldsboro , Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing and 916th Air Refueling Wing . One of the busiest air stations in the United States Coast Guard is located at the Coast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City . Also stationed in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point in Southport . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> North Carolina portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Index of North Carolina - related articles </Li> <Li> Outline of North Carolina -- organized list of topics about North Carolina </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State language '' . Ncga. state. nc. cus . p. § 145 - 12 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ( a ) Purpose . English is the common language of the people of the United States of America and the State of North Carolina . This section is intended to preserve , protect and strengthen the English language , and not to supersede any of the rights guaranteed to the people by the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of North Carolina . ( b ) English as the Official Language of North Carolina . English is the official language of the State of North Carolina . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Climate and Geography '' . NC Kids Page . North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State . May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Population Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Deon ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Goodbye Bragging Rights : Charlotte 's no longer the No. 2 U.S. Banking Center '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mount Mitchell State Park '' History `` . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina American Indian History Time Line '' . North Carolina Museum of History . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Richards , Constance E. ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Contact and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . American Archaeology . p. 14 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.com '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Moore . ( 1997 ) `` A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate , the Queen Anne 's Revenge and the Adventure '' . In Tributaries , Volume VII , 1997 . pp. 31 -- 35 . ( North Carolina Maritime History Council ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources . `` Capitol History '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milton Ready , The Tar Heel State : A History of North Carolina ( U. of South Carolina Press , 2005 ) pp 116 , 120 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 '' , 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission Report , North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 27 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pildes ( 2000 ) , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , pp. 12 -- 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Gibbs ; Moore , David G. ; Beck , Jr. , Robin A. ; Rodning , Christopher B. ( March 2004 ) . `` Joara and Fort San Juan : culture contact at the edge of the world '' . Antiquity.ac.uk . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Randinelli , Tracey . Tanglewood Park . Orlando , Florida : Harcourt . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 333476 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina State Library -- North Carolina History '' . Statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Indians '' . Uncpress.unc.edu . November 16 , 1919 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell Thornton ( 1990 ) American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History since 1492 , University of Oklahoma Press . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2220 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fenn and Wood , Natives and Newcomers , pp. 24 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , North Carolina Through Four Centuries , p. 105 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lefler and Newsome , ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bethune , Lawrence E. `` Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775 '' . Lawrence E. Bethune 's M.U.S.I.C.s Project . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ancestry of the Population by State : 1980 -- Table 3a -- Persons Who Reported a Single Ancestry Group for Regions , Divisions and States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . ' ' Type of Ancestry Response for Regions , Divisions and States : 1980 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . Webcitation.org . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paul Heinegg , ' ' Free African Americans in Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Maryland and Delaware ' ' '' . Freeafricanamericans.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Great Seal of North Carolina '' . Netstate.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stonestreet , Ottis C. IV , The Battle of Cowan 's Ford : General Davidson 's Stand on the Catawba River and its place in North Carolina History ( CreateSpace Publishing 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4680 - 7730 - 8 p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Heinegg , Free African Americans in Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Maryland and Delaware , 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Hope Franklin , Free Negroes of North Carolina , 1789 -- 1860 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 , reprint , 1991 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NC Business History -- Railroads '' . Historync.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Browser : Census Data for Year 1860 '' . University of Virginia Library . 2004 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morris , Thomas D. ( 1999 ) . Southern Slavery and the Law , 1619 - 1860 . University of North Carolina Press . p. 172 . ISBN 0807864307 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Center for Civic Education -- Lincoln Bicentennial with Supplemental Lesson : Timeline '' . Civiced.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highlights : Secession '' . Docsouth.unc.edu . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 8 '' . Memory.loc.gov. April 9 , 1959 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Civil War Facts About North Carolina '' . Classbrain.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` K - 12 Standards , Curriculum , and Instruction '' . North Carolina State Board of Education . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regions and Divisions '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blackbeard 's Queen Anne 's Revenge Coming Back to Beaufort '' . Beach Carolina Magazine . March 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` People of North Carolina '' . North Carolina State Board of Education . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Facts About North Carolina Mountains '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Facts for North Carolina 's Mountain Region '' . Economic Development Partnership of North Carolina . January 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . U.S Geological Survey . April 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina River Basins '' . North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` River Basin Interactive Map '' . NC Office of Environmental Education . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Overview '' . State Climate Office of North Carolina . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Severe Weather -- Summer Storms '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . Miami , FL : National Hurricane Center . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Hairr ( 2008 ) . The Great Hurricanes of North Carolina . pp. 139 -- 150 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NOAA National Climatic Data Center '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` April 16 , 2011 North Carolina Tornado Outbreak '' . National Weather Service . February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina 's largest tornado outbreak -- April 16 , 2011 '' . US Tornadoes. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for North Carolina '' , USA.com , 2003 . Web : ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . US Census . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Population Division , Laura K. Yax . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Population of North Carolina : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Center for New Media and Promotions ( C2PO ) . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cherokee '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Pew Forum - America 's Changing Religious Landscape </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina : Religious Traditions '' . State Membership Report . Association of Religious Data Archives . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robin ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Religiously - Affiliated North Carolina Colleges '' . Carolina Parent . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 -- U.S Census Bureau '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` nnual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 -- U.S Census Bureau '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/carytownnorthcarolina,wilmingtoncitynorthcarolina,highpointcitynorthcarolina,greenvillecitynorthcarolina/PST045216 `` North Carolina ( USA ) : State , Major Cities , Towns & Places '' Check url = value ( help ) . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates 2015 Combined Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GDP by State '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Local & North Carolina state news from Raleigh , NC -- NewsObserver.com '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` statedatalab.org : `` The 19th worst state '' , Truth in Accounting '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Economy at a Glance . For North Carolina . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Site Selection Rankings '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` About NC '' . State of North Carolina . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Agriculture '' . State Library of North Carolina . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` States by Total Trees Harvested '' ( PDF ) . National Christmas Tree Association . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Census '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Population in Poverty Percentage State Rank Based on ACS 2010 - 2014 data '' . Usa.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( http://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article107009877.html ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NC Department of Transportation Article : North Carolina 's Future Rides on Us '' . NC Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World 's busiest airports by passenger traffic # 2013 statistics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2012 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2002 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2000 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2000 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1998 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1996 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1996 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1996 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1992 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1992 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1992 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Public Schools '' . Ncpublicschools.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ News & Observer : Perdue 's choice to lead state 's school system takes office </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NC Public School Facts '' . Ncpublicschools.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ North Carolina School District Demographics . Proximityone.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The University of North Carolina . `` Our 17 Institutions '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NCSU . `` About NC State : Discovery begins at NC State '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stats Report Viewer '' . nps.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All About Asheville '' . ashevilleguidebook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate Rinsema . `` The United States ' happiest places ( infographic ) -- Holy Kaw ! '' . Holy Kaw ! . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ igovacation.com Archived January 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... igovacation.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What To Do Across North Carolina '' . VisitNC.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Arts Council '' . Ncarts.org . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Museum of Art Museum Backgrounder '' ( PDF ) . Ncartmuseum.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` N.C. Museum of Art : Rembrandt Exhibit Pumped $13 Million Into Wake County Economy '' . SGR Today . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 1999 ) . Music USA : The Rough Guide . The Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 421 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hey , James Taylor -- You 've got a ... bridge ? '' . Rome News - Tribune . May 21 , 2002 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoppenjans , Lisa ( October 2 , 2006 ) . `` You must forgive him if he 's ... '' The News & Observer . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` James Taylor to play 5 free NC concerts for Obama '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garner , Bob ( 2007 ) . Bob Garner 's Guide to North Carolina Barbecue . John F. Blair , Publisher . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 254 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig , H. Kent ( 2006 ) . `` What is North Carolina - Style BBQ ? '' . ncbbq.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nannie M. Tilley , The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USS North Carolina ' brought to life ' again '' . WRAL - TV . May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` General Assembly of North Carolina '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State of North Carolina '' . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NASCAR made North Carolina 's official state sport '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Primary sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lefler , Hugh ( numerous editions since 1934 ) . North Carolina History Told by Contemporaries . University of North Carolina Press . </Li> <Li> Jones , H.G. ( 1984 ) . North Carolina Illustrated , 1524 -- 1984 . University of North Carolina Press . </Li> <Li> North Carolina Manual . Published biennially by the Department of the Secretary of State since 1941 . </Li> <Li> The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection . A grant - funded project to provide digital access to publications of and about religious bodies in North Carolina . Partner institutions at Duke University , UNC - Chapel Hill , and Wake Forest University contributed the largest portion of the items in this collection , but the collection is enriched by unique materials from libraries and archives throughout North Carolina . The materials in this collection include local church histories , periodicals , clergy biographies , cookbooks , event programs , directories , and much more . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further Reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> James , Clay ; Orr , Douglas , eds. ( 1971 ) . North Carolina Atlas : Portrait of a Changing Southern State . </Li> <Li> Christensen , Rob ( 2008 ) . The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . </Li> <Li> Cooper , Christopher A. ; Knotts , H. Gibbs , eds. ( 2008 ) . The New Politics of North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . </Li> <Li> Crow ; Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. ( 1979 ) . Writing North Carolina History . Online . </Li> <Li> Eamon , Tom ( 2014 ) . The Making of a Southern Democracy : North Carolina Politics from Kerr Scott to Pat McCrory . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . </Li> <Li> Fleer , Jack D. ( 1994 ) . North Carolina Government & Politics . Online political science textbook . </Li> <Li> Hawks , Francis L. ( 1857 ) . History of North Carolina , Volumes I and II . </Li> <Li> Kersey , Marianne M. ; Coble , Ran , eds. ( 1989 ) . North Carolina Focus : An Anthology on State Government , Politics , and Policy . 2d ed . Raleigh : North Carolina Center for Public Policy Research . </Li> <Li> Lefler , Hugh Talmage ( 1963 ) . A Guide to the Study and Reading of North Carolina History . Online . </Li> <Li> Lefler , Hugh Talmage ; Newsome , Albert Ray ( 1954 , 1963 , 1973 ) . North Carolina : The History of a Southern State . Standard textbook . </Li> <Li> Link , William A. ( 2009 ) . North Carolina : Change and Tradition in a Southern State . History by leading scholar . </Li> <Li> Luebke , Paul ( 1990 ) . Tar Heel Politics : Myths and Realities . </Li> <Li> Powell , William S. ( 1979 -- 88 ) . Dictionary of North Carolina Biography . Vol. 1 , A-C ; vol. 2 , D-G ; vol. 3 , H-K . </Li> <Li> Powell , William S. ( 1958 ) . North Carolina Fiction , 1734 -- 1957 : An Annotated Bibliography . </Li> <Li> Powell , William S. ( 1989 ) . North Carolina through Four Centuries . Standard textbook . </Li> <Li> Powell , William S. ; Mazzocchi , Jay , eds. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of North Carolina . </Li> <Li> Ready , Milton . ( 2005 ) . The Tar Heel State : A History of North Carolina . </Li> <Li> Thuesen , Sarah Caroline. ( 2013 ) . Greater Than Equal : African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina , 1919 -- 1965 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . </Li> <Li> WPA Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) . North Carolina : A Guide to the Old North State . Famous WPA guide to every town . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutNorth Carolinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <P> General </P> <Ul> <Li> Wineries , Restaurants and Tourism in the state </Li> <Li> North Carolina at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> </Ul> <P> History </P> <Ul> <Li> North Carolina State Guide , from the Library of Congress </Li> <Li> The Guardian : `` US nearly detonated atomic bomb over North Carolina -- secret document '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Government and education </P> <Ul> <Li> North Carolina state government </Li> <Li> North Carolina state library </Li> <Li> Energy & Environmental Data for North Carolina </Li> <Li> USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Carolina facts from US Department of Agriculture ERS </Li> <Li> North Carolina Court System official site </Li> <Li> North Carolina facts from US Census Bureau </Li> <Li> NC ECHO -- North Carolina Exploring Cultural Heritage Online </Li> <Li> North Carolina Collection , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill </Li> <Li> Green ' N ' Growing : The History of Home Demonstration and 4 - H Youth Development in North Carolina -- hosted by NCSU Libraries Special Collections Research Center </Li> <Li> NC Office of Archives and History </Li> <Li> Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina </Li> <Li> Driving Through Time : The Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina </Li> <Li> The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection </Li> </Ul> <P> Other </P> <Ul> <Li> Geographic data related to North Carolina at OpenStreetMap </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by New York </Td> <Td> List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on November 21 , 1789 ( 12th ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Rhode Island </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Topics related to North Carolina Old North State , Tar Heel State </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of North Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Raleigh ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Geography <Ul> <Li> State Parks </Li> <Li> Wildlife </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> Newspapers </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> TV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Carolinians </Li> <Li> Politics <Ul> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Law </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Seal of North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Culture <Ul> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Gambling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Western <Ul> <Li> Foothills </Li> <Li> High Country </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Piedmont <Ul> <Li> Metrolina ( Charlotte ) </Li> <Li> Piedmont Triad </Li> <Li> Triangle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Eastern <Ul> <Li> Sandhills </Li> <Li> Cape Fear </Li> <Li> Crystal Coast </Li> <Li> Inner Banks </Li> <Li> Outer Banks </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asheville </Li> <Li> Cary </Li> <Li> Chapel Hill </Li> <Li> Charlotte </Li> <Li> Concord </Li> <Li> Durham </Li> <Li> Fayetteville </Li> <Li> Gastonia </Li> <Li> Greensboro </Li> <Li> Greenville </Li> <Li> High Point </Li> <Li> Jacksonville </Li> <Li> Raleigh </Li> <Li> Wilmington </Li> <Li> Winston ‐ Salem </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Smaller cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albemarle </Li> <Li> Apex </Li> <Li> Asheboro </Li> <Li> Burlington </Li> <Li> Conover </Li> <Li> Eden </Li> <Li> Elizabeth City </Li> <Li> Garner </Li> <Li> Goldsboro </Li> <Li> Graham </Li> <Li> Havelock </Li> <Li> Henderson </Li> <Li> Hendersonville </Li> <Li> Hickory </Li> <Li> Kannapolis </Li> <Li> Kings Mountain </Li> <Li> Kinston </Li> <Li> Laurinburg </Li> <Li> Lenoir </Li> <Li> Lexington </Li> <Li> Lumberton </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Morganton </Li> <Li> New Bern </Li> <Li> Newton </Li> <Li> Reidsville </Li> <Li> Roanoke Rapids </Li> <Li> Rocky Mount </Li> <Li> Salisbury </Li> <Li> Sanford </Li> <Li> Shelby </Li> <Li> Statesville </Li> <Li> Thomasville </Li> <Li> Wake Forest </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaufort </Li> <Li> Boone </Li> <Li> Brevard </Li> <Li> Carrboro </Li> <Li> Clayton </Li> <Li> Cornelius </Li> <Li> Dunn </Li> <Li> Fuquay - Varina </Li> <Li> Harrisburg </Li> <Li> Holly Springs </Li> <Li> Hope Mills </Li> <Li> Huntersville </Li> <Li> Indian Trail </Li> <Li> Kernersville </Li> <Li> Knightdale </Li> <Li> Leland </Li> <Li> Matthews </Li> <Li> Midland </Li> <Li> Mint Hill </Li> <Li> Mooresville </Li> <Li> Morehead City </Li> <Li> Morrisville </Li> <Li> Mount Pleasant </Li> <Li> Oxford </Li> <Li> Shallotte </Li> <Li> Smithfield </Li> <Li> Southern Pines </Li> <Li> Tarboro </Li> <Li> Waynesville </Li> <Li> Winterville </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alamance </Li> <Li> Alexander </Li> <Li> Alleghany </Li> <Li> Anson </Li> <Li> Ashe </Li> <Li> Avery </Li> <Li> Beaufort </Li> <Li> Bertie </Li> <Li> Bladen </Li> <Li> Brunswick </Li> <Li> Buncombe </Li> <Li> Burke </Li> <Li> Cabarrus </Li> <Li> Caldwell </Li> <Li> Camden </Li> <Li> Carteret </Li> <Li> Caswell </Li> <Li> Catawba </Li> <Li> Chatham </Li> <Li> Cherokee </Li> <Li> Chowan </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Columbus </Li> <Li> Craven </Li> <Li> Cumberland </Li> <Li> Currituck </Li> <Li> Dare </Li> <Li> Davidson </Li> <Li> Davie </Li> <Li> Duplin </Li> <Li> Durham </Li> <Li> Edgecombe </Li> <Li> Forsyth </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Gaston </Li> <Li> Gates </Li> <Li> Graham </Li> <Li> Granville </Li> <Li> Greene </Li> <Li> Guilford </Li> <Li> Halifax </Li> <Li> Harnett </Li> <Li> Haywood </Li> <Li> Henderson </Li> <Li> Hertford </Li> <Li> Hoke </Li> <Li> Hyde </Li> <Li> Iredell </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Johnston </Li> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Lee </Li> <Li> Lenoir </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Macon </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Martin </Li> <Li> McDowell </Li> <Li> Mecklenburg </Li> <Li> Mitchell </Li> <Li> Montgomery </Li> <Li> Moore </Li> <Li> Nash </Li> <Li> New Hanover </Li> <Li> Northampton </Li> <Li> Onslow </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Pamlico </Li> <Li> Pasquotank </Li> <Li> Pender </Li> <Li> Perquimans </Li> <Li> Person </Li> <Li> Pitt </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Randolph </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Robeson </Li> <Li> Rockingham </Li> <Li> Rowan </Li> <Li> Rutherford </Li> <Li> Sampson </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Stanly </Li> <Li> Stokes </Li> <Li> Surry </Li> <Li> Swain </Li> <Li> Transylvania </Li> <Li> Tyrrell </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Vance </Li> <Li> Wake </Li> <Li> Warren </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Watauga </Li> <Li> Wayne </Li> <Li> Wilkes </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> <Li> Yadkin </Li> <Li> Yancey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in North Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> State capital : Raleigh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Vi Lyles ( Charlotte ) </Li> <Li> Nancy McFarlane ( Raleigh ) </Li> <Li> Nancy Vaughan ( Greensboro ) </Li> <Li> Steve Schewel ( Durham ) </Li> <Li> Allen Joines ( Winston - Salem ) </Li> <Li> Mitch Colvin ( Fayetteville ) </Li> <Li> Harold Weinbrecht ( Cary ) </Li> <Li> Bill Saffo ( Wilmington ) </Li> <Li> Bill Bencini ( High Point ) </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Protected areas of North Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National Parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Great Smoky Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Historic Sites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carl Sandburg Home </Li> <Li> Fort Raleigh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Memorials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wright Brothers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Military Parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guilford Courthouse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Battlefields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Moores Creek </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Parkways </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blue Ridge Parkway </Li> <Li> ( Crabtree Falls </Li> <Li> Craggy Gardens </Li> <Li> Cumberland Knob </Li> <Li> Doughton Park </Li> <Li> E.B. Jeffress Park </Li> <Li> Julian Price Memorial Park </Li> <Li> Linville Falls </Li> <Li> Moses H. Cone Memorial Park </Li> <Li> Mount Pisgah </Li> <Li> Waterrock Knob ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Trails </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appalachian Trail </Li> <Li> Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Seashores </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cape Hatteras </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Marine Sanctuary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monitor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Estuarine Research Reserve </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Currituck Banks </Li> <Li> Rachel Carson </Li> <Li> Masonboro Island </Li> <Li> Zeke 's Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Forests </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cherokee </Li> <Li> Croatan </Li> <Li> Nantahala </Li> <Li> Pisgah </Li> <Li> Uwharrie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Wildlife Refuges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alligator River </Li> <Li> Cedar Island </Li> <Li> Currituck </Li> <Li> Mackay Island </Li> <Li> Mattamuskeet </Li> <Li> Pea Island </Li> <Li> Pee Dee </Li> <Li> Pocosin Lakes </Li> <Li> Roanoke River </Li> <Li> Swanquarter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wilderness Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Birkhead Mountains </Li> <Li> Catfish Lake South </Li> <Li> Ellicott Rock </Li> <Li> Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock </Li> <Li> Linville Gorge </Li> <Li> Middle Prong </Li> <Li> Pocosin </Li> <Li> Pond Pine </Li> <Li> Sheep Ridge </Li> <Li> Shining Rock </Li> <Li> Southern Nantahala </Li> <Li> Swanquarter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wilderness Study Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Craggy Mountain </Li> <Li> Harper Creek </Li> <Li> Lost Cove </Li> <Li> Overflow </Li> <Li> Snowbird </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild and Scenic Rivers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chattooga River </Li> <Li> Horsepasture River </Li> <Li> Lumber River </Li> <Li> New River </Li> <Li> Wilson Creek </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State Parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carolina Beach </Li> <Li> Carvers Creek </Li> <Li> Chimney Rock </Li> <Li> Cliffs of the Neuse </Li> <Li> Crowders Mountain </Li> <Li> Dismal Swamp </Li> <Li> Elk Knob </Li> <Li> Eno River </Li> <Li> Fort Macon </Li> <Li> Goose Creek </Li> <Li> Gorges </Li> <Li> Grandfather Mountain </Li> <Li> Hammocks Beach </Li> <Li> Hanging Rock </Li> <Li> Haw River </Li> <Li> Jockey 's Ridge </Li> <Li> Jones Lake </Li> <Li> Lake James </Li> <Li> Lake Norman </Li> <Li> Lake Waccamaw </Li> <Li> Lumber River </Li> <Li> Mayo River </Li> <Li> Medoc Mountain </Li> <Li> Merchants Millpond </Li> <Li> Morrow Mountain </Li> <Li> Mount Mitchell </Li> <Li> New River </Li> <Li> Pettigrew </Li> <Li> Pilot Mountain </Li> <Li> Raven Rock </Li> <Li> Singletary Lake </Li> <Li> South Mountains </Li> <Li> Stone Mountain </Li> <Li> William B. Umstead </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Recreation Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Falls Lake </Li> <Li> Fort Fisher </Li> <Li> Jordan Lake </Li> <Li> Kerr Lake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Natural Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hemlock Bluffs </Li> <Li> Masonboro Island </Li> <Li> Mount Jefferson </Li> <Li> Occoneechee Mountain </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Weymouth Woods </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> See also List of North Carolina State Natural Areas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Lakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bay Tree Lake </Li> <Li> Jones Lake </Li> <Li> Lake Phelps </Li> <Li> Salters Lake </Li> <Li> Singletary Lake </Li> <Li> Lake Waccamaw </Li> <Li> White Lake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Trails </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deep River </Li> <Li> French Broad River </Li> <Li> Mountains - to - Sea </Li> <Li> Yadkin River </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Rivers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Horsepasture River </Li> <Li> Linville River </Li> <Li> Lumber River </Li> <Li> New River </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Forests </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bladen Lakes </Li> <Li> DuPont </Li> <Li> Clemmons </Li> <Li> Holmes </Li> <Li> Jordan Lake </Li> <Li> Mountain Island </Li> <Li> Rendezvous Mountain </Li> <Li> Turnbull Creek </Li> <Li> Tuttle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Historic Sites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alamance Battleground </Li> <Li> Charles B. Aycock Birthplace </Li> <Li> Historic Bath </Li> <Li> Bennett Place </Li> <Li> Bentonville Battleground </Li> <Li> Brunswick Town / Fort Anderson </Li> <Li> C.S.S. Neuse and Governor Caswell Memorial </Li> <Li> Charlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial </Li> <Li> Duke Homestead </Li> <Li> Historic Edenton </Li> <Li> Fort Dobbs </Li> <Li> Fort Fisher </Li> <Li> Historic Halifax </Li> <Li> Horne Creek Living Historical Farm </Li> <Li> House in the Horseshoe </Li> <Li> North Carolina Transportation Museum </Li> <Li> President James K. Polk Historic Site </Li> <Li> Reed Gold Mine </Li> <Li> Somerset Place </Li> <Li> Stagville </Li> <Li> State Capitol </Li> <Li> Town Creek Indian Mound </Li> <Li> Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens </Li> <Li> Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace </Li> <Li> Thomas Wolfe Memorial </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NC Coastal Reserve </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kitty Hawk Woods </Li> <Li> Emily and Richardson Preyer Buckridge </Li> <Li> Buxton Woods </Li> <Li> Permuda Island </Li> <Li> Bald Head Woods </Li> <Li> Bird Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nature centers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of nature centers in North Carolina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Southern United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Government and Politics </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Birmingham </Li> <Li> Charleston </Li> <Li> Charlotte </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Dallas </Li> <Li> Fort Worth </Li> <Li> Greensboro </Li> <Li> Houston </Li> <Li> Jacksonville </Li> <Li> Little Rock </Li> <Li> Memphis </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> <Li> Nashville </Li> <Li> New Orleans </Li> <Li> Norfolk </Li> <Li> Oklahoma City </Li> <Li> Orlando </Li> <Li> Raleigh </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Tampa </Li> <Li> Tulsa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State capitals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Austin </Li> <Li> Baton Rouge </Li> <Li> Charleston </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Little Rock </Li> <Li> Montgomery </Li> <Li> Nashville </Li> <Li> Raleigh </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Oklahoma City </Li> <Li> Tallahassee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Political divisions of the Confederate States ( 1861 -- 65 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Virginia <Ul> <Li> West Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States in exile </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Territory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Admitted to the Union June 20 , 1863 . </Li> <Li> Organized January 18 , 1862 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Political divisions of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal district </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insular areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outlying islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baker Island </Li> <Li> Howland Island </Li> <Li> Jarvis Island </Li> <Li> Johnston Atoll </Li> <Li> Kingman Reef </Li> <Li> Midway Atoll </Li> <Li> Navassa Island </Li> <Li> Palmyra Atoll </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian reservations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Indian reservations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 35 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 00 ′ W / 35.5 ° N 80 ° W / 35.5 ; - 80 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 127824921 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79007042 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 2185 7837 </Li> <Li> GND : 4042551 - 4 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 155370 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 02812619X </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12002278d ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolina&oldid=831883131 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> Southern United States </Li> <Li> Spanish colonization of the Americas </Li> <Li> State of Franklin </Li> <Li> States and territories established in 1789 </Li> <Li> States of the Confederate States </Li> <Li> States of the East Coast of the United States </Li> <Li> States of the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages with URL errors </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from July 2011 </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles with Curlie links </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Wikinews </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> አማርኛ </Li> <Li> Ænglisc </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Avañe'ẽ </Li> <Li> Aymar aru </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Башҡортса </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> भोजपुरी </Li> <Li> Bikol Central </Li> <Li> Bislama </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Boarisch </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Буряад </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Чӑвашла </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Chavacano de Zamboanga </Li> <Li> Corsu </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Davvisámegiella </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Diné bizaad </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Emiliàn e rumagnòl </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Fiji Hindi </Li> <Li> Føroyskt </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Frysk </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Gaelg </Li> <Li> Gagauz </Li> <Li> Gàidhlig </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî </Li> <Li> Хальмг </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hawaiʻi </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Igbo </Li> <Li> Ilokano </Li> <Li> বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Interlingue </Li> <Li> ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut </Li> <Li> Iñupiak </Li> <Li> Ирон </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> Kapampangan </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kernowek </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Kurdî </Li> <Li> Кырык мары </Li> <Li> Ladino </Li> <Li> لۊری شومالی </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Ligure </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> Lumbaart </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Māori </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> مصرى </Li> <Li> مازِرونی </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Dorerin Naoero </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Nedersaksies </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> नेपाल भाषा </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Нохчийн </Li> <Li> Nordfriisk </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Олык марий </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> पालि </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Papiamentu </Li> <Li> Piemontèis </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Rumantsch </Li> <Li> Runa Simi </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Саха тыла </Li> <Li> Gagana Samoa </Li> <Li> संस्कृतम् </Li> <Li> Sardu </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Seeltersk </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Ślůnski </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Тоҷикӣ </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Vèneto </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Volapük </Li> <Li> 文言 </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> Yorùbá </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> Zazaki </Li> <Li> Žemaitėška </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 154 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 17 : 22 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
{
"start_token": 74,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 609
},
{
"start_token": 75,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 83
},
{
"start_token": 83,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 103
},
{
"start_token": 85,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 101
},
{
"start_token": 86,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 92
},
{
"start_token": 92,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 100
},
{
"start_token": 103,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 119
},
{
"start_token": 119,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 152
},
{
"start_token": 156,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 165
},
{
"start_token": 165,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 190
},
{
"start_token": 171,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 176
},
{
"start_token": 176,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 188
},
{
"start_token": 177,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 182
},
{
"start_token": 182,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 187
},
{
"start_token": 190,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 208
},
{
"start_token": 208,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 216
},
{
"start_token": 216,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 225
},
{
"start_token": 225,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 236
},
{
"start_token": 236,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 245
},
{
"start_token": 245,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 259
},
{
"start_token": 259,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 272
},
{
"start_token": 272,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 285
},
{
"start_token": 285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 294
},
{
"start_token": 294,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 312
},
{
"start_token": 312,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 330
},
{
"start_token": 334,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 343
},
{
"start_token": 343,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 356
},
{
"start_token": 356,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 374
},
{
"start_token": 374,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 387
},
{
"start_token": 391,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 398
},
{
"start_token": 398,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 414
},
{
"start_token": 414,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 427
},
{
"start_token": 427,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 439
},
{
"start_token": 443,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 455
},
{
"start_token": 455,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 471
},
{
"start_token": 471,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 483
},
{
"start_token": 483,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 496
},
{
"start_token": 496,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 505
},
{
"start_token": 505,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 514
},
{
"start_token": 514,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 525
},
{
"start_token": 529,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 547
},
{
"start_token": 547,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 563
},
{
"start_token": 563,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 579
},
{
"start_token": 579,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 590
},
{
"start_token": 590,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 600
},
{
"start_token": 600,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 608
},
{
"start_token": 609,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 827
},
{
"start_token": 610,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 621
},
{
"start_token": 621,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 630
},
{
"start_token": 630,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 639
},
{
"start_token": 639,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 645
},
{
"start_token": 645,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 653
},
{
"start_token": 653,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 663
},
{
"start_token": 663,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 672
},
{
"start_token": 672,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 681
},
{
"start_token": 681,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 690
},
{
"start_token": 690,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 703
},
{
"start_token": 703,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 712
},
{
"start_token": 712,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 718
},
{
"start_token": 718,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 726
},
{
"start_token": 726,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 734
},
{
"start_token": 734,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 746
},
{
"start_token": 746,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 755
},
{
"start_token": 755,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 763
},
{
"start_token": 763,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 771
},
{
"start_token": 771,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 779
},
{
"start_token": 779,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 792
},
{
"start_token": 792,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 799
},
{
"start_token": 803,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 809
},
{
"start_token": 809,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 816
},
{
"start_token": 816,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 826
},
{
"start_token": 827,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 844
},
{
"start_token": 828,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 843
},
{
"start_token": 844,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 974
},
{
"start_token": 974,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1066
},
{
"start_token": 1299,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1350
},
{
"start_token": 1300,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 1349
},
{
"start_token": 1417,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1511
},
{
"start_token": 1511,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1611
},
{
"start_token": 1611,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1727
},
{
"start_token": 1727,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1857
},
{
"start_token": 1857,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 1969
},
{
"start_token": 1969,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2089
},
{
"start_token": 2089,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2255
},
{
"start_token": 2255,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2346
},
{
"start_token": 2346,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2474
},
{
"start_token": 2474,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2561
},
{
"start_token": 2561,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2647
},
{
"start_token": 2647,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2776
},
{
"start_token": 2776,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 2942
},
{
"start_token": 2942,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3068
},
{
"start_token": 3068,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3124
},
{
"start_token": 3188,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3297
},
{
"start_token": 3297,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3379
},
{
"start_token": 3379,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3592
},
{
"start_token": 3601,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3726
},
{
"start_token": 3726,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3833
},
{
"start_token": 3833,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 3906
},
{
"start_token": 3942,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4134
},
{
"start_token": 4134,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4324
},
{
"start_token": 4324,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4507
},
{
"start_token": 4507,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4726
},
{
"start_token": 4737,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 4862
},
{
"start_token": 4862,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5035
},
{
"start_token": 5042,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5252
},
{
"start_token": 5263,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5386
},
{
"start_token": 5386,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5487
},
{
"start_token": 5487,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5542
},
{
"start_token": 5542,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5677
},
{
"start_token": 5707,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5832
},
{
"start_token": 5832,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 5916
},
{
"start_token": 5934,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6041
},
{
"start_token": 6041,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6175
},
{
"start_token": 6181,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6342
},
{
"start_token": 6430,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6484
},
{
"start_token": 6484,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6594
},
{
"start_token": 6594,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6662
},
{
"start_token": 6662,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6806
},
{
"start_token": 6806,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6880
},
{
"start_token": 6885,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 6964
},
{
"start_token": 7015,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7117
},
{
"start_token": 7117,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7165
},
{
"start_token": 7165,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7245
},
{
"start_token": 7245,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7353
},
{
"start_token": 7353,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7390
},
{
"start_token": 7390,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 7973
},
{
"start_token": 7391,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7410
},
{
"start_token": 7410,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7451
},
{
"start_token": 7451,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7516
},
{
"start_token": 7516,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7581
},
{
"start_token": 7581,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7647
},
{
"start_token": 7647,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7712
},
{
"start_token": 7712,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7777
},
{
"start_token": 7777,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7842
},
{
"start_token": 7842,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7907
},
{
"start_token": 7907,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7972
},
{
"start_token": 7975,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8316
},
{
"start_token": 7976,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 7993
},
{
"start_token": 7993,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8037
},
{
"start_token": 8037,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8127
},
{
"start_token": 8127,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8220
},
{
"start_token": 8220,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8308
},
{
"start_token": 8308,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8315
},
{
"start_token": 8331,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8382
},
{
"start_token": 8332,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8381
},
{
"start_token": 8382,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8751
},
{
"start_token": 8383,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8389
},
{
"start_token": 8389,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8404
},
{
"start_token": 8404,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8417
},
{
"start_token": 8417,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8431
},
{
"start_token": 8431,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8445
},
{
"start_token": 8445,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8459
},
{
"start_token": 8459,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8473
},
{
"start_token": 8473,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8487
},
{
"start_token": 8487,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8501
},
{
"start_token": 8501,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8515
},
{
"start_token": 8515,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8529
},
{
"start_token": 8529,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8543
},
{
"start_token": 8543,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8557
},
{
"start_token": 8557,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8571
},
{
"start_token": 8571,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8585
},
{
"start_token": 8585,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8599
},
{
"start_token": 8599,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8613
},
{
"start_token": 8613,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8627
},
{
"start_token": 8627,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8641
},
{
"start_token": 8641,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8655
},
{
"start_token": 8655,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8669
},
{
"start_token": 8669,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8683
},
{
"start_token": 8683,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8697
},
{
"start_token": 8697,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8711
},
{
"start_token": 8711,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8724
},
{
"start_token": 8724,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8739
},
{
"start_token": 8739,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8750
},
{
"start_token": 8751,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8838
},
{
"start_token": 8844,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8868
},
{
"start_token": 8868,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8880
},
{
"start_token": 8880,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 8952
},
{
"start_token": 8881,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8898
},
{
"start_token": 8898,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8907
},
{
"start_token": 8907,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8919
},
{
"start_token": 8919,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8927
},
{
"start_token": 8927,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8934
},
{
"start_token": 8934,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8941
},
{
"start_token": 8941,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8951
},
{
"start_token": 8952,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9103
},
{
"start_token": 8959,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8976
},
{
"start_token": 8976,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 8993
},
{
"start_token": 8993,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9010
},
{
"start_token": 9010,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9027
},
{
"start_token": 9027,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9044
},
{
"start_token": 9044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9065
},
{
"start_token": 9065,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9083
},
{
"start_token": 9083,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9102
},
{
"start_token": 9109,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9232
},
{
"start_token": 9232,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9382
},
{
"start_token": 9241,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9256
},
{
"start_token": 9256,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9265
},
{
"start_token": 9265,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9274
},
{
"start_token": 9274,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9283
},
{
"start_token": 9283,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9296
},
{
"start_token": 9296,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9305
},
{
"start_token": 9305,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9314
},
{
"start_token": 9314,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9323
},
{
"start_token": 9323,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9332
},
{
"start_token": 9332,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9341
},
{
"start_token": 9341,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9358
},
{
"start_token": 9358,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9372
},
{
"start_token": 9372,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9381
},
{
"start_token": 9388,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9545
},
{
"start_token": 9389,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9400
},
{
"start_token": 9400,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9414
},
{
"start_token": 9414,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9425
},
{
"start_token": 9425,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9436
},
{
"start_token": 9436,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9449
},
{
"start_token": 9449,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9463
},
{
"start_token": 9463,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9474
},
{
"start_token": 9474,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9485
},
{
"start_token": 9485,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9496
},
{
"start_token": 9496,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9508
},
{
"start_token": 9508,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9521
},
{
"start_token": 9521,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9532
},
{
"start_token": 9532,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9544
},
{
"start_token": 9545,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9636
},
{
"start_token": 9636,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9778
},
{
"start_token": 9778,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9838
},
{
"start_token": 9838,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 9948
},
{
"start_token": 9948,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10228
},
{
"start_token": 9949,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9957
},
{
"start_token": 9957,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9968
},
{
"start_token": 9968,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9975
},
{
"start_token": 9975,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9985
},
{
"start_token": 9985,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9992
},
{
"start_token": 9992,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 9999
},
{
"start_token": 9999,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10007
},
{
"start_token": 10007,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10017
},
{
"start_token": 10017,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10028
},
{
"start_token": 10028,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10035
},
{
"start_token": 10035,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10048
},
{
"start_token": 10048,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10058
},
{
"start_token": 10058,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10067
},
{
"start_token": 10067,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10080
},
{
"start_token": 10080,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10091
},
{
"start_token": 10091,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10100
},
{
"start_token": 10100,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10108
},
{
"start_token": 10108,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10117
},
{
"start_token": 10117,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10124
},
{
"start_token": 10124,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10133
},
{
"start_token": 10133,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10144
},
{
"start_token": 10144,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10152
},
{
"start_token": 10152,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10159
},
{
"start_token": 10159,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10168
},
{
"start_token": 10168,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10177
},
{
"start_token": 10177,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10186
},
{
"start_token": 10186,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10194
},
{
"start_token": 10194,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10201
},
{
"start_token": 10201,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10210
},
{
"start_token": 10210,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10219
},
{
"start_token": 10219,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10227
},
{
"start_token": 10228,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10260
},
{
"start_token": 10277,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10316
},
{
"start_token": 10332,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10376
},
{
"start_token": 10376,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10566
},
{
"start_token": 10377,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10398
},
{
"start_token": 10379,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10387
},
{
"start_token": 10398,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10417
},
{
"start_token": 10417,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10438
},
{
"start_token": 10438,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10451
},
{
"start_token": 10451,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10464
},
{
"start_token": 10464,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10477
},
{
"start_token": 10477,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10493
},
{
"start_token": 10493,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10507
},
{
"start_token": 10507,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10521
},
{
"start_token": 10521,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10536
},
{
"start_token": 10536,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10551
},
{
"start_token": 10551,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10565
},
{
"start_token": 10577,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10602
},
{
"start_token": 10602,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10660
},
{
"start_token": 10603,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10621
},
{
"start_token": 10621,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10639
},
{
"start_token": 10639,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 10659
},
{
"start_token": 10683,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 10956
},
{
"start_token": 10956,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11019
},
{
"start_token": 11019,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11084
},
{
"start_token": 11084,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11208
},
{
"start_token": 11208,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11222
},
{
"start_token": 11235,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11286
},
{
"start_token": 11236,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11285
},
{
"start_token": 11292,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11348
},
{
"start_token": 11348,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11391
},
{
"start_token": 11391,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11425
},
{
"start_token": 11445,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 11496
},
{
"start_token": 11446,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11495
},
{
"start_token": 11496,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12010
},
{
"start_token": 11502,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11519
},
{
"start_token": 11519,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11542
},
{
"start_token": 11542,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11562
},
{
"start_token": 11562,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11582
},
{
"start_token": 11582,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11605
},
{
"start_token": 11605,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11628
},
{
"start_token": 11628,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11648
},
{
"start_token": 11648,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11670
},
{
"start_token": 11670,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11693
},
{
"start_token": 11693,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11713
},
{
"start_token": 11713,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11733
},
{
"start_token": 11733,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11755
},
{
"start_token": 11755,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11775
},
{
"start_token": 11775,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11795
},
{
"start_token": 11795,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11818
},
{
"start_token": 11818,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11841
},
{
"start_token": 11841,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11861
},
{
"start_token": 11861,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11884
},
{
"start_token": 11884,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11906
},
{
"start_token": 11906,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11926
},
{
"start_token": 11926,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11946
},
{
"start_token": 11946,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11969
},
{
"start_token": 11969,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 11989
},
{
"start_token": 11989,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 12009
},
{
"start_token": 12027,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12118
},
{
"start_token": 12118,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12383
},
{
"start_token": 12383,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12492
},
{
"start_token": 12601,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12785
},
{
"start_token": 12813,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 12998
},
{
"start_token": 13046,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13171
},
{
"start_token": 13303,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13328
},
{
"start_token": 13304,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13327
},
{
"start_token": 13341,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13392
},
{
"start_token": 13342,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13391
},
{
"start_token": 13392,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13530
},
{
"start_token": 13530,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13610
},
{
"start_token": 13610,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13708
},
{
"start_token": 13708,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13789
},
{
"start_token": 13789,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13934
},
{
"start_token": 13940,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 13991
},
{
"start_token": 13941,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 13990
},
{
"start_token": 13996,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14095
},
{
"start_token": 14095,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14198
},
{
"start_token": 14198,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14249
},
{
"start_token": 14249,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14298
},
{
"start_token": 14298,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14426
},
{
"start_token": 14426,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14445
},
{
"start_token": 14445,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14505
},
{
"start_token": 14511,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14562
},
{
"start_token": 14512,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14561
},
{
"start_token": 14581,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14678
},
{
"start_token": 14678,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14842
},
{
"start_token": 14857,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 14908
},
{
"start_token": 14858,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 14907
},
{
"start_token": 14908,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15011
},
{
"start_token": 15011,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15084
},
{
"start_token": 15097,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15195
},
{
"start_token": 15206,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15294
},
{
"start_token": 15294,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15316
},
{
"start_token": 15316,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15336
},
{
"start_token": 15336,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15445
},
{
"start_token": 15445,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15472
},
{
"start_token": 15472,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15483
},
{
"start_token": 15483,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15574
},
{
"start_token": 15574,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15598
},
{
"start_token": 15598,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15611
},
{
"start_token": 15617,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15764
},
{
"start_token": 15776,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 15914
},
{
"start_token": 15914,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 16149
},
{
"start_token": 16149,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 16334
},
{
"start_token": 16334,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 16444
},
{
"start_token": 16444,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 16565
},
{
"start_token": 16589,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 16674
},
{
"start_token": 16690,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 16741
},
{
"start_token": 16748,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 17022
},
{
"start_token": 16749,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16760
},
{
"start_token": 16760,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16769
},
{
"start_token": 16769,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16778
},
{
"start_token": 16778,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16784
},
{
"start_token": 16784,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16795
},
{
"start_token": 16795,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16804
},
{
"start_token": 16804,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16813
},
{
"start_token": 16813,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16827
},
{
"start_token": 16827,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16837
},
{
"start_token": 16837,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16847
},
{
"start_token": 16847,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16860
},
{
"start_token": 16860,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16866
},
{
"start_token": 16866,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16874
},
{
"start_token": 16874,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16884
},
{
"start_token": 16884,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16892
},
{
"start_token": 16892,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16901
},
{
"start_token": 16901,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16909
},
{
"start_token": 16909,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16917
},
{
"start_token": 16917,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16938
},
{
"start_token": 16938,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16946
},
{
"start_token": 16946,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16959
},
{
"start_token": 16959,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16971
},
{
"start_token": 16971,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16987
},
{
"start_token": 16987,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 16994
},
{
"start_token": 16998,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17004
},
{
"start_token": 17004,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17011
},
{
"start_token": 17011,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17021
},
{
"start_token": 17043,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 17402
},
{
"start_token": 17044,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17066
},
{
"start_token": 17066,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17080
},
{
"start_token": 17080,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17089
},
{
"start_token": 17089,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17098
},
{
"start_token": 17098,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17116
},
{
"start_token": 17116,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17130
},
{
"start_token": 17130,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17142
},
{
"start_token": 17142,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17152
},
{
"start_token": 17152,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17163
},
{
"start_token": 17163,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17183
},
{
"start_token": 17183,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17194
},
{
"start_token": 17194,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17203
},
{
"start_token": 17203,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17214
},
{
"start_token": 17214,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17223
},
{
"start_token": 17223,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17232
},
{
"start_token": 17232,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17243
},
{
"start_token": 17243,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17252
},
{
"start_token": 17252,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17262
},
{
"start_token": 17262,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17275
},
{
"start_token": 17275,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17285
},
{
"start_token": 17285,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17295
},
{
"start_token": 17295,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17305
},
{
"start_token": 17305,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17315
},
{
"start_token": 17315,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17325
},
{
"start_token": 17325,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17335
},
{
"start_token": 17335,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17346
},
{
"start_token": 17346,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17357
},
{
"start_token": 17357,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17367
},
{
"start_token": 17367,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17378
},
{
"start_token": 17378,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17392
},
{
"start_token": 17392,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17401
},
{
"start_token": 17410,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 17461
},
{
"start_token": 17411,
"top_level": false,
"end_token": 17460
},
{
"start_token": 17474,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 17531
},
{
"start_token": 17531,
"top_level": true,
"end_token": 17659
}
] | where is north carolina located in the united states | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
"start_token": 844,
"candidate_index": 73,
"end_token": 974
},
"short_answers": [],
"annotation_id": 9454258819076504000
}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=North_Carolina&oldid=831883131 | -3,175,873,920,122,833,400 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.